Also available in the Technical Japanese Series
Reflections on Science by Naka.,va Ukichiro
Solid-State Physics and Engineering
An Advanced Japanese Reader Translated and edited by Edward E. Daub and Shiro Asano
Technical Japanese Supplement Craig T. Van l)egrift
((Snow crystals are letters sent from the heavens. )) -Nakaya Ukichiro
For anyone learning to comprehend scientifIc articles in Japanese, this reader offers selections from the writings of well-known Japanese scientist, Nakayo Ukichiro. At the time of his death in 1962, the American Meteorological Society Bulletin heralded him as " ... the world's outstanding scientific investigator of snow crystals." Nakaya was a popularizer of science and a brilliant essayist. Here are included excerpts from his classic book The Methods ofScience (I(agaku no Hoohoo) and other literary essays discussing various cultural and social topics in relation to science. English translations accompany the Japanese texts, followed by a glossary. 2003 Paper ISBN 0-299-18104-9
Basic Technical Japanese Edward E. Daub, R. Byron Bird, and Nobuo Inoue Even with no previous training in Japanese language, readers of this book can learn to translate technical manuals' research publications, and reference works. Basic Technical Japanese provides step-by-step instruction, from an introduction to the Japanese writing system through a mastery of grammar and scientific vocabulary to practice in reading actual texts in Japanese. With extensive character charts and vocabulary lists, the book is entirely self-contained; no dictionaries or other reference works are needed. The authors are scientists and engineers with extensive experience in translating Japanese.
This book is a supplement to the textbook Basic Technical Japanese. It introduces 100 new kanji and more than 700 new words and phrases that appear frequently in documents dealing with solid-state physics. The text offers ten lessons, each presenting key vocabulary and ten new kanji that reappear in the exercises for that lesson and in subsequent lessons, reinforcing learning. The exercises emphasize vocabulary building, kanji recognition, definition nlatching, and translation skills. An introductory lesson reviews the katakana and hiragana writing systems. 1995 Paper ISBN 0-299-14734-7
Biotechnology Technical Japanese Supplement James L. Davis
This book is a supplement to the textbook Basic Technical Japanese. It introduces 100 new kanji and more than 1500 technical terms that appear frequently in documents dealing with biotechnology, in addition to reviewing vocabulary containing the 365 kanji presented in Basic Technical Japanese. 1995 Paper ISBN 0-299-14714-2
Polymer Science and Engineering Technical Japanese Supplement R. Byron Bird and Sigmund Floyd
This supplement to Basic Technical Japanese introduces an additional 100 kanji to build vocabulary for reading and translating Japanese literature related to polymer science and engineering. 1995 Paper ISBN 0-299-14694-4
1990 Cloth ISBN 0-299-12730-3
!(anj'i for C;omprehending Technical Japanese !(anj'i-Flash/BTJ Craig T. Van Degrift This DOS software is an electronic tlashcard companion to Basic Technical Japanese. It follows the text chapter by chapter, providing exercises to test the pronunciation and meaning of all 510 kanji and 4000 compound words introduced in the textbook. It also allows missed \\'ords to be saved for retesting. The program requires VCiA or color EGA graphics. 1992 Software ISBN 0-299-97077-9
Edward E. Daub Here are presented twenty kanji, vocabulary that use those kanji, a kanji-card format for study and review, and technical Japanese essays with English translation. This volume also introduces significant scientific vocabulary. 1995 Paper ISBN 0-299-14704-5
Intermediate Technical Japanese Volume 2: Glossary
Intermediate Technical Japanese Volume 2: Glossary
James L. Davis University of Wisconsin-Madison
The University of Wisconsin Press
The University ofWisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711 www. wisc.edu/wisconsinpress/
Copyright © 2002 The Board of Regents ofthe University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved 3
5
4
2
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-299-18564-8
Table of Contents-Volume 2 Lesson 0: Review of Verbs and Verb Forms Lesson 1: Mathematics I (numbers and sets) Lesson 2: Mathematics IT (matrices, variables and functions) Lesson 3: Mathematics ill (solutions, statistics and models) Lesson 4: Computer Science I (fundamentals; part I) Lesson 5: Computer Science IT (fundamentals; part IT) Lesson 6: Computer Science ill (applications; part I) Lesson 7: Computer Science IV (applications; part IT) Lesson 8: Mechanics I (pressure and vacuum) Lesson 9: Mechanics IT (motion and flow) Lesson 10: Thermodynamics I (fundamentals) Lesson 11: Thermodynamics IT (applications) Lesson 12: Light I (fundamentals) Lesson 13: Light II (wave properties) Lesson 14: Light III (applications) Lesson 15: Sound I (fundamentals) Lesson 16: Sound II (applications) Lesson 17: Magnetism I (fundamentals) Lesson 18: Magnetism II (applications) Lesson 19: Electricity I (fundamentals) . Lesson 20: Electricity II (applications) Lesson 21: Electricity III (semiconductors and superconductors) Lesson 22: Electronics I (transistors and diodes) Lesson 23: Electronics II (other circuit elements and basic circuits) Lesson 24: Electronics III (ICs) Lesson 25: Electronics IV (other circuits and devices) Lesson 26: Signals and Signal Processing I (fundamentals) Lesson 27: Signals and Signal Processing II (applications) Lesson 28: Computer Hardware I general) Lesson 29: Computer Hardware II (memory and recording) Lesson 30: Polymers I (fundamentals) Lesson 31: Polymers II (MW, DP, viscosity and processing) Lesson 32: Polymers ITI (properties and applications) Lesson 33: Materials I (ceramics; fundamentals) Lesson 34: Materials II (ceramics; applications) Lesson 35: Materials III (glass, carbon and diamond)
-v-
1 7 19 33
55 71 83 93
105 123 137 147
155 165
175 185 195
205 215 225 231 239 247 255
261 269 277
285 295 303 309 319 329 341 351 363
Lesson 36: Materials IV (metals) Lesson 37: Materials V (material processing) Lesson 38: Materials VI (material properties) Lesson 39: Interdisciplinary Topics I (magnetic and electrical interactions) Lesson 40: Interdisciplinary Topics IT (electrochemical, biochemical and bioelectronic interactions)
-vi-
375 389 399 407 415
Lesson 0: Review of Verbs and Verb Forms 0.1) connective form of a verb ~BIJO)
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special (pure) number {Also read 7J) 9 to refer to a "count"} existence arbitrary with respect to ..., with regard to ..., for ... to be valid, to hold true, to consist of
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simple, mere symbol arithmetic operation, algorithm we may consider, we may view
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addition multiplication concerning ..., regarding ..., for ... distributive law zero element unit element commutative field to make, to create, to prepare, to manufacture
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automatic control classical theory in almost all cases single input single output linear feedback control system
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left (hand) side in fact, actual, practical, real order, rank
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dependent variable
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physics engineering numerical formula numerical value calculation.. computation
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resource
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management~ control high(er) order, higher (rank) position, location
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mutually identical distribution, same distribution
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beforehand, in advance paper tape magnetic tape content(s) movable part path of travel direct control
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era. age......the times
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production society a third party social quality, quality as perceived by the society
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structure memory bandwidth decrease, reduction to plan, to devise, to strive for, to work toward sharing, shared use simultaneous access increase in speed/throughput achievement, accomplishment, attainment
t:'7:;7~""tA
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new product development i~itial stage/step
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company-\vide
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control theory automatic control classical theory in almost all cases single input single output linear feedback control system to handle~ to trea~ to deal with constant coefficient control engineer response characteristics discussion, argument~ debate Laplace transform operational calculus in this way, by doing so relation among inputs and outputs transfer function main items, principal items frrst(ly), frrst of all stability assurance, guarantee better to choose closed loop improvement final, last
impulse input step input with respect to ..., with regard to ..., for ... transient response characteristics classical automatic control theory remarkable, considerable, striking accomplishment, achievement one of ... criterion frequency domain Nyquist locus fundamental, basic to differ World War II almost. roughly, approximately completion in passing, by the way technological innovation and, in addition (to that)
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central, pivotal convolutional coding burst error unidirectional error, one-way error synchronous error decryption, decipherment, decoding application in a commercial device optimum, optimal theory of combinatorial mathematics extensive, wide, broad range, scope, base of a mountain
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Lesson 5: Computer Science II (fundamentals; part II) 5.1) ±tJ:;
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data list/series second (of time)
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frrst law to lose amount of heat absorption
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secondary storage storage medium severaUmultiple items count, number of times, frequency to decrease (in size or number), to diminish to rise, to go up, to be promoted, to enter (a dwelling) size, magnitude
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elastic viscous to behave (as)
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fixed/constant interval of time uniform motion~ motion at constant speed to calm down, to settle down., to be steady electronic conduction photoelectridphotovoltaic cell to flee, to run away~ to escape amount of heat generated/released being applicable/pertinent statistical mechanical viewpoint/standpoint ionic conduction superionic conductor ionic conductivity deposition, precipitation melting~ fusion main constituent/element, subject soap solution discharge phenomenon extremely low temperature phenomenon of superconductivity quantum phenomenon correlation., interrelation mixing, mingling, blending chemical element several digits., several decimal places downward regulation/adjustment model unconditionally., without exception Hamiltonian operator angular bracket even more, still more, all the more to defer., to cany forward., to hold over general theory
-230-
Lesson 20: Electricity II (applications) 20-1: m~
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direct current power source, power supply DC generator (together) with ... pulsating current power consumed gradual rise/increase gradual falVdecrease (electric) power transmission semiconductor circuit DC motor electrolysis
stabilized DC power supply/source DC output voltage load
DC voltage AC input voltage rectifying circuit output voltage load current voltage control circuit thyristor rectification
20-3: ~~ ~i1rf_ff
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AC voltage alternating current (AC) quasi-stationary (electric) current sawtooth wave square wave sinusoidal alternating current superposition real constant real portion (of a number) complex representation circuit theory AC theory impedance admittance ACpower
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time average, averaging over time apparent power effective power reactive power ordinary familylhousehold supply effective voltage value
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inductance coefficient of induction henry mutual inductance self-inductance reactance
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stabilized AC power supply/source fixed/constant voltage constant-voltage stabilized power supply/source constant-voltage, constant-frequency power supply/source constant-voltage transformer ferroresonance constant-voltage power supply/source motor-generator control circuit AC power supply/source power (generating) plant (power) transmission line requirement(s), conditions of use voltage drop user of electric power voltage fluctuation power factor phase-advance capacitor compensation
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inductance meter easily, simply, conveniently direct readout ratiometer-type (measuring) instrument series circuits measured inductance
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terminal (electric circuit) network impedance matrix pure resistance combined value wave impedance mechanical impedance
impedance function (electric circuit) network function single terminal-pair circuit input impedance rational function complex impedance positive real function imaginary axis reactance function
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AC circuit applied/impressed voltage clockwise (direction) diagonal term total impedance self-impedance non-diagonal term common branch negativelminus sign mutual impedance
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transfer, giving and receiving voltage source current source DC circuit passive circuit active circuit electron tube electron tube circuit transistor circuit relay circuit power circuit amplification circuit oscillation circuit modulation circuit high-frequency circuit low-frequency circuit linear circuit nonlinear element lumped constant circuit microwave circuit fundamentallbasic theorem/proposition reciprocity theorem compensation theorem
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detection oriented/directional field readout field fluctuation period nitrobenzene electro-optical crystal variable-delay plate optical modulator optical shutter optical deflector high-voltage pulse space-charge distribution
electromagnetic effect magnetoelectric effect polar vector axial vector spatial inversion/reversal Schubnikov group spontaneous electric polarization
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electron polarizability ionic polarizability orientation polarizability optical frequency optical frequency domain resonance type meter wave, metric wave decimetric wave
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crystalline semiconductor to adjoin each other, to be adjacent bonding orbital antibonding orbial chalcogenide system chalcogen atom nonbonding orbital absence, lack, deficiency footlbase (of a mountain) near the outskirts/periphery wave function at most, at best on the order of a few atoms nonlocalized state localized state mobility edge gap state localized electron state to hop/jump from one place to another hopping conduction proximity, being close to something energy difference hopping/jumping motion phonon assistance, help variable region hopping addition, adding inactivation, deactivation sunlight high-efficiency solar celllbattery metastable workability, ease of machining/processing suitability for mass production manufacturing cost optical sensor opto-electronic conversion device thin film transistor photoconductive, photoconductivity photocopier, electronic copier switching element/device memory element/device pickup device/tube from a practical standpoint
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Lesson 22: Electronics I (transistors and diodes) 22-1: i'7/~~~i'7/~A?7-
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ceramic fiber pracicallworking temperature heat-resistant oxide fiber (in) common (use) forming fibers from a melt forming fibers from a precursor production (quantity), amount produced majority, most, at least half compressed air blowing (method) silica mean/average fiber diameter maximum length short fiber industrial kiln/furnace/oven lining material taking hold and increasing (heat) insulating (cap)ability alumina-silica fiber more than ..., upwards of ... chemical stability alumina fiber continuous fiber spun and woven products
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I.*Jlt~-M GJb~~- ~
ftVy f1l
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energy confinement mode silica sand grain glassy flux
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tJ7Afl.77'Y7A
tJ7A~'Y77'Y!JA
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T/=l=-/\-1--e/ --e 7 2. 'Y 7 =t:J, /
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(electric) wiring ceramic substrate ceramic cap input and output terminals way of taking/picking out axial pin package chip carrier
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IC package packaging process die bonding wire bonding external environment housing process
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ceramic vibrator/oscillator piezoelectric (type) magnetostriction (type) electromechanical coupling coefficient conversion efficiency comparatively freeJdicretionary ferrite vibrator/oscillator efficiency
ceramic semiconductor application/use as a semiconductor Curie point (electrical) resistance value nonlinear resistor varistor compact with large capacity semiconductor capacitor material development
-362-
Lesson 35: Materials III (glass, carbon and diamond) 35-1: tf7A =M{t7-1~
=-!t/1J7-1'J
'J-~+EEJ(
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t/~'7T3'7-7-1A'7
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-363-
silicon dioxide soda lime boric oxide, (di)boron (tri)oxide secondary component ornament, decoration utensiVimplement for practical use chemical experiment soft glass potash component family of soft materials potash glass borosilicate family covar glass encapsulation molybdenum coefficient of linear expansion hardness of the second grade/class tungsten tungsten glass hardness of the frrst grade/class ultrahard, superhard quartz glass potash glass family hard chemical glass of preference, by choice, often hard glass electric furnace visible portion near-ultraviolet portion optical transparency spectrophotometer
vitrification crystalline solid common/ordinary glass metallurgical slag vapor deposition (method) sputtering glow discharge (method) sol-gel method
35-3: t=1'l/7~
l:::l'V7A 1:: l'
l) 7 -{
7- ~ 3
/
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vitreous vitrification porosity ceramic product floor tile wall tile low-voltage insulator water absorption
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EE
7/*/jj7A tJ/~:t:
tJ7 Af~fBrm :l:&rE L, J: '5
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natural glass rock, crag silicate glass vitrification range underground magma obsidian meteorite very rapid heating and very rapid cooling impact glass the moon
sintered glass grinding, crushing, pulverization frit melting temperature sintering vitreous body sintering temperature porous powdered glass sealer
glassy crystal extremely, to an extreme degree low~temperature ordered phase transition point to go past, to go beyond temperature domain glass transition residual entropy molecular center of gravity Laue spot
f!ij~tJ:
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clear, distinct nonequilibrium frozen state state of aggregation 2,3-dimethylbutane
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7'Y~3r)7J117A
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I'
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to pull, to draw, to drag metal(lic) mold water resistant, resistant to water alkaline oxide weight percent, percent by weight long fiber sound-absorbing material filter medium/media
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1?/'\v-~
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glass-ceramic crystallized glass softening point reheating collection, assembly, gathering unforeseen, unexpected, accidental accident devitrification inventor devitroceramic Pyroceram nucleation aid/agent platinum {3-spodumene {3-quartz solid solution transparent low-thermal-expansion glass thermal shock cooking high thermal expansion microcrystal cutting ferroelectric phase
77:1'77J 1J5A1?/1:t:3r)7J -:l5A-7'Y7 717.At:/1=t-3'7jJ 1?~/r-
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separator combining materials into a composite glass-fiber-reinforced plastic glass-fiber-reinforced cement
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mm
roofing material bathtub auto(mobile) body
35-10: 1i5A__
7i7A_ti
7i7AT/:1=-37
ti7AJm
ti7Ax7
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glass electrode glass film/membrane sensitive portion ion-selective electrode~ electrode with ion selectivity hydrogen ion acidity monovalent cation internal reference electrode calomel electrode silver-silver oxide electrode internal liquid
--JEIIJ.l
1~T-1/9~
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counterion reference electrode ion that determines the electric potential potassium chloride solution activity Nemst equation titration reliance, trust, confidence measurement method
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bmii
mil
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glass laser optical glass laser efficiency bulk glass modifying/additive ion phosphate system higher level lifespan of the fluorescence pulsing action/operation xenon discharge tube (degree ot) optical homogeneity cross-sectional area for induced radiation small-signal gain coefficient parasitic oscillation high-output laser multistage amplification
~t:-A~fiI
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multi-beam layout/arrangement pulse width output energy excitation input variable-wavelength oscillator
35-12: 8t.~*4 ~*~tf-t
~~_M{f-t-
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39
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carbon material carbonaceous raw material coke pitch graphitization, conversion into graphite synthetic graphite, artificially graphitized (material) impregnation impermeability to gases other kinds of materials/substances necessary/essential function to measure, to plan, to strive for pyrolytic carbon glassy carbon fibrous carbon flexible graphite other kinds of materials composite material various, many kinds typical/characteristic of carbon materials resistance to thermal shock preeminent, conspicuous, distinguished coefficient of thermal expansion resistance to transfer/transmission of heat conduction of electricity transfer/transmission of heat resistance to corrosion
35-13: ~~~~aa ~~~~~ ~~lti*5ra ~Jl_m~ffi:
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polycrystalline graphite graphite single crystal structured body carbon polycrystalline body graphite material to be mixedlblended together three dimensional hard carbon
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~~~~~~~~
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ifii&! {Note: The kanji
0
porous carbon pore size/diameter total porosity mean/average pore size/diameter pore size/diameter filtration
t.J
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gas diffusion or aspiration gas diffusion electrode fuel cell porous carbon electrode ranging from a few to several dozen equilibrium band pore size distribution oxygen electrode performance in active/activated adsorption
amorphous carbon amorphous carbon non-graphite carbon, non-graphitized carbon allotrope heating and carbonization, carbonization through heating ~ condensed polycyclic planar molecule regular in three dimensions structure without clearly defined layers crystallite carbon black between the layers of condensed polycyclic planar molecules perfect crystal of graphite salt(s)
hardened/cured/set material solid state carbonization carbon that is difficult to convert into graphite graphite crystallite closedlblocked pore surface of a fracture external appearance gas permeability, permeability to gases high-temperature heat treatment
antithesis
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~*~
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q:.*/::Ir)'jr) 'J ~7· 'Y Y'Y
carbon precursor dehydrogenation carbon atom cyclization aromatization aromatic macromolecule infusible state basic/fundamental structure basic/unprocessed substance
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~"'~ v)7t~t
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ffltt~ 1!t€m~~I~
carbon industry carbon compound industrial product industry field of industry ceramic industry electrothermics industry sieving, screening, sifting activated carbon/charcoal inorganic chemical industry
35-19: Bt~~~
fJlJJ.ftL
~tfJ
tlt~~M~ ~mfiXtltti tpl*J~fJ
l/1~
t*E
v/tJ
tlt~tp§l~1*
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assembly graphite, graphitized (material) example, exemplifying metallurgy electric-arc furnace self-baking electrode kiln/oven/furnace lining brick heating element of an electric furnace mold, template jig graphite tube spectroscopic/spectrochemical analysis projection (of an image) electrochemistry electrolysis electrical discharge machining electrical machinery (current) collector anode/positive electrode of an electron tube
$dJ~
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37
bearing packing gasket vane brake lining chemical equipment/apparatus column, tower tank, tub, vat ejector pipe fitting filler, filling/loading/packing material rupture disk nuclear power moderator (in a nuclear reactor) reflector, reflecting material fuel casing aerospace equipment and materials leisure sports supplies, articles, items wave absorber
5' /'J--e/'1
carbon fiber fiber made from an organic polymer stepwise heat treatment 5'·/,tJ 1 r=\=-tJ Y~ 3 I) --e/171~3ry fiber shape/cross-section ~ry~ spinning *Y~3 l)tJr1 heat treatment process T3rylJ37 tension --e/,1"Y71try:Jry axial direction of a fiber ~'Y~Y~/ a materials standpoint, in terms of physical properties :J?=\=-3?~:J?5'/-'--e1 carbon fibers with high strength 5' /-''J--e/'1 and high elasticity low elasticity 71?'/-'-t1 7'Y?~'Y0) ordinary --e/'1=\=-3rytJ77~~~1U3~ fiber-reinforced composite material :I..?=\=--t/'1-7/,1) 3~ raw material for organic fibers -tJ!tO-A71 cellulosic, derived from cellulose ~ I) 77 1) 0= ~ I) JV-71 derived from polyacrylonitrile derived from pitch t:'Y77-1 -:J fJ ~":J3 fishing pole A~-Y3?l:::/' sporting goods :J ~ 7 ry4=-~11) 3 ? aircraft materials new basic/raw materials ~/-''J~-1 :Lry=\=-:Jry~/'~t/'1
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carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material reinforcing fiber specific strength specific elasticity other kinds of fibers prepreg laminating and molding/forming filament winding (method)
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volumetric fraction/percentage aerospace equipment structural component high-speed rotor rotary drum products/items for leisure use X rays used in medical treatment material woven of carbon fibers felt resin impregnation nozzle throat machinery part, mechanical member
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