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K^TRODUCTORY
SYRIAC METHOD AND MANUAL
BY
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GIFT OF
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K^TRODUCTORY
SYRIAC METHOD AND MANUAL
BY
EGBERT DICK WILSON,
Ph.D.
PROFKSSOK OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ALLEGHENY, PA.
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRTBNER'S SONS 1891
Copyright,
1891,
bt
ROBERT DICK WILSON.
V Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York
TO
MY BELOVED PARENTS THIS WORK IS
RESPECTFULLY AND GRATEFULLY
DEDICATED
M.
M /-^ J"*' /^
PREFACE. The
plan of this
Method and Manual *'
as that of the corresponding Introductory Manual " of Professor W. K. Harper, Ph. D. may be in place by way of explanation.
The
first
is
in general the
same
Hebrew Method and The following notes
four chapters of Genesis (which are copied with yaria-
from Nestle's ^'Syriac Grammar") are chosen because they afford the best means of comparison with the Hebrew of Pro-
tions
fessor Harper's '^Manual." The selections from the 10th to the
32d page, inclusive, lead
up gradually from more easy to more difficult portions of the Peshito version. The last selection is the introductory portion of the history of Rabban Soma, possessed in manuscript by the author and never before published. Being printed in the Nestorian alphabet,
it
will
be useful as an introduction to the East
For assistance in reading this selection Syriac system of writing. the reader is referred especially to the note under Section I., Article 6, and to Article
The
*'
'"
Elements." Notes and Observations" need no remark, except that 6. 6.
of the
all of the main principles of Syriac grammar, while the former give all explanations necessary for a full understanding of the orthography, etymology, and syntax of the text.
the latter contain
The " Grammar Lessons "
carry the student over
all
the articles
*'
Elements of Syriac Grammar," with reviews of the same. The ^'Word Lessons" contain only such words as are not in the " '' Exercises are largely based. verses of Genesis, upon which the of the
When the grammar lesson has been upon a certain subject, the word lesson gives such words as throw light upon it e. g., in Lesson XL the grammar lesson is on Lomadh Olaph verbs; the word lesson consists largely of Lomadh Olaph verbs. The vocabu" Word Lists " on lary thus learned can be enlarged from the pp. ;
PREFACE.
VI
The "
'^
are based upon the text of Genesis and upon the grammar and word lessons. They will be found, it is hoped, an excellent means of fixing in the memory the princiThe *' Exples of grammar and the words of most common use.
134-147.
ercises''
Exercises
can be supplemented by the transliteration of Genesis I., literal translation of Genesis I. -IV., found at the end
and by the
of the volume.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE
Chrestomathy
1- 36
Genesis I.-IV
Psalm
1-
9
10
II
Jonah
11- 15
,
Malachi
16-21
Matthew XXVI.-XXVIII
22-33
Selection
from Rabban Soma
33- 36
Glossary
Manual
37- 55
Part
Lesson
56-123
1
Genesis
I
56- 58
I.
1
2
58-62
Lesson II
Genesis
I.
Lesson III
Genesis
I. 3,
Lesson IV
Genesis
4
62-66
I.
6-8
66-70
Genesis
I.
9-13
70-75
Lesson VI
Genesis
I.
14-16
75-79
Lesson VII
Genesis
I.
17-23
79-83
Lesson VIII
Genesis
I.
24-31
Lesson IX
Genesis
II.
1-8
83-87 87-91
Genesis
II.
9-15
91-95
Lesson
Lesson
V
X
Lesson XI
Genesis 11 16-20
95- 99
Lesson XII
Genesis
II.
21-25
99-102
Lesson XIII
Genesis
III.
1-5
102-106
Lesson
XIV
Genesis III. 6-14
Lesson
XV
Genesis
Lesson
XVI
Genesis IV. 1-13
115-118
Lesson
XVII
Genesis IV. 14-28
118-120
Psalm
121-123
Lesson XVIII
Manual
Part
II
Notes on Jonah
III.
II
15-24
107-110
110-114
124-133
124-128
Notes on Malachi
128-1 30
Notes on Matthew
131-133
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
VUl
PAGE
Word
Lists
Syriac
134-140
List of Verbs
134-137
Nouns
137-140
List of
Word
Lists
English
141-147
List of Verbs List of
141-144
Nouns
Transliteration of Genesis
..
1
Translation of Genesis L-IV
..
144-147 148-150 151-160
>
1
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uS
in,
s^l
among. II to be displeased.
GLOSSABY. 5,-s to scatter.
Z(jLS to be
y(
|.Ls to ask.
ashamed.
|Zal
request. ^
p
oia^ waste.
,
li^oA
Ij-iJio cattle.
y^
.
|m.L
firstborn, firstling.
jS^Vas blessings.
inquirer,
|ZaA,.^k^
to despise.
I'j-Q-o
1^
l|..Ma at
2^lJ^
once.
^!^^
to conceive.
Jj-^LS
conception.
>aA >
judgment
^ between
i i i
son,
87. 10.
filially.
|-4Ji^ son of man.
/
Ij^o
to create.
jJoj-o beryl.
seat.
)^^o'i^ bedellium.
(before suffixes).
^f.^f)
to bend.
^j.^)
to bless.
X **
enmity.
oxen.
s^y.^) to mock.
)J^ to console.
^
fZa-A-ijs evil, f
89
^'fS but.
wickedness.
between.
2uki)
li^wkiS
)^jD alter.
house.
Vlli*.^ Bethany,
Iao
lightning.
J-cjjD
^9lwo
afterwards.
to weep.
-op |2was weeping. ?i
jiNn alone. l^a^
|j-o to build. Ij-ais flesh.
>cKLs to be pleased, to delight.
(Sown incense. Piaxas ointment.
|-sl
y(
to choose. side.
ViL
to form.
Ij-a^man.
I^lko,^ G-olgotha, to twist.
iLsio behindhand. ^-iotfj^
Vlt)
to swallow,
Gethsemene.
^j.^to blaspheme.
lord.
^^,.^to
touch.
40
^^^
GLOSSARY. fS9 II to Ij-a?
remember.
male.
X
U^?
not?
is it
37.
them.
.01
ILuoi temple.
jZaLo? likeness.
,^l^?
to sleep.
(iJulsc?
jio?
to believe.
P.S01 thus, so.
>^oi to go, walk,
tear.
II to wonder.
y
poi
to profit.
jJo! this,
i&.i;i.c5
^Qjoi they,
1
Tigris.
grade, ordination.
9595 briers.
>fh to
come
s^sai
those
1Z5 5 palace.
\jk>(n
paifi^CT governor.
^
jjo? this,
37.
V
cm
37.
a-ccn he
it is.
coi he,
35.
fom to be,
37.
now.
^o woe,
Abel.
that,
f.,
o and, that, when, or.
behold.
V^oi
37.
to return, overturn.
1^501 here.
01
35.
.aJoi those,
^01 to.
37.
wA.55 to exercise, teach.
1
37.
these,
^uiJ? to rise.
wi?
y
132.
35
(^oi) she,
^01 that,
blood.
|io?
V-OC1 existence. ^01 01
^.ik^? to disturb.
41
Po
it is
f:uo to
alas.
right, necessary.
appoint a time.
s^t^] Zebedee.
127.
_c]
to buy.
42
GLOSSARY.
^
GLOSSAai.
pAV"^
linen.
]^^-**
to
>aa.i.
(Lft
mighty.
know.
^^
to suffer.
{.m
suffering.
^
sweet.
n^ii to impute, reckon.
|Ii^a* thought, meditation.
\Lt vinegar.
i^owi^ darkness.
^ i\
|uM
mixed.
dream.
|\iS
sister.
>c.^ to
seal.
walkM to change.
oa^^
for,
instead
of.
)^ ^^
t.4Snii> five.
wrath.
)fiLla.i
|l.J-*
very.
]L^
anguish.
^qXm Enoch.
good.
]^Ll happiness.
we.
^1.**
report, fame.
|^!7ia4 nation, race.
iJJ-* supplication,
sA^^a.^ error.
wnl* to strangle.
ia4 mountain.
cord.
\^1j \jiLM
v..Oa,^
to be innocent.
\zL^u4 goodness, grace.
)^^
|>mii holy, sacred.
to prepare.
price.
fSU* to reproach, revile. I
V*^>^ envy.
]Zn>\^ youth.
w^pki* to urge, incite.
U1^4 shade.
a^^-JuA-a^ studiously, carefully.
>a^
ikl
]Ail\^ shadow, demon.
field.
wi-i to dry up, be desolate.
\^f^
>c^
1.
waste.
to curse.
2.
sword, share
to injure, rob.
s^sLl to pollute, profane.
Isl4 profane.
jZoal^ impurity. seduce.
l^'^M enchanter.
\:Ll to err,
]Z'f^ end.
yiiLl to taste, eat.
GLOSSABY.
44
ws^
to strike.
GLOSSABY. to subdue.
45
|Zo]oj.a preaching.
to preach.
l^^jQa sulphur.
li^a
f^ when, while.
l^'fS
o,.s it is sufficient.
|(3u^ sick, infirm.
)jsi.s priest.
]^Q.^fS sadness.
las window.
s^jj to
|ias thorns.
V^acj^
jeLaos star.
]^-^ belly.
^:s9a.o throne.
V.4.a to stumble.
I^^AJLtZas tunics.
wa^a
to beseech.
w^os Cush.
wsA^
to write,
)x^
nature.
l^Ls book.
L^
indeed.
\i
all,
iL
108.
sad.
pio
surround, lead around.
vineyard.
linen.
w^o
to strive.
to withhold, restrain.
IL^s
crown.
..Ti7,>,Sn\a
I^CLS
Chlamys.
how.
^iuis to
be sad.
^to123sq. |3
not.
to labor,
113
be weary.
|I^Qj-s congregation.
|.^
Ijis cithara.
w.A.'a^ to clothe.
^.Mis to assemble.
w^a^ilik clothing.
].M.ls
assembly, collection.
jjoa to cover.
heart.
|L^ dish. -
"i^^
"^
legions.
Levi.
(JOa cup.
^a.lil
|.aiaa silver.
wjulh to curse.
i^a to deny. ]'ps
to
be sad.
i^oi-a Cherub.
VLloq^ Zilk
before.
to, with.
I^L^^a^ curses.
GLOSSARY.
46
Vit\
I
jZoitf death.
bread.
immediately
fc^^i,^*^ quickly,
A-.^ there
[\S >Q^
is
not,
65, 128.
straitway.
\^,t^i)
Mehujael,
\-*]a^*ifi
uight.
indeed, forsooth.
Lamech.
^^^aa!:;:^
Xjt:^ to smite.
'^j,:^
Pn h
morrow.
to come.
ili^a!:^ thief.
l-^Jao
^,s^
"V^lIjo
above.
wave, billow.
i*V>
on account
of.
wiftS^ to eat.
jV^uIjo because that.
Ills
]^i:k4uio
tongue.
I"*
booth, shade.
-v^^^ deceiver.
fj4Cjo rain.
^
JiS
what?
jLl^lio
l-iio
liV^r^A propagator, successor.
food.
jjilio vessel,
vestment.
li&wi^,.^ Magdalene.
^.jj^ to die.
]^*i^ dead.
in vain.
Metropolitan.
deride.
.
i^4g^yVo altar.
|Zii.^ie meliora, virtues.
l^flao wilderness.
|-ai>o
la^i.:ao city.
I'^-^'^
>o^ I
anything
109.
-'^*^ east.
|ll|V
yet, hence.
eastern.
humble.
2^^.a^.aic
humbly.
jZnntnV
humility,
now.
orient, east.
|-fclfc3,^
\
|4-^a^i4-^ '-'^^ to
tpLnnV fountain,
^-^
water.
jiV) to betroth.
be
I^ai^
birth.
iL: to
1^^^
oaths.
iLo word.
.iic
what?
Vjka^ Moses.
).sU:^
full.
messenger, angel.
^s|b* Malachi.
GLOSSARY. |..a-^:ao
Viio
to speak.
w^|j.*^ bitterly.
word.
U^Sn^
Mary.
gall.
]Z9i.:sD
|l=i\V) teacher.
jZiT
>coi*lQi^ ever, at all.
]^.M-..A:an
more than. ^Lo from,
1
K^ who?
aiao
t lis what?
oU^ what
who
^nfffSn |j.aalae
be numbered.
become poor.
quick, bold.
p9,ii:iO helper. \\ *NSn
Messianic. wt>n4Vi able, possible.
is?
poor.
J^gi^ioisc
stature, age.
Messiah.
is?
come, bring.
to
admonition.
t>4Sn oil.
39, 132.
IXao to take part,
^iSac to
r^jSn
|n4Vi skin. |in4^i tent, house.
|.l\i\4V )
1
Sn!:^
traitor.
A.V perfect, whole. drink.
I^^u^lao
Vl^oi^
Methusael.
spring, fountain.
l^MSV) tithes. \si-^i^ settmg. )Zi:&:ao
cave.
|lTr?*v supplicator.
]wik^
midst.
jnnV) burial, jjjio
way.
)Lq|^
intoxicating.
p
now.
liiJ to
prophecy.
prophet.
).AXiJ
y.Ain1 to kindle. ,-,-J
ou^
to smite, beat.
to shine.
Tj-i-^'
long.
GLOSSABT.
43 to be long.
i^
Jf2 to
VOW.
\2n iWl temptation.
to
m
hewn.
.aaJ to cleave to.
\Lj^ garment.
wA^aJ to knock.
1^93-^ injunction.
wlaJ
^a^
liula^J breath,
to distil, instil.
i4J to watch, observe.
^Ui^
to breathe.
to kiss.
quietly.
)aljj Nineveh.
]^ yoke.
)^).9 silver.
pL^
^a to
sign, purpose.
think.
UaJ guile.
]f.:J0
]Za.aaJ chastity.
]Zi-aa gospel.
U^SpLoJ law.
^*^ much,
^|jsaJiaJ lawfully. \ji2
to try, tempt.
axaJ to take, receive.
hope.
great.
]U-^ much, many, l-^
to multiply,
j.^
to worship.
6L0SSABY.
49
^auo to witness.
multitude.
|).^a0
j))^ feast. y
\9Qja colloquy,
word.
f^ to make.
]-^ojg bar.
)|.A^
workman,
>QJ0 to put.
1,-a:^
work.
I-Joo
to incline, sin.
to endure.
j.rx*jff
^
^ jl;L to pass over, transgress* *l^^*^*i^ ]i.iiii
the uttermost part.
Hebrew.
^Luo sword.
|-*f;:iu
\ia to expect.
V^
Vaa
V^^k^D quickly.
to be wise.
to roll.
Ual^^^iio trespass.
iL^calf.
\4Q^fLS0 Iscariot.
,^
v^-i^ to reject.
i;::Ada.
wn^io to go up.
%-*^ji as yet.
v^-fciaa
iii^
lying.
left, left
\lso to hate. 'f:La
until.
]3pj.
hand.
to do, happen.
slave.
before that.
^^
^
until.
Eden.
|?^f^
feast.
church.
isso threshold.
|z,.ik
)2.aio lip.
jJjZ,.:! ecclesiastical.
Ijjaaio i-aiff
sword.
to receive the tonsure.
]i-n:^ memorable. to be customary. j.ik t^ [poo Vtl>'"n\ grievous. .
]f^
book.
thorn.
Ij^io scribe.
I^JIola.
\1jo sackcloth.
]'f^\^ blind.
]Zaja-*i.io
vanity.
|iLa.i.ia vain.
^Uujjs
m vam.
iioD to destroy.
)3a^ iniquity.
IJoL evil-doer. l^oLoa^ depth. ).SQ^ branch.
GLOSSARY.
50
be sad, anxious.
to
v-alk
i^ to watch. to
I-JlL
wipe
{.o:^ grief,
jnnS out.
anxiety.
heel,
li-a^ root.
jI^^ Edar (Irad).
l^'fL sheep.
M-i:^ eye.
]wsoi^ evening.
before.
^tSS
V:^ upon,
over, against, at, unto.
on account
for,
>o-i.:i
of.
j'^Ok because. Vifc to
>a^
go
in.
ever, age, world.
cunning, subtle.
^^^ naked. wo^ ^s^jLlk
to flee.
to be strong.
],..*^ future.
Vr^L^ rich.
^^Vi\s above. )
ilSn\s worldly, secular.
)w^
cause, accusation.
^oi with.
jiVa fruit,
'^i.^
).:;>a^
people.
(.lia:^
to baptize.
]9q^a:^ farmer.
to meet.
L*^l2f^ corporally. j-iJi..^
corporal.
jliVS laborious.
|j,.a
VLoIu to
V^oa mouth.
|Lq^
toil.
toil.
uas
plough.
to persuade.
j.:^ to dwell.
liL^oa tribute, remuneration.
li^ to answer.
)j|.xas
iS
jlA^aa separation, judgment,
flock.
\ir^ cloud.
w^s to
|^M\
|\iq
ofiLL
v^ry
herb.
Esau.
ia :^
twenty.
li-a^ dust.
Yf^tt^
cease, remain.
comparison.
potter.
Ij^^^LS
^^
commandment.
^^
unleavened bread. '^ Pilate.
GLOSSARY.
52
GLOSSABY.
GLOSSAET.
54 ,^^z,A> to espouse, maiTy.
years.
)wdZ:^ companion.
IHm. point.
|n>ii^ vexed.
\L^
to narrate.
).:x^
hour.
'fj^jL
to compel.
to
^^.^^ cursed. I^La-i^LA.
alabaster box.
make
level.
beautiful, good.
to pour.
Sheol. Seth.
'f&A,
to find, be able, possible.
to be good.
\Iam> morning,
"^
p
l-a^ to irrigate. ILa.
to rest, be calm.
''^-OA.
I
i\^
rest, sleep.
,1
iiS
to send, to take
fc.
to take away.
Ij-^ to cast off.
]^'^
away, begin.
history.
wJL^L*. to rule.
]^i^
^
Uoj-^ branch, vine.
i\4
lawful, ruler.
family.
|j.i^,>^A/ ruler.
\'t^'r^ true.
yo^^
peace.
L^\f^-^
y\\^
to finish,
Ap.
>a^ name. ^4cLiA. to
draw.
heaven,
^.kLaA^
ii^^^
fatling.
|.I,*Vn4.
heavenly.
^V
\js'pjy rest.
Lm, six.
\L^
to drink.
wo^^^
silent.
)^^^A'
sixth.
to hear.
A,
.nSSn^ Simon.
]j]z fig tree.
to minister.
f^fZ broken.
sun.
vsZ
^A.'r.A,
I
to betray.
truly.
^Sff A>
^l.*^ to
depart,
years.
to break.
.,Z crown.
^-i
order.
GLOSSAEY.
II
/
?Z grass.
^icooiZ abyss.
\oZ to repent,
ws^
to turn.
l
y
^
55
Sn^ Z
^^Z
disciple.
three.
^^Z ^Z
thirty.
there.
woZ again.
]bQ.2A furnace.
^itnS'^oZ Jubal Cain.
]L^2Z
sigh.
|^5oZ
ll^Z
second.
thanksgiving.
aioZ formless.
|.rJZ dragon.
Vl^soZ
^z to prepare.
trust, confidence.
\r^oZ generation. i:l!^oZ
worm.
^bZ
two.
]^-i-S9Z growth, increase.
jVoZ cattle.
]^hZ
^itfa^Z boundary.
]Zo^hZ
Za-iZ under.
U^J^Z cock.
L^amA under.
\:^hZ door.
LttZ under.
i-xoik^Z
\LkJiji.
trusting.
right.
uprightness.
twelve.
y^jL^A,hZ Tarshish.
two.
1^\LasZ trustingly.
^Z9Z
JAqji^Z prayer.
IjjoiiZiZ twelve.
|.:^Z snow.
^^ik.AiZ
nine.
^ZZ
see
l^a^Z
to teach.
wou.
MANUAL PART LESSON ONE.
ly^
^
(1)
^ f>
Six
h'rt-shith
s
letters: '
after (2)
'^ '^
;
(sA)
;
1.
occuring twice, both times silent
{y),
as in thin).
h. (th,
Three vowel sounds:
I.
In beginning.
(two syllables).
^ir); ^
(6);
Gen.
Notes.
1.
1.
I.
a half-vowel, like e in below or the obscure
(*)
There
vowel of Webster's Dictionary.
is
no sign
for this half-
vowel which corresponds to vocal Sh*wa in Hebrew, see ^'
like i in machine
(t)
(t),
;
the same as the last, since
written either above or below the letter to which Note.
H. '(1)
y-i-A.9
is
.(3)
letters:
i
(6);
j.
(r);
(*),
]
called Olaph, not
vowel sounds:
vowel does
(1)
j
6.4.
1
(2);
2 (1) (o)
pronounced but
b.
like o in note.
but every
full
occuring twice, see 2
(2).
syllable,
16. 1.
^a-lOfhoi (three syllab les), Ood.
gL^I
Fotir letters:]
(');
Three vowel sounds:
(2)
_
(), see
Note that the half-vowel does not make a
3.
belongs.
the Nestorian form.
quiescing in the preceding vowel.
Two
;
may be
ra/(one syllable), (he created).
]'fjz
Three
(2)
it
9
4.
L^
5.
i^Sfl A,
^q^h,
1.
{I)]
ol
(a) like
(h)',
]
(');
a in at;
see 2 (1). (o)
^not translated, but sign of direct object
sh^ma-i/cl,
(two syllables)
the heavens.
89
c.
MANUAL. PAET I. (1)
Four
(2)
Three vowel sounds: 6.
lettersi^Jk. (s^); in (w);
^o
^{y)]\.
() see
57
(').
(2); ^(a) see 3 (2); ''(o) see
1
w^yojfi (one syllable), a7id followed
2
(2).
by the sign of the
direct
object, see 4.
One new 7.
V^M
Four is
w
letter o iw), like
^ar-dL (two
letters:
in water.
s yllables), the earth.
two Olaphs, see 2
(1)
;
h
(r),
see
j.
1
(1).
(The form
used at the beginning of a word, or after a letter which does not
connect with following letters 4. 4);
Olaph:
^
not pronounceable, called E,
('),
The
letters in this verse are (1)
(7)la, 2.
(8)\(9)Si., The vowel signs
either above or 3.
are (1)
Jhe vowel sounds
4. h^,
Targum
n^,
)
6.
are (1)
89
article.
^,
",
(3)
',
all
of which
may be
written
6. 4.
,
(2) a, (3) o, (4)
i.
c.
denoted by the ending
Notice that
all of
3.
3
for
Grammar Lesson.
4Tr^.tt4^-^^
4.
formed,
said.
15. 2.
Hebrew Tsodhe.
l^>'^
Gender, number and state of nouns.
Vii^ he
which corresponds
the consonants have their direct equivalents in
Hebrew, except L which here stands
14, 911,
f,
76.
syllable begins with a consonant.
Every
8.
t^l h^
(4) o, (5) ^, (6)
34.
definite state is
Hebrew
7.
(2)
ai,
and o are never written separately, being always prefixed to
The
(1)
(2) :s, (3)
found in a dozen passages of the Old Testament
is
the following word.
to the
(2)
",
line.
in the Peshitto version. 5.
|,
(11)Z.
(lO)-i.,
below the
3.
Obseevations.
2.
1.
the same difference of form as to the
;
Word
r
Y4^
76.
Lesson.
t*^
he made,
o and.
*-^^^
MANUAL. PART I.
58
^^^9
,
'
^^
wio
m.
>-s
u sign of the definite object.
beginning,
And
ci.
eartWand the heavens. 6.
He
Ajid he fm-med the neavens.
2.
beginning.
Godrsaia.
41
God
is
in the heavens.
5,
3.
He made
the
In the beginning
wrote the beginning.
"Write out the Syriac of Lesson
7.
Ae wrote,
One
in
Hebrew
characters and
note the differences of the languages.
Hebrew
lesson from
8.
Translate the
9.
Retranslate literally into Hebrew.
first
into Syriac.
(Note.
In these
two
last
exercises, English may be substituted for Hebrew. They may better
be written on the board.)
LESSON TWO. 1.
^
Gen.
I.
2.
Notes.
w^ar-di (two syllables), anA the earth. The vowel
8. U^Jl
back on the unvowelled o and Olaph quiesces in the vowel,
is
thrown
25.
1. (2),
34. 2. 9. Zooi
C
h^w$ih (one syllable), {she) was,^
feminine; the masculine
(1)
Z with
(2)
The vowel o vowel
letter,
2
&
For the point above
(3)
No
with the dot below as in I^ like oo in fool,
is
a
and below the
o.
6.
syll able),
and a
waste,
(1)
^
is
not b (s) but bh=v in
(2)
01
is
always a consonant in Syriac and never a vowel
12. (1) is
o
vote,
]lL^oivVie8h'Shu-khci (three (IP)', .M,
(^=n) like ch in loch]
10.
1. (2).
letter,
25. 4.
syllables ) and (the) darkness. (sh) is
of a nominal form which doubles the
s=ZcA(=); ](')=X.
o
6. 5.
o, see
w^bhu h (one
10.
is th,
6. 3. (3).
further attention need be paid to the points above
11. oiggQ
y
is t;
w pronounced
5.
the sign of the
is
is jooi.
the dot above is
The Z
2d
here doubled because
radical,
72. 2. (6);
it
o=u;
MANUAL PART L (2)
this
Although
'^'^>^
(1)
Notice
(2)
s
after a
consonant=^
half-vowel=j?A or
the faces of.
upon
al-ap-p'iy,
final=V while
/
(see observation 6), it is
|
93. 2.
indefinite,
13. Ji^ ]
noun has the ending
59
initial or medial=lfc,
I
;
4. 1.
but after a vowel=2?p; s after a vowel or
10.
/",
(3)
ay forms a diphthong and denotes the construct plural,
(4)
The two
8. 2. (1).
76. 3.
dots over
14. I^jooctZ (1)
The is
are the sign of the plural,
13. 1.
i^hu-mo^ (two syllables), the abyss (oinn).
begins with two consonants, but between them
first syllable
a half vowel,
(2)
Both
(3)
o quiesces in
16. 2.
syllables are open,
15. oi^oio
6. 5,
,
17. 1.
25. 2.
w^ru-heh (two syllables), and his spirit (and the spirit
of hira). (1)
Five consonants, one vowel letter
(2)
The form
pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc. (3)
The vowel
is
The
suffix
a\
is
n
^^
?oiX?
(7)
The Olaph 25.
1. (2).
The
final
76.
|
after
is
?
is
?,
in apposition with the suffix in
38.
throws back
its
vowel and quiesces,
s=p
32. 2,
the sign of the emphatic state of the masc. singular,
For the form of the noun,
s=ph,
God,
of two definite nouns, 97. B.
1.
16. ua^i.:ae (1)
(is)
the relative pronoun,
?
(9)
who
first
97. B.
(6)
(8)
may
6. 4.
used for emphasizing the
(la^-lo^hoif
oL^oh, is
6.
noun wo9, and the
34, 36.
,
the second being generally preceded by (5)
two vowel signs
always written above the consonant, the others
be written below, (4)
5. 2,
consists of the conjunction o, the
see
69. 2.
m^rahh*phd^{ivfO syllables), hroodivg. or pp.
MANUAL. PAET I
60 :o prefixed
(2)
74.
denotes the participle,
the absolute state, (3) l^is the sign of the feminine singular in
76. 2.
doubled, this being in the intensive stem, called Pa' el,
41.2.
w
(4)
is
l^
17.
ma-yo^
the waters.
Rebbuy and denote
(1)
The two dots are
(2)
r denotes the emphatic or
called
There
(1)
M?e'-mar,
no
is
Waw
13. 1.
which takes the place of
86. 16, 87. 22.
the article in Hebrew, 18. jicjo
definite state,
the plural,
and he said^ conversive in Syriac.
f^]o is composed of Waw and j^f, the Olaph throwing back vowel and quiescing, see 8 above.
(2)
(3)
jiJf is the
(4)
Initial
(1)
3rd masc. sing, of the Perfect of the simple, or P^'al, stem.
Olaph always takes a helping vowel,
(Nun) indicates the Imperfect 3rd person,
2
(2)
The root
(3)
In the 3rd person, the Imperfect
o
(2)
As
7i uh-roJ,
1.
Comp. Zcoi
45.
1,
Bern. 2
(9) she was.
114.
employed as a Jussive
is
;
is indefinite,
The noun
(1)
There
(2)
This
(3)
Waw
is
is
is
in the emphatic state
but as to fact, the emphatic state
1.
is
a
m
no
class segholate,
Waw
when the
67.
1 c.
conversive.
receives the helping-vowel
a,
Comp. (19
and forms with
(2))
it
and
(9).
a half-open
16. 4, 32. 2, 33. 3, 2.
The new
and should be
often used
there was.
the 3rd masc. sing. Perfect P'al.
syllable,
is
93. 2.
wa-h^wo^ and
21. lo oio
Observations.
letters in this verse are: (1)
^,
(2)
.^ (a),
Z
(3) s, (4)
?,
The new forms
11.
The new vowels and diphthongs are: (1) o, (2) , (3) ^ (4) The conjunction "Waw may be written (1) without a vowel
of letters occurring are: (1)
(L.),
(2)
(5) J.
^ (^).
10.
12.
4.
light.
form, this noun
to
noun
9.
Bern.
1,
a vowel letter, as in 10 above.
is
definite
(3)
60. 3.
is ]ooi
20. l^oiaJ (1)
55.
neJi-ice, let there 6e.
19. ]:jiJ
The
its
| .
sign,
MA^UAL PABT I. between
having merely the half-vowel (2) with a helping a as in
with Olaph,
beginning
jooio, or (3)
draws
it
g^
and the next
it
when
it is
vowel
the
to
the
itself
Olaph
34.
quiescing,
vowel sound are called open; ending in a
13. Syllables ending in a
consonant, they are called closed; ending in a vowel followed
consonant with a half-vowel, they are called half-open,
Observe the difference between
14.
m
o (w) and o (m)
(h);
and ^{l)',>
Zi (')
,
s
;
and s
(ph)
and
(kh)
15. Observe that
and
(p)
;
(t)
s
and
and Z
(th)
^
(6/i);
;
^
(d)
(h)
and
and
j.
(r)
;
4. 3.
{hh).
quiesces in
;
o in
;
in
|
and*.
,
6. 5.
Mem.
The Syriac verbal inflection distinguishes number and tense. The Syriac, like the Hebrew, says faces-of abyss, not faces of-
17.
abyss,
i.
e.
the
first
of
two words
in the genitive relation suffers
The sign of the feminine gender is the letter Z. 43. A, 76. 2. The preformative J marks the 3rd person of the Imperfect, 45.
18. 19.
20. Hoots have three letters (comp.
preformatives or sufformatives, 21
change
76, 96 A.
and not the second.
When
.
a
Kushoy
to be doubled,
22.
any
(b)
>
2
by a
16.
24.
16.
is
or
letter,
followed by a word
24.
The
25.
other letters being
over a letter preceded by a vowel, that letter
of letters other than aspirates is not denoted
definite or
emphatic state
is
denoted by the
76,
affix)
Rem.\
plural is distinguished from the singular by Rebbuy, Nouns have two numbers and two genders and three states 3.
5, 16,
Review
14.
34,
when,
^.o^ he went out
13.
76.
Grammar Lesson.
24, 33, 38, 39, 40.
^J5-'.34
Itf,
^
,^^
.
^3. IS. 17.
76^* 4.
fiA
by
10. 2. (4).
sign,
The
all
10. 2. (2).
The doubling
23.
is
^]),
40.
Word
Lesson. a.M9 he brooded,
\\m he saw.
MANUAL PARTI.
et
^
tvho?
?
that.
^j-. he knew.
Exercises.
In beginning who made the earth?
1.
when God
the earth,
created the heavens.
faces of the heaven.
upon the waters.
5.
The
spirit of
He saw
6.
Darkness brooded upon Desolation was upon the
Darkness went out upon the waters and upon
4.
the faces of the earth.
2. 3.
him who
is
God
(was) brooding
and knew that God created the heaven
and the waters.
Write in Parallel columns and compare the Hebrew Perfect form
7.
ana and the Syriac form s^l^s as to aspiration, vowels, the half vowel
and the formatic elements. Translate literally into English (or Hebrew) the Syriac of the
8.
lesson and retranslate.
LESSON THREE. 1.
2 2. ]\^o
\f
wa-h'zoij
and
(he)
Gen.
3. 4.
I.
KOTES.
saw,
(1) Compare 18 and 21. is
(2)
"I
new
Zain, a
letter.
23. ]h(nll^l^nuh-r(i, ike
X^
^
(1)
light.
an inseparable preposition,
is
34.
denote the indirect object of the verb,
It is often
123. It
employed to
is also
true prepositional sense to denote the indirect object,
2 4 t-^g^?
(^h^^h ap-pir, that (it
.
was) good.
here a relative conjunction.
(1)
? is
(2)
9=dh
after a
i'=i4> is
word ending
in a vowel,
i
(4)
For the form
of the noun, see
(5)
The
an objective clause,
clause
7
25.
10. 1. (3).
a masc. adjective in the absolute state.
(3)
is
without a copula, i
its
124.
See 20.
(2) iJoiij. j(
used in
117.
72. 2. (4).
125. 2, and a nominal sentence
1.
7
y^-t^zw a^h^rash
(two syllables), and
(he) separated.
MANUAL PART L
63
33. 2.
The
first" is
(2)
The
first syllable is
(3)
3
pronounced with a half vowel (vocal shwa),
(1)
is
h^lMth.
26. (1)
i
(2)
-T
(3)
h.
hh after a
^
28.
jisi^
hl
in a vowel sound
10. 1. (1).
between
to.
Compare the Hebrew construction in vs. 6.
(see 12.).
is
in the simple verb stem 3rd person sing,
masc,
1,43.
The Imperfect would be
(2)
10. 1. (3).
6. 5. (4).
(compare 21)
41.
1. 3.
?^q-A:^rq(tw o syllables) and he called.
29. li^oo jj-o
31.
between.
after a vowel,
til
17. 1.
open,
word ending
written fully,
27.
(1)
a helping vowel,
he shall call.
jj-oJ
Compare ]ooJ
he
shall be Id.
l^nuh-ra^ji wo syllables), to
30. ]90iall:^ (1) Notice that
may
li*.
t
he light
denote the indirect object as well as the direct
124.
(comp. 23), (2)
^ is regularly prefixed without
(3)
01
ends the syllable and in
a vowel,
34.
Hebrew would have
the silent Sh^'wa
or syllable divider. 31.
H-mo^o^ihree
V^^fi^.*)
is
Olaph
(1)
Before ^ this Olaph takes IVVi.l
(2)
is
syllables), da^.
frequently placed before wor^s for the sake of euphony. in
which the
day as opposed to night;
j-ico-.
.a.
quiesces,
at the
20, Rem. 2.
end of the verse
is
the day of 24 hours. 32. VaaA^!:a.o
and
to the
iva-l^hesh'Shu-1cho^(iouY syllables,
one for each vowel),
darkness.
Since three consonants can not come together at the beginning of a syllable^ o takes a
33.
]^
(2)
^
;-^Q^(from lai-l^ya), night.
The emphatic ending has here is
33. 2.
(see 29) "/le called''.
34. yll^^ (1)
helping Pethoho,
a contraction from
ai,
lost its force,
29. 3 (1).
93. 1.
MANUAL. PAET I.
64 35. (1)
(2)
M^9
ram-shci^ evening.
Emphatic
state, the absolute
Though emphatic 36. 37.
p.>|:^a^(Zayone,99. indefinite in
(1)
(2)
r-^=i"J^ the |~M
is
indefinite.
(See 34).
i
,
JB
MANOAL
ee Bhall write.
Let him
(8)
Thou
(12)
fall.
(9)
She
(6)
sat.
shalt be troubled.
Let
15.
worship.
I shall wTite.
(5)
it
be
PARTI.
We
(10)
(13)
He put. Ye shall
1.
and
^]o
(1)
Syllables:
(2)
Vowels
(3)
:
They
shall buy.
(11) It shall be finished.
be nigh. (14)
We
shall a
Gen.
I.
68.
Notes.
(he) said,
(a)
open,
(b)
Ebhoo,
(a)
17. 1, 2.
closed,
(b)
P^thoho,
has here no consonantal force, but
I
(7)
at peace.
LESSON FOUR 38.
shall buy.
6. is
25.
quiescent,
Pe Olaph verbs have a helping vowel with the Olaph, 33. 55. 1. This vowel when preceded by an inseparable particle
(4)
thrown back, the Olaph quiescing, 39.
]ai^ God
(2)
Vowels:
(3)
The vowel
(2)
inr
was originally o or ^ end in the Imperf.
GO. 3.
I^a-oi
(y'^p'i)
expanse.
Syllables: both open.
(2)
Vowels:
Hbhoso
(1)
(2)
Zkopho.
in the midst of. Ivik^ias
has
Rukhokh because
the preceding
because preceded by a vowel,
10.
s
in,
is
the inseparable preposition
^5^
(3)
43.
6.
Zkopho,
3rd masc. of the Imperfect.
last radical
(1)
(2)
syllables, all open.
]!jiJ neh-ice, let there be.
J is the bign of the
(1)
(2, 3)
is
34. 2.
(2).
Verbs whose
42.
Three
1. (2),
has been retained by the guttural, as a helping vowel,
(1)
41.
(1)
Pthoho,
(1)
28. 2. 40.
(N. 3).
25.
1,
is
]^
word ends
in a vowel;
in the construct state singular
34.
1.
number,
fern,
gender,
md-yosf the waters.
(1)
The marks
(2)
Some
"
are Rebbuy,
plurals end in
T,
13, the sign of the plural.
86. 16.
2w
1. (I). (3).
76. 2.
MANUAL. PAET L 44.
be dividinff.
the same as in N. 38.
]s3iJ is
(1)
let it
jooiJ
w^J^
^^po-resh
(3)
The
See
Used with a
127.
continuous future action, (2)
67
participle, it denotes
5.
a participle of the simple species.
is
original form of the participle
and changeable, 45. L*^^
was parish; the
(2)
The root form was ,.riikO
to
is
is
^aL lLL, u'd-'^
n has been dropped
;
23. 2.
^bJiddh,
g-alk is
di/,
(as in
7. 3,
29. 3.
The
n? in Hebrew).
4. 3. (6).
1^,
34.
1,
and forms with
it
a half open
17.4.
has a half-vowel as
(4)
naturally short
(3).
be distinguished form
syllable, i*
is
and he made.
(2) o takes a helping vowel
(3)
from a
7. 3.
naturally long by contraction from
(1)
L
is
i
o
beth, betirren.
e is
(1)
^an's.
50.
naturally long and hence unchangeable, the
46.
Compare
shown by the aspirated s,
is
9. 3, 10. 1
.
1
2).
the 3rd pers. sing. masc. of the P*'al or simple form of
the verb.
This
is
the
first
form of the verb and the simplest,
43.1. 47. ^.-09]
By
arkio, the firmament.
comparison with 39,
placed before |^-
^^
it
will
This Olaph
is
be seen that an Olaph has been called
Olaph
prosthetic,
20, 1.
48. uArgjao and he separated.
This
is
in the simple or
P'al stem,
in the first form, see 46.
49. LJk!:^^dal^thah\ which (were) beneath
^^. under,
(1)
(2)
^ fo
(3)
?
is
is
is
the relative pronoun.
^
from, see
51. '^ii^j
under).
a preposition.
an inseparable preposition,
jective clause defining jjLo,
50.
(lit. to
daP
It here introduces the relative or ad-
38, 136.
6. 3.(2). el,
34.
which were above.
MANUAL,-PART L
Qg
Three elements: the relative
(1)
cf.
?
49. 3, the preposition
VL = VL upon, see 13. change from VL to "^ see
!iifc,
see
49. 2, and
For the
(2)
52. jooio and
the
first
form of the verb.
(1)
|coi is
(2)
The "comes from 53. U-soi 54.
29. 2.
was.
it
60.
original awa,
1,
but see also
29. 5.
(2), (3).
Jiokhanno, so. dath^ren, which is two
TT-*^^?
e.
i.
second.
34 with a helping vowel,
pointed according to
is
the relative
(1)
9,
(2)
38. pronoun introducing an adjective clause, remain in Syriac, the few remnants of a dual which of is one rr*^^ 76. 5.
(3) Notice that Hebrew
times changed to
^
often
A helping vowel
is
one which has a vowel, 35. is
The vowel
we-mar, joiA.
as
^a-Io-ho,
37. Pretonic a
is
many
38.
|.^=>, ]o3io^ '^'^?) '^=*-^^?.
Olaph or of an Olaph beginning a word o,
?
or inseparable preposition,
syllables as it has full vowels,
in
Hebrew becomes
in Syriac is
Such nouns
pretonic Kamets,
everywhere denoted by
and ^^oh
as ]Ls]
is
vola-
e.
2^,
except in
g. 2^.4,9, Zooi,
^^5^
are, in the singular, masculine
form but feminine in gender. Compare the agreement of the nouns
with femnine verbs and see 39. it
i^jo
,li^ = nnr.
The feminine
i^*>^Sn.
e. g.
e. g.
not found in Syriac. The original a of the verbal
the absolute state of nouns and participles,
but
some-
\Lt^h r^ki-o.
or nominal form, which in tilized, e. g.
is
3
given to every second consonant preceding
e. g.
of prosthetic
A word has
and
Observations.
thrown back upon a previous
36.
in Syriac
b.
2.
34.
becomes Z
The name
86. 10.
of the simple species or
are: ^.a,^; ^s:^
and
jooi.
stem
is
P*al.
Examples of
MANUAL. PABT I.
The 3rd
40.
69
P'al
pers. sing. masc. of the
the
is
well as
first as
simplest form of the verb, from which all other forms of different
gender number person tense or stem are made by vowel changes and
by
and sufformatives
significant preformatives
intensive stems,
41
;
Naturally long vowels are unchangeable
.
u^i^s,
t
m
in Zooi,
tSt n?,
u
in olmo?, e
1417.
from original
e.
g.
wsl*^
fern.
Abs. ~
w^i^
\"^r^
mP
Uons.
^P
u.4^^
Emph.
\^'x^
3.
"What vowel
Pronounce
31.3. Eem. 6. 7.
sent
^^r^
^a^-^s
h,x,-f.3
l^^^r^
\^r^
\h^'i^
manner,
5. 6. 16.
1.
gender and number are.
What vowel
is
everywhere
30. 1,
?
two.
v
i>ijSn
brooding^
81.
24. 33.
Word
Lesson.
(inseparable prefix) which, that.
^^ from,
ooi
5.
2.
PP
j)or-sAo not por^sho, por-shtn not por^shmj
Inflect, in like
^hA
^r^
VU
2.
Review
i 1*^ evil.
r^^-^'f^
affixes?
4.
V
fem.
unchangeable?
dropped before forms with 5.
masc.
the endings for is
inflection of
Plur.
Sing.
masc.
4.
).aiijj^
25. 30. 31. 35. 45.
Learn the following table which gives the regular substantives, adjectives and participles. 2.
Show what
a
Grammar Lesson.
3.
7.
g. o
e.
m ^.
42. Naturally short vowels are changeable,
1.
and, in the case of the
by the doubling, also, of the second radical.
if,
he.
(.^l^^Z
U>q- sea.
-
-^
^
he
disciple.
Exercises.
Let there be the firmament between the waters and the waters.
Between the heavens and the earth which God made.
3.
The
MANUAL. PABT I.
70
waters which are under from the heavens and the earth which
from the
4.
seas.
and he called the
In the morning which 5. It (is)
light day.
is
and the earth
(fem.)
which
(?)
he made
two God sent the
light
was
The
good that
disciples the good [are] separating from the
it
evil. 8.
good.
[is]
ahove
is
7.
so.
God
6.
good
[is]
In the beginning
the light (was) separating between the day and the night.
and
9. Translate literally verses 6
your own 10.
Do
the same for verses
1.
.Q.A.1S&.3
without further aid than
5.
1
LESSON FIVE.
55.
7 and,
back into Syriac.
translation, translate
nethJcann^shun,
Gen.
I.
913.
Notes. let
them be
collected.
The preformative J is the sign of the 3rd person The ^ is the sign of the masculin plural.
(1) (2)
The
(3)
L.
prefixed after a preformative
is
of the Impf.
the sign of the reflexive or
passive stem. (4)
The root
(5)
This form would be written the same in the Ethp^el and in the
is ^.Ais to collect.
It is better here to put it in the latter, or the intensive
Ethpa'al. passive 56.
1
9
and to read neth-kan-nHhun, not neth-ka-n^shun.
;
zP
lath-ro, to
The vowel
(1)
of the
Olaph
is
thrown back to the inseparable pre-
34. 2.
position,
Though emphatic
(2)
a place.
in state, the
noun
is
indefinite in meaning,
93.2.
57. ((1)
(2)
]}^^^ teth-ze, let appear. The preformative Z shows that the form is in either the 3rd fem. sq. or in the 2nd. masc. The context decides for the former.
The ]
(3)
form of
The 3rd fem.
.
to
first
-i,
all
the Imperfects of verbs
sg. differs
Lomadh He
ends in
from the masc. merely in changing
J
45. 5.
The
first
and
|o0iJ.
form of the verb
is
]v^, see 22,
and compare
Ij-c,
jooi
MANUAL PART L (4)
The second Z shows
that this
is
i^l
a passive stem,
41.4.
Since the
Ethpa'al and Ettaphal have everywhere three syllables, this must
be the passive of the simple stem,
i.
the Ethp^'el.
e.
|^At^ t/ab-bish-to, the dry land. The ^ being preceded by a vowel the dot above
58. ( 1 )
shows that
Z
(2)
it is
not having a vowel before
no half-vowel b, is
(3)
59.
I
4ln\o
(1)
^ is the is
the dot shows merely that there
and that Z
after the
wal^khensho,
and
to the
open syllable and the
(1)
jJi.^? is
?
(2)
For 61.
come
The two dots
The
line
(1)
1
.
.i-asZ
is
first ijo
is
let
lio
nt.
A.
linea occultans
is
13.
and shows
not to be pronounced,
cause
that,
19. 3.
76. 3.
to
go
out.
with E,ukhokh because the word preceding ends in a vowel,
10.
3 with Kushoy, because doubled to compensate for an
assi-
(3)
;
10. 2. (2).
The z shows the 3rd fem. Impf. causative or Aph*el stem,
(3)
98.
67. 2. (7).
|J^,
thap-pek,
milated Nun, (2)
17. 4, 31. 3, 33. 2.
pronoun corresponding to Hebrew
the sign of the emphat. masc. plural.,
The singular
Z
half-
that of the waters.
are the sign of the plural Rebhiit/,
under the
although written the
62.
lit.
vowel a
ya-mSf seas.
(1)
(1)
vowel because occurring
|i:J, see 17.
jL^iio-.
]" is
34.
It forms with this
to denote the genitive relation,
(2)
(3)
67.
i^ takes a half-vowel.,
d^mat/o, of the waters,
really a demonstrative
It has
76.
gathering.
It has a helping
the conjunction.
ia
unasperated.
inseparable preposition regularly prefixed,
before an unvowelled consonant.
60.
is
a segholate noun masc. sing, emphat.
(2)
o
it,
Kushoy,
10. 2. (2).
the sign of the fem.; f of the emphatic state,
|.^Ls is
(3)
to be doubled,
called
it,
The Yudh
at the
end
is
;
the
above
it is
the sign of the
45. 2, 47. Uem. 4.
sometimes, though less seldom than not,
found with the 3rd fem. Impf.
47. Bern. 5,
45. 5.
MANUAL.- PAET I.
72'
The root
(4)
is ^.aAi,
Nun
the
being assimilated always at the end of a vowel,
when not accompanied by
a syllable
18, 53.
63. ]]'!lLtha'dho, grass.
The
(1)
last
Olaph
24.
is otiant,
1
;
having been thrown back on the 25.
oUhadh-o, (2)
Z
(3)
Z
?,
so that
is
quiescent, its vowel
we have
tha-dho instead
1. (2).
Rukhokh because
has
the other
word ends
the preceding
in a vowel,
10.1.(3).
Hebrew
stands for
It
t.
vowel being equivalent to 64.
nmS
]
This
(1)
It
(2)
65. (1)
dh^mez-d^ra
^^9?)^? is
?
cording to 22. 4.
qimV\
2
1
.
is
(1)
(2)
was
.
?
is
26.
1. (I),
wi-lo-no,
and
the
instead of
is
because of
the ^ign of the emphatic state,
]
after
comes from the Greek
and the Olaph quiesces,
76.
fiUj~dh^j)hi-re, of the fruit, lit. that aspirated
It
36.
the tree.
1.
is
is
to its kind.
Rem.
?
^
52. 3.
according
l^gen-seh,
clause,
10. 1. (3).
? and y have been transposed, acmetathesis from Z the sign of the reflexive,
treated as an a class segholate.
|jLiL|o
is
itself.
50. 2.
draws back the vowel of the
f
seeding for
after a preceding vowel,
Waw
68. (1)
1
93.2.
34. 1.
>Ja.l^
67.
ivhich
the pronominal suffix 3rd masc. sing. (=1!n),
01* is
(3)
1.
the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed with a half-
is
vowel, (2)
67.
In the last syllable the vowel
the guttural,
(1)
,
Rukhokh
It has
sign of the participle,
i;^
class,
the Ethp^'el or reflexive of the simple stem.
is
'^vilo
66.
t
the relative pronoun and introduces the adjective
38. 136. (2)
the
!!|
those which.
|
5
^^^"
sun.
V.^ifi because.
_:* from.
^ns
to
command.
ps when.
MANUAL. PAET I.
Exercises.
5.
The sun
1.
made
be seen for the rule
will
and
great stars for signs
To
4.
he
divide;
crucified.
3.
God stars
heaven to give light upon the earth
be the signs of the seasons of the days and of the years.
shall
shall
divided; divided.
be
2.
The sun and the
(that) of the day.
for times.
shall be shining in the expanse of
and they
79
5.
Crucify them;
Thou
6.
they shall divide; dividing;
divide;
let
them be
they
crucified; thou shalt
go in darkness because thou hast drawn
shalt
near and hast taken from the fruits of
(?)
the tree.
7.
The waters
(pi)
were assembled into one place and swarmed because God had so com-
manded.
Two books
8.
(two the books) shall be added to those which
have been written and thou shalt write them when they shall be written.
LESSON SEVEN.
Gen.
1.
17-23.
Notes.
1.
7
90.
w^yahh, and
v^su*o
(1)
The
(2)
wsoil
ander
line is
first
(he)
In
gave.
linea occultans, first
There
its stead,
11.
form, see
form for a Pe
'ewwim, them.
.qJ]
plural with verbs.
is
Yudh
64. 7.
verb would be v^su.
no pronominal
suffix for the
58.
3rd
the personal independent pronoun
is
36. 2.
used, 92.
is
the P^'al Perfect
The usual 91.
oi
-
^v^ ^OTV
w.jL^
Cf. 77.
93.
1^9 ]?
7eniAc7f-7/T/
to
ruU
over.
This
is
the P^'al Infin. from
dharb^^o, which is four.
136.
(1)
This
is
(2)
The
cardinal after the relative
a relative clause
may
take the place of the ordinal
110B. 94. (1)
.al^jJ
Nun
is
^o
is
let
(them) swarm.
the preformative of the 3rd person Imperf. everywhere
except in the (2)
narh^shun,
3rd fem. sing.
the ending of the masc. plural Imperf.
MANUAL. PABT I.
80 (3)
P*tlioho with the preformative
95. (1)
]^'i
This
is
rah-sho,
an a
96.
the sign of the Aph'el stem,
41.3.
a swarm.
class segholate in the
Kebbuy shows
(2)
is
that the
noun
is
emphatic singular,
a collective, see
90.
67. 1.
hay-yHhOj living.
]L.^^
The Rukhokh under the Tau shows that the preceding Yudh is doubled; since if ay were a simple diphthong Tau would have
(1)
the sign of the fem. sing, emphatic,
|2w is
(2)
97.
abs. is
po-r^ho; in the emphatic the short vowel
\.M'f.3
retained in order to avoid the coming together of three con-
is
sonants at the beginning of a syllable, (2)
76. 2.
po-ra-hHho, bird.
|^~ii^
The fem.
(1)
Rem.
10. 2. (3)
Kushoy,
The
is
participle
here used as a noun,
16. 2, 33. 2.
118.
98. (1)
>^\^Ztheph-rGh, let (her) fly. The preformative Z is the sign of the 3rd fem.
(2)
The
sufiformative
^si
Cf. (3)
Yudh
(4)
The
(5)
Pthoho
(1)
9
is
shows
it is
24. 3. in the simple or P^'^al stem. Obs. 56.
the usual vowel over the
is
Rukhokh according 34. 2.
of Olaph,
25.
3rd radical in
to
10. 1. (3).
The Olaph quiesces
It
1. (2).
The Olaph designates the Aph'el stem; the plural,
41. 3, 43. 6.
(3)
The AVau
is otiose,
^auil^
(1)
For
(2)
.ooi is
draws back the vowel
in the preceding vowel,
(2)
100.
Lomadh
52.
dhar-hesh, which (they) caused to swarm,
c-4-i9|?
has
sing. Imperf.
sometimes found with the 3rd sing. Imperf.
62.
is otiose,
Guttural verbs, 99.
^
uaJ-^,
Wau
shows the 3rd
24. 2.
gen-s^hun, their kind,
see 66. 3.
the pronominal suffix of the 3rd plur. masc. with nouns. never used with verbs, see 91 and 36, 77. is
It
MANUAL. PAET L 101. (1)
(3)
The root waA \k^ {)' 102.
Pe
in the
is
10. 2. (2), 18.
Nun, (2)
of wing.
]^9dghep'po,
The Kushoy
T) is
is
by way of compensation
1,
cognate to
C]3D.
in the emph. sing. masc.
Cf.
Hebrew n,
oi^is
equivalent to the
(2)
The
diacritical point denotes the fern,
The fem.
suffix refers
(2)
^J-o
is
36. as distinguished from the
back to
Cf.
jiu-j^.
01^1^66, .oouai.^ 100.
radical designates the intensive or Pa'el stem.
first
41.
jl-^,
This
2.
the Perfect, since
the Imv.
has no preformative and cannot be in
it
It is in the first
form
i.
e.
3rd masc.
.001^
2^ is a preposition.
(2)
.OCT is
Cf. vs. 12. suffix
pronominal
3rd plural masc.
p'^rau, be fruitful.
Of^
43. 4.
l^hun, to them.
(1)
105.
simple stem from a
See 100.
This the Imv. 2nd. masc. plur. of the
Lomadh Olaph
root,
60. 4.
(1)
nSvo a.^0 wa-s^ffhau wa-mHau, multiply The vowel with the Wau is a helping vowel, 33. 2.
(2)
The
(3)
These are both in the 2nd masc. plur. Imv. P*al.
and
106.
107. (1)
The
syllable after
llaLawUD? line
The singular
(3)
The
(1)
clause
1^^
is
half-open,
e
and
fill.
17. 1.
dha-bh^ya-mt^ which are in the seas. first i^ is
linea occultans.
See 61.
is ).:a^.
is relative.
136.
thes-g^, let (it) multiply,
The preformative Z denotes the 3rd vowel
(2)
Wau
under the
(2)
108.
has
sing., since it
no suiformative for gender, number or person, 104.
UaJ-T.
bar-reJchf (he) blessed.
The'' over the Cf.
|nms,
6. 6. (2).
masc.'',
(1)
an assimilated
ffhen-soh, her kind.
cruttJ-T
103.
for
67. 2. (6).
(1)
(3)
g|
sing. fem. Imperfect;
the
used with the preformative designates the simple stem.
f shows the root to be Lomadh-Olaph.
Cf. joaii 40.
]}^jLZ 57.
.
MANUAL. PART L
82
109.
93; waasZ
the fifth, see
|.A\niI?
bring forth, see 98;
let
I-1L.5
creeping thing, see 96.
110.
The line above the
(1)
is
to be
Wau
is
called Marhetono,
pronounced without a vowel,
The noun
(2)
least,
\^2.l^hay-ivH}io\
a
is
fern,
segholate of the a class,
2.
and shows that
Wau
12. 2.
67. 3.
Observations.
58.
The
Infinitive construct is always preceded
59.
The
cardinals preceded
by ^.
by the relative are often used for the
ordinals.
The inseparable prepositions take pronominal
60.
^oSi^
suffixes
e.
g,
ay^
104.
61.
Nouns take pronominal
suffixes
e.
g.
oual^
^oSuaa-^lOO. 62. The 3rd pers. masc. of the personal pronoun
66, ovsal^ 102,
is
not suffixed to
the verb, see vs. 17, 22. 63.
Final
Wau
unpronounced 64.
Nun
is
e. g.
.0 is the
66a.
fern. sing,
ending of the masc. plur. Imperfect; o of the masc.
Collectives sometimes take
At
the end of a syllable,
consonant, which
is
then doubled.
3.
(1) (2)
where we have Tau.
and Imv.
plur. Perf.
66.
^^j.sZ 98, o.A^h\} 99.
the preformative of the 3rd pers. Imperf. everywhere
except in the 3rd 65.
and Yudh do not take the linea occultans, when
Eebbuy, see 96 and
Nun
is
assimilated to the succeeding
See 101, 109.
Grammab Lesson.
Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes 32, 48, 49, 50.
(3)
w^ou
(4)
Review,
to give,
64. 7.
19--25.
90.
35, 36. 2.
MANUAL. PART I.
Word
4.
83
Lesson.
to rule.
9012]
wAAA/
to forsake,
^^^JLcLm]
make.
to
fja^
fS
^A^
to teach.
i^A^
to baptize.
God gave
the smaller light for the ruling of the night and the
2.
He made
over the night and 3.
all
to separate
4.
Every
between the light and
when he saw them he fly
upon the
was taught
living soul
said that
was) good.
(it
face of the firmament
to obey
God who
and blessed them and said to them: Obey God and ye
blessed; forsake
(to)
the great lights to rule over the day and
taught the birds (sing.) to
of heaven.
better then.
Exercises.
upon the earth and
stars to shine
the darkness.
ivhen.
^bo v.^
5.
God
to oley.
7
7
1.
to shine.
w^L^A/
God and He
created shall
will destroy the great seamonsters
every living soul which creepeth (Participle absolute
every bird of wing which shall multiply in the earth.
fern, sing.) 5.
Ye
be
and
and
shall
be
baptized with water and with the Spirit, which brooded over the face of the waters
when God created
which was in them.
6.
To obey
the heavens and the earth and all
is
better than to rule.
LESSON EIGHT. 1.
111. (1)
01
is
)..A^V
ai^o
and
all
of
Gen.
L 2431.
Notes.
it (to
wit) the creeping things.
a pronominal suffix agreeing in gender and
number with the
collective j.-'^'* (2)
).^-9 is in apposition with
(3)
For the 112.
(1)
M^oio
construction, see
>^oiim1 is
nouns,
^S
according
oi
.
108.
1. (4)
and
94. 6. (1).
to its kinds.
the form of the pronominal suffix 3rd sing. masc. with plural 77.
MANUAL.-PAETI.
84
(2)
Eebbuy shows
the plural noun.
masc. suffix would be ouaJLT.
i^M
113. (1)
J is the
let
(See 66).
us make.
of the
is
nosho,
{.jLiI
not pronounced.
It
i
class V.jloi,
(1)
is
the inseparable preposition,
(2)
.
is
the pron. suffix 1st plural,
(3)
La^, 116.
is
4.
is
19. 1. (1).
34. 36.
class segholate in the sing, masculine,
our
67 79.
likeness.
in 115. 2.
^as 117.
(3)
an a
^z:^9
(2) ^aic5
(2)
Rem.
man. The Olaph has the linea occultans and
shows the root,
a
(1)
47.
46.
^^Sn\^o in our image.
115.
(1)
singular with the 3rd
preformative of the 1st pers. plur. Imperf.,
(2) This Imperf.
114.
The noun
is
a feminine construct from oic? emphatic IZoicj,
^Q4^^i^
let
them
J is the sign of the
75. 8.
rule.
3rd plur. P'al,
45. 2.
designates the masc. plur.
.o*^
The
sign under
J"aJ
118.
^ is Mehagyono,
12. 1.
fishes of.
the sign of the masc. plur. constr.,
(1)
w.
(2)
The two dots are Eebbuy.
is
w.4-9? which creepeth.
119.
see
Cf.
ww^-j-s
44.
76. 3.
j-alk
(1)
lo-dom, man. >c?P back its vowel and quiesces, throws Olaph
(2)
Lomadh
Cf. wLs) 13.
69.
120.
121.
01
is
v\.
(2)
a^^;
construct,
y^ai^ is
as in the phrase
>a^^
|.\^\^.
Cf.
oual^
66.
rogf created he him,
(see 2), he created.
having been heightened to (2)
>c^^
the pron. suffix "Ais" or "of him'\
5^=1^
123.
his image.
which follows: emphatic
^^si^'fS
1. (2).
used in Syriac before the direct object,
(1) Absolute of
jffii
25.
This
is
a
Lomadh Olaph
in the open syllable,
verb, the
29. 5. (1).
the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc. with Lomadh Olaph verbs
61.
MANUALPABTI. 123. oioA^oso and subdue the 3rd
is
01
(1)
51. E.
it.
2.
plur.
P'al
of
throws back the vowel from 124.
vowel
a4J:i.A. rule
I have
125. L^at^ (1)
woy
(2)
L
is
126.
127.
L^}
(n.jD
2^
1
is
5
fl^^l:^
(3)
.
whose
and
L.
64. 7.
L.,
for the 3rd fem. sg,
L,
would take a preposition
placed at the
it is
and the preposition follows with the 136.
suffix,
Here the
6.
subject
65, 128.
is s^'i]^ fruits,
food.
quiescent in the* as
shown by the E-ukhokh under the
is
jiuA.?
desh-tOj
which
74.
e,
is six.
one of the few words which have Kushoy after an unvowelled consonant in the same syllable, 31. 1.
]b,M, is
*
(2)
is
used as a helping vowel before a 20.
pare
Rem.
67.
and com-
Most nouns take the same form before the pronominal
The Imperf.
either a, -i*\
33. 2,
Observations.
as before the emphatic ending
68.
sibilant,
1.
2.
A^ r\
class,
i. e.
46, 48, 24. 2.
is otiose,
the fem. emphat. ending, 76. is maktul, the a having been obscured to
\L. is
1.
o
becomes o
10. 1. (1).
The form
(1)
to s, while the ending o
suffixes
in which are,
relative
often indeclinable.
is
which before
in the absolute state.
is
^^^1
(2)
129.
r\A,nn^,
the preformative for the 1st sing, com.,
Olaph Kaph,
(1)
is
given.
appropriate pronominal
128.
o
The
beginning of the clause
(2)
nn
,4
.
an imperative P^'al of the a
becomes w)oi- before
"When the
(1)
t/e, is
not o as in ^A-a^ia.
is
a form of the verb ending in a vowel
fern, suffix after
The Imv. 2nd
(2)
85
1
i,
P^'al
(which becomes
), e.
g.
may have e)
or u,
e.
suffixes
aila^^^ |Va\.; oiJalJ, .coual^,
as the
vowel of
its
g. ^^'fS2, ^"^^aj,
,
2nd radical 'iiM, ^clJuqJ,
MANUAL. PAST I.
86 69.
The Imperat.
first
form of the P*al
the same as the
is
first
form
of the Imperf. with the preformative omitted.
70.
When new
elements are added to a word, shifting of vowels
frequently takes place,
e,
g.
hut
>Q^^
f\.ka.^
154. >a^
from
shown by
41. 3, 50. 2.
^
151. v^oiosjJd in his (1)
the same as that in 149. 2, 3.
^
the
Pai-t. is
fixed with (3)
3. (3).
Whether a form
is
it
vowel before an un-
a half-open syllable.
P'al or Pa'el depends often upon the usus
quendi, e.g. ails>^ maybe either katleh, or katt^leh,
i. e.
lo-
simple or intensive.
The sense and not the writing(which is the same in both)determines the stem. 80.
Nouns may be formed by prefixing
81.
The Imperative has only a 2nd person.
i>e
or
Z
to the root,
e.
g.
MANUAL. PABT I.
3.
Grammar.
of the verb with suffixes,
(1)
The Perfect
(2)
Quantity of vowels,
51.
A. B.
28.
43, 44.
Eeview,
(3)
91
4.
wA^^
\4^
Word
Lists.
wS59 to follow,
to forsake,
to
(TLlsoZ to
Jcill.
wonder,
to conceive.
V^ojk/ to weigh.
^Jus
PART,!.,
/,''^
The singular is ZoLd, but the short vowel hardened when an affix is appended. See
2)
31. 3.
Rem.
is
92. Syllables
may be
Aw
94.
A Dual occurs
'.,:>'',
e is lost
'\
'' ',
^
\
;^t)l
and the Tau
30. 1, and compare
Observations.
open, closed, or half-open,
17.
does not contract into o in Syriac. in a
95. Changeable vowels
The predicate The
few instances.
may be dropped
in inflection,
7. 3. e. g.
adjective agrees with its antecedent in gender
and number, but not in 97.
]'
no "Waw conversive or consecutive in Syriac.
93.
96.
;
1.
2.
91. There
_
e.
state,
g. jntTtn, ,^>
rules for the assimilation of
Nun
TN j-^
are the same in Syriac as
Hebrew.
in
98.
Lomadh may be used
in Syriac before the direct as well as
before the indirect object. 99. Attributives usually follow the nouns, but occasionally they
precede.
100. Attributives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and state. 101. In stative verbs, the vowel in usually 102.
Some
prepositions take the plural form before suffixes.
3.
(1)
Pe Olaph Verbs,
Review,
to seize.
^^1
to
go out.
\z] to come,
26.
24, 25, 76, 77.
4.
^m\
Grammar.
55.
(2) Peculiarities of Gutturals, (3)
c.
V.
to close.
Word
Lesson.
^M
to bring.
waX
to learn.
%.s|
to
mourn.
III. to teach*
MANUAL PART L
'
'
;02
'
jsi^ to remember,
to bind.
fjo]
%JL upon, ^i:^.
for (before suffixes
See
77.
Adam
1.
Exercises.
slept because a sleep
was taken and the
God brought
to
Adam.
2.
had been
was closed
flesh
which had been taken from
the two of us be one flesh.
upon him and one of it; and the rib
cast
in place of
Adam was formed into a woman whom And when Adam saw her he said: this
be called woman and because that she
shall
(Plural form before
suffixes).
4.).
5.
his ribs
>o,-o before
Go
3.
ye out and say to
I will bind her and teach her not to mourn for her.
me and
my flesh shall the woman that
of
is flesh
4.
Bring her to
I will teach her to go out and to come in before thee.
5.
Re-
member God and he has remembered thy father and thy mother. 7. His flesh was eaten. 8. I 6. They shall be blessed who mourn. shall learn all that
learn.
9.
thou wilt teach
me
because I
I shall teach and ye shall learn
all
am
that
not ashamed to
is
written in this
good book.
LESSON THIRTEEN. 1.
'^'ll.
]oCT
m. 15.
NOIES.
^CLt^ was cunning. after a participial adjective predicate,
|ooi is enclitic
'{\)
Gen.
and hence the m has the linea occultans,
The
(2)
212. ((I)
participle
^
the simple passive in the absolute singular,
Men
50. 1.
from.
The point beneath shows mon,
(2)
is
127. 10,
11.
that it
is
to be read
men not man or
6. 6. (1).
after the adjective denotes the comparative,
101.
1.
213. 01.^ every. (1)
The point above shows the masculine
oi*.
that the suffix
See 102 and
is
the feminine
6. 6. (2) 6.
oi
and not
MANUAL -PART L (2)
For
214.
108.
construction, see
tlie
which
j-als.?
IO3
1. (4),
Rem.
97. B.
4.
had made.
(he)
introduces the relative or adjective clause which limits ]Zcui-i,
(1)
)
(2)
The Perfect here denotes our 215. IcntX
216. ^JJHi-^ (1)
l^] is the
(2)
t4^
94.
136.
1. (3).
1
^''w^y-
common ending
fii vs.
1.
(2)
^ "^ |
^'ij^ vs. 2.
"|
X
a:
(3) \sa^y^} oii^wlsas vs. 3.
108.
V.^
The form
in this lesson denotes, (1) a simple past,
a pluperfect,
Icci vs. 1, (2)
second '^\ in vs.
1, (4)
,-ai* vs. 1, (3) a
e.
g.
present perfect, e.g. the
a present (Grreek 2nd perfect)
''s.^
vs. 5.
109. "\Ve have in this lesson specimens of the three kinds of de-
pendent sentences,
(1) substantive
with
vs. 2,
e.
|3?
vs. 1,
^^5
the
first
e.
g. in the object clauses
jJ?
vs. 3,
g. in the relative clauses beginning with
jicols? vs.
^ZaiscZ
]]?
vs. 3,
110. There
is
of the Imperfect
and
i-r^i^?
vs. 2,
.a!:i]z
lest ye ^oZaioZ P
112.
V^u^ao vs. 5,
and that of the Imperative,
111. All the modes
we have
the clause of result
no way in Syriac to distinguish between the negative
Shalt not hilt' or ^hill not".
lesson
?
adjective
vs. 1, jjau^j^^? vs. 2,
vs. 3, vs. 5, (3) adverbial, e. g. in ^^jN-"]? ci2vL^liar:5
in the causal clause
beginning
5, (2)
|3
is
may be |J
ye
both
o'j
and
e.
i.
\qJ^Z
6.j^S head.
to curse.
to be
'^1
to
flL,
ua^
^
moved.
watch.
1
to
jLl^^^ ?
city.
>cj-o before.
prepare.
5.
The beast
87. 2.
lest.
13?
II. to be anxious.
-
habitation, divelling,
]Lc1js covenant.
,J io shake.
1.
to defile.
^cld to stand, arise.
Exercises.
of the field ate the fruits of the trees
the midst of the paradise.
2.
The woman
which (were)
in
said to the serpent that the
beast which (was) in the field prudent was from [was more prudent than] every serpent of paradise.
3.
which
(are) in the field all of them.
know
that in the day that I eat
die.
5.
Ye
have cursed
(
The man 4.
35. 2) of
God and he
shall eat of the fruits
I shall not eat of it
it
I shall surely (abs.
Inf.)
will prepare a habitation for you.
The woman stood and put her hand upon my head and
6.
because I
said:
Ac-
cursed (be) thou and mayest thou die (thou shalt die) because thou hast been defiled. 8.
The whole
(VI
stem).
9.
city
Watch ye (II stem) lest ye shall be defiled. was moved because the dwellings had been shaken 7.
He was
anxious lest they should establish (cause to
stand) a covenant with the city. 1 1
.
Put thy hand on
his
head and
10. I died that ye might not die.
bless
him before he
die.
MANUAL PART I.
LESSON FOURTEEN. 1.
107
m. 614.
Gen.
Notes.
234. i-i^? that [was] good. 9
(1)
(2)
135. 3.
introduces the object clause, -^'^^^
the predicate, placed regularly and in the absolute state,
is
I
99. 2. (3)
The
235. coijiuU (1)
The
130.
clause is nominal,
1.
reg-gHhau.
ooi is enclitic,
and hence
its oi is silent
with the preceding original a into au or aw, (2)
The noun has no absolute find
236.
it
\
But
here.
i*Vi\
state.
see also,
If
it
and
u
its
coalesces
101, 23. 4.
had we would expect to
93. 2. (1).
or for seeing.
to see
The preposition takes a before the unvowelled consonant, 34. 3. -^ comes from mehwar from mahwar; wa going over regularly I
(1) (2)
into
59.
0,
29. 5. (3).
1,
237. [^].sZ| were opened.
The
(1)
final
Yudh
is
found in some manuscripts and omitted in others.
It is the sign of the fem. plural, (2)
The Reflexive
(2)
The Kushoy over the stem,
is
used here as a Passive, L.
made
41. 4.
denotes doubling and hence the intensive
41. 2 and 10. 2.
238. They
43. 5.
(2).
for themselves garments.
of a verb with a direct
and an indirect
For the construction
object, see
125.
3. (2).
239. x^oiio [as he was] walking. (1)
The form
(2)
The construction corresponds
is
the intensive participle abs. sing.,
accusative of condition,
(1)
*i^\
240.
Ilco-i?
241.
[a].i-4-^z] they
01
lit.
137.
to
the
Hal
50. 2.
in Arabic,
at the turnings of that which is day,
hid themselves,
Some manuscripts omit
o.
e.
g. the
7.
97. B.
MANUAL.-PAET I.
108
The masculine gender
(2)
is
The Eeflexive sense 242. lZ}^ for
olL who
243. 39.
hezt/eth
Rem.
from
Olaph
245.
I
29. 4.
haz(d)yith,
The form
(4),
60. 1.
a contraction of
is
sxm with
The verb
is
man and
the Pa*el Perfect of the
the pronominal suffix of the
^t"^? which I commanded
hu,
2nd masc.
Lomadh
sing.,
61.
thee,
oO^
and translated "from which",
>
must be taken along with
(2)
?
introduces a relative clause limiting |TNt|,
(3)
Pakkedhtokh
(1)
has two
4.
244. -^^^ haw-w^yokh. verb.
it
brought out clearly in this form.
is
he.
[is]
when
121. 6. Rem, 2.
and the other feminine,
subjects one masculine (3)
preferred in the verb,
104. 2. Rem,
2nd masc. 246. \^hS\
is
woman
is
resumed by
s^oi.
It stands in the nominative
95. 3.
absolute,
247. alLo what
The form
[is] he.
39. Rem. 4, 23. 4.
limited
The hu
is
is
contracted from mono and hu^
here used as copula, the demonstrative
by the relative making the predicate,
248. vZ,-ai!? which thou
from ^Ll\ 2nd 249. (1)
The
(2)
^
suff.
51. 3.
sing. the
136.
the intensive Perf. 1st. sing, with the pron.
(f.)
hast done.
fem. sing. pers. pron.,
v.ll^[ We-y6. line under 'fi is Mehagyono,
is
101.
The ending >Z
35.
1,
is
derived
43.
12. 1.
the pron. suffix of the 1st sing.
36. 1.
The Olaph denotes the causative stem, 42. 3. 60. (4) The Yudh shows that the verb is a Lomadh Olaph (Yudh) verb, -^ 250. cursed is the pass. part, of the simple stem from the I
(3)
fi
"Waw
verb, awi going over into
251. ? vs. 6;
,^i>S^p.?
vs. 7; \k*]
MANUAL. PART I. VS. 9
Jillr^? vs.
;
and
1 0,
11; oli^
vs.
vs.
109
13; w^ui^ vs.
1 4.
Verbal
sentences are those whose predicate and copula are a verbal form,
the sentences beginning with Z\t^o vs. 6,
114.
As
in
copula, vss. 6,
115.
^nml
Hebrew, the personal pronoun 1 1
denoted by the forms of the verb, compare Infinitive is really a verbal
a noun and governs like a verb,
dition
is
lative
nominal
>aoi,
noun
vs. 12. i.
e. it is
governed like
The same forms are used to denote the Keflexive and
Passives.
See
The
e.
g.
Va)v^\
for eating^
120.
participle
n
>
4 ^Z] vs. 8, for
when used
the latter s*^LsZ| vs. 7.
like the
Arabic accusative of con-
indefinite but agrees with its antecedent in
119. "When the relative 9
to emphasize the persons
iVi\ for
For the former compare 118.
frequently used as a
is
\
looking at, vs. 6.
117.
g*
vs. 7 etc.
and 13.
The personal pronouns may be used
116. The
e.
is
placed
suffix
first
is
to be governed
as usual
number and gender.
by a preposition the
re-
and the preposition follows with a pro-
agreeing in gender and number and person with the
antecedent of the relative. 120.
Nouns are frequently placed
in
an abnormal position
at the
beginning of a sentence, their place in the sentence being assumed a pronoun, 121. context.
e.
The
relative time of the participles is to
Compare ^5vio
vs. 8
3.
(1)
by
g. ]ZL2] vs. 12.
Guttural verbs,
52.
with ^.Ju^^
Gbammab.
be gathered from the
vs. 14.
MANUAL. PART I.
1 10
wiiQJ
to he light.
hffiJ
to
sJOaJ to slay.
praise. be able,
to
k.1
\
adoZ
admire,
to
^aJ
to keep.
j.^
I^sej
5.
Adam
1.
the
Where
3.
the
go
thou
(art)
the desire of
(f.),
woman gave some (^)
and they saw
to scatter.
mother.
to look at.
my
2.
4.
eyes?
The mother
good
of
for eating.
The husband
of
of the fruit to his father and to his mother
which
(masc.) that the tree from it)
out.
to fall.
that the fruits of all the trees (were)
was taken from ate
to
Exercises.
saw that the true was good
man saw
nql
\1li
to break.
jLz
to take,
was pleasant
was taken (which
it
to the eyes of both of
and praised God, who had made them
the dust.
(^)
it
them and they
Adam
5.
ate and knew that he was naked and he sewed the leaves of a figtree and
made
him an apron. 6. My mother heard the Lord walking garden and she hid herself in the midst of a figtree which was for
7.
garden.
At
Adam, where
my
art
thou?
And I saw God
likeness walking in the garden.
thee that I and
heard it
the turnings of the day I heard a voice saying,
9.
this.
will fall,
my
wife are naked.
H
(m.). .
my
LESSON FIFTEEN. 1,
|inn^|\sa
This
word 96.
is
{the)
eld^bhobho,
1. a.
Who
told
it
(m.),
go out
(f.),
will shine, I shall
him because he was able
to slay
mother with me.
Gen.
III.
1524.
Notes.
enmity.
an abstract noun in
b^'
Adam,
Behold from the serpent hast thou
10. I admire
I cannot take
in the
and according to
I said to the Lord:
he caused to break, praise ye (Pa' el),
the Tanninin.
(1)
my image
Surrounding, he shall take, keep thou
not want, sow ye
252.
8.
in
in the
enemy,
^o*)
75. 4, derived from the
compound
of
\J^
lord
compound
and l.is?
fly,
MANUAL.-PAET I.
j
H
Most nouns with this ending are found only in the emphatic state, and
(2)
when the
are consequently often used
253. ( 1)
The Olaph
(2)
The
(3)
This
is
the sign of the
comes from
yi,
the only 'E
Yudh
.i.^
is
E Waw
is indefinite,
59.
pers. sing, of the Imperfect,
Rem.
2,
verb which
Rem.
59. 6.
verbs,
first
29. 4.
(4).
dijBfers
in
vioin
45.5.
any respect from
2.
254. wA^o^J from nedh-ivush, ivu becoming u, 255.
93,2.(1).
I put.
will
>awao)
idea
29.
7. (1), 59. 2.
tem-Moo.
t'iiVZ
Notice the peculiar diphthong, pronounced like e^ in they followed
(1)
by
00 as in hoohy,
the pron.
8. 1. (1).
3rd. masc. sing.
This
(2)
^5io
after the
vowel
e,
(3)
The
Yudh
belongs to the root of the verb
is
first
sufi".
61.
36,
preformative for the 2nd pers. Imperf., 256.
n
t
the idea of the verb,
257.
^
The
Imperf.,
45.
(2)
The root
is
The
at the
end
is
text has
259.
2nd fem.
Yudh
by mistake
the
49. 2. It strengthens
beeing changed to Olaph after the
is
e for i
58. 2.
under the preformative.
an irregular plural from
-i-szi sing.
60 from P-s. neshtallat.
jjd son,
This
thou turn thyself.
shalt
260. w4ill.ju^
is
Note the transposition of the Z when
Vi* introduces the causal adverbial clause, which
?
the protasis; the apodosis beginning with )4~il^, 1
86. 16, 87. 10.
the Ethp^'el Imperf.
21.1.
before a sibilant,
1
predicate
130.
is
the sufi'ormative of the 2nd fem. sing, of the
,J:L, the
258. I""*^ sons,
262.
Taw
1 1 9.
preformatives of the Imperf. P'al,
261.
the
^!ik]Z shalt thou hear.
(1)
(3)
;
45.
an Inf. abs. of the Aph'el stem,
uTtrNn is
the regular form
is
1,
'^ of
is
in the fem. abs. sing, of the pass, participle.
the
99, 2.
nominal
clause
of which -
is
nere
137. 5.
^9]
is
the
It is the subject,
MANUAL.-PART L
112
263. qiiSilZ thou shalt eat (1)
The form fixes the
of the verb is
o*'
[of]
it,
when without the
changed
suffix is
^asjz; with
(volatilized) to a half-vowel,
7.
suf-
1. (3),
7. 3. (1), 31. 1. (2)
After a vowel, the 3rd fem. pron.
(3)
The union vowel
marked with a
264. ]LoZ shall (1)
^
diacritical point over
it
it,
m simply, which is 6. 6. (2). 36 and
of the Imperf. 3rd sing. masc.
^ before the pron. 3rd
regularly
suffix is
and
sing. masc. or fem.
like forms is
See
51.
D.
2.
bring out.
the sign of the fem. 3rd sing., prefixed in the Imperfect,
is
often
45. 2.
^
The vowel
(2)
with the preformative denotes the Causative stem,
42.5.
The
(3)
"Wau
original
of
not passing over into as in
into
governs a relative, the
comes
preposition
suffix agreeing in
104.
the
01
(1)
M,
>a.jo1
a diphthong eu found in Syriac which is pronounced
like Italian eu in etifcnia.
The Infinitive is used absolutely to
verb which
it
intensify the idea of a cognate
precedes.
127. Instead of an adjective agreeing in definiteness with cedent,
Waw
and ^^0|J.
we
frequently find a relative clause,
e.
g. w^^?.
its
ante-
1 1
MANUAL PART I.
4
128. There are a great
many
must be learned one by one.
|^.J-Zaa,
86, 87.
Olaph verbs and Lomadh Olaph Guttural verbs,
56, 57.
3. '
(1) (2)
irregular plurals in Syriac which
Review
Compare
j^^JLs,
Grammar Lesson.
55, 52, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33.
4.
Word
List.
MANUAL.-PART 1
LESSON SIXTEEN. 1.
276. The point under the ^,.li-
^
and the
in Zj^i^l
the point above the
Koph
.115
Gen. IV.
113.
Notes.
Nun
in
Ll^h and
under the
shows that these are the 3rd
Lomadh fern,
in
sing.;
in 2liJLo denotes the first peron singular,
6. 6. (3).
277.
58. 2.
j^l.:^,
278. soia^|] his brother. A
The Lomadh
(1)
(2) \^]
is
the sign of the direct object,
and
brother,
father insert o
|js|
87. 1.
sing.,
279. \Lb The point over the *E shows that this
under would denote a Perfect (Comp. construction with or governing,
The
dots over
280. bb^
{.l^^k
^Lf
282.
^jl^,
21.
284.
wf^sZl
form to show that
/*
287. |^9Z
(1)
sentence
^ is
A.
The Eebbuy
13
is
put with
this
43. B. 5.
138.
''s.-^.s)
of the
a
t class,
67.
Jol^
is
69.
us go.
let
that the preformative
The Imperfect 289.
64. 4.
1. (2).
not a 3rd fem. sing.
as well as the 3rd person, (2)
|z|,
of the one short vowel class of nouns,
is
Remember
118. 2, 123,
90.
introduces the conditional protasis,
a class;
288. Ijji
in the accusative,
).llk
41. 3, 42. 5, 45. B. 2, 52. 3.
285. jl^l,
286. J
It is either in
1,22.4.
52. 3, 43. it is
;
Aph'el Perf. 1st form from
56. 2, 25.
wi.U4,
a participle a point
some.
he brought.
283.
is
jic] vs. 10).
denote the collective, see
,-io after
281.
of the a
123.
before suffixes except the 1st
is
Nun
denotes the 1st pers. plur.
45. 10.
used for the 1st person of the Imperative,
when introduces an adverbial clause of time, nominal,
290. ,A^|? of
mg
130. brother*
1.
1
14. 1.
137. 2.
The
MANUAL.-PART I.
lie
When
(1>
it
a noun in the genitive
separated from the noun on which
is
depends, the latter takes a pron. suffix agreeing in gender and
number with the governed noun and the 97. B. Rem. 2. "
The vowel
(2)
genitive
is
291.
^the voice of the blood of him who is thy brother,
292.
^ZZ?
Tettel
(1)
is
(2)
it
68. 5, 97.
A. B.
should give=to give.
third fern, from tuttel which
clause
an adverbial clause of
is
expressed by the Infin.,
293.
?,
is
the singular Imperf. of
64. 7.
wsoul,
The
that
preceded by
See 277 above.
7. 2. (4).
heightened from^,
is
120.
137. 4 which
result,
1. (3)
is
often
and see 276 above.
zo-ydy a fugitive.
"^1]
(1)
The a
(2)
The Olaph
instead of e is
is
because of the guttural,
inserted in the
1. (1).
form of the Participle of 'EWaw
first
verbs, taking the place of the
26.
Compare the Hemsa
59. 4.
Yudh,
in Arabic.
This Olaph
(3)
294 i.
e.
(1)
my
pronounced like Yudh,
is
V=5
lit.
great
sin is too great to
is
2. (1).
my folly from that which
The comparative degree
is
by placing the idea with which
(2)
V.01
is
^JS^,
by putting the be compared and
generally expressed
adjective first in agreement with the
preposition
can be remitted
be remitted.
is
it
noun
to
to be
compared
after the
100.
here used as a copula,
101.
It is to
be noted that the
copula also agrees with the subject of the nominal sentence. (3)
^ZnSnra the uth
(4)
my
is
nn4Sn\> which,
folly or sin.
The
is
the 1st pers. pron. suffix,
the abstract fern, ending, lit.
that which is to remit.
104. 2.
(1).
The
Infin.
has the sense of "may" or "can",
36;
75. 4.
The
?
is
preceded by 120.
often used for that
Lomadh sometimes
1. (5).
MANUAL, PAET L
2.
129.
The
J 17
Observations.
distinction of forms as well as vowels
critical points is to
The student
130. Every point and sign denotes something. far
by means of
dia-
be noted. is
now
enough advanced not to proceed without knowing every verse
thoroughly. 131. "When a noun or verb
forms already learned, look in
is
irregular,
62
i. e.
64, 86, 87.
132. Idioms should be carefully observed and to
memory,
e.
ht^
g.
^Jsc, vs. 3,
not according to the
,\|Vi\
if
possible committed
i^aao], vs. 2.
133. Try to remember the euphonic changes such as permutation
and transposition and 134. Classify,
if
assimilation.
possible, every
noun accoramg
to its original form.
It gives accuracy, especially in reading unpointed texts.
135. Memorize
all particles.
3.
(1) 'fi'fi verbs, (2)
Bead over
(3)
Eeview,
It saves time to
do
Grammar Lesson.
54.
the declension of nouns, 76, 77.
78
85.
so.
MANUAL.-PAET t.
118 >1:ujC
^
jio to be bitter^
suddenly.
IJU voice,
?
5.
.
to
made
be
bitter.
\Lso9b persecution,
1
lY.
i*i
aVi Messiah,
Exercises.
I suffered persecution because I had divulged the judgment of Grod.
2. Gro in
and
live in the
land whose gold (which her gold) you have
3. They (fem.) trembled and bent their faces to the earth. The good youth cherished his old father (his father the old) and his old mother. 5. Let God be magnified and let me humble myself before
coveted. 4.
him.
Embittered
6.
(shall be) his spirit
when
the voice of
sound the judgment because he has rejected the Spirit of
brooded over the face of the
waters when God had
God
shall
God which
created the heavens
and the earth and overshadowed the mother of the son of God, before that she conceived and brought forth the Messiah.
7.
Eve added
to
bear Abel the brother of Cain; and after some days Cain
who
the soil (was working in the earth) brought as a gift to the
Lord some
of the fruits of his soil and the
Lord looked not with
tilled
favor on his
gift,
because he had not done well.
LESSON SEVENTEEN. 1.
^95. >^&.Ad|
appekton,
Notes.
51. B. 3. Notice that the union vowel of
the 2nd pers. masc. sing, with suffixes
Some
296. .f^f^.
1428.
Gen. IV.
is o.
prepositions take the plural form before suffixes,
77. 4.
297.
]o(n\
293.
?
^
has the point above to denote the
Vs
299. .liZsIS.
The second vowel
300. |.^nAr fM one for seven 301.
^hl
107.
every one who,
two.
i.
e.
is
first
person,
7.
added,
seven fold.
33. 3.
6. 6. (3).
MANUAL. PAKT I. (1) (2-)
The numbers one and two agree with For the position and date, sed 110. 302.
their nouns in gender. 1.
The preposition Lomadh sometimes denotes the
^j^ioiiik.
98. 1.
genitive,
303.
119
who
,-*.*]?
which are used
This
hold.
is
one of the few passive participles
an active sense,
in
117. 4.
304. ^01 takes up and makes emphatic the
jJ.
which precedes,
95. 3, 101.
305. oiH. his
Heth,
23.
306. ^ASSnA> *Zo,
307. (1)
is
An
sister.
Olaph has been rejected from before the
1. (1).
the
is
same
in the
2nd fem.
place,
19. 1. (1)
is occult,
occultans,
number and
(2)
state,
began he (or
^-^
Either the subject
denoted by the linea
1.
they).
is
that the verb
Seth, or the verb
is
is
Pa*
el,
impersonal,
6. 6.
122.
Observations.
2.
Pay
is
nouns and agree with them in gender,
93. 3, 99.
The dot above the Shin shows
136.
and hence
11.
(2) Attributives follow their
(1)
48. 2.
59. 2.
|.jj-l another,
The Olaph
308.
plur. of the Imperative in a,
attention to the union vowels of the different forms of
the verb before the various suffixes.
137.
prepositions take the plural, some the singular, form
Some
before suffixes,
e.
g.
V:^ and
>c,-d
take the plural form,
^
and
>a:^
the singular. 138. There in Syriac.
ceded by 139.
is
a
number
of
ways of expressing the
The most common
Va
The
is
and followed by
way
indefinite
pronoun
have the interrogative pronoun pre-
?.
rules for cardinal
140. Notice the fourth
to
numbers are the same
as in
Hebrew.
of expressing the genitive relation, vs. 20.
MANUAL.-PAET I
120
141.
Some
participles
which are passive in form are active in sense,
vs. 21.
e. g.
^.-.-mI,
word or
142. In looking for the derivation of a ill
the cognate languages, always see
has been rejected or not,
e.
3.
(1)
Doubly
Weak
(2)
Read over
(3)
Review
h^,
g.
first, if
possible,
the classifications of nouns,
66
75.
61.
Word
Lesson. to desire.
s.u\^Z]
]jo]
to heal.
\^y\ alms.
%di^3
to rest.
1-4.50.0
to reject.
^aM
to
(m.) holiness,
\o^^joy.
show.
V^9Qo
city.
\\^ to rebuke.
\ioh^ virgin,
J
Qli^ request.
to sigh.
wc|z| ]o1z)
\*^ girl.
to desire.
to
agree
|
5.
The Lord
m aV
Messiah,
Exercises.
said to the girl I will heal thee
and
holiness.
3.
Lord and he caused them
He
when she
sees
5.
A
4.
The
virgin will
son has been born to the virgin and thou
name Messiah.
shall
girls
thee because thou hast rebuked her and hast
not reject his request.
and there
The
caused Cain to rest in the city which his son had built
rejected her request. shalt call his
2.
to be rejected from the city of
because he desired that he should not be killed. sigh
put a sign
will
on thee and cause thee to dwell in the land of Nod. tempted the
letter
62.
Verbs,
IjoJ to tempt.
J.J
whether a
vs. 22.
Grammar Lesson.
4.
1.
for its equivalent
7.
6.
Be thou
agreeing with him and do
Give alms to every one who asketh of thee
be joy to thee.
MANUAL. PABT L
LESSON EIGHTEEN.
(1) This
is
This
(2)
lit.
for what?
the adverbial accusative of cause.
is
common form
the
noun,
311. Ji^h
86. 3.
Singular jLtfoj.
a fem. plur. of the Perf. from a
is
Lomadh Olaph Verb,
1.
312.
vowel
e,
313.
The
(1)
of the neuter of the interrogative pro-
39.
310. Izaicf the peoples,
60.
Psalm H.
Notes.
1.
309. IILd why?
121
],.*.s|
Note the insertion of the helping
as one.
together, lit.
33. 4.
wT^?
he who
relative
sitteth.
sometimes stands for "he who", "that which"
?
etc.,
104. 2. Rem. (2)
The
(3)
For the form,
participle denotes customary actions or a continuous state,
116. 2.
314.
I^ifl^lj
see
99. 2.
from al-yimeth, from akwimeth,
denotes the causative,
(1)
I
(2)
Z
denotes the 1st person sing, of the Perfect,
315. ..j^'^malk^,
316. (1)
?
59.. 3.
41. 3.
is
):ifi.*J9 that
he
my
may
43. 5.
36, 31. Bern. 1.
king, declare.
a conjunction introducing the adverbial clause of purpose,
137. 4. (2)
(3)
The verb
is Ethp'^'el,
formative,
45. It
is
41. 4, Imperfect, as
shown by the pre-
determined as 3rd person sing, in distinction
from the first plur. by the sense. Lomadh Olaph, The Shin and Tau have been transposed, 21. 1.
60.
317. ^'^'idh^hher^. 135.
3. (3).
of the final
Yudh,
introduces the quotation,
(1)
?
(2)
For the pronunciation 318.
^.U
56.
2,
25.
1. (2),
see
31.
Rem.
32. 3.
Q
1.
MANUAL. PART L
12,2
319. ai^flj| 320.
321.
e is
pronunciation of the guttural,
28. 2.
(2).
the regular pron. suffix 3rd. sing. masc. after a verbal form
of the plural ending in a consonant,
The vowel u
(2)
11. Bern., 48. 3.
12. Bern.,
a helping vowel inserted to
^9i..iJO|.Msfo.
.*ai-. is
(1)
24. 2,
The second
fear.
]wI:^.m9
facilitate the
30. 2.(1).
21.1,
and
32.
of the Imperat.
is
51.
A.
shifted before suffixes,
1.
322. ^Vjcio introduces the adverbial clause of cause,
The
323. f2^ burneth. 116.
as continuing,
137. 5.
participle denotes a state, or action viewed
1.
^S^oZi those who
324.
51. E.
2.
117. 4, 99.
trust,
2,
104. 2. Bern,
Observations.
143. Nouns and pronouns may, without any change of accidence, be treated as the Arabic adverbial accusative or the Latin oblique cases to denote cause, time etc.
Some
144.
irregular plurals are formed
the regular ending,
e.
I^a^l,
g.
by
inserting
145.
Compound words are occasionally met with,
146.
Remember
when followed by with
"Wau before
vs. 1.
the use of the relative
?
\t^t
vs. 2.
in the sense of **he
who"
e.
g.
a participle vs. 3 and compare the Greek and
Hebrew
the article.
147. Notice
Hebrew
how
often the Syriac translators have changed the
Imperfects, Perfects etc. into different tenses,
Imperfects in vss.
1
and 2 have been changed
e.
g.
the
into Perfects.
Hebrew Let the
student hereafter note these changes and seek their cause. 148. Notice the light which a study of this psalm throws on the
Syrian translators' views of the text, grammar and exegesis of the psalm, 1
e.
g. islo^-ol vs. 6,
\-^ vs. 12
etc.
49. Notice the differences as well as the similarities between the
Syriac and the
Hebrew
in rootj
form and construction,
i. e.
as to roots.
MANUAL. PART I.
123
consider (1) sometimes the same root has a dififerent meaning in the
two languages, e. g. "K^^i^ ^-^^ r^j w^^^. (2) Sometimes the same idea has a different make,
to form. 3.
Grammar Lesson.
1.
Anomalous and Defective Verbs,
2.
Numerals,
3.
Bead,
4.
Review
88.
63, 65, 86, 87.
43, 45, 53, 54.
64.
root,
e.
g* to forsake, to
MANUAL PART IL
1 24
PART
n.
Notes.
Jonah 325. 120.
^^1^^ 1. (3)
For the idiom compare the Hebrew and
saying.
and note 139.
326. "^f ''Go'\
I.
(2).
64. 1.
Imperative from^]],
327.
\'LiJ^m^dhito,
328.
oui^i^ against her.
see
18. 2.
city,
Vlk takes a plural form before
suffixes,
77. 4, as also >o^.
329. An\m, 330.
64. 8. 64. 3.
n J\,
>
331. i\^ Part. act.
fern,
from Vl,
54. 3.
VLS
is
the Infin. of
the same. 3t)2. its
Notice the position of the adjective after
\h^''>.
agreement with 333.
w^)
in gender,
it
number and
91.
state,
its
each.
(2)
The Olaph is occult, 19. 1. For the use of w^j] for the indefinite pronoun,
(3)
w^j] when denoting each or every one takes a plural verb,
(1)
See further, 334.
61.2.
plural,
oZ
337.
pron.
suff.
340.
1.
124.
5,
101. B.
1. (1)
Bern. 3.
III. stem Imperf. 3rd sing, with pron. suff. 1st
a*
contracted from ay,
is
Imperat. from ]2[,
let
29. 3.
(1).
64. 4.
us Tcnow, 1st pers. plur. Imperfect I stem from
1.
12, show thou us.
1st plur.,
olL
121. 2.
54.
an ethical dative,
nedda,
1.
107. 2.
10.
58. 2. Bern. .a-i
is
11, come.
1.
338. '^^ ^l^, 339.
1.
'E'E verb,
stem.
335. 01^ line 8
^^
see
90. 4. Bern. 2.
V
^g'snl
336.
noun and
1.
Ill stem Imperat. sing. masc. with
61. 3.
13, what is?
103.
1. (1),
39. Bern. 4,
23. 4. (1).
MANUAL. PABT n. 341. ]L] tvhat?
103. 2. (2) Rem. This
39. JRem, 3,
rogative adjective separated from
342.
1. o^l^i p. 12, 343. |.ij| the men.
is
an inter-
noun by the personal pronoun. 1.
Rebbuy denotes
the collective,
90.
1.
See
333 above.
also
344. jiilJ, 345. o
46. 1.
137. 4.
that,
(1).
^ n'snn ^ Imperat.
346.
51, 36.
1,
32.
1.
348.
1.
>.iw^.Ji.i>o
fern. plur.
2nd masc.
plur. with pron. suff. 1st sing.,
1.
347. ^ojiJvf
the
its
34. 2, 33.
1,
125
61.
3.
4,
1. (3).
on account of me.
form before
suffixes,
The preposition ^4^:^ takes is written 89. B. (6). The
with the Yudh, but belongs to the oai following, the occult because the pronoun
is
He
enclitic,
having become Since a vowel
19. 2. (4).
cannot begin a syllable, the last consonant of the preceding word draws to
it
the vowel of the He,
vowel,
same
forms a diphthong with the u.
it
is
349.
true of ^ct.
^QJ^,
350.' Q-yi^l
1.
''thou shalt not"
353.
354.
^a^
115.
jJ,
and
90. 1,
1.
3.
The Syriac does not
They took Jonah.
emphasize the object, see
^J.
A
123. 2.
?
Ill stem, 51.
358. \1:o^
99.
7, 8,
109.
whatsoever,
object, see
sayiiiy,
120.
1.
Rem.
and
3.
108. 2.
III.
1. (1),
Izi]^. For
the form, see
377.
^]w9 great
to, i. e.
B.
71. 1, 75.
^
the greatest city,
100. 2.
378. |.AS!nwLo shall be overturned. The participle
379. ot^'l,
n4n\
111. 3, 116. lit.
her men,
382. (nlw^as his throne,
(5).
defined as future
1. (2) b.
their magnates.
For the helping Rebhoo,
is
19. 1. (1), 77.
they clothed themselves
381. ^c3i-iJjC509
(1).
1. (3).
376.
by the J^l-L:^,
126. 2.
1. (3).
110. A.
^^T^f ^^9^?,
375. j:;^Ua^
an
thy holy temple. Notice that the pronoun follows
Jonah
380.
my
64. 8.
t ii
-^Jis^Zl
373.
(3).
58. 3.
earth laid hold with
th".
135. 3.
41. 4.
the noun and not the adjective,
374.
thy waves),
1. (3).
368. aJocf, ;
relative introduces the quotation,
(n.I-j.aaa
105.
V
The
here reflexive,
366. waiaio.
371.
of them,
(all
12. 1.
>^.iIX^,
365. L-a^9Z|5.
370.
5.
thy waves
all
(1).
The stem
369.
.onlifca
see
ivith,
126. 2.
The Singular
33. 3, 9.
(1).
is |-C9,
Rem.
86. 2. (2).
383. \lvi\^ the sons of men,
87. 10, 23. 4.
(1).
Bern. see
87. 27.
MANUAL. PART II. 384.
]^^,
385.
>c^
90.
ovioi^S
387.
Each,
wi.Jj.
let
1. (1).
them
call
123.
God,
107. 2.
which
65, 128. 3.
is,
(2).
87. 2, 20. JSem. 2, 34. 2.
390.
^oic^Wj,
391.
^,
392. 393.
116. 1. a, 52. 3, 26. 1. (1). v-5 J introduces the indirect question,
394.
|3?
39.
1.
Bern. 1, 103. 1.
132.
6. (1).
introduces the negative adverbial clause of result,
395. Q-oZ? clause,
2. (7).
81. Bern.
388. |lsa4-, w-1?
109.
anything,
386. jfl^jJ
389.
127
This
that they turned.
is
137. 4.
an appositional substantive
135. 5.
Jonah IV. 396. 397. adverb,
398.
^Joa^ ..a.^
very, is a
See
was painful for Jonah.
masculine noun in the absolute state used as an
The answer
P was not?
does not denote this
132.
A
2.
''yes" is expected,
question
ivhen I (was), 130. 1. (1). 399. |J[ ji 127. 1, 400. ^001 Ui^fl I anticipated,
401. Llf, I fled.
With
lated "I fled before-hand", .^lik is
though P
itself
often denoted in Syriac
is
without any interrogative particle or pronoun,
402.
122. 2.
A.
89. Zoofi
It
h^f^.
132.
1. sq.
3. (1) a.
the preceding verb this verb
may be
trans-
133. 3 and Bern.
the Ethical dative or object,
124. 5.
127. 1, 116. 1. (3). 403. I^ogi '\^, 404. ^f^zh ]t"*-4^ long is thy spirit, i. e. patient.
405. 406.
^,
407. s-mAs, 408. 130.
from saggto',
]]l^saggiyo*
^i>ai^
24.
1,
32. 3.
53. 1, 23. 1. (3).
122. 4. (2) Bern. to die, is
the subject of the nominal sentence,
1. (1).
409. llv.\? ^:o than
to live.
120.1. (1),
MANUAL. PAST n.
128
(1) (2)
For the form For the
ili>o,
^.
411. 01^.
See 402.
412.
aJlol^
under
89. B.
it,
413. ]>.J? that he might 132.
414. \iL, 415.
^^^ould
-^r^
24.
417. ^Ih],
26.
I?;^
3. (2),
(2),
137. 4.
113.
1. (3) h, 5.
25, 28. 2. (3).
1,
01^, 101. 3. (2) a,
105.
1. (3).
has come into ihy hands, oh Lord,
it
l-jLLe
Bern, 2.
59. 6.
1. (1),
419. giA^l"^ for himself,
420.
1.
(3).
116.
happen,
100.
1. (6),
114. 4.
see,
Rem., 135.
6.
416. Ilii cxicumher,
41S.
120.
construction, see
See 398.
410.
64. 6.
see
to take
away my
soul
from me. 421.
?
V^
422. i^ooi
423. 424.
because that,
127.
li
^, 99. 2. Bern. 87. 100. wi-oL:f ^, Emphatic,
426. 31^
13?
428.
431.
1,
101.
1. (2).
104. 2. Bern,
on ivhichnot,
100.
J-.LI,
^%
1.
88.
432. .oLj]
1,
100. A.
Malachi
^i^]
^nnS^"^.
I.
43. 5. Bern. 2, 51. omrittun,
433. l^ai^? followed by
jJ
^lo
and
if,
436. wsiU from
437. ^ilic
A, B.
35. 2.
expects the answer *'yes",
132.
5.
The direct object may be preceded by Lomadh,
123. 2.
435.
1. (4).
85.
^qI\vI^
434.
86. 14.
1,
429. ]ia:^l'il fourteen,
430.
(2).
See 425.
\2[.
^
137. 5.
1.
lJ|
425. ajf.
427.
6. 5,
1. (2).
138.
2. (3).
wS^.
is uH)nt to
honor,
116. 2.
MANUAL-PART II 438. llf
138. 4.
^f,
(4).
135. 5.
439. ^i-alic?,
440. .o^l rr->-? y^ '^^^ despise, 441.
?
137.
V^,
135.
w.Ju4^?,
3. (3).
101. 2.
444.
oai,
445.
^n^^,
446.
liai:.?,
447.
>a^^o
29. 2.
(3).
132. 4.
may have
that he
130.
449. ^liillo,
.a-aTD |j| l-o,
452. ^aJ), vs. 12, 453.
1.
is
M? r^ w^^
Rem.
nothing
138. 2.
vs. 2. ^f,
456. \i^Lo 457.
458. 459.
is infinitive
?M^, I??]
]).I.Iifll^
464.
9?)
5. (1).
accursed be whosoever has,
107.
II.
wqu,
64. 7.
5. (2).
will scatter. (6.)
^Aey are asking,
121.
7.
many. The direct object
is
often preceded
1. (3).
116.
r^h^, ?
7. (4),
(2).
from
123. 2.
^ajf,
461.
463.
]
I
vs. 5,
,-^V^
462.
137.
read
460.
123.
101. 2.
137.
4.
MalacM 455.
1.
among you.
used as a copula,
is
114. 4. (2) Bern.
104. 7.
of no account.
I ivish
because ye are bringing,
^Liio?
454. 01^ 103.
]J
(1),
Rem.
1.
450. rr*^? that which
137. 4.
mercy,
was in your hands,
448. .aL,-j.^5 because this
451.
136. 11.
5.
137. 5.
442. ,:-.r^rr^, 443.
'129
137.
because,
yliiJ?,
3. (2) c.
46.
1,
who
465.
w:=J:Ilo5 he
466.
01.:^.^, vs. 15,
5. (I).
136. offers,
1. (2) 3.
104. 2. (2) Bern.
106.
R
by Lomadh
MANUAL. PART
130
467.
4i*^? "that which is eviV%
.
468. J
who
5?
is
is
II
an objective clause,
116. 3. (1)
judging,
135. 3.
a.
Malachi III. 469.
1
470.
|Jl
01
behold is followed here
{r^
95.
|J|,
471. l-aljo that he
way
474.
^
?
129. 2.
.tn^v, ^^L^l
137. 4.
prepare,
a.
137.
tcftew,
future.
104. 2. Rem.
472. 01^...? whom, 473.
1,
by the Participle in the 101. A. 2.
2. (1).
475. _Lc? which were from.
V^
476. U-l 4:11.
U]
l2]^\4^
478. aisZ],
^^
because that
vs. 10,
vs.
is
turned
I am,
to
me,
101. 2.
103. (1),
2. (3)
130.
1,
Rtm. 137.
5.
60. 4.
vs. 7,
479. ^ojjal, 4S0.
against (him) who
13,
61.
prove me, is
masc.
plur.
the
Wau
being omitted, see
23. 1, 43. 5.
481. ,-AliJiCo and are built up the doers of sin and
and are 482.
{they) tempt
delivered.
j-a.^
483. v*!::^
a
man
with his neighbor,
one with another.
106. Rem. 4.
mine,
484. ocfl,
i. e.
116. 2.
(1).
485. a,ii\q? those who
serve,
104. 2.
(2).
Rem.
Malachi lY. 486.
487.
y-opo
when
.>S,\
to
shall burn,
you,
i.
488. c-^zyZ] remember, 489.
^1:^13
^a^
to
e.
137.
to the
2. (1).
fearers of
my
name,
94.
11. 5. Rem., 48. 3, 126. 2. (1).
you Elias,
124. 3.
1.
God
MANUAL. PART II.
13]
Matthew XXVI. 116.
490. 0001 ,-4^1,
^^ before
491. 492.
99.
noun,
Rem.
1.
96. 2.
1,
b.
an irregular plural used in a singular sense,
jJbsc?
493.
^]^^^h
494.
^U^
29.
its
3.
122.
from
86. 16.
5. to trouble,
^jJ
to
For the form
weary.
see
32, 3,
1. (3).
495. ]Z.3P (jd,
123.
Rem.
2. (7).
496. iwi^n? introduces the appositional substantive clause, 497.
5
as that which
>fJ\
is
for
my
498. oiJjjso,^ for a memorial of 499.
129. 2.
^^,
124.
500. 01^,
135.
5.
burial. her,
96. I. 4.
h.
(3).
5.
501. t^ f^ one by one. 502.
001,
503.
oX,
-^lic?
cJd
101.
A.
2. (2).
my
blood that of the kneio testament,
87. 15.
507. jiij^,
90. 4.
^1
509.
|o^,
512.
^
513.
r^V^V
514.
?
.
o^,
.
^'1,
102.
jooi
ooilik, vs. 48,
133. tvord,
137. 2.
127.
him whom I
518. ^(jiV:^, vs. 50, 132. 2, 135.
is it
1.
Rem.
1.
1
102. 3. (2)
a.
7.
.Sflv had given,
516.
while they ivere sleeping.
lit.
same
(?L^ the
vs. 46,
517.
^
(2).
vs. 42,
515. fl, vs. 47. while,
friend?
1.
127. 9.
^ sleeping,
511. ^^.1^9
1.
,
138. 2.
vs. 35,
^1,
Rem.
96.11. Rem.
137. 6.
although,
^
510.
138. 5.
this is
506. ]ll^,
508.
1. (2).
Impossible condition,
504. od Ul, 505.
A.
101.
emphatic,
(2).
1. (2).
shall kiss, the
on account of
same
this thas
is he,
him
seize.
thou hast come
my
MANUAL.-PART II.
132
519.
93.11.
VS. 50,
cfl,
1. (3).
520. v-s^I?, vs. 64, him who
|L>^
521.
ouo in
104. 2. (2) Rem,
sitteth,
same hour,
the
102.
3. (2) a.
Matthew XXVII.
^
522.
1^
523. U], 524.
^what
101.
525.
]t-i-=^?> limits
^,
Bern.
1.
the preceding pronominal
1.
136. 4.
suffix,
107. 4.
vs. 9, some,
vs. 12,
t-s,
103.
1. (3).
526. 527.
us?
2. (1).
109.
>cjic,
is that to
ivhile they
were eating the pieces of him,
e.
i.
calumn-
iating him.
528.
110.
j.i,
529. 530.
man,
i.
531.
106.
cyiJ^?, |3,
e.
1. (2).
vs. 19,
1.
there be nothing belonging to thee
let
have thou nothing
533. 534.
1.
wilalie, Pa* el pass, part., ai:^,
536. C05I
537. fS,
n Vo,
125.
^ Jv,
vs. 31, as they loere
^1
made
he
540. l2,
541.
110.
vs. 51.
165.
pp
108.
0^
7
p
]:^
136.
as
^
164.
- "
107.
k
]Zaal4 .
104.
.01 9
189. p
.
103.
p
>Aa.
*
p
Uozj-
204.
,
p p
90^^
WORD \
