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P R E F A CTEO T H E F I R S TE D I T I O N Studentso{ music have on occasionsatiemptedto put the melodiesof some of ihe more outstandingJapanesefolk songsto ihe noiaiion of Western music in order to preserve ihem from oblivion. Frorn the literary poini of v;ew, ihese folk-songshave been translatedinto English and co lectedby scholarssincethe beginningof modernjapan. However,a completecollection of ihe melodieshas not been assembled. A rhoroughstirdy o{ these folk songswh'ch are characterizedby the placesof iheir origin requir€sthe effods of specializedscholars:nd experisin musicand liieraiure. My efforis in compiling ihis book does noi preiend io be such a specializedsiudy of lapanesefolk songs lt is iniendedto be a collectionof the mosi repr€sentative songs ol our countryand to offer a handbookof the iolk-songswhich are still beingsungthroughFolk-songsare disiinguishedfrom ihe so-calledpopular songs which may be in voguefor a periodof iime but which are soonforgotten. Someo{ the folk,songscolleciedin ihis book were ai one time pcpular songs but have developedinto {olk-songsby thei. being sung over half a century though their authors v/ere forgotten. All rhe songsassembledhave been sung before 1900 and are sii I being sung and may riehtly be regarded as folk'songsof Japan. True folk songshave slch individualpecullariiiesand characteristics that their notaiion in Western nrusic can be accomplishedonly imperfecily,for it is noi only dl{ficult to indicatethe {requenty occurringgrace nores of JEpanesesongswhich include even quafter tone iniervalsbut there is also a rremendousdifference in the manner of singing them among thc Japanesepeoplethemselves. Moreover,io isol:ie rhe melody of a Japanese song frorn ihe rhyihm of its accompariment of hayashi,lhe orchestraof {lute. drum and samisen,is io give only half of the realiiy of the song. This is particularlyirue in songsof which the rhythm of iis accompanimenthas been emphaslzed.and any attemptto notatethem in the Westernsiyle is not only a violaiionof the sp rii of the songsbui also fails to revealthe true melody Again, ihese folk songscome to life only when they are sung in the style pecutiar to the lapaneseand especiallylo ihe people of ihe region from which they originated, and they lose nrLch of thelr beauty and appeal if they are.sung by vocalisiswho have been trained n ihe Western manner of singingvibrtao. Since these folk-songscont:in ihe individual dialects of ihe various districts, it is ideal that rhey are sune by the natives of th€ region to which ihe songsbelona. The impossibilityof adequatelyiranslaiingthe catchy, rhythmic phrases,which in themselveshlve no nreaningbui which give a deflniie personaliryio the folk-songsof Japan,has requiredme to om't ihem in my book. These phrasesmay be comparedto ihe hi, ho. the merry-o, "ta ra,ra boom de ay, "yo ho,ho' and similar portions of Englishsongs. Despitethese technicaldi{ficulties,I have endeavoredio compilesome of the represeniativetolk songsof lapan becauseof my e:rnest wlsh to introducethem to Western pecpies For these reasons,I have h:d to chooseonly ihose folk songswiih simple melodiesand rhyihm, avoidingthose which are full of irills and iurns and at the same time lowering somewhatihe key of the melodiessung sottovoce in ihe higher registeror raising to a certain exteni ihose of lower tones which are us'r:lly sung by men. ln receni years atiempts have been made to arrange some Japanesefolk-songsso thai they may be sung wiih the accompaniment of a piano or in the style of iazz. It is my hope in cornpiing ihis book that through this colleciionof lapanesefolk songswhich are in the main in ihe minor scale and are characterizedby melodia lamentoso m:y coniribute to ihe birth of a new style of comdositions. Tokyo. Japan

RYUTAROHATTORI

November,1950

4

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PREFACE TO THE REVISEDEDITION ln the previouseditions,merely 33 songs out of ihe innumerabJenumber of folk-songswere selectedand iniroducedwhich left much to be desiredso that, Japanese in this RevisedEdition, I have added five orher songs. In making this addition I have sej€ctedsonSswhrch are most popularlysung by the lapanesetoday,namely,"Bon Songs of Soma , -'Songsof.Saitara', Songsof Picking Safflowers, Songsof Kokkiriko" and >ones - ot 5hrrnotsul Japanesefolk songs are yearly atiracting more attention and interest by the p€oples of the world as might b€ ndicaied, In part, from the correspondencesaddressed to the compiler fror vafious parrs o{ the wor,u. Of ihe growing number of such persons,fhe one who mrght be consrdered as the rolk songs, I shoujd like ro me4iion ihe narre of Vafla most ardent ioler of Japanese Jllo Reinh.rot a proless,oral+olksine;r.of W.sh,n8fon. D.C. LSA Thrs person I was nformed,practicedsix hours daily, such piecesas. for instance, ''YasuEi Bushr", The Mower's Sones' and "EzashiOiwake",whiah are difficult numbers to render even for the lapanesethemselves. She even expressedherself as follows; ''My problem is this: To obtain iransliterations of thesesongsso ihat I can learn ihe lapanesewords. I should most like to learn first in the hope that you could help me with such transliterationslEnglishlettersequivalentio ihe lapanesewords.)" There are other pefsons no less ardent than this lady who have written me {rom Canadaand lsrael. And it is a well-known siory thai ihe Soviet baritone singer. Artur Eizen,during his concert tour of japan, sel€cted"Soran Bushi' as one of his tavorite However, since japanes€folk songs emergedf.om a backgroundof peculiartraditions rernote from Western countries,one invari3blyencouniersdiJficultiesin 'ndicating the music accordingio \ /estern musicalnoiations. The Wesiern musical notations are inadequateto tfanscribethe characteristic finenessof the melodicornamentationof Japanesefolk-songs.Evenif perforcedlytranscribed,the transcriberhimself may oft€n be unabe io reproduce the music fforn the music note. Consequently,I should like to recomm€ndthosepersonsdeeplyinterestedin japanese folk-songsshouJdnot, merely, follow the scor€but, ai the same rime, should hear the songsplayedon recordeddiscs. Needlessto meniion,all Japanese recordmakershave on sale Japanesefolk-songsbut, in the United Staies,ihere ;s the one set of "Traditional ' Folk-Songs of Japan selectedand arrangedby R. Hattori from his collectionreleasedfrom Folkway Record. Ishould also like to add rhat the lapaneseembassies:nd consulates locatedthroughoutthe main cities of th€ world are prepared to show the color movie, "Folk Songsof Japan" presentedby the Ministry of ForeignA{fairs of Japan (th€ musical dir€ctionof this film is under the supervisionof R. Hatiori). February,1964.

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Pi2n. part arra.Eed by M, Shiohara

s8 'punoff salr,p pur slllq 3q1 ra-to au]lE.raqra^ar sauos €saql SutLrFBlu! {q ua^a aueJs d L r J o i r n , i u q d q r q , , r \ : r J . ] J r + t l l r \ , r c r L { s { o q , q u c , l c Jl o r o n o u l d q r u o d n 'rra.{ spuDls lurr s]ql uI $tep io stlrq oql ro^o aqt olrrtl {u[ lY lrrrlsrp Jr Jo 'l.rD siil u! raqrou'r aurtrDrrr sl ra8uts x Itlr .]r se 1)iBaq arE s6uos qrns {u'rlu 5u!.\\otu Jo uosp€s aql uI ldlual sql ut aots IFnssareu suloJ€q sAuos srq 'puuq lqFu rqr u! aq )s sq Sulrlndru'rur atrqa sEu]s .ra^!ou aql sv SuoI lanJ iarql Jo .lrueq u srq 1_rsB 31rcdrenlro €q1 uuql i.8ret st asn daql sqfrs aqJ 'Fuuoor ro r.poJ sp posn aq {'rlu qJrq^\ lsqt€lunou pur srFq aqt r3,.\osnqlunrslu ro ssurir ooqurEq uaop Surlnr ..rE {aq} alq,^\ sr3^rolu .qt -{q Suns arE sauos asrqJ s.n)otalu asauEdul InJrln'raq lsour 3q1 ]o 3uo sE p31[nor aq ,tEur pue sddr rau'rt aqr ot Auot.q (uqsn.{>I) a.rnlralard l)trz,!,{!Iv u! oqrqrE>tr?J. ur prpaq 'punoqD ,?lrsltrrr ro s3lou.arp$ aqt qrlq.^t ul arl-' llqr s8uos s,ra^\our rqr s8uos a:yr4ro Jo llrqr sI raqtir 3q1 puE',tpoqd(r {q Suns aq o} ^sDa puE stdu]s orE salpolau aql q.tq.r uI ro.LEI Io sauos puD saucszoq Jo rrql sI auo :sad,{l o-\11olul pagissulr -{l!t8nor 3q,{IrLu s8uoslloJ.saucdtf Jo sDlrolau oqJ

:f a lIlpoo8 pus rqo llpoo8 q]1,44 'aldoad^lpoo8 are aldoad nol e a) Il tood rlj,l : )eBBaq')e33aq {

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When il iingles.you comc out, yo.

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When it iingles,jingles, For what excuseshall I come, yo hoi? For watering the horse, !'ll come our, yo.

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Poundas I may, The hulls nevercome.off, yo hoi; In what depthsof a ware house,has it come, yo?

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You have descended Fromthe Heike clan of peerage, yo hoi; l'm offshoot of the Nasu, the chastisers,yo.

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Daihachiof Nasu had to part With Tsurutomithe maid, yo hoi, l n t h e v i l l a g eo f S h i i b a ; His eyes were bathed in tcars, yo.

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OF KURODA GS (K uloda Bushi)

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HATOMA ISLE SONGS OF ( Hatoma Bushi)

Uelody i.anscfibed by Hattori

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Songsof Hatoma lsle l H a t o m aB u s h i ) Climbthe hill on Hatoma And cast your eyes ove. there.

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You will see the kuba trees, Crowing ever stately on the summit.

An Amefican acquaintance oi mtne said dispassionately art€r hearing a hau dozen Japanese folk songs, "They all have ih€ sanre so.rowful, mournfltl tune." The look on hrs fac-" shoved thal he waln t in the least inier' One month later vhen he Nas aboul to r€tu.n home afler faveling alon8 rarjous parts of Japan, this Amerlcan came io see me again. lvhen I mcr him, he began io sing the Kuroda Bushi (Imayo), an old Japanese lolk song, and 'ian.e wlth .ather uncertain steps Some years earlier, a large American publishing company sent me a letler asking fo. permission lo publlsh in some primary schooi books the "Yosakoi Bushi of Tosa" and thc "Coalminer's Song in the Joban Disidct, vhich I had edited in a Colleciion of Japanese Folk Songs. l'oreign€rs usually preler folk songs with a light, .hylhmical tune. The songs n'hrch ihe fofeign€rs kno1v, however, are only a small para of the great number ol Japanese folk songs songs which have rich variations of aun€, m.aning and ihythm. Folk sonss, lvhose o.igin! and authoG have long since been forgotten. have been handed dovn ihrough lhe ages f.om generation to generation. It is only natural that Japan, \h:, h a a lons 'ri"or), huuld be rirh in ForeigneE n'ho hear Japanese folk songs for ih€ fiNt time usually say they all sound thc same-sorrowrul and melanclroly-and they cannot ieli ihe difference one irom thc oih€r. lf lhey listen carefully, howeve., they will discover that there is a difference. Th€ folk songs of the Tohoku distict in north_ eastern .Iapan differ from ihose of the Kyushu dist.ict in souihern Japan.

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