Handbook of Valves and Actuators

Handbook of Valves and Actuators: Valves Manual International by Brian Nesbitt • ISBN: 1856174948 • Publisher: Elsevie...

Author: Brian Nesbitt

2595 downloads 14502 Views 64MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Handbook of Valves and Actuators: Valves Manual International

by Brian Nesbitt

• ISBN: 1856174948 • Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books • Pub. Date: August 2007

Foreword

Valves are one of the most fundamental components in any process plant. Engineering design relies on a host of mechanical devices to enable the transportation of product to take place under controlled conditions and valves are at the heart of it. The global control valve market is seeing unprecedented growth as a result of new greenfield plants in developing countries and current high investment in oil and gas exploration and production. A 250,000 bpd refinery might have as many as 2500 of them installed in its pipes and vessels. Life cycle cost analysis shows the initial purchase price represents around 20% of a valve's total cradle-to-grave cost. Almost three-quarters of the cost is expended on maintenance, major overhauls and repairs, which offers a huge opportunity for cost reduction. Process plants have seen a dramatic shift in their control system architecture, with advanced strategies being implemented, but critical process flows are still controlled by valves that differ little in function or appearance from those in plants that operated 50 years ago. Incorrectly specified or underperforming control valves can cost the process plant operator dearly. And that does not mean simply losses from incorrect maintenance. Factor in poor product quality, operating disruptions, safety compliance and other indirect costs, and the figure can grow considerably. The most effective way to cut control valve costs is to use preventive and predictive maintenance to reduce the number of valves that require turnaround maintenance. A diagnostic system, capable of evaluating the performance of control valves without taking them off line saves plant downtime and provides a far more certain analysis, because it avoids a possible misdiagnosis that can result from removing the valve from its working environment. The effective management of control valves leads to cost-reduction. Installing correctly specified valves can improve plant performance and product quality, while extending scheduled maintenance periods. Preventive maintenance measures, such as regular calibration and physical inspection, can identify areas of concern before valves require costly repair and disrupt operations. Predictive maintenance helps an operator see into the device, pinpoint hidden problems and eliminate the need to isolate good valves. With maintenance consuming the lion's share of a valve's life cycle cost, initial selection and an effectively managed maintenance programme are essential in a plant operator's drive for cost reductions. Valves Manual International is therefore a welcome aid to engineers and users of all disciplines. It combines, in one convenient volume, chapters on fluid theory, terminology, valve and actuator types and selection, materials, QA, testing, installation and maintenance, together with valve applications and solutions and a Buyers' guide. Users and specifiers will find sensible and practical information to help them make informed decisions which will impact positively on whole-life costs. This is not simply another textbook on valves an actuators.

lan Leitch Commercial Director Energy Industries Council (London, Houston, Singapore, Rio de Janeiro, Macae, Aberdeen, Dubai and Indonesia)

VALVES MANUAL International

III

The editor

Brian Nesbitt is a highly respected consultant specialising in valve and pump technology. He works with valve and pump manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, valve and pump users and others who require specialist assistance. Brian regularly publishes articles, presents papers, conducts seminars and workshops, and undertakes work for industry ranging from theoretical research projects and equipment design studies, pump and valve duty evaluations, to site visits to investigate problem valves, pumps, or problem systems. As a pump and valve designer, with experience from 10 to 2048 barg he is admirably suitable to discuss all aspects of valves and actuators. He is the current chairman of the British Standard MCE/6/6 and European CEN/TC197/SC5 subcommittees which have formulated the draft European Standards for rotary and reciprocating pd pumps and is the UK Principal Technical Expert to ISO/TC 67/SC6 Joint Working Group 2 for "Oil & Gas" reciprocating pumps. Brian was one of the UK delegates on the API task-force looking at modifications for the 3rd edition of API 674 and its conversion to ISO 13710. Brian Nesbitt's working career began as a technical apprentice in the turbo-generator division of CA Parsons, gaining hands-on experience of building machines up to 500MW. From the shop floor, his promotion led to periods in drawing and design offices working on rotary and reciprocating compressors and gas turbines. Large rotary compressors included gas circulators for nuclear reactors. Many machines included specially designed ancillary systems and complicated lube and seal oil systems. Mechanical seals were designed for specific compressor applications. Machine installation and interconnection was an important feature on some contracts. Process piping was considered during machine design. A brief spell in industrial refrigeration, with reciprocating and screw compressors and considerable system design and site/installation exposure, was followed by an introduction to pumps at Ingersoll-Rand where he worked until 1985. Brian was recruited to provide engineering and application support for reciprocating pumps manufactured within Europe. Conversion from reciprocating compressors to reciprocating pumps was accomplished by an extended visit to the "parent" factory in the USA. During this time, Brian assisted with ongoing design work on current contracts, including critical valve components on a batch of 2.0 MW pumps. Once settled in the UK, Brian provided guidance to Sales for pump selection and choice of accessories and visited potential customers to discuss applications. Special pump designs were implemented for duties unsuitable for standard pumps. Emphasis was directed towards easier maintenance, low NPIPr, high pressure, high viscosity and solids handling applications. New valve designs were produced for arduous applications. North Sea pump applications and associated quality requirements proved to be a great source of development. Many pumps required special ancillary systems for the crankcase and the stuffing boxes. On-skid process pipework featured on a considerable number of pumps where multiple pumps were assembled to create a single unit. Close liaison with the test department was essential to ensure test rigs were capable of providing the required accuracy for a wide range of operating conditions. Brian was very fortunate in that the test department had an enviable range of equipment and facilities available, together with very experienced staff. Extensive tests were conducted, in parallel with contractual tests, to explore the capabilities of the pump ranges. Novel rig designs were developed to cope with unusual operating conditions. Brian also provided support for the after-sales departments with site visits to advise on pump and system operational problems. Exposure to complicated system problems, such as acoustic resonance, provided opportunities to work with consultants developing leading-edge technologies and investigation methodologies. While at Ingersoll-Rand, he was surrounded by some of the world's most eminent rotodynamic pump specialists and met lots of others who visited the plant regularly. Although not knowing everything about valves and pumps, Brian does know who will know the answer to those insoluble problems!


V

Using this book

Written specifically as a practical reference book for valve and actuator users, Valves Manual Intemational is intended to provide useful information about the outline design, selection and installation of valves and actuators and how these affect performance. Valves Manual International is not intended to be just "another" textbook on valves; rather it seeks to address the problems that exist at the interface between valve manufacturers and users. It has been compiled with the help of and benefit from the practical experience of valve users; it is aimed at everyone who has technical problems as well as these wanting to know who supplies what, and from where. Valves Manual International can be used in a variety of ways depending on the information required. For specific problems it is probably best used as a reference book. The detailed Contents section at the front of the book, combined with the Index at the end, will simplify finding the appropriate topic. The "Useful references" at the end of most Chapters also provide helpful guidance, useful information and suggestions for further reading. As a textbook though, Valves Manual International may be read from cover to cover to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Of course, individual Chapters may be studied separately. Chapter 1 is an important and probably the most-often referred to Chapter. It is an A-Z of commonly used terms, definitions and abbreviations frequently encountered in the daily use of valves and actuators and their associated systems. Technical terms, unique expressions, concepts, topics, synonyms and acronyms are all defined, along with an explanation of a number of examples of the misuse of valve, actuator and piping terminology. With the valve and actuator market being global and with English being used more and more as a universal engineering language, the need for such clarification of important technical terms and definitions is all the more important. Chapter 1 can be used as a straightforward dictionary or, perhaps more effectively, in conjunction with the reading and study of individual chapters. A number of cross references to the other chapters in the book are also given and the comprehensive Index at the end of the book is will also be of help in locating topics. The properties of fluids are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 to 7 are devoted to the main valve types, grouped into Isolating, Non-return, Control and Safety relief. Actuators are covered specifically in Chapter 12. The book then follows a logical pattern with Chapters devoted to valve and pipe sizing and then piping and connectors through to sealing arrangements. Ancillary products and services are also discussed. Testing and quality assurance is dealt with in Chapter 15. Chapters 16 and 17 are devoted to valve and actuator standards. Chapter 19 is concerned with installation, commissioning and maintenance as well as efficiency, economics and selection. Chapter 18 provides details of a number of interesting valve and actuator applications and solutions that illustrate some of the problems encountered in the practical use of valves and how these have been solved. This Chapter embraces a number of valve and actuator designs and uses, showing some of the diverse uses for these products outside the more traditional areas. Chapter 20 gives useful guidance and information on many fluid properties and brings together data on liquids, gases as well as important units and conversions used in valve selection and in making preliminary design decisions. The Buyers' Guide, Chapter 21, summarises the various valve types, divided them into Isolating, Non-return, Control, Safety relief and Actuators, based on the individual Chapters in the book devoted to each type. The Guide has been grouped in this way to simplify representation of the major generic valve groups. This is due to the difficulty in trying to impose tight boundaries on various valve and actuator type descriptions used in various parts of the world. This is followed by Ancillary products and services. Trade/brand names are comprehensively listed too. It is preceded by the names and addresses and contact details of all companies appearing in the Guide. They are listed alphabetically, by country. Although each Chapter describes in detail all the valve types that have been placed within that generic group, it is strongly recommended that direct contact with the relevant companies is made - initially perhaps via their websites - to ensure that their product ranges are clearly identified from the broad classification and that these details can be clarified wherever necessary.


VII

Table of Contents

Foreword, Page III, Ian Leitch

The editor, Page V

Using this book, Page VII

1 - Definitions and abbreviations, Pages 1-41

2 - Properties of fluids, Pages 43-79

3 - Isolating valves, Pages 81-130

4 - Non-return valves, Pages 131-141

5 - Regulators, Pages 143-150

6 - Control valves, Pages 151-173

7 - Safety relief valves, Pages 175-191

8 - Valve and piping sizing, Pages 193-213

9 - Piping and connectors, Pages 215-252

10 - Noise in valves, Pages 253-261

11 - Valve stem sealing, Pages 263-277

12 - Actuators, Pages 279-310

13 - Valve materials, Pages 311-336

14 - Instrumentation and ancillaries, Pages 337-341

15 - Quality, inspection and testing, Pages 343-351

16 - Standards and specifications, Pages 353-379

17 - Installation and maintenance, Pages 381-395

18 - Some applications and solutions, Pages 397-423

19 - Valve and acutuator selection, Pages 425-432

20 - Fluid properties & conversions, Pages 433-483

21 - Buyers' guide, Pages 485-531

Index, Pages 532-545

Index to advertisers, Page 546

Acknowledgements, Page 546

Definitions and abbreviations

1

This Chapter is an A-Z of commonly used terms, definitions and abbreviations frequently encountered in the daily use of valves and actuators and their associated systems. Technical terms, unique expressions, concepts, topics, synonyms and acronyms are all defined, along with an explanation of a number of examples of the misuse of valve, actuator and piping terminology. With the valve and actuator market being increasingly global and with English being used more and more as a universal engineering language, the need for such clarification of important technical terms, abbreviations and definitions is all the more important. The Chapter can be used as a straightforward dictionary or, perhaps more effectively, in conjunction with the reading and study of individual chapters. A number of cross references to other chapters in the book are also given and the comprehensive Index at the end of the book is will also be of help in locating topics.

VALVES M A N U A L International

1

1 Definitions and abbreviations

pipework. Sound waves travel successfully around corners hence pipe bends do not divide piping systems into a collection of straight lengths.

Definitions and abbreviations A

Actuator

3-A 3-A Sanitary Standards, Inc. (of USA). An American company which writes voluntary "accepted practices" to maintain good hygiene within food handling processes.

The device fitted to a valve for moving the sealing element. The actuator can be a handwheel for manual operation or a diaphragm or piston powered by compressed air or hydraulics.

Actuator stiffness

AA Aluminium Association (of America)

Absolute pressure The actual pressure, not a pressure compared to the local atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure refers the measured pressure to the local atmosphere, nominally 101.325 kPa (absolute).

ABNT Associa(;~o Brasileira de Normas T~cnicas, the National Standards Authority of Brazil.

The force per unit length, N/mm, required to move the actuator stern without the positioner driving the actuator. When a pneumatic diaphragm actuator is set in a specific position the diaphragm casing contains a fixed volume of air. The air volume is elastic because air is compressible. If a force is applied to the actuator stem it will deflect as the air compresses or expands. The stiffness of fluid powered actuators is dependent upon the fluid volume and therefore the stroke position. Electromechanical actuators have fairly constant stiffness. Actuator stiffness for various types is listed in Table 1.2. Most stiff

Absolute pressure regulator

Electro-mechanical Electro-hydraulic

A regulator which maintains a sub-atmospheric pressure rather than a positive gauge pressure.

Double-acting pneumatic piston Single-acting pneumatic piston Most flexible

Accuracy

Pneumatic diaphragm

The variation in the controlled variable between the minimum controllable flow and the rated flow. The value is equal to 100% minus the offset, see Figure 1.2.

AECMA-STAN see ASD-STAN

Accumulation

AENOR

The pressure increase above the system design pressure or system maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) during safety valve operation. If the accumulation is limited to 10% and the overpressure is 25% then the set pressure must be 110/125 = 0.88 = 88% of system design pressure, maximum.

Asociaci6n EspaSola de Normalizaci6n y Certificaci6n, the National Standards Authority of Spain.

ACI Alloy Casting Institute, a division of the Steel Founders' Society of America, has a series of identification codes for alloy and stainless steels, see Table 1.1.

Table 1.2 Actuator stiffness

AFNOR Association fran;aise de normalisation, the National Standards Authority of France

Air loaded regulator Another name for an External pressure loaded regulator.

AlSl

AISI

ACl

Cr/NilMo

American Iron and Steel Institute

303

CF-16F

18/9/0.6

AI

304

CF-8

19/9

304L

CF-3

19/10

310

CK-20

25/20

316

CF-8M

17/12/2

316L

CF-3M

17/12/2

317

CG-12

19/13/3

347

CF-8C

18/11

CA-15

12/1

410

CA-15M

12/1/1

CA-6NM

12/4/1

17-4PH

CB-7Cu

17/4

420

CA-40

12/1

Aluminium is used as a light, corrosion resistant metal and also as an alloying element in steels. Aluminium is the strongest deoxidiser and also combines with nitrogen, present in air, to reduce strain ageing. It is also useful in inhibiting grain growth and improves scale resistance for hot applications.

AIIotropy The property possessed by certain elements to exist in two or more distinct forms that are chemically identical but have different physical properties. In the case of iron the crystal structure has one form at room temperature and another at high temperature. When heated above 910~ the atomic structure changes from body-centred cubic to face -centred cubic but reverts again when cooled. The allotropy of iron modifies the solubility of carbon, and it is because of this that steel can be hardened.

Table 1.1 ACI identification codes

Altitude valve

Acme thread

An accurate pressure reducing regulator combined with a reverse differential pressure regulator used to maintain the level in a liquid reservoir. When system pressure is high liquid is supplied to the reservoir until the maximum level is reached. If the system pressure falls below the reservoir pressure liquid is released into the system. Used extensively in water distribution systems with local water towers.

A thread form similar to square threads but the thread flanks form an included angle of 29 ~ The Acme thread is stronger than a square thread and is easier to machine. Thread is rolled rather than cut to improve strength and surface finish. Used on the stems of some linear valves.

Acoustic resonance Severe pressure pulsations caused when an exciting frequency coincides with an organ pipe natural frequency of the

2

Amplifier valve Another name for the pilot valve in a Pilot-operated regulator.



AMS

ANSI

Aerospace Materials Specifications (from SAE specifications)

The American National Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of the USA.

Anaerobic

API

Usually applied to liquid gaskets, thread seals and impregnation compounds to indicate the hardening or thickening process commences after assembly or application when air is excluded.

A signal which varies in intensity. Typical analogue signals are pneumatic; 0.2 to 1.0 barg; electric; 0 to 10V or 4 to 20 mA.

Angle valve Avalve body style which has the process connections at 90~

An electric welding process where the necessary heat is provided by striking an electric arc between two conductors. One of the conductors is the workpiece, the other can be a non-consumable electrode or a consumable weld filler material.

ARSO African Regional Standards Organisation

Annealing

ASD-STAN

Heating steel to, and holding at a suitable temperature, followed by relatively slow cooling. The purpose of annealing may be to remove stresses, to soften the steel, to improve machinability, to improve cold working properties, to obtain a desired structure. The annealing process usually involves allowing the steel to cool slowly in the furnace.

Anti-static design A design which provides electrical continuity for the moving valve components and across the valve body to the connected piping.

Aerospace and defence industries association of Europe Standardisation

Asbestos fibre A natural mineral fibre which has good mechanical properties and chemical resistance at high temperatures. No longer a popular material due to the possible health risk but can be used for difficult applications as a last resort.

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Aspirator

AOD Argon-oxygen decarburisation, (a stainless steel refining process)

When valves are to be used with fluids for human consumption, e.g.. water, milk, food products; or valves are to be used in manufacturing processes where contamination would degrade or destroy a critical fluid constituent, only tested and approved materials of construction are allowed. Several bodies have lists of approved materials or will make a judgement on a specific material. Table 1.3 is indicative: Country

Approvals Body

Belgium

ASEAU

Denmark

VA

France

AFNOR

Association Fran~iase de Normalisation Beaureau Veritas

Germany

DVGW BI

Deutscher Verein vor Gas-und Wasserfachmannern Bau Institut

Italy

UNI

The Netherlands

KIWA

Norway

GNFS

Sweden

PV

Switzerland

SVGW

Another name for a Pitot tube.

ASRO Asociatia de Standardizare din Romania, the National Standards Authority of Romania.

Approved materials

DWI WRc

Ente Nazionale Italiano de Unificazione Keurings Instituut voor Waterleiding-Artikelen

American Society for Testing and Materials

Atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is standardised, technically, at 101.325 kPa(absolute), equivalent to 14.696 psi(a). Remember! This is the pressure at sea level. Equipment working at altitude will not experience the same atmospheric pressure. Also the local atmospheric pressure changes with the weather. Local values are likely to vary from 94 to 108 kPa at sea level. Quenching from a temperature above the transformation range to a temperature above the upper limit of martensite formation, and holding at this temperature until the austenite is completely transformed to the desired intermediate structure, for the purpose of conferring certain mechanical properties.

Austenite A face centred cubic crystal structure found in chrome-nickel stainless steels.

Austenitic stainless steel The Drinking Water Inspectorate The Water Research Council

FDA

Food and Drink Administration

USDA

The US Department of Agriculture

Table 1.3 Learned bodies approving materials of construction

For the specific area of drinking water there is no European Standard. This is because the member countries have adopted different approaches to the problem and rationalisation is not possible without enormous expenditure in some countries. CEN is considering the problem at present. National Standards prevail in this area.

VALVES MANUAL International3

ASTM

Austempering

WFB

USA

API pipe thread see NPT

Arc welding

Analogue signal

UK

The American Petroleum Institute

Steels containing high percentages of certain alloying elements such as manganese and nickel which are austenitic at room temperature and cannot be hardened by normal heat-treatment but do work harden. They are also non-magnetic in the annealed condition and very corrosion resistant. Chromium content usually falls between 16 and 26% and nickel content less than 35%. Typical examples of austenitic steels include the 18/8 stainless steels and 14 % manganese steel. Work hardening or welding may induce some magnetism.

Autoclavable The ability of a valve to be heated in an oven for sterilisation. The time and temperature being dependent upon the organism to be destroyed. Lower temperatures are usually applied for


longer periods. A typical low temperature regime could be 105~ for 60 minutes. A higher temperature regime could be 121~ for 5 minutes.

Automatic high pressure inlet valve A regulator used in two pressure systems to admit automatically a high pressure source when a set minimum pressure has been reached. It is used in systems where a low pressure high volume supply is used to fill equipment or provide low power actuation against reduced loads. When the equipment is filled or the load increases, the pressure within the low pressure supply rises as the flow reduces. The automatic high pressure inlet valve senses the pressure rise and admits the high pressure supply. The high pressure supply is prevented from pressurising the low pressure supply by a non-return valve. It is similar in construction to a piston pressure reducing regulator, see Figure 5.2 in Chapter 5, but very rugged. It is a pushdown-to-close regulator rather than the push-down-to-open as shown. The high pressure supply would be connected to the left hand connection. Low pressure systems are typically 70 to 140 barg with high pressure systems up to 550 barg.

Auto-tuning

loaded safety valves can be balanced by fitting a bellows or a sliding seal.

Balanced steel Steels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce an intermediate structure between a rimmed and Killed steel. Sometimes referred to as semi-killed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot and amongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections.

Barbed fitting A type of coupling used with small hoses. A tail fits in the bore of the hose. The tail is not smooth but covered with angled serrations which grip the hose. A compression clip around the hose may complete the assembly for pressurised applications.

Barrel nipple Also called a "full coupling", a short piece of material with a female pipe thread in each end used to connect two pieces of pipe.

Barstock valve

A feature found on electronic PID process controllers, see Control algorithms. During the operation of the controller, the controller monitors the response of the system to control changes. The controller uses this information to optimise its control algorithm. Auto-tuning can be single-shot or continuous optimisation.

A valve with a body machined from standard rolled bright bar. Small isolating valves with screwed connections are made from square section, 1.25", 1.5" or 1.75", or hexagon bar. Combination valves are made from rectangular bar, typically 1.25" by 2.5". Common materials are carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel. The steel quality may be general, to BS 970/ASTM A668, or pressure vessel quality to BS 1502/ASTM A105.

AWN

Basic steel

Arc welding noise

Steel produced in a furnace in which the hearth consists of a basic refractory such as dolomite or magnesite, as opposed to steel melted in a furnace with an acid lining. The basic process permits the removal of sulphur and phosphorous and in this respect is superior. Present day BOS (Basic Oxygen Steel) and electric arc furnaces use basic linings.

AWR Arc welding robot

AWS American Welding Society

BAT

B

Best Available Technology

Boron

BASMP

Boron is used in very low concentrations to improve the depth of heat treatment in steels and can increase the strength of stainless steels at the expense of corrosion resistance.

Institute for Standards, Metrology and Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Backseat bush A seal found on some valves to isolate the packing box from the valve internal pressure. In rising stem valves the stem can be physically prevented from lifting out by fitting a collar which engages in a seating when the valve is wide open. The seating can be a good metal-to-metal contact or can incorporate a resilient seal. Fluid is prevented from escaping up the stem by the surface contact. Valves in which the internal pressure generates an axial thrust in the stem or spindle can have a pressure loaded backseat bush. The use of a backseat bush allows the packing box to be maintained while the valve is pressurised.

BDS Bulgarian Institute for Standardization, the National Standards Authority.

Be The rare element beryllium, is alloyed with copper to make a superior spring material. Belleville washer A disc spring, effectively a conical washer, which can supply high forces in confined spaces.

Bellows safety valve

Back pressure The pressure at the safety valve outlet. This can be expressed as a percentage of the fluid inlet pressure or as a specific pressure. Back pressure is very important and has a significant effect on valve performance.

A safety valve fitted with a bellows seal to prevent process fluid leaking into the bonnet or spring housing.

Bellows sealed bonnet

A regulator which maintains a preset pressure upstream of the regulator. The regulator may be direct-acting or pilot operated by the process fluid. Also known as a pressure retaining valve.

A bonnet which uses a bellows to eliminate leakage from the valve stem. The bellows may be sealed with the body by an "O"-ring or gasket or may be welded. The bonnet may incorporate a secondary seal as a back-up in the event of bellows failure.

Balanced safety valve

BELST

A safety valve which is designed to minimise the effects of back pressure on the valve performance. Dead weight and spring-

Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus, the National Standards Authority.

Back pressure regulator

4



Bessemer Process

Blowdown valve

A method of producing steel, first introduced in the last century, where air is blown under pressure through molten iron to remove the impurities by oxidation. The development of the process has led to the present day Basic Oxygen Steel making plants that account for bulk production of commercial quality steels in the UK.

Avalve which permits pressurised fluid to be released to the environment.

Bolted gland

BHN

A gland which is attached to the bonnet by two or more bolts or studs. Because of the difficulty of maintaining exact alignment on adjustable versions some form of spherical bearing on the packing follower is recommended.

Brinell hardness number

Bonnet

Billet

The component attached to the valve body through which the stem or spindle passes and has locations for mounting the actuator. The bonnet includes the packing box which is equivalent to the stuffing box on a pump or compressor. The bonnet can be threaded, flanged, union, clamped, breechlock or welded to the body. Special valves can have the bonnet retained by shear rings.

A section of steel used for rolling into bars, rods and sections. It can be a product of the ingot route, or increasingly today produced directly by continuous casting.

Binary number A number represented by a series of 0s and ls. Binary numbers are usually described by how many digits or bits are required. Popular sizes used in measurement, communications and computing have 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32 and 64 bits. Table 1.4 shows the relationship between decimal numbers and 8 bit binary; the most popular format. The accuracy of an 8 bit system is I part in 255, 0.4%. Electronic process sensors often use 10 or 12 bit data communications for increased accuracy.

Booster A pneumatic amplifier used to convert a pneumatic controller output signal to a higher pressure. The normal controller maximum output of 1.03 barg can be increased to 2.4 barg for higher pressure diaphragm actuators or 10 barg and higher for piston actuators. An air supply about 0.5 bar higher than the maximum actuator pressure is necessary.

0

00000000

Bottom flange

1

00000001

2

00000010

A flange on the valve body opposite the bonnet. The bottom flange may be the extra connection on a three port valve. The bottom flange may be fitted for access to the valve internals or to house a bottom guide bush.

3

00000011

4

00000100

5

00000101

6

00000110

7

00000111

8

00O01000

9

00001001

10

00001010

16

00010000

32

00100000

64

01000000

128

10000000

255

11111111

Bourdon tube A curved tube which expands to a slightly larger radius when internal pressure is applied. Used to detect fluid pressure in higher pressure mechanical systems, when bellows would be unsuitable.

bps Bits per second n the speed of electric digital communications in bits per second.

BPS Bureau of Product Standards, the National Standards Authority of the Philippines.

Braided packing Table 1.4 Equivalent binary numbers

Blast furnace A cylindrical, refractory lined furnace for the production of pig iron or hot metal for direct conversion into steel.

Blind Blank flange

Bloom A large square section of steel intermediate in the rolling process between an ingot and a billet. Blooms are now also being produced by the continuous casting process eliminating the necessity of first producing an ingot.

Blowdown The difference between the set pressure and the reseat pressure, usually expressed as a percentage of the set pressure. The values quoted by manufacturers are based on the valve starting from full lift and passing 100% flow. If the valve does not achieve full lift, or is not required to pass 100% flow, the blowdown will be shorter.

Strands or filaments, all running in the same longitudinal direction, that are twisted together to form square or rectangular sections. Various types of braiding are possible to produce harder, stiffer or softer, more pliable, packing. The braiding can be applied over a soft or hard central core. Reinforced corners can be incorporated. The strands can be coated with solid or fluid lubricant to extend operating conditions. Metallic strands can be included for reinforcement and to improve heat transfer. Braided packing can be extruded to compress the section and control the finished size. Braided packing is generally supplied as a continuous length, 5 to 20 m, depending upon the crosssection. Sealing rings are produced by cutting the required length from the coil.

Brazing A method of joining metal parts together by fusing a layer of brass between the adjoining surfaces. A red heat is necessary and a flux is used to protect the metal from oxidation.

Breakaway force The force required on a linear motion sealing element to open the valve against maximum differential pressure.


5


Breakaway torque

Buckling pin safety valve

The torque required on a rotary motion sealing element to open the valve against maximum differential pressure.

A safety valve which is held closed by a strut. When the set pressure is exceeded the strut is loaded above its critical load and fails by buckling, allowing the valve to open. The valve does not close when operating conditions return to normal but must be reset, with a new pin, manually.

Bright annealing An annealing process that is carried out in a controlled atmosphere furnace or vacuum in order that oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright.

Bright drawing The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright, scale free surface, and improved mechanical properties. The product is termed bright steel.

BSl British Standards Institution, the National Standards Authority of the United Kingdom.

BSMI Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection, the National Standards Authority of Taiwan.

BSN Badan Standardisasi Nasional, the National Standards Authority of Indonesia.

BSP(P) British Standard Pipe {thread} (Parallel), the Whitworth thread form, 55 ~ pipe thread used in the UK. Originally defined by BS 2779 for pipes from 1/16" to 6" nb but redefined in metric by ISO/R228. Sealing of the process fluid is not on the threads. Table 1.5 shows the main dimensions. Standard sizes are defined up to 18" nb, but 6" is the practical limit for process applications. Many users will not accept threaded fittings over 3". Pipe nominal bore in

Approx pipe od in

Diameter at top of thread in

Root diameter of thread in

Number of threads per in

Minimum length of thread in

1/8

0.406

0.383

0.337

28

0.375

1/4

0.531

0.518

0.451

19

0.437

3/8

0.687

0.656

0.589

19

0.500

1/2

0.844

0.825

0.734

14

0.625

3/4

1.062

1.041

0.950

14

0.750

1

1.344

1.309

1.193

11

0.875

1 114

1.687

1.650

1.534

11

1.000 1.000

1 1/2

1.906

1.882

1.766

11

2

2.375

2.347

2.231

11

1.125

2 1/2

3.000

2.960

2.844

11

1.250

3

3.500

3.460

3.344

11

1.375

4

4.500

4.450

4.334

11

1.625

5

5.500

5.450

5.334

11

1.750

6

6.500

6.450

6.334

11

2.000

Table 1.5 Main dimensions of BSP pipe threads

BSP(T) British Standard Pipe {thread} (Taper), the Whitworth form, 55 ~ pipe thread used in the UK. Originally defined by BS 21 for pipes from 1/16" to 6" nb, but redefined in metric by ISO7/1 and ISO7/2. Sealing of the process fluid is on the threads. The thread taper is 0.75" per foot on diameter. Standard sizes are defined up to 18" nb, but 6" is the practical limit for process applications. Many users will not accept threaded fittings over 3".

BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution, the National Standards Authority.

6

Built-up back pressure The pressure experienced at the safety valve outlet when passing 100% flow, due to friction losses in attached pipework and any static back pressure.

Burst pressure Hoses are designed with a theoretical maximum pressure at which the hose ruptures. Samples are tested to destruction regularly to ensure manufacturing quality. Working pressures are related to the burst pressure by a factor of safety. The minimum factor of safety, for low pressure hoses, is 3. If the hose may be subject to chemical degradation the safety factor should be increased to 4. For hot or high pressure applications, such as steam, the factor of safety can be as high as 10.

Bursting disc A pressure relief device which utilises a thin membrane to enclose the fluid. The device relieves when the membrane fails. A bursting disc cannot close and seal after operating. Special versions are available for protection against severe shock waves caused by explosions. Bursting discs are also called rupture discs.

Bus A multi-core cable for digital communications in computers. All the bits for a binary number are transmitted simultaneously. An 8 bit bus will have at least nine cores. Very fast data rates are possible. One multi-core cable can have more than one bus and other digital services. Analogue signals should be routed through different cables. All the services in one multi-core cable should be at similar voltages; a maximum difference of 50V is specified by some users. Most specifications require all cores to be terminated properly in the terminal boxes; and have no coiled ends. Multi-cores and terminal boxes should have at least 10% spare capacity for expansion and re-routing broken cores. See also fieldbus

Butt fusion weld A thermal welding technique used with some non-metallic piping systems. Materials such as polypropylene can be welded by using electric heaters. Machines can join 1200 mm diameter pipe.

Butt weld joint A welded joint between two components usually of the same diameter and with identical weld preparations; for example, a connection between two pipes or a pipe and a fitting. Welded pipe can be manufactured with a butt weld joint. A pipe or a fitting can be butt welded to a flat surface without a weld preparation but this form is not acceptable to many purchasers. Butt weld pipe joints can be the highest integrity connection, if proved by suitable NDE, or NDT, such as 100% radiography.

C C The chemical symbol for the element carbon; alloyed with iron to produce cast iron and steel. Carbon increases the strength of iron and steel and can increase the hardness.

Cage A hollow cylindrical component, part of the trim, which guides and aligns the plug with the seat. The cage may have profiled openings or multiple small holes to create the required characteristic or impart cavitation resistance or for noise attenuation.



Capacity The flow through a regulator under specified operating conditions with a set regulator opening. Capillary fittings A type of soldered connection used with copper pipe. The fitting is made slightly larger than the pipe to provide a socket for location. The bore of the socket is treated with flux and contains a reservoir of solder. After the pipe is fitted the connection is heated and a perfect soldered joint is produced.

Carbon steel A steel whose properties are determined primarily by the amount of carbon present. Apart from iron and carbon, manganese up to 1.5% may be present as well as residual amounts of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, etc. It is when one or more alloying elements are added in sufficient amount that it is classed as an alloy steel.

Carbo-nitriding A case-hardening process in which steel components are heated in an atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen.

adhesives require a priming coat before the adhesive is applied.

CE Carbon equivalent, an assessment made of carbon and carbon manganese steels used in a sour environment (H2S present), according to the percentages of the constituents: P R ~ = Cr + 1.5 x(Mo + W + Nb) for stainless steel P R ~ =3.3 xMo+ 16• steel

P R ~ = C r - 0 . 8 xCu + 1.5 x(Mo + W) for nickel alloy weld wire PR~ =Cr+3.3 •

Case-hardening The process of hardening the surface of steel whilst leaving the interior unchanged. Both carbon and alloy steels are suitable for case-hardening providing their carbon content is low, usually up to a maximum of 0.2%. Components subject to this process, particularly in the case of alloy steels, have a hard, wear-resistant surface with a tough core.

Cast iron A definition can be applied that cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon is in excess of the amount that can be retained in solid solution in austenite at the eutectic temperature. Carbon is usually present in the range of 1.8% to 4.5%. In addition, silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorus are contained in varying amounts. Various types of cast iron are covered by many of the National Standard authorities and include grey, malleable and white irons. Elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium can be added to produce alloy cast irons.

CDA

xN 2

CEN Comit~ Europ6en de Normalisation (the European Standards authority). CEN is the European regional Standards Authority which issues Standards for the European Union. It is made up of the following National members:

Carburising The introduction of carbon into the surface layer of a steel that has a low carbon content. The process is carried out by heating the components in a solid liquid, or gaseous carbon containing medium. The depth of penetration of carbon into the surface is controlled by the time and temperature of the treatment. After carburising it is necessary to harden the components by heating to a suitable temperature and quenching.

2 for super austenitic stainless

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.

CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation, (a branch of CEN).

Certified performance Learned bodies, such as ASME, and classification organisations, such as Lloyd's and Underwriters Laboratories Inc, have regulations for sizing safety valves for applications. If the nozzle area and the mechanical construction of the valve comply with the regulations, the performance of the safety valve can be certified. Certifying Authority An organisation, retained by the purchaser, which is entrusted with ensuring that all relevant statutory requirements are fulfilled. This is usually an insurance company but it can be a firm of consultants or an accredited test house.

CFS Cold Finished Seamless; pipe and tube which is made hot but finished when cold to improve dimensional stability and surface finish.

Change-over valve

Copper Development Association of the United Kingdom

CDS Cold Drawn Seamless; generally small diameter pipe and tube.

Cellulosics Natural vegetable fibres used for packing of which cotton, flax, jute and ramie are the most popular. Natural fibres often have poor resistance to acids but can be acceptable for alkalis. Natural fibres can be much cheaper than man-made fibres depending upon the coatings applied and the compounds added to the braid.

Cemented joint A joint used on non-metallic pipe. Similar in concept to soldered connections but the sealing compound is an adhesive and provides the structural strength. Manufacturers of the pipe and fittings qualify their pressure ratings and chemical compatibility, by stipulating that their solvent or adhesive must be used. It is essential the manufacturers instructions are followed. Some

A valve with three connections which allows one circuit to be connected to one of a possible two circuits. The circuit not connected is isolated. Valves of this type are frequently built into equipment such as duplex filters. The change-over valve allows one filter element to be used while the other is cleaned or replaced. In the case of duplex filters, two change-over valves are ganged together. An inlet change-over valve is ganged with an outlet change-over valve so that two filters work with one inlet and outlet process connection. Very special change-over valves are available to be used with safety relief valves. One process connection may be connected to one of two safety relief valves (srvs). The valve ensures that at least one srv is in circuit at all times. Both srvs cannot be isolated simultaneously.

Characteristic The characteristic of a control valve is the relationship between valve movement and flow through the valve at constant differential pressure. Several characteristics have become standard; quick opening (QO), linear (L), modified parabolic (MP)


7


100

Body

90 80 70 r

60

t

50 IT"

,/

1

40

I

30 20

S "' / .

.

.

.

.

.

0

0

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Stressing of pressure vessels, valve sizing (USA)

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Valve installation and sizing (USA)

Associated Offices Technical Committee (AOTC)

Commercial and industrial compressed air and heating systems (UK)

Bau Institut (BI)

Hygienic applications (Germany)

Beaureau Veritas

Marine, offshore, general process (France)

Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Marine, offshore, general process (Norway)

Factory Mutual Systems (FM)

Commercial and industrial fire protection systems (UK)

Germanischer Lloyd

Marine, offshore, general process (Germany)

Institute of Electrical Engineers (lEE)

Electrical safety and wiring (UK)

Keurings Instituut voor Waterleiding-Artikelen (KIWA)

Drinking water (The Netherlands)

Lloyd's Register

Marine, offshore, general process (UK)

Loss Prevention Council (LPC)

Commercial and industrial fire protection systems (UK)

TUV ad-Merkblatt

Pressure vessels (Germany)

Underwriters Laboratory (UL)

Electrical equipment, fire safety (USA)

Underwriters Laboratory (UL)

Electrical equipment, fire safety, fire protection systems (Canada)

Water Research Council (WRc)

Drinking water (UK)

.

10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Valve opening %age

Field of influence

Figure 1.1 Comparison of control valve characteristics

and equal percentage (E%). Modified parabolic is also known as exponential. Figure 1.1 indicates these relationships graphically. Some manufacturers will produce a special characteristic to suit a specific application.

Charpy test A test to measure the impact properties of steel. A prepared test piece, usually notched, is broken by a swinging pendulum. The energy consumed in breaking the test piece is measured in Joules. The more brittle the steel the lower the impact strength. CEN and ISO provide test methods.

Table 1.6 Classification societies

Clean-in-Place, ClP

The rapid oscillation of the disc against the seat caused by unstable flow conditions and resulting in rapid wear of the nozzle, disc and guides. This condition can occur when the safety valve is only required to pass a small percentage of the rated flow. Depending upon the characteristics of the fluid, chattering can be a problem at flows below 30% of rated.

A requirement for some equipment used in hygienic applications. Complete systems are cleaned by washing out, sterilising or steaming without any disassembly. The externals of equipment are hosed down or washed with caustic, detergent, chlorine or alcohol. Equipment design must be optimised to remove dead volumes where product may accumulate and decay; systems must drain completely to allow thorough flushing. See also Steam-in-place.

Check valve

Clearance flow

Chatter

Non-return valve

Chokes

Any flow less than the minimum dictated by the valve rangeability.

A manual valve used for continuous throttling applications; a heavy duty needle valve. An American term used mainly in connection with crude oil production.

Closed-loop control system

Clamped bonnet Large valves can have the bonnet attached to the body by a proprietary clamped connection. These connections provide a very rigid joint with high accuracy positioning due to the shaped metal seal ring used. Cl Cast iron

CIP see Clean-In-Place Clamped connection A pipe connection which relies on the wedging action of tapers to provide the axial force to close the joint. Gaskets can be metallic or non-metallic. A very rigid, quick, pipe connection.

CMA

Classification Societies Learned bodies, and usually insurance companies, who have rules governing the use of valves and/or associated equipment in certain industries, environments or applications. Typical areas of influence include drinking water, hygienic applications, marine and offshore installations. Table 1.6 indicates some of the most commonly used societies.

8

A control system in which the measurement of process variables corrects, if necessary, the position of a control element. Consider a householder sitting in the living-room of a house with gas/water central heating. The living-room is fitted with a room thermostat for temperature control. The householder goes to the kitchen leaving the living-room door open. Cold air from the hall enters the living-room reducing the temperature. The thermostat detects the fall in temperature and sends a signal to the boiler to maintain the water temperature. If the radiator was fitted with a thermostatic control valve, the sensor would detect the fall in temperature. The thermostatic valve would open and allow more hot water to flow through the radiator. The hot water temperature would fall prompting the boiler to turn on or increase the fuel flow.

Chemical Manufacturers Association (of USA).

Co Chemical symbol for Cobalt. It may be present in steels as an impurity added with nickel. It is added specifically to tool steels to improve hot strength. Cobalt becomes highly radioactive when irradiated; specifications for nuclear applications restrict the cobalt concentration to very low levels.



Cock

Column separation

A small manual valve used for low pressure applications. Usually a 88turn ball or plug valve. An imprecise term subject to interpretation and should not be used.

When a non-return valve closes, the liquid travelling towards the valve may create water hammer. The inertia of the liquid travelling away from the valve may create column separation; that is the liquid may divide and create a vapour pocket. Dissolved gas can also be released in these situations. If, when the inertia energy is dissipated, the liquid column reverses and returns to the non-return valve, a classic cavitation condition is created.

Code of Practice A document, very much like a standard, issued by any of the standards organisations, which explains the best way to do something to achieve satisfactory results. A Code of Practice can only be mandatory if precise instructions are given and there are no alternatives. Phrases using "should" and "may" can only be used for giving guidance and advice.

Cogging An intermediate rolling process when a hot ingot is reduced to a bloom or slab in a cogging mill.

COGUANOR Comisian Guatemalteca de Normas, the National Standards Authority of Guatemala. Coil bound The condition of helical springs when compressed until all the coils touch. The spring length when coil bound is called the solid length. Some spring designs are not suitable for compression to solid length and permanent plastic deformation occurs rendering the spring useless for its intended purpose. See also Permanent set.

Cold differential set pressure When a spring-loaded valve which will normally operate hot is preset on a cold test rig, the cold set pressure must be increased slightly so the valve will operate at the correct pressure when hot. Typical corrections are shown in Table 1.7. Operating temperature

% age increase in cold set pressure

-18 to 120~

0

121 to 315~

1

316 to 425~

2

426 to 530~

3

Compliance Requirements in specifications and standards must be verifiable in order to establish compliance. Any requirement which cannot be verified is worthless. CEN editorial policy dictates that requirements must be verifiable at the manufacturer's works prior to dispatch. A simple example may clarify the situation. An EN standard may state that cast steel globe valves shall be painted with a total paint thickness of 100 pm. A third-party inspector can inspect a finished valve, measure the paint thickness, and state categorically that the valve does or does not comply with the painting requirements. An EN standard cannot state valve packing shall have a minimum life of 2 years and the leakage rate shall not increase by more than a factor of 2. This requirement is not verifiable in the manufacturer's works, before shipment, and cannot, sensibly, be considered as part of a purchase agreement. The requirement is also application specific and not suitable for inclusion in a standard. Standards can contain notes which are explanatory or describe policy. A note could be as follows, "Valves complying with standard are intended to be heavy-duty and packing should be suitable for a 2 year working life." This would be a policy statement, not an enforceable, verifiable requirement.

Compressibility factor Z A factor used in gas applications to convert the ideal gas formula to real gas. The basic gas equation, pV = mRT, becomes pV = ZmRT. Values for Z are obtained from charts depending upon the operating pressure and temperature.

Table 1.7 Cold differential set pressures

Compression coupling

Cold drawing A technique for improving the surface finish and correcting the sizes of pipes, tubes, bars, shapes or wire. The semi-processed material is drawn through a series of dies which polish the surface and reduce the diameter/shape slightly to the correct size. The material is work-hardened and the enhanced mechanical properties can be utilised provided it is not welded or heated.

A pipe fitting which relies on the compression of a ferrule to seal the pipe and locate the pipe axially. Compression fittings with one or two metal ferrules are limited to 1" or 2" od Imperial tube but are capable of high to very high pressures; fittings for thin wall copper tube are available up to 108 mm. Non-metallic ferrules can be used for lower pressure applications with tubes up to 125 mm od.

Cold pull

CONACYT

Tension applied to a piping system during erection when cold. Thermal expansion, on heating, relieves the initial stresses.

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, the National Standards Authority of El Salvador.

Cold-setting compound

Concentric serrated

An adhesive, liquid gasket, thread seal or impregnation compound which hardens or thickens at ambient temperature without the application of external heat.

A flange finish which uses a similar straight V groove to the spiral serrated finish but consists of a set of concentric grooves, not a continuous spiral groove.

Cold water finish see Mirror finish

Contact corrosion

Cold working Altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic deformation. Processes include rolling, drawing, pressing, spinning, extruding and heading. It is carried out below the recrystallisation point usually at room temperature. Hardness and tensile strength are increased with the degree of cold work whilst ductility and impact values are lowered. The cold rolling and cold drawing of steel significantly improves surface finish.

When two dissimilar metals are in contact without a protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid or other conducting material, an electrolytic cell is created. The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area in contact and the electro-potential voltage of the metals concerned. The less noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. zinc will act as a protector of steel in seawater whereas copper or brass will attack the steel in the same environment.


9


Continuous casting

Controller

A method of producing ingot, blooms, billets and slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds. The castings are continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the caster whilst the teeming of the metal is proceeding. The need for primary and intermediate mills and the storage and use of large numbers of ingot moulds is eliminated. The continuous cast product is generally cleaner than batch cast material and of a more homogenous quality.

A device which measures a process variable against a set point and issues an adjusting signal to correct any deviation. It may be mechanical, pneumatic or electric~electronic. The smallest controllers measure one process variable. Large controllers can supervise many process variables.

Control algorithms Controllers, especially intelligent electronic process controllers, can decide, on the basis of the process variables measured, the best way to return the process to the desired set point. Process systems can have mechanical and thermal inertia. If a control valve opens to increase the flow rate on a long liquid pipeline, nothing happens immediately. The mass of liquid in the pipeline must be accelerated and this can take some time, often minutes rather than seconds. The valve could be opened until the maximum working pressure was achieved and this would accelerate the liquid as fast as possible. The speed of heating or cooling materials depends upon the mass and the specific heat. The controller can apply some heat and measure the effect over a short period. The controller can then decide whether to apply more or less heat to return to the set point. Mechanical and pneumatic controllers can be purely proportional controllers i.e. the control signal issued is in proportion to the deviation from the set point. Maximum restoring effort can only be applied once the maximum set deviation has been reached. As the variable returns to approach the set point, restoring effort is reduced to avoid over-shoot. Pneumatic controllers can have an integration function added to complement the proportional mode, PI. The integral function is the integral of the deviation from the set point. This means the controller output changes as long as the deviation exists. Very small deviations can produce full controller output if they persist long enough. Pneumatic controllers with proportional control can have a derivative function added, PD. The derivative effect is to anticipate the system response to the control signal. Pneumatic controllers can incorporate a derivative function to complement the proportional and integral functions. The derivative function measures the rate of change of the deviation and anticipates how the process is going to react to the controller output. The three term controller, PID, is very useful for processes with large inertias. Electronic controllers are usually of the PID type.

Controlled atmosphere A gas or mixture of gases in which steel is heated to produce or maintain a specific surface condition. Controlled atmosphere furnaces are widely used in the heat treatment of steel as scaling and decarburisation of components is minimised by this process. In the case of steel this refers to a component that has been case-hardened where the centre is softer than the hard surface layer or case. It can also be applied to the central part of a rolled rimming steel.

Control valve A valve which opens and closes in response to an external signal and is powered by an external source. Similar to a regulator but requires an external supply of electricity, compressed air or pressurised liquid. The control signal may be electric analogue, electric digital or fluid analogue.

Controlled bore pipe Pipe which is specially manufactured to close tolerances. Ordinary pipes may have a 12.5% tolerance on the wall thickness which leads to considerable variation in the bore size. Controlled bore pipes use strict manufacturing controls to ensure the bore size varies from 1.5% or 3.2 mm in the larger sizes.

10

Conventional safety relief valve A spring-loaded valve with the bonnet or spring case vented to the outlet side of the valve.

COPANIT Comisi6n Panamefia de Normas Industriales y T6cnicas, the National Standards Authority of Panama.

Cover Another name for the bonnet.

CPRU Construction Planning and Research Unit, Ministry of Development, the National Standards Authority of Brunei Darussalam. Cr The chemical symbol for the element chromium, sometimes abbreviated to "chrome". Chrome is added in small quantities to steel, less than 3%, to improve the effectiveness of heat treatment and hardenability and to increase the strength. When the content is increased to between 10 and 30%, the steel acquires stain resistance or becomes stainless, i.e. less likely to oxidise.

Creep The gradual permanent change in dimensions of solid materials when exposed to long term tensile stress. Non-metallic materials tend to creep much faster than metallic materials. High temperature is not necessary but it will accelerate the effect.

Crossbar The plate attached to the outer ends of the pillars, on linear valves, which supports the handwheel.

Crow-foot guided A method of guiding valve plugs from the seat bore. The plug is manufactured with three, four or five slender extensions which slide in the seat bore and centralise the plug. The plug may be characterised by shaping the ports between the extensions.

CSNI Czech Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of the Czech Republic.

CSSN China Standards Information Center, the National Standards Authority of China.

Cu The chemical symbol for the element copper, which is usually present in steels as a trace impurity. It is added to some chrome-nickel alloys to impart precipitation hardening properties. It is added to some stainless steels to improve the strength and corrosion resistance at the expense of elasticity, and possibly castability. Cv see Flow coefficient

Cyanide hardening A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a molten bath of sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide, diluted with sodium carbonate and quenching in oil or water. This process is used where a thin case and high hardness are required.



Degassing

D Damper A hydraulic device which can be fitted to power-actuated valves to eliminate spindle/stem vibration and/or control actuation speed.

Dashpot A device which relies on fluid friction to produce a force which opposes the motion. This can be a piston in a cylinder or a disc in a close-fitting housing. The opposing force increases as velocity increases.

Data-logging The recording of process variables for subsequent review and analysis. Data sheet A formatted sheet or sheets which fully describes the operating conditions the valve will experience. Operating conditions are not limited to the internal process fluid. External environmental factors can play a decisive part in the valve selection and the design of auxiliary equipment. See Chapter 19 for a full list of essential information.

The release of trapped gases from metallic and non-metallic materials when exposed to much lower pressures than previously experienced.

Delamination The separation of a surface layer due to over-stressing the bond or failure of the adhesive.

Deoxidation The addition of silicon and/or aluminium to molten steel to combine with free oxygen and form stable solid oxides. The solubility of oxygen in steel is reduced as temperature is lowered during solidification and the excess oxygen combines to form carbon monoxide. If the molten metal is not deoxidised the effervescence produced by the evolution of carbon monoxide during solidification would result in blow holes and porosity. Steel treated in this way is termed, "Killed Steel".

DFI Design, fabrication and installation DGN Direcci6n General de Normas, the National Standards Authority of Mexico.

DGSM

dB deciBel; a tenth of a Bel, is the ratio between two sound power or pressure levels.

dB(A) A noise scale which is weighted to approximate the characteristics of the human ear. The weighting adjusts the sampling time and the amplitude of the octave bands. Table 1.8 shows some relative sound pressure levels. Noise source

Sound pressure level dB(A)

Ordinary conversation

60

Heavy traffic

80

A party

90

An underground train

100

A loud pop group concert

100 to 130

A jet plane at close range

150

Directorate General for Specifications and Measurements, the National Standards Authority of Oman.

Diameter Nominal (DN) A European metric size which approximates the valve or pipe size. Similar to nominal bore, see nb.

Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test see Vickers Hardness Diaphragm bonnet A style of bonnet which utilises a flexible diaphragm, metallic or non-metallic, to isolate completely the operating mechanism from the components in contact with the process fluid. The diaphragm does not influence the flow of process fluid as in the case of weir type and full-bore diaphragm valves. The diaphragm may be sealed with the body by an "O"-ring or gasket or may be welded. The diaphragm bonnet may incorporate secondary seals as a back-up in the event of diaphragm failure.

Diaphragm spring A disc spring with multiple radial slots which converts the solid single disc spring into multiple finger springs. Usually used individually; not built up into stacks.

Table 1.8 Typical sound pressure levels

DBB Double block and bleed; a single valve or two valves which seal process fluid from two directions. The space between the seals is vented to indicate leakage. DCS Distributed Control System; a control system which uses more than one computer, PLC or controller. The logic for control decisions is distributed over the control system.

Dead band The range through which the controlled variable can reverse and change in magnitude without initiating a regulator response.

Decarburisation The loss of carbon from the surface of steel as a result of heating in a carbon weak atmosphere. During the rolling of steel hot surfaces are exposed to the decarburising effects of oxygen in the atmosphere and as a result the surface is depleted of carbon. In steels where the components are to be subsequently heat treated it is necessary to remove the decarburised surface by machining.

Die-formed rings Most stems/spindles are sealed by soft packing n rectangular or square rings braided from strands or filaments. Rings are cut from a straight length and fitted individually into the packing box. The rings can shrink 35 to 50% in the packing box when subjected to high compressive loads. The amount of shrinkage can be reduced to 10 to 15% by pre-compressing the rings before fitting. Pre-cut rings are placed in dies which are subjected to loads which exceed the normal loads experienced in the packing box. Once die-formed, the rings maintain their volume without the rapid initial reduction usually found during bedding in. Long term volume reduction is greatly reduced.

Differential pressure reducing regulator A differential pressure regulator which maintains a constant pressure difference between the regulator outlet connection and an external pressure signal.

Differential pressure regulator A regulator which maintains a constant differential pressure, i.e. maintains a constant difference between upstream and downstream pressures.


11


Differential pressure relief regulator A differential pressure regulator which maintains a constant pressure difference between the regulator inlet connection and an external pressure signal. An extension of the back pressure regulator principle.

Digital signal A signal, usually electrical but not a prerequisite, which carries digital information in a series of pulses. A sequence of on-off pulses transmits a binary number.

which is expected when no other description is specified. The description may be applied to valve types which are normally associated with flangeless or wafer bodies.

Double-port construction The American description for a double-beat valve. Double-port is confusing because in this context port is used to refer to seats. In "three-port", port refers to process connections. It is more correct to use double-beat to avoid confusion.

Drift

DIN

The slow change in set point over an extended period of time.

Deutsches Institut fur Normung, the German National Standards Authority.

Droop

Direct-acting actuator

Another name for offset.

DS

Some actuators can be fitted to valves in more than one way. This allows the actuator action to be changed for a constant control signal. Control valves can be made to open or close in response to the same signal. Direct-acting usually refers to the effect of negative feedback; on increasing control signal the valve closes. See also Reverse-acting.

Direct-acting regulator A regulator which utilises the process fluid directly without amplification. The size of these valves is limited because the mass and friction of the control element becomes large in comparison to the fluid pressure forces available for actuation. Increasing inertia leads to reduced accuracy. The process sensing connection is usually internal and external pipework is unnecessary.

Dansk Standard, the National Standards Authority of Denmark.

DSSU State Committee on Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy of Ukraine, the National Standards Authority of Ukraine.

DTNM Direcci6n de Tecnologfa, Normalizaci6n y Metrolog[a, the National Standards Authority of Nicaragua.

Duplex stainless steels

An American term used to describe the action of a thermostatic system on a control valve.

A high strength, corrosion resistant group of stainless steels, iron-chrome-nickel alloys, where the crystal structure is a mixture of body-centred cubic ferrite and face-centred cubic austenite. The balance between the two crystal groups is usually about 50-50 but heat treatment can change the proportions. The ferrite content is usually controlled to avoid cracking or lack of toughness or susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking but a minimum percentage is required to ensure the strength.

Disc

Ductility

The moving element in a butterfly valve. The disc can be plain; a parallel plate; or specially profiled to reduce operating torque and increase rangeability.

The property of materials which permits it to be reduced in cross-sectional area, while experiencing tensile stress, without fracture. In a tensile test, ductile metals show considerable elongation eventually failing by necking, with consequent rapid increase in local stresses.

Direct-operated

Disc spring A linear spring produced by deforming a disc to form part of a cone. The spring force is generated when attempts are made to flatten the disc. The disc spring has very high spring rates and can withstand very high loads. Disc springs can be stacked together to increase or decrease the overall spring rate. When stacked to increase the spring rate, the influence of friction between the discs provides inherent damping.

Ducting Square or rectangular pipes constructed from thin gauge sheets or low pressure hose usually designed for handling air. One or more metal spiral wires are incorporated in the hose to maintain the shape. The wires can also act as conductors to allow anti-static applications.

Diverting valve

Dust ignition-proof

A valve with at least three connections which can divert flow from one circuit to another.

A style of enclosure design that excludes dust in sufficient quantities which might affect performance with regard to internal arcs, conduction, heating or ignition, and to restrict the enclosure surface temperature to prevent the ignition of external dust accumulation or clouds.

DOM Drawn Over Mandrel. Welded pipe and tube can be straightened and the bore adjusted to close tolerances by subsequent cold drawing over a mandrel.

Dome The pressurised chamber above the piston in a process pilotoperated safety relief valve.

Duty rating For valves whose components react to changes in the process system, it is very important to assess the system variations, the impact on the valve service life and the maintenance interval. Valves with poor bearing designs will wear quickly which may

Dome-loaded regulator Another name for a Pressure-loaded regulator.

Duty description

Running hours/day

Double-beat construction

Intermittent

0 to 3

A type of globe valve which has two seats. The fluid flow divides and flows through the seats in opposite directions balancing the dynamic forces on the plug.

Light

3 to 8

Double flange body The normal valve body construction; two standard flanges which require bolts/nuts or short stud-bolts/nuts for installation;

12

Continuous

8 to 24

Cyclic

User to quantify

Irregular

User to quantify

Table 1.9 Duty ratings



affect valve sealing dramatically when experiencing unforeseen cycles. Duty ratings are indicated in Table 1.9. Non-return valves (nrvs) are frequently used in conjunction with compressors and pumps. When used with a machine rated as intermittent, the valve would only be expected to open/close once per day, and perhaps not every day. The same would apply to light duty, but with everyday operation expected. With a continuous operation machine the valve may open and not close for weeks or months. Conversely, the standby machine and valve may lie idle for weeks or months, dry or with stagnant liquid, waiting for something to happen. Cyclic operation can be the most arduous of conditions. Machines can operate in response to pressure or level signals. A typical operating regime could be:

Zone

Equipment type

Full description

Zone 0

Ex ia

Intrinsically safe with 2 faults

Zone 1

Ex ia

Intrinsically safe with 2 faults

Zone 1

Ex ib

Intrinsically safe with 1 fault

Zone 1

Ex d

Flameproof

Zone 1

Ex p

Pressurised

Zone 1

Ex e

Increased safety

Zone 1

Ex q

Powder filled

Zone 1

Ex m

Encapsulated

Zone 2

Ex N

(constructed to avoid sparks and hot spots)

Zone 2

Ex o

Oil immersed + all equipment suitable for Zone 1

Table 1.10 Electrical e q u i p m e n t for use in h a z a r d o u s z o n e s

9

operating conditions 10 barg @ 80~

9

operating cycle for 48 weeks

EHEDG

9

7days per week

9

pump start at 07.30, run for 1 hour

9

09.00 to 20.00, pump run for 5 min, stop for 15 min

9

20.15 pump start for flush out, run for 10 min

The European Hygienic Equipment Design Group, makes recommendations on the design of hygienic equipment. Both EHEDG and the American 3-A Sanitary standards state a surface finish of 0.8 pm or better is suitable for food production. Rougher surfaces maybe acceptable if cleanability can be proved. Materials must be wear resistant and corrosion resistant to the product(s) and cleaning solutions.

Reciprocating pumps and dosing pumps can be used to inject liquid into pressurised systems. A non-return valve can be fitted to eliminate any backflow. A typical operating cycle could be: 9

operating conditions 100 barg @ 20~

9

operating cycle for 16 weeks

9

7days per week

9

24 hours per day

Elastic limit The maximum stress, tensile or compressive, that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent deformation. When external forces act upon a material they produce internal stresses within it which cause deformation. If the stresses are not too great the material will return to its original shape and dimension when the external force is removed.

9

valve opens and closes 100/min Dye penetrant inspection

Elasticity

Colloquially known as "dye-pen", a method for detecting surface porosity or cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is thoroughly cleaned and coated with a dye which penetrates any surface flaws that may be present. The surface is wiped clean and coated with a white powder. The powder absorbs the dye held in the defects indicating their location.

Dynamic back pressure see Built-up back pressure Dynamic unbalance The force on a plug, or torque on a disc, at any open operating condition with specific liquid properties and pressures.

The property which enables a material to return to its original shape and dimensions after stressing by external forces.

Electrical zones Electrical safety from explosions is primarily defined by a zone type which describes the probability of a flammable gas or dust hazard, see Table 1.11. European designaton

Zone 0

DZNM State Office for Standardization and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of Croatia.

Zone 1

Definition An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present or present for long continuous periods. > 1 000 hours/annum An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to be present for only a short period during normal operating conditions.

USA designation Class 1 Division 1

Class 1 Divison 1

> 10 hours/annum

E Zone 2

Eccentric disc A modified type of disc used in control butterfly valves. The disc is mounted so that it moves axially away from its seat as it opens. See Figure 3.38 in Chapter 3, for examples of disc mounting and design.

Class 1 Divison 2

> 0.1 hour/annum Zone Z

An area in which a combustible dust-air mixture may be present during normal operating conditions

Zone Y

An area in which a combustible dust-air mixture may be present during abnormal operating conditions

Safe area

An area in which an explosive gas-air or dust-air mixture will not be present

EClSS The European Committee for iron and steel standardisation, an advisory committee to CEN.

An area in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not likely to be present during normal operating conditions, but if it was present it would only be for a short time.

T a b l e 1.11 Electrical area classifications

EFW Electric Fusion Welded; pipe and tube which is rolled from plate and has a welded seam with filler metal.

Electrical equipment classification There are various methods of manufacture for safe electrical equipment. Not all types are acceptable in all zones. Table 1.10 indicates where equipment may be used.

Electronic process controller A controller which evaluates one or more process variables and issues corrective signals to restore the process to a predetermine state. Controllers can have pre-programmed control algorithms, such as PID, to return the process variable to the set point as quickly and as smoothly as possibly. Electronic controllers can have more than one algorithm and select the best logic


13


to manage the situation. Controllers can auto-tune themselves to the process conditions; that is, the controller remembers what is necessary to produce the desired results. Auto-tune can be single-shot or continuous optimisation. Controllers using many process variables and continuous optimisation are sometimes called multi-variable predictive controllers, MVC. Controllers can have independent alarm settings; these can be based on absolute values or deviation from a set point. Some electronic process controllers have data-logging memory fitted and recent process history can be recalled for review. Electronic process controllers can be used to operate control valves; the process variables being wired directly to the controller. The process input data may be interrogated remotely and the controller settings adjusted remotely via a serial or parallel communications network, thus forming a distributed control system, DCS. Electronic process controllers can have enclosures to IP65 and better; the controller can be mounted in the field, close to the relevant equipment. Some controller manufacturers have developed particular models or designed special control algorithms to suit specific common process control situations. Manufacturers should be consulted before embarking on costly in-house solutions for standard processes.

Electro-pneumatic positioner A pneumatic valve positioner which responds to an electrical control signal, typically 4-20 mA, rather than a 0.2 to 1.03 barg pneumatic signal. An air supply is necessary to actuate the diaphragm or piston. See Positioner.

Electro-pneumatic transducer This is a misnomer used by some manufacturers, see liP con-

Equal percentage A flow characteristic at constant differential pressure which results in equivalent increases in flow for increases in valve travel. A change of 10% travel produces a change of 10% in the flow.

ESA European Sealing Association

ERW Electric Resistance Welded. Pipe and tube which is rolled from plate and has a welded seam without filler metal.

ESD (1) Electrostatic discharge; the discharge of static electricity. Operators can carry a 10 kV potential. ESD can destroy integrated circuits, such as computer chips, and erase memory chips. Electronic equipment must be protected from static electricity.

ESD (2) Emergency shutdown system; an independent control system within a process plant dedicated to stopping production safely. The ESD uses independent process measurements to detect faults which would cause serious problems. The ESD can also be initiated manually by strategically located pushbuttons or key-switches. The ESD system can use control and isolating valves fitted for normal operation. ESD commands override all normal process control instructions. The ESD system is usually individually piped or hardwired to all its actuators. Electric circuits may be double wired via different routes for higher reliability. Isolating and control valves with pneumatic actuators can have the ESD pneumatic signal injected via a solenoid valve which would normally be closed.

ET

verter.

Eddy-current testing (NDE)

Electro-polished

EVS

A good surface finish produced by electrochemical machining. Used to enhance the surface texture of components which have been mechanically polished by reducing the variations in peaks and troughs but also polishing at a macro level. Electro-polishing is effectively, the reverse of electroplating and produces a very uniform, smooth surface finish with the added benefit, when used on chrome alloys, of improving the integrity and strength of the oxide layer essential for corrosion resistance.

Eesti Standardikeskus, the National Standards Authority of Estonia.

Explosion relief valve These valves are designed to react very quickly and relieve large quantities of low pressure gas or vapour. The name is a misnomer, the valves should be called safety valves because the action is pop. On detecting a very small pressure rise the valve opens wide to pass excess gas or vapour. The valve recloses when operating conditions have returned to normal.

Electroslag refining

Explosive decompression

A specialised steel making process in which a rolled or cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remelted in a water cooled copper mould. The melting is activated by resistive heat generated in a conductive slag. The resulting product has a similar basic chemical composition to the original ingot, but is characterised by high purity and low inclusion content.

A problem which can occur with liquefied gases which destroys gaskets and seals. Many liquids are handled which would normally be a gas at atmospheric pressure. During normal operation the liquid can be absorbed by the gasket/seal material. If a sudden loss of pressure occurs, a broken pipe connection for example, the liquid flashes to vapour as it escapes. Liquid absorbed in gaskets/seals expands rapidly and also changes to vapour. The rapid expansion and sudden increase in volume can destroy the gasket/seal. An associated problem is the sudden drop in temperature as the liquid cools to the boiling temperature at atmospheric pressure. If explosive decompression is a risk, then special attention must be given to gasket materials and elastomers and the low temperature ductility of metallic parts.

Elongation A measure of the ductility of a material; how much a material can stretch before it fractures.

ELOT Hellenic Organization for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Greece.

End quench test see Jominy Test

Explosion-proof

Endurance limit The maximum stress which can be applied, repeatedly, to a material without suffering fatigue failure.

A type of enclosure which is designed to withstand the explosion of an internal flammable gas/vapour mixture without igniting and flammable gas/vapour mixture which might surround the enclosure.

EO

Exposure limits

Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, the National Standards Authority of Egypt.

Fluids and dusts which are hazardous to personnel are regulated by controlling the amount of fluid or dust in the local air. AI-

14



Iowable concentrations are based on long term exposure over an 8 hour day and short term exposure, isolated incidents, over 10 minutes. The values shown in Table 1.12 are taken from the UK's Health and Safety Executive document EH40 and show the variation in allowable exposure for extreme examples. It is the users responsibility to monitor and control the exposure levels experienced by personnel. Routine sampling must be performed, and results recorded, to ensure compliance with local regulations. Substance

Formula

Carbon dioxide Osmium tetraoxide

Long term exposure (8 hours)

Short term exposure (10 minutes)

ppm

mg/m 3

ppm

mglm 3

CO 2

5 000

9 000

15 000

27 000

OsO 4

0.0002

0.002

0.0006

0.006

I

Table 1.12 Typical personnel exposure limits

Extended bonnet A bonnet which is lengthened to separate the packing box from the bonnet bottom for hot or cold applications.

External pressure loaded regulator A regulator which uses an external pressurised fluid supply as a reference signal. The external fluid can be applied to a diaphragm or piston. Changing the pressure of the external fluid supply changes the regulator set point.

F Fatigue The effect on materials of repeated cycles of stress. The dangerous feature of fatigue failure is that there is not necessarily an obvious warning, a crack forms without appreciable deformation of structure making it difficult to detect the presence of growing cracks. Fractures usually start from small surface nicks or scratches or abrupt changes in shape which cause Iocalised stress concentrations. Failure can be influenced by a number of factors including size, shape and design of the component, condition of the surface or the overall operating environment.

Fault tolerance Control systems need to be reliable. Overall reliability can be improved by installing hot standby redundant equipment. Electronic equipment can be designed so that the standby equipment assumes immediate control if a fault is detected in the primary device. Stored information is held in at least two devices.

FCAW Flux Cored Arc Welding. An electric arc welding method where the arc is struck with the consumable which has a flux core. The flux provides the shielding but additional shielding, by a gas blanket, may be provided in some cases.

FDA The Food and Drug Administration (of America); the organisation which sets the regulations for hygienic applications.

Feedback A control signal which originates after the control element. A room thermostat for a central heating system sends feedback signals to the control system. Feedback can be negative or positive. Negative feedback reduces the input as the output is detected to be increasing. Positive feedback increases the input as the output increases.

Feedforward A control signal which originates before the control element and allows pre-emptive action before the critical set-point has

changed. Consider a house with central heating and an external thermostat. When the outside air temperature falls to 2~ the external thermostat can turn on the central heating to prevent the water pipes from freezing. The heating would start before the internal temperature had fallen to an unsafe level.

Ferrite A body-centred cubic crystal structure found in chromium alloys.

Ferritic stainless steel A term usually applied to a group of stain resistant steels with a chromium content in the range of 12 to 30% and whose structure consists largely of ferrite. Alloys with chromium content at the bottom of the range will not be "stainless" in the generally accepted sense of the term. Such steels possess good ductility and are easily worked but do not respond to any hardening or tempering processes and have poor high temperature properties. Types of applications include automotive trim and architectural cladding.

Ferrule A small cylindrical component, used in a compression fitting, which becomes attached to the pipe od after fitting. Compression fittings can have one or two ferrules depending upon the design.

Fieldbus A serial communications network with two or four cores. Some fieldbus specifications use an extended version of the RS485 multi-drop system. Many proprietary fieldbus specifications currently exist. Profibus, P-net and World-FIP are European Standards in EN 50170. An international Standard, IEC 1158, has combined what is claimed to be the best features of Profibus and World-FIP. It is hoped that IEC 61158 will become the world Standard in the future.

Fire-safe A valve which is suitable for installations where the risk of being engulfed by fire cannot be ignored. Valves are tested to a specification and qualified, see Chapter 15. Most valves which qualify are ball and butterfly. Linear valves are often said to suffer from stem thermal problems but some wedge gate valves have qualified. Most wafer and lug valves are generally not suitable.

Flame hardening A surface hardening process in which heat is applied by a high temperature flame followed by quenching jets of water. It is usually applied to medium to large size components such as large gears, sprockets, slide ways of machine tools, bearing surfaces of shafts and axles, etc. Steels most suited have a carbon content within the range 0.40 to 0.55%.

Flameproof An enclosure design which does not allow sparks, arcs, hot gas or hot components to ignite any surrounding flammable gas mixtures.

Flanged bonnet A bonnet which is attached to the valve body by a flange and bolts or studs and nuts. The flange need not necessarily be integral with the bonnet. High pressure or large diameter valves may use a loose flange, of a different material, to hold the bonnet in position.

Flanged connection A pipe joint which uses two discs held together by bolts. Many flange designs are available for high and low pressure. Flanged connections are usually the preferred method of joining pipes for 3" nb, DN 80 and larger.


15


Flare coupling A coupling which forms a seal with the pipe wall. The pipe end is shaped to match a tapered adapter and then clamped to the adapter.

and Ap < P~ 2 Kv --

Flash welding A type of electric resistance welding.

Equ 1.5

Valid when P2 < p~ 2

Flow coefficient Cv, Kv A factor, determined experimentally, which indicates the flow capacity of incompressible fluid during non-choked, non-flashing flow of a valve with a unit differential pressure. Two flow coefficients are in common use; the American Cv and the metric Kv. Equations 1.1 and 1.2 relate to liquid flow. Liquid flow coefficients are based on turbulent flow conditions for a water-like liquid. [

Cv

QB

~/26.4 Ap. P2

Q ./sg VAp

Equ 1.1

and Ap > P~ 2 QR Kv ~ - -

Equ 1.6

13.2 pl

Valid when P2 > p~ 2 and Ap < pl 2

where:

K v - ~ - ~ - I v2

Cv Q

=

US flow coefficient (USgpm/psi)

=

liquid flow (USgpm)

sg

=

liquid specific gravity (non-dimensional)

Ap

=

differential pressure (Ib/in 2)

Kv = Q

I Ap~

3 .6

Ap

Valid when P2 < p~ 2 and Ap > Pl 2 Equ 1.2

where:

Kv;,G0

Kv

=

metric flow coefficient (m3/h/bar)

Q

=

liquid flow (m3/h)

Kv

=

gas flow coefficient (m3/h/bar)

P

=

liquid density (kg/dm 3)

Pl

=

inlet pressure (bara)

Ap

=

differential pressure (bar)

P2

=

outlet pressure (bara)

Other definitions of liquid flow coefficient exist and are in use. If a flow coefficient value seems dubious check with the manufacturer.

Ap

=

differential pressure (bar)

Qn

=

normalised flow(l) (m3/h)

Equations 1.3 and 1.4 show the approximate flow coefficients for valves handling gases. Equations 1.5 and 1.6 show the modified versions for low pressure air at 20~ when the density is approximately 1.29 kg/m 3. Equations 1.7 and 1.8 show the approximate flow coefficients for steam valves.

Pn

=

gas density (1) (kg/m 3)

T1

=

absolute inlet temperature (K)

G

=

mass flow (kg/h)

V2

=

specific volume (2) (m3/kg)

Vx

=

specific volume (3) (m3/kg)

Equ 1.8

where:

NOTE: See Section 8.4.7, in Chapter 8, for a detailed explanation of compressible flow.

(1) at 0~ and 760 mm Hg

Valid when

Equ 1.7

(2) from steam tables at P2 and T 1 (3) from steam tables at p1/2 and T 1

P2 > p~ 2

and Ap < P~ 2

ml Kv=5-QB ~ I I~Pn" p2

Equ 1.3

The flow coefficient is measured in a test rig using inlet and outlet piping which is the same size as the valve connections. Using pipework which is larger or smaller, with reducers for diameter transition, will modify the effective valve maximum Cv/Kv. The installed valve flow coefficient may vary from 30% to 160% depending upon the valve design and the pipework configuration. NOTE: See Section 8.4.5 in Chapter 8 for effects on the flow coefficient caused by choked flow.

Valid when P2 < p~ 2

Flow control valve, FCV and Ap > p~ 2 Kv = Qn .V/pn. ml 257pl Valid when p= > p~ 2

16

An automatic regulating valve which is actuated by a control signal derived from a flow sensing element. Equ 1.4

Flow regulator An application of a constant differential pressure regulator. The regulator maintains a constant differential pressure across an orifice which ensures a constant flow.



Flow ring

Fusible plug safety device

A ring which can be fitted to some ball valves, in place of the seats, which is more resistant to erosion damage but does not seal as well.

A device, usually a screwed plug, of suitable low temperature melting point material which seals the fluid. On rising temperature, the fusible material weakens and is forced from the tapped hole. The plug cannot close after the fault condition has been rectified and must be replaced with a new plug.

Flow-to-close, FTC The direction of flow which tends to close the valve. In single-seat valves, it is the direction in which fluid flows over the sealing element and then out through the seat.

Flow-to-open, FTO A linear motion valve fitted in a system so that the fluid flows through the seat and passed the plug to the outlet. The hydraulic process forces tend to open the valve.

Flowing pilot A pilot valve used with a pilot-operated safety valve which relies on a flow of process fluid, while the safety valve is relieving, for proper functioning. Fluid The term fluid is a generalisation. It describes a group of "states ' ' m liquids, vapours, gases and plasmas. The term could be used to describe mixtures of these states and also mixtures with solids. Fluid is a vague term and should be used with great caution. It is not, as many people seem to think, synonymous with liquid.

Flutter The rapid oscillation of the disc resulting in significant changes of lift. The disc does not touch the seat or the lift stop. Significant wear of the valve guides may occur. Flutter may be caused by high fluid friction losses in the inlet or outlet pipework creating unstable flow conditions with consequent pressure pulsations in the system.

FONDONORMA Fondo para la Normalizaci6n y Certificaci6n de la Calidad, the National Standards Authority of Venezuela.

Foot valve A non-return valve installed at the bottom of a pump suction pipe to prevent the suction pipe and pump draining when the pump is stopped. Fitting a foot valve removes the requirement to vent and prime the pump before every start.

Forging A process of working metal to a finished shape by hammering or pressing and is primarily a "hot" operation. It is applied to the production of shapes either impossible or too costly to make by other methods or needing properties not obtainable by casting, such as inherent integrity. Categories of forgings include hammer, press, drop or stamping.

FSA Fluid Sealing Association (International, based in USA) FTC see Flow-to-close

FTO see Flow-to-open

G Gas A state of matter, achieved by heating beyond the superheated vapour phase to a temperature higher than the critical temperature, in which the molecules move randomly to fill the volume available. A gas cannot be converted to liquid by simply increasing the pressure. The volume of a gas changes easily to accommodate changes in the confining volume. The pressure and temperature of an ideal or perfect gas can be calculated by using the characteristic equation and Boyle's and Charles' Laws. Ideal gas properties can be converted to real gas properties by including compressibility factors in the characteristic equation. Gases can exist in mixtures, air, and can be dissolved in liquids, like fresh water or seawater. Compressors are designed to handle gases. Special compressors, like refrigeration compressors, are designed to handle gases and vapours, sometimes with trace quantities of liquid.

Gas carburising A heat treatment method used in the case-hardening of steel. Carbon is absorbed into the outer layers of the components by heating in a gas flow, rich in carbon compounds. The process is more versatile than some other methods as the depth of the case and the limiting carbon content of the case can be controlled by the composition of the atmosphere, the dew point and the temperature.

Gas groups Flammable gases are divided into groups depending upon their ignition temperature. See BS EN 60079-14 or IEC 79-4.

Gateway A protocol converter for bus communication systems. A gateway allows information to be transmitted to a another system which uses a different protocol. Multiple gateways can be connected to a primary link. For example, gateways to several different serial fieldbus networks can be connected to a single computer via one RS232 or RS485 serial link.

Gauge plate A low alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square section with the surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground Flat Stock and is used for manufacturing accurate brackets and mounting assemblies.

Gauge pressure A pressure measurement relative to the local atmospheric pressure. Normal pressure gauges indicate this relative pressure. Units are usually suffixed with "g", but this common practice is frowned upon by the Standards Authorities.

GDBS

Fugitive emissions These are leaks of hazardous fluids from pressurised systems. Leaks can be from gland seals, pipe connections or through porous metal components. Full bore A valve which has the same flow area as the attached pipework. This concept is not as simple as it seems. Pipework is produced in discrete sizes and a valve will be matched to a particular wall thickness with a similar pressure/temperature rating. Always check actual sizes. Refer to Reduced-port for an indication of problems.

Grenada Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Grenada.

Geared handwheel Both linear and rotary motion valves can be operated directly by handwheels or levers attached to the stem or spindle. As valve sizes and operating pressures increase the torque required to operate them also increases. At some point it is necessary to fit torque multiplication so that personnel can operate a valve relatively easily. A bevel gearbox or worm drive may be fitted. A geared handwheel may be fitted as an option on small valves to reduce water hammer effects.


17


Nominal Value R.

micrometre

50

25

12.5

6.3

3.2

1.6

0.89

0.8

0.64

0.51

0.4

0.28

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.025

microinch

2000

1000

500

250

125

63

35

32

25

20

16

11

8

4

2

1

N12

Nll

N10

N9

N8

N7

N4

N3

N2

N1

Roughness number

N6

N5

Polish number

#4

#5

#6

#7

Grit number

150

180

240

320

Table 1.13 Different surface finish designations

Gland

HAZ

The flange or special nut which retains and/or compresses the packing in the packing box.

Heat affected zone; the parent material immediately next to a weld; the material which could have been "heat-treated" by the welding process. Welding can change the local hardness and/or modify the grain structure of the parent material.

GMAW Gas Metal-Arc Welding, another name for MIG welding, Metal Inert-Gas welding.

GNBS Guyana National Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Guyana.

GOST-R Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of Russia.

Grey iron Grey cast iron, also known as "flake iron", is the normal cast iron used for many applications and is available in many grades (strengths).

Grit number A number which quantifies the number of silicon carbide grains per square inch of polishing tape or disc. As the number of grains per square inch increases the grain size must reduce and the maximum quality of the surface finish increases. Grit numbers have been superseded by actual surface finish designations. See Table 1.13.

Grooved coupling A type of clamped pipe coupling which relies on a groove cut in each pipe end for axial restraint. An elastomer across the pipe ends provides the fluid seal.

GRP

Hazardous fluids These are fluids, which by nature of their chemical properties, create a potential for human injury, damage to property, to the environment or a combination of these. There is no European or International agreement on which fluids should be classed as hazardous. The UK Health and Safety Executive has a document, EH40, regarding the safety of personnel. In America there is a useful document produced by the National Fire Protection Agency, NFPA 325M. Another good source of information is the requirements for the transportation by road of dangerous goods, commonly known as ADR. A similar agreement applies to rail transportation, RID. These documents are published in the local language, not just English, French and German, and cover over 20 countries. For flammable fluids useful data can be found in IEC 79-12 which identifies gases and vapours for potentially explosive atmospheres for electrical equipment. Dust clouds can create a potential hazard and these should be checked rather than assuming dust to be safe. HAZOP Hazard and Operability Study

Heat-curing compound An adhesive, liquid gasket, thread seal or impregnation compound which must be heated to above the ambient temperature to start curing. Helical spring The type of compression coil spring used in packing boxes and actuators. A linear motion spring coiled from round wire or square section strip. Very accurate springs can be machined from the solid.

Glass-fibre reinforced plastic GTAW Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding, another name for TIG welding, Tungsten Inert-Gas welding.

Hex nipple

Guide bushing

A piece of hexagon bar with both ends turned and threaded with a male pipe thread. Used to connect two fittings.

A replaceable bushing, considered as a stationary trim component, within a valve to align the moving element with the seat.

HFS

Guidelines Guidelines are advice and must be written in an appropriate form, using "should" and "may". Guidelines cannot be enforced or verified as with Standards and Regulations.

H Hammer lug coupling A heavy duty threaded coupling used for oilfield applications. Pressure ratings start at 345 barg and increase to 1380 barg.

Hard facing A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as Stellite or Colmonoy, or a metallic carbide or a ceramic oxide are most often used for the coating. Increased corrosion resistance is an additional benefit.

18

Hot Finished Seamless; pipes of all sizes, but usually having thicker walls.

High pressure change-over valve A type of regulator which automatically selects between two feed systems depending upon the downstream pressure. For rapidly filling vessels a low pressure high flow supply, from a centrifugal pump, can be used. As the vessel pressure approaches the pump closed valve head, the change-over valve changes supplies to a low flow high pressure source, possibly from a positive displacement pump. See Figure 5.2, Chapter 5.

High recovery valve A valve design which only dissipates a small amount of energy and has a low pressure drop.

High Speed Steel (HSS) The term "high speed steel" was derived from the fact that it is capable of cutting metal at a much higher rate than carbon tool



steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is seen to glow red. Tungsten is the major alloying element but it is also combined with molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying amounts. Sometimes used for valve seats and other small components prone to wear.

HIP Hot Isostatic Pressing; a technique using high pressure and high temperature to convert casings to forgings.

HIPPS

IBN The Belgian Institution for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Belgium.

IBNORCA Instituto Boliviano de Normalizaci6n y Calidad, the National Standards Authority of Bolivia.

ICONTEC

High Integrity Pressure Protection System

Instituto Colombiano de Normas T6cnicas y Certificaci6n, the National Standards Authority of Columbia.

HMI

ID

Human, machine interface; another name for MMI.

Internal diameter; the bore of a pipe or tube.

Hot finished

IDF

A type of pipe which is made when the metal is hot and does not have any manufacturing operations after the metal has cooled. Usually covered by a thin scale and the surface finish may be a little uneven.

The International Dairy Federation; a trade association which has standardised hygienic pipe union fittings.

Hot-melt compound

The International Electrotechnical Commission, the electrical branch of ISO.

An adhesive, liquid gasket, thread seal or impregnation compound which is heated to a molten phase before application.

IEC

IEEE

HRc

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (of America)

Rockwell hardness on Scale "C"

IIW

H2S trim

International Institute of Welding

A valve with all contact materials in compliance with NACE MR-01-75, latest edition.

ILC

HT

A proprietary hygienic fitting based on the best features of IDF and RJT fittings; capable of much higher pressures.

Hardness testing (NDE)

Impregnation

HV

The sealing of a collection of very small pores using a chemical compound or the binding of electrical windings with an insulating compound.

Vickers Hardness

Hydraulic lock A situation usually encountered in gas systems when liquid has become trapped in a confined volume which should only contain gas, and prevents the movement of components.

Hygienic A general term used to designate equipment suitable for food production; animal and human food. CEN uses the term "agrifoodstuffs" as an all encompassing description for any product consumed orally. Hygienic does not imply equipment is suitable for Biotechnology.

Hygienic quality Some valves can be manufactured for processes which require cleanliness to be maintained at the highest levels. Initial cleanliness is ensured by mechanical design, material choice and polished surface finishes. Mechanical design must remove crevices where product can be trapped and decay. Also the valve must not contain dead volume, that is, volume which is not constantly exposed to moving product. Special connectors are required. Only approved materials may be used. All surfaces are polished to reduce the likelihood of product sticking.

Hysteresis The greatest difference in the controlled variable in relation to a single set of operating conditions after increasing, then decreasing, the control signal. The effect of the dead band is subtracted.

Impulse line A small bore pipe which carries a pressure signal from a process pipe to an instrument. The detailed design of the impulse line depends upon the process fluid, the size and the operating requirements. If the process fluid is hazardous the design specification may exclude the use of screwed connections. In this context compression fittings are not screwed as the union nut thread is not in contact with the fluid. If the distance between the process pipe and the instrument is great, a primary isolation valve, at the junction with the process pipe, may be specified. The primary isolation valve may be specified as flanged. At the instrument end, facilities for block and bleed, double block and bleed, equalise and/or calibration may be required. Bleeding can be accomplished by a plug or a valve. Hazardous fluids must be piped into a closed drains system, so plugs would be unacceptable. Because of the number of facility variations and permutations it is essential for the designer or safety officer to define the detailed requirements precisely.

Inclusions Usually non-metallic particles contained in metal. In steel they may consist of simple or complex oxides, sulphides, silicates and sometimes nitrides of iron, manganese, silicon, aluminium and other elements. In general they are detrimental to the mechanical properties but much depends on the number, their size, shape and distribution.

Increased safety

I IANOR Institut algarien de normalisation, the National Standards Authority of Algeria.

A design approach which reduces the probability that unusual heating or a dangerous arc can be produced which may ignite a flammable gas/vapour mixture which may be present during unusual operating conditions.


19


INDECOPI

Inside screw

Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protecci6n de la Propiedad Intelectual, the National Standards Authority of Peru.

Used on linear motion valves to move the sealing element. The screwed part of the stem is below the packing and exposed to the process fluid. The nut is built into the lower part of the bonnet or the sealing element.

IndiaBIS Bureau of Indian Standards, the National Standards Authority of India.

Installed flow characteristic

Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalizaci6n, the National Standards Authority of Ecuador.

The control valve characteristic is defined at constant differential pressure. When the valve is fitted in a system the differential pressure is unlikely to remain constant over the control flow range. Consider a control valve with inlet and outlet pipework between a constant pressure supply and a constant pressure demand; the valve is partially open and a stable flow regime exists. There is a frictional pressure drop in the inlet and outlet pipework. The control valve opens to increase the flow rate. The frictional pressure drop in both inlet and outlet pipes increases. The total differential pressure of the system is constant so the pressure drop across the control valve is reduced. The increase in flow is not as great as expected because the control valve differential pressure is reduced; the valve must open wider. The frictional components of practical piping systems together with flow-pressure relationships of the supply and demand modify the valve characteristic.

Ingot

Interlocking

The mass of metal that results from casting molten steel into a mould. An ingot is usually rectangular in shape and is subsequently rolled into blooms and billets for rods, bars and sections and slabs for plates, sheet and strip. With the increasing use of the continuous casting process the ingot route is less used as the molten steel is now directly cast into a bloom or billet.

The function of restricting valve operation depending upon the state of another valve or piece of equipment. Control systems can be interlocked electrically by requiring switches mounted on several pieces of equipment to be in certain positions before a circuit can be made. Hand-operated valves can be interlocked mechanically by using special keys. Mechanical and electrical equipment can be interlocked this way. See Chapter 14.

Induction hardening A widely used process for the surface hardening of steel. The components are heated by means of an alternating magnetic field to a temperature within or above the transformation range followed by immediate quenching. The core of the component remains unaffected by the treatment and its physical properties are those of the bar from which it was machined, whilst the hardness of the case can be within the range of 37 to 58 HRc. Carbon and alloy steels with a carbon content in the range 0.40/0.45% are most suitable for this process.

INEN

INN Instituto Nacional de Normalizaci6n, the National Standards Authority of Chile. INTECO Instituto de Normas T6cnicas de Costa Rica, the National Standards Authority of Costa Rica.

Intercrystalline corrosion Chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels are prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and subsequently in contact with certain types of corrosive media. When the metal is heated to within a temperature range of 450 to 800~ precipitation of the chromium carbides takes place at the grain boundaries in the area of the weld and these areas no longer have the protection of the chromium on the peripheries of the grains. This type of corrosion is also known as Weld Decay and Intergranular Corrosion. The most common way to avoid the problem is to select a grade of steel that is very low in carbon i.e. 0.03% or less, or one that is stabilised with niobium or titanium.

A spring-loaded relief valve which is designed for mounting inside pressure vessels. The complete valve assembly is mounted within the vessel and all components are exposed to the fluid. liP converter A device which converts an analogue electric signal into an analogue pneumatic signal. Typical electrical input of 4-20 mA dc would produce an output of 0.2 to 1.03 barg (3 to 15 psig). The converter must have an air supply; usually about 0.4 bar above the maximum output pressure. Some I/P converters include a voltage circuit so that 1 to 10 V dc can also be converted to pneumatic. IP Institute of Petroleum IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention Control

Intrinsically safe (IS) A type of electric circuit which limits the amount of electrical energy available for heating or the production of arcs so that surrounding flammable gas/vapour mixtures cannot be ignited.

IPQ Instituto Portugu~s da Qualidade, the National Standards Authority of Portugal.

IRAM

IIO Input/Output; the abbreviation used to describe the connection facilities of PLCs. 16 I/O would indicate a total of 16 connections for inputs and outputs. Large PLCs have thousands of I/O.

Inherent flow characteristic The same as Characteristic when the differential pressure is maintained constant.

Instituto Argentino de Normalizaci6n y Certificati6n, the National Standards Authority of Argentina. ISlRI Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, the National Standards Authority of Iran.

ISO pipe threads Metric versions of BSP.

Inherent rangeability The ratio of maximum to minimum flow within a specified tolerance band of the specified rangeability.

20

Internal safety valve

ISO International Standards Organisation



Isolating valve

Killed steel

A valve which is intended to be wide open or closed, with no flow regulation functions.

The term indicates that the steel has been completely deoxidised by the addition of an agent such as silicon or aluminium, before casting, so that there is practically no evolution of gas during solidification. Killed steels are characterised by a high degree of chemical homogeneity and freedom from porosity

ISS International Sanitary Standard; a largely obsolete standard for hygienic pipe unions. For most practical purposes ISS has been replaced by, and is interchangeable with, IDF unions. 4" unions are not interchangeable because the threads are different.

Knoop hardness test A micro hardness test in which a pyramid shaped diamond is pressed into the surface.

ISSM

KOWSMD

Institution for Standardization of Serbia and Montenegro, the National Standards Authority of Serbia and Montenegro.

Public Authority for Industry, Standards and Industrial Services Affairs, the National Standards Authority of Kuwait.

IST

Kv see Flow coefficient.

Icelandic Council for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Iceland.

ITCHKSAR Innovation and Technology Commission, the National Standards Authority of Hong Kong.

Izod impact test A test specimen, usually of square cross-section is notched and held between a pair of jaws, to be broken by a swinging or falling weight. When the pendulum of the Izod testing machine is released it swings with a downward movement and when it reaches the vertical the hammer makes contact with the specimen which is broken by the force of the blow. The hammer continues its upward motion but the energy absorbed in breaking the test piece reduces its momentum. A graduated scale enables a reading to be taken of the energy used to fracture the test piece.

KYRGYZST State Inspection for Standardization and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of Kyrgyzstan.

L Lamination A problem which can occur with rolled raw materials, like steel plate. The bulk material is not homogeneous and can separate into layers.

Laminated packing Packing can be formed by laminating fabric layers and curing with suitable bonding agents such as rubber. Many fabric and bonding agent combinations are possible to suit operating conditions.

Lantern ring

J

A spacer/bush used in packing boxes to allow the injection of lubricant, the collection of leakage and the application of a water seal, to the spindle/stem. Lantern rings are usually metallic but plastic or ceramic can be used. A short spacer with material removed from the central portion to provide storage or collection volumes in the bore and around the od. Internal and external volumes are connected by a series of holes or slots.

JBS

LC02

Bureau of Standards, Jamaica, the National Standards Authority of Jamaica.

Liquid carbon dioxide

JISC

Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of Jordan.

W h e n added to steel,lead does not go intosolution but exists in a very finelydivided state along the grain boundaries. Itgreatly assists machinability as it acts as a lubricant between the steel and the tool face. Lead is normally added in amounts between 0.15 to 0.35% and when combined with similar amounts of sulphur, optimum machinability is attained. The suffix Pb may be added to the steel designation.

Jominy Test

Leakage rates

Sometimes known as an End quench test, it is used to assess the hardening ability of steels.

For substances hazardous to the environment the allowable leakage rates are controlled by local, national or country grouping legislation. There is no complete list of hazardous substances but a list entitled Red List Chemicals or NFPA 325, is available for guidance. Local inspectors evaluate the site and issue an operating licence which specifies maximum emissions. More than one licence may be necessary for a site.

To obtain a representative result the average of three tests is used and to ensure that the results conform to those of the steel specification the test specimens should be machined and polished accurately. Charpy testing is now more popular.

Japan Industrial Standards Committee, the National Standards Authority of Japan. JIS

K KATS Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, the National Standards Authority of the Republic of Korea.

KAZMEMST Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification, the National Standards Authority of Kazakstan.

KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Kenya.

Leaded steels

For substances hazardous to personnel, but not to the environment, the allowable leakage rate is dependent upon local conditions; it is the concentration in the air which is important. Totally enclosed processes, with little or no air movement, will achieve high concentrations with low seal leakage. Open processes, with very large air volumes and continuous air movement, will be able to tolerate larger leakage rates without creating dangerous concentrations. Leakage will generally be dispersed downwind.


21


There is a problem in defining environmental hazards which are not direct personnel hazards. No complete European list is available and the American NFPA 325 standard includes a reactivity hazard rating based on a scale of 0 (zero) to 4. Substances with a rating of 1 or higher would be considered unacceptable for unmonitored emissions. Discussions with local pollution inspectors are necessary to clarify the containment requirements.

Level regulator An ambiguous term which should not be used. In some applications level regulator is used to describe a float valve. It can also be used to describe an altitude valve.

LIBNOR Lebanese Standards Institution, the National Standards Authority of Lebanon.

Limiting ruling section The maximum diameter of cross-section of a bar or component in which certain specified mechanical properties can be achieved after heat treatment. Figures are often quoted in standards for alloy steels, fastener material standards for example. Stainless steel standards and duplex steels, frequently omit this data and this can create manufacturing and operational problems for larger components. Corrosion problems can be experienced when solution annealing, for maximum corrosion resistance, or tempering, for strength, cannot be performed correctly.

Linear A flow characteristic which yields flow increases proportional to the valve opening, at constant differential pressure. If the valve opens to 50%, the flow will be 50%.

Linear valve A valve style in which the moving element travels in a straight line when opening and closing.

Liquid A liquid is a phase of matter which can be considered, for many practical applications, as a fixed volume with a variable shape. When subjected to significant pressure or temperature changes, liquids do change volume slightly. Liquids of low viscosity, like water, change shape rapidly. Liquids of significant viscosity, like syrup or molasses, change shape much more slowly. Liquids, like water, are Newtonian. Viscosity is independent of the rate of shear, and decreases with increasing temperature and is slightly influenced by pressure. Some liquids are "shear-sensitive" or "pseudo-plastic" and do not flow easily until a critical shear stress is applied, and then the properties of the liquid may change with time, like custard. Liquid is a very important phase of matter; pumps are designed specifically to handle liquid, not fluid. Many valves are designed specifically for liquids. Liquid trim Some manufacturers have design variations specifically for liquids.

Live-loaded gland A gland which uses springs to maintain a load on the gland when the packing compresses. See Figure 11.12, Chapter 11.

Live-loaded packing Packing which uses a spring to apply the load when fitted in a non-adjustable packing box. See Figure 11.11, Chapter 11.

Lockable valve A manual valve which is fitted with additional lugs on the yoke or gland to allow a padlock to be fitted to lock the valve open or closed.

Locked-in The condition experienced by pipes and equipment between two closed isolating valves. If the ambient temperature rises significantly, due to a fire for example, the internal pressure may rise to an unacceptable level. Thermal relief valves are fitted to remove hazards. If the ambient temperature fell significantly, a partial vacuum maybe created internally. If a vacuum was undesirable, a vacuum breaker could be fitted. If it was not permissible to introduce air, then a suitable fluid would have to be supplied. Lockshield valve A manual valve which is operated with a removable handle, sometimes called a key. The top of the gland is extended to surround the stem completely and thus prevent unauthorised adjustment with a spanner. The top of the stem is sometimes machined to a triangle or special rounded shape to prevent a spanner from gripping. Lockup The deviation in the controlled variable when the flow is reduced from the minimum controllable flow to zero flow, see Figure 1.2. LST Lithuanian Standards Board, the National Standards Authority of Lithuania.

Lubricator A connection on the packing box to facilitate packing lubrication.

Lug body A valve body which is designed to be clamped between two flanges with long stud-bolts. The valve body has lugs through which the stud-bolts pass. Some lug body designs do not allow the use of stud-bolts and the two lug faces are tapped and have studs fitted. Valves with studded connections require much more space for fitting and removal. Drawings must be checked for actual design. Tap bolts could be used in place of studs, but these will wear the holes in the valve if regular dismantling is planned.

LVS Latvian Standard, the National Standards Authority of Latvia.

M Mach Number M The relationship of the fluid velocity to the velocity of sound in the fluid. Most liquid applications operate at low velocity and Mach Number is irrelevant. However, pressure waves generated by water hammer and surge travel through the liquid at the acoustic velocity. As a rough guide the local velocity of sound in liquids can be taken as 1500 m/s. Some gas and vapour applications operate at high velocity and the local velocity of sound can be important for step changes in characteristics. The local velocity of sound in gases is given by Equation 1.9. The Mach Number is a simple ratio as shown in Equation 1.10. a= 91 ~T-mT

LN2 where:

Liquid nitrogen

Loader

=

velocity of sound (m/s)

An American name for a Pressure reducing regulator.

=

ratio of specific heats (non-dimensional)

22


Equ 1.9


T

=

absolute temperature (K)

m

=

molecular weight (kg/kmol)

- the weight of repair material required, as a percentage of the weight of the component

The velocity of sound in low pressure air can be approximated from a= 20.02 V~. For approximations using dry steam use T = 1.135, for superheated steam use 1.3. c Mea

Equ 1.10

where:

9

materialm - some materials are very easy to repair, by welding for example, and others are very difficult to repair

9

component - repairs to certain components may be classed as major irrespective of the type of flaw

Malleable iron

M

=

Mach Number (non-dimensional)

c

=

fluid velocity (m/s)

Grade of cast iron where the carbon content is largely converted to graphite to provide better ductility.

a

=

velocity of sound (m/s)

MAM

NOTE: The velocity of sound in gases and liquids varies with both temperature and pressure. The presence of solids or gas/vapour bubbles reduces the acoustic velocity very significantly. Machined seals Some materials which make excellent seals are very difficult to mould into suitable cross-sections. Most of these materials can be extruded or cast into tube or hollow bar. Seal profiles can be machined from the raw material which is a useful option for the production of seals to special dimensions. Both one-piece and split rings can be produced.

A metric version of AMS. Mandatory National government legislation is mandatory; it must be observed and obeyed. Certain sections of standards are mandatory for compliance. Man-made fibres Braided packing can be manufactured from man-made fibres or in combination with natural fibres. Popular man-made fibres include: Aramid carbon (carbonaceous), glass, graphite, metal and PTFE. Martensitic stainless steel

Machined springs Coil springs, or helical springs are usually manufactured by winding round, or square, wire around a mandrel. Coil springs can be machined from solid bar or a tube to produce a more accurate spring, without the constraint of standard wire gauges or wire materials.

An alloy of iron, carbon and chromium which can be hardened by heat treatment, are magnetic but are not as corrosion resistant as other grades of stainless steel. The chrome content is usually between 10 and 18% with a carbon content over 1%. Carbon allows the material to be very hard and provides a degree of wear resistance.

MACT

Matter

Maximum Achievable Control Technology

What everything is made of. Matter can exist in different phases, depending upon the temperature and pressure: solid, liquid, vapour, gas or plasma. Note especially, that fluid is not a state of matter. Fluid covers the collection m liquid, vapour, gas and plasma. Fluid is vague and should be used carefully and onlywhen appropriate. Fluid is not interchangeable with liquid!

Magnetic crack detection The material to be tested is magnetised by passing a heavy current through it or by making it the core of a coil through which a heavy current is passed. Cracks or inclusions cause the magnetic flux to break the surface forming free magnetic poles. When the component is sprayed with a suspension of finely divided magnetic particles they collect at the free poles to visibly show the presence of surface defects. Major repair During the production of special valves the purchaser and the manufacturer agree definitions of major and minor repairs which are permitted. A major repair is classed as a hold point on the quality plan and reclamation cannot proceed without the purchasers agreement. The purchaser must agree firstly that the component may be repaired. Secondly the purchaser and the manufacturer agree the repair method. The distinction between major and minor is usually defined by: 9

Mechanical resonance Severe vibration caused by the coincidence of an exciting frequency with a pipework natural frequency. Unacceptable levels of vibration may be transmitted to building structures or through foundations. Pipework failure due to fatigue may result if the resonance persists for an extended period of time. Meter valve A type of needle valve. Most needle valves are small and the needle has a sharp point. Meter valves are larger, of heavier construction and the needle has a rounded end to reduce wear problems. Meter valves are suitable for continuous throttling and should be capable of isolation.

location

Metric threads

- is the flaw in an accessible location for pre- and post inspection as well as repair?

A metric thread to ISO R/262 and French Standard NFE 03013 is popular for connecting pipe fittings to equipment. This is a parallel thread and uses a flat gasket for sealing. Table 1.14 shows the important dimensions.

-is the flaw in a functionally critical location? -is the flaw in a highly stressed region? size - the depth of the flaw as a percentage of the pressure retaining wall thickness

Thread designation

Minimum facing mm

Diameter at top of thread mm

Root diameter of thread mm

Thread pitch

Minimum length of thread mm

M10 x 1

18

9.97

8.92

1.0

8.5

- the length of the flaw, as a percentage of a descriptive dimension of the component

M12 x 1.5

20

11.97

10.34

1.5

9.0

M14 x 1.5

22

13.97

12.34

1.5

10.0

- the area of the flaw, as a percentage of the surface area of a region of the component

M16 x 1.5

24

15.97

14.34

1.5

11.0


23


Thread designation

Minimum facing mm

Diameter at top of thread mm

Root diameter of thread mm

Thread pitch

Minimum length of thread mm

M18 x 1.5

28

17.97

16.34

1.5

11.0

Modified parabolic A flow characteristic which is very close to linear. 50% opening produces slightly less than 50% flow at constant differential pressure. Also known as an exponential characteristic.

M20 x 1.5

30

19.97

18.34

1.5

12.0

M22 x 1.5

32

21.97

20.34

1.5

12.0

M24 x 1.5

34

23.97

22.34

1.5

13.0

M27 x 2

37

26.96

24.8

2.0

14.0

M33 x 2

42

32.96

30.8

2.0

16.0

M36 x 2

49

35.96

33.8

2.0

16.0

Modulating-action

M45 x 2

58

44.96

42.8

2.0

18.0

M48 x 2

58

27.96

45.8

2.0

20.0

Once a safety valve has started to open because the set pressure has been reached, the valve opens sufficiently to pass the required flow. As the valve flow changes the lift adjusts accordingly. This type of valve action produces small pressure waves when the valve opens and closes but not usually sufficient to cause problems.

Table 1.14 Main d i m e n s i o n s of metric threads for pipe fittings

MF

Modulating To adjust the valve position to any point between closed and wide open in response to a control signal. The alternative to modulating is on-off or step control, see the Special note on Digital valves in Chapter 6.

Mechanical flowsheet, now generally called P&ID

Moulded seals

MIG welding

Finished one-piece seal rings can be moulded from most elastomers, plastic or leather. Dies are required for every size, incurring tooling costs and an initial investment which increases production costs. They are an ideal production method for large quantities of seals. Seals can include fabric reinforcement to strengthen the seal and increase rigidity. Seals can be moulded to shapes which allow the rings to be self-energised. The tolerances of finished seals can be a problem and must be strictly controlled. "O"- rings, square rings and lobed rings, also called X rings or QUAD9 rings, are moulded and can be used as seals.

Metal arc Inert-Gas welding is an electric arc welding process where the arc is struck with the filler metal. The weld site is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert gas shield, argon, helium or carbon dioxide being the most popular.

MIL American Military specifications

Minimum controllable flow The lowest flow at which the control variable can be maintained at a constant value, see Figure 1.2.

Minor repair Read Major repair first. If a repair is not prohibited or major then it is minor. The manufacturer inspects and repairs the component but informs the purchaser of his actions. All documentation regarding the inspection and repair must be available for review by the purchaser.

MOLDST Department of Standardization and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of Moldova.

MSA Malta Standards Authority, the National Standards Authority of Malta.

Mirror finish

MSB

A very smooth surface finish applied to flange facings. Usually obtained directly by turning with a large radius tool at high speed. The actual surface finish should be between 0.8 and 1.8 pm. Also called Cold water finish because it is popular with water companies.

Mauritius Standards Bureau, the National Standards Authority of Mauritius.

MMA Manual Metal Arc welding. The arc is struck between the workpiece and the consumable which is covered (shielded) by a flux coating. The consumable and the flux melt in the weld pool. The melted flux covers the weld to prevent contamination. This is the most common type of manual arc welding.

MMI

The Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Incorporated of America. MSS produces specifications and guidelines for valves, fittings and piping installations.

MSZT Magyar Szabvany(Jgyi Test(Jlet, the National Standards Authority of Hungary.

MT Magnetic particle testing (NDE)

Man, machine interface. A keypad or keyboard, with or without text/graphical display, which allows operators to communicate with the control system.

Mn

MTBR Mean Time Between REpairs

N

The chemical symbol for manganese, a very important element for steel alloys. Manganese is present in the lowest alloys of steel and is added to improve hot working (during steel manufacture), and to increase strength, toughness and hardness. Manganese refines the steel grain structure by forming austenite. It improves wear resistance and facilitates welding.

Mo Molybdenum is alloyed with high strength steel to improve the high temperature physical properties. It is added to stainless steels to increase resistance to pitting corrosion. "Moly" has a favourable influence on the welding qualities.

24

MSS

N Nitrogen, the chemical symbol is more usually written N2. Nitrogen increases the austenitic stability of chrome-nickel stainless steels and greatly increases the strength, hardness and improves pitting corrosion resistance. Via a nitriding process, nitrogen can produce very hard surfaces while maintaining a tough core.

NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers (of America). Although the NACE organisation provides guidance on all types



of corrosion its name has become synonymous with sour service applications where hydrogen sulphide may be a problem.

NAMUR Dimensions for interfacing valves, actuators and auxiliaries. Became a German Standard as VDE/VDI 3845 and now an International Standard as ISO5211.

Natural frequency of a spring The frequency at which the spring resonates. A spring design should be selected so that the natural frequency is not a harmonic of any significant frequency present in the fluid system. The spring must not be considered in isolation. The spring will always have a moving mass associated with it. The natural frequency of the spring-mass system must be calculated. Include of the spring mass for accurate calculations.

Nb The element niobium (used to be known as Columbium)is added to some steels to stabilise carbon, in a similar way to titanium, but has the added benefit of improving elevated temperature strength.

Nitriding A case hardening process that depends on the absorption of nitrogen into the steel. All machining, stress relieving, as well as hardening and tempering are normally carried out before nitriding. The parts are heated in a special container through which ammonia gas is allowed to pass. The ammonia disassociates into hydrogen and nitrogen and the nitrogen reacts with the steel penetrating the surface to form nitrides. Nitriding steels offer many advantages: a much higher surface hardness is obtainable when compared with case-hardening steels; they are extremely resistant to abrasion and have a high fatigue strength. Stainless steels, such as 17-4PH, can be nitrided to provide extreme wear resistance with only a slight loss of corrosion resistance.

Non-destructive testing All those forms of testing that do not result in permanent damage or deformation to the part being tested. Typical examples include magnetic crack detection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray inspection and gamma radiography. Some types of hardness testing do not leave any damaging impressions.

nb

Non-flowing pilot

Nominal bore, the nominal size of a valve or pipe in inches. Nominal bore pipework has a fixed outside diameter and variable wall thickness to accommodate different pressure ratings, up to 12". Pipe sizes over 12" are designated by the outside diameter. In low pressure pipe the bore size may be larger than the nominal bore. In high pressure pipe the bore size can be considerably smaller than the nominal bore and the actual diameter must be checked when calculating flow velocities. The wall thickness of pipe is subject to manufacturing tolerances and +12.5% is fairly typical. The pipe bore is therefore variable to some extent. The pipe wall thickness available for stressing and corrosion is also variable. DN is the metric equivalent nb.

A pilot valve used with a pilot-operated safety valve which only passes sufficient process fluid to relieve the holding pressure above the disc.

NC

Non-shock

Oficina Nacional de Normalizaci6n, the National Standards Authority of Cuba.

Usually applied to pressure ratings but applies equally to temperature. Equipment manufacturers design for maximum and minimum applied pressure and temperature. The designer expects the equipment to operate at steady-state conditions with only slow changes in pressure or temperature. In this context the term slow cannot be quantified exactly as it is dependent upon the detail design and the size of the equipment. Rapid pressure changes may be caused by surge, water hammer or cyclic flow variations from compressors or pumps. Mechanical shock may have the effect of doubling the material stresses.

NDE Non-destructive examination

NDT Non-destructive testing

NEN Nederlandse Normalisatelntsituut, the National Standards Authority of The Netherlands.

NFPA (1) National Fire Protection Association (of America).

NFPA (2) National Fluid Power Association Inc (of America).

Ni The chemical symbol for nickel. An important element in alloying steel. In small quantities, nickel improves toughness. In quantities of 8% and greater, it works with chromium to produce the austenitic stainless steels typified by AISI 304 and AIS1316, probably the most popular stainless steels.

Nipple A short length of pipe, usually of small diameter, 2" nb, DN50, or smaller.

NISIT National Institute of Standards and Industrial Technology, the National Standards Authority of Papua New Guinea.

NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology (of America).

Non-rising stem Used on linear motion valves with inside screws. The nut is built into the sealing element which moves due to rotation only of the stem.

Non-rotating tip The disc, plug or needle of a linear valve is attached to the stem but does not necessarily rotate. It is a good way to reduce wear when tightening the tip against the seat.

Rapid temperature changes can be caused by using cold standby equipment without preheating or warming up. Thermal shock can create such high uneven stresses that the material cracks. A temperature change of 4~ may be considered acceptable for most equipment. Whenever operating conditions are liable to change quickly the equipment ratings should be discussed with the manufacturer.

Normalising A heat treatment process that has the object of relieving internal stresses, refining the grain size and improving the mechanical properties. The steel is heated to 800 to 900~ according to analysis, held at temperature to allow a full soak and cooled in still air.

Normally closed An isolating or control valve which requires control pressures above atmospheric to open. If the actuating system fails and the control pressure is reduced to atmospheric, the valve will close. A control valve can also be called direct-acting.

Normally open An isolating or control valve which requires control pressures above atmospheric to close. If the actuating system fails and


25


the control pressure is reduced to atmospheric, the valve will open wide. A control valve may also be called reverse-acting. Notched bar test

NPS Nominal pipe size (see nb) NPT

A test to determine the resistance of a material to a suddenly applied stress, i.e. shock. A notched test piece is employed in an Izod or Charpy machine impact test machine. Notified Body An organisation retained by the manufacturer to confirm that requirements such as the European PED or other regulations have been fulfilled.

National Pipe Thread (of America), is a tapered pipe thread which seals the fluid. Thread tape or sealant is applied to the thread during assembly. The basic 60 ~ thread form is cut on a taper of 0.75" per foot on diameter. The standard provides sizes up to 24" nb, but in practice 6" is about the largest used in process applications, see Table 1.16. Many users will not accept threaded fittings over 3".

Nozzle

Pipe nominal bore in

The inlet portion of a safety relief valve which is the only pressurised component when the valve is closed. The nozzle has the valve seat which is sealed by the disc when closed. See also semi-nozzle. Nozzle area Also called orifice area. Safety valves are manufactured in standard sizes with specific nozzle areas listed by API. Special nozzle sizes can be supplied to match specific applications. Table 1.15 indicates the areas available from various manufacturers. API Letter designation

D

E

F

Pitch diameter of perfect thread in



1/8

0.405

0.363

0.380

27

0.392

1/4

0.540

0.477

0.502

18

0.595

3/8

0.675

0.612

0.637

18

0.600

1/2

0.840

0.758

0.792

14

0.781

3/4

1.050

0.968

1.002

14

0.793

1.315

1.214

1.256

11.5

0.984

11/4

1.660

1.557

1.601

11.5

1.008

1 1/2

1.900

1.796

1.841

11.5

1.025

Area in2

Area cm 2

0.080

0.516

0.084

0.542

0.096 0.107 0.110

0.710

0.131

0.845

0.135

0.871

0.176

1.13

0.191

1.23

0.196

1.26

NSAI

0.210

1.35

0.212

1.37

0.231

1.49

National Standards Authority of Ireland, The National Standards Authority of the Republic of Ireland.

0.237

1.53

0.300

1.93

0.307

1.98

0.329

2.12

2

2.375

2.269

2.316

11.5

1.058

2 1/2

2.875

2.719

2.791

8

1.571

0.619

3

3.5

3.341

3.416

8

1.634

0.609

4

4.5

4.334

4.416

8

1.734

5

5.563

5.391

5.479

8

1.840

6

6.625

6.446

6.541

0.368

2.37

0.349

2.54

0.490

3.16

0.503

3.24

0.517

3.33

0.766

4.94

0.785

5.06

1.257

8.11

1.287

8.30

1.838

11.9

2.853

18.4

3.600

23.2

4.340

28.0

6.379

41.2

O Oblique valve A valve body style for linear valves which has in-line process connections and the valve actuating axis not at 90 ~. Observed activity During the production of special valves the purchaser or his representative or the Certifying Authority may express a desire to observe certain activities being performed. These activities may include valve assembly or routine production testing. The observer is informed of the timing of the activity and the activity is carried out whether the observer is present or not. Observed activities are not hold points on the quality plan. Obturator

11.5

71.2

The moving sealing element in a valve.

16.00

103

Octave bands

T

26.00

168

V

42.19

272

W

60.75

387

Y

82.68

533

Z

90.95

587

Z2

108.86

702

AA

136.69

882

BB

168.74

1089

BB 2

185

1193

1.946

Table 1.16 Main dimensions of NPT threads

R

Table 1.15 Safety relief valve nozzle areas

26

Pitch Approx pipe diameter at od in beginning of thread in

Complex noise signals can be analysed and separated into discrete frequency signals or harmonics; each frequency would have a specific amplitude. Rotating and reciprocating machinery have the signal analysed without grouping discrete frequencies into sets. The raw harmonics can indicate specific problems with the machine. Noise sources which should not contain important harmonics have the discrete frequencies grouped into standardised octave bands. Each octave band would have an amplitude indicating whether the noise source was low frequency, high frequency or random. The standardised octave bands are designated by their centre frequencies.



Table 1.17 shows the octave bands generally used with their top and bottom cut-off frequencies. 31.5 Hz

63 Hz

125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

8 kHz

16 kHz

P&ID Process and Instrumentation Diagram, a schematic arrangement of a process showing all the equipment and all the associated instruments.

P&S 22.2 Hz

44.5 Hz

89 Hz

177 Hz

354 Hz

707 Hz

1 . 4 1 4 2.828 kHz kHz

5.657 kHz

11.31 22.63 kHz kHz

Table 1.17 Standard octave band frequencies

od outside diameter; the outside diameter of pipe or tube.

Olive

Phosphorous and sulphur are often quoted together as impurities in steel. Electric arc furnaces can reduce the concentration to less than 0.025%. Vacuum remelted products can be expensive to manufacture but have higher than normal cleanliness and integrity.

Packing box The part of the bonnet which contains the seal or packing to reduce leakage along the valve stem.

Another name for a Ferrule

ON Austrian Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of Austria.

Open-loop control system A control system in which the measurement of process variables does not influence directly the adjustment of the control system. Consider a gas fire in the living-room of a home. The householder sitting in the living-room feels cold and turns the gas fire up. Later, the householder feels hot and turns the gas fire down. There is no physical connection between the instrumentation and the operating mechanism.

Packing flange see Gland Packing follower A plain, close tolerance metal ring fitted on the atmospheric side of the packing and used to apply an even gland load.

Packing lubricator An optional fitting on the bonnet to allow the packing to be lubricated while working.

Packing tape Packing boxes can be sealed using thin tape which is rolled to fill the box. Usually only PTFE and graphite is available in this form.

Outside screw

Pallet valve

Used on linear motion valves to move the sealing element. The screwed stem is exposed to the atmosphere above the gland. The nut is built into the handwheel or crossbar.

Another name for a dead-weight safety valve.

Overpressure The maximum pressure attained when the safety valve is passing 100% flow. When the system pressure exceeds the set pressure the safety valve will open. The system pressure may increase or decrease depending upon the volume flowing through the valve and the valve action. The valve nozzle area is a function of the allowable overpressure. Higher overpressures mean smaller valves.

Panel mounting A facility supplied on smaller valves which enables the valve to be mounted with the connections behind the panel. Usually applied to valves with screwed glands, extra nuts are provided to clamp the panel.

Parkerising A chemical treatment applied to ferrous metals to improve their corrosion resistance. The process is based on a manganese phosphate solution which produces a fairly thick coating. This can subsequently be painted or impregnated with oil.

BS 5500 requires overpressures up to 110% of set pressure for gases and vapours and up to 125% for liquids. ASME, ANSI and API safety valves can be oversized to reduce the overpressure. Compressors and pumps with safety relief valves fitted may have the set pressure and overpressure selected to reduce driver power. Because safety relief valves are generally built in discrete sizes the actual overpressure for 100% flow should be confirmed in the valve quotation.

A heat treatment process often applied to high carbon spring wire. The steel is heated to a suitable temperature well above the transformation range, followed by cooling in air or a bath of molten lead or salt. A structure is produced suitable for subsequent cold drawing and which will give the desired mechanical properties in the finished state.

Over-torqueing

Pb

The over-tightening of fasteners. Over-torqueing is most common when trying to prevent leaks from flanged connection. Leaks are usually due to incorrect gasket materials, the use of old gaskets or warped flange faces.

Patenting

The chemical symbol for lead. Lead is added to steel to improve machining qualities, sometimes in combination with sulphur, to make grades called "free-machining". The combination of lead and sulphur can increase the susceptibility to corrosion. PC

Oxidation The most common form of chemical reaction which is the combining of oxygen with various elements and compounds. The corrosion of metals is a form of oxidation, rust on iron and steel for example is iron oxide. Refined metals can be considered as unstable compounds; the natural stable state is their original mineral ores.

Personal Computer, a desktop or laptop computer.

PD Proportional and Derivative; see Control algorithms.

Permanent set The difference in length of a spring after deflection to a specified length and being released.

P

Permeability

P

The ability of gases, vapours and liquids to pass through solid materials. Many materials have pores through which molecules can pass. Permeability can be a very serious problem with very hazardous fluids and elastomer seals.

The element phosphorous, usually considered as a impurity in steels and refined to very low concentrations, 0.05% and lower.


27


Physical protection

Pipe anchor

The physical protection of an electrical enclosure is described by an IP rating. The rating consists of two numbers which define the protection against solids and liquids, see Table 1.18.

A pipe support which prevents pipe movement and rotation in all three planes.

First number Protection against solid objects

Second number Protection against liquids

0 No protection

0 No protection

1 Protection against solids _>50 mm

1 Protection against vertically falling drops of liquid

2 Protection against solids ___12 mm

2 Protection against liquid falling at up to 15 ~ from the vertical

3 Protection against solids _>2.5 mm

3 Protection against liquid spray at up to 60 ~ from the vertical

4 Protection against solids >_1.0 mm

4 Protection against splashing liquid

5 Protection against large dust

5 Protection against water jets

6 Protection against dust

6 Protection against heavy seas 7 Protection against intermittent immersion 8 Protection against continuous immersion

Pipe flexibility An assessment of the forces and moments applied by the pipe on its supports and end connections. Loads imposed by the pipework can vary considerably as temperature and/or pressure change. A very rigid pipe system can impose tremendous loads on valve connections. Some equipment, such as compressors, pumps and vessels, must be protected from high pipe loads and special pipe anchors must be incorporated in the pipe design to divert high loads directly into the support structures. Dynamic forces, from the movement of vibrating equipment, pulsating internal pressures or flow surges, can create unacceptable levels of pipework vibration if the flexibility is too high. The addition of pipe bends in the layout, to increase flexibility, can create unacceptable fluid flow patterns. The prime consideration of the piping design m to carry the process fluid safety and appropriately, can be compromised, unwisely, by poor details.

Pipe pup

T a b l e 1.18 Electrical e n c l o s u r e physical protection

The short lengths of pipe, welded to a valve body prior to assembly, used as a heat sink for field welds.

IP ratings comply with IEC 529 for static equipment and IEC 34-5 for rotating equipment.

Pipe supports A device for holding the pipe in one or two planes while allowing

PI(1) Pressure indicator

PI (2) Proportional and Integral; see Control algorithms. PID Proportional, Integral, Derivative; see Control algorithms.

Pillars Usually two round bars attached to the valve cover or bonnet which support the yoke, handwheel or actuator and guide the outer end of the stem.

Pilot-operated regulator A regulator which uses a small independent valve to sense and regulate the flow of control process fluid into the main valve. By using a small pilot valve the main valve can be large without loosing control precision. The process sensing connection may be internal or external to a remote point. Multiple pilots can be used to sense different control parameters or a single parameter with different set points.

Pilot-operated safety relief valve A safety relief valve which uses the process fluid pressure to hold the valve closed rather than a spring. Pilot-operated valves can be pop or modulating action. A pilot-operated valve may be set at a lower pressure, closer to normal operating pressure, and possibly reduce the system design pressure. Also, the overpressure requirements may be reduced. The use of pilot-operated valves, in conjunction with positive displacement compressors and pumps, may result in smaller driver requirements. Pilot regulator A small regulator which senses the controlling pressure and supplies process fluid to actuate the main regulator.

Pipe A conduit for carrying fluid which is designated by its nominal bore, nb, or its nominal diameter, DN. Pipes below 14" nb have unusual outside diameters i.e. 6.625", 10.75", etc. Pipes 14" and above use the od as the size. Pipe with an appropriate wall thickness can be threaded with standard pipe threads.

28

movement in the other plane(s). Most supports hold the pipe at a specific elevation but allow movement laterally and longitudinally. Pipe supports can be spring loaded to allow movement as pipe loads change. Non-metallic pipes are much more flexible than metal pipes and require more supports. As operating temperatures increase, non-metallic piping requires even more supports as the material becomes more elastic.

Piping Geometry Factor FP A factor which adjusts the valve flow coefficient to accommodate process piping which is larger or smaller than the valve. Depending upon the installed pipework the valve can appear to have a flow coefficient between 30% and 160% of the test value.

Piping kick The sudden movement of piping, quite often at a bend, in response to a pressure wave or a flow surge.

Piston A special moving element in a linear motion valve which creates the variable area geometry in conjunction with the guiding cage. A piston seals on its circumference against the cage. Pitot tube A tube for measuring the static and dynamic pressure of a fluid. The tube end faces upstream or downstream in the fluid flow, not perpendicular to the flow, as a standard pressure tapping.

PKN Polish Committee for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Poland.

Plasma welding Similar to TIG welding, where a tungsten electrode is used to create the electric arc which initiates the process. The parent metal is heated by a stream of argon plasma at about 20000~ and flows freely to form the joint. No filler material is used. The weld pool and the hot gas plasma stream are protected from atmospheric contamination by an argon gas shield. Very narrow welds are possible with small heat affected zones, HAZ.

Plastic flow The gradual permanent change in dimensions of solid materials when exposed to long term compressive stress. Non-metal-



lic materials tend to plastic flow much faster than metallic materials. High temperature is not necessary but it will accelerate the effect.

as snap action, this type of action can create pressure waves within the system leading to piping kick and pump/compressor surge.

PLC

Power-actuated safety valve

Programmable Logic Controller; a computer specifically designed for process control applications. A computer with input and output, I/O, connections for analogue and digital electrical signals and communication ports for other PLCs and computers. Most PLCs have an expansion port to allow more memory and I/O to be added. Special expansion modules, sometimes including another processor, can be added for communications with proprietary fieldbuses. The program is usually stored in a memory chip rather than disc as with commercial computers. Usually all the process logic, the program, must be supplied by the user. Programming can be by means of a handheld console or via a PC running special software. Some PLCs include self-diagnostic routines to validate the integrity of the hardware and software; this facility can be invaluable when problems occur.

A safety valve which is actuated by an external power source. Pneumatic and hydraulic power are the most usual, electric is possible in some cases. Care must be taken to ensure fail-safe operation or back-up equipment must be installed.

Many manufacturers of PLCs still use their own programming language; programs are not generally transferable. Some large multinational corporations, who purchase numerous PLCs, have co-operated and insisted on standardisation to allow much easier cross platform migration. IEC 61131 defines five standard languages for PLCs. PLCs are generally programmed by flowchart, ladder logic or statement list. There are over 60 PLC manufacturers covering a very broad spectrum, Table 1.19 indicates some important variables. Variable

Range

Memory kb

0.7 to 8000

I/O capacity

10 to 18 000

Speed of reading programme ms/1000 instructions

0.1 to 100

Positioner A control valve actuator used for accurate control applications. The positioner supplies air to the diaphragm or piston actuator to adjust the valve in response to control signals. The positioner is coupled to the valve/actuator stem and monitors the valve position to ensure the valve does adjust in response to the control requirement. The feedback of valve stem position allows very precise valve control.

Positive Material Identification, PMI Certain critical components may have the material of construction identified beyond any doubt. A piece of the component can be removed and given to a witnessing inspector who carries the sample to a laboratory and watches the analysis. Alternatively, the component is analysed by a portable instrument which confirms the chemical composition.

Powder metallurgy A technique using high pressure and high temperature to convert metal granules into solid, high integrity components. Very useful for mass producing flanges and "funny" shapes.

PRE Pitting resistance equivalent, calculated from a formula, depending on the material considered: P R ~ - Cr + 1.5 •

+ W + Nb) for stainless steel

Table 1.19 Programmable logic controller limitations

PLCs are available in PC card format. Standard PCs have ISA expansion slots to allow additional hardware to be fitted. PLCs on a card can be fitted inside a normal PC. The PC becomes an MMI. The PLC can be powered from the ISA slot (when the PC is switched off the PLC is switched off) or from an external 24 V dc supply. The PLC programme is stored in FLASH RAM and is not volatile. The PLC can be programmed across the ISA slot from the host or externally via an RS 232 port on the card. The PLC can utilise standard external expansion cards via an interface.

Plug A special moving element in a linear motion valve which creates the variable area geometry in conjunction with the seat or seat and cage. A plug seals on its end face or an angled portion on the end.

PN Pressure nominal, a European designation, in barg, of the maximum working pressure at ambient temperature. Pressure-temperature rating tables or graphs must be reviewed for the actual material at specific operating temperatures. Metallic materials are usually suitable up to 65~ without derating. Some non-metallic materials may need derating over 20~

Polish numbers A number which describes the surface finish of a component, #7 being better than #4. A fairly loose specification which has been replaced by Grit numbers.

Pop-action Once a safety valve has started to open because the set pressure has been reached, the valve opens fully very quickly due the combined effect of pressures and fluid forces. Also known

P R ~ = 3 . 3 x M o + 16xN 2 for super austenitic stainless steel P R ~ - Cr -0.8 • wire

+ 1.5 •

+ W) for nickel alloy weld

P R ~ - C r + 3.3 xMo + 30 xN 2

Precipitation-hardening steels There are relatively few precipitation-hardening steels compared to other alloy categories. A group of iron-chrome-nickel alloys with relatively small nickel proportions. In the annealed condition, alloys can be austenitic or martensitic. Heat treatment hardens the martensitic crystal structure.

Preferred mounting orientation Some valve designs work better or last longer when installed in a specific orientation. Most linear valves work best when the stem is vertical with the packing box on the top. Rotary valves can usually have the spindle horizontal or vertical. Check the manufacturers instructions before proceeding with detailed piping designs. Ensure sufficient space and access is available around actuators.

Pressure balanced regulator A regulator which compares two pressure signals and tries to equalise the pressures. A special type of Differential pressure regulator where the differential is zero.

Pressure containing part A valve part which is in physical contact with the process fluid or any actuating fluid. These parts may be subject to corrosion or erosion bythe fluid. Parts include: valve body, bonnet, stem and spindle.


29


Pressure control valve, PCV

Pressure switching regulator

A valve which is actuated by a control signal derived from a pressure sensor. The controlling pressure may be upstream or downstream of the control valve.

A regulator which acts as an automatic diverting valve in response to a pressure signal. Flow from an inlet connection is directed to one of two outlet connections depending upon the pressure signal.

Pressure-loaded regulator A regulator which uses a fixed mass of compressible fluid to replace the spring. The fluid charge may be contained behind the diaphragm or in an accumulator or in a sealed bellows capsule. Also called a Dome-loaded regulator.

Process controller

A regulator which maintains a preset pressure downstream of the regulator. The regulator may be direct-acting or pilot operated by the process fluid.

This can be a mechanical, pneumatic or electric~electronic device. Mechanical and pneumatic controllers would normally measure one or two variables and adjust a single output. Electric/electronic controllers can measure many variables and select the correct output logic to manage the situation. Controllers can have pre-programmed control algorithms, such as PID, to return the process variable to the set point as quickly and as smoothly as possibly.

Pressure registration

Profiler

A term used to describe the control pressure sensing. Pressure registration is either internal or external. Internal registration indicates that the control pressure is sensed directly from the regulator valve body; no control pipework is required. External registration indicates that the regulator is fitted with a port which must be connected to a point in the system where the control pressure can be sensed. Pilot-operated regulators with external pilots can be considered as external registration even though the sensing point is piped from the main valve body.

Another name for an electronic process controller. Profilers are usually used for processes whose set point changes with time. A sequence of events is initiated and the profiler ensures the process variable follows the correct time/value curve. Multiple curve profiles can be pre-programmed and memorised by the profiler, each curve containing a number of time/value settings.

Pressure reducing regulator

Pressure relief valve

PSI Palestine Standards Institution, the National Standards Authority of Palestine.

PSQCA

A valve designed to open at a specific pressure and prevent dangerous excess pressures occurring. The valve recloses when normal operating conditions have been restored.

Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority, the National Standards Authority of Pakistan.

Pressure retaining part

PT

A valve part which is stressed by internal fluid pressure due to its function of holding one or more pressure containing parts in position. Pressure retaining parts are not in direct physical contact with the process or actuating fluids and are not subject to corrosion or erosion by them. Pressure retaining parts may be subject to corrosion or erosion by atmospheric pollution. Parts include: bonnet fasteners, glands, gland fasteners, stems, spindles and stem nuts.

Penetrant testing (dye penetrant inspection) (NDE)

Pump governor Another name for a Pump pressure regulator.

Pump pressure regulator

An alternative name for a Back pressure regulator.

This term is misleading. Pumps handle liquids. This regulator is a steam regulator controlling the steam flow to a turbine driving a pump. The pump pressure can also be controlled using a Back pressure regulator to dump excess pump flow to the suction source. The pump pressure regulator is also called a Pump governor in some publications.

Pressure-temperature ratings

Push-down-to-close

Metallic and non-metallic materials used for valve manufacture usually weaken and become more elastic as temperature increases. Some materials become brittle as temperature decreases. These factors are well known and have been studied extensively by classification societies and standards authorities. Allowable stress values have been correlated with working temperature by pressure vessel standards and codes. The most popular Standards are EN 13445, ASME VIII and ANSI B 16.34. BS 5500 has been replaced by PD 5500 and is popular outside Europe. These Standards use different formulae to calculate the stresses arising from fluid pressure; the allowable stress values are not interchangeable. Pressure-temperature ratings are usually qualified as non-shock, may be time limited or have specified full-cycle pressure limitations.

A style of globe valve where the plug is pushed into the body to close the flow port(s). Sometimes called direct-acting.

Pressure retaining valve

Pressure-temperature regulator

Pressure shut-off regulator A regulator which senses pressure and operates an isolating valve. The regulator may operate with falling or rising pressure only or both. Another name for a Back pressure regulator.

30

Q QQ The prefix for American Federal Specifications

Quick-opening A valve characteristic which allows the passage of large flows with relatively small openings from closed.

QSAE

A regulator which uses a pressure and a temperature sensor for control. A pilot-operated regulator with two independent pilots.

Pressure sustaining valve

Push-down-to-open A style of globe valve where the plug is pushed into the body and opens the flow port(s).

Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia, the National Standards Authority of Ethiopia.

R Ra The symbol used to denote surface finish or surface roughness in accordance with BS 1134, ISO R/468, ISO 4287/1, DIN 4768/1 and DIN 4762/1. The standards are not identical but are



Sometimes eccentric are preferred to prevent the formation of gas/vapour pockets or sludge traps.

Lockip Set

Offset

point

Reflux The name given to reverse flow fluid passing through a non-return valve before the valve closes.

i

Regulation

$ r

o E =

8

MaxJmum

._E c_

The ability of a valve to operate at intermediate positions between wide open and closed and to effectively adjust the flow rate. Most valve types can regulate but not always effectively. When regulation is achieved by creating very high velocities, wear, noise and cavitation can be expected.

Regulations ...........

J

Regulator flow

Regulator performance

Figure 1,2 Typical regulator performance characteristics

based on the same principle, the Centre Line Average, (CLA) roughness. The method finds the arithmetic average of the deviation in peaks and troughs from a centreline over a measured length. The following formula is used. Re = ~

1 j" x--/r~

x 0 lYl dx

Legally enforceable requirements imposed by national governments. Regulations are enacted by law in the country of origin.

Equ1.11

in order to reduce confusion in global manufacturing companies, the concept of a roughness number was introduced for surfaces. The relationship between inch and metric values is shown in Table 1.13 together with Polish and Grit numbers. For comparison purposes the surface finish of a good investment casting should be about 4.5 IJm. A satin polished finish would be about 2 pm.

RAL The German organisation, Reichsausschuss f(~r Lieferbedingungen, was instigated to standardise precise technical terms to allow rationalisation of purchasing (long before the EU Single Market Project). Nowthe RAL prefix is used for colour shades in accordance with international standards such as BS 381C.

Rangeability The effective flow control range of a control valve. The result obtained when the maximum flow is divided by the minimum flow. Usually expressed as a ratio; 50:1.

Rated capacity The flow through a regulator when operating under specified conditions and deviating from the set point pressure by the limiting offset, see Figure 1.2.

Reduced-opening valve see Reduced-port Reduced-port

The performance of a regulator is best shown on a flow/pressure graph which can indicate the important reference points, see Figure 1.2.

Relaxation The reduction in induced stress due to a fixed deformation when the material begins to creep or exhibit creep or plastic flow. Helical compression springs can suffer a reduction in the force applied after prolonged compression.

Relay valve Another name for the pilot valve in a Pilot-operated

regulator.

Relief valve Avalve which opens at the set pressure and modulates the lift in response to the pressure and the volume of fluid flowing. This type of valve is used mainly for liquids rather than gases or vapours.

Repairs During the normal manufacturing process, errors occur. The errors can be small, that is easily rectified without impairing the function or performance of the component, or major, requiring substantial rework, or critical and unrecoverable. During the production of standard valves, the valve manufacturer imposes his standard repair requirements on components. When valves are produced specially to order, the purchaser has the opportunity to decide which flaws are repairable and which are not. The manufacturer and the purchaser must agree on a policy before the contract starts. See Major and Minor repair. In certain instances some types of component have restrictions placed on the nature of repairs allowed. For example, it may be advantageous not to permit weld repairs on forged valve bodies. Forged valve bodies are used because a casting is not considered to have sufficient inherent integrity. If a flaw is found in the bore, the most highly stressed region, it may be easy to excavate and weld repair. The reclaimed forging, however, does not have the same integrity as a good forging. If a flaw is discovered on the outside of the valve body, the lowest stressed region, other repair techniques may be appropriate. Proprietary specifications for pressure containing parts frequently prohibit repairs by peening, plugging, burning-in or impregnating. Limitations on repairs must be agreed before manufacturing commences.

Always described as reduced-bore, a valve in which the seat area or the ports leading to the seat are smaller than the nominal pipe area in which it is fitted. In globe valves the ports may be smaller and the seat may be larger than the nominal pipe area. Gate valves may have 50% flow area, globe valves even less. The increased velocity in the port or seat can result in increased erosion, corrosion and noise. Accelerated material loss is not limited to solids handling. Increased liquid velocities can damage the protective oxide layer resulting in unexpected corrosion. Some valves do not have circular ports. Sudden changes in area can create violent turbulence leading to greatly increased erosion and corrosion.

The tolerance on the controlled variable value obtained when the operating conditions are returned to a specific condition after operating at other conditions.

Reducer

Requirements

A piping fitting which allows pipes of different sizes to be connected together. Concentric and eccentric styles are available.

Standards and regulations should contain requirements. That is to say statements specifying how objectives must be achie-

Repeatability


31


ved. Requirements must be verifiable or there is no way of establishing compliance.

Reseat pressure The pressure at which the safety valve will close after opening and allowing fluid to pass. The reseat pressure is usually between the system normal operating pressure and the safety valve set pressure but can be below the normal operating pressure.

Resolution sensitivity The smallest change in the controlled variable which will initiate a regulator response.

Reverse-acting Some actuators can be fitted to valves in more than one way. This allows the actuator action to be changed for a constant control signal. Control valves can be made to open or close in response to the same signal. Reverse-acting usually refers to the effect of positive feedback i.e. on increasing the control signal the valve opens. See also Direct-acting.

Reynolds Number, Re In the same way that Reynolds Number can be calculated for pipework, it can be calculated for valves to determine whether operation is lamina or turbulent. Lamina operation can occur when viscosity is high or the differential pressure is low or with small valves. If operating conditions vary over a wide range it is advisable to check Re at the extremes. The valve capacity may be drastically reduced in the lamina region. The following formula has been used by one manufacturer to calculate the valve Re. _ 76 000Fe. Q x~(Fp_-FL" Cv)2 t~ Rev-m~Fp" FL" Cv L 0.0~ 1 ~ + 1

Equ 1.12

Rising stem On linear motion valves the stem rises through the yoke when the valve is opened.

RJT Ring Joint Type; a hygienic union pipe connector. Not to be confused with RTJ.

Rockwell hardness testing A method for testing the hardness of metals by determining the depth of penetration of a steel ball or a diamond sphero-conical indentor. The value is read from a dial and is an arbitrary number related to the depth of penetration. For testing hard steels, a sphero-conical diamond is used with a 150 kg load, the result is read from the black scale on the dial and is prefixed with the letter C. A hardened tool steel would typically give a reading of 62 HRc. For softer metals Scale B is used with a 1/16" diameter steel ball and a standard load of 100 kg.

Rotary valve A valve style in which the moving element rotates about an axis when opening and closing.

Rotating tip The disc, plug or needle of a linear valve is part of the stem and rotates when the valve is adjusted. Rubbing rotation can cause wear when tightening the tip against the seat.

Rough finish An intermediate flange finish between smooth and the serrated finishes. The surface roughness should be between 3.2 and 6.3 pro. Sometimes known by the inch designation 250 AARH.

RTU

where" Rev

=

valve Reynolds Number (non-dimensional)

Remote Terminal Unit; an operator interface to a control system. Another name for an MMI.

F~

=

valve design characteristic (non-dimensional)

Rupture disc see Bursting disc

Q

=

flow (m3/h)

=

fluid viscosity (centiStoke)

Fp

=

pipe geometry factor (non-dimensional)

FL

=

pressure recovery factor (non-dimensional)

Cv

=

valve flow coefficient (m3/h/barg)

d

=

valve inlet diameter (mm)

F~

=

1 for ball valve, modified ball valve, plug valve, eccentric plug valve, single seat globe valve

=

0.71 for butterfly valve, double-beat globe valve

South African Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of South Africa.

=

0.5 for special low noise and anti-cavitation trims

SAC

=

1 when inlet and outlet piping are the same size as the valve, (Fp can vary from 0.6 to 3 depending upon the valve design and the piping sizes)

Fp

FL

S S Sulphur is usually an impurity in steels, creating brittleness. But it may be added to improve machinability although it can create problems during hot working.

SA Standards Australia, the National Standards Authority of Australia.

SABS

Standardization Administration of China, the National Standards Authority of China.

SAE

=

1 to 0.9 for anti-cavitation trims

Used to be The Society of Automobile Engineers (of America) but is now called The Society of Automotive Engineers, advancing mobility in Land, Sea Air and Space.

=

0.8 to 0.9 for globe valves

SAE pipe thread

=

0.5 to 0.7 for special rotary valves

Rimmed steel A steel which is not fully deoxidised before pouring; gas blowholes can be a problem.

32

Rising handwheel On linear motion valves when the handwheel is directly attached to the stem and the stem rises when the valve is opened.

SAE J475 and ISO 725 is an American, 60 ~ parallel pipe thread used extensively in automotive applications. Sealing is accomplished by an "O"-ring or a flat washer. Table 1.20 indicates the important dimensions.



Thread designation

Minimum boss od in

7/16-20

0.830

top of thread in

Root diameter of thread in



0.432

0.375

20

0.450

Diameter at

1/2-20

0.910

0.494

0.437

20

0.450

9/16-180

0.970 _

0.557

0.493

18

0.500

3/4-16

1.187

0.743

0.672

16

0.560

7/8-14

1.375

0.868

0.785

0.660

11/16-12

1.625

1.054

0.959

0.750

15/16-12

1.912

1.304

1.209

12

0.750

15/8-12

2.270

1.617

1.521

12

0.75

1.867

1.771

17/8-12

2.562

0.75

Table 1.20 Main d i m e n s i o n s of SAE pipe threads

Safety valve A valve which opens fully once the set pressure has been exceeded irrespective of the volume of fluid flowing. These valves usually have a pop-action and are used mainly on gases and vapours which expand considerably as the pressure drops through the valve.

least two associated alarm or trip settings. If a measurement is outside the alarm settings a local or remote annunciator can be initiated or a signal can be transmitted over a network, RS 232 or RS 485. A scanner can act as a data-logger by printing measured values at preset time intervals and when an alarm has been initiated. Sophisticated scanners can calculate mean values and remember maximums and minimums. Small scanners have six inputs, larger scanners can have over 700. SCC Standards Council of Canada, the National Standards Authority of Canada.

Screened cable A cable with one or more cores where the cores are completely surrounded by a conducting screen which is usually earthed. The earthed screen prevents interference from stray magnetic fields close to the cable.

Screwed bonnet A bonnet which is threaded and screwed directly into the valve body.

Screwed gland

Safety relief valve A valve which can have either a pop or modulating action.

Sanitary

A gland which screws into a female thread in the bonnet. It can be either adjustable or non-adjustable.

Se

American terminology for Hygienic

SARM

The element Selenium, added to some steels to improve machinability.

National Institute of Standards and Quality, the National Standards Authority of Armenia.

Seal weld

SASO Saudi Arabian Standards Organization, the National Standards Authority of Saudi Arabia.

SASMO Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology, the National Standards Authority of the Syrian Arab Republic.

SAW Submerged Arc Welded, a type of electric welding process used on thick wall pipe and tube. The submerged arc process produces a very high quality, clean weld. Powdered flux is poured into a dam which is clamped either side of the seam. The end of the welding electrode is covered by the flux and air is effectively excluded. The powdered flux melts to protect the molten filler metal. Both flux and filler metal solidify on cooling. Unused powdered flux is collected for re-use. When cold, the flux forms a solid slag which peels of the weld metal. Typical pipe sizes would be in the range of 400 mm diameter and larger with wall thickness of 6 to 32 mm. For corrosive applications the filler metal should be the same chemical composition as the parent metal or slightly more noble. For critical applications clarification will be worthwhile.

SBS Seychelles Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of the Seychelles.

SCADA

A threaded pipe connection, usually a taper thread but could be applied to a parallel thread, which is made dry without sealants. A fillet weld is added at the external joint face to prevent any leakage. This type of construction is only acceptable when the process fluid is not corrosive. The pipe threads, which provide the strength for the joint, are not protected and are susceptible to crevice corrosion or galvanic corrosion if the metals are significantly different.

Seamless Pipe or tube which does not have a welded seam. Some rolled plate and strip products have no seam because the edges are joined by pressure welding when the metal is hot.

Seat The pressure-retaining contact seal between the stationary and moving parts of the valve. A valve may have more than one seat.

Seat leakage The leakage through the seat when the valve is closed. Leakage is standardised in many cases, see Chapter 16.

SEE Service de I'Energie de I'Etat, Organisme Luxembourgeois de Normalisation, the National Standards Authority of Luxembourg.

Self-energised packing

Supervisory, Control And Data Acquisition; an intelligent control system for large scale processes. Usually implemented by employing DCS, Distributed Control System, with extensive process data measurement. Small systems may only have 40 data points; large systems may have 2000 and over.

Scanner An electronic device which has multiple measuring points. Each point is measured consecutively at a preset rate. Scanning rate can be as low as 4/s. Each measurement can have at

Packing which uses the fluid pressure to create the sealing forces to prevent leakage. Higher pressures result in higher sealing forces. See Figure 11.9 in Chapter 11.

Semi-lug wafer body A valve body designed to clamp between two flanges with several lugs with clearance holes. The lugs allow the valve body to be held in place against one flange using extra nuts on the long stud-bolts.


33


Semi-nozzle construction

Si

A safety relief valve style where the nozzle does not form all the valve inlet. The valve body forms part of the inlet and is exposed to the process fluid. See Figure 7.7 in Chapter 7.

Silicon, is added to steels, although usually present anyway from the iron ore, as a deoxidiser to improve quality and reduce porosity. It acts in a similar manner to aluminium but produces a harder steel.

Serial transmission Sending digital information bit by bit. An 8 bit binary number would be sent as eight discrete pulses one after another. The type of digital data transmission over two-core cable and twisted pairs.

SII Standards Institution of Israel, the National Standards Authority of Israel.

SIL

Servo-loaded relief valve

Safety Integrity Level

A conventional spring-loaded relief valve which is normally held closed by fluid pressure supplied by a control valve. When the set pressure is reached, the control valve unloads the servo so the relief valve can open and reseat as normal. At a predetermined low pressure, the control valve replaces the fluid pressure on the servo to hold the valve closed again. Although more complicated, this approach allows successful operation very close to the set pressure and prevents prolonged simmering which can wiredraw seats. The valve is still fail-safe; the servo pressure is insufficient to hold the valve closed without the spring force.

Simmer

Servo-operated Applied to solenoid valves to indicate the main valve is fluidpowered and actuated by a small valve in a servo or pilot circuit. Identical in principle to pilot-operated.

Servo-regulator

A condition which occurs with spring-loaded valves when the system operating pressure is very close to the set pressure. The closing force on the disc is much reduced allowing the safety valve to weep. No measurable volume of fluid escapes but it can be visible and audible. Some manufacturers state this condition only occurs with gases and vapours; however it is also applicable to high pressure liquid valves. The valve may make a noise very similar to a steam whistle.

Single flange wafer body A short wafer body which incorporates a single, central flange. Valve installation requires long stud-bolts with an extra nut to clamp the valve body to one flange. Some designs have tapped holes at the spindle centreline. Drawings should be checked for exact construction.

Single-seat globe valve

An alternative name for a Pilot regulator.

A standard globe valve with one seat.

Set point

SIP

The value of the controlled variable at the minimum controllable flow, see Figure 1.2.

SFS Finnish Standards Association, the National Standards Authority of Finland.

SG iron An abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. As the name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes and compared with Grey Cast Iron it has higher mechanical strength, better ductility and increased impact resistance.

Steam-in-place

SIRIM Malaysian Standards Institution, the National Standards Authority of Malaysia.

SIS Swedish Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of Sweden.

SIS Safety Instrument System

Shear ring

SIST

As working pressures increase it becomes more difficult to design a satisfactory bolted flanged connection. The pressure and gasket loads must be supported by the studs. Stud stresses can become irrelevant, as flange thicknesses increase, and the elasticity of the stud becomes important. Increasing the stud diameter has a finite limit. Space must be allowed for spanner clearance. Cap nuts can be used but again a limit is reached. A rectangular metal ring, a shear ring, set in a groove in the body can provide much more load carrying area exactly where it is needed. Bolted retainers are used to secure the shear ring until pressure loads are applied. Bonnets of this style should have radial seals against the bore, not face seals.

Slovenian Institute for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Slovenia.

Shore scleroscope

Skirt-guided A method of guiding the valve plug from the seat bore, The plug bottom is fitted with a tube which extends into the seat bore. Flow ports through the skirt are positioned immediately beneath the plug lower surface.

SLBS Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Saint Lucia.

SLSI Sri Lanka Standards Institution, the National Standards Authority of Sri Lanka.

An instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is allowed to fall freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sample under test. The hardness is measured by the height of the rebound. In another form the rebounding hammer actuates the pointer of a scale so that the height of the rebound is recorded. The Shore test can only be used on "large" components.

A method of fitting soft packing in the packing box. The packing is not cut into individual rings which are fitted separately, but is fitted as a single continuous length. The ends of the packing are cut at an angle so they can blend in and form a square face.

Shutdown valve, SDV

Slug (2)

An isolating valve, part of the ESD system, which closes to isolate equipment or a process during the shutdown sequence.

A change in consistency of a fluid flow stream; a slug of liquid in a gas/vapour stream or a slug of gas/vapour in a liquid stream.

34

Slug (1)



SMAW

SON

Stick Metal Arc Welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding, the simplest and most common type of manual arc welding, also known as Manual Metal Arc welding, MMA. The arc is struck between the workpiece and the consumable which is covered (shielded) by a flux coating. The consumable and the flux melt in the weld pool. The melted flux covers the weld to prevent contamination.

Standards Organisation of Nigeria, the National Standards Authority of Nigeria.

SMS Swedish Manufacturing Standard; a Swedish standard for hygienic pipe unions.

Measured in dB, ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of sound power radiated by the operating source to the reference power level.

Smooth finish

Reference level = 1pW o 10-12W.

A flange facing finish which is smooth but not polished. The finish would normally lie between 1.8 and 3.2 IJm. No visible tool marks should be discernible.

Sound power The rate at which sound energy is radiated by a source; Watts per unit time. Sound Power Level, SPL

Sound Power Level = SPL = = 10log 10

SMYS Specified minimum yield strength

Power Level W } 10 -12

Equ 1.13

SN

An increase of 3 dB is double the sound power level; an increase of 10 dB is ten times the sound power level.

Standards Norge, the National Standards Authority of Norway.

Sound pressure

SNIMA

The sound pressure, at a specified position near the source, when the source is operating under specific conditions, mounting and reflecting planes, in the absence of background noise and reflections from surfaces other than the plane below the equipment.

Service de normalisation industrielle marocaine, the National Standards Authority of Morocco. Snubber A non-adjustable high fluid friction resistance to attenuate pressure pulsations. SNV Swiss Association for Standardization, the National Standards Authority of Switzerland. SNZ Standards New Zealand, the National Standards Authority of New Zealand. Socket fusion weld

Sound Pressure Level, SPL Measured in dB, ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the square of the emission sound pressure to the square of the reference sound pressure, measured with a particular time weighting and a particular frequency weighting. The reference sound pressure level is 20 mPa. Suitable weightings are listed in IEC 651; dB(A)is the most used. Sound pressure levels are usually specified at lm from the source and lm above ground level or at the height of the centreline. Sound Pressure Level = SPL =

A thermal welding technique used with some non-metallic piping systems. Materials such as polypropylene can be welded by using electric heaters.

rPressure Level pa}2 = 101og101 2-0 -6

Equ 1.14

= 201~ ~l(Pressure2-0Level_6Pa t

Equ 1 .15

Socket weld fittings Fittings for connecting pipes, which use a single fillet weld around the od of the pipe/tube for mechanical attachment and sealing. The pipe/tube is inserted into the fitting, then welded. It should only be used with safe fluids. The weld cannot be X-rayed to verify integrity.

An increase of 6 dB is double the pressure level; an increase of 20 dB is ten times the pressure level. Sour

Soft PLC Software which provides a standard PC with the programming facilities normally found on an industrial PLC.

A description of the environment or the process fluid; hydrogen sulphide, H2S, is present.

Soft-seat

Specification

A soft insert of plastic, elastomer or other readily deformable material, in the valve body or the moving element which deforms on contact with the other sealing surface to provide low or zero seat leakage. A type of connection used mainly with copper tube. The tube is inserted into a socket in the fitting and the clearance around the tube is filled with solder. The solder can be supplied externally during heating or can be part of the fitting, see Capillary fittings.

A document issued as part of a contractual agreement for equipment. Most specifications refer to standards and amend or extend requirements to suit the particular application. Some specifications are "vague" in the sense that requirements are aspirations and cannot be verified. Before writing a specification, authors could be usefully guided by consulting Standard writing rules, like BS 0 (Standards, specifications for structure, drafting and presentation.). A specification which is vague or ambiguous will be interpreted to the suppliers" advantage. A specification which is capable of interpretation, is of little value to the purchaser.

Solution annealing

Spill area

A heat treatment to allow precipitated constituents to return in to the solution. Quenching "freezes" all the constituents in the required state.

This is the area formed by the circumference of the nozzle bore and the disc lift. Some standards refer to this as the curtain area. The spill area need not be equal to the nozzle area.

Soldered connection


35


Spindle The shaft which rotates in rotary valves and actuators.

steel can be divided into five groups: martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardening.

Spiral serrated

Standard

A very similar finish to "stock finish" but a straight V groove is used rather than a radiused one. The finished grove is 1/64" deep and the feed rate is 1/32" for all flange sizes.

A specification, issued by a National Standards Authority, a government sponsored organisation, which is characterised by strict editorial control and verifiable requirements. Standards should consist of clauses which mainly use "shall" to indicate a "requirement" which must be met. Compliance with standards must be verifiable, otherwise the effort is wasted. "Should" is used to describe recommendations; "may" indicates a course of action which is acceptable. Clauses which require an agreement should be kept to an absolute minimum.

Spiral-welded A type of pipe which is made by rolling a narrow strip around a mandrel and welding the edges together. It is an effective way of making large diameter pipe.

Spring When used without qualification, spring is construed to mean a helical coil spring wound from round wire. There are other spring designs and other manufacturing methods. Springs should be described to avoid confusion.

Spring range

Standard flow Some linear and rotary valves have a preferred, or mandatory, direction of flow due to the valve construction.

Static back pressure

The change in force of a diaphragm return spring when the applied air pressure varies between 0.21 and 1.03 barg.

The pressure at the safety relief valve outlet connection when the valve is closed and not operating. Also called Superimposed back pressure.

Spring rate

Static unbalance

The force per unit length deflection applied by the spring. The spring rate may be a linear function of deflection or may increase as deflection increases. Variable spring rates can be helpful in eliminating spring resonance.

The force on a plug, or torque on a disc, when closed with specified operating conditions.

Spring resonance

A method of cleaning and sterilising hygienic equipment after production. The equipment is not disassembled but cleaned as a system. Low pressure saturated steam, 1 to 2.4 barg, 120 to 137~ is circulated for 45 minutes or up to 1 hour.

This occurs when a spring is excited at its natural frequency. Resonance usually results in uncontrolled movement of individual coils causing material damage and early failure.

SPRING SG Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board, the National Standards Authority of Singapore.

Squish A pseudo technical term used in fluid dynamics to denote a special type of compression process. Fluid is compressed by a closing tapered enclosure and forced to move in a specific direction. This type of compression can be used to slow the impact of discs on seats, a type of fluid damping. The fluid must possess a minimum viscosity for the technique to be viable. End-of-travel cushioning can be accomplished in the same way.

SSC Sulphide stress cracking; a type of corrosion mechanism which attacks components made of high strength materials which derive their strength from heat treatment to relatively high hardness levels. Sulphide stress cracking is usually associated with hydrogen sulphide in connection with crude oil and natural gas production.

SSPC Society for Protective Coatings (of America).

Stability The capability to maintain a constant controlled variable value within the limits of the accuracy of regulation.

St

Steel An alloy of iron and carbon with small quantities of silicon, manganese, moly or nickel. Phosphorous and sulphur are usually present, in quite small quantities, less than 0.05%, as impurities which impair the physical and chemical properties. If the carbon content is between 0.4 and 1.2% approximately the steel can be hardened by heat treatment although steels with lower carbon contents can be heat treated, inadvertently, during welding.

Stem The shaft which reciprocates in linear valves and actuators.

Stem connector A clamp, usually in two halves, to connect the valve stem to the actuator stem.

Stem leakage Leakage through the stern (or spindle) seal when the valve is open or closed. Some valve designs seal the packing box when open; others when closed. Rotary valves generally are unable to seal the packing box.

Sterilise-ln-Place, SIP The procedure of sterilising complete hygienic systems after production without disassembling any equipment. Sterilisation can be accomplished with low pressure saturated steam, 1 to 2.4 barg, 120 to 137~ or proprietary liquids. Low pressure steam has the added benefit of being able to loosen and soften product which may have become stuck.

Sticktion

Steel

American spelling of Stiction.

Stagger-set Applicable to multiple safety valve installations when the set pressures are all slightly different.

Stainless steel An alloy of iron and chromium which is usually, at least, 50% iron and up to 30% chromium. Carbon is usually present from very low concentrations, 0.03% to 1.0% or more. Stainless

36

Steam-in-place, SIP

Stiction Short for static friction; the physical phenomenon which creates the very high force necessary to start something moving; friction to prevent movement rather than resist movement. It can be considered like a "tack weld'; something which holds in place but is quite easily broken. It can happen in valves, handling viscous material, when the plug becomes stuck to the seat.



Stick welding

T

Short for Stick Metal Arc Welding or Shielded Metal Arc Welding, the simplest and most common type of manual arc welding, also known as Manual Metal Arc welding, MMA. The arc is struck between the workpiece and the consumable which is covered (shielded) by a flux coating. The consumable and the flux melt in the weld pool. The melted flux covers the weld to prevent contamination.

Ta Tantalum is a rare metal and is used in some applications for its special corrosion resistance. It is used as an alloying element in steels and may be used instead of niobium.

TA-Luft

STLE

Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung tier Luft, the German Regulatory Body for air pollution and control regulation.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (of USA)

TBS

Stock finish

Tanzania Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Tanzania.

The standard surface finish applied to flange facings by the flange manufacturer. Stock finish is a shallow spiral groove machined as one continuous cut across the face. The angled crests created apply a strong grip to the gasket to resist blow-outs. Flanges up to 12" have a 1/16" radius groove cut with a feed rate of 1/32" per revolution. Larger flanges use a 1/8" radius tool and 3/64" per revolution.

Stress relieving A heat treatment including heating and soaking at a suitable temperature e.g. 600 to 650~ followed by cooling at an appropriate rate in order to reduce internal stresses without substantially modifying the steel's structure. This treatment may be used to relieve stresses induced by machining, quenching, welding or cold working.

TCVN Directorate for Standards and Quality, the National Standards Authority of Vietnam.

Tempering A heat treatment applied to ferrous products after hardening. It consists of heating the steel to some temperature below the transformation range and holding for a suitable time at the temperature, followed by cooling at a suitable rate. The object of tempering is to decrease hardness and increase toughness to produce the desired combination of mechanical properties.

Test gag

St St

A bolt with a Iocknut screwed into the cap which can be used to lock the valve spindle down and prevent opening. This optional feature is useful when hydro-testing equipment and piping after installation. Proper safety procedures must be implemented, to ensure gags are released, before this feature can be used prudently.

Stainless steel

Temperature regulator

Stud-bolts

An alternative name for a Thermostatic control valve.

Continuously threaded studs supplied with two nuts used mainly for pipe flanges.

Thermal relief safety valve

STRI Icelandic Council for Standardisation, the National Standards Authority of Iceland.

Surface finish Raw materials are machined to size and with a specified degree of surface roughness or surface finish, to accommodate the function and adjacent parts. In some cases it is necessary for fairly rough surfaces to be polished to a bright finish so that visual inspection can easily detect contamination or surface flaws. Other surfaces may be polished to a mirror finish. Three grades of polished finish are standard for hygienic applications; Ra 6.3, Ra 1.0 and Ra 0.1; finishes quoted in micrometres, pro, a millionth of a metre. Better finishes are sometimes available. Mechanical polishing can achieve finishes to about 0.28 pro.

A small spring-loaded valve fitted in a pipe run between isolating valves to ensure that excess pressure is not created by the expansion of fluid due to expected temperature rises.

Thermal safety valve A safety valve which is held closed by relatively low melting temperature material. When the temperature of the valve exceeds the set temperature the material is sufficiently weakened to allow the valve to open. The valve does not close when operating conditions return to normal but must be reset, with a new material insert, manually.

Thermostatic control valve A temperature sensitive valve which utilises the expansion properties of a heated fluid as the motive power for actuation.

Surge An operational mode of some rotodynamic machines when installed in systems with flat HQ characteristics, when the head and flow oscillate between two sets of values and create strong, possibly damaging, vibration.

Superimposed back pressure see Static back pressure SUTN SIovak Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of SIovakia.

Sweet A description of the environment or the process fluid; hydrogen sulphide, H2S, is not present.

Sympathetic ratio The rate of change of outlet pressure for a given change in inlet pressure at a specific flow.

Thermowell A small leak-proof container used to house thermometers or temperature sensors. Thermowells can be screwed or flanged. Flanged thermowells are preferred for hazardous fluids. The highest quality thermowells are machined from solid bar; usually stainless steel.

Third-party inspection An independent inspection agency employed to ensure compliance with all relevant standards, specifications and regulations.

Threaded fittings A way of connecting pipes by screwing each pipe into a fitting with at least two female threads. Threads can be parallel or tapered. Parallel threads need additional components for sealing. Tapered threads can seal on the threads by using PTFE tape or compounds.


37


Threaded unions

Trim

A pipe coupling, using threaded union nuts to hold the components together, into which the pipes are threaded.

The internal components of a valve in contact with the process fluid.

Ti

Trip amplifier

Titanium, a metal element, used in its own right because of its strength, lightness and corrosion resistance, and also as an alloying element in steels. Titanium is used to stabilise carbides in stainless steels to prevent intergranular corrosion.

An electric device which monitors, and sometimes conditions electric analogue control signals. The trip amplifier can be adjusted to provide multiple high/low alarm or trip signals. If the analogue signal produced by a transducer or transmitter is outside the preset limits the trip amplifier completes another circuit and initiates an alarm or trip sequence. Most trip amplifiers have two low and two high set points allowing alarm before trip operation.

TIG welding Tungsten arc Inert-Gas welding is an electric arc welding process, where the arc is struck with a dedicated tungsten electrode across to the workpiece. A separate filler rod or wire is fed into the weld pool which is protected by an inert gas shield. TISI Thai Industrial Standards Institute, the National Standards Authority of Thailand.

Tool steel A generic term applied to a wide range of steels, both plain carbon and alloys with tungsten and vanadium.

Torsion spring A spring which produces torque rather than linear movement. The spring is wound-up with rotary movement. The type of spring used in mouse traps and twin disc non-return valves.

Toughness The ability of a metal to rapidly distribute within itself both the stress and strain caused by a suddenly applied load, or more simply expressed, the ability of a material to withstand shock loading, It is the opposite of "brittleness" which carries the implication of sudden failure. A brittle material has little resistance to failure once the elastic limit has been reached.

Tramp elements An American expression describing undesirable inclusions found in slabs, billets and blooms during subsequent rolling operations.

Transducer

TTBS Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Trinidad and Tobago.

TSE Tfirk Standardlari EnstfitLi, the National Standards Authority of Turkey.

Tube A conduit for carrying fluid which is designated by its outside diameter. The bore size is determined by the wall thickness. Both inch and mm tube are readily available. Tube cannot be threaded with standard pipe threads. If necessary, tube with an appropriate wall thickness can be threaded with standard bolting parallel threads.

Twin-seat valve A valve which can seal upstream and downstream simultaneously.

Twisted pair A two core cable used for analogue signals and digital communications when the data bits are transmitted one by one, as in Serial transmission. Not as fast as a parallel data bus but can be much cheaper. Screened or plain twisted pair, analogue and digital signal cables may be routed together. Power cables should be at a safe minimum distance to avoid interference.

A measuring instrument which produces an electrical output in proportion to the measured variable. The electrical output may be specific to the manufacturer rather than an industrial standard. Additional equipment may be required to condition the signal for further use. A transducer may include a display which indicates the current value of the measured variable. This is a useful facility which eliminates the need for a separate instrument with additional process connections. Transducers are high speed measuring instruments which can capture transients. Transducers are usually used for test purposes.

Two-stage regulator

Transmitter

Underwriters Laboratory Inc. (of USA and Canada), an accreditation society.

A measuring instrument which produces a standard electrical output in proportion to the measured variable. The electrical output may be analogue, 4-20 mA for example, or digital. A transmitter may include a display which indicates the current value of the measured variable. This is a useful facility which eliminates the need for a separate instrument with additional process connections. Transmitters are usually damped or include averaging algorithms. Transmitters are unsuitable for capturing brief transients. Transmitters are used with process controllers for system automation.

Two direct-acting pressure reducing regulators connected in series in one body. Used for applications when the outlet pressure is very much smaller than the inlet pressure; typically gas regulators used with bottled gas. The inlet pressure may be 200 barg and the outlet pressure 2 barg.

U UL

Ultrasonic Sound above the range of human hearing; typically frequencies greater than 20 kHz. These high frequency sounds can be detected by piezo-electric crystals.

UNBS Uganda National Bureau of Standards, the National Standards Authority of Uganda.

Travel

UNi

The linear or angular movement of the actuator expressed in millimetres, degrees or as a percentage.

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione, the National Standards Authority of Italy.

Travel indicator

Union bonnet

A pointer, attached to the valve or actuator stem, which shows how much the valve is open or closed.

A style of bonnet which is attached to the valve body by a single nut.

38



Union gland A gland which screws onto a male thread on the bonnet; it can be either adjustable or non-adjustable. UNIT Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Tecnicas, the National Standards Authority of Uruguay.

UNS Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys; a joint effort between ASTM and SAE to produce unique identifiers for materials based on the chemical composition. Metal groups are prefixed by a letter denoting the general category of material:

I 8 ~0.1

~.,.~"_IIIh.~"l lll,~~IIIl l I ~ I I l I m ~ I ~ l l l I I l l l l l l I I I I II'----1JI + I I I l l l l I lll~11+~IISI.~I~..~i~llIi~Ili~IIlllIlllii~l,~-I-Illl~Illllllllllllii llII ~ I ~~i ~-=~ ~ . ~ I ~ ~llmilli~! llli-~_llmI m llll ml i11 m_~IIlllll i ImlII llllllll~lIlI~i~li~II~liI~mlllllIiI~.IIl!llliI~Illml~!Illll-lIll~-"--

II N

0.9

I--

O o

h

~7

[

I[ .[I

[~[ I L

,i i ,i .1

~Illll

l l U m m k ~ l I l + I R I I ~ S I + I I ~ + I ~ + I I + ~ I I l l IIlk,,~I I m n m m llI1.-- _"lllll I I I I I l m I l m BIIIIIRIII~I+IIIWIIIIIIq~~IIiI'IIIIIII l++~-II~llllli~Ill lllII llmNll~ll mil~Smlici l+~li+~il+ qlil+ +llll lllll Ii+I IIIIIIIII I I R +__" 1NIIIB~III~II+IIIi +ll+HmiI~+lil+~ImIl+~ llllIlllU l I,~.~ + I l l I l I I m I I l mIIIImhI~iIIIIh~II~zRnmI~+iI.~+lUi .:+IIl++lliliI+II mlmmmlIli--~IllmIl iiiiiiiii~ . . . . . . . . iI.Z+llllI.~lllI+IlmIl~,~IIlIIIImIlll=-'ml IIImI I ~ I I I ~ I l m m i ~ I m I ~ ~ ~ ~ ..

E

0.8

i ....[

[l

l

I

I l

I i

].,L

i

[ ~+,.I I il %. I

lJ

itJ

:i t

i I

i

o.

]

E

I

I

0 O

0.7

i '

i

i

it .....

""t""

i

L

Ii

]-

'

... l.,

!

i

9

~

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

imnmlmmmlmlmmmmmlslI IIiiiiiill iii llill

.

imi +I iiiiI

IllllmlmmmlllmmmlmmINlllI

!mi1

I +9 i

?" r

:I 0

1 !

ImIIIIIIll

!

''l

I

t

0.1

I I

:

0.2

0.3

0.4

IImII

0.5

0.6

Pr

lliIIII IiiIIIIIII |II|IIIIII IIlnIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

ILl I l' I II I I I I I I I I I I I l l l l l III I I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)

|iiiiiiii IIIIIIIIII Illlllllll IIIImIlIil

IIIIIIIIII

Illllllllllllllllllllllll llllllllIlllllllllllllll

R e d u c e d pressure

I.t

m

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIK.~IIIIIIIIII I m l l m l l l m l l l l l l ) l l l l l l l l l

I..

i :ii! J [7 2 2 7_ " "

i.,:.,,

IilIInimmlIlummilmll+mlm IIllllmlmmIl+ImlmmmlmIM+l

i

i.

m

q

I L_

"O~l~,.

m

lmw+lmlml,++lmmmmmmmI,~=qmm mmmml~.~mmml~.smmmmmmmm,-+ mmmmmI++lmmlmi~qmmmmmmml m~SljlImmml immm+~mmmmmI,:qmmmn~.smm ;mmml+mmmmmmmI+smmmmmmw~, mw~mmmm,+ammmmmmlm,c+mIllmmm m m m ~ m m l w m m m m m m m m m w + lmmml

1

I

uiIUl I!~-'-.l

I I I l I I I f I I I [ I[ I I t I I

1.0 ,.,

-

1r

r llJ~

+1+I=

:rtr

t

]] ..... I i [i I 1 I | [j } - - ......... [ I ! ~ ! [-[ i [ : [2 { ! [iii

II N

=~=~~-.-

t,o

"

l l~IJllti~tl[ll

I [

---~-~-r~

_l I ] I lI +',L/e't: -~edUcedtem~'

==

~

1~--,~

j.---'---, .....".[--' ~,,...-.---"-

-

----

_._._

J_:-_

~_ - ~ - ' ~ -

.-=

I . ] ] . _

_

ii 9

0.9

,__-

o,8

lI~

o.1

Ii

i

1

'

E

+Xt , k

\

i\is~

" "

~

"

"1~

t I -Fi

1

p,.+

+,+i I:

t

i ,+.,,.,.,~~,-

u.~"F

.---'"

'

,+

+

0

0

o.e

o+5

'

I

~Xl k +

~

+

I

[ " k

)

l

I

:k:

3%~ ~ .... ~

\

~(

I

'

1

1 it

,..,..,~-

'

',,

..~"

]+.,~'~

t.

~,,~,':

.,,~+P".

].,,,~,,,~"

:' .

.

.

.

i::

...........

]

+.

+

+

ii]

1

' i::[

[

"

0.4 2

~

Reduced

pressure

4

5

6

Pr

Figure 2.27 Generalised compressibility factors

VALVES

MANUAL

International

71

2 Properties of fluids

},iiI

1.2 rli J 1 1 ! i i i I i i i i il t ! ii it1' i l i i i i i i ! ! I i1_1 J..ledt~n~perature_, I i I l l l l l II ~eu,.,~

iri

i i i i I i ~ - i

i i I t II

f

.

~

I i"iI

i

,

"

I'1

1.0

fill

[

7

:i .... i

i. . . . .

1 I

t i...I....I.L.I

:

!..1 I 1. I I I , . ] . . . I . A . . . I . . I . ~ . Y 1

II N

1.4 o ,i,a

,..i

,--

1.2

1.0

0.9

08

7

tt

9

I0

Reduced

1

E:

t I

L

i I .

V

.1...! i..i ' .i 9 : l i

r

4 L

[

.

. . . .

.

II

.

.

~'

.

I

]

~

.

.

.

.

.

i

"

i I I I I I

' 'i'

I ~

.

!

i--i

'

_ _

E

.

" {

I

I

l li

t

.

N

i

iil

I I-

I

-~-]7

;;l i.

i

'

7_-J_ J I ] I 1 i i ... ,

'

-

i i " :

i

iili

I!

F-iE[[,i]:iiiiii

12

Pr

pressure

~

t t

]i

I

"

,_1

[ .... l ! I I

' ~ ; , , ~

I

', ~ i '

!

:ilii

I

It,

~.............

i

t [ ..... .. i 7;] i ] i: " ;i [ i~, ! I - ~F-1 t I[ ~.~ :'7 i

-1 l-:

1 L1

'~'"r

i'~ _.~

.,"" ....

i 1',,,,4

/~,

[~

I! "

~,~,-~,iJ..."~3

1117 "''^'

1.4

ft.

1.2

~

0.8

9

vent and drain lines

0.6

9

non-flowing instrument lines

0.4

9

lines oversized for structural reasons

0.2

i

Some pipes require a clear unobstructed full bore, for example for cleaning or inspection by pig. The selection of valve type is then restricted and the minimum port size is defined. In theory the pipe size can be selected by several different methods. In practice these methods typically require some modifications to cope with practical situations. One popular starting point for pipe sizing is to use velocities which have been tried and tested in particular industries or situations. Tables 8.15 and 8.16 list values for liquids, gases and vapours in some common applications. Once a pipe size has been selected, the friction losses can be calculated, see Section 8.5.2, and reviewed for acceptability. In the case of reciprocating compressors and pumps, the pipe size may require additional analysis to evaluate the effect of flow variations and the consequential pressure pulsations. Pulsation dampers may be required to attenuate pulsations, or the pipe size may be increased to remove the need for dampers. Pulsation dampers do not remove all the pressure pulsations but only attenuate them to acceptable levels. In some situations the damper cannot attenuate sufficiently and other hardware changes are also necessary. Suction pipework for all pumps must be evaluated for the NPSHa or NPIPa; if insufficient is available for the selected pump, several options are available for modification such as pipe size/length, pump elevation, pulsation damper and pump speed. When the friction losses are evaluated it may be found that the individual losses due to isolating valves form a large proportion of the overall loss. The isolating valve losses may be reduced by changing the valve type or manufacturer rather than increasing the pipe size. Figures 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 show the range of available flow coefficient Kv, values for isolating valves. The variation in internal design from different manufacturers generally results in a broad range of available Kv values. If a decision has been made on a valve type which results in unacceptable losses the decision must be questioned. The speed of valve operation may be an important factor for process control. This aspect must also be considered, including surge/water hammer implications, together with the valve size, when comparing valve and actuator types. In this book, the float valve is considered as a special purpose valve within the isolating valve categories, see Chapter 3, Section 3.3.5. Float valves for clean liquids should be sized so that the maximum liquid velocity through the seat does not exceed 3m/s. If entrained solids are present then lower velocities should be considered and the trim materials improved.

194

MANUAL

_-

,

=

..

14

~" q~

12

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

0

9

10

c m

~

8

__

_"= "

.==.

J= ~

J= = =

-" u)

~r

200

0 03 e-

el rv

100

i i i ii i i i i i.i.i .i i i ii iiiiii i .... t ...... S,= t~

VALVES

_

m

8.2 Sizing non-return valves Non-return valves, or nrvs, are very similar to isolating valves when considering sizing. A non-return valve of the same size as the pipe is usually fitted. If the pipe is to be cleaned or inspected by a pig the choice of non-return valve is restricted to the swing disc style of valve. Some swing disc valves have facilities to

}

J o

J] o

",, .~

",, ,m

--

Actuating

[_

i ]l

L...__JL_..

i]1

20-100 psi ! f " _~ (1.4 - 7 kg/cm2)

l

3-15psi (0.2 - 1.0 kg/cm=)

Figure 12.36 Positioner pressure gauges and connections

.Double diaphragm unit

dictated by the input signal. No air is released from the top of the actuator. The valve is now once again ready to receive a new control signal via the bellows input. The cam can be "characterised", that is the profile modified, to adjust the valve flow characteristics.

Vent througheyelet Positioner spring

The positioner is usually fitted with gauges, see Figures 12.35 and 12.36. The gauges indicate: 9

supply air pressure

9

signal input pressure from the controller

9

signal pressure to the diaphragm

Actuating pressure

The positioner can be fitted with by-pass valves which allow the output signal of the controller to be transmitted directly to the actuator diaphragm. NOTE: It is dangerous to use positioners fitted with by-pass valves, in conjunction with control valves operating in split-range arrangements, or where the diaphragm pressure is higher than the controller signal pressure. The use of by-pass valves in such systems is therefore not recommended and they should be removed, if any are fitted, before the valves are commissioned.

Figure 12.37 shows a schematic arrangement of a positioner piped to a piston cylinder. The instrument air pressure signal from the controller, 0.21 to 1.03 barg, 3 to 15 psig, acts on the positioner bellows. The bellows tend to expand as the signal pressure increases and the bell crank pivots about the fulcrum. 298

Figure 12.38 An in-line positioner for a piston actuator

This has the effect of closing relay nozzle A and opening relay nozzle B. This causes: 9

the pressure to increase in relay A which compels the air pressure above the piston to increase; top cylinder pressure

9

the pressure to decrease in relay B which causes a corresponding reduction in air pressure below the piston; bottom cylinder pressure


12 Actuators

haust port and causes the opposite sequence of events throughout the system. The diaphragm actuator adopts a new position corresponding to the size of the signal from the controller.

This "out-of-balance" causes the piston to move downwards in the cylinder until the valve plug is correctly positioned in relation to the input air signal transmitted from the controller. The piston movement is transmitted back to the bell crank via the "range spring", the bottom of which is attached to the upper end of the piston rod. When the axial force produced by the range spring balances the thrust of the control signal bellows, the pressures in both relays A and B are equalised and the piston comes to rest. Piston actuators can be supplied to either open or close the valve as the control signal pressure increases. This is achieved by reversing the position of the bellows as indicated in Figure 12.37. Positioners for piston actuators can be built "in-line" on the end of the cylinder as shown diagrammatically in Figure 12.38. Positioners can be fitted to pneumatically operated rotary valves. The positioner is mounted on the valve spindle itself as shown in Figure 12.39. This arrangement is much simpler than earlier schemes which required a specially designed type of actuator. The basic difference between the two variants is that the cylinder actuator requires a double relay, and air must be supplied both above and below the piston. Figure 12.40 clearly demonstrates the principle of operation. If the pressure variations in the output of the controller are small, then the spool valve supplying air to the cylinder will remain static. The change in the pressure will be transmitted directly to the rolling diaphragm. If the change in output is large, then the spool valve will either admit, or exhaust, air as required and cause rapid movement of the diaphragm. Feedback of the valve position is provided by the characterised cam attached to the valve spindle, and the feedback spring. The reducing signal input causes the signal module to release air through the ex

Pneumatic actuators may be arranged to provide "split range" control, which enables full valve travel to be obtained by only using part of the 0.21 to 1.03 barg control signal pressure range. This allows several valves to be controlled by the same controller. Valve positioners may be used to achieve split range operation of control valves. A typical application is the steam range shown in Figure 12.41. When the system is in balance, the amount of steam entering the range at A is sufficient to maintain a constant pressure on the range. If the steam demand at B exceeds the supply, the pressure on the range will tend to reduce. This is sensed by a reverse-acting pressure controller, PIC, in such a way that its output signal will start to increase. As a result more steam will be admitted to the back pressure turbine through valve 1. if there are no other constraints this can continue until the limit of its flow capacity is reached. If this is not sufficient to maintain pressure on the range, extra steam is admitted directly from the boiler through valve 2. Conversely, if supply exceeds demand, the flow to the back pressure turbine is throttled and, if that is not sufficient to restore the range pressure to its set point, valve 3 is opened to pass the excess steam to a condenser. When the demand decreases the sequence is reversed. Valve 2 begins to close in stages. When this is closed, valve 1 begins to close until the system is once more in balance with a signal to the valves of about 0.5 barg, 8 psig. If the demand is further reduced, the signal output begins to fall below 0.5 barg, valve 3 begins to open in stages and is fully open at 0.2 barg, whereupon excess steam is released from the system. If the demand increases, valve 3 begins to close again until the system is balanced at the pre-set system pressure, where the signal output is at 0.5 barg. One of the many advantages of such a system is that the complete circuit can be supervised by just one controller which can be adjusted up or down as required to control all valves in the system. In a practical arrangement of this kind there must be adequate relief capacity to cope with instrument failure. In the classical arrangement, the output signal of the direct-acting pressure controller of 0.21 to 1.03 barg ( or 4 to 20 mA if the controller is electronic), is divided into three bands by carefully adjusting the calibration of the positioners on valves 1, 2 and 3:

9

valve 1:0.5 barg (closed) to 0.7 barg (open)

9

valve 2:0.7 barg (closed) to 1.0 barg (open)

.... .~......~~...~_~_ L

Direct Action

-

valve 3:0.2 barg (open) to 0.5 barg (closed)

This arrangement is quite effective, but the calibration is difficult to achieve under operating conditions in the field, and tends to

Figure 12.39 Rolling diaphragm actuator fitted to an eccentric plug valve

Oam

9

/! ~ ~ ~~

~ / ~ ,

Lever Feedback spring

~

__|JL._~' ' x " Iii / Bypass valve

'

Pilot

BB

~. Supply pressure

Output pressure

Signal

BB Exhaust

pressure

Figure 12.40 Diagrammatic arrangement of positioner for rotary valves


299

12 Actuators

!

p f I i i t

"~"

! I !

Air

Air

1 failure - 3

!

failure- 1 close

l

I I i

,

Air

I

f.,,u.~-i

0.7 (open)

J"~B

',

2

__j t

w,=

0.7 (closed) .0 (open)

0.5 (closed)

]

Condenser Turbine

Steam boiler

Figure 12.41 Split range control of a steam range

drift under the influence of vibration and extremes of temperature usually experienced on industrial plant out in the open. The more satisfactory of arranging split range control of, say, a steam range, is to divide the controller output signal electronically by three electronic selector relays in the control room, where long term stability of the settings can be guaranteed to about 0.1%. Each of the three valves is controlled with the full range output, 0.21 to 1.03 barg of the appropriate signal selector relay. The positioners described so far are all pneumatic/mechanical devices. The pneumatic control signal is compared to the valve stem position and adjustments are made if necessary. The valve/actuator/positioner must be located as close as possible to the controller to reduce piping pressure drop losses. In some complicated process installations and in utility distributions systems, the controller may be a considerable distance from the valve. Distribution systems controlled from a central control room may transmit control signals via radio or fibre optic link. An interface is required between electrical signals and the pneumatic operating system. An electro-pneumatic positioner fulfils this requirement. The electro-pneumatic positioner is fitted to the actuator yoke and a link is connected to the valve stem in the normal way. The control signal is either 4 to 20 mAor 2 to 10 V. The control signal is compared to the valve position via a cam, which can be "characterised" if necessary. The positioner reduces the air supply pressure to a modulated 0.21 to 1.03 barg control supply which is directed to the diaphragm or piston. These positioners can be single or double acting and set up to be reverse-acting. Split range operation can be accommodated by internal adjustments. Typical electro-pneumatic positioner operating parameters are shown in Table 12.7. Parameter

Control signal

Value

4 to 20 mA at 8.5 V dc minimum

Supply air pressure

1.4 to 6.9 barg

Output air pressure

0 to 100%

Sensitivity

0.1% span

Linearity

1.5% span

Hysteresis

0.5% span

Table 12.7 Typical electro-pneumatic positioner operating parameters

An alternative electro-pneumatic positioner control for diaphragm actuators can be achieved by using solenoid valves. The driving control signal can be pneumatic or electric; when pneumatic is used it is converted immediately to an electric current signal. The 4 to 20 mA positioner signal is compared electronically with the 4 to 20 mA control signal. If the actuator must compress the spring further, a solenoid valve in the air supply is opened until the signals coincide. If the actuator has travelled too far, a solenoid valve in a vent line is opened and allows the

300

spring to return the actuator until the signals coincide. The positioner Smart electronics are can be configured using the HART protocol over the current loop. Electrically actuated valves can have positioner facilities added. The stem or spindle is fitted with a potentiometer or a current position transmitter. Every stem/spindle position corresponds to a modulated electric signal between 4 to 20 mA or 2 to 10 V. The electric positioner compares the valve signal to the control signal and transmits an appropriate signal to the electric motor. Some positioners can vary the motor speed in proportion to the error between the two signals. Electric positioners can be used for split range operation in a similar manner to pneumatic positioners. The most recent designs of positioners are non-contact devices which "watch" the valve stem or spindle. Proximity detectors sense the position of targets on the stem or spindle. Using a digital system with its own on-board microprocessor, they can analyse the valve/actuator performance - - control signal, output signal, valve stem position, response time; and create an individual "signature". If the valve/actuator performance deviates from the signature an alarm can be triggered advising preemptive maintenance.

12.4.3 Booster relays A booster relay is a feed forward device and can be used in a similar way to positioners, but for fast rather than slow systems, (see the beginning of Section 12.4.2). Booster relays should be considered for pressure and flow control applications. The typical time to stroke a DN 100 valve is 4 seconds. This may be decreased to 1 second or less by the use of a large air connection on the diaphragm, by booster relays, quick exhaust valves or a combination of these. A booster relay, Figure 12.42, increases the actuator stroke speed by magnifying the volume of air available at a given pressure or by increasing the exhaust capacity. Since the effective areas on the top and bottom of the diaphragm assembly are the same, the relay will reproduce the input as the output in a 1 : 1 ratio. An input pressure on top of the diaphragm assembly forces it down, seating the exhaust face and unseating the supply face of the valve plunger, increasing the output pressure. The output pressure is applied to the bottom of the diaphragm assembly. It will continue to increase until its upward force equals the input pressure's downward force. When these forces are equal, the relay will be in balance and the output pressure will equal the input pressure. The air ports on the outlet side are larger than the control side to allow greater volumes of air to flow. It is worthwhile increasing the sizes of the actuator connection lines and keeping them as short as possible, to fully utilise the booster relay capacity to a maximum.


12 Actuators

I9

9 ~ .....Mooo,i.g ... b,~r I . ......Screw Lockwasher

~jl/,~,, '/~.-"!:......../ . . . .

...... r~//%

TOpiorging

forging

V / . ..... .'~,-.---~~

~

Valve ~------

Vatve

~.x~'~x.~.=~ - ~

a eta,nmg nut

i....................................... I .......j Mounting bracket ti~O

~

~

" ..--'"

~

?crew /,="Lockwasher

Figure 12.44 A trip valve actuated by pressure reducing regular outlet

12.4.4 Fail-safe, trip valves and Iockup

The system diagram in Figure 12.45 shows the arrangement for triggering the trip valve from the pressure reducing regulator outlet. The signal travels from the controller to the positioner, from the positioner through the Iockup valve, the opening A to B and then to the diaphragm casing. The connection A-B remains open as long as the air supply pressure to D keeps the valve open. The Iockup valve spring is set to close the valve A-B when the pressure falls, and this traps the pressure in the diaphragm casing and maintains the valve in the same position. When the pressure rises again, the connection A-B re-opens and the valve can be controlled normally by adjusting the spring D, so that the valve "switches" whilst there is still sufficient pressure in the system to control the valve, even if this is less than would normally be accepted.

In some situations, fail-safe operation can be accomplished by a return spring either opening or closing the valve once external power has been removed. In the case of double acting and electric/electro actuators, additional equipment is necessary. Holding the valve at its current position or stay-put or Iockup is another alternative.

Piston actuators can be fitted with a trip valve which can be set to cause the valve to travel to a pre-determined position; open, closed, or stay-put; in the event of air supply failure. The basic principle employed is to add an air reservoir at normal supply pressure, 6 to 7 berg, into the system, connected to the actuator by means of a trip valve or valves. If the air supply pressure falls

...- Top forging ............ Diaphragm

.... Vent ring/exhaustring ~

~

.... Diaphragm Assembly

~

gottom forging -" ~

~

.

'-~--"~Valve plunger .....

................Valve spring -" .....................Retaining nut

Figure 12.42 Two typical booster relays

Consider a three-way valve in a temperature control circuit where control is achieved by blending hot and cold water. In the event of air failure, the temperature will rise or fall depending upon how the valve is set to react. Preferably the valve should stay in the same position as it was immediately prior to air failure. Diaphragm actuators can be arranged to Iockup. The principle employed is to monitor and position the valve, see Figures 12.43 and 12.44. The trip valve switches when the supply pressure to the reducing regulator falls below a pre-determined value, Figure 12.43, or the trip valve switches when the reduced pressure from the regulator falls below a certain value, Figure 12.44. In either case the actual air pressure controlling the valve is locked whilst the pressure is still sufficient to maintain control over the actuator.

con,~o.

Valve positloner

I

L~

Ilr'(

I

valve

1

k

i

Port I

/

PortC

f= ' =

body

~-~Port B Figure 12.43 A trip valve actuated by supply air pressure

Figure 12.45 Piping schematic and trip valve detail


301

12 Actuators

to less than 75% of normal value, the trip valve is activated and compressed air from the reservoir is supplied to either:

Positioner or switching device

the top of the cylinder m if the valve stem is required to travel downwards, requiring one trip valve

n

the bottom of the cylinder m if the valve stem is required to travel upwards, requiring one trip valve =

the top and bottom of the cylinderu if the valve is to remain stationary, requiring two trip valves

The fail-safe system, Figures 12.46, 12.47 and 12.48, consists of an air reservoir or volume tank, which in the event of air supply pressure failure, can be connected to the top or bottom of the cylinder depending on the function required in the system. The mounting of a trip valve in the connection line to the top or bottom of the actuator determines whether the actuator, and also the valve, will travel up or down. The trip valve operates with the air supply pressure entering the air tank through a check valve. The check valve closes when the air tank is full. The trip valve plug moves to the left and opens for normal operation. If the supply pressure falls to 75% of the normal pressure, the trip valve will react to this as a reduction in the system air supply, whereupon it will move to the right and open the connection between the air tank and the top or bottom cylinder connection depending upon the method of connection. A three way switching valve or regulator actuates both trip valves to Iockup a cylinder when normal air supplies fail. The fact that the valve plug strokes at 75% of the normal working pressure depends upon the ratio of areas in the trip valve. When the system again returns to normal air pressure, both the Iockup and fail-safe systems return to their positions for normal operation. If the handwheel must continue to be operated, or if the valve has to be controlled while these systems are engaged, then it is necessary to fit a small needle valve to balance the pressure in each of the Iockup valves and to vent the pressure in the fail-safe valve. The needle valve must be closed again before returning to normal operation.

6

valve Check valve

Figure 12.46 A double acting piston configured to fail-safe "up"

3-way switching valve

Exhaust port Supply port m

Supply pressure Top sylinder pressure Bottom cylinder pressure

Figure 12.48 A double acting piston configured to Iockup

The great advantage of this approach is that the net actuator thrust available is large, since there is no spring force to be overcome, as in other systems. Electro-mechanical actuators would fail in the stay-put or Iockup condition if the power supply failed. The gearing fitted ensures positive position holding. If alternative fail-safe strategies are required then extra equipment must be supplied. If the site is equipped with 24 V dc or 110 V 1 ph ac emergency supplies then the actuator manufacturer may be able to supply a dual voltage system. Some manufacturers, as an option, offer battery back-up systems which can power the valve for a specified number of cycles; main power failure initiates a fail-safe routine. Batteries are greatly affected by ambient temperatures. Low ambient temperature severely reduces the Amp-hour capacity. If actuators and batteries must be located outside, exposed to the elements, accurate data must be available to allow correct selection of accessories. Back-up battery systems may be supplied complete with automatic chargers. Some battery systems disconnect automatically after a preset duration of power failure. Other electrically dependent actuator systems may adopt similar philosophies to those outlined above. 12.4.5 P n e u m a t i c / h y d r a u l i c / e l e c t r i c c o n v e r t e r s

The converter, Figure 12.49, transmits a pneumatic output signal which is proportional to a dc milliampere input signal. These converters are generally called I/P converters. A combination of input/output ranges are available. Transducers with direct-acting outputs drive down-scale upon input signal failure. The optional "reverse-acting output" drives up-scale upon input signal failure. The converter housing has a drain hole for the coil cavity. This provides a discharge path for water or oil vapours that may be accidentally entrained in the air supply. The drain prevents flooding of the housing and reduces corrosion caused by these undesirable supply conditions. An air purge of the transducer's terminal enclosure can be achieved by plugging the drain hole. This makes the converter suitable for use in corrosive atmospheres.

sam Supply pressure

mm Top cylinder pressure Bottom cylinder pressure

I~ Direction of automatic piston motion Figure 12.47 A double acting piston configured to fail-safe "down"

302

The input coil and the float are attached to a common centre spindle and make up what is referred to as the "moving coil assembly". This assembly is free to move vertically. The float is to-


12 Actuators

9

Restriction

/

9 is it near the limit and production is already at the practical maximum?

Externali exhaust port

Internal exhaust port PoleJ piece Magnet

J

Terminals

does the valve have travel left to allow increased production?

i

i

,

Figure 12.49 A typical current/pressure, I/P converter

tally surrounded by silicone fluid and is sized so that the resultant buoyant force equals the weight of the moving coil assembly. This puts the moving coil assembly into a state of neutral buoyancy or weightlessness, which, together with the viscous damping of the silicone fluid, makes the transducer insensitive to shock and vibration. A permanent magnet provides a magnetic field which passes through the input coil. Current flowing through the coil reacts with the magnetic field to force the moving coil assembly closer to the nozzle. The free end of the centre spindle serves as a valve plug which restricts the flow of air exhausting from the nozzle. Air is supplied to the nozzle through a restriction. The restriction and the nozzle form a pressure-divided circuit. The pressure in the nozzle, back-pressure, varies according to the restrictive effect imposed by the spindle plug. The nozzle back-pressure is the output of the converter. The nozzle forms a column of air which has a diameter equal to the nozzle diameter. This column of air acts on the spindle plug to oppose and equal the force produced by the coil. The pressure of this column of air, nozzle back-pressure, is determined by the upward force of the moving coil assembly divided by the area of the column of air, i.e. the area of the nozzle.

Pneumatic positioners described in Section 12.4.2 can be used to indicate the valve position at a location remote from the valve. By reversing the positioner's method of operation it can be used to transmit signals to an indicator, thus providing a reliable basis for remote monitoring. The positioner produces a modulating pneumatic output signal, 0.21 to 1.03 barg, in proportion to the valve travel and can be displayed remotely on a suitably graduated pressure gauge. Positioners using 4 to 20 mA electric travel signals can indicate remotely simultaneously, provided the total applied resistance is within specification. Valve stem/spindle position can be monitored continuously by proximity detectors or Hall Effect sensors. An electric analogue signal proportional to the valve travel can be transmitted to a suitable indicator. Rotary spindle position can also be continuously monitored via a potentiometer; the user applies a stabilised power supply and measures the output. Standardised resistances of 5 k~. and 25 k~. are popular. Current position transmitters, CPTs, which produce a 4 to 20 mA proportional signal from a 15 to 40 V dc supply, can be fitted to some rotary actuators. End of travel can be indicated remotely by fitting the valve or actuator with limit switches. Limit switches are microswitches which have a "snap" action and can be set accurately to detect a specific physical position. When the valve is closed or wide open a positive indication is given. When neither condition is shown the valve is at an intermediate position. Figure 12.50 shows the installation of cam-operated limit switches on a diaphragm actuator. Electro-mechanical actuators can sometimes have extra limit switches fitted. These switches can be set at any intermediate position and indicate specific valve positions.

i~!i~iliiiii~!iiii!i!iiliiiii!iii!i!iiiiiii

Thus, the force produced by the coil is continuously balanced by the nozzle back-pressure so that the converter output pressure is, at all times, directly proportional to the coil current. Zero adjustment is accomplished by varying a spring force on the moving coil assembly. Range adjustment is accomplished by changing the gap between the permanent magnet and the end of the range adjustment screw. This screw shunts a portion of the magnetic field. Varying the gap changes the amount of shunting which, in turn, changes the flux density through the coil. i/P converters are quite accurate; linearity should be + 0.5% and hysteresis 0.3%. 12.4.6 R e m o t e travel indication and limit switches

There are many reasons why it may be necessary to monitor valve position. The type of monitoring can be "end-of-travel indication" which shows the valve has completed a cycle or actual valve position including all intermediate positions. The type of indication required is dependent upon the nature of the control system used. Limit switches can be connected to indicator lamps in the control room and inform operators that a valve is open or closed. This simple system is ideal for isolating valves, and when combined with a flow diagram, can show operators the state of flow paths. Continuous travel indication, perhaps showing the valve position as a percentage of fully open, is useful for control and throttling valves and tells operators what capacity they are operating at:

Figure 12.50 Limit switches fitted to a diaphragm actuator


303

12 Actuators

12.4.7 Emergency shut-down overrides

closed

0 )eR

1000-

Pneumatically operated diaphragm and piston actuators can have Emergency Shut-Down (ESD) overrides incorporated by using solenoid valves in direct instrument air supplies. Valves can be opened or closed irrespective of any control signals. Electrical ESD control overrides can be wired directly into many electrically operated actuators. The ESD signal will override any current control signal and open or close the valve as predetermined. ESD signals can by-pass thermal cut-outs in some models.

I I

._o o~

500 -

=.., CL

E O

Z O

o

10

Q.

12.4.8 Dampers

I 1

I

...= O

Dampers are sometimes called "snubbers". Large valves working with large pressure drops are subject to large hydrodynamic forces which may produce vibration in the valve stem or spindle. Vibration in a valve can be caused by turbulence and the shedding of eddies and cavitation. There are three ways of counteracting these vibrations:

500

_ _

1000 -

20

30

40

Travel in m m

Q) I--

I

9

select a valve style which is not prone to turbulence/eddies and will not cavitate at the proposed operating conditions

Figure 12.51 Force-stroke diagram for a DN100 double-beat globe valve

9

use an actuator of adequate size and as "stiff" as possible, usually this means choosing at least a double acting piston actuator, hydraulic or electric actuators and avoiding diaphragm actuators

Figure 12.51 shows a typical force-stroke diagram for a DN100 top and bottom guided double-beat globe valve with 7 barg differential pressure and 37.5 mm valve travel.

9

fitadamper

The damper can be compared to a competition style shock absorber fitted to a rally car; it works in both directions and is adjustable. The damper attenuates the valve stem velocity by using a restriction, or orifice, through which the air/oil is made to flow as the stem moves. The restrictor should be adjustable. Two typical applications of the use of dampers are feed water valves and steam reduction valves for large steam boiler systems. Dampers cannot be used with booster relays. The desired effects of the two components are diametrically opposed. If stem/spindle vibration is experienced with actuators using booster relays, remove the boosters first. If this does not cure the problem it may be necessary to consider a larger or stiffer actuator.

12.5 Force/torque required in valve operation The forces and torques to be overcome in a valve are the result of a number of interacting factors which depend upon the actual operating conditions. Unless the valve is balanced, the predominant force is that created by the pressure drop across the valve, which is normally calculated for the valve in the closed position, although the forces can increase dramatically due to the effect of the fluid flowing through the valve.

When the valve is closed, the stem is in compression, and a compressive force is exerted on the actuator. This changes to tensile as the valve opens, returning to a considerable compressive force when the valve is in the fully open position. If, for example, this particular actuator were sized to cope only with the pressure drop in the closed position, then the valve would open fully in response to a input signal of less than the full range of 0.21 to 1.03 barg. On the other hand, if the force in the open position were tensile instead of compressive, then the valve would never open completely. This problem is much more important in the case of unbalanced valves, such as single seat valves. It is often worse when the valve stem is packed with low-friction material such as PTFE. Oscillations can be destructive if the conditions in the valve cause resonance. The proper remedy is to use a stiffer actuator e.g. a positioner or a piston or electro-mechanical type, able to cope with the alternating forces. 12.5.1 Selecting the correct

actuatorlspring for

linear valves When selecting an actuator and spring for a given set of operating conditions, it is usually possible to refer to pre-calculated tables. This is always carried out by the manufacturers, but an occasional check by the purchaser could be helpful.

Example: To calculate a suitable spring for a direct-acting actuator for a valve with the following specification: Valve type:

DN50 single seat

Valve action:

Pushdown-to-close

It is important to know the direction and magnitude of the forces acting on the stem/spindle in order to choose the correct valve/actuator combination which will give the desired travel in response to the actual change in input signal. Some of the forces caused by the pressure drop across the valve are:

Flow direction:

Flow-to-open

Valve seat:

Steel

Packing

Single PTFE

Valve travel:

28 mm

9

Seat circumference:

184.5 mm

9

9

304

the change in kinetic energy in the fluid flowing through the valve w this is proportional to the pressure drop across the valve rubbing friction between the plug and the valve guide, the stem and the packing - - the loads varying with temperature and materials used vibration/oscillation of the stern/spindle-- caused by sudden impulsive forces associated with turbulent flow or cavitation

Seat area:

2700 mm

Valve stem diameter:

12.5 mm

Valve AP:

1 barg max when closed

Fail-safe action:

valve to open

It is assumed that the actuator signal is 0.21-1.03 barg and in this case a positioner is used with an output signal range of 0 to 1.2 barg.


12 Actuators 1"

0.2 bar x 0.0445 m 2 = 890 Initial force Force available

This is an upwards force and should, therefore, be deducted from the maximum available actuator thrust: 4450 N - 8 9 0 N - 3 5 6 0 N

...................

'

'

'

Initial

which is therefore the remaining force available for the downward movement of the actuator stem.

force

The actuator, however, must have sufficient thrust to:

t

Spring force < (travel compression)

9

overcome the unbalanced force resultin~ from the pressure drop. The valve seat area is 0.0027 m ~, and the upwards unbalanced force is therefore the product of the area and the differential pressure: 1" 1 bar x 0.0027 m 2 - 270 N Unbalanced force

9

impart sufficient force to the valve plug against the seat to prevent leakage, i.e. the pressure required between the plug and the seat (similar to turning a tap off tightly), is 9 N/mm over the circumference of 184.5 mm. 1" 9 N / m m x 184.5 mm = 1660 N Seat load

l Packing friction

t

seat load

t

unbalance(]

overcome packing friction. Packing friction on a 12.5 mm diameter stem with PTFE packing is equivalent to about 225 N, (see also Chapter 11 about packing friction values). The valve stem should be treated to tolerate this friction, otherwise graphite packing is only used where high temperatures necessitate its use.

Figure 12.52 Valve/actuator force diagram for open valve

Actuator size: The actuator should, if possible, be selected from standard sizes which are produced for direct connection to the valve.

The actuator must be able to supply the total force required, see Figure 12.53:

In this instance the actuator surface area is 0.0445 m2. To calculate the available actuator thrust, see Figure 12.52:

Unbalanced forces

The available actuator thrust is the result of applying air pressure to the top of the diaphragm, in this case: 1 bar - 100 000 N / m

Seat pressure

2

1" 1 bar x 0.0445 m 2 = 4450 N Force available

270 N 1660 N

Packing friction

225 N

Total unbalance

2155 N

The resulting force which must be overcome by the spring is therefore

To ensure a quick response when the pressure is applied, the spring is given a certain amount of pre-compression, in this case equivalent to 0.2 bar:

Net actuator force

3560 N

Minus total unbalance

2155 N

0.2 - 1.0 bar to Diaphragm (0.0445rn) mm (in)

Travel

9

11

(7,,,)

12

('~)

16

(,,)

20

(~

23

28

(~)

(1~8)

37

940 (207)

Force, N (Force, Lb)

Spring rate NIm

400 000

1 560 (345)

940 (207)

2 200 (552)

1 900 (414)

1 25O (276)

2 50O (552)

2 200 (483)

1 560 (345)

940 (207)

2 50O (621)

2 200 (483)

1 900 (414)

1 250 (276)

2 80O (621)

2 5OO (552)

2 200 (483)

1 560 (345)

940 (207)

3 100 (690)

2 800 (621)

2 500 (552)

1 900 (414)

1 560 (345)

940 (207)

3 100 (690)

3 100 (690)

2 500 (552)

2 200 (483)

1 900 (414)

940 (207)

3 100 (690)

2 800 (621)

2 500 (552)

1 900 (414)

940 (207)

100 000

3 100 (690)

2 800 (621)

2 500 (552)

1 560 (345)

80 000

3 100 (690)

2 800 (621)

2 200 (483)

70 000

2 800 (621)

50 000

330 000 260 000 240 000 220 000 200 000 160 000 130 000

Table 12.8 Actuator force available


305

12 Actuators

Spring force

1"

1405 N

Spring force travel compression

The spring rate is obtained by dividing the force which the spring is required to balance by the valve stroke length.

impart sufficient thrust on the valve plug against the seat to prevent leakage, i.e. the pressure required between the plug and the seat (similar to turning a tap off tightly), is 9 N/mm over the circumference of 184.5 mm. 1` 9 N/mm x 184.5 mm - 1660 N Seat load

Net spring force = Spring rate Stroke 1405 0.028

overcome the unbalanced force resulting from the pressure drop. The valve seat area is 0.0027 m 2 and the upwards unbalanced force is therefore: 1` 3 bar x0.0027m 2 =810 N Unbalanced

= 50 179 N/m

A spring should then be selected having a rate as near as possible to, but not greater than, that required. See Table 12.8 which tabulates the actuator force available for various travels with different spring rates fitted to the actuator.

In the case of reverse-acting actuators the spring force of 890 N is pressing against the seat. The additional force required to give 9 N/mm seat load is"

If the ideal spring is not available then it is possible to either:

If the requirement is less than 890 N to give sufficient sealing force against the seat, the remaining force can be used to overcome the unbalanced forces.

1)

select a larger actuator, or,

2)

use a 0.4 to 2.0 barg actuator control signal.

12.5.2 Selecting the correct

actuatorlspring for a

reverse-acting diaphragm Example: To calculate the spring rate for a reverse-acting actuator for a valve having the following specification"

1660 - 8 9 0 = 770 N

overcome packing friction. Packing friction on a 12.5 mm diameter stem with PTFE packing is equivalent to about 225 N, (see also Chapter 11 about packing friction values). The valve stem should be treated to tolerate this friction, otherwise graphite packing is only used where high temperatures necessitate its use.

Valve type:

DN50 single seat

Valve action"

Pushdown-to-close

Flow direction"

Flow-to-open

Unbalanced forces

Valve seat:

Steel

Pressure against seat

770 N

Packing:

Single PTFE

Packing friction

225 N

Valve travel:

28 mm

Seat circumference:

184.5 mm

Seat area"

2700 mm

Valve stem diameter:

12.5 mm

The spring must overcome the sum of the following forces, see Figure 12.53: 810 N

Total unbalanced

1805 N

The resulting force which must be balanced by the spring is therefore: Net actuator force

Valve AP:

3 barg max when closed

Fail-safe action"

valve to close

It is assumed that the actuator signal is 0.21-1.03 barg and in this case a positioner is used with an output signal range of 0 to 1.2 barg.

3560 N

Minus unbalanced force 1805 N Spring force

1755 N

Additional spring force required

The spring rate is obtained by dividing the force which the spring is to overcome by the valve stroke length:

Actuator size: The actuator should, if possible, be selected from standard sizes which are produced for direct connection to the valve concerned. Initial force

In this case the actuator would have an area of 0.0445 m 2. To calculate the available actuator thrust, see Figure 12.52: The available actuator thrust is the result of applying air pressure to the underside of the diaphragm, in this case:

........

_ 1 ....

l

Force available

1 bar - 100 000 N/m 2 1` 1 bar x 0.0445 m 2 = 4450 N Force available To ensure a quick response when the pressure is applied, the spring is given a certain amount of pre-compression, in this case equivalent to 0.2 barg:

Additional spring force required

>

;
50 H Rc

Hard chrome plate

Widest range of substrate Good adhesion to substrate Non-stick, low coefficient of friction, corrosion resistant Nickel plate

460/540

99Ni

700

152/190 BHN

Corrosion resistant to many acids Anti-fretting Lubrication required for wear resistance Electroless nickel plate

91Ni 9P

Electroless nickel composite

Nickel + Fluorocarbon or PTFE

Abrasion/corrosion resistant Excellent adhesion to substrate 260/300

Min -80~ 60/70 HRc

Hard self-lubricating surface Low coefficient of friction 1 100/1 800

Silver plate

76/95 BHN

Bearing surface for bushes Anti-galling/fretting corrosion resistant Table 13.25 Electrically or chemically applied coatings

strate varies considerably. Some methods/alloys become an integral part of the component and are almost impossible to remove. Others adhere to the surface by different bonding techniques with varying degrees of success. De-lamination or fracture of very hard coatings can damage other components during valve operation. The bonding of the coating must be assessed very carefully. Another problem is coating porosity. Porosity is not necessarily a problem when the coating is used for erosion or cavitation resistance. When the coating is applied for corrosion resistance any porosity will allow the fluid to attack the substrate. Non-destructive testing, usually dye-penetrant, will highlight the problem. The edge treatment of the coating is very important. It is usually much better to support the coating fully by the substrate. Coat-

ing corners can sometimes be difficult; a high level of operator skill may be essential. Flame sprayed coatings are usually applied to a minimum thickness of about 0.75 mm. Coatings such as tungsten carbide may be applied to a thickness of 0.1 mm. Coatings can be applied to many substrates. The coefficients of linear expansion should be similar to avoid thermal cracking. When applying hot coatings to austenitic stainless steels it is better to use the low carbon versions to escape problems caused by carbide precipitation within the substrate. Table 13.24 lists the most popular metallic coatings used. There are many more coatings available. Hard facing metals can be deposited chemically or electrically. These coatings can be applied for erosion/corrosion resistance or to modify the surface characteristics to prevent galling. Coat-


333

13 Valve materials

ing thickness can be as thin as 5 l~m. Table 13.25 lists the most popular metals.

13.8 Non-metallic coatings Metallic valve bodies can be lined with various non-metallic compounds to provide corrosion resistance and/or ensure hygienic cleanliness. Coatings may be brushed or sprayed on to the body or moulded in situ. Coating or lining

Operating temperature range ~

Hard rubber (Ebonite)

-10 to 85

Soft rubber

-10 to 85

Polypropylene (PP)

-10 to 95

Neoprene

-10 to 105

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

= -40 to 110/130

Butyl rubber

-10 to 120

Halar (ECTFE)

-10 to 120

Nylon 11 (can be FDA or Wrc approved)

.= -50 to 120/140

Polyvinylidene

-10 to 140

Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)

-10 to 150

Borosilicate glass

-10 to 175

Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)

-10 to 175

PTFE

-45 to 175

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)

150

UHMWPE

93

Grade

Major constituents

790/860

400

Min -100~

12.5Cr 1Ni 1Mn 1Si 0.12C

5901700

500

Min 0~

1.05Cr 0.6Mo 0.55Mn 0.35Si 0.32C

850

525

Min 0~

18.7Cr 8.5Ni 0.2Si 0.08C

540

575

Min -250~

18.5Cr 7.5Ni 1.2Mn 0.6Si 0.12C

540

575

Min -250~

18o5Cr 9Ni 1.2Mn 0.6Si 0.08C

540

575

Min -250~

17Cr 10Ni 2.75Mo 2Mn 0.6Si 0.08C

540

600

Min -250~

L7

BS 1506

621A

B6 713

DIN 17440

Xl0 Cr13

ASTM A193

B6 410

AISI BS 4882

B16

BS 1506 ASTM A193

661 B16

BS 4882 BS 4882

B8 B8X 801B

BS 1506 DIN 17440

Permeability m the molecular leakage of the fluid to the parent material

1.05Cr 0.65Mn 0.27Mo 0.2Si 0.4C

B7

BS 1506

9

Min -20~

BS 4882

BS 4882

Fracture or porosity-- the effect of the process fluid on the body parent material

300

BS 4882

B7

9

Max temp ~

0.65Mn 0.2Si 0.15C

4140

When considering the use of a coating or lining the following points should be reviewed to decide acceptability:

400

111 8.8

AISI

Ceramic coatings, applied by dipping, have been developed which combine wear, erosion and corrosion resistance. The surface is chemically treated between coats and may be heat treated finally to achieve the required properties.

Min tensile strength MPa

BS 1506 BS 3692

ASTM A193

Coatings have been specifically developed for valves handling dry solids and powders. Compounds very similar in physical properties to PTFE can be sprayed on metal surfaces and then baked. The coated surface has good "non-stick" characteristics and is protected from corrosion.

Delamination or separation - - the effect of the coating/lining on the downstream system

Figure 13.26 Popular non-metallic linings and coatings

Standard

Table 13.26 lists the popular options. The chemical inertness of PTFE has been imparted to generic compounds, like FEP and PFA, which are suitable for moulding into complex shapes for liners and coatings. Some liners are moulded to shape and then fitted to the valve body; these are replaceable. Other liners are moulded directly into the valve body and retained by plain or dovetail grooves. These liners are not replaceable, but because the attachment is physical, valves of this style can be used for vacuum applications which tend to separate liners.

Remarks

X5 CrNi 18 9

ASTM A193

B8

AISI

304

BS 4882 BS 4882

B8T B8TX

BS 1506 DIN 17440

X10G NiTi 18 9

821 Ti

ASTM A193

B8T

AISI

321

BS 4882

B8C

BS 4882

B8CX

BS 1506

821 Nb

DIN 17440

Xl0 CrNiNb 18 9

ASTM A193

B8C

AlSl

347

BS 4882

B8M

BS 4882

B8MX

BS 1506

845

DIN 17440

X5 CrNiMo 18 10

ASTM A193

B8M

AISI

316

BS 1473

HB 30-TF

98AI lSi 0.7Mg 0.6Mn

240

200

Cryogenic applications

BS 1473

HB 15-TF

93AI 4.4Cu 0.8Mn 0.7Si 0.5Mg

430

200

Cryogenic applications

334


13 Valve materials

Major constituents

Grade

Standard

Min tensile strength MPa

BS 3692

Remarks

Max temp ~ 300

Min -20~

ISO/R 272 ISO/R 733 ISO 885 ISO888 BS 4882

2H

BS 1506

162

ASTM A194

2H

BS 4882

4

BS 4882

L4

BS 1506

240

ASTM A194

4

BS 4882

7

BS 1506

621A

ASTM A194

7

AISI

4140

BS 4882

8M

BS 1506

845

DIN 17440

X5CrNiMo 18 10

ASTM A194

8M

AIS

316

BS 4882

80A

BS 3076

NA 20

ASTM B637

N07080

DIN 17742

NiCr20TiAI

0.8Mn 0.25Si 0.6C

700

450

Min 0~

0.65Mn 0.4Mo 0.25Si 0.32C

620

520

Min -100~

1.05Cr 0.65Mn 0.27M 0.2Si 0AC

700

565

Min -100~

17Cr 10Ni 2.75Mo 2Mn 0.6Si 0.8C

540

600

Min -250~

75Ni 20Cr 2.3 Ti 1.4AI 1Fe 0.065C

1 000

750

Min -250~

Min tensile MPastrength

Max temp ~

965

= 315

Table 13.28 Standard nut materials

Standard ASTM A564

Grade

Major constituents

Gr 630

17Cr 4Ni 4Cu

Remarks Precipitation hardened

$17400 BS 4882

B17B

BS 4882

B80A

BS 3076

NA20

75Ni 20Cr 2.3Ti 1.4AI 1Fe 0.065C

1 000

650

Min -250~

750

Min -250~

ASTM B637

N07080

DIN 17742

NiCr20TiAI

254 SMO

$31254

20Cr 18Ni 6Mo 0.01C

1 200

Nitrogen strengthened

SAF 2507

$32750

25Cr 7Ni 4Mo 0.03C

910

Nitrogen strengthened

Monel

K-500

66Ni 29Cu 3AI 0,2C

1 000

Inconel

625

62Ni 21.5Cu 9Mo 2.3Fe 0.03C

1 050

Incoloy

925

40Ni 27Fe 21Cr 3Mo 2Cu 0.02C

1 200

Marinel

78Cu 15Ni 4.3Mn 1,5AI 1Fe 0.01C

920

ASTM A320

L7

Cronifer

2419 MoN

24Cr 17Ni 6Mn 4Mo 0.6Cu 0.03C

1 210

= 500

ASTM A453

Gr 660

25.5Ni 14.7Cr 2,1Ti 1.2Mo 0.08C

895

=510

19.5Cr 9.5Ni 1.3Mo 1.3W 0.31C

6551690

= 510

90Cu 7AI 2.5Fe

4851550

260

Min ~-200~

80Cu 9.7AI 5Fe 5Ni

650/850

370

Min = -10~

725

300

Min-196~

K63198

1

ASTM A453

Gr 651

i

UNS

K63198

BS 2874

CA 106

UNS

C61400

DIN

CuAI8Fe

ISO

CuAI8Fe3

BS 2874

CA 104

UNS

C63200

DIN

CuAI10Ni

ISO

CuAI10Fe5Ni5

930

i

HIDURON 191

Nitrogen strengthened (1)

(1) High strength, high temperature bolting for use with austenitic stainless steel components Figure 13.29 Special bolting materials

Galling - - the effect of valve components rubbing on the coating/lining Abrasion and/or erosion resistance - - what will be the consequence of particles flowing with the fluid? Non-metallic materials are as complex, or even more complex, than metallic materials like stainless steel and duplex stainless steels. New compounds are available to valve designers, almost weekly. The valve designer is reliant on chemists and technologist to advise on chemical compatibility and the suitability of compounds for sealing and bonding to substrates.

Permeation through non-metallic materials, plus the absorption of fluids, are the two greatest problems to solve. There is huge variation between materials, and even between different versions of the same material. Compound selection is best guided by testing or field experience.

13.9 Bolting materials The most popular bolting/stud material for pressurised applications is Grade B7 based on AISI 4140 high tensile steel. The popular grades of stainless steel fasteners, AISI 304 and 316, are equivalent in strength to mild steel. If valve bolting is


335

13 Valve materials

changed from B7 to stainless then an equivalent strength grade should be used if the pressure/temperature rating is to be maintained.

NACE International, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, TX 77084-4906 USA, Tel: 281 228 6200, Fax: 281 228 6300, Email: [email protected], www.nace.org.

Care should be taken when selecting materials for corrosive atmospheres, coastline or offshore installations for example, to avoid direct corrosion or galvanic corrosion. Tables 13.27 and 13.28 list standard materials regularly used for bolting and nuts on valves.

BSSA, Broomgrove, 59 Clarkehouse Road, Sheffield $10 2LE UK, Tel: 0114 267 1260, Fax: 0114 266 1252, Email: [email protected], www.bssa.org.uk.

Table 13.29 lists special materials which can be used for corrosive applications or high temperatures. For some corrosive atmosphere applications, marine installations for example, standard fastener materials may be coated with a protective layer. Xylan TM on a phosphate primer has been popular for offshore installations.

13.10 Useful references The Copper Development Association, Verulam Industrial Estate, 224 London Road, St Albans, ALl 1AQ, UK Tel: +44 01727 731200, Fax: +44 01727 731216 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA Tel: 888 463 6332, www.fda.gov.

336

BSSA's Stainless Steel Advisory Service (SSAS) UK, Tel: 0114 266 1252, Fax: +44 0114 267 1265, Email: [email protected] MR-01-75/ISO 15156-2:2003 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons. BS 10:1962 Specification for flanges and bolting for pipes, valves and fittings. ANSI/ASME B16.34-2004 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End. ISO 7005-1:1992 Metallic flanges- Part 1: Steel flanges. ISO 5922:2005 Malleable cast iron. BS PD 5500:2006 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels.


Instrumentation and ancillaries

14.1 Instrumentation 14.1.1 Limit switches 14.1.2 Position sensors

Special Note: Electrical enclosures 14.1.3 Differential pressure indicators 14.1.4 Seal leakage measurement 14.1.5 Seat leakage detection 14.1.6 Cavitation detection

14.2 Supplementary equipment

14

14.2.1 Proprietary interlocking systems 14.2.2 External locking facilities 14.2.3 Ancillary valves 14.2.4 Heating/cooling jackets 14.2.5 Inlet filters 14.2.6 Hydraulic dampers 14.2.7 Silencers 14.2.8 Acoustic enclosures 14.3 Useful references


337

14 Instrumentation and ancillaries

14.1 Instrumentation 14.1.1 Limit switches In large complex installations it is often difficult for operating personnel to remember which valves are open and which valves are closed. If an isolating valve is on the suction or discharge side of a compressor or pump, other instrumentation may indicate very quickly that a valve is in the wrong position. If a valve on a tank is left open, the first external indication may be a low level alarm, by which time it may be too late to take action. It would be beneficial for operators in the central control room to see, at a glance, whether valves were open or closed. Limit switches can be fitted to most process valves. Linear valves used for instrument impulse lines (see Section 3.3.5, Chapter 3), may be too small but quarter turn valves should be adaptable. Limit switches provide an electrical signal to indicate the valve end of travel. Switches can be set to show "closed", "wide open" or two switches can indicate both. If a valve does not indicate either end of travel then it must be at an intermediate position. Indicator lights on a schematic control panel provide operators with essential information very quickly. Limit switches can be fitted to manual and actuated valves. Figure 14.1 shows a limit switch assembly fitted to the yoke of a diaphragm actuator. Traditional limit switches are electro-mechanical devices. Physical contact with the spindle/stem operates a micro-switch which opens or closes at least one pair of contacts. Mechanical switches can be susceptible to vibration which can cause spurious operation or rapid failure due to fatigue. Electro-mechanical limit switches can be replaced by electric inductive switches which can withstand 30 g at frequencies from 10 to 55 Hz. Inductive switches detect a change in the local inductance as a target approaches. Electro-inductive limit switches are not a perfect alternative or a straight exchange. The electro-inductive limit switch requires a 7 to 15 Vdc supply and consumes about 2 mA continuously. Vibration protection is achieved at a cost. Inductive switches can be Ex ia which allows fitting in all environments.

14.1.2 Position sensors Limit switches provide useful information regarding valve end of travel but cannot indicate that a valve is just cracked open. High differential pressure losses, with possible increased wear

rates caused by high velocities, can create operational problems which are difficult to rectify. An indicator which shows valve travel as a percentage, 0 to 100%, would highlight such problems quickly. Most valves can be fitted with proximity detectors or Hall Effect sensors which continuously monitor the spindle/stem position. An electric analogue signal proportional to the valve travel can be transmitted to a suitable indicator. Rotary spindle position can also be continuously monitored via a potentiometer; the user applies a stabilised power supply and measures the output. Standardised resistances of 5 k.Q and 25 k~ are popular. Current position transmitters, CPT, which produce a 4 to 20 mA proportional signal from a 15 to 40 V dc supply, can be incorporated into some rotary actuators. Electronic digital systems can also be fitted.

Special Note: Electrical enclosures Because limit switches and proximity detectors are electrical devices they must be suitable for the working environment. The minimum physical protection should be dust/water-jet proof to protection classification IP65. The electrical characteristics must be suitable to the operating zone and relevant gas groups, see Electrical zones and Physical protection in Chapter 1. Protection Classification IP 65 to DIN EN 60529 (VDE 0470), offered by an enclosure is shown by the letter IP (Ingress Protection) and two digits. The first digit indicates two factors: 1. Protection for persons 2. Protection for equipment The second digit indicates the protection against water.

14.1.3 Differential pressure indicators A differential pressure indicator is a very useful addition to any control valve installation. Valve position can be checked, locally or remotely, but without some knowledge of the flow the valve effectiveness cannot be judged. A differential pressure indicator shows instantly how much throttling the valve is achieving. Also, valve wear or fouling can be assessed if a log is maintained of position and differential pressure. If a control valve is fitted with a filter it is essential the differential pressure across the filter is measured to assess the filter condition. Silencers fitted after control valves may suffer from an accumulation of solids. Differential pressure measurement across the silencer can be used to assess fouling problems.

14.1.4 Seal leakage measurement Valve seal leakage may be a concern when hazardous or costly fluids are involved. Seal leakage measurement can be considered from two separate aspects; the rate of leakage or the nature of the leakage. Very small liquid leaks can produce vast quantities of vapour.

.'8 ~| "-

~

C~O

09 I

04

O00 ~-- O ~ 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 ~, ~,

0 04

~-

7-

-~ 0

0

O O O 04041"-0 0 0 4 ~I"

1-013

u_ " r

o

13

|

0

8

==-o

u_ u .

~-

~

~

0 4 ~-(Of,.. ~-- ~--

0 0 0401

04

0

04

O O r r ~-- ~ -

0

,,r

-r" -,"

oo

O 04

0 0 0 t,.O I".- 04

o,-

'10

O 0

Zs163

O',''r" "-&O0 0 0 0

003 O3 ~O , ,

03 CO

I

0

I

I

O ~--

0

0

I

09 OO ,

O 04

0

I

0

I

0

I

0

I

~-I~3

0303 UO O0 c~ , I

I

O9 U9

(~D CO ,

Of'-. qD 04

O 04

Cq

0

~

~-- 0 0 ~-- ~"

0 x-

0404

04

0 LO O~

o

O 0 o

0 0

0

co

0 0 ,.... ,_..

I~

o4 o4 0) o) -o.5 s

~ = ~o,~ N ..ooO

04,.--

O 04

O 04

O 04

CO

~-

~-- x-"

~-

0 0 t.O I.(30403

0

~-r-

o C~

'1-"1-

_-o

c

0

'T- 'r-

"e

"[-7"

,. |176 = ~,~

I-

~

g'~ s s >,>,

7"

~ ,~

7-7-

0

%

S -'8

"I-

g = gt . . >,

00

>,

,..

"r

7-

0 0 0 ~ 0 t.O '~" .0_ 0 .~- 0 ~,~ t,~.

O 04

>,

0 0 0 C'O O0 x:t" 0 ,,-- 04

O 04

"I-

L'3 I~

~.Cq. O 04

"

=7

0

v

0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ~0 ~0 04 0 O 0 0 ~ 0 ~.0 I~.. , 0 ,r- x.- 0") 0

~-

v

o'r

x

tTO

O 0

"=-

7

-I-

,_

-

L

~|

co=

(.9

=~ =e "~ ~>"

|

(.9(.9

o

= =

~u_ w

--- ~

u.

International

u_ u .

S ~ ~

-~

~ ~ ,.,_, W

MANUAL

0

-,- -r- :6-,- ~ ~ Z Z Z Z s Z

o0

N'" .r V U.

o

~

:S -~-..

W W W W W W

VALVES

20.2.2

.E

O0

o=~-==

d

a

0

~"0

0

,

0

,

0

,

0

~

,

0

~

,

o o LO I~3 ~-- c~I

o

~'-

LL

~-~

o Lo , 0 O3

00040 0 O0 0

~'--

I~. ~

,

r..O

0 0 04

0

,

0 04

,

r.43 0

03 Ob

0

,

0

0

o O

O ~ I"-. O 0304

~-- O 0

(.O

-~.~3

~-

Ob

'~--

0

~

~

_a

'

O O LO L.O 003

0

~__

o 0

0

I"...~-

o

O O 0

r~ -~

O 0

o' o

o ~

"103

o' o

o

"-~

o_

o

O O t,..O O4 0 ) 03

,

'~"

,

~l"

,

'~"

,

~"

,

~t"

,

~

~

~

~

o

0

0

~

~-- C W

~

04

04

c-

o4

z

z ~O

._

~

~

.o

,

I--

~ E,

m

~

13

,

13

I--

o

o ~c13 o E

03

u~

s

v-

"~"

O

,

O

O0

0

'~"

v-

0 0

~...O

'~"

0 o

~

O

0

0 0

X o ~_

,

~ o4 o

~-

~

O

0,,I O~ O0 ~0

0'3

O

O O O O O O O O Ob O4 '~'-- I'~.. Ob O4 r O~ I'-.- OO OO Ob I',- O O

O

I ~ O0 LO 0 ~I3 t~'3 r..~ ~ "

Ob

,

~13

0 LO Oq~ O0 0,1

~

O0

,

If) rJD

'~"

0

,

0 03

O O O O~ r O O,I r

~"

0

,

0 ~-

O

03 ~--

0

0 aO

~

0003

~

~

v-

~

V

03

~

V

v-

V

0

~

O 0

7-s

z

0

~

o

0

~

I

o ~

0

~

T.-s

- - o o- ~o 0

I

o

O

z

v

o

~ I

"

' .O ooO ~-

~

..--O ~

o

O

==~

L_ -O c-

=

g

e

(~

13

~_

J_

t_

oo_

@~

~,>,g .,_,

439

o

~.~ So 8 .,.-,

>' >" >' >' >' > ' ' .,-,

"

L. -~ o

= = = o

~

.._.,

~

~

-

O O O O O O O O O ~O OO O O O') O OO t,...O ,r" C',,i r,.O '~-- OO L,O OO O'} O O

'~"

O tt3 '~'-

,

O O OO r O ~'-

'~"

o i..o , 0 ~ ~0 0 0 ~-- ~-- Cxl 0 3 ~--

~

00030300030003030303

o

~

"~ O

0o

==

oo

~

~

O".~ _.-

c-

"7,

o_

~ -r-

= 13 o

,,,

=

-o

~

g

E E ~

..po ~-

~

O') ~

International

~

< ~

=,=

MANUAL

~ =

~

n

s ~

O O O O OO Ob OO I',-. '~'-

v

a_

~o ~o ~

u _ m O 0

--

o

I

o

o~

-

~

~

~ ~-ro

v

0300 ~-- ~--

L.O O O O O OO ~O OO CO LO O ~ O C,,I O

~

-

030'3 ~.-- ,~.--

, o 0 ~-~--

o Lo

0

Table

o

~ ~

'~" 0 ~ - 04 ~-- ~ -

o

0 ~

o o

im

##

_{3

..-., ,....~

0 ~

O O

03

Liquid

E u.

~.~ -= = o =~.-=

9~ O ' =

,=_ r

A

-~ .~s

,

_=P-~E Or"

m'gT=o

..g a.~

.-,- . ~

d

s d

.__9.cdLK

~

o_ ~.$ O3

m.

~E"

d=o ~'-~

o

O3

O .4.-,o

8=? >

"

LL LL

__.~ _~0

.e,

~_~o

S=

~o

s

o

~---'S

@~ ,-

_g-~ =.=.

_~ ,~ ,s 9--

.__~ >,~

VALVES

20.2.2

. ~

._c

6

o.~

Table

O

I

(O

O

r..O

O O O,I ,,r

(.O

"~t" ',::~" I

O

I

(D

IA") O r4D ~O

(O

04

~'-

o o o4 o4

O 0~1 I~-

~'-

o o4

~ I

O

O O O 0 CO ~'t~ OO ~ ~-

04

O

O

9-- ~v ~'-

O O O ~10 0~1 ~0 O0 I.~ 0 ~- O~I ,~ ~ -

O

~-O

I

',r O

I

',r O

I

',r O

I

O

O ~AO '~- ~--

O O O 00400 O ~-- O ~- O ~-

' O O

O

, '

CO 0

r-

tAO O ~O CO ~O

0r ~"

O ~-~O r 04

"~" ~'-

o

,

o

,

o

,

o

,

,

~ ~0

o

O O O O ',-- (~1 '~t" I ~

~

o

,

I.O OO

OO OO CO OO OO OO

o

e-

r O O OO 04','-

O 04

~D

--

O ~-

CO0*)

0 ~0 r

O

,

~" ',04

O

,

O 04

O ~-CO0) I~- ~O

1.0 CO x---

oq. o o4

~

O ~1

O 04

,

O 04

,

o

COCO

CO

9

0

13

C+

0 CO I~

COrD I.O I ~ COI',-

~. o o4

,.-

.-

.~

0"'6 a.o.

O ' (~10

0 0 LO 0 0 0 0 0 0 I..'0 0,1 O0 I.~ 0,,I ( ~ C~ O0 O0 O OO O I ~ ,~" +e- OO O~ ~-

O 04

CO0000

--

"' ~

IX)

CO

--

~

13

v,,,

2

"I~

.-~ .-~

zff

.-~ .-=

kO 04

z

,

CL

"60

ff

.-~

a.a_

|

"'6

~

o

0.

0-8 ~

o

~'6

,~

~

,,.,

no_o_

~

-,--,,.o ( o ' r OOv

oo

~ ' o c,,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I ~ ~1 O0 O0 O0 ~0 ~ " I..0 C~I I ~ CO O~ 0 O0 I ~ I".- (.O ~ 1 1 ~ . v - O~1 ~O O ~-" O') I.O (O (.O I.O ,,-

Tv

c~

~-v

z~

"O o

O

',r

LO ',-

I

I

~ LO

O

'~" O O 0 O0 ~0 O O O

(O

',-- ~O O r-

r

O~1 ~ -

('~ ~-

:~o ~ O00 -ro~

o~ +

~

o'r

.w 9

t-

- ,~- ~ O0

._

g_"

Q

e-

o . o . n ~ n n a _

c-

N

"" 0

Q

0

0

International

--'--

r

c~

0

O

0

VALVES

0

'~"~

-,-zoo

o

z~

z z

"~--

L_

z

.

0

.

00"I-

.

O0

-z

.

MANUAL

-I-

(.O

',r

04 ~

O ~-

OO

I

~ ~O

OO

O

O 04 O00

O ~-

OO

o ~

I

04

.

O

~--

OO

O

z ~ .

v

',::f ',r

~'-

I

'~" O

I

CO '~" ',::t" '~-

r4D '~"

I

~"- ~""

CO ~

0")

O

O ~--

.

.

O I.,0 ~O ~--

~

I

O ~O~

,c-

.

Z

z

O

0

z o .

Z

.

z

.

O O O O O O O O ~0 ~0 O0 i.0 LO ~0 CO 0 ~- "~" O O O~ O ~O ~-~-- ~(~I O

.

o o O0

o 00

O e-

_.e _.e

z z

0

04

Liquid

6

"=

"-O .-5 0 = EL'-

,--e"

r

o=~| "O~

" ~

o.9.~

.c'~ "

A o}

~P 9w,

.

~(., ~. = Oe"

6 e-

,,,'BN g

-8 ,r'B}

~

~ o..~ E"

_o~ ,

9-

d,-o

111 ~ . _ ~ o mELT_

c . - -fo

PI "

440

20.2.2

.=,~..~ 8

O8

5 .=

O8

03

03

O O O 03(.004 O00 LO

Liquid

[~

@ @

9 c-

d

m

ID

E

A

"[?

=,-

CN

-o_ ~

"0

=

-~

0

~

o_._~

if)

m.

"T"

0

~pg.

,_

o~.E m'~o

N

o 9-

"-

d= ~

O

O

Or)

o

~ o 04

.,-,o

eel~

~~ o 1" 04

.

. ~

.

.

03

,-~

.

o -=

O 04

.

u-O I---

=

O 04

I

O 04

04

O O4

O v--

O 04

O

I

~--

O

O

"~-" O4

O

I

~-

O

o

oq

E

~

.

O 04

I

04 "~"

I

&'--"

I

LO 0,4

.

~

Ob

~--

"5

.--

C~I

m

..(3

04

d

o Z

Z

g

~. ..-,

.~

r.~

O3

o

g

._

04

t.O LO

O 04

O0 LO

0 0 0 4 1 . 0 0 4 0 0 3 O ~1" 03 LO "~- O Oq

l

o

zz

o

o

.

. .

.

~ LO

O O ~-04

o

I

O 04

I

~t"

~

O O ~00 '~" ~ ',,-- ,,--

CO

o "T

O

~

o

O ~O ~'-04

O 00 0 ',,--

~-

O 04

O 04

I

~-

s

O 04

I

0 CO

~

O ~-"~" ,r-

co 04

O I'~. ~'04

o 04

0 LO 04

I

~I" ~'- ~--

Ob

O ~O '~'.~-.

O 00 "~t" 04

0 LO CO

o 04

O 03 t.~ 04

~"

o , o O

o

(D

I

Ob

,

=o 8

0303 ~-- ~--

z

-

-

o

9

8

z

~

'--

09

oq

030303 ~-- ~-- ,r--

o

.8 ~

-8

.

8 09

441

or)

z

.

.

-

|

o .

8 09

.

04

.

c~l

~

o

~

8 09

.

.

m

.

z

~

.

z

.

8 (/)

.

~-

.

z

.

z

.

z

~

~

.

030303030303

~

O ~" 0 ',,--

Ob

~I" ~-

~

090)

.. . . ~8o

.

~

I--

zz

:~

z

0303 v ~

O ~O 0 ',,-"

r,.O

!

O r4D '~-04

Ob

O 00 00 ,~--

I

r4D

O LI3 "~" '~.--

Ob

r43

o 04

O LO 03 '~

I

I

O r U3 t.~

03 ,r-

d

,...

~I" O b

O

=o 8

ff~Qz

~

i

O O O ~'30 ~t" O ('~1 ~-- 1"-'~" 0 0 03 " ~ .~--- ,~.-..~-r,.E)

s

o

s

~

o < <
_ >> o

o ~ ~ ~

~ o. . , o'~S

090900(/)(/)(,000

o

-o ~

(~

~" =

.

o

03 ,r-

o

-r

International

.~

z

Ob ~--

z~

s163

oo

~,~,

:e o ._

Q.Q.

.

o4

z

.

co

0

O 03 O ,~-

0

~I"

0

I

O r4D ~" ~

~t"

O r Ob

~-- 0 v03

I

I

I

.

o

,r-04

O O O~ 03 Ob O ~--

v-

~

O r,,O ~-030404

,

O 04

~I- O b

O 04

.

oo

04

O O O r,,O O 0 0 (,~ Ls 00 04

.

COOl ~'-

d. d.

~ o o o

~

8 ~

~

~

.~

~

-~,-

~'6

o o

&

Q-Q_Q.Q-Q.

. ~

.

13_

MANUAL

o_ ~ . a ,_o o,_ ~o

~ . ~ "6s

~

13_13_

9 ~

, ~--

O

04

O

03

O

~

O

,--

-,--

0

Ob

O

~--

O

04

~

d.

. 0~

s

[3-

03

~--

c~l

.

0

CO

. ~

Q_

.

~--

Q.

.~ ~

o~ -

d

0

..

_Z

cO

.

0

.

03

O~

Ob

'

Ob 0

030303

..

040404

.

.

.

0

~-- ~-

,._

>, r

.. ~ .~ s'6

13_13_

.

E3

O O I.O ~t" O 04 04

03

r,O O

Table

.

o>,o >,

s

= o z 0 0 0

.

.

_o_

.

=

.~ s ~ Q.Q_Q_

VALVES

20.2.2

>~ O

V)

.E "-

, LP

0%,,.,

d=o

o

--

.

oo

(Xl

Table

04

,

"~"

',r"

~0

(Xl

Z

(Xl

9f- f f f Z

| :'~

-o

o

9 O

~

(Xl

Z

~

.

E E E .

888

000003

. .

.

Z

~"o

,oo .

03

E E

~8

.

Z Z

~7

0

03

('Xl

O 04

O

~O OD ~O ','03

. .

Z

o ~

(Xl

o~

,

O 0

o~

Cb

0 ~0

'~-"

04

..

04

o

04

O CO ~

o

P". O 03

O CO

d

04

000'4 OO CO CD

,

CO

,

O

,

O~

,

~'

,

'~-

,

CO

,

O 04

~r

'~-

0',I

(Xl

0

~0

0

~

~

~-"

r-

=o r-

04

C'4

~--

~0

OO O~ OO r

CXl 0~1

d

04

O ~

,

~,

0

-

O O OO ~ LO I ~

0

=o C~

OO eO OO r

040

O I'-,

O

LO

(_

8 o

,...,

12}

~'-

.,_,

~

o-

~

~'-

0

~'-

0

~'-

0 0 0 0 0,4 '~1" t,O t,.O

o o o o

bbbb

~

~-- OO

0

t,_

~

0

0303 ~"- I ~ ~ ,

LO O

"K. "K. o o c~4 o4

,r-

CO

"~" i

0

'~1" i

0

'~" i

0

~" i

0

'~" i

0

"r

O3

0

O O O 040404

.,r-

i

-'8

'~" i

0

'~" i

0

'~" i

0

'~t" i

0

'~1" i

0

",r i

0

,~" i

0

O eO O~1 ~'--

0 0 0 t'~ O 0 0 ~

~--..~..-

O o4 OO

0 CO

~.-..~--

O O O O ~-- tO LO ~O I ~

0

~.-

~.-

~'-

0 ~0

~-

~-

0 0 CO,~-

~--

0 ~0 0 ~-- ~-- 04

O O O O O O O O eO '~" r... O ,~- o 4 0 o O ~O O "~'-- '~--" O~1 eO '~" '~--

"0

:~

..C:

04

LO eO eO eO eO O'~ OO O O O O O O,,I (Xl O4 O 4 0 , I

o

"r

~c~c~

.t-

1313

n-

"0

J:

-

,..

-,",~~

~

,_

:= i-

~

r-

=

O0 O0 00

C~

O O O O ~ O U'~ O O O~1 '~" "~-- O'~ O~ LO O tJD aO O~ OO C~ O ' , " O4 tO O eO

v

0

04

0

04

0

o

"10 0

o

.

o

O0 O0

~ o~Z--~ " O0 00

9--

"o

o~ t4~ ~

=0

=~

=~

o"c~~

~176"

~=

~

~

~ ,-

c~d --

~

d

|

:e:e oo 0300

E E

"--

~-

~"

~

8

International

O0

E

"-=

,,

=c

"'"

.|

.

88

0300

E E

-

OC)

.

Z Z

.

Z

E"

-"

~ ~"

"-'

8

MANUAL

03

E

o

~ ~ .

""

E

8

03

.

:O

~

.

r"

~

~

. .

~ ~ . o

E

8

03

.

Z Z

.

--

5

Z

.

Z

.

Z

0~1

0

~

0

~

~

E

8

O0

VALVES

. .

e 9

"-x

,~-

. .

O O O ~104 I~ O ,~" O

,

('Xl

"~

CO

Z

O O O O O O O O4 ~O O~1 ~ - O r4D O LO O~1 t.O ~-- .~t" '~" O

CO

O 04

O O ,~- I ~ O~ O

,

04

o

o O z0

Z rn

~

,..~

o

.7=

E

8 ~

..

__O

(1)

Z Z

..

o~ :~ -

E E .

88

0300

O O ,,"- ,,~O T -

CO

~0

"~'-

O O O O O O O eO CO O4 t4O eO O4 I ~ eO LO O O 4 0 O O '~'-

0 O0

..

0~1C~I

7~ E

. .

8

03

-

"O

=

~O OO OO O3 O 3 0 0

C'4

IO O O O O O O O C~I LO LO aO ~O ~t" O CO LO LO O (.O O ~ " ',-- ~--

OO ~O O~

04

Liquid

6 C

o~

A

d ~...0~

o

Q_ {~)

m.

r .- .~ 0 0

>~E,, ~8

._

.o_ o~i.;o% -

a..

.-.8

m "S ~ o

~.s

.__.p ~= '-'E

o, ~

-~

9~ o ' =

~

>

442

6

~

O ~

C'q ~O

r ,~'o,i

r

O

I~ ~--

r

O r

r

cad ~o

I'-.

oo eo

~

o,I eo o,I

r

!

,~. O

I'~

O Oq

o,I r

o oo i.~ oq

O

=

O,,I

O

(~0

O r r

r

~

r

r

U.I

E

-0 0

Q_ ~n -0 r-

t -o e-

t-

r.aD

O ~'~ O O O O Lr O OO (.O O,I r O'~ ~ O0 O0 r,aD '~"

O C~l

r

O C,,I

t,.~

O Oq

O O O~ O,I ~C~ r

O O O b... Lt~ ~-O~ I',.- I ~

r

20.2.2 Liquid Table

.E

~_ e-

O~E.~

~.~ ~ .=

= ~ o.r.

"0

"~o

II

~.

A

I

~.

I.~ OO O

00

co

r

co

v

,~-

.~--

o,,I o

v

I

o"

~--

8~_~

v

= ~

~

~

v

"T-

~

~

~

~

E3~E3

O O O O

=

E3

0000030003

o=O

I

_~

o

cO00") 9.-- O,I

0

Oo~

O

I

O9

r ._~ ,-,

-r

O

O

,~.

d e-

"8

o ~

.,-., o

O

"-- Q- ~D~

e- , O

.0_

~, ~

9g d i r

~

-8

o~.E

,E "

i'r m-6

9~

~

~_

L

m O

IN

~~

o~ O

~ o o

Z~-=-=

~

~ ~ ~ ~.~.~.~.~

O

~-

>

O O~

I

,~. ,--

O eO

03

O c~l

>

O ~ _ LO v

>

0 0

I

C~

I~ Ob O~

09

cO

O r.JD OO

=

o

X

O ~-~ oq

~'~ OO ~-- CO

O ~" ~I'~

'~"

I

O ~ ~r~-

~"

l

O O,I C~I ~--

~"

I

O Oq '~l" ~--

'~"

I

O L~ r'..~--

'~"

I

r,D r~D r,~

O O0 O ~--

0 0 "~" ~0

r,D ~

U") 0 0 C~I 09

0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r ~ -

N

o N~

N


O O

O O ~O r,.D ~00"~ "~-- '~-"

CO

"r"

o

N

Zo~ o~ ~

N

443

20 Fluid properties and conversions

20.2.3 Supplementary diagrams

mm~/s (cSt) )a~imIiiIm|

!iiii~iiiiliiii

9 1O00OO0

~I|~||a

,it .... ,/` 9

. . . . . . . . .

Imiiimmmml

)m~nQum)mmmmmm I|~III|,~|~||I||31111111 i|||||||||||||||llnmmil ~smmmmm

~m

Imm~ma~=

~s~

aNN

mmm m m m

i

lillill

i

.....

mmmmmml

mmmmmml

m m

" ii |mmni

500000

immmmH

mmmlmmml

k !ili~

200000 100000

immmmml

|||l|i|ll|||ii|llllUi |8l||||||||||||||||||l

iiiiiiiilliii i!i!i!il iiiiiil

~||||||||l||||||||ilil ~

~

tlm~

Inlllll Illllll

iiiiiliiii

;i!i!iii iiiiii

,mum,,.~n a B n

3000

f ~

l u l l n film mmi~ f l u Inl

!iiii!ii~ iiiiii

ilililililililili

2000

iiiiiiiii2 iiiiii

!iiii?ili!!~i!~

lllllll

m ~

I mm

I m i ~

m ~ w

f~~mmmmmm~18

||||||||

~ ~ |

llnllmlr

IIIIIIl i~iiiiiiiiii~

iiii:i!i':li:iliii~. ili:i

i Illllll

Il ll llllllllll

nlluRlK1mmmimmi~ll li~ B~RI~

~lI IIII

i =: -:-I

i::i::i~ilili::il:::::::::::::::::::::: :i::ii::i::ii!:!:i;iiiiiii::::iii::iiiii:::i:::::[~ ........

lIIllIl IllllIl

||||||||||||||~ImmIlll

iiiiiiii! iii!ii

li~~IIilllllli?llllIII

~ii!i!iiiiiii!ii ~ii!i!ii:iiiiil

lli~lllli~i|~||i~llIIII

|l~l I m m l

lulluuNmllr

.....................................................

l|llIl|8|ll|i||l|t~'lllII

i}i! :il!i:

"

1

lllllIl IIII I I I I k

I Ilk

i

..... i ili ..... ! i

|M~IIII

I||~||||||||N| |||~Ilml 500 400

IllllIl lllllIl

........

lugonl~Immmmmm,~ul Il~ ~

t .....

Ilmmmmmml I I I N m mira mlmlm i

wsw~|~l

iiiInklmmnmi|~||||||i | | | | | | |~:111 nil i~ | | | nl

'

Illllll

qmmmmIi ~mlmml |L'IIIII

ii!i!iii!i!iii!ii

1000

lllllIl

U mmiJ).Jn JlI)ll

iiiiiiii iiiiii

'

...... _i ....

lmmmmmi

IIIIIWM||iI|Iil

iiii):ill

iiiiii)i~ iii!ii i!i!iiii iiilii

lmmmmml

||~lmmmi~l|||||||||||l

)!iii!iiiiiiiiii

s000

lmmmmml

u n mu)

~,mmmi ) u u m ) a u N.)

i!i!iiiiiii!i!il

10000

[::::

! ..... i i

lmmmmml

i

20000

,ji . ,,

i t 1 1 1 1 1 llim mi iml II um| Imll mmlmmm i

~ ~ |

ilil] !iiiii ii~!~iiiiii

50000

i

lllllIl

iiiiiiiiiil !!!:~:~! ~ !!!!!!

mmmmmml

I||1|||||~|||||=!111131

I m mn~~ # l l ~

:::::: iii!iii!!!i~ii;iiiiiiiiill ........ ~i~i~z:~ ~iiiii~iii!ii

||||||||||||||||||llli

:::::: !iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

|llglIl i|ll0II = m m ~ m i.., ........i =.:!: !-:.i?.:.:.:.::......

::7~):] ;];:;:;:;:.................

j::]]!s ili:ili-:i:ili-ii!i!i!)i!i!!ii?!!!!!i!!)!! ........................................... HIIHIlII

300 li~88 libU I W .........

200

W 18 illl~ ~ Illl181t ~

IB~~SBS~US~8|

~W ~ 8 I~|

88818[]881

II11~I188888|18|| 8||1||||

.... ........

....

.....

40

II

!!

30 84

_iii}..i

9........

20

.........

)N~a ) ~ )

! !ii!i}!!!!!!!!!i!i

N IN| m ))N

iliiil ii::iii iii!iii::i]ili iii:: i

I1 II ..... =

I

I

10 0

! ........

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| ~ w ~ |

..L.

ii!iiii!iii!~ k__ ......y:..............

?iiiiiiii!i:i:: ii!iiiiiiik

i~:iiiii)i ~ ;iiiii:il.i9:. . . .iii:

mmmmm mmmnm, mmmmmmI

ii]i ]]"=:'=='=="~'

mmmmmL,(

.......... ,:,:,:,: :,:,........................

IllIlll

~

Illmmll Inillil

... i

mmmmmml

iiiiiiiii

i}iii!ililiiiii!;iiiii!ili!i~Illllll .....................

i!iiiiiiii!ili iiii!i!iiii iiiiiiiiiiii!i .......: .......................

||l

................ ...........................

i:;:;:::;::.::?:............ ~))))))))

lmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm,~(

iii!iiiil;ii![iliii!iii!i iii~i~:i~:~:~

immmmmm mmmmmmmm mmmmmmll lmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mmmmm ul

............................................ L.:.:.: .............................

l U l l Ill IIIIIIII

.............................. :~:~:~ ............................. iiiii;i)i;ii;i!:!iiii~i:j. i)ii:ilil;ii?; ................. :.:.:.:.:.:................. ...........................................

IllllIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllll IIlllllIllllllllllIlllll 50

mmmmm~)

mmmmmml

k,

)mmmmmmmmmmmmmm~mllli )mmmnmmnmmmmmmmm)=un) m m mm mmmmmmlm ItS| | ill IliumlliiiIInnl mll~|i|i

20 84

',iiiiii',i',!~!, ', :,i~i!?! :, !!i'.

mmnmnml

i

imnmmmmmmmmlmi~|||||||l

i l l l l IN l l l l l l l l llIlIIIIIIIIIII

m mmmm mk ~ ) I 9

m m m m k ' ~ m m m m m m m,-'~)

I| IIIm~l)))))~) ~))~ mIIIIIIk WNN NN~NI~)))|

mmmmmmm111113

i i',i '~',iii',;ii;i',i)l!i!il!!!!!!! iiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii i)!i~!i!i!i'ill!,i

..... ! .....

iimimmmImimmmmI mmIm$1Nl u m m mm mmmmmmmm mmmm n L~l

!

I] I]

....

ii

immmmmm ~ wl n u l u H ll)l )mmmmmm m~ = r i m M u ) . ) IIIII iimmm

. ................

....... i ...............

imnmmL~NMuu1888=ul

lmmmmmm m(

ilii! !iiiiil i!iiii iiiiiiii iili: !::!::!::i~!:iiii iiiii~iiiiiiii ?:ii:: iiiiil !!ili iiiiiiiiiii iii

i!iiii!iiiiiiii',!',iiiiiii!iii!il

)I))I))) m ) ~ N ~NN

ImImIIImImII~l)| ~)Nm~)|)| immmimmmmmimik)| N|~N|||| ) m i N I m i m i N I INk"| ) ) N ) | ||) .........

~?: r:: ===~:.... _:,i',',ii.........

Immmmmm, i I a ~mmmkl m~

.................

........

15

|l~llSIMi

INk!I)) I In ~8 g U |||~ | Ill IIIllB|HI|n|H||||||

) m m m m m m m l m l k ~ ~ fmmmmm NNmmI ~ W l m m i m m m m m m , l ~

ii II

.......... !iiiii~iii iiii!!i~ji!~:!

, ~!i!iiii iiii!iiiiiiiiiii

imminmLuu|u|m|ni||i

50

~

~iiii iiiiiiiiiliiiiii!

immmm,tmmla=m=mm==m=mm)uN

75

aHillll

I~ IIIII ~111~ 1111111 IIIII ~11 i

.....................

I~ WIiiiSiSi~ lllliSiIB l ~ ~lliiS~~ 81~ ~ llilllMl 18li~| I I ~ ~ ~ 8 i ~ 8 8 W 8 8 ~B~I~ 888|

10'0

I~

]::]:[i '!!);'.!:!))~!~/!~!~J!

~iiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiii)iiiii~iiii~i!i

IL,!I :Tlk'~ LI,X,V~Illl

......

150

!iiiii!ii!i!iiiiiiiiilil~i,i,i,i!ii,i ii:ili~iiiiiil i!ii~iill iii!iiiiil

100

Figure 20.1 Viscosity of alkydes at various temperatures

444

| m m m


~

l

'

IllllII

lllIlIl ~mmmmml

~immmml |~Immml

re]mUll m~ImmI |||klmIl

mll ml lu)))l

i|||||i

Illl

||i

.......

.......... t .... 9I

..

200

250 "C


mm2/s (cSt) 1000

400

200

~ 6 5 ~ DS

100

9

60

....

i

4 0 84

,

~5o

\

201

4 r~

---

, ....................................

~

. . . .

30

0.6

~

..........

~

0.4

0 ,

~

~...~ .

",\\

,

~,~

~,,~

i

\

-"~ i """--~

~.~,

-.~

1 ]

0.2

0.1 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

110

130

~

Figure 20.2 Viscosity temperature diagram for black liquor

VALVESMANUALInternational

445


~~

N~

0 t~lum

I~,

ii ~

i-:

"

-182.45"

1.00040"

4599.

190.56

0.00617

-182.79"

1.21098"

4880.

305.41

0.00489

-187.62" -159.59

1.29526"

4240.

369.77

0.00454

-11.79

(6000)* 1369.8 530.89

1.3249"

3640.

407.82

0.00446

58.123

-0.51

379.61

-138.35

1.33626"

3784.

425.10

0.00439

72.150 72.150

27.83 36.05

151.31

-159.89

460.35

0.00427

114.70

-129.71

1.34803 1.35196

3381.

n-Pentane

05H12 05H12

3365.

469.66

0.00434

8

Neopentane

05H12

72.150

9.50

270.0

-16.58

1.342"

3199.

433.71

0.00420

9

n-Hexane

06H14

86.177

68.72

37.297

-95.31

1.37736

3030.

506.4

0.00429

2-Methylpentane

CeH14

86.177

60.24

3120.

497.46 504.4

0.00426 0.00426

06H14

63.26 49.72

1.37120

12

86.177 86.177

-153.67 -162.89

3010.

06H14

50.68 45.73

1.36601

3-Methylpentane Neohexane

73.41

-99.825

1.36314

3080.

488.66

0.00417

13

2,3-Dimethylbutane

14

n-Heptane 2-Methylhexane

C6H14 07H16

86.177 100.204

57.96 98.37

55.34 12.342

07H16

100.204

90.03

17.226

-128.53 -90.55 -118.26

100.204 100.204

91.85 93.47

16.155 15.265

1.36967 1.38262 1.37969 1.38354

3130. 2740. 2730. 2810.

499.86 539.2 530.06 535.16

0.00415 0.00426 0.00420 0.00403

1.38828

2890.

79.17 80.47

-118.58 -123.78

1.37696

0.00415 0.00415

-119.21

1.37620

2770. 2740.

540.46 520.36 519.66

0.00417

19

86.04

-134.44 -24.56

1.38592

2950.

536.26

0.00413

20

1

Methane

OH4

16.043

-161.51

2

Ethane

C2H6

30.070

-88.59

3 4

Propane Isobutane

03H8 04Hlo

44.097

-42.07

58.123

5

n-Butane

04Hlo

6

Isopentane

7

10 11

15

(35000)*

14 15 16

16 17

3-Methylhexane

07H16

3-Ethylpentane

18

2,2-Dimethylpentane

07H16 07H16

19

2,4-Dimethylpentane

07H16

100.204 100.204

20

3,3-Dimethylpentane

07H16

100.204

21

Triptane

CTH~o

100.204

80.86

26.32 24.85 20.94 25.41

1.38439

2950.

531.06

0.00397

21

22

n-Octane

114.231

125.65

4.146

-56.76

1.39274

2490.

568.4

0.00420

22

23

Diisobutyl

C8H18 C8H18

114.231

109.08

8.417

-91.160

1.38762

2490.

549.96

0.00422

23

24

Isooctane

C8H18

114.231

99.21

12.966

-107.35

1.38651

24

n-Nonane

09H2o

128.258

150.78

1.358

-53.48

1.40080

543.86 594.7

0.00410

25

2570. 2280.

0.00433

25

26

n-Decane

01oH22

142.285

174.11

0.4814

-29.63

1.40745

2100.

617.7

0.00439

26

27

Cyclopentane

C5Hlo

-93.827 -142.43

511.6

0.00371

27

06H12

73.99 33.75

4508.

Methylcyclopentane

49.22 71.83

1.40081

28

70.134 84.161

1.40430

3784.

532.75

0.00379

28

29 30

Cyclohexane

06H12

84.161

29

1.41806

3471.

553.5 572.15

0.00366

98.188

6.550 -126.59

4073.

07H14

24.64 12.211

1.42083

0.00375

3O

31

Methylcyclohexane Ethane (Ethylene)

80.78 100.94

02H4

28.054

-103.73

(9700)*

(1.229)*

5040.

282.34

0.00466

31

32

Propene (Propylene)

C3H6

42.081

-47.68

1691.

-169.15" -185.25"

1.3010"

4665.

365.55

0.00448

32

33

1-Butene (Butylene)

04H8

56.108

1.3390"

4043.

419.92

0.00426

cis-2-Butene

04H8

56.108

459.0 338.3

-185.35"

34

-6.23 3.72

-138.90

1.3560"

4243.

435.54

0.00417

33 34

35

trans-2-Butene

04H8

56.108

0.88

366.5

-105.54

35

-6.91

477.4

0.00425

36

29.95

141.65

-140.34 -165.21

417.86

,, 37

56.108 70.134

3964. 4000.

0.00424

04H8 CsH~0

1.3490" 1.3477"

428.59

lsobutene 1-Pentene

1.36522

3513.

464.74

0.00421

37

,, 38

1,2-Butadiene

04H6

(4502)*

(444)*

(0.0043)*

38

04H6

269. 436.1

--

1,3-Butadiene

10.84 -4.41

-136.19

39

54.092 54.092

-108.89

1.3979*

4277*

425.

0.00407

39

40

Isoprene

C5H8

68.119

34.05

123.8

-145.95

1.41510

(93850)*

(484)*

(0.0041)*

40

41

Acetylene

02H2

6139.

308.31

0.00432

41

06H6 07H8 C8H10

80.07

u 24.38

-80.8*

Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene

26.038 78.114

-84.01"

42

5.532

1.49472

110.60 136.17

7.895 2.873

-94.98 -94.963

1.49133 1.49052

562.12 591.76

0.00332 0.00343

42

92.141 106.167

4898. 4106. 3606.

617.16

0.00352

44

o-Xylene m-Xylene

C8H10 CsH~o

106.167

144.39

2.051

-25.18

1.50045

3734.

630.29

0.00348

45

106.167

139.09

-47.86

1.49206

3536.

617.01

0.00354

46

p-Xylene S~rene Isopropylbenzene Methyl alcohol

CsH~0 C8H8

106.167 104.152

1.49068 1.54969 1.48635

3511.

616.19

0.00357

47

0.00333 0.00355

48 49

CH40 02H60 CO

35.44 17.903

-97.65 -114.1

1.32464 1.35739

3209. 8097. 6148.

(646)* 631.1

Ethyl alcohol Carbon monoxide

120.194 32.042 46.069

13.26 -30.63 -96.021

4050.

09H12

138.32 145.23 152.38

2.528 2.648 2.00 1.47

512.60 513.88

0.00368 0.00362

50 51

-204.99*

1.00028"

3494.

132.86

0.00329

52

-56.56*

1.00038"

7374.

304.11

0.00214

53

, 36

43 44 45 46 47 , 48 49

50 51 52 53 54 , 55 56 : 57 ', 58 59 60 61 62

i 63 1

I

17 18

43

28.010

64.67 78.26 -191.45

44.010

-78.464*

34.082

-60.266

2859.7

-85.48*

1.00057"

8963.

373.37

0.00288

54

Sulphur dioxide

002 H2S SO2

64.065

-9.94

630.2

-75.47*

1.00059"

7884.

430.8

0.00190

55

Ammonia

NH3

17.0305

-33.32

1555.

-77.69*

1.00033"

11350.

405.5

0.00425

56

N2+O2

28.9625

-194.34

1.00028"

3771.

132.43

0.00323

57

Hydrogen

H2

2.0159

-252.850*

-m

1.00013"

1293.

33.0

0.03185*

58

Oxygen

02

31.9988

-182.954*

Nitrogen

N2

28.0134

-195.798

Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide

Air

-259.347* -218.792"

1.00027"

5043.

154.59

0.00229

59

--

-209.997*

1.00028"

3398.

126.21

0.00318

60

Chlorine

CI2

70.9054

-33.95

1146.

-100.95

1.3740*

7977.

416.86

0.00175

61

Water

H20

18.0153

99.974*

7.3849

0.000

1.33339

22064.

647.10

0.003106

62

Helium Hydrogen chloride

He HCI

4.0026 36.461

-268.95 85.14

6547.

- 114.17*

1.00003" 1.00040"

227.5 8310.

5.20 324.68

0.01436 0.00222

63 64

NOTE: Numbers in this table do not have accuracies greater than 1 part in 1000; in some cases extra digits have been added to calculated values to achieve internal consistency or to permit recalculation of experimental values. * See the Notes and References in Section 20.3.3


455


(continued)

20.3.2 Table of physical c o n s t a n t s

e-

Densi!ty of liquid 101.3250 kPa(abs), 15 ~

u

A

9~ .y

A

1D

(J

A

O

ul::: p,-

E

===W

r

~._=

9

c

9O

m

E.=;2

E'o

._o ~= ="=r

O1

(.1 ~=,.

1

(0.3)*

(300.)*

(0.05)*

--

0.35808*

357.76*

0.084051"

--

"3 o-

r

Eo _==

~wll

:.3

Or

I

"' E =

Z

tj

>o)

I-O

2

Specific Heat 15 ~ 101.3250 kPa(abs) kJ/(Kg KJ

Ideal gas 101.3250 kPa('abs), 15 ~

L

.e

0.0108

0.9980

0.55392

1.4738

(442.15)*

2.2040

0.0972

0.9918

1.0382

0.78635

281.32*

1.7053

4.0283

1.6242

2.5918

3

1.6164

2.3879

4

I

--

1 2

3

0.50776*

507.30*

0.086925*

-0.00303*

0.1515

0.9824

1.5226

0.53619

j~

272.01 *

4

0.56349*

562.98*

0.10324"

-0.00220*

0.1852

0.9709

2.0068

0.40680

1

229.02*

5

0.58459*

584.06*

0.099515*

-0.00197*

0.1981

0.9664

2.0068

0.40680

1.6514

2.3949

5

0.62491

624.35

0.11556

-0.00162

0.2286

m

2.4912

0.32772

i

237.60*

6

204.61

1.6071

2.2301

6

7

0.63157

631.00

0.11434

0.00161

0.2510

m

2.4912

0.32772

206.79

1.6233

2.2737

7

8

0.59724*

596.70*

0.12092"

-0.00191"

0.1965

0.9579

2.4912

0.32772

195.55"

1.6320

2.2994

8

9

0.66449

663.89

0.12981

-0.00136

0.2990

0.9881

2.9755

0.27438

182.15

1.6151

2.2306

9

10

0.65834

657.75

0.13102

-0.00141

0.2780

0.9848

2.9755

0.27438

180.47

1.6107

2.2053

10

11

0.66953

668.93

0.12883

-0.00137

0.2736

0.9863

2.9755

0.27438

183.54

1.5845

2.1697

11

12

0.65455

653.96

0.13178

-0.00146

0.2334

0.9798

2.9755

0.27438

179.43

1.5982

2.1483

12

13

0.66675

666.15

0.12937

-0.00137

0.2481

0.9840

2.9755

0.27438

182.78

1.5788

2.1458

14

0.68846

687.84

0.14568

-0.00122

i

0.3483

0.9948

3.4598

0.23597

162.30

1.6074

2.2087

15

0.68359

682.97

0.14672

-0.00127

j

0.3312

0.9931

3.4598

0.23597

161.16

1.5955

2.1832

15

16

0.69206

691.44

o. 14492

-0.00124

0.3231

0.9935

3.4598

0.23597

163.16

1.5833

2.1338

16

17

0.70327

702.64

0.14261

-0.00125

0.3111

0.9939

3.4598

0.23597

165.80

1.6157

2.1502

17

18

0.67884

678.23

o. 14774

-0.00129

0.2870

0.9903

3.4598

0.23597

160.04

1.6155

2.1611

18

19

0.67763

677.02

!

0.14801

-0.00130

0.3035

0.9907

3.4598

0.23597

159.75

1.6564

2.1930

19

20

0.69721

696.58

,

0.14385

-0.00095

0.2687

0.9920

3.4598

0.23597

164.37

,

1.6009

2.0992

20

0.14407

-0.00157

0.2501

0.9907

=

3.4598

0.23597

164.12

1.5765

2.0876

21

0.16168

-0.00115

0.3978

0.9977

~

3.9441

0.20699

146.25

1.6026

2.1923

22

21

0.69616

695.53

22

0.70718

706.54

23

0.69645

697.82

0.16370

-0.00121

0.3571

0.9959

3.9441

0.20699

144.44

1.5701

2.1383

23

24

0.69669

696.06

0.16411

-0.00118

0.3043

0.9941

3.9441

0.20699

144.08

1.5974

2.0495

24

25

0.72231

721.66

0.17773

-0.00110

0.4425

0.9990

4.4284

0.18436

133.04

1.5990

2.1855

25

26

0.73452

733.86

0.19389

-0.00102

0.4881

0.9996

4.9127

0.16618

121.95

1.5962

2.1797

26

27

0.75125

750.57

0.093441

-0.00129

0.1938

0.9844

2.4215

0.33714

253.05

1.1329

1.7636

27

28

0.75512

754.44

0.11155

-0.00125

0.2266

0.9905

2.9059

0.28095

211.96

1.2546

1.8451

28

29

0.78385

783.14

0.10747

-0.00119

0.2094

0.9928

2.9059

0.28095

220.02

1.2120

1.8223

29

30

0.77437

773.67

0.12691

-0.00112

0.2352

0.9953

3.3902

0.24081

186.31

1.3329

1.8405

30

31

.

0.0860

0.9935

0.96863

0.64282

m

1.4966

~

31

32

0.52183*

521.36"

0.080714*

-0.00308*

0.1404

0.9843

1.4529

0.56189

292.95*

1.4919

2.3927

32

33

0.60095*

600.41 *

0.093449*

-0.00196*

0.1914

0.9697

1.9373

0.42143

253.03*

1.4856

2.2001

33

34

0.62921*

628.64*

0.089253*

-0.00193*

0.2054

0.9662

1.9373

0.42143

264.92*

1.3911

2.2154

34

35

0.61179"

611.24*

0.091794*

-0.00199*

0.2034

0.9665

1.9373

0.42143

257.59*

1.4875

2.2663

35

36

0.60218*

601.64*

0.093258*

-0.00208*

0.1953

0.9698

1.9373

0.42143

253.55*

1.5317

2.2960

36

37

0.64588

645.30

0.10868

-0.00155

0.2313

0.9483

2.4215

0.33714

217.56

1.5027

38

0.65859*

39 40

.

t

.

.

658.00*

0.082207*

-0.00182*

0.2557

(0.969)

0.62787*

627.30*

0.086230*

-0.00198*

0.1956

0.9721

0.68665*

686.03*

0.099294*

-0.00148*

0.1745

~

.

.

.

1.8677

1.4362

T

L

F

2.1661

37

2.2621

38

0.43172

287.63*

1.8677

0.43172

274.21 *

1.4303

2.2347

39

2.3520

0.34711

238.13"

1.4661

2.1718

40 41

41

.

0.1949

0.9930

0.89902

0.90810

~

1.6627

--

42

0.88511

864.31

0.088333

-0.00121

0.2090

0.9938

2.6971

0.30270

267.68

1.0149

1.7147

42

43

0.87236

871.57

0.10572

-0.00106

0.2632

0.9971

3.1814

0.25661

223.66

1.0866

1.6771

43

44

0.87210

871.32

0.12185

-0.00101

0.3027

0.9986

3.6657

0.22272

194.06

1.1604

1.7207

44

45

0.88507

884.27

0.12006

-0.00094

0.3113

0.9989

3.6657

0.22272

196.94

1.2107

1.7409

45

46

0.86934

868.56

0.12223

-0.00099

0.3257

0.9987

3.6657

0.22272

193.44

1.1462

1.6957

46

47

0.86611

865.33

0.12269

-0.00100

0.3214

0.9986

3.6657

0.22272

192.72

1.1480

1.6839

47

48

0.91112

910.30

0.11442

-0.00101

(0.2412)

--

L

3.5961

0.22703

206.66

1.1149

1.7258

48

49

0.86675

865.97

0.13880

-0.00098

0.3260

0.9991

/

4.1500

0.19672

170.36

1.2830

1.7589

49

50

0.79666

795.94

0.040257

-0.00117

0.5649

-

!

1.1063

0.73795

587.37

1.3567

2.4754

50

51

0.79436

793.65

0.058047

-0.00108

0.6446

-

1

1.5906

0.51324

407.33

1.3829

2.3564

51

0.9671

0.84417

665.71 *

1.0403

-

52

1.5196

0.53726

441.59*

0.83294

~

53

-

!

i

52

0.78931 *

788.60*

0.035519*

0.0477

0.9996

53

0.82268*

821.94*

0.053544*

-0.01049*

0.2667

0.9964

54

0.80262*

801.90*

0.042499*

0.00283*

0.0948

0.9845

1.1767

0.69382

556.37*

0.99794

2.1098

54

55

1.3973*

1396.0*

0.045892*

~

0.2548

0.9801

2.2120

0.36907

515.22*

0.61942

1.3589

55

56

0.61826*

617.70*

0.027571 *

~

0.2558

0.9876

0.58802

1.3864

857.61 *

2.0791

4.6931

56

57

0.87469*

873.90*

0.033142*

-

~

0.9996

1.0000

0.81639

713.45*

1.0040

-

57

0.028393*

~

-0.2216-

1.0006

0.06960

1.729

832.78*

14.261

-

58

0.028045*

~

0.0216

0.9992

1.1048

0.73893

843.12"

0.91673

~

59

0.9997

0.96723

0.64402

682.48*

1.0395

~

60

!

58

j

0.071064*

71.000"

59

]

1.1420"

1141.0"

60

0.80933*

808.60*

0.034644*

~

0.0370

61

1.4258*

1424.5"

0.049776*

~

0.0878

I

(0.9875)

2.4482

0.33347

475.02*

0.47612

~

61

62

1.0000

999.10

0.018032

-0.00023

0.3445

I

_

0.62202

1.3125

1311.3

1.8617

4.1863

62

63

0.12509"

124.98"

0.032026*

~

j

0.

1.0005

0.13820

5.9074

738.30*

5.1931

--

63

64

0.85377*

853.00*

0.042744*.

-0.00539*

1

0.1259

i

0.9923

1.2589

0.64851

553.18"

0.79910

--

64

i

NOTE: Numbers in this table do not have accuracies greater than 1 part in 1000; in some cases extra digits have been added to calculated values to achieve internal consistency or to permit recalculation of experimental values.

456

* See the Notes and References in Section 20.3.3



20.3.2

Table

of physical

(continued)

constants

K.

S e e N o t e No: -~

L.

Net

M.

'

H e a t i n g v a l u e , 15 ~

'

'

"E ~

a. .~

Compound

= ~

=. .~

= ~

I..

E

u=

> o

r

=, _~ "5 "-

~E _ ~=~.

C:

"O

o.~

= o

-.

ASTM octane number

F l a m m a b i l i t y limits, v o l % in air m i x t u r e

Gross

.=~ ~ =

~

~.=== ~=~.~

.~

E

.c

=

_=|= ~ =E

,= =

~~ ,

== ==0

E =

1

Methane

33.949

~

37.708

~

~

510.44

9.548

5.0

15.0

~

~

1

2

Ethane

60.429

47.162"

66.065

51.595*

18459.*

488.86

16.710

2.9

13.0

+0.05

+ 1.6"

2

3

Propane

86.418

45.955*

93.936

49.986*

25358.*

431.78

23.871

2.0

9.5

97.1

+1.8*

3

4

Isobutane

112.007

45.210"

121.406

49.032*

27604.*

366.46

31.032

1.8

8.5

97.6

+0.1"

4

5

n-Butane

112.396

45.342*

121.794

49.164"

28715.*

386.08

31.032

1.5

9.0

89.6*

93.8*

5

6

Isopentane

138.087

44.899

149.363

48.594

30340.

342.20

38.193

1.3

8.0

90.3

92.3

6

7

n-Pentane

138.380

44.973

149.656

48.668

30710.

357.45

38.193

1.4

8.3

62.6*

61.7*

7

8

Neopentane

137.485

44.739*

148.762

48.434*

28901 *

315.32

38.193

1.3

7.5

80.2

85.5

8

9

n-Hexane

164.399

44.735

177.550

48.342

32094.

334.78

45.355

1.1

7.7

26.0

24.8

9

10

2-Methylhexane

164.076

44.666

177.230

48.275

31753.

322.48

45.355

1.18

7.0

73.5

73.4

10

11

3-Methylpentane

164.186

44.690

177.339

48.299

32309.

325.61

45.355

1.2

7.7

74.3

74.5

11

12

Neohexane

163.658

44.571

176.810

48.180

31508.

305.30

45.355

1.2

7.0

93.4

91.8

12

13

2,3-Dimethylbutane

163.982

~ 44.647

177.135

48.256

32146.

316.56

45.355

1.2

7.0

94.3

i

+0.3

14

n-Heptane

205.424 .

48.102 .

33087. .

317.05.

52.516.

~

1.0

7.0

=

~

--

t 14

15

2-Methylhexane

190.095

44.503

205.131

48.051

32817.

305.58

52.516

/

1.0

7.0

46.4

i

42.4

115

16

3-Methylhexane

190.238

44.534

205.275

48.082

33246.

308.27

52.516

'I

(1.01)

(6.6)

55.8

52.0

L 16

17

3-Ethylpentane

190.322

44.553

205.356

48.100

33797.

310.57

52.516

I

(1.00)

(6.5)

69.3

65.0

17

i

.

190.389

.~

44.555

.

i I i

I

!

18

2,2-Dimethylpentane

189.625

44.416

204.661

47.963

32530.

291.70

52.516

(1.09)

(6.8)

95.6

19

2,4-Di methylpenta ne

189.798

44.452

204.835

48.000

32497.

294.90

52.516

(1.08)

(6.8)

83.8

83.1

19

20

3,3-Dimethylpentane

189.880

44.471

204.915

48.018

33448.

295.60

52.516

(1.04)

(7.0)

86.6

80.8

20

21

Triptane

189.685

44.434

204.720

47.982

33373.

288.41

52.516

(1.08)

(6.8)

+0.1

+1.8

21

22

n-Octane

216.373

44.418

233.284

47.919

33857.

301.23

59.677

0.8

6.5

~

--

22 23

23 24

!

25 26

I

18

Diisobutyl

215.791

44.330

232.704

47.831

33377.

284.86

59.677

(0.92)

(6.3)

55.7

55.2

Isooctane

215.726

44.342

232.642

47.843

33302.

269.54

59.677

0.95

6.0

100.0

100.0

24

n-Nonane

242.399

44.319

261.191

47.784

34484.

289.26

66.839

0.7

5.6

--

~

25

n-Decane

i

268.393

44.234

289.067

47.669

34983.

278.31

74.000

0.7

5.4

~

~

26

27

Cyclopentane

;

131.152

43.786

140.546

46.954

35242.

389.25

35.806

(1.48)

(8.3)

64.9*

+0.1

27

28

Methylcyclopentane

I

156.751

43.656

168.029

46.824

35326.

345.53

42.968

1.0

8.35

80.0

91.3

28

29

Cyclohexane

156.031

43.438

167.306

46.606

36499.

356.46

42.968

1.2

8.35

77.2

83.0

29

30

Methylcyclohexane

181.563

43.358

194.715

46.525

35995.

316.74

50.129

1.1

6.7

71.1

74.8

55.963

--

59.724

--

~

482.64

14.323

2.7

36.0

75.6

+0.03

31

,

i

I

92.8

13

i

;

Ethane (Ethylene)

~

30

32

Propene (Propylene)

81.460

(45.38)

87.099

(48.55)

(25312)

437.73

21.484

2.0

11.7

84.9

+0.2

i 31 , 32

33

1-Butene (Butylene)

107.463

44.921 *

114.979

48.089*

28873.*

390.68

28.645

1.6

10.

80.8*

97.4

33

34

cis-2-Butene

107.176

44.764*

114.689

47.931"

30131.*

416.16

28.645

1.6

10.

83.5

100.0

34

35

trans-2-Butene

107.021

44.713"

114.538

47.881"

29267.*

405.65

28.645

1.6

i

10.

--

--

35

36

Isobutene

106.762

44.617*

114.276

47.785*

28749.

394.24

28.645

1.6

I

10.

=

=

36

37

1-Pentene

133.456

44.624

142.850

47.791

30840.

359.31

35.806

1.3

10.

77.1

90.9

37

38

1,2-Butadiene

104.116

45.074*

109.755

47.538*

31280.*

446.31

26.258

(1.62)

(10.3)

~

~

38

39

1,3-Butadiene

101.874

44.116"

107.513

46.580*

29220.*

430.99

26.258

2.0

12.5

--

~

i 39

40

Isoprene

127.328

43.803

134.843

41

Acetylene

53.159

~

55.038

=

--

42

Benzene

134.051

40.137

139.689

41.843

37002.

i

43

Toluene

159.538

40.522

167.056

42.451

44

Ethylbenzene

185.552

40.922

194.947

45

o-Xylene

185.091

40.808

46

m-Xylene

185.020

i

,

46.412

,

31840.

i

380.26

i

,

33.419

,

!

99.1

40

819.51

11.935

(1.12) 1.5

,

(8.5) 100.

,

81.0 --

,

~

41

393.78

35.806

1.2

8.0

+2.8

~

42

36999.

~ 360.10

42.968

1.2

7.1

+0.3

+5.8

43

43.014

37479.

i

335.32

50.129

1.0

8.0

97.9

+0.8

44

194.484

42.901

37936.

346.62

50.129

1.0

7.6

100.0

+0.

45

40.799

194.413

42.892

37254.

= 342.86

50.129

1.0

7.0

+2.8

+4.0

46

47

p-Xylene

185.049

40.809

194.444

42.901

37124.

339.09

50.129

1.0

7.0

+ 1.2

+3.4

47

48

Styrene

180.302

40.505

187.816

42.212

38426.

355.52

47.742

1.1

8.0

+0.2

>+3.*

48

49

Isopropylbenzene

211.323

41.192

222.598

43.410

37592.

312.00

57.290

0.8

6.5

99.3

+2.1

49

50

Methyl alcohol

28.605

19.929

32.362

22.703

18070

1076.71

7.161

5.5

44.0

--

~

50

51

Ethyl alcohol

54.038

26.807

59.678

29.701

23572.

840.48

14.323

3.28

19.0

~

~

51

52

Carbon monoxide

11.965

--

11.964

--

--

215.78

2.387

12.50

74.20

~

~

52

53

Carbon dioxide

0.0

--

0.0

=

--

573.28*

~

54

Hydrogen sulphide

21.905

14.772"

23.784

16.043"

12865.*

548.08

7.161

--

~

54

=

=

~

~

55

Sulphur dioxide

56

Ammonia

57

Air

58

Hydrogen

59

I

.

.

4.30

.

45.50

--

0.0

=

=

389.29

~

16.220

=

=

1371.07

0.0

~

0.0

~

--

205.16

10.223

--

12.102

--

~

441.99

Oxygen

0.0

=

0.0

--

--

213.03

.

.

.

.

.

60

Nitrogen

0.0

--

!

0.0

~

--

199.08

.

.

.

.

.

60

61

Chlorine

--

--

I

--

~

~

287.84

.

.

.

.

.

61

62

Water

--

*

!

1.8792"

0.0

2256.64

.

63

Helium

=

~

~

0.0

.

64

Hydrogen chloride

~

~

~

~

~

0. . ~

3.581 .

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

. .

.

55

.

74.20

. .

.

27.00

4.00

. .

.

15.50

2.387

. 442.95

.

53

0.0

.

.

.

13.401

i

.

!

56 57 58 59

62 63

.

64

NOTE: Numbers in this table do not have accuracies greater than 1 part in 1000; in some cases extra digits have been added to calculated values to achieve internal consistency or to permit recalculation of experimental values. * See the Notes and References in Section 20.3.3

VALVES MANUAL

International

457


20.3.3 Notes and references to Table of physical constants

See Note No: -~ ,..,, l.01

"~tJ

"3 "6 ~"

Compound

t~m

E~

-~=o

Critical constants

A

=.

~t L

D.O

,,=-~,

=E ,..,

"6 r=

L

W

O

m

t" "6 ~.

qD t,-

O1

olo 1-14~

E

a;

=== I.

,,==~

lI= it~ L q" 't"

E

w

m O

> Methane

OH4

15

4

a,b

c,44

i,44

44

Ethane

02H6

15

44

a,b

c,44

h,44

44

C3H8

Propane Isobutane

15

44

28

c,44

h,44

44

26 27

44

h,44

44

44 44

4 44

1 2

44 44

44 44

3 4

n-Butane

04Hlo 04Hlo

15

44 44

44

h,44

27

44

44

5

6

Isopentane

05H12

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

6

7

n-Pentane

05H12

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

7

8

Neopentane

06H12

15

44

44

44

h,44

44

44

44

8

9 10 11 12 13

9 10

n-Hexane

C6H14

15

44

44

2-Methylpentane

06H14

15 .

44

44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

11 12 13

3-Methylpentane Neohexane 2,3-Dimethylbutane

06H14

C6H~4 06H14

15 15 15

44 44

44 44

f,17,23 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

14 15

n-Heptane 2-Methylhexane

07H16 C7H16

15 15

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

16 17

3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane

CzH~6 C7H16

15 15

44

44

f,32

44

44

44

44

14 15 16

18

2,2-Dimethylpentane

07H16

15

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

17 18

19

2,4-Dimethylpentane

07H16

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

19

20

3,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H~6

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

20 21

21

Triptane

C7H~6

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

22

n-Octane

C8H~8

15

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

23 24

Diisobutyl Isooctane

C8H18 C8H~8

15 15

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

44 44

25 26

n-Nonane

C9H20

15

010H22 CsH~o

15 15

44 44

44 44

44 44

l 1

44 44

44 44

44 44

27

n-Decane Cyclopentane

44 44

28 29 30

Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane

06H12 C6H~2

15 15

44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44

44 44 44

1 j

44 44 44

44 44 44

44 44 44

07H14

44 44 44 44

44

31

Ethane (Ethylene)

02H4

32

Propene (Propylene)

03H6

15

44

44

c,44 44

h,21 h,44

44 44

44 44 44

44

32

33 34

1-Butene (Butylene) cis-2-Butene

04H8 C4H8

15 15

44 44

44 44

44 44

h,44 h,44

44 44

r

i

44 44

44 44

33 34

35

trans-2-Butene

C4H8

15

44

44

44

h,44

44

I

44

44

35

36 37

Isobutene

C4H8

15

44

44

44

h,44

44

44

44

1-Pentene 1,2-Butadiene

CsH10 C4H6

15 15

44 44

44 44

44 44

44

44 a

44 a

44 a

36 37 38

1,3-Butadiene Isoprene

C4H6 C5H8

15 15

44 44

20 44

44 44

h,44

44 a

44 a

44 a

Acetylene Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene

02H2

C6H6 CTH8 C8Hlo C8H10

15 15 15 15 15

C8H10 C8Hlo

15 15

d,44 44 44 44 44 44 44

b 44 44 44 44 44 44

c,44 44 44 44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44 44 44 44

44 44 44 44 44 44 44

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

44

/

i J J j 1

48

m-Xylene p-Xylene Styrene

49

Isopropylbenzene

09H12

50

Methyl alcohol

OH40

51

Ethyl alcohol

C2H60

52

Carbon monoxide

CO

53

Carbon dioxide

C02

d,3

54

Hydrogen sulphide

H2S

25

55

Sulphur dioxide

56

Ammonia

SO2 NH3

15

1

18

57

Air

N2+O2

15,34

36

b

L r

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

44

43

44

44

44

a,ll 44

45

45

45

45

50

45

45

45

45

51

C8H8 p,45

44 44 44 44 44 44

l

22 23

25

45

49

c,45

i,45

45

45

52

c,45

i,45

45

45

c,25

i,45

45

45

53 54

c,45

i,45

45

45

c,45

i,45

45

45

45

i,47

36

36

36

55 56 57

58

Hydrogen

H2

15

r,s,10

b

c,r,s

i,45

n,45

n,45

n,45

58

59 60 61 62

Oxygen Nitrogen

02 Nz

15 15

r, 10 6

b b

c,r,s, 10 c,45

i,45 i,45

45 6

45 6

45 6

59 6O

Chlorine

CI2

15

1

2

c,45

h,45

2

2

45

61

Water

H20

15

r,10

45

45

45

31

31

31

62

63

Helium

He

15

12

64

Hydrogen chloride

HCI

15

1

458

b i

18

c,45


i,45

7

7

7

63

i,45

45

45

45

64


20.3.3 Notes and references to Table of physical constants

(continued)

E.

"6

D e n s i t y o f liquid 1 0 1 . 3 2 5 0 k P a ( a b s ) , 15 ~

Specific Heat 15 ~ 101.3250 kPa (abs) k J / ( K g K)

Ideal _ras 1 0 1 . 3 2 5 0 k P a ~'abs), 15 ~

o o

E

..r

(,l li,i J~ E

o

o

I.

,1~ . Q .

51:::

tj

.2 -o ol

"~N.~

ID ~Lo

~'~

~E.=_

~

w . o_

"~ " i II

b,a h,29

b,a,t

b,a

b,a

44

h,t,29

h,29

h,29

44

4

h,28 h,m,26

h,28 h,m,26

h,28 h,m,26

h,28 h,m,26

5

h,27

h,27

h,27

6

44

44

44

1 2 3

01 E

p..,~

z

!

o-

E=o

J~ E

>01

z

1

b,a

2 3

28

44

26

44

h

h,27

27

44

h

44

44

4

8

26

8

27

5

8

30

6

38 19

8

7

7

44

44

44

44

8

h,44

h,44

h,44

h,44

44 44

8 8

9

44

44

44

44

44

8

38

9

10

44

44

44

44

44

8

44

10

11

44

44

44

44

44

8

44

11

12

44

44

44

44

44

8

44

12

13

44

44

44

44

44

44

13

14

44

44

38

14

15

44

44

44

16

44

44

44

15

44

44

32

16

44

44

44

17

18

44

44

44

44

44

44

18

19

44

44

44

44

44

44

it 20

44

44

44

44

21

44

44

44

44

44

,. 22

44

44

44

44

44

38

22

44

17

_

19 20

44

44

21

Ii 23

i

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

23

,. 24

,

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

24

25

44

44

44

44

26

44

44

44

44

27

44

44

44

44

44

8

17,46

27

44

44

44

44

p,44

44

17,46

28

44

44

44

8

9

29

44

44

44 44

44

44

17,46

30

b h,44

b h,44

8

31

44

b 44

33

h

44

33

34

28 29

i

i

44 b h,44

b

44

h,44

44

h

h

h

44

44

h,p

h,p

h,p

h,p

44

44

35

h,p

h,p

h,p

h,p

44

44

36

h,p

h,p

h,p

h,p

44

44

37

44

44

44

44

44

38

h,p

h,p

h,p

h,p

39

h,p

h,p

h,p

h,p

40

i

44 !

34

h

44

p,13

35

h

44 44

37

p,44

h

44

44

38

20

h

44

42,46

39

44

39

40

44

42

44

43

b

44

44

44

44

43

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

45

44

44

44

44

44

46

44

44

44

44

44

47

44

44

44

44

44

48

44

44

44

a,40

44

49

44

44

50

45

45

51

45

45

45

52

j,33

j,33

j,33

53

h,3

h,3

h,3

h,3

54

h,25

h,t,25

h,25

h,25

55

h

h

h

57

j,36

j,36

j,36

58

j,n,16

j,n,16

j,n,16

59

j,37

j,37

j,37

n,18

2 63

44

44

44

45

44

44

46

44

44

47

44

42

49

45

45

50

45

45

51

8

b

52

8

53

8

55

45

56

35

j,6 24

I

54

56

60

41

8

44

45

32

44

p,44

41

26

44

44

P

42

b

25

a

45 45

b

8

b

59

8

b

60

22

62

b

63

45


i

44 8

45

64

57

8

r

58

61

64

459


20.3.3

Notes and references

(continued)

to T a b l e o f p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s

See Note No: ~

K.

S.

L.

Flammability limits, vol% in air mixture

Heating value, 15 ~ Net

ASTM octane number

Gross OJ

.Q

E ==

{

Compound

(~o

L

I

"0 0 1-

.Q

A

m

=.

~

~o

E

"= ~ ' ~ 0 ~

"O r

cJ (11

~ 0

".~i E

0

ol

e-

o'_=-~

E z

E ~ ~=E'o

I

~'-~.--

.._

-~ "5 "=E "~ ~v

~ ~. =E'o

=E "~ ~--..

=ELi

b

44

b

b

'

4

h,44

~

29

=

E

""

Q O~-." L

|

.=

-r

=E,',

v

v

e

,~r

1

Methane

2

Ethane

44

h,44

3

Propane

44

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

28

e,g

3

4

Isobutane

44

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

26

e,g

4

44

h,44

44

44

,

44

,

h,44

5

n-Butane

6

Isopentane

7

n-Pentane

i

44

8

Neopentane

44

]

h,44

9

44 , i

44 44

h,44 , i

44

i

i

, i

i

h,44 M

44

; i

27

e,g

g

g

44

2

5 6

44

44

44

h,44

h,44

44

44

44

44

44

9

44

44

44

44

10

n-Hexane

44

I

44

10

2-Methylpentane

44

i

44

11

3-Methylpentane

44

!

44

44

44

12

Neohexane

44

44

44

44

13

2,3-Dimethylbutane

44

44

44

44

14

n-Heptane

44

44

15

2-Methylhexane

44

44

16

3-Methylhexane

44

44

44

3-Ethypentane

44

44

2,2-Dimethylpentane

44

44

19

2,4-Dimethylpentane

44

20

3,3-Dimethylpentane

44

21

Triptane

44

22

nmOctane

44

23

Diisobutyl

44

24

Isooctane

44

25

n-Nonane

44

i

44

26

n-Decane

44

)

44

27

Cyclopentane

44

44

28

Methylcyclopentane

44

29

Cyclohexane

3o

'

,

i

44

M

44

g

,

g

7

8

44

11

44

V

44

44

v

44

44

V

V

44

44

V

V

15

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

16

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

17

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

18

44

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

19

44

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

20

44

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

21

44

44

44

44

44

v

v

22

44

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

23

44

44

44

44

44

V

V

24

44

44

44

44

V

V

25

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

44

44

44

44

a,v

a,v

44

44

44

44

44

V

v

28

44

44

44

44

44

44

V

V

29

Methyicyclohexane

44

44

44

44

44

44

V

V

31

Ethane (Ethylene)

44

b

44

b

b

44

v

v

e

31

32

Propene (Propylene)

44

44

44

v

v

e

32

33

1-Butene (Butylene)

44

34

cis-2-Butene

44

35

trans-2-Butene

44

36

Isobutene

44

37

1-Pentene

44

38

1,2-Butadiene

44

39

1,3-Butadiene

44

17 18

4o

I

,

Isoprene

44 ,

,

44

44

44 j

i

i

44

,

i

,

44 !

44

44

|

'

,

i

V

I

v

12 e

13 14

26 g

e

27

30

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

44

v

v

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

44

a,v

a,v

34

i

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

44

a,v

a,v

35

~

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

44

a,v

a,v

36

44

44

44

44

44

v

v

37

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

43

a,v

a,v

38

h,44

44

h,44

h,44

43

v

v

44

44

43

a,v

I,

a,v

43

v v

e e

~ i

44

,

,

44

,

33

39 ,

40 41

41

Acetylene

44

Benzene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v v

I

42 43

Toluene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v

i

v

44

Ethylbenzene

44

44

44

44

44

44

45

o-Xylene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v v

i !

v v

46

m-Xylene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v

v

e

e

46

p-Xylene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v

v

e

e

47

48

Styrene

44

44

44

44

44

43

v

v

e

e

48

49

Isopropylbenzene

44

44

44

44

44

44

v

,

e

49

V

i

47

!

44

g

i

5O

Methyl alcohol

45

45

45

45

45

45

51

Ethyl alcohol

45

45

45

45

45

45

52

Carbon monoxide

8

b

8

b

b

45

53

Carbon dioxide

54

Hydrogen sulphide

;

14

h,45

,

45

55

Sulphur dioxide

56

Ammonia

57

Air

58

Hydrogen

59

Oxygen

6o

Nitrogen

61

Chlorine

62

Water

63

Helium

64

Hydrogen chloride

460

v

,

~

;

v

14

,

,

45

,

h,45

,

.

h,45

I

,

u,8

u,8

i

i

,

i

50 51 52 53

45

55

45

56

n,45

45

I 8

44

25

57

36 45

43

e

45

v

k,45 ,

42 e

.V

V

58 59

37 45

60

43

61

24

62

43

64

63



Explanation of Notes used in Section 20.3.3 a.

Values in parentheses are estimated values.

b.

The temperature is above the critical point.

c.

At saturation pressure (triple point).

d.

Sublimation point.

e.

The + sign and number following specify the number of cm 3 of TEL added per gallon to achieve the ASTM octane number of 100, which corresponds to that of Isooctane (2,2,4 - Trimethylpentane).

f

These compounds form a glass.

g.

Average value from octane numbers of more than one sample.

h.

Saturation pressure and 15~

I.

The density of an ideal gas relative to air is calculated by dividing the molar mass of the of the gas by 28.9625, the calculated average molar mass of air. (See The Air Density Equation and the Transfer of the Mass Unit, FE Jones, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 83 (5), 419 (Sep - Oct 1978), for the average composition of dry air. The specific volume of an ideal gas is calculated from the ideal gas equation. The volume ratio is: V(ideal gas)/V(liquid in vacuum).

J.

The liquid value is not rigorously Cp, but rather it is the heat capacity along the saturation line Cs defined by: Cs = Cp - T (SV/(~T)p(SP/(ST)s. For liquids far from the critical point, Cs = Cp.

K.

!.

Index of refraction of the gas.

The heating value is the negative of the enthalpy of combustion at 15~ and 101.3250 kPa (abs.)in an ideal reaction (one where all gases are ideal gases). For an arbitrary organic compound, the combustion reaction is:

j.

Densities of the liquid at the normal boiling point.

CnHmOhSjNk(s,l,or, g) + (n + m/4 - hi2

k.

Heat of sublimation.

n CO2(g) + m/2 H20 (g or I) + k/2 N2(g) + j SO2(g),

m.

Equation 2 of the reference was refitted to give: a = 0.7872957; b = 0.1294083; c = 0.03439519.

n.

Normal hydrogen (25% para, 75% ortho).

where s, I and g denote respectively solid, liquid and ideal gas. For gross heating values, the water formed is liquid; for net heating values, the water formed is ideal gas. Values reported are on a dry basis.

p.

An extrapolated value.

q.

Gas at 15~ and the liquid at the normal boiling point.

r.

Fixed points on the 1968 International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68).

s.

Fixed points on the 1990 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).

t.

Densities at the normal boiling point are: Ethane, 554.0 [291; Propane, 581.0 [28]; Propene, 609.1 [5]; Hydrogen Chloride, 1192 [43]; Hydrogen Sulphide, 949.0 [25];Ammonia, 681.6 [43]; Sulphur Dioxide, 1462 [43].

u.

v.

Technically, water has a heating value in two cases: net ((2.466 MJ/kg) when water is liquid in the reactants, and gross (+ 1.879 M Jim 3) when water is gas in the reactants. The value is the ideal heat of vaporisation (enthalpy of the ideal gas less the enthalpy of the saturated liquid at the vapour pressure). This is a matter of definition; water does not burn. Extreme values of those reported in The Air Density Equation and the Transfer of the Mass Unit, FE Jones, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 83 (5), 419 (Sep - Oct 1978).

+ j) 02(g) --)

To account for water in the heating value, see GPA 2172. The MJ/kg liquid column assumes a reaction with the fuel in the liquid state, while the M Jim 3 ideal gas column assumes the gas in the ideal gas state. Therefore, the values are not consistent if used in the same calculation, e.g. a gas plant balance. L.

The heat of vaporisation is the enthalpy of the saturated vapor at the boiling point at 101.3250 kPa minus the enthalpy of the saturated liquid at the same conditions.

M.

Air required for the combustion of ideal gas for compounds of formula CnHmOh,SjNkis: V(air)N(gas) = (n + m/4 ( h/2 + j)/0.20946.

Comments Units: reported values are in SI units based on the following mass: kilogram, kg length: metre, m temperature: International Temperature of 1990 (ITS-90), where 0~ = 273.15 K.

A.

Molar mass (molecular mass)is based upon the following atomic weights: C = 12.011" H = 1.00794; O = 15.9994; N = 14.0067; S = 32.066; CI = 35.4527. The values were rounded off after calculating the molar mass using all significant figures in the atomic weights.

B.

Boiling point: the temperature at equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phases at 101.3250 kPa.

C.

Freezing point: the temperature at equilibrium between the crystalline phase and the air saturated liquid at 101.3250 kPa.

g.

The refractive index reported refers to the liquid or gas and is measured for light of wavelength corresponding to the sodium D-line (589.26 nm).

E.

The relative density: p(liquid, 15~ density of water at 15~ is 999.10 kg/m 3.

F.

The temperature coefficient of density is related to the expansion coefficient by: (iSp/ST)p/p = -(SpV/(~T)p/V, in units of lIT.

15~

The

Other derived units are: volume: cubic metre, m 3 pressure: Pascal, Pa (1 Pa = N/m 2) energy: Joule, J Gas constant, R: 8.314510 J/(kmol) 0.008314510 m3(kPa/(kmol) 1.987216 calth/kmol) 1.985887 Btu(l.T.)/(R(Ibmol) Conversion factors: 1 m ~ = 35.31467 ft 3 = 264.1721 gal. 1 kg = 2.204623 Ibm 1 kg/m 3 = 0.06242795 Ibm/ft 3 =0.001 g/cm 3 1 kPa = 0.01 bar = 0.009869233 atm = 0.1450377 psia

G.

Pitzer acentric factor: e)= -log10 (P/Pc) -1, P at T = 0.7 Tc

1 atm = 101.3250 kPa = 14.69595 psia = 760 Torr

H.

Compressibility factor of the real gas, Z = PV/RT, is calculated using the second virial coefficient.

1 kJ = 0.2390057 kcalth = 0.2388459 kcal (I.T.) = 0.9478172 Btu (I.T.)


461

20 Fluidproperties and conversions References used in Section 20.3.3

D Ambrose, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England: Feb. 1980, NPL Report Chem 107. Ambrose, D Hall, DJ Lee, DA Lewis, G. B.; Mash, C. J. J. Chem. Thermo., 11, 1089 (1979). Carbon Dioxide International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-3, S Angus, B Armstrong, KM de Reuck, Eds. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. Methane International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978. Propylene (Propene). International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-7, S Angus, B Armstrong, KM de Reuck, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. Nitrogen International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-6, S Angus, B Armstrong, KM de Reuck, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. Helium. International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-4, S Angus,KM de Reuck, RD McCarthy, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. Heating Values of Natural Gas and its Components, GT Armstrong, TL Jobe, NBSIR 82-2401, May 1982. JG Aston, GJ Szasz, HL Finke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1135 (1943). CR Barber, Metrologia 5, 35 (1969). Styrene, Its Polymers, Copo/ymers and Derivatives, RH Boundy, RF Boyer, Eds., A.C.S. monograph No. 115, Reinholt, N.Y., 1952. P Chaiyavech, M Van Winkle, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 4, 53 (1959). J Chao, KR Hall, J Yao, Thermochimica Acta, 64, 285 (1983). CODATA Task Group on Key Values for Thermodynamics, CODATA Special Report No. 7, 1978. Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances, Pure and Appl. Chem. 63, 975 (1991). A Tabulation of the Properties of Normal Hydrogen from Low Temperature to 300 K and from 1 to 100 Atmospheres, JW Dean, NBS Tech. Note 120, November 1961. DR Douslin, HM Huffman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 1704 (1946). The Vapor Pressure of 30 Inorganic Liquids Between One Atmosphere and the Critical Point, D.G. Edwards, Univ. of Calif., Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, UCRL-7167. June 13, 1963. EDSU, Engineering Sciences Data, Engineering Sciences Data Unit, EDSU International Ltd, London. JL Flebbe, DA Barclay, DB Manley, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 27, 405 (1982). AW Francis, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 534 (1960). DC Ginnings, GT Furukawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 522 (1953). Recommended Reference Materials of the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, G Girard, Chapter 2, K.N. Marsh, Ed.; Blackwell Sci. Pub., London, 1987. AR Glasgow, ET Murphy, CB Willingham, FD Rossini, J. Res. NBS, 37, 141 (1946). Hydrogen Sulfide Provisional Thermochemical Properties from 188 to 700 K at Pressures to 75 MPa, RD Goodwin, NBSIR 831694, October 1983.

462

Thermophysical Properties of Isobutane from 114 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa, RD Goodwin, WM Haynes, NBS Tech. Note 1051, January 1982.

Thermophysical Properties of Normal Butane from 135 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa RD Goodwin, WM Haynes, NBS Monograph 169, April 1982. Thermophysical Properties of Propane from 85 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa, RD Goodwin, WM Haynes, NBS Monograph 170, April 1982.

Thermo- physical Properties of Ethane, 90 to 600 K at Pressures to 700 bar, RD Goodwin, HM Roder, GC Straty, NBS Tech. Note 684, August 1976. GB Guthrie, HM Huffman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1139 (1943). NBS/NRC Steam Tables, L Haar, JS Gallagher, GS Kell, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, 1984.

HM Huffman, GS Park, SB Thomas, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 3241 (1930). Thermodynamic Property Values for Gaseous and Liquid Carbon Monoxide from 70 to 300 Atmospheres, JG Hust, RB Stewart, NBS Technical Note 202, Nov. 1963. The Air Density Equation and the Transfer of the Mass Unit, FE Jones, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 83 (5), 419 (Sep - Oct 1978). Gas Tables: (SI Units), JH Keenan, J Chao, J Kaye, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1983. The Matheson Unabridged Gas Data Book, Matheson Gas Products; New York, 1974. Thermophysical Properties of Oxygen from the Freezing Liquid Line to 600 R for Pressures to 5000 Psia, RD McCarty, LA Weber, NBS Technical Note 384, July 1971.

JF Messerly, GB Guthrie, SS Todd, HL Finke, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 12, 338 (1967). JF Messerly, SS Todd, GB Guthrie, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 15, 227 (1970). Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressures. Ohe, Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1976. Measurements of the Specific Heats, Cs, and Cv, of Dense Gaseous and Liquid Ethane, HM Roder, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 80A, 739 (1976).

RB Scott, CH Meyers, RD Rands, FG Brickwedde, N Bekkedahl, J. Res. NBS, 35, 39 (1945). The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, DR Stull, EF Westrum, GC Sinke, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969. TRC Thermodynamic Tables (Hydrocarbons), Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas. TRC Thermodynamic Tables (Non-Hydrocarbons), Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas. Tables on the Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, NB Vargaftik, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington D.C., 1975. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, RC Weast, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1969.


:

,

:

,.

:

,

9

i

r

:

0

c>

0

0

~...... ~.............. ,

!.

!

!

i

i

....... !.

:

0 0 c~

9

-'*~''

....

~

:T

International

~

o

#~l,,iP~, I

q m ~

...

o O

il

~i:~

,I.

!

i

!

r,

l

. ~,-.,= e~ o

oio!

9

!s

;

; ! [...i .....i ...... #......... :

~.--~

0

O

O

0

0

0 0 1.0

O 0

--1 C)r~

o ~-.

... i .............. ] i.i..i 84....................................

. i , . ~ m u k.-.,-

. ~"~.P!eh,.~ i

~:~

ira!

.!i.84,!.

~- ..............

,ii~i"~"i~o~i~'

:-,----.'11--;.--::

..........

0 o

............. -~ .... 9 ..... 'O:Oi


;~.~ - . . . . . .

i 84 |.

~ 0 " ,: . . . . . . .

....... .~.............

i ! .... .

i

--

~.-o.i.o.,o,-:i~ ,-:

i

20.4 Pressure/enthalpy charts

:

~

0 0 C~ 0

..... i-'-..~ ..... .... ; ...... ~........ ; ...............

I ,, J I...~ .............. ! . . . . . . .

~ 3

o-,= ~o

II II

N ,~ .7 ~..... i................ !-i .............................................

0 c_

It z

~1

.

20.4.1 Nitrogen o o o o o ~ r r,-,

0 -

0 co

0 0 L ~ 84

0 C:)

0 oO

0 Oq

0 0 0 0

MANUAL

ed~f 'ejnsseJd VALVES

E

UJ e-

o

N.-

=E

o to u~

O

o "1o t~ L_

(J

c @

E

IZ

Q

m U W ill

463

8

o o

:

Carbon

o o (=)

B ,

'

dioxide

i

:

:

i

:

~

~ ~, _.,,r.

~ ~

!

~

.... 9

Of)

'

.~U_J -

o o

~~

C

|

"

/

I

9

,

-,,r

~-

. ..~

i

~

i

,~ "

-"

-

'

I

~ '

.

:

-

;

" i

il.

i

.

9

:

:

9

~

:

9

~ "

: ~ ~k

!

'

C)~ " "

'

"'~

,,

'

-

.

.

: |

L

"

.

"

. .

"~.

'

'

,

~

t

..... u#~,

k " 9. . . .

-

---,v-Oj ~

i

t

I

' ~

. ~

.

..

~.-

:-.'~--

I-'

9

- -

"~_

~

o

:

',,i

.-

. .

0 0 0

.

!i

~

i

t . O" r :~ -~i

* ;"

.~,

-

~-

-

:

:,.:

'"

I

":,

,..

!.'~

"

"

7"~.

-~"

.~

;

~"

;

'

9

1

9

.

.

.

.

--, "-:

,

~

....

~.

-

'~-.

-"

_

'"~

.-:

',-

'.,...

t--

-

-'.

,.,,.._'~

...

~ , . . . _

~-,....

".

.:

~'

:---

'

~ ,

:

I

9

ill- ~ -

'

~ - -

,

i

"

' 6

~.~,,,.

:t

'

Od"

~-..

. . . .

: ",

.'~ "-:':'"~.

4*'r~

~i,.

: ~-,.,,...

.

q"~l-; .

:

9

.

~ i ! ... i i~

-

.

-'-Og.x--'~"

-UZ'O--

. :--..w,,,~._,,.._

'~

', .... Y'i~'-', -

- ---

~

-

~ ',z'.,,....: X

i

"

.

. .[..--'-..,,.,...

:,:

:' t

)

~-a~', -

:~ ~,

~

'"

-

_x.

"

~

.

":

!..

B-'-,-

r

.

d~,

.

:

.

i .

'

"

. ".,,

~i

i

i

I

! .i i

i

J

i

i

i

! I

i

-:

:

:

.

I I

9

I

....

""

-----

'

o

o

B8

-

.'..,~

C) 0

c:) 0

~ ___.o~ .o-.-..... .~ "

.

..-_.,._ !

-~-

!:~

'i.

: 9~

.

.

~t I : ~, -

~

:

: -

~

=-

!,'--! .... ~ .

~

!: :

~

i -

;

--!

i! ~ i if i i.i i!~i. i

'

"

9

I :'

=

;

:

i { , ;i [

{

;

~ii

'

....

: " ;'"'- " " -'-.~'---,~...--=,.~...._

,.=.=~i!

: ~ . . - : ~ :

-

I.

~ -

-

'.'

"

:1

, r ~, :" ~ .

-

"

~ : -.."~

~:

,'

~~

"

~d

II" :

,'

-

.~_.,~

. . .~" .

.~ .... i

;..: i

..... , - > - ~ . . :

.

....... ;-.~..:.:., .-~..~-.:.-~,-...--';

. . . . . . ~

= t, ' % ,,

'~,

'~'--

'"

~'~.

~

~

"-...~.

.,..,-,",,~,-- : " ~ , , .

--',

; _ r ~

~

"

"

,

"

,9

_ ,....~--..,...,.

", : ~G--

.i, -----...g

"

"

I-'.'-..[

----.-.,,

.

i ' I

i

i

i

. . . . . . .

',;~-K~,,.

~~e

~

~.

,._._ :

%

-

:

.

...................

. . . . i" . . . . . . . . .

~ i i

.

:

'gJnsseJd

International

.

i---%~:.,, 0,.,,__-~ ~ i 9 r...;.: L ~. ~ -,~,,,,..-.,:

: " - - = = i .

.

..... ,! ..... ~ . . . . . . ~..'.-,.-- . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~-1'< ,

"

9

.,o

;

-

0.:[~0..,. _b:.~'-,

~,=...L-I,

.,~.

~

" "

A,.

'.

-,.,r:" : t . -~_.~.~

:"~It"

r

~ "~'~

;?-~,, ....

&

~

.......

"

' -,;. ~ :.... _-- 9 : ~ - ~ , 9: : - " - ' . - - ~ _ _ ~

~. ~ . " - - ~"

~

~.;,~\I1"~.

. u,

, ~ ~ ; ; ; ~: .

i i :

:-

.: "

; .

!

i

edN

MANUAL

r

'

: .; ....

.

t


!

i

,.~ i

~ . ~0~- - _ ~-i -. ", ". . . ~

"

~ - i

' ~_,.-_..~-__.,

~-

~'v l "~.,Od~,,;.-

~ ~ ~ - ~ _ . _

I~"

, , , ,~ ~ , ~

~i

'~'~ ~

"

,i,..

-~_~

~

-w,,'-

~

:

"'

t . . . . . .

,~

/

! ;,, . i ~ O

~ ~ -.. . . . .

C)

. . . . 0 ~

~ ~'~ __~,....~..~,..;,

---

%#

".~:~"'~I

:

-

"Z.~,~,,;,

.

...,0,;

~"r,,l

.

:~

":-

r~

-/-

:

~, :

......_.-_

9

~ ' , , ~ .... ',, ~

.

~ ' ~" .... ; ...... i "....... ;'i ..................... :

:":: ":

"

"

i0

"

~

9

"

!

;

, .

!

~

.

~.

-

-

--~- .... ~ " ~

-

:

~'.

~ "

!

-",J~

I,~ ~, ' ~ ~"T,.~,@: ' :

, ;

~,,,,'~-.~

'.

"J

U'~...

........

.

t

:-----""----:---: :----4

'

...-

,

i ~

." i

i

i

.

VALVES

i

i 1

.

.i : i ; J : ~. ! ! .'= ,,

' ' i , ~-

;

,

4 .....

~

.

_

"

O

o o o

. . . .

0~0

9

-u,O~

~.',,=,w,,.~

.

;. . . .

-'

~~ ' - . . . _ : 1 . .

.:

-

Y_.

.

.

','.~-:~L

r!,

.

"

" , , : ' , - - . J

--~ ~~,P__o.

,

,

~

,

~'~"'J

-

..

9

"-.:.~

'~:

" "~:~_"/

,

9

~. ',,

i

"

"

"

~ ' ~ . ~

",.:~'...

.-~

: '

~ :i

:

! : ~

I

:.~

'

=

_

; .; :

9

I i !

I,~

i : ~ 9 9 !

,

.i

.

~ -

i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

-'~---~--7",

I~

1'~..-.. TM,

::

'

i

%

"

....

....

".

:

-- . . . . . . . . . .

!

_'.--^

9

,-"

:

L

~~

"--e

:E 98 N)

103

Rockwell hardness

N/mm 2

i

HV

BHN

200

'

63

60

210

65

62

22O

69

66

225

70

67

230

72

68

240

75

71

250

79

75

255

80

76

260

82

78

270

85

81

41

280

88

84

45

20.6.19 Flow

285

90

86

48

Quantity designation: qv.

290

91

87

49

300

94

89

51

SI unit: cubic metre per second (m3/s).

305

95

90

Non-SI units: I/s, ml/s, m3/h.

310

97

92

320

100

95

330

103

98

335

105

340

107

102

60

350

110

105

62

360

113

107

63.5

370

115

109

64.5

380

119

113

66

385

120

114

0.27778 1.163

0.11859

735.50

745.70

1

.10-3

75

0.17567

76.040

632.42

0.17811

1.3558

0.13826

0.29307

29.885 ,10_3

I I 69.999 0.32383 .10-3

0.25200

US gallon/

barrel/

min Igpm

min USgpm

day bpd

1

1.2009

41.175

24.286

1 29.167

.10_3

0.39302 . 10-3

. 10-6

. 10-6

4.6262

I/min

272.76 . 10-3

75.768 .10-3

4.5461

227.12 . 10-3

63.09 .10-3

3.7854

1.84 .10-3

110.41 .10-3

. 10-6

. 103

543.44 . 103

1

3600

1000

60000

4.4029

150.95

277.78 . 10-6

1

277.78 ,10-3

16.667

543.44

1.0 . 10-3

. 10-3

. 10-3

15.85

. 103

3.6662 13.198

15.85

219.97

264.17

. 10-3

. 10-3

1

9.0573

16.667 . 10-6

3.6

1

60 . 10-3

16.667 .10-3

/

L

HRB

60 1

1 barrel = 42 US gallon

52 I

54 56

100

F

67.5

390

122

116

400

125

119

410

128

122

415

130

124

420

132

125

430

135

128

440

138

131

450

140

133

75

460

143

136

76.5

465

145

138

77

470

147

140

77.5

480

150

143

78.5

490

153

145

79.5

SI unit: Kelvin (K). Temperature: Quantity designation: t.

495

155

147

500

157

149

510

160

152

81.5

unit degree Celsius (Centigrade) (~

520

163

155

82.5

530

165

157

83

540

168

160

84.5

545

170

162

85

550

172

163

85.5

20.6.20 T e m p e r a t u r e Absolute temperature: Quantity designation: T.

Kelvin*** scale

OK

Celsius scale

-273.15~

Rankine scale

0~

Fahrenheit** scale

-459.67~

Relative temperature

273.15 K

0~

491.67 ~

32 ~

value

273.16 K

0.01 ~

491.688~

32.018 ~

373.15 K Relative temperature intervals

1K 0.55556 K

100 ~

1~ 0.55556 ~

671.67 ~

212 ~

1.8 ~

1.8 ~

I~

I~

(diffs) * For d e f i n e d c o n d i t i o n s V a l u e in ~

= __1 ( v a l u e in ~ -32) = ( v a l u e in K -273.15) 1.8

V a l u e in K = 5 x ( v a l u e in ~

HRc

/

6.6244 . 10-3

13.198

1.84

2.5444 .103

0.21616

m3/h

63.09

103

1

. 10-3

75.768

34.286

1.8182

,10-3

m3/s

2.5096

550

1

1.8434 I 0.39847

3.9683

542.48

0.98632

1.0139

1.1658

.10_6

.10-3

1

641.19

I gallon/

0.83268

.10-3

0.85779

Physical relationship Absolute

zero

560

175

166

86

Melting point of ice*

570

178

169

86.5

575

180

171

87

Triple point

580

182

172

of water*

590

184

175

Boiling point of water*

595

185

176

600

187

178

89

610

190

181

89.5

620

193

184

625

195

185

88

630

197

187

640

200

190

650

203

193

92

660

205

195

92.5

670

208

198

93

91.5

9


481

20 Fluid properties and conversions Vickers hardness (F _>98 N)

Tensile strength

Brinell hardness

675

210

199

680

212

201

215

204

690

I

700

~

705

Rockwell hardness !

93.5

I

94

Tensile strength

Vickers hardness (F > 98 N)

Brinell hardness

1255

390

371

1260

392

372

1270

394

374

219

208

1280

397

377

220

209

95

1290

400

380

Rockwell hardness

40

710

222

211

95.5

1300

403

383

720

225

214

96

1310

407

387

l

730

228

216

1320

410

390

,

/

740

230

219

96.5

1330

750

233

221

97

1340

97.5

755

235

223

760

237

225

770

240

228

98

780

243

785

245

!

233

790

247

I

235

99 99.5

231

21

413

393

L

396

1350

[

417 420

399

1360

i

423

402

1370

426

405

1380

429

408

1385

430

409

1390

431

410

800

250

238

810

253

240

820

255

242

830

258

245

1430

835

260

247

1440

446

424

840

262

249

1450

449

427

850

,. 265

252

1455

450

428

860

268

255

1460

452

429

865

270

257

1470

455

432

23

1400

434

413

1410

437

415

440

418

443

421

1420

I

42 i 43

44

i i

870

272

258

1480

458

I

435

t l

880

275

261

~48s

460

!

437

I

890

278

264

1490

461

i

438

900

280

266

1500

464

=

441

910

283

269

1510

467

i

444

915

285

271

1520

470

920

287

273

1530

473

930

290

276

1540

476

26

27

28

46

r j

I I

I

447 449

l

47

/

I

452 i

940

293

278

950

295

280

1550

479

455

i

1555

480

456

i

96()

299

284

1560

481

457

965

300

285

1570

484

460

970

302

287

1580

486

462

980

305

290

1590

489

465

990

308

293

1595

490

466

995

310

295

1600

491

467

1000

311

296

1610

494

470

1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070

314

299

+ |4

317

301

320

1 ir /

323

1620

497

472

500

475

304

1640

503

478

307

1650

506

481

327

311

330

314 316 319

339

322

1095

340

323

1100

342

325

345

328

1120

349

332

1125

350

333

1110

1130

r i

L

I

352

334

355

337

358

340

1155

360

342

1160

361

343

1170

364

346

1180

367

349

1190

370

352

1140 1150

i

32

48

49 l

/

l /

336

1090

,

31

1630

333

1080

482

29

1200

373

354

1210

376

357

1220

380

361

1230

382

363

1240

385

366

1250

388

369

33

34

1660

509

483

1665

510

485

1670

511

486

1680

514

488

I

50

Values based on DIN 50150. 35

36

37

38

20.7.2 Material t o u g h n e s s Material toughness is not defined by SI. Most materials are assessed by conducting impact testing. Two differing test methods can be used with various sizes and styles of test specimen. The following table can be used as a guide to the relative toughness of the various tests: Charpy V notch kgm/cm 2

Charpy V notch ft Ib

Charpy V notch Joule

Izod ft Ib

0.4

2.3

3.1

2.5

0.9

5.2

7

1.5 2.2

39

6.4 10.8 16

.

3.1

18

24.4

21.5

4.1

23.8

32.2

27.8

....



Charpy V notch ft Ib

Charpy V notch kgm/cm 2

Charpy V notch Joule

Izod ftlb

40.6

34.1

5.2

Time

Torque 9.4

54.5

73.9

10.9

63

85.4

111

82

T

59.3

12.6

14.1

t

46.7

92.9

46.4

8.0

Name

s

minute

rain

hour

h

Newton metre

Nm

kiloNewton metre

kNm

MegaNewton metre

MNm

Velocity

v

metre per second

m/s

71.9

Viscosity, dynamic

q

Poise

P

centiPoise

cP

Stoke

St

centiStoke

cSt

84.5

138

102

17.7

Units

second

65.6

78.2

15.8

Name

Symbol

40.4

37.7

6.5

Recommended unit

Quantity

Viscosity, kinematic

90.8

19.4 21.1

122

165

97.1

(1) Pumps handle liquid by volume.

134

182

103.4

The user must convert mass flow to volume flow.

I

23.0

Ii

20.9 Useful references 20.8 Normal quantities and units used in valve technology Quantity Name

Hydraulic Institute, 9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany N J, 07054 USA Tel: 973 267 9700, Fax: 973 2679055, www.pumps.org.

Recommended unit Symbol

Area

Name

Units

square metre

m2

square centimetre

cm 2

square millimetre

mm 2

Compressibility

reduction in unit volume per bar differential pressure

bar-1

Density

kilogram per cubic metre

kg/m 3

gram per cubic decimetre

g/dm 3

Joule

J

Energy

Flow (1)

Force

Frequency

kiloJoule

kJ

MegaJoule

MJ

litre per second

I/s

litre per minute

I/min

litre per hour cubic metre per hour

I/h m3/h

Newton

N

kiloNewton

kN

MegaNewton

MN

Hertz

Hz

kiloHertz

kHz

MegaHertz

MHz

Head (suction, discharge, differential)

metre

Length

metre

m

millimetre

mm

Mass (weight)

MIP (Minimum inlet pressure)

MIP

Moment of inertia

micron

pm

tonne

tonne

kilogram

kg

gram

g

bar (gauge)

bar

kilogram metre squared

kgm 2 bar

NPIP (Net positive inlet pressure)

NPIP

bar

NPSH (Net positive suction head)

NPSH

metre Watt

W

kiloWatt

kW

MegaWatt

MW

Pressure(absolute or gauge)

bar

bar

ShaE speed

revolutions per second

r/s

revolutions per minute

r/min

revolutions per hour

r/h

MegaNewton per square metre

MN/m 2

degree Celsius

~

Power

Stress Temperature

s

T

VDMA (German Engineering Federation), Lyoner StraFoe 18, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany, Tel: 069 66 03-0, www.vdma.org. American Bureau of Shipping, ABS, 16855 Northchase Drive,Houston, TX 77060 USA Tel: 281 877 5800, Fax: 281 877 5803, www.eagle.org. Det Norske Veritas DNV, Veritasveien 1, N-1322 Hevik Norway, Tel: 067 57 99 00, Fax: 067 57 99 11, www.dnv.com. Lloyd's Register (LR), 71 Fenchurch Street, London EC3M 4BS, UK, Tel: 020 7709 9166, Fax: 020 7488 4796, www.lr.org. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavilion de Breteuil, F-92312 S~vre Cedex, France, www.bipm.fr. Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI), Admiralty Arch, North Side, The Mall, London, SW1A 2WH, UK, Tel: 01603 723011, www.opsi.gov.uk. The Stationery Office Ltd (TSO) UK, Tel: 0870 242 2345, Email: [email protected], www.tsoshop.co.uk. EFTA (European Free Trade Association), 9-11, rue de Varemb6, CH- 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland, Tel: 022 332 2626, Fax: 022 332 2699, www. secreta riat. efta. int. BVAA (British Valve & Actuator Association) 9 Manor Park, Banbury, Oxfordshire, OX16 3TB, UK, Tel: 01295 221270, Fax: 01295 268965, www.bvaa.org.uk. European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Avenue Grand Champ, 148 B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, Tel: 32 02 7617408, www.ehedg.org. NAFEM (North American Association of Foodservice Equipment Manufacturers), 161 North Clark Street, Suite 2020, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Tel: 312 821 0201, Fax: 312 821 0202, www.nafem.org.


483

21

Buyers' guide 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Company names and addresses Company information, listed alphabetically by country 21.3 Isolating valves Companies listed alphabetically by country 21,4 Non-return valves Companies listed alphabetically by country 21.5 Regulators Companies listed alphabetically by country

21.6 Control valves Companies listed alphabetically by country 21.7 Safety relief valves Companies listed alphabetically by country 21.8 Actuators Companies listed alphabetically by country 21.9 Ancillary products and services Companies listed alphabetically by product and/or service 21.10 Trade or brand names Companies listed alphabetically by trade or brand name


485

21 Buyers'guide

21.1 Introduction

appearing in the Guide. They are listed alphabetically, by country.

The Buyers' Guide summarises the broad valve types and actuators, based on the individual Chapters in the book devoted to each type, namely:

Company names and addresses, Section 21.2

Isolating valves m Chapter 3

Isolating valves, Section 21.3

Non-return valves m Chapter 4

Compan=es listed alphabetically by country.

Regulators - - Chapter 5

Non-return valves, Section 21.4 Compan=es listed alphabetically by country.

Control valves - - Chapter 6

Regulators, Section 21.5

Safety relief valves m Chapter 7 9

Company information, listed alphabetically by country.

Companies listed alphabetically by country.

Actuators m Chapter 12

The Guide has been grouped in this way to simplify representation of the major generic valve groups. This is due to the difficulty in trying to impose tight boundaries on various valve type descriptions used in various parts of the world. Although each Chapter describes in detail all the valve types that have been placed within that generic group, it is strongly recommended that direct contact with the relevant companies is made - i n i tially perhaps via their websites - to ensure that their product ranges are clearly identified from the broad classification and that these details can be clarified wherever necessary. This is followed by ancillary products and services. Trade or brand names are comprehensively listed too. It is preceded by the names and addresses and contact details of all companies

486

Control valves, Section 21.6 Companies listed alphabetically by country. Safety relief valves, Section 21 7 Companies listed alphabetically by country.

Actuators, Section 21.8 Companies listed alphabetically by country.

Ancillary products and services, Section 21.9 Companies listed alphabetically by product and/or service.

Trade or brand names, Section 21.10 Companies listed alphabetically by trade or brand name.


21 Buyers' Guide

21.2 Company names and addresses Detailed company

information,

AUSTRALIA

listed a l p h a b e t i c a l l y

(AU)

John Valves Creswick Road Ballarat VIC 3350 Australia Tel: +61 3 5333 0777 Fax: +61 3 5338 1771 Email: [email protected] Web: www.johnvalves .com.au

(AT)

Brunnbauer-Armaturen Produktions GmbH Akaziengasse 36 PO Box 63 A- 1234 Wien Austria Tel: +43 1 699 96000 Fax: +43 1 699 9640 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.brunnbauer.at

BRAZIL

Dresser Valves Europe Boulevard du Souverain 207 B2 Vorstlaan

(BR)

Emerson Process Management Avenue Hollingsworth 325 Sorocaba San Paulo 18087-105 Brazil Tel: +55 15 238 3788 Fax: +55 15 228 3300 Web: www.emersonprocess.com/fisher (BE)

Floval Equipment Ltd 250 Rayette Road, Unit 1 Concord Ontario L4K 2G6 Canada Tel: +1 905 669 4500 Fax: +1 905 669 4905 Email: [email protected] Web: www.floval.com GGosco Engineering Inc 4-1272 Speers Road Oakville Ontario L6L 5T9 Canada Tel: +1 905 825 2627 Fax: +1 905 825 4051 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ggosco.com Newman Hattersley - Truflo International 48-2400 Lucknow Drive Mississauga Ontario LSS 1T9 Canada Tel: +19056781240 Fax: +1 905 673 9255 Email: [email protected] Web: www.truflointernational.com

Dresser Industria e Comercio Ltda Divisao Masoneilan Rua Funchal, 129 Conj 5A 04551 060 Sao Paulo SP Brazil Tel: +55 11 2146 3600 Fax: +55 11 2146 3610 Web: www.masoneilan.com

EPC GmbH IZ N6 S~Jd, Strasse 1 Objekt 50 A-2355 Wiener Neudorf Austria Tel: +43 2236 614660 Fax: +43 2236 6146630 Email: [email protected] Web: www.epc.at

Belgium Ventiel NV Blokhuisstraat 24 Industriepark Noord 1 B 2800 Mechelen Belgium Tel: +32 1529 4070 Fax: +32 1520 1413 Email: [email protected] Web: www.belgiumventiel.com

KSB Belgium SA Zoning Industriel Sud B-1301 Wavre Belgium Tel: +32 10 435 227 Fax: +32 10 435 255 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ksbgroup.com Truflo Rona - Truflo International Parc Industriel des Hauts Sarts B-4040 Herstal Belgium Tel: +32 4 240 6886 Fax: +32 4 248 0246 Email: [email protected] Web: www.truflointernational.com

CCI - Valve Technology GmbH Lemb6ckgasse 63/1 Kobe city A 1230 Wien Austria Tel: +43 1 869 2740 Fax: +43 1 865 3603 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ccivalve .corn

BELGIUM

B-1160 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 2 344 0970 Fax: +32 2 344 1123 Web: www.masoneilan.com

Icarus SA Parc Industriel des Hauts Sarts, Zone 3, Rue des Alouettes 100 B-4040 Herstai Belgium Tel: +32 4 240 0101 Fax: +32 4 240 0640 Email: [email protected] Web: www.icarus-be.com

Tyco Flow Control 114 Albatross Road Nowra New South Wales 2541 Australia Tel: +61 2 4448 0300 Fax: +61 2 4423 3232 Web: www.tycoflowcontrol .com AUSTRIA

by country

Spirax Sarco Canada Ltd 383 Applewood Crescent Concord Ontario L4K 4J3 Canada Tel: +1 905 660 5510 Fax: +1 905 660 5503 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spirax-sarco.com Velan Inc 7007 C6te de Liesse Montreal Quebec H4T 1G2 Canada Tel: +1 514 748 7743 Fax: +1 514 748 8635 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.com CHINA

For most current contact information go to www. c-a-m, com

Baoyi Group Co Ltd Oubei Third Bridge Industrial Estate Wenzhou 325105 China Tel: +86 577 6737 5888 Fax: +86 577 6731 5333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.baoyi.com

Dresser-Masoneilan DI Canada Inc Harrington Court, 2nd Floor Burlington Ontario L7N 3P3 Canada Tel: +1 905 335 3529 Fax: +1 905 336 7628 Web: www.masoneilan.com

China Shenjiang Valve Co Ltd Qiligang Industrial Zone Yueqing Wenzhou 3250605 Zhejiang China Tel: +86 577 6267 1099 Fax: +86 577 6267 2751

CANADA

(CA)

Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group


(CN)

487

21 Buyers' Guide Email: [email protected] Web: www.valvesworld.com Danfoss (Tianjin) Ltd 1407 Jin Wan Mansion 358 Nanjing Road, Nankai District Tianjin 301700 China Tel: +86 22 2750 1402 Fax: +86 22 2517 1401 Web: www.danfoss.com.cn Dresser Flow Solutions Suite 1703, Capital Mansion 6 Xinyuannan Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100004 China Tel: +86 10 8486 4515 Fax: +86 10 8486 5305 Web: www.masoneilan.com Jiangsu Yandian Valve Co Ltd 8 Caoyang Road Shangzhuang Town, Yancheng City Jiangsu 224023 China Tel: +86 515 862 1172 Fax: +86 515 862 1208 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ydfvalve.com Kenda Industrial Corporation 508, 820#, Xiahe Road Xiamen 361004 China Tel: +86 592 229 4111 Fax: +86 592 229 4999 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kendavalve.com Metso Automation (Shanghai) Co Lid Section A,168 Fu Te Dong Yi Road Shanghai Waigaoqiao Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 China Tel: +86 21 5866 8383 Fax: +86 21 5866 1001 Email: [email protected] Web: www.metsoautomation.com Neway Valve (Suzhou) Co Lid No 999 Xiangjiang Road Suzhou 215129 China Tel: +86 512 666 51365 Fax: +86 512 666 51360 Email: [email protected] Web: www.newayvalve.com Shanghai Flow Valve & Fitting Co Lid 504A Zhongda Square 989 Dongfang Road Shanghai 200122 China Tel: +86 21 6875 7387 Fax: +86 21 5831 9620 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flow-valve.com Shanghai Halin Control Valve Co Ltd 208 Lane 800 GaoJing Road, Qingpu District Shanghai 201702 China Tel: +86 21 5988 8520

488

Fax: +86 21 5988 8557 Email: [email protected] Web: www.halin.cn Shanghai Karon Valves Machinery Co Ltd 9B, 686 Gubei Road Shanghai 200336 China Tel: +86 21 6241 5197 Fax: +86 21 6241 3949 Email: [email protected] Web: www.karon-valve.com Shanghai Neles-Jamesbury Valve Co Lid 333 Qinqiao Road Jinqiao Export Processing Zone, Pudong Shanghai 201206 China Tel: +86 21 6100 6611 Fax: +86 21 6104 3200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sn-j.com SKVC (Group) Corporation 10 Qu Xiang San Road Suzhou 215001 China Tel: +86 512 6251 6088 Fax: +86 512 6251 307970 Email: [email protected] Web: www.skvc.cn Sufa Technology Industry Co Lid 501 Zhuijiang Road Suzhou 215011 China Tel: +86 512 6753 3655 Fax: +86 512 6753 2707 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sufavalve.com Suhou Viza Valve Co Lid 20D King's Tower 12 Shishan Road Suzhou 215011 China Tel: +86 512 6701 5219 Fax: +86 512 6808 1920 Email: [email protected] Web: www.vizavalve.com Suzhou Sufa Da Valve Co Ltd 2114 Renmin Road Suzhou 215001 China Tel: +86 512 6753 3655 Fax: +86 512 6753 2587 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sufada.com Xiamen Jia Da Quan Valves & Fittings Co Ltd 903 Lianhua Building 188 Jiahe Road Xiamen 361009 China Tel: +86 592 552 7803 Fax: +86 592 551 8127 Email: [email protected] Web: www.china-valve-fitting.com Xiamen Landee Industries Co Ltd Suite 2201, Huiteng Metropolis No 321 Jiahe Road


Xiamen 361012 China Tel: +86 592 520 4188 Fax: +86 592 520 4189 Email: [email protected] Web: www.landee.cn Zhejiang Beize Valve Manufacturing Co Ltd 3051 u Road Wenzhou 325025 Zhejiang China Tel: +86 577 8899 8160 Fax: +86 577 8899 7822 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valve-suppliers.com Zhejiang Chaoda Valve Co Lid Madao, Oubei Yongjia Zhejiang 325105 China Tel: +86 577 6731 9955 Fax: +86 577 6731 1151 Email: [email protected] Web: www.chinavalve.com Zhejiang Dafulong Valve Co Ltd Zhangbao Industrial Zone Oubei Wenzhou 325105 China Tel: +86 577 6731 5866 Fax: +86 577 6731 5844 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dafulon.com

CZECH REPUBLIC Arako spol sro Hviezdoslavova 18 C7-746 01 Opava Czech Republic Tel: +420 553 694 111 Fax: +420 553 694 777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.arako.cz Armatura Krnov spol sro Brunt&lska 5 CZ-794 01 Krnov Czech Republic Tel: +420 554 616 852 Fax: +420 554 616 861 Email: [email protected] Web: www.armaturkakrnov.cz Armatury Group as Bolatick~ 39 CZ-74721 Kravare Czech Republic Tel: +420 553 680 111 Fax: +420 553 680 333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.armaturygroup.cz I B C Praha spol sro Karl~,tejnsk~ 9 CZ-252 25 Jinocany Czech Republic Tel: +420 251 006 111 Fax: +420 251 006 222

(cz)

21 Buyers' Guide

Jihomoravskb Armaturka spol sro Lipova alej 3087/1 PO Box 123 CZ-695 01 Hodonin Czech Republic Tel: +420 518 318 111 Fax: +420 518 354 003 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jmahod.cz

Defontaine SA 3 Rue Louis Renault BP 329 F-44803 Saint-Herbain Cedex France Tel: + 3 3 2 4 0 6 7 8 9 8 9 Fax: +33 2 40 67 89 00 Email: [email protected] Web: www.defontaine.com

Sento Oy Satamakatu 3 PO Box 13 FIN-24101 Salo Finland Tel: + 358 2 7277200 Fax: + 358 2 7277201 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sento.fi

MSA as Hlucinska 41 CZ-747 22 Dolni Benesov Czech Republic Tel: +420 653 881 111 Fax: +420 653 651236 Email: [email protected] Web: www.msa.cz

FRANCE

(FR)

A K MLiller France 14 Espaces Multiservices Boulevard Courcerin F - 77183 Croissy Beaubourg France Tel: + 3 3 1 6 4 6 2 9 5 1 4 Fax: + 3 3 1 6 4 6 2 9 5 1 2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.akmuller.fr

ZPA Pecky as Tr 5 Kvetna 166 PL-289 11 Pecky Czech Republic Tel: +420 321 785 141 Fax: +420 321 785 165 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zpa-pecky.cz (DK)

Broen AdS Skovvej 30 DK-5610 Assens Denmark Tel: +45 64712095 Fax: +45 64712495 Email: [email protected] Web: www.broen.com

Banides et Debeaurain Route d'Eu BP 43 F-76470 Le Treport France Tel: + 3 3 2 3 5 8 6 0 5 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 2 3 5 5 0 6 2 5 6 Email: [email protected] Web: www.banides-debeaurain.fr Bayard SA ZI- 4 avenue Lionel Terray F-69881 Meyzieu France Tel: + 3 3 4 3 7 4 4 2 4 2 4 Fax: + 3 3 4 3 7 4 4 2 3 0 0 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bayard.fr

Danfoss AdS Nordborgvej 81 DK-6430 Nordborg Denmark Tel: +45 7488 2222 Fax: +45 7488 0949 Email: [email protected] Web: www.danfoss.com

Larox Flowsys Oy Marssitie 1 PO Box 338

Danfoss Socla SA Water Controls Division 365 Rue du Lieutenant Putier F-71530 Virey-le-Grand France Tel: + 3 3 3 8 5 9 7 4 2 4 2 Fax: + 3 3 3 8 5 4 1 9 7 4 2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.watervalves.com

Naval Oy PO Box 32 FIN-23801 Laitila Finland Tel: +358 2 85091 Fax: +358 2 856506 Email: [email protected] Web: www.naval.fi

Mostro as Komoranska 1900/63 CZ-14314 Praha 4-Modrany Czech Republic Tel: +420 261 312 111 Fax: +420 261 312 333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mostro.cz

FINLAND

Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group For most current contact information go to www.c-a-m.com France

Metso Automation Oy Levytie 6 FIN-00880 Helsinki Finland Tel: +358 20 483150 Fax: +358 20 483151 Email: [email protected] Web: www.metsoautomation.com

LDM spol sro Litomy.~lska 1378 CZ-560 02 Ceska Trebova Czech Republic Tel: +420 465 502 511 Fax: +420 465 533 101 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ldm.cz

DENMARK

Email: [email protected] Web: www.buracco.com

FIN-53101 Lappeenranta Finland Tel: +358 201 113311 Fax: +358 201 113300 Email: [email protected] Web: www.larox.fi

Email: [email protected] Web: www.ibcpraha.cz

(FI)

Buracco SA 10 Rue de Verdun BP 6 F-71301 Montceau-les-Mines France Tel: + 3 3 3 8 5 6 7 3 1 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 3 8 5 5 7 0 6 8 2

V A L V E S M A N U A L International

Emerson Process Management Rue Paul Baudray PO Box 10145 F-68701 Cemay France Tel: + 3 3 3 8 9 3 7 6 4 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 3 8 9 7 5 6 5 1 8 Email: [email protected] Web: www.emersonproces.com/fisher Guichon Valves Rue Jacqueline Auriol BP 401 F-73104 Aix-les-bains Cedex France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 9 6 1 4 0 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 4 7 9 3 5 2 4 0 2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.guichon.com H+ Valves SA Impasse les "Saillants" Chessy les mines F-69380 Lozanne France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 8 4 3 9 1 5 2 Fax: + 3 3 4 7 8 4 3 9 1 0 1 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hvalves.com Huot Groupe Saint-Mihiel SA 2 Rue de la Marsoupe BP 36 F-55301 Saint Mihiel Cedex France Tel: + 3 3 3 2 9 9 1 6 6 5 5 Fax: + 3 3 3 2 9 9 0 2 0 1 7 Email: [email protected] Web: www.huot-sa.com Masoneilan Dresser Produits Industriels Energy 5 130/190 Boulevard de Verdun F-92413 Courbevoie France Tel: + 3 3 1 4 9 0 4 9 0 0 0

489

21 Buyers' Guide Fax: + 3 3 1 4 9 0 4 9 0 1 0 Web- www.masoneilan.com Mecafrance SA Rue du Marais F-80400 Ham France Tel: +33 03 2381 4300 Fax: +33 03 2381 4520 Email: mecafrance.info@meca france-sa.com Web: www.mecafrance-sa.fr

Fax: + 3 3 3 2 3 8 1 1 8 6 9 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sapag-valves.com

Sart von Rohr SAS 25 Rue de la Chapelle PO Box 2 F-68620 Bitschwiller Les Thann France Tel: + 3 3 3 8 9 3 7 7 9 5 0 Fax: + 3 3 3 8 9 3 7 7 9 5 1 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sart-von-rohr.fr

Meca-lnox 1 Rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud PO Box 77 F-95101 Argenteuil Cedex France Tel: + 3 3 1 3 0 2 5 7 9 8 0 Fax: + 3 3 1 3 0 2 5 7 9 8 1 Email: [email protected] Web" www.meca-inox.com

SNRI Route du Treuil F- 16700 Ruffec France Tel: + 3 3 5 4 5 2 9 6 0 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 5 4 5 3 1 1 2 9 1 Email: [email protected] Web: www.snri.fr

Metso Automation SAS 6-8 Rue du Maine F 68271 Wittenheim France Tel: + 3 3 3 8 9 5 0 6 4 0 0 Fax: +33 3 89 50 64 40 Email: [email protected] Web: www.metsoautomation.com

Spirax Sarco SA PO Box 61 F-78193 Trappes France Tel: + 3 3 1 3 0 6 6 4 3 4 3 Fax: + 3 3 1 3 0 6 6 1 1 2 2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spiraxsarco.com

Perolo SA 69-71 Rue des Macons F-33390 Blaye France Tel: + 3 3 5 5 7 4 2 6 7 0 0 Fax: +33 5 57 42 67 02 Email: [email protected] Web: www.perolo.com

Strahman Valves France Savoie HexapSle F-73420 Mery France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 9 3 5 7 8 0 0 Fax: +33 4 79 35 78 20 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mg-valves.com

Randex SA 153 Rue du Placyre PO Box 334 F-38509 Voiron France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 6 0 5 2 3 4 8 Fax: +33 4 76 65 60 38 Email: [email protected] Web: www.randex.fr

Tyco Flow Control For EMEA see Tyco Flow Contro/, The Nether~ands Web: www.tycoflowcontrol .corn

Roforge Parc d'activit~s Stelytec PO Box 19 F-42401 Saint Chamond C6dex 1 France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 7 2 2 5 5 7 7 Fax: +33 4 77 31 45 48 Email: [email protected] Web: www.roforge.fr

SACCAP 112-114 Avenue de Vend6me F-41034 Blois France Tel: + 3 3 2 5 4 5 2 3 3 2 0 Fax: +33 2 54 52 33 22 Email: [email protected] Web: www.saccap.fr SAPAG Industrial Valves 2 rue du Marais F-80400 Ham France Tel: + 3 3 3 2 3 8 1 4 3 0 0

490

Valpes ZI Centr'AIp 89 Rue des Etangs F-38430 Moirans France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 6 3 5 0 6 0 6 Fax: + 3 3 4 7 6 3 5 1 4 3 4 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valpes.com Vanatome ZI de la Brassi6re PO Box 10 F 26241 Saint Vallier France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 5 2 3 6 7 0 8 Fax: +33 4 75 23 67 12 Email: [email protected] Web: www.vanatome.com Vannes Lefebvre Avenue de Lassus PO Box 45 F-59481 Haubourdin France Tel: + 3 3 3 2 0 1 7 5 1 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 3 2 0 1 7 5 1 0 1 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lefebvre.fr


Velan SAS 90 Rue Challemel Lacour F-69367 Lyon Cedex 7 France Tel: + 3 3 4 7 8 6 1 6 7 0 0 Fax: + 3 3 4 7 8 7 2 1 2 1 8 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.fr Weir Valves & Controls France SAS ZI Du Bois Rigault Rue Jean Baptiste Grison F-62880 Vendin Le Vieil France Tel: + 3 3 3 2 1 7 9 5 4 5 0 Fax: + 3 3 3 2 1 2 8 6 2 0 0 Email: [email protected] Web: www.weirvalve.com Weir Valves & Controls SEBIM SAS 71 La Palunette Chateauneuf Les Martigues F-13220 Bouches du Rh6ne France Tel: + 3 3 4 4 2 0 7 0 0 9 5 Fax: + 3 3 4 4 2 0 7 1 1 7 7 Email: [email protected] Web: www.weirvalve.com GERMANY

(DE)

A u K MLiller GmbH & Co KG Dresdener Strasse 162 D-40595 D(Jsseldorf Germany Tel: +49 211 73910 Fax: +49 211 7391281 Web: www.akmueller.de A+R Armaturen GmbH Altenhagener Strasse 4a D-32107 Bad Salzuflen Germany Tel: +49 5208 91020 Fax: +49 5208 910290 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ar-armaturen.com Adams Armaturen GmbH Baukauer Strasse 55 D 44653 Herne Germany Tel: +49 2323 2090 Fax: +49 2323 209285 Email: [email protected] Web: www.adams-armaturen.de

AKO Armaturen & Separations GmbH Adam-OpeI-Strasse 5 D 65468 Trebur-Astheim Germany Tel: +49 6147 91590 Fax: +49 6147 915959 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ako-armaturen.de AKO Regelungstechnik GmbH & Co KG Porschestrasse 16 D 51381 Leverkusen Germany Tel: +49 21.71 3940 Fax: +49 2171 394429 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ako-regelungstechnik.de

21 Buyers' Guide ARCA-regler GmbH Kempener Strasse 18 D 47918 T6nisvorst Germany Tel: +49 2156 77090 Fax: +49 2156 770955 Email: [email protected] Web: www.arca-valve.com

AZ-Armaturen GmbH Waldstrasse 7 D-78087 M6nchweiler Germany Tel: +49 7721 75040 Fax: +49 7721 750413 Email: [email protected] Web: www.az-armaturen.de

ARI-Armaturen Mergelheide 56-60 D 33758 Schloss Holte-Stukenbrock Germany Tel: +49 5207 9940 Fax: +49 5207 994158 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ari-armaturen .com

Bar GmbH Auf der Hohl 1 D-53547 Dattenberg Germany Tel: +49 2644 96070 Fax: +49 2644 960735 Web: www.bar-gmbh.com

Armaturenfabrik Franz Schneider GmbH & Co KG Bahnhofplatz 12 D 74226 Nordheim Germany Tel: +49 7133 101129 Fax: +49 7133 101180 Email: [email protected] Web: www.as-schneider.com Armaturen-und Metallwerke Z6blitz GmbH Bahnhofstrasse 16 D 09517 ZSblitz Germany Tel: +49 37363 4800 Fax: +49 37363 48090 Email: [email protected] Web: www.armaturen-zoeblitz.de Armaturenwerk Altenburg GmbH Am Weissen Berg 30 D 04600 Altenburg/ThL~ringen Germany Tel: +49 3447 8930 Fax: +49 3447 81110 Email: [email protected] Web: www.awa-armaturenwerk.de ASP Armaturen Gambacher Weg la D-84347 Pfarrkirchen Germany Tel: +49 8561 985470 Fax: +49 8561 9836589 Web: www.asp-armaturen .cle AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG Aumastrasse 1 D-79379 MLillheim Germany Tel: +49 7631 8090 Fax: +49 7631 809250 Email: [email protected] Web: www.auma.com AWP K~ilte-Klima-Armaturen GmbH Gewerbegebiet Ost Strasse A1 D-17291 Prenzlau Germany Tel: +49 3984 85590 Fax: +49 3984 85 5918 Email: [email protected] Web: www.awpvalves.com

Berluto Armaturen GmbH Tempelsweg 16 D 47918 T6nisvorst Germany Tel: +49 2151 70380 Fax: +49 2151 700763 Email: [email protected] Web: www.berluto.de Bopp & Reuther Sicherheits und Regelarmaturen GmbH CarI-Reuther-Strasse 1 D-68305 Mannheim Germany Tel: +49 621 7491662 Fax: +49 621 7491310 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sr.boppureuther.com Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH Industriestrasse 11 D 38110 Braunschwei9 Germany Tel: +49 5307 8090 Fax: +49 5307 7824 Email: [email protected] Web: www.protego.de Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co. KG )~ssere Sauerlacher Strasse 6-10 D-82502 Wolfratshausen Germany Tel: +49 8171 230 Fax: +49 8171 231095 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eagleburgmann.com BLirkert GmbH & Co KG Christian-BQrkert-Strasse 13-17 D-74653 Ingelfingen Germany Tel: +49 7940 10111 Fax: +49 7940 10448 Email: [email protected] Web: www.burkert.com Cera System Vershleissschutz GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 2 4 D-07629 Hermsdorf Germany Tel: +49 36601 9190 Fax: +49 36601 91990 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cerasystem.de CH Zikesch Armaturentechnik GmbH Laubenhof 13


D-45326 Essen Germany Tel: +49 20183 4080 Fax: +49 20134 2771 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zikesch.de Christian Bollin Armaturenfabrik GmbH Westerbachstrasse 290-294 D-65936 Frankfurt Germany Tel: +49 6934 1021 Fax: +49 6934 3985 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bollin.de Daume Regelarmaturen GmbH Jathostrasse 8 D-30916 Isernhagen bei Hannover Germany Tel: +49 511 9021 0 Fax: +49 511 9021417 Email: [email protected] Web: www.daume-regelarmaturen.de Drehmo GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D 57482 Wenden Germany Tel: +49 2762 612311 Fax: +49 2762 612359 Email: [email protected] Web: www.drehmo.com Dresser Valves Europe GmbH Heiligenstrasse 75 D-41751 Viersen Germany Tel: +49 2162 81700 Fax: +49 2162 8170200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.masoneilan.com E Georg LLidecke Armaturen GmbH Heinrich-Hauck-Strasse 2 D-92224 Amberg Germany Tel: +49 9621 76820 Fax: +49 9621 768299 Email: [email protected] Web: www.luedecke.de Ebro Armaturen Gebr Br6er GmbH Karlstrasse 8 D-58135 Hagen Germany Tel: +49 2331 9040 Fax: +49 2331 904111 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ebro-armaturen .com Ehlers GmbH Industriestrasse 13 D-52134 Herzogenrath Germany Tel: +49 2407 5760 Fax: +49 2407 576101 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eriks-deutschland .de EMG Automation GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D 57482 Wenden Germany Tel: +49 2762 6120

491

21 Buyers' Guide Fax: +49 2762 612237 Email: [email protected] Web: www.emg-automation.de END-Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Oberbecksener Strasse 78 D-32547 Bad Oeynhausen Germany Tel: +49 5731 79000 Fax: +49 5731 7900199 Web: www.end.de Erhard Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Meeboldstrasse 22 D 89522 Heidenheim Germany Tel: +49 7321 3200 Fax: +49 7321 320525 Email: [email protected] Web: www.erhard.de Ernst Schmieding GmbH & Co KG Natorper Strasse 55 D 59439 Holzwickede Germany Tel: +49 2301 1890 Fax: +49 2301 18965 Email: [email protected] Web: www.schmieding.de FIRST GmbH PO Box 1545 D-42908 Wermelskirchen Germany Tel: +49 2196 887780 Fax: +49 2196 8877849 Email: [email protected] Web: www.firstgmbh.com Fischer Mess- und Regeltechnik GmbH Bielefelder Strasse 37a D-32107 Bad Salzuflen Germany Tel: +49 5222 9740 Fax: +49 5222 7170 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fischer.ag Flowserve Flow Control GmbH Manderscheidtstrasse 19 D-45141 Essen Germany Tel: +49 201 89195. Fax: +49 201 8919600 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowserve.com Flowserve Flow Control GmbH Rudolf-Plantk-Strasse 2 D-76275 Ettlingen Germany Tel: +49 7243 1030 Fax: +49 7243 103222 Email: [email protected] Web: www.argus-valves.com Foxboro Eckardt GmbH Pragstrasse 82 D-70376 Stuttgart Germany Tel: +49 711 5020 Fax: +49 711 502597 Email: [email protected] Web: www.foxboro-eckardt.com

492

Frank GmbH Starkenburgstrasse 1 D 64546 MSrfelden-Waldorf Germany Tel: +49 6195 9260 Fax: +49 6105 92649 Email: [email protected] Web: www.frank-gmbh.de Franz DLirholdt GmbH & Co KG Industriearmaturen Friedrich-Engels-Allee 259 D-42285 Wuppertal Germany Tel: +49 202 280860 Fax: +49 202 2808640 Email: [email protected] Web: www.duerholdt.de Friatec AG Theodor Jansen Strasse D-66386 St Ingbert Germany Tel: +49 6894 5930 Fax: +49 6894 593179 Email: [email protected] Web: www.friatec.de Fritz Barthel Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Klopstockplatz 5-7 D 22765 Hamburg Germany Tel: +49 4039 82020 Fax: +49 4039 820277 Email: [email protected] Web: www.barthel-armaturen.de Fromme Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Haupstrasse 12 D-38275 Havedah Germany Tel: +49 5341 338411 Fax: +49 5341 338413 Email: info@fromme-armaturen,com Web: www,fromme-armaturen.de G Bee GmbH Bahnhofstrasse 157 D 74321 Bietigheim-Bissengen Germany Tel: +49 7142 5980 Fax: +49 7142 53519 Email: [email protected] Web: www.g-bee.de Gebr Tuxhorn GmbH & Co KG Westfalenstrasse 36 D 33647 Bielefeld Germany Tel: +49 521 448080 Fax: +49 521 4480844 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tuxhorn.de Gefa Processtechnik GmbH Germaniastrasse 28 D 44379 Dortmund Germany Tel: +49 231 610090 Fax: +49 231 6100980 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gefa.com Geier Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Am RosenhSgel 21-27


D-42553 Velbert Germany Tel: +49 2053 93040 Fax: +49 2053 7732 Email: [email protected] Web: www.geier-armaturen.de GEMU Gebr(ider MUller Apparatebau GmbH & Co, KG Fritz-M~ller-Strasse D-74653 Ingelfingen-Creisbach Germany Tel: +49 79 401230 Fax: +49 79 40123192 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gemue.de Georg Sch(inemann GmbH Buntentorsdeich 1 D 28201 Bremen Germany Tel: +49 421 559090 Fax: +49 421 5590940 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sabfilter.de Gerhard G6tze KG Robert-Mayer-Strasse 21 D-71636 Ludwigsburg Germany Tel: +49 7141 4889460 Fax: +49 7141 4889488 Email: [email protected] Web: www.goetze-armaturen.de Gestra GmbH M~nchener Strasse 77 D-28215 Bremen Germany Tel: +49 421 35030 Fax: +49 421 3 03393 Email: gestra,[email protected] Web: www,gestra.de Gossler Fluidtec GmbH Borsigstrasse 4-6 D 21462 Reinbek Germany Tel: +49 407 2709200 Fax: +49 407 27095200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gossler.de GS Anderson GmbH Hesslingsweg 71 D 44309 Dortmund Germany Tel: +49 231 92560 Fax: +49 231 9256150 Email: [email protected] Web: www.anderson-dortmund.com Gustav Mankenberg GmbH Spenglerstrasse 99 D 23556 L(Jbeck Germany Tel: +49.451 879750 Fax: +49 451 8797599 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mankenberg.de Handtmann Armaturenfabrik GmbH & Co KG Arthur-Handtmann-Strasse 23

21 Buyers' Guide D-88400 Biberach Germany Tel: +49 7351 3420 Fax: +49 7351 3422762 Email" [email protected] Web: www.handtmann.de Hans Sasserath & Co KG Mehlenstrasse 62 D 41352 Korschenbroich Germany Tel: +49 2161 61050 Fax: +49 2161 610520 Email: [email protected] Web: www.syr.de Hartmann Valves GmbH PO Box 2028 D-31303 Burgdorf-Ehlershausen Germany Tel: +49 5085 98010 Fax: +49 5085 980140 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hartmann-valve.com Herose GmbH Elly-Heuss-Knapp-Strasse 12 D-23843 Bad Oldesloe Germany Tel: +49 4531 5090 Fax: +49 4531 509120 Email: [email protected] Web: www.herose.de Hofer Hochdrucktechnik GmbH Ruhrorter Strasse 45 D 45478 MLilheim an der Ruhr Germany Tel: +49 208 469960 Fax: +49 208 4699611 Email: [email protected] Web: www.andreas-hofer.de Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH & Co KG (HORA) Helleforthstrasse 58-60 D-33758 Schloss Holte-Stukenbrock Germany Tel: +49 5207 89030 Fax: +49 5207 88037 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hora.de Honeywell GmbH Hardhofweg D-74821 Mosbach Germany Tel: +49 6261810 Fax: +49 6261 81309 Email: [email protected] Web: www.honeyweii.de IBK Wiesehahn GmbH PO Box 200154 D 46244 Bottrop Germany Tel: +49 2045 89030 Fax: +49 2045 890320 Email" [email protected] Web: www.ibk.de IMI Norgren Buschjost GmbH & Co KG Detmolder Strasse 256 D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen Germany

Tel: +49 5731 7910 Fax: +49 5731 791179 Email: [email protected] Web: www.buschjost.com Johnson Controls Regelungstechnik GmbH Bonsiepen 13 D-45143 Essen Germany Tel: +49 201 240 0 Fax: +49 201 2400351 Web: www.jci.com KeulahLitte GmbH, Krauschwitz Geschwister-ScholI-Strasse 15 D 02957 Krauschwitz Germany Tel: +49 35771540 Fax: +49 35771 54220 Email: [email protected] Web: www.keulahuettekrauschwitz.de Kieback & Peter GmbH & Co KG Tempelhofer Weg 50 D 12347 Berlin Germany Tel: +49 30 600 950 Fax: +49 30 600 95164 Email" [email protected] Web: www.kieback-peter.de Klaus Union GmbH & Co KG Blumenfeldstrsse 18 D-44795 Bochum Germany Tel: +49 234 45950 Fax: +49 234 432387 Email: [email protected] Web: www.klaus-union.de Klinger GmbH Richard-Klinger Strasse 17 D 65510 Idstein Germany Tel: +49 6126 40160 Fax: +49 6126 401611 Email: [email protected] Web: www.klinger-gmbh.de KSB Armaturen GmbH Johann-Klein-Strasse 9 D-67227 Frankenthal Germany Tel: +49 6233 862578 Fax: +49 6233 863401 Web: www.ksb.de KLihme Armaturen GmbH Am Vorort 14 D-44894 Bochum Germany Tel: +49 234 29800 Fax: +49 234 2980210 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kuehme.de Laun GmbH Maschinen-und Apparatebau Waldstrasse 71 D-65451 Kelsterbach Germany Tel: +49 6107 986690 Fax: +49 6107 9866920


Email" [email protected] Web: www.laun-online.com Leser GmbH & Co KG Wendenstrasse 133-135 D-20537 Hamburg Germany Tel: +49 4025 165100 Fax: +49 4025 165500 Email: [email protected] Web: www.leser.com Linde AG Linde Engineering Division, MAPAG Works Von-HolzapfeI-Strasse 4 D-86497 Horgau Germany Tel: +49 8294 86950 Fax: +49 8294 869581 Email" [email protected] Web: www.mapag.de Lorch GmbH Heilbronner Strasse 5 D-70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Tel: + 49 711 22720426 Fax: + 49 711 22720492 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lorch.de Ludwig Mohren KG Weststrasse 30-34 D 52074 Aachen Germany Tel: +49 241 88770 Fax: +49 241 874154 Web: www.ludwigmohren.de M&S Armaturen GmbH Industriestrasse 24-26 D-26446 Friedeburg Germany Tel: +49 4465 8070 Fax: +49 4465 80740 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ms-armaturen.de Mecafrance (Deutschland) GmbH K6rnerstrasse 22 D 53175 Bonn Bad-Godesberg Germany Tel: +49 228 935500 Fax: +49 228 935506 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mecafrance.de Mittelmann Sicherheitstechnik GmbH & Co KG Schillerstrasse 50 D 42489 W~lfrath Germany Tel: +49 2058 90102 Fax: +49 2058 901211 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mittelmann.com Neumo GmbH & Co KG Henry-Ehrenberg-Platz D-75438 Knittlingen Germany Tel: +49 7043 360 Fax: +49 7043 36130 Email: [email protected] Web: www.neumo.de

493

21 Buyers' Guide Niezgodka GmbH Bargkoppelweg 73 D 22145 Hamburg Germany Tel: +49 4067 94690 Fax: +49 4067 96959 Email: [email protected] Web: www.niezgodka.de

Ph6nix Messtechnik GmbH Salzschlirfer Strasse 13 D-60386 Frankfurt Germany Tel: +49 69 41674220 Fax: +49 69 41674229 Email: [email protected] Web: www.phoenix-mt.com

Noval Industriearmaturen GmbH Porsestrasse 19 D-39104 Magdeburg Germany Tel: +49 391 405550 Fax: +49 391 4055549 Email: [email protected] Web: www.noval.de

Pister-Kugelhiihne GmbH Vogesenstrasse 37 D 76461 Muggensturm Germany Tel: +49 7222 50020 Fax: +49 7222 500250 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pister-gmbh.com

OHL Gutermuth Industriearmaturen GmbH Helmesh~user Strasse 9 D 63674 Altenstadt Germany Tel: +49 6047 800620 Fax: +49 6047 800629 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ohl-gutermuth.de

PS Automation GmbH Philipp-Kr~mer-Ring 13 D-67098 Bad D~rkheim Germany Tel: +49 6322 60030 Fax: +49 6322 600320 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ps-automation.com

Parker Hannifin GmbH & Co KG Herl Refrigerating Specialties Wankelstrasse 40 D 50996 K6ln Germany Tel: +49 2236 39000 Fax: +49 2236 390039 Email: [email protected] Web: www.herl.de Perrin GmbH Siemenstrasse 1 D 61130 Nidderau Germany Tel: +49 6187 9280 Fax: +49 6187 928251 Email: [email protected] Web: www.perrin.de Pesch Armaturen GmbH & Co Otto-Hahn-Strasse 23 D-50997 KSIn Germany Tel: +49 2236 891601 Fax: +49 2236 891608 Email: [email protected] Web: www.peschgruppe.de Pfaudler-Werke GmbH Pfaudler Strasse D-68723 Schwetzingen Germany Tel: +49 6202 850 Fax: +49 6202 22412 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pfaudler.de Ph6nix Armaturen-Werke Bregel GmbH Am Stadtbruch 6 D 34471 Volkmarsen Germany Tel: +49 5693 9880 Fax: +49 5693 988178 Email: [email protected] Web: www.phoenix-armaturen.de

494

Reineke Mess- und Regeltechnik GmbH Von-Ebner-Eschenbach-Strasse 5 D-44807 Bochum Germany Tel: +49 234 95950 Fax: +49 234 9595200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.reineke-online.com Remote Control Gutenbergstrasse 22 D-41564 Kaarst-B~ttgen Germany Tel: +49 2131 795760 Fax: +49 2131 7957615 Email: [email protected] Web: www.remotecontrol.de RheinhiJtte GmbH & Co Rheingaustrasse 96-100 D-65203 Wiesbaden Germany Tel: +49 611 6040 Fax: +49 611 604328 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rheinhuette.de Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH PO Box 10 06 09 D 47883 Kempen Germany Tel: +49 2152 1460 Fax: +49 2152 146190 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.itt-richter.de RITAG Ritterhuder Armaturen GmbH & Co Industriestrasse 7-9 D 27711 Osterhoiz-Scharmbeck Germany Tel: +49 4791 92090 Fax: +49 4791 920985 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ritag.de Rotech GmbH Im Katzentach 16-18


D 76275 Ettlingen Germany Tel: +49 7243 59310 Fax: +49 7243 593131 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotech.de R6telmann GmbH In der Lacke 10 D 58791 Werdohl Germany Tel: +49 2392 91910 Fax: +49 2392 919114 Email: [email protected] Web: www.roetelmann.de Rudolf von Scheven GmbH Brinkerstrasse 1-7 D 45549 Sprockh~vel Germany Tel: +49 2324 9740 Fax: +49 2324 77320 Email: [email protected] Web: www.von-scheven.de

SAFI GmbH Deutschland-Kunstoffarmaturen-Vertriebs Jahnstrasse 29 D-64319 Pfungstadt Germany Tel: +49 6157 81919 Fax: +49 6157 82025 Email: [email protected] Web: www.safi-d.de Samson AG Mess- und Regeltechnik WeismSIlerstrasse 3 D 60314 Frankfurt Germany Tel: +49 69 40090 Fax: +49 69 40091507 Email: [email protected] Web: www.samson.de Sauter-Cumulus GmbH Hans-Bunte-Strasse 15 D-79108 Freiburg Germany Tel: +49 761 51050 Fax: +49 761 5105234 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sauter-cumulus.com Sch6neberg Armaturen GmbH Markplatz 18 D-76356 Weingarten Germany Tel: +49 7244 70250 Fax: +49 7244 702540 Email: [email protected] Web: www.schoeneberg-armaturen.de SchroedahI-Arapp Spezialarmaturen GmbH & Co KG Schoenenbacher Strasse 4 D-51580-Reichshof-Mittelagger Germany Tel: +49 2265 99270 Fax: +49 2265 992747 Email: [email protected] Web: www.schroedahl.com

Schubert & Salzer Control Systems GmbH Bunsenstrasse 38

21 Buyers' Guide D 85053 Ingolstadt Germany Tel: +49 841 96530 Fax: +49 841 9653405 Email: infoschubert-salzer.com Web: www.schubert-salzer.com SchuF-Armaturen und Apparatebau GmbH An der Guldenm~hle 8 10 D-65817 Eppstein/Frankfurt Germany Tel: +49 6198 571100 Fax: +49 6198 571200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.schuf.de Schwietzke Armaturen GmbH Weusterstrasse 13 D 46240 Bottrop Germany Tel: +49 2041 74770 Fax: +49 2041 747789 Email: [email protected] Web: www.schwietzke.de Siebeck-Bitter GmbH Armaturen und Metallwerk Am Sandbach 35-41 D 40878 Ratingen Germany Tel: +49 2102 45060 Fax: +49 2102 450650 Email: [email protected] Web: www.siebeck-bitter.de Siekmann Econosto GmbH & Co KG Freigrafenweg 2 D 44357 Dortmund Germany Tel: +49 231 93750 Fax: +49 231 9375199 Email: [email protected] Web: www.siekmann-econosto.de Siemens AG Power Generation Mellinghofer Strasse 55 D-45473 MQIheim an der Ruhr Germany Tel: +49 208 4560 Web: www.powergeneration.siemens.com SIPOS Aktorik GmbH Donaustrasse 36 D 90451 N~rnberg Germany Tel: +49 911 632840 Fax: +49 911 63284111 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sipos.de Spirax Sarco GmbH PO Box 10 20 42 D-78420 Konstanz Germany Tel: +49 7531 58060 Fax: +49 7531 580622 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spirax-sarco.com StahI-Armaturen PERSTA GmbH ML~lheimer Strasse 18 D 59581 Warstein Germany

Tel: +49 2902 76202 Fax: +49 2902 76703 Email: [email protected] Web: www.persta.com Strack GmbH Im Hasenwinkel 18 D 39179 Barleben Germany Tel: +49 39203 898930 Fax: +49 39203 898959 Email: [email protected] Web: www.strack-valve.de S~idmo Components GmbH Industriestrasse 7 D 73469 Riesb~rg Germany Tel: +49 9081 8030 Fax: +49 9081 803158 Email: [email protected] Web: www.suedmo.de TLV Euro Engineering GmbH Daimler-Benz-Stra6e 16-18 D-74915 Waibstadt Germany Tel: +49 7263 91500 Fax: +49 7263 91550 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tlv.com Tuchenhagen GmbH Am Industriepark 2-10 D-21514 B(Jchen Germany Tel: +49 4155 49240 Fax: +49 4155 492428 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tuchenhagen.de Tyco Flow Control For EMEA See Tyco Flow Control, The Netherlands Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com Uni-Geriite GmbH Holtumswe9 13 D 47652 Weeze Germany Tel: +49 2837 913420 Fax: +49 2837 1444 Email: [email protected] Web: www.uni-geraete.de VAG-Armaturen GmbH CarI-Reuther-Strasse 1 D-68305 Mannheim Germany Tel: +49 621 7490 Fax: +49 621 7492153 Email: [email protected] Web: www.vag-armaturen.com W B~ilz & Sohn GmbH & Co Koepffstrasse 5 D-74076 Heilbronn Germany Tel: +49 7131 15000 Fax: +49 7131 150021 Email: [email protected] Web: www.baelz.de Warex Valve GmbH Stauverbrink 2


D-48308 Senden-B6sensell Germany Tel: +49 2536 99580 Fax: +49 2536 995829 Email: [email protected] Web: www.warex-valve.com Welland & Tuxhorn AG GQtersloher Strasse 257 D-33649 Bielefeld Germany Tel: +49 521 94180 Fax: +49 521 9418170 Email: [email protected] Web: www.welland-tuxhorn .de Werner B6hmer GmbH PO Box 91 12 20 D 45537 Sprockh6vel Germany Tel: +49 2324 70010 Fax: +49 2324 700179 Email: [email protected] Web: www.boehmer.de Wilhelm Schley GmbH & Co Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 4 D 22946 Trittau Germany Tel: +49 4154 80810 Fax: +49 4154 82184 Email: [email protected] Web: www.wilhelm-schley.com WT Armatur GmbH & Co KG Industriestrasse 5 D 67133 Maxdorf Germany Tel: +49 6237 92800 Fax: +49 6237 928050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.wt-armatur.de Z & J Technologies GmbH Bahnstrasse 52 D-52355 DOren Germany Tel: +49 2421 6910 Fax: +49 2421 691200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zjtech nologies.de Zwick Armaturen GmbH Egerstrasse 25 D-58256 Ennepetal Germany Tel: +49 2333 98565 Fax: +49 2333 98566 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zwick-gmbh.de

HUNGARY

(HU)

DKG-East Var u 9 H-8800 Nagykanizsa Hungary Tel: +36 93 313140 Fax: +36 93 310160 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dkgeast.hu

495

21 Buyers' Guide

INDIA

(IN)

Advance Valves Group 142 A & B, Noida Special Economic Zone Phase 2 Noida 201 301 India Tel: +91 120 2462374 Fax: +91 120 2462376 Email: [email protected] Web: www.advancevalves.com Amco Industrial Valves 6 Thandava Murthy Street Royapuram Chennai 600 013 India Tel: +91 44 2590 1646 Fax: +91 44 2590 1646 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amcovalves.com Audco India Lid Mountpoonamallee Road Manapakkam Chennai 600 089 India Tel: +91 44 234 2323 Fax: +91 44 234 5055 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ailvalves.com AV Valves Lid 16 Industrial Estate Nunhai Agra 282 006 India Tel: +91 562 34521891 Fax: +91 562 345217 Email: [email protected] Web: www.altaindia.com BDK Process Equipment Inc 47/48 Gokul Road Karnataka Hubli 580 030 India Tel: +91 836 2331499 Fax: +91 836 2330799 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bdkindia.com Bharat Heavy Electricals Lid (BHEL) BHEL House Siri Fort New Delhi 110049 India Tel: +91 11 26001010 Fax: +91 11 26493021 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bhel.com Canle Valves PVT Ltd 18/3-4 Menambedu Road Padi Chennai 600 050 India Tel: +91 44 6357320 Fax: +91 44 6357320 Email: [email protected] Dresser Valve India Pvt Lid 305/306, "Midas", Sahar Plaza Mathurdas Vasanji Road J B Nagar, Andheri East

496

Mumbai 400059 India Tel: +91 22 8354790 Fax: +91 22 8354791 Web: www.masoneilan.com Excel Hydro-Pneumatics Pvt Lid 51 First Floor, Raja Industrial Estate PK Road, Muland (W) Mumbai 400 080 India Tel: +91 2258 3291 Fax: + 91 22564 5538 Email: [email protected] Web: www.excelhydro.com Fainger Leser Valves PVT Lid 136/137, Sanjay Building No 3 Mittal Industrial Estate Marol, Andheri (E) Mumbai 400 059 India Tel: +91 22 850 1692 Fax: +91 22 850 4470 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fainger.com Fisher Sanmar Ltd 147 Karapakkam Village Chennai 600 096 India Tel: +91 44 24504300 Fax: +91 44 24501913 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sanmargroup.com Flowel Valves B-102 Shubhlaxmi Tower Opp Sanghvi High School, Naranpura Ahmedabad 380013 India Tel: +91 79 7414077 Fax: +91 79 27436555 Web: www.flowel_valves.tripod .corn Fouress Engineering (India) Ltd Mahalaxmi Chambers 22 22 Bhulabhai Desai Road Mumbai 400 026 India Tel: +91 22 4964400 Fax: +91 22 4937544 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fouressengg.com Indian Valve Pvt Lid 53 Industrial Estate Satpur Nashik 422007 India Tel: +91 253 2350170 Fax: +91 253 2351673 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ivc-india.com Intervalve (India) Lid 212/2 Hadapsar Off Soil Poonawalla Road Hadapsar Pune 411 028 India Tel: +91 20 2699 3900 Fax: +91 20 2699 3921


Email: [email protected] Web: www.poonawallagroup.com Juneja Metal Works Variana Village, PO Basti Guzan Karpurthala Road Jalandhar 144 002 India Tel: +91 181 2650321 Fax: +91 181 2650460 Email: [email protected] Web: www.junejametalworks.com Kirloskar Brothers Ltd Udyog Bhavan Tilak Road Pune 411 002 India Tel: +91 20 2444 0770 Fax: +91 20 2444 0824 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kbl.co.in Rotex Automation Lid 114 New India Industrial Estate Off Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East) Mumbai-400 093 India Tel: +91 22 5695 2161 Fax: +91 22 5692 3783 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotexindia.com Shreeraj Industries 101 Samruddhi, Sattar Taluka Society Opp High Court Lane Ahmedabad-380 014 India Tel: +91 79 754 2813 Fax: +91 79 754 0847 Email: [email protected] Web: www.shreerajindia.com Tyco Flow Control

For Asia See Tyco Flow Control Singapore Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com Virgo Valves & Controls Lid 277 Hinjewadi Phase II Maan (Mulshi) Pune 411 057 India Tel: +91 20 66744000 Fax: +91 20 66744021 Email: [email protected] Web: www.virgoengineers.com ISRAEL

(IL)

Egmo Ltd PO Box 1111 Nahariya 22110 Israel Tel: +972 4 9855130 Fax: +972 4 9855175 Email: [email protected] Web: www.egmo.co.il Habonim Industrial Valves & Actuators Kfar Hanassi M P Hevel Corazim 12305 Israel Tel: +972 4 6914911 Fax: +972 4 6914902

21 Buyers' Guide Email: [email protected] Web: www.habonim.com

ITALY ABV Srl Via Bichi 1-55100 San Marco (Lucca) Italy Tel: +39 0583 464296 Fax: +39 0583 462111 Email: [email protected] Web: www.abvvalves.com AC MO SpA Via Tommaso da Modena 28 1-31056 Roncade (TV) Italy Tel: +39 0422 840220 Fax: +39 0422 840923 Email: [email protected] Web: www.acmospa.com Aerre Inox Srl Lottizzazione Gerola 1-26010 Fiesco (Cremona) Italy Tel: +39 0374 370 828 Fax: +39 0374 370 833 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aerreinox.it Air Torque SpA Via alia Campagna 1 1-24060 Costa di Mezzate (Bergamo) Italy Tel: +39 035 682299 Fax: +39 035 687791 Email: [email protected] Web: www.airtorque.it Airaga Rubinetterie SpA Valduggia Frazione Zuccaro 1-13010 Zuccaro (VC) Italy Tel: +39 0163 47851 Fax: +39 0163 48189 Web: www.airaga.com Alfa Valvole Srl Viale del Lavoro 19 1-20010 Casorezzo (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 90296206 Fax: +39 02 90296292 Email: [email protected] Web: www.alfavalvole.it AVF Astore Valves and Fittings Srl Via Tangoni 26 1-16030 Casarza Ligure (GE) Italy Tel: +39 0185 47811 Fax: +39 0185 466894 Email: [email protected] Web: www.astore.it Bardiani Valvole SpA Via G di Vittorio 50/52 1-43045 Fornovo di Taro Italy Tel: +39 0525 400044 Fax: +39 0525 3408

(IT)

Email" [email protected] Web: www.bardiani.com Besa Ing Santangelo SpA Via delle Industrie Nord 1/A 1-20090 Settala Milano Italy Tel: +39 0295 37021 Fax: +39 0295 379342 Email: [email protected] Web: www.besa.it Caleffi SpA S R 229, n 25 1-28010 Fontaneto d'Agogna (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 8491 Fax: +39 0322 863305 Email: [email protected] Web: www.caleffi.it Calobri Srl Via Giacomo Leopardi 10 1-20019 Settimo Milanese (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 3282951 Fax: +39 02 3281558 Email: [email protected] Carraro Srl Via Enrico Fermi 22 1-20090 Segrate (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 2699121 Fax: +39 02 26922452 Email" [email protected] Web: www.carrarovalvole.it Cesare Bonetti SpA Via Cesare Bonetti 17 1-20024 Garbagnate Milanese Italy Tel: +39 02 990721 Fax: +39 02 9952483 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cesare-bonetti.it Cimberio SpA Via Torchio 57 1-28017 San Maurizio d'Opaglio (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 923001 Fax: +39 0322 967216 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cimberio.com Colves Srl Via F Serpero 4/F4 1-20060 Masate (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 957 64357 Fax: +39 02 957 64342 Web: www.colves.com Dafram SpA Strada Statale 78, Km 6 1-62010 Urbisaglia (MC) Italy Tel: +39 733 51191 Fax: +39 733 50196 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dafram.it Effebi SpA Via Giuseppe Verdi 68


1-25060 Bovezzo (Brescia) Italy Tel: +39 030 211010 Fax: +39 030 2110302 Email: [email protected] Web: www.effebi.it Enolgas Bonomi SpA Via Europa 227 1-25062 Concesio (Brescia) Italy Tel: +39 030 2184 311 Fax: +39 030 2184 385 Email: [email protected] Web: www.enolgas.it Eurovalve Srl Via Camicie Rosse 11 1-20090 Opera (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 57601845 Fax: +39 02 57601700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eurovalve.it Ferrero Rubinetterie Srl Via Dogliani 84 1-12060 Farigliano (CN) Italy Tel: +39 0173 746001 Fax: +39 0173 76405 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ferrero-valves.com FIP - Formatura Iniezione Polimeri SpA Pian di Parata 1-16015 Casella (GE) Italy Tel: +39 010 96211 Fax: +39 010 9621209 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fipnet.it FNC SpA Via Maestri del lavoro Zona Industriale via per Gorla I-21040 Cislago (VA) Italy Tel: +39 02 9667121 Fax: +39 02 96382186 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fncitalia.it

Fratelli Fortis Srl Via Dr Bellosta 34 1-28017 San Maurizio d'Opaglio (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 96215 Fax: +39 0322 967276 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fortis.it Fratelli Pettinaroli SpA Via Pianelli 38 1-28017 San Maurizio d'Opaglio (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 96217 Fax: +39 0322 96545 Web: www.pettinaroli.com

Galli & Cassina SpA Via Drizza 30/32 1-20020 Solaro (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 967 99632

497

21 Buyers' Guide Fax: +39 02 967 99699 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gallicassina.it GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Srl Via Pennella 94 1-38057 Pergine Valsugana (TN) Italy Tel: +39 0461 532552 Fax: +39 0461 533117 Email: [email protected] Web: www.geivalvole.it Ghibson Italia Srl Via Cassola 6/9 1-40050 Monteveglio (BO) Italy Tel: +39 051 835711 Fax: +39 051 830344 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ghibson.it Greiner SpA Via Montesuello 212 1-25065 Lumezzane (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 8927511 Fax: +39 030 8927590 Email: [email protected] Web: www.greiner.it

GT Attuatori Srl Viale Europa 17 1-20090 Cusago (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 90390322 Fax: +39 02 90390368 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gtrevisan.it Indra Srl Via Novara 10/B-C 1-20013 Magenta (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 97298663 Fax: +39 02 97291855 Email: [email protected] Web: www.indra.it

Italprotec Sas Via 1 Maggio 11 1-20040 Cavenago Brianza (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 95 339500 Fax: +39 02 95 335075 Email: [email protected] Web: www.italprotec.com Italvalv Snc Strada del Corriere 27 1-15060 Sant Antonio de Basaluzzo (AL) Italy Tel: +39 0143 489491 Fax: +39 0143 489329 Email: [email protected] Web: www.italvalv.it Italvalvole Sas Via Amendola 125 1-13836 Cossato (Biella) Italy Tel: +39 015 980641 Fax: +39 015 926297 Email: [email protected] Web: www.italvalvole.it

498

IVR Valvole SpA Via Brughiera III 1 - Loc Piano Rosa - S S 142, km 37 1-28010 Boca (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 888811 Fax: +39 0322 888893 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ivrvalvole.it La TecnoValvo Srl Via Boito 5 (entrance Viale Lombardia 10) 1-20021 Bollate (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 3503508 Fax: +39 02 3503494 Email: [email protected] Web: www.latecnovalvo.com LA TIS Service Srl Via Lago d'lseo 2/4/6/8 1-24060 Bolgare (BG) Italy Tel: +39 035 835 4811 Fax: +39 035 835 4888 Email: [email protected] Web: www.latis-service.com LCM Italia Srl Via Vesuvio 25 I-21010 Cardano al Campo (Varese) Italy Tel: +39 0331 730658 Fax: +39 0331 263313 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cheropiping.com LVF SpA Via Giuseppe Mazzini 6 1-24060 San Paolo d'Argon (BG) Italy Tel: +39 035 4255 211 Fax: +39 035 959 210 Email: [email protected] Web: www.Ivf.it Maran E Peracini Srl Via Vaiduggia 25 1-13011 Borgosesia (VC) Italy Tel: +39 0163 26757 Fax: +39 0163 22464 Email: [email protected] Web: www.maranperacini.com MEI Valvole lndustriali Srl Via Stipeti 1-55060 Coselli Lucca Italy Tel: +39 0583 403265 Fax: +39 0583 403138 Email: [email protected] Web: www.meivalvole.it Nencini SpA Loc Belvedere PO Box 211 1-53034 Colle Val d'Elsa (SI) Italy Tel: +39 0577 930880 Fax: +39 0577 930883 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nencini.com


Nicolini Claudio srl Via C Treves 68 1-20090 Trezzano sul Naviglio (Milano) Italy Tel: +39 02 484 00722 Fax: +39 02 484 00726 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nicolinivalves.it Novasfer Srl Via G Marconi 12/A-B-C Fraz Carzago 1-25080 Calvagese della Riviera (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 6809011 Fax: +39 030 6800172 Email: [email protected] Web: www.novasfer.it

Omal Automation Via San Lorenzo 70 1-25069 Villa Carcina (BS) Italy Tel: +39 0308 900145 Fax: +39 0308 900423 Email: [email protected] Web: www.omal.com OMB Valves SpA Via Europa 7 1-24069 Cenate Sotto (BG) Italy Tel: +39 035 4256711 Fax: +39 035 942638 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ombvalves.com Orsenigo Srl Via 1 Maggio 1-24060 Bolgare (BG) Italy Tel: +39 035 442 3392 Fax: +39 035 442 3294 Email: [email protected] Web: www.orsenigosrl.com

Orton - Truflo International Via Grilli 2/A San Nicolo A Trebbia 1-29010 Rottofreno (PC) Italy Tel: +39 0523 762511 Fax: +39 0523 762512 Email: [email protected] Web: www.truflointernational.com Penta Srl Via Torricelli 27 1-25080 Molinetto di Mazzano (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 2629175 Fax: +39 030 2629176 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pentavalves.it

Petrolvalves Srl Viale G Borri 42 1-21053 Castellanza (VA) Italy Tel: +39 033 1334111 Fax: +39 0331 675830 Email: [email protected] Web: www.petrolvalves.com Pibiviesse SpA Via Bergamina 24

21 Buyers' Guide 1-20014 Nerviano (MI) Italy Tel: +39 0331 408711 Fax: +39 0331 408800 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pibiviesse.it

1-24060 S Paolo D'Argon (Bergamo) Italy Tel: +39 035 958041 Fax: +39 035 958413 Email: [email protected] Web: www.starline.it

Rastelli Rubinetterie SpA Regione Monticelli 10/14 1-28045 Invorio (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0322 255431 Fax: +39 0322 255117 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rastelli.it

SteriValves Srl Via Enrico Mattei 393 1-55100 Mugnano Lucca Italy Tel: +39 0583 440 560 Fax: +39 0583 440 559 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sterivalves.com

RIV Rubinetterie Italiane Valvole SpA Via delle Acacie 8 - Zona Industriale D4 1-28075 Grignasco (NO) Italy Tel: +39 0163 4151 Fax: +39 0163 411914 Email: [email protected] Web: www.riv-vg.com

Technical Srl Via Toscana 9 1-20060 Vignate (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 9593991 Fax: +39 02 9560273 Email: [email protected] Web: www.technical.it

Rubinetterie Bresciane Bonomi SpA Via Industriale 30 1-25065 Lumezzane SS (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 8250011 Fax: +39 030 8920465 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bonomi.it Saint-Gobain Condotte SpA Via Romagnoli 6 1-20146 Milano Italy Tel: +39 02 42482 Fax: +39 02 4243257 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sgcondotte.com Servovalve Via Quasimodo 27 1-20020 Santo Stefano Ticino (MI) Italy Tel: +39 0297 48461 Fax: +39 0297 484646 Email: [email protected] Web: www.servovalve.it SIRCA International Srl Via Trieste 8 1-20060 Tressano Rosa (MI) Italy Tel: +39 02 92010204 Fax: +39 02 92010216 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sircainternationai.com Sitindustrie Equipment Srl VALVOmetal Via per Orlonghetto 3 I- 13018 Valduggia (VC) Italy Tel: +39 0163 4361 Fax: +39 0163 48113 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sitindustrie.com Starline SpA Via F Baracca 30

Thermomess srl Via E Montale 6 1-20020 Robecchetto con Induno (MI) Italy Tel: +39 0331 875697 Fax: +39 0331 875297 Email: [email protected] Web: www.thermomess.com Tyco Flow Control For EMEA See Tyco Flow Control, The Netherlands Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com Valbia Srl Via A Canossi 31 PO Box 4 1-25060 Brozzo (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 89 69 411 Fax: +39 030 86 10 014 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valbia.it Valpres Srl Via A Gitti 11 PO Box 40 1-25060 Marcheno VT (BS) Italy Tel: +39 030 89 69 311 Fax: +39 030 89 60 239 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valpres.it Valvitalia SpA Via Tortona 69 1-27055 Rivanazzano (PV) Italy Tel: +39 0383 945 911 Fax: +39 0383 945 962 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valvitalia.com Valvoindustria Ing Rizzio SpA Via Circonvallazione 10 I- 13018 Valduggia (VC) Italy Tel: +39 0163 47891 Fax: +39 0163 47895


Email: [email protected] Web: www.vironline.com Valvole Hofmann Via Muzzano 31 1-13897 Occhieppo Inferiore (Biella) Italy Tel: +39 015 2593403 Fax: +39 015 2593844 Email: valvolehofmann@ valvolehofmann.com Web: www.valvolehofmann.com Velan Srl Via delle Industrie 9/5 1-20050 Mezzago (MI) Italy Tel: +39 039 624111 Fax: +39 039 6883357 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.com Watts Cazzaniga SpA Via Parco 1-20046 Biassono (MI) Italy Tel: +39 039 49861 Fax: +39 039 4986222 Email: [email protected] Web: www.wattsindustries.com

JAPAN

(JP)

ABB KK 6-2-2 Takatsukadai Nishi-ku Kobe 651-22 Japan Tel: +81 78 991 5920 Fax: +81 78 991 5900 Web: www.abb.co.jp Bailey Japan Co Ltd 511 Baraki Izunokuni-shi Shizuoka 410 2193 Japan Tel: +81 559 49 3311 Fax: +81 559 49 1114 Web: www.bailey.co.jp Bunkaboeki Kogyo Co Ltd 1- 11 Saga 1-Chome Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0031 Japan Tel: +81356201894 Fax: +81 3 5620 1795 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bbk.co.jp CCl KK 6-2-2 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku Kobe City Hyogo 651-2271 Japan Tel: +81 726 41 7641 Fax: +81 726 41 7667 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ccivalve.com Eagle Industry Co Ltd 1-12-15 Shiba-Daimon Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8587 Japan

499

21 Buyers' Guide Tel: +81 3 3432 4771 Fax: +81 3 3438 2370 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ekk.co.jp Fujikin 1-4-8 Shibata, Kita-ku Osaka 530 Japan Tel: +81 6 6372 7141 Fax: +81 6 6375 0697 Web: www.fujikin.co.jp Fukui Seisakusho Co Ltd 6.1-Chome Shodai Tajika Hirakata-shi Osaka 573 1132 Japan Tel: +81 72 857 4521 Fax: +81 72 857 3764 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fkis.co.jp Furukawa Kogyo Co Ltd 2-3, Marunouchi 2-Chome Hikone-shi Chiyoda-ku Japan Tel: +81 3 3212 6570 Fax: +81 3 3212 6578 Email: [email protected] Web: www.furukawakk.co.jp Fushiman Co Lid 4-6-12 Omori-minami Ota-ku Tokyo 143-0013 Japan Tel: +81 33741 8951 Fax: +81 3 3741 7664 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fushiman.co.jp Hatanaka Special Valve Industries Co Lid 1-3-11 Fukagawa Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0033 Japan Tel: +81 3 3820 5671 Fax: +81 3 5639 5115 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hsv.co.jp Heiwa Valve Co Lid 5-2-11 Nishi Gotanda Shinagawa ku Tokyo 141-0031 Japan Tel: +81 3 3493 5855 Fax: +81 3 3493 5858 Email: [email protected] Web: www.heiwa-valve.co.jp

Hirata Valve Industry Co Lid 3-2-3 Hisamoto Takatsu ku Kawasaki 213-8691 Japan Tel: +81 44 833 2311 Fax: +81 44 822 5101 Web: www.hvi.co.jp Hirose Valve Industry Co Lid 2-34 Yasukiyocho Hikone-shi

500

Shiga 522-0082 Japan Tel: +81 749 23 2020 Fax: +81 749 23 2027 Web: www.hirose-valves.co.jp Hisaka Works Lid 4-2-14 Fushimimachi Chuo-ku Osaka 541-0044 Japan Tel" +81 6 6391 8940 Fax: +81 6 6391 8941 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hisaka.co.jp

Hitachi Valve Lid 200 Obuke Asahicho, Vie-Gun Vie Prefecture 510-8102 Japan Tel: +81 593 77 4711 Fax: +81 593 77 2714 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hitachi-valve.co.jp Ichinose Company Lid 4-7-6 Itachibori Nishi ku Osaka 550-0012 Japan Tel: +81 6 6539 3112 Fax: +81 6 6536 3165 Web: www.insins.co.jp Ihara Science Corporation 13-17 Oi 4 Chome Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 140-0014 Japan Tel: +81 3 5742 2701 Fax: +81 3 5742 2233 Web: www.ihara-sc.co.jp

Ishida Valve Manufacturing Co Lid Fujishima Building, 4-13-4 Shiba Minato-ku Tokyo 108 0014 Japan Tel: +81 3 3455 5271 Fax: +81 3 3455 8690 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ishida-valve.com Ito Koki Co Lid 10-4 Hakodono-Cho Higashiosaka City Osaka 579 8037 Japan Tel: +81 729 85 2521 Fax: +81 729 82 2210 Email: [email protected] Web: www.itokoki.co.jp Kane Kogyo Co Lid 2036 Okusa Komaki City Aichi-Pref 485-0802 Japan Tel: +81 568 79 2476 Fax: +81 568 79 6422 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kkk-kane.co.jp


Kaneko Sangyo Co Ltd 10-6 Shiba 5-Chome Minato-ku Tokyo 108-0014 Japan Tel: +81 3 3455 1411 Fax: +81 3 3456 5820 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kaneko.co.jp Kitamura Valve Mfg Co Lid 2500 Daimon Urawa shi Saitama 377-0963 Japan Tel: +81 48 878 1111 Fax: +81 48 878 5289 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ktm-valve.co.jp Kitz Corporation 1-10-1 Nakase Mihama ku Chiba 261-8577 Japan Tel: +81 43 299 0111 Fax: +81 43 299 0121 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kitz.co.jp

Kubota Corporation 1-2-47 Shikitsu-higashi Naniwa-ku Osaka 556-8601 Japan Tel: +81 6 6648 2111 Fax: +81 6 6648 3862 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kubota.co.jp Kurimoto Lid 1-9 Shimbashi 4-Chome Minato-Ku Tokyo 104-0005 Japan Tel: +81 3 3436 8191 Fax: +81 3 3436 8026 Web: www.kurimoto.co.jp

KVC Co Ltd 208-153 Nagahara-Cho Sakaimachi Ayanokoji, Shimogoyo-ku Kyoto 600-8073 Japan Tel: +81 75 361 3361 Fax: +81 75 371 9341 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kvc-kyoto.co.jp Maezawa Industries Inc 7-2 2 Yaesu Chuo-ku Tokyo 104 8351 Japan Tel: +81 3 3281 5521 Fax: +81 3 3274 4157 Email: [email protected] Web: www.maezawa.co.jp Mihana Seisakusho Co Lid 4270-8 Kokubu Higanjyo-cho Kashiwara City Osaka 582-0023 Japan

21 Buyers' Guide

Tel: +81 729 76 0387 Fax: +81 729 76 0386 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mihana-v.co.jp Miyairi Corporation Hatchobori Kagayaki Building 3-9-7 Hatchobori, Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0032 Japan Tel: +81 3 3553 7375 Fax: +81 3 3552 3674 Email: [email protected] Web: www.miyairicorp.co.jp Miyawaki lnc 2-1-30 Tagawakita Yodagawa-ku Osaka 532-0021 Japan Tel: +81 6 6302 5549 Fax: +81 6 6302 5595 Email: [email protected] Web: www.miyawaki.net Motoyama Eng Works Ltd 5-2, Aza Kameoka Ohhira-mura, Kurokawa-gun Miyagi 981-3697 Japan Tel: +81 22 344 4546 Fax: +81 22 344 4533 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.motoyarna-cp.co.jp Nihon Klingage Co Ltd 1-14-5 Ginza Chuo-ku Tokyo 104-0061 Japan Tel: +81 3 3567 7002 Fax: +81 3 3535 3712 Email: [email protected] Web: www.klingage.co.jp Nihon Koso Co Ltd 1-16-7 Nihombashi Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0027 Japan Tel: +81 3 5202 4300 Fax: +81 3 5202 4301 Web: www.koso.co.jp Niigata Masoneilan Co Ltd (NIMCO) 20th Floor, Marive East Tower WBG 2 6 Nakase, Mihama ku Chiba shi Chiba 261 7120 Japan Tel: +81 43 297 9222 Fax: +81 43 299 1115 Web: www.masoneilan.com Nippon Ball Valve Co Ltd 5-650 Ohtoriminami Machi Sakai-shi Osaka 593-8325 Japan Tel: +81 722 71 8421 Fax: +81 722 73 3462 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nbv.co.jp Nippon Daiya Valve Co Ltd 1-3-22 Hiromachi

Shinagawa-Ku Tokyo 140-0005 Japan Tel: +81 3 3490 4801 Fax: +81 3 3490 7950 Email: tokyo [email protected] Web: www.ndv.co.jp Nippon Valqua Industries Ltd Shinjuka-Mitsui Building 2-1-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku ku Tokyo 163-0406 Japan Tel: +81 3 5325 3421 Fax: +81 3 5325 3436 Web: www.valqua.co.jp Okano Valve Mfg Company 1-14 Nakamachi Moji ku Kitakyushu 800-8601 Japan Tel: +81 93 372 9244 Fax: +81 93 382 1200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.okano-valve.co.jp Okumura Engineering Corporation 446-1, Otani, Hino-cho Gamo-Gun Shiga 529-1608 Japan Tel: +81 748 52 2131 Fax: +81 748 52 5025 Web: www.okm-net.co.jp Sankyo Seisakusho Co Ltd Yotsubashi Shinkosan Building 702, 5-2 1-chome Kitahorie, Nishi-ku Osaka 550-0014 Japan Tel: +81 66541 9081 Fax: +81 6 6541 9098 Web: www.sankyo-s-s.co.jp Shida Engineering Co Ltd 4-1-17 Osaki Shinagawa ku Tokyo 141-0032 Japan Tel: +81 3 3492 2037 Fax: +81 3 3492 2039 Email: [email protected] Web: www.shida-valve.com Shimizu Alloy Manufacturing Co Ltd 928 Higashi-Nonamicho Hikone-shi Shiga 522-0033 Japan Tel: +81 749 23 3131 Fax: +81 749 22 0687 Email: [email protected] Web: www.shimizugokin.co.jp Shimizu Iron Works Co Ltd 4-16 Yasukiyocho Hikone-shi Shiga 522-0082 Japan Tel: +81 749 22 2551 Fax: +81 749 22 2542 Web: www.shimizu-valve.co.jp


Shoritsu Seisakusho Co Ltd 2-7-21 Matsushima Edogawa-ku Tokyo 132-0031 Japan Tel: +81 3 3654 9211 Fax: +81 3 3651 5688 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sfv.co.jp Showa Valve Co Ltd 155-9 Koizumi Hikone Shiga 522-0043 Japan Tel: +81 749 22 4545 Fax: +81 749 26 1785 Email: [email protected] Web: www.showavalve.co.jp TIX Corporation- IKS Division 6-21 Kita-Shinagawa, 5-Chome Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0001 Japan Tel: +81 3 3495 7961 Fax: +81 3 3495 7960 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tix.co.jp Toa Valve Company Ltd 12-1, 5-Chome, Nishi-Tachibana-cho Amagasaki Hyogo 660-0054 Japan Tel: +81 6 6416 8865 Fax: +81 6 6419 5641 Email: [email protected] Web: www.toavalve.co.jp Toko Valex Co Ltd 4-2-17 Matsushima Edogawa-ku Tokyo 132-0031 Japan Tel: +81 3 3655 5161 Fax: +81 3 3655 6769 Email: [email protected] Web: www.toko-valex.co.jp Tomoe Valve Co Ltd 3-11-11 Shinmachi Nishi-ku Osaka 550 0013 Japan Tel: +81 661102101 Fax: +81 6 6110 2105 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tomoe.co.jp Toyo Valve Co Ltd TT-2 Building, 8-1, 3-Chome Nihonbashi-Ningyocho Chuo-ku Tokyo 103 0013 Japan Tel: +81 3 3249 5314 Fax: +81 3 3249 5303 Email: [email protected] Web: www.toyovalve.co.jp TV Valve Co Ltd 4-33-80mori-Higashi Ota-ku

501

21 Buyers' Guide Tokyo 143-0012 Japan Tel: +81 3 3763 4311 Fax: +81 3 3763 4317 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tv-valve.com

54030 Tlalnepantla Mexico Tel: +52 5 310 9863 Fax: +52 5 310 5584 Web: www.masoneilan.com

THE NETHERLANDS

Utsue Valve Co Ltd 2-1-13 Kitamura Taisho ku Osaka 551-0032 Japan Tel: +81 6 6552 3161 Fax: +81 6 6551 3245 Web: www.utsue-valve.co.jp

Delan BV PO Box 218 2181 AE Hillegom The Netherlands Tel: +31 252 528870 Fax: +31 252 528470 Email: [email protected] Web: www.delan.org

V TEX Corporation Taniguchi Building 28-11 Minami Ohi 6-Chome Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 140-0013 Japan Tel: +81 3 3765 4161 Fax: +81 3 3765 4168 Web: www.vtex.co.jp

DMN Westinghouse PO Box 6 2210 AA Noordwijkerhout The Netherlands Tel: +31 252 361 800 Fax: +31 252 375 972 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dmn.info

Venn Co Ltd 2-13 Tamagawa 2-Chome Ohta-ku Tokyo 146-0095 Japan Tel: +81 3 3759 0170 Fax: +81 3 3759 1414 Email: [email protected] Web: www.venn.co.jp

HP Valves Oldenzaal BV Zutphenstraat 1 7575 EJ Oldenzaal The Netherlands Tel: +31 541 519555 Fax: +31 541 522045 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hpvalves.com

Yoshitake Inc 7-3 Futano-Cho Mizuho ku Nagoya 467-0861 Japan Tel: +81 52 881 7199 Fax: +81 52 881 7201 Email: [email protected] Web: www.yoshitake.co.jp

KUWAIT

Mokveld Valves BV Nijverheidsstraat 67 PO Box 227 2800 AE Gouda The Netherlands Tel: +31 182 597500 Fax: +31 182 517977 Email: [email protected] Web: www,mokveld.nl

(KW)

Dresser Flow Solutions Middle East Operations 10th Floor, AI Rashed Complex Fahad Salem Street, P O Box 242 Safat, 13003 Kuwait Tel: +965 9061157 Fax: +965 3987879 Web: www.masoneilan.com

MALAYSIA

(MY)

Dresser Flow Solutions Business Suite, 19A 9 1, Level 9 UOA Centre, No. 19, Jalan Pinang 50450 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel: +60 3 2161 0322 Fax: +60 3 2163 3612 Web: www.masoneilan.com

MEXICO

(MX)

Dresser Valve de Mexico SA Henry Ford No 114, Esq Fulton Fraccionamiento Industrial San Nicolas

502

Noxon Stainless BV PO Box 6096 5700 ET Helmond The Netherlands Tel: +31 492 582111 Fax: +31 492 538970 Email: [email protected] Web: www.noxon.nl Red Point Alloys BV Radonstraat 2 2718 TA Zoetermeer The Netherlands Tel: + 31 79 3632070 Fax: +31 79 3611088 Email: [email protected] Web: www.redpoint.nl Tyco Flow Control Mijkenbroek 22 4824 AB Breda The Netherlands Tel: +31 76 5434100 Fax: +31 76 5434399 Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com Ventil Test Equipment BV PO Box 161


2260 AD Leidschendam The Netherlands Tel: +31 70 3209327 Fax: +31 70 3203737 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ventil.nl

(NL)

Wouter Witzel EuroValve PO Box 54 NL-7580 CZ Losser The Netherlands Tel: +31 535 369536 Fax: +31 535 369500 Email: [email protected] Web: www.wweurovalve.nl

NORWAY Bryne Mekanikk AS Nordlysvegen 1 PO Box 98 N-4349 Bryne Norway Tel: +47 5177 2140 Fax: +47 5177 2141 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bm.no Danfoss A/S Nordborgvej 81 N-6430 Nordborg Norway Tel: +45 7488 2222 Fax: +45 7488 0949 Email: [email protected] Web: www.danfoss.com Kongsberg Esco A/S PO Box 85 N-3602 Kongsberg Norway Tel: +47 926 45700 Fax: +47 3273 2999 Email: [email protected] Web: www.esco.no Norske Ventiler AS PO Box 115 N-5346 Agotnes Norway Tel: +47 563 15450 Fax: +47 563 15451 Email: [email protected] Web: www.norskeventiler.no Oceaneering Rotator AS PO Box 24 Hagen 20 N-4685 Nodeland Norway Tel: +47 38185500 Fax: +47 381821 52 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotator.no Scan Armatur AS PO Box 43 N-5346 Agotnes Norway Tel: +47 5631 2900 Fax: +47 5631 2910 Email: [email protected] Web: www.scanarmatur.no

(NO)

21 Buyers' Guide

ROMANIA

Steinsvik Maskinindustri AS Frakkagjerd N-5563 F~rresfjorden Norway Tel: +47 52 754700 Fax: +47 52 754701 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nortechinc.com

Ario SA 10 industriei Street Bistrita RO-420063 Bistrita, BN County Romania Tel: +40 263 234 160 Fax: +40 263 234 008 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ario.ro

Westad Industri AS Heggenveien N-3360 Geithus Norway Tel: +47 32 789500 Fax: +47 32 789510 Email: [email protected] Web: www.westad.com

POLAND

(RO)

Armalit-1 JSC 2 Trefoleva Street St Petersburg 198097 Russia Tel: +7 812 2525936 Fax: +7 812 2524200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.armalitl.ru

Zetkama Fabryka Armatury Przemyslowej SA ul Slaska 24 PL-57-300 Klodzko Poland Tel: +48 74 865 2100 Fax: +48 74 865 2101 Email: head'~176 Web: www.zetkama.com.pl

Arzil JSC 18 Chugurin Street Georgievsk Stavropolsky Region 357806 Russia Tel: +7 87951 24435 Fax: +7 87951 24435 Emaii: [email protected]

(PT)

Velan Vdlvulas Industriais Lda Avenue Ary dos Santos P-1679-018 Famoes Portugal Tel: +351 21 934 7800 Fax: +351 21 934 7809 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.pt

Delta (Doha) Corporation PO Box 4926 Doha Qatar Tel: +974 4784880 Fax: +974 4784881 Email: [email protected] Web: www.deltadoha.com

(RU)

Armagus JSC 4 Rudnitskoy Street Gus-Khrustalniy 601501 Russia Tel: +7 9241 23241 Fax: +7 9241 28940 Email: [email protected] Web: www armagus.ru

Varimex-Valves Co Ltd Radna 6/8 PL-00-341 Warsaw Poland Tel: +48 22 828 1531 Fax: +48 22 828 1532 Email: [email protected] Web: www.varimex-valves, pl

QATAR

PYCT-95 17 Butlerova Street Moscow 117342 Russia Tel: +7 4953 301077 Fax: +7 4953 301077 Email: [email protected] Web: www.roost.ru

(PL) RUSSIA

PORTUGAL

JSK PKTBA 75 Pobedy Prospekt Penza 440060 Russia Tel: +7 8412 457501 Fax: +7 8412 457800 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ptpa.ru

Rominserv Valves IAIFO B-dui Mihai Viteazul 58 RO-450090 Zalau Romania Tel: +40 260 607 300 Fax: +40 260 661 594 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iaifo.ro

Tehaco Sp Zoo ul. Nowy Swiat 4 PL-80-299 Gdan'sk Poland Tel: +48 58 554 5929 Fax: +48 58 552 7228 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tehaco.com.pl

(QA)

Email: [email protected] Web: www.fitting.ru

Blagoveshchensky Valve Plant JSC 1 Sedova Street Blagoveshchensk Bashkortostan 453430 Russia Tel: +7 3476 621357 Fax: +7 3476 621378 Email: [email protected] Web: eng.pktba.ru DS Controls Nekhinskaya Street, 61 173021 Veliky Novgorod Russia Tel: +7 8162 15 7898 Fax: +7 8162 15 7921 Web: www.masoneilan.com Fitting-P PO Box 244 Naberezhny Chelny Tatarstan 423810 Russia Tel: +7 8552 550028


Tulaelectroprivod JSC 958 Plechanovo Leninsky Tula 301114 Russia Tel: +7 8767 96709 Fax: +7 876 796717 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tulaprivod.ru

TyazhpromarmaturaJSC 60 Nekrasova Street Alexin Tulsky 301368 Russia Tel: +7 48753 42980 Fax: +7 48753 27120 Email: aztpa@aleksin .tula.net Web: www.aztpa.ru Zeim Yakovlev 1 Cheboksary 428 020 Russia Tel: +7 8352 305221 Fax: +7 8352 305111 Email: [email protected] Web: www zeim.ru

SAUDI ARABIA

(SA)

Dresser AI Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co Ltd (Darvico) PO Box 10145 Jubail Industrial City 31961 Saudi Arabia Tel: +966 3 341 0278 Fax: +966 3 341 7624 Web: www.masoneilan.com

SINGAPORE

(SG)

Alton International (S) Pte Ltd 80 Tuas Avenue 1 Singapore 639525 Singapore Tel: +65 8618586 Fax: +65 8619708 Email: [email protected] Web: www.alton.com.sg

503

21 Buyers' Guide Email: [email protected] Web: www.dfc.co.za

Dresser Singapore Pte Ltd 16 Tuas Avenue 8 Singapore 639231 Singapore Tel: +65 668616100 Fax: +65 668617172 Web: www.masoneilan.com

Gunric Valves PO Box 255 Florida Johannesburg 1709 South Africa Tel: +27 11 474 6180 Fax: +27 11 474 6136 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gunric.com

Emerson Process Management 1 Pandan Crescent Singapore 128461 Singapore Tel: +65 67778211 Fax: +65 67770947 Email: [email protected] process.corn Web: www.emersonproces.com/fisher

Insamcor (Pty) Ltd 7-9 Simba Street, Sebenza Edenvale Gauteng South Africa Tel: +27 11 609 8610 Fax: +27 11 609 7681 EmaU: [email protected] Web: www.insamcor.co.za

Remote Control Asia Pte Ltd No 9 Kaki Bukit Road 1 03-03 Eunos Technolink Singapore 415938 Singapore Tel: +65 68487150 Fax: +65 67465815 Email: [email protected] Web: www.remotecontrol.com.sg

Mine Line (Pty) Ltd 128 Impala Road Doornkop Johannesburg South Africa Tel: +27 11 765 2635 Fax: +27 11 765 2650 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mineline.co.za

Tyco Flow Control 45 Tuas Avenu 9 Singapore 639189 Singapore Tel: +65 8611655 Fax: +65 8616997 Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com SOUTH AFRICA AMD Rotolok PO Box 56314 Pinegowrie 2123 South Africa Tel: +27 11 674 1166 Fax: +27 11 674 4372 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amd-rotolok.co.za Atval (Pty) Ltd 22 Makriel Road Wadeville Ext 2, Germiston Gauteng South Africa Tel: +27 11 827 3554 Fax: +27 11 827 0879 Email: [email protected] Web: www.atval.co.za AZ Valves South Africa PO Box 3862 Kempton Park 1620 South Africa Tel: +27 11 397 3665 Fax: +27 11 397 3803 Email: azvalves @icon.co.za Web: www.azvalves.com Dynamic Fluid Control Pty Ltd 32 Lincoln Road Industrial Sites Benoni South 1501 Johannesburg South Africa Tel: +27 11 748 0200 Fax: +27 11 421 2749

504

(ZA)

Mitech Corner Brine Avenue & Horn Street Chloorkop Ext 23 Gautang South Africa Tel: +27 11 230 1300 Fax: +27 11 230 1333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mitech.co.za

SOUTH

KOREA

(KR)

A-Sung Plastic Valve Co Ltd A-Sung Building, 4th Floor Kuro-Dong, Kuro-Ku Seoul 152-060 South Korea Tel: +82 2 671 19005 Fax: +82 2 671 5687 Email: [email protected] Web: www.asungvalve.com Goodwin Korea Co Ltd #382-45 Wonchang-Dong SeoGu Incheon South Korea Tel: +82 32 579 6313 Fax: +82 32 579 6314 Email: [email protected] Web: www.goodwin.co.kr KumKang Valve Mfg Co Ltd 209-10, Jang-Dong Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-190 South Korea Tel: +82 53 581 4500 Fax: +82 53 581 4505 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kuka.co.kr PK Valve (641-370) 192-1 Shinchon-Dong Changwon KN South Korea Tel: +82 55 268 3777 Fax: +82 55 268 0281 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pkvalve.co.kr

Premier Valves PO Box 11735 Randhart 1457 South Africa Tel: +27 11 908 3760 Fax: +27 11 908 3700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.premiervalves.co.za

Samjin Precision Co Ltd 1-31 Daehwa-Dong Daeduk-ku Taejeon 306-802 South Korea Tel: +82 42 672 3600 Fax: +82 42 626 3142 Email: [email protected] Web: www.samjinvalve.com

Spirotech International 17 Resnick Street Factoria Krugersdorp South Africa Tel: +27 11 955 4690 Fax: +27 11 955 4697 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spirotech.co.za

Shin Han Control Valve Co Ltd 407 Kumkang BID 14 35 Yeoido-Dong, Yeoungdeungpo-ku Seoul 150 010 South Korea Tel: +82 2 784 3603 Fax: +82 2 784 3606 Email: [email protected] Web: www.shcontrol.co.kr

Thermal Valve Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd PO Box 75971 Garden View Johannesburg 2047 South Africa Tel: +27 11 873 9483 Fax: +27 11 873 8855 Email: [email protected] Web: www.savama.co.za

Velan Ltd 1060-4 ShingiI-Dong Ansan City Kyunggi-Do 425-833 South Korea Tel: +82 31 491 2811 Fax: +82 31 491 2813 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.com


21 Buyers' Guide

SPAIN

(ES)

Babcock Power Espafia SA Carretera Ugarte-Galindo s/n E-48510 Val de Trapaga, Vizcaya Spain Tel: +34 944 728 000 Fax: +34 944 728 032 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bbe.es BAC Valves SA PO Box 13 Tapis 126 E- 17600 Figueres Spain Tel: +34 972 677 052 Fax: +34 972 509 040 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bacvalves.com Beligcast Internacional SL Barrio Zabalondo 31 31-ZIP Code 93 E 48100 Mungia Vizcaya Spain Tel: +34 944 889 120 Fax: +34 944 889 125 Email: [email protected] Web: www.belgicast.es Centork Valve Control SL Porto 110 ipintza Txatxamendi 24-26 E-20100 Lezo (Guipuzcoa) Spain Tel: +34 943 316 137 Fax: +34 943 223 657 Email: [email protected] Web: www.centork.com JC F~brica de Valvulas SA C/Cantabria 2 Poligono Industrial Les Salines E-08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat (Barcelona) Spain Tel: +34 936 548 686 Fax: +34 936 548 687 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jc-ballvalves .corn Kitz Corporation of Europe SA Ram6n Vifias 8 E-08930 Sant Adri& de Besbs Barcelona Spa~n Tel: +34 934 621 408 Fax: +34 934 620 349 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kitzeurope.com Orbinox SA Poligono Industrial s/n E-20270 Anoeta Spain Tel: +34 943 698 030 Fax: +34 943 653 066 Email: [email protected] Web: www.orbinox.com Pekos Valves SA Rec del Molinar 9 Poligono Industrial El Circuit E-08160 Montmel6 (Barcelona) Spain

Tel: +34 935 799 370 Fax: +34 935 799 244 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pekos.es

ChemValve AG Sternenhaldenstrasse 13 CH-8712 St~fa Switzerland Tel: +4119281788 Fax: +41 19281787 Email: [email protected] Web: www.chemvalve.ch

Valvulas VS SL Pol Santelices Nave B-2 E 48550 Muskiz Spain Tel: +34 944 801 6422 Fax: +34 944 802 385 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.valvulasvs.com

CLA-VAL SA Chemin des Mesanges 1 CH-1032 Romanei/Lausanne Switzerland Tel: +41 21 643 1555 Fax: +41 21 643 1550 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cla-val.ch

VYC Industrial SA Transversal 179 E-08225 Terrassa (Barcelona) Spain Tel: +34 937 357 500 Fax: +34 937 358 135 Email: [email protected] Web: www.vycindustrial .com

(SE)

SWEDEN CCI Sweden PO Box 603 SE-661 29 S~ffle Sweden Tel: +46 533 689600 Fax: +46 533 689601 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ccivalve.com

Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme (Schweiz) AG Ebnatstrasse 101 CH 8201 Schaffhausen Switzerland Tel: +41 52 631 3026 Fax: +41 52 631 2897 Email: [email protected] Web: www.piping.georgfischer.ch

NAF AB Gelbgjutaregatan 2 SE 581 87 Link6ping Sweden Tel: +46 13 316100 Fax: +46 13 136054 Email: [email protected] Web: www.naf.se

InterApp AG Grundstrasse 24 CH 6343 Rotkreuz Switzerland Tel: +41417982233 Fax: +41 41 798 2234 Email: [email protected] Web: www.interapp.net

Remote Control Sweden PO 80 Kontrollv~gen 15 SE-791 22 Falun Sweden Tel: +46 23 58700 Fax: +46 23 58745 Email: [email protected] Web: www.remotecontrol.se SWITZERLAND

Famat SA Chemin des Jordils 40 CH 1025 St-Suipice Switzerland Tel: +41 21 695 2626 Fax: +41 21 695 2627 Email: [email protected] Web: www.famat.ch

SISTAG Absperrtechnik Alte Kantonsstrasse CH-6274 Eschenbach Switzerland Tel: +41414499944 Fax: +41 41 448 3431 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sistag.ch (CH)

Biar SA 5 rue des Epineys CH 1948 Lourtier Switzerland Tel: +41277791111 Fax: +41 27 779 1112 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sampling-valves.com CCI Switzerland Im Link II PO Box 65 CH-8404 Winterthur Switzerland Tel: +41 52 264 9500 Fax: +41 52 264 9520 Email: [email protected] Web" www.ccivalve.com


Tyco Flow Control For EMEA see Tyco Flow Control, The Netherlands Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com Valv AG Alte Rheinstrasse CH 9451 Kriessern Switzerland Tel: +41717575959 Fax: +41 71 757 5960 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valv.ch von Rohr Armaturen AG Fichtenhagstrasse 4 CH 4132 Muttenz 2 Switzerland Tel: +41 61 467 9120 Fax: +41 61 467 9121

505

21 Buyers' Guide Email: [email protected] Web: www.von-rohr.ch

TAIWAN

(TW)

Apex Controls Co Lid 15 Jen-Yi Street Wu-Jih Hsiang Taichung 414 Taiwan Tel: +8864 23388440 Fax: +886 4 23388441 Email: [email protected] Web: www.apexcontrols.com.tw Bola-Tek Manufacturing Co Lid PO Box 35-78 Taichung 404 Taiwan Tel: +886 4 22348000 Fax: +886 4 22349000 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bola-tek.com.tw Bueno Enterprise Co Ltd 17 Gongye Road Guantian Industrial District Tainan Taiwan Tel: +886 6 6935311 Fax: +886 6 6935336 Email: [email protected] Web: www.buenoeco.com EMICO Eayuan Metal Industrial Co Ltd 3F-8, No 665, Sec 2 Wu-Chuan W Road Taichung Taiwan Tel: +8864 3832828 Fax: +886 4 3847711 Email: [email protected] Web: www.emico.com.tw Haitima Corporation 8F, 201 Tiding Boulevard, Sec 2 Neihu Chiu Taipei 114 Taiwan Tel: +886 2 26585800 Fax: +886 2 26582266 Web: www.haitima.com.tw HCHTS Industries Corporation (HICO) 8F-15, 409 Lin-Shen North Road Taipei 104 Taiwan Tel: +886 2 25818803 Fax: +886 2 25614751 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hicovalve.com John Valve Mfg Factory Co Lid Room C, 17FI, 270 Chung Ming South Road Taichung 414 Taiwan Tel: +8864 23780078 Fax: +886 4 23754978 Email: [email protected] Web: www.johnvalve.com.tw Kingdom Precision Casting Co Ltd 14-F-4, 120 Chung Cheng 1st Road

506

Kaohsiung 80284 Taiwan Tel: +886 7 7713121 Fax: +886 7 7235165 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kicasting.com Mars Valve Co Lid 83, Sec 1 Chung-De 8th Road Taichung Taiwan Tel: +8864 22463808 Fax: +886 4 22470912 Email: [email protected] Web: www.marsvalve.com.tw Super Inox Corporation 22 Wu-Chuan 2nd Road Hsin-Chuang Taipei Hsien Taiwan Tel: +886 3 2115015 Fax: +886 3 2115025 Email: [email protected] Web: www.inox.com.tw Value Valves Co Lid 9 Chung-Shan Road Tu-Cheng Industrial District Taipei Hsien Taiwan Tel: +886 2 22698000 Fax: +886 2 22686600 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valuevalves.com Valve-Tek Manufacturing Co Lid 105 Cheng Kuang Street Taiping Taichung Taiwan Tel: +8864 22312299 Fax: +886 4 22313399 Email: [email protected],net.tw Web: www.valve-tek.com.tw Velan-Valvac PO Box 2020 Taichung Taiwan Tel: +8864 2792649 Fax: +886 4 2750855 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.com Wyeco Auto Valves Co Ltd 4F, No 98, Section 3 Chien Kuo North Road Taipei Taiwan Tel: +886 2 25025166 Fax: +886 2 25012863 Email: [email protected] Web: www.wyeco.com.tw

Yi Ming Machinery lnd Co Lid 276 Jung Shiau Road Pali Taipei Hsien Taiwan Tel: +886 2 86303236 Fax: +886 2 26100589 Email: valve@mail, mold.net.tw Web: www.vaIve.com.tw


Zipson Steel Industrial Co Ltd 9 Chen Kong 2 Street Minhsiung Industrial Park Chia-Yi Taiwan Tel: +886 2 29573466 Fax: +886 2 29573472 Email: [email protected] Web: www.taiwanvalve.com.tw TURKEY

(TR)

Asteknik Valve Mustafa Kemal Pasa Organize Sanayi B61gesi TR-16500 M K Pasa / Bursa Turkey Tel: +90 224 632 5260 Fax: +90 224 632 5267 Email: [email protected] Web: www.asteknikvana.com Ayvaz End(istriyei Mamuller Sanayi ve Ticaret AS Atat0rk Sanayi B61gesi Istasyon Mah Mustafa Inan Cad No 36 TR-34860 Hadimk6y-lstanbul Turkey Tel: +90 212 771 0145 Fax: +90 212 771 2560 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ayvaz.com Burgelik Valve Company Ata Center Ahi Evren Caddesi No 1 K TR-380870 Maslak-lstanbul Turkey Tel: +90 212 286 6640 Fax: +90 212 286 6644 Email: [email protected] Web: www.burcelik.com.tr Duyar Vana Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret AS Ugur Mumcu Mah 2347 Sok No 7 TR-34120 G O Pas a Istanbul Turkey Tel: +90 212 668 1808 Fax: +90 212 594 7342 Email: [email protected] Web: www.duyarvalve.com Gedik D6kLim ve Vana Sanayi ve Ticaret AS Yayalar cad No 78 TR-81520 Pendik-lstanbul Turkey Tel: +90 216 307 1262 Fax: +90 216 307 2868 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gedikdokum.com InterValf Yali u Sokak 56, Kat 1 Bostanci TR-34740 Istanbul Turkey Tel: +90 216 410 6900 Fax: +90 216 410 7736 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.intervalf.com

21 Buyers' Guide

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Dresser Flow Solutions Middle East Operations P O Box 61302, Roundabout 8 Units JA01 & JA02, Jebel Ali Free Zone Dubai United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 4 883 8752 Fax: +971 4 8838 038 Web: www.masoneilan.com Emerson FZE PO Box 17033 Jebel Ali Free Zone Dubai United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 4 883 5235 Fax: +971 4 883 5312 Web: www.emersonproces.com/fisher

UNITED KINGDOM

(UK)

A K MLiller (UK) Ltd Terminus Road Chichester West Sussex PO 19 8DW United Kingdom Tel: +44 1243 523145 Fax: +44 1243 523149 Email: [email protected] Web: www.akmuller.co.uk Abacus Valves Ltd Unit 10 Omega Park Wilsom Road Alton Hampshire GU34 2YU United Kingdom Tel: +44 1420 544121 Fax: +44 1420 543032 Email: [email protected] Web" www.abacusvalves.com Adanac Valve Specialities Ltd 14 Windmill Avenue Woolpit Business Park Woolpit Suffolk IP30 9UP United Kingdom Tel: +44 1359 240404 Fax: +44 1359 240406 Email: [email protected] Web: www.adanac.co.uk Advanced Component Technology Ltd Unit 4 Ryefield Way Silsden Yorkshire BD20 0EF United Kingdom Tel: +44 8707 576664 Fax: +44 8707 576665 Email: [email protected] Web: www.adcomtec.co.uk Advanced Valve Technologies Thanet Reach, Millennium Way Broadstairs Kent

CT10 2QQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1843 600000 Fax: +44 1843 600333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.advalve.com Aeon Pipe Systems Ltd Belasis Business Centre Coxwold Way Belasis Hall Technology Park Billingham Teeside TS23 4EA United Kingdom Tel: +44 1642 345690 Fax: +44 1642 345691 Email: group.communications@ aeon-online.com Web: www.aeon-online.com Alco Valves (UK) Ltd Mission Works Birds Royd Lane Brighouse West Yorkshire HD6 1LQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 710511 Fax: +44 1484 713009 Email: [email protected] Web: www.alco-valves.com Anson Ltd Team Valley Trading Estate Gateshead Tyne & Wear NE11 0JW United Kingdom Tel: +44 191 482 0022 Fax: +44 191 487 8835 Email: [email protected] Web: www.anson.co.uk Auld Valves Ltd Cowlairs Industrial Estate Finlas Street Glasgow G22 5DQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 141 557 0515 Fax: +44 141 558 1059 Email: [email protected] Web: www.auldvalves.com BEL Valves St Peters Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE6 1BS United Kingdom Tel: +44 191 265 9091 Fax: +44 191 276 3244 Email: [email protected] Web: www.belvalves.co.uk Bestobell Valves Ltd President Park President Way Sheffield $4 7UR United Kingdom Tel: +44 114 224 0000 Fax: +44 114 278 4974 Email: [email protected] Web: www. bestobellvalves .com


Bifold Fluidpower Ltd Greenside Way Middleton Manchester M24 1SW United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 345 4777 Fax: +44 161 345 4780 Email: [email protected], uk Web: www.bifold-fluidpower.co.uk BiS Valves Ltd Unit 17- 22 Kingfisher Park West Moors Wimborne Dorset BH21 6US United Kingdom Tel: +44 1202 896322 Fax: +44 1202 896718 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bisvalves.co.uk Blackhall Engineering Ltd Bradford Road Brighouse West Yorkshire HD6 4DJ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 713717 Fax: +44 1484 400155 Email: [email protected] Web: www.blackhall.co.uk Bray Controls (UK) 16-18 Fountain Crescent Inchinnan Business Park Inchinnan Renfrewshire PA4 9RE United Kingdom Tel: +44 141 812 5199 Fax: +44 141 812 6199 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bray.com Brian Donkin Valves Ltd Derby Road Chesterfield Derbyshire $40 2EB United Kingdom Tel: +44 1246 500029 Fax: +44 1246 297455 Email: [email protected] Web: www.donkinvalves.com Broady Flow Control Ltd English Street Kingston Upon Hull Humberside HU3 2DU United Kingdom Tel: +44 1482 619600 Fax: +44 1482 619700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.broady.co.uk Brooksbank Valves Ltd Sackville Street Skipton Yorkshire BD23 2PS United Kingdom

507

21 Buyers' Guide

Tel: +44 1756 792346 Fax: +44 1756 792347 Email: [email protected] Web: www.brooksbank.co.uk BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Lid Adamson House, Towers Business Park Wilmslow Road Manchester M20 2YY United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 955 4202 Fax: +44 161 955 4282 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bsb.ie Btirkert Fluid Control Systems Brimscombe Port Business Park Brimscombe Stroud GL5 2QF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1453 731353 Fax: +44 1453 731343 Email: [email protected] Web: www.burkert.co.uk Callow Engineering Ltd Carlton Works, Lansdown Road Monton, Eccles Manchester M30 9JP United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 787 7170 Fax: +44 161 707 5344 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jfletcher.co.uk Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group For most current contact information go to wvvw.c-a-m, com

Colson Industries Ltd Park Road Elland HX5 9HN United Kingdom Tel: +44 1422 377999 Fax: +44 1422 377333 Email: [email protected] Web: www.colson.co.uk Comid Engineering Ltd Townfield Works Greenacres Road Oldham OL4 2AB United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 6249592 Fax: +44 161 6271620 Email: [email protected] Web: www.comid.co.uk Conflow Ltd President Park President Way Sheffield $4 7UR United Kingdom Tel: +44 114 224 0000 Fax: +44 114 278 4978 Email: [email protected] Web: www.conflow.com

508

Copes-Vulcan An SPX Process Equipment Operation Road Two, Winsford Industrial Estate Winsford Cheshire CW7 3QL United Kingdom Tel: +44 1606 552041 Fax: +44 1606 558275 Email: copes.vulcan@ processequipment.spx.com Web: www.spxprocessequipment.com Crane Fluid Systems Nacton Road Ipswich IP3 9QH United Kingdom Tel: +44 1473 277300 Fax: +44 1473 277301 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cranefs.com Crane Process Flow Technologies Grange Road Cwmbran Gwent NP44 3XX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1633 486666 Fax: +44 1633 486777 Email: [email protected] Web: www.saundersvalves.com Curtiss-Wright Flow Control UK Ltd Napoleon House Gore Cross Business Park Corbin Way Bridport Dorset DT6 3UX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1308 422256 Fax: +44 1308 427760 Email: [email protected] Web: www.solentpratt.com Davis Pneumatic Systems Lid Huxley Close Newnham Industrial Estate Plymouth Devon PL7 4BQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1752 336421 Fax: +44 1752 345828 Email: [email protected] Web: www.davispneumatic.co.uk Delta Fluid Products Ltd Delta Road St Helens WA9 2ED United Kingdom Tel: +44 1744 458615 Fax: +44 1744 453675 Email: [email protected] Web: www.deltafluidproducts.co, uk DI UK Ltd Unit 4, Suite 1.1, Nobel House Grand Union Office Park, Packet Boat Lane Uxbridge Middlesex


UB8 2GH United Kingdom Tel: +44 1895 454 900 Fax: +44 1895 454 919 Web: www.masoneilan.com DMI Young & Cunningham Ltd West Chirton Industrial Estate Gloucester Road North Shields Tyne & Wear NE29 8RQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 191 2704690 Fax: +44 191 2704691 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dmiuk.co.uk DPL Dairy Pipe Lines Shire Hill Saffron Walden Essex CB 11 3AX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1799 522885 Fax: +44 1799 525916 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dpluk.co.uk Dynafluid Ltd/Gresswell Valves Units D1 &D2 Halesfield 21 Telford TF7 4NX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1952 580946 Fax: +44 1952 582546 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dynafluid.com Dynamic Controls Lid Union Street Royton Oldham OL2 5JD United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 633 3933 Fax: +44 161 633 4113 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dynamiccontrols.co.uk ElM Controls UK Ltd 6-7 Galaxy House New Greenham Park Newbury Berkshire RG 19 6HW United Kingdom Tel: +44 1635 817315 Fax: +44 1635 817460 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eim-co.com Elfab Ltd Alder Road Northshields Tyne & Wear NE29 8SD United Kingdom Tel: +44 191 293 1234 Fax: +44 191 293 1200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.elfab.com

21 Buyers' Guide ESME Valves Ltd Coronation Road Basingstoke Hampshire RG21 2ET United Kingdom Tel: +44 1256 464646 Fax: +44 1256 841597 Email: [email protected] Web: www.esme-valves.co.uk FIo.Dyne Ltd Asheridge Business Centre Asheridge Road Chesham Buckinghamshire HP5 2PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1494 770088 Fax: +44 1494 770099 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flo-dyne.net Flowguard Ltd Watford Bridge New Mills Stockport SK22 4HJ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1663 745976 Fax: +44 1663 742788 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowguard.demon.co.uk Flowserve Flow Control (UK) Ltd Burrell Road Haywards Heath Sussex RH16 1TL United Kingdom Tel: +44 1444 314400 Fax: +44 1444 314401 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowserve.com Flowtech Inc Ltd 53 Martin Avenue Fareham Hampshire PO14 2RZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1329 662656 Fax: +44 1329 661146 Emaii: [email protected] Web: www.flowtech-uk.com Forac Ltd Unit 9, Riverbank Business Centre Old Shoreham Road Shoreham-by-sea West Sussex BN43 5FL United Kingdom Tel: +44 1273 467100 Fax: +44 1273 467101 Email: [email protected] Web: www.forac.co.uk FST Northvale Korting Ltd Uxbridge Road Leicester LE4 7ST United Kingdom Tel: +44 116 2665911

Fax: +44 116 2610050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.northvalekorting .co.uk GA Valves Sales Ltd Birds Royd Lane PO Box 5 Brighouse West Yorkshire HD6 3UD United Kingdom Tel: +44 1848 711985 Fax: +44 1848 719848 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gavalves.co.uk Goodwin International Ltd Goodwin House Leek Road Hanley Stoke-on-Trent ST1 3NR United Kingdom Tel: +44 1782 220000 Fax: +44 1782 208060 Email: [email protected] Web: www.goodwin.co.uk Greene Tweed & Co Ltd Ruddington Fields Ruddington Nottinghamshire NG 11 6JS United Kingdom Tel: +44 115 9315777 Fax: +44 115 9315888 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gtweed.com

South Wales CF83 2RZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 29 2086 1099 Fax: '+44 29 2086 1073 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hobbsvalve.co.uk Hoerbiger Holding UK Ltd 1649 Pershore Road Stirchley Birmingham B30 3DR United Kingdom Tel: +44 121 433 3636 Fax: +44 121 4597794 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hoerbiger.com IMC UK Ltd Patrick Gregory Road Wolverhampton WV11 3DZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1902 305678 Fax: +44 1902 305678 Email: [email protected] Web: www.alconsolenoids.com Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd Riverside Road Barnstaple EX31 1NP United Kingdom Tel: +44 1271 313131 Fax: +44 1271 373636 Email: [email protected] Web: www.parker.com

H H Valves Ltd Unit 1 Eastworks Lamberhead Industrial Estate Wigan WN5 8EG United Kingdom Tel: +44 1942 218111 Fax: +44 1942 224800 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hhvalves.com

Invensys APV 23 Gatwick Road Crawley West Sussex RH 10 9JB United Kingdom Tel: +44 1293 527777 Fax: +44 1293 552640 Web: www.apv.com

Hale Hamilton (Valves) Ltd Cowley Road Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 2AF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1895 236525 Fax: +44 1895 231407 Email: [email protected] Web: www.halehamilton.com

JL Controls Ltd The Tanneries Titchfield Hampshire PO 14 4AR United Kingdom Tel: +44 1329 844406 Fax: +44 1329 844408 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowtech-uk.com

Henry Technologies Ltd Mossland Road Hillington Park Glasgow G52 4XZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 141 882 4621 Fax: +44 141 810 9199 Email: [email protected] Web: www.henrytech.co.uk

K Controls Ltd Process House, Stone close Horton Road West Drayton Middlesex UB7 8JU United Kingdom Tel: +44 1895 449601 Fax: +44 1895 448586 Email: [email protected], uk Web: www.k-controls.co.uk

Hobbs Valve Ltd Unit L, Trecenydd Business Park Caerphilly


Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd Springwood Way

509

21 Buyers' Guide Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2ND United Kingdom Tel: +44 1625 412000 Fax: +44 1625 412001 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kemutec.com Kinetrol Ltd Trading Estate Farnham Surrey GU9 9NU United Kingdom Tel: +44 1252 733838 Fax: +44 1252 713042 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kinetrol.com Klinger Ltd The Klinger Building, Wharfedale Road Euroway Trading Estate Bradford BD4 6SG United Kingdom Tel: +44 1274 688222 Fax: +44 1274 688549 Email: [email protected] Web: www.klingeruk.co.uk Koso Kent Introl Ltd Armytage Road Industrial Estate Brighouse West Yorkshire HD6 1QF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 710311 Fax: +44 1484 407407 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kentintrol.com Leeds Valve Company Lid Town End Gildersome Leeds LS27 7HE United Kingdom Tel: +44 113 252 5051 Fax: +44 113 252 5081 Email: sales@leedsvalvenet Web: www.leedsvalve.com LG Ball Valves Ltd Units 5 & 6, Westgate Trading Estate Aldridge Walsall WS9 8EX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1922 459999 Fax: +44 1922 458688 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lgbalI-valves.co.uk M V Fluids Handling Marven House 1 Field Road Reading RG1 6AP United Kingdom Tel: +44 118 950 3707 Fax: +44 118 939 3222 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mvfh.co.uk

510

Midland.ACS Patrick Gregory Road Wolverhampton VVV11 3DZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1902 305678 Fax: +44 1902 305676 Email: [email protected] Web: www.midland-acs.com Oliver Valves Ltd Parkgate Knutsford Cheshire WA16 8DX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1565 632636 Fax: +44 1565 654089 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valves.co.uk Peter Smith Valve Co Ltd Occupation Road Cinderhill Road Bulwell Nottingham NG6 8RX United Kingdom Tel: +44 115 927 2831 Fax: +44 115 977 0233 Email: [email protected] Web: www.petersmithvalve.co.uk Posi-flate 14 Carters Lane Kiln Farm Milton Keynes MK11 3ER United Kingdom Tel: +44 1908 564455 Fax: +44 1908 564615 Email: [email protected] Web: www.posiflate.com Pyropress Engineering Company Ltd Bell Close, Newnham Industrial Estate Plympton Plymouth PL7 4JH United Kingdom Tel: +44 1752 339866 Fax: +44 1752 336681 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pyropress.com Remote Control Ltd Unit 40, Trent Valley Works Station Road Rugeley WS15 3HB United Kingdom Tel: +44 1889 576888 Fax: +44 1889 577676 Email: [email protected] Web: www.remotecontrol.co.uk RGS Electro-Pneumatics Ltd West End Business Park, Blackburn Road Oswaldtwistle Accrington Lancashire BB5 4WZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1254 872277


Fax: +44 1254 390133 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rgs-e-p.co.uk Rotolok Ltd UK 1 Millennium Place Tiverton Business Park Tiverton Devon EX16 6SB United Kingdom Tel: +44 1884 232232 Fax: +44 1884 232200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotolok.co.uk Rotork Controls Ltd Brassmill Lane Bath BA1 3JQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 1225 733200 Fax: +44 1225 333467 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotork.com Sabre Instrument Valves Ltd Golf Road Hale Altrincham Cheshire WA15 8AH United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 925 4000 Fax: +44 161 925 4001 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sabre-valves.com Safety Systems UK Lid Sharp Street Worsley Manchester M28 3NA United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 790 7741 Fax: +44 161 703 8451 Web: www.safetysystemsuk.com Saint-Gobain Pipelines Lows Lane Stanton-by-Dale Ilkerston Derbyshire DE7 4QU United Kingdom Tel: +44 115 930 5000 Fax: +44 115 944 9513 Web: www.saint-gobain-pipelines.co.uk Schubert & Saizer UK Ltd Unit 2a Larchwood House Orchard Street Redditch Worcestershire B98 7DP United Kingdom Tel: +44 1527 62795 Fax: +44 1527 64343 Email: info.ukschubert-salzer.com Web: www.schubert-salzer.com Score (Europe) Ltd Glenugie Engineering Works Peterhead Aberdeenshire

21 Buyers' Guide AB42 0YX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1779 480000 Fax: +44 1779 481100 Ernail: customersupport@ score-group.com Web: www.score-europe.org Seetru Ltd Albion Dockside Works Bristol BS 1 6UT United Kingdom Tel: +44 117 927 9204 Fax: +44 117 929 8193 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.seetru.co.uk Severn Glocon Ltd St Luke Street Southgate Street Gloucester GL 1 5RE United Kingdom Tel: +44 1452 318900 Fax: +44 1452 318901 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.severnglocon.com Severn Unival Ltd Milford Buildings Milford Street Huddersfield HD1 3DY United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 518 080 Fax: +44 1484 518 087 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.severnglocon.com Shaw Valves Dowker Street Milnsbridge Huddersfield HD3 4JX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 651177 Fax: +44 1484 645854 Email: [email protected] Web: www.taylorvalves.co.uk Shipham Valves Ltd Hawthorn Avenue Hull HU3 5JX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1482 323163 Fax: +44 1482 224057 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.shipham-valves.com

Smart Valve & Controls Uxbridge Road Leicester LE4 7ST United Kingdom Tel: +44 116 268 8120 Fax: +44 116 261 0050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.smartvalves.co.uk Spirax-Sarco Ltd Charlton House Cheltenham

GL53 8ER United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 521361 Fax: +44 1242 573342 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.spiraxsarco.com Taylor Shaw Dowker Street Milnsbridge Huddersfield HD3 4JX United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 651177 Fax: '+44 1484 645854 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.taylorshaw.co.uk TC Fluid Control Ltd Valves & Steam Division Broadgate Broadway Business Park Chadderton Oldham OL9 9XA United Kingdom Tel: +44 161 684 7488 Fax: +44 161 684 7487 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.tc-fluidcontrol .com Thompson Valves - Truflo International 17 Balena Close Creekmoor Poole Dorset BH17 7EF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1202 697521 Fax: +44 1202 605385 Web: www.truflointernational .com Tornoe Valve Ltd Clearwater Road Queensway Meadows Industrial Estate Newport Gwent NP19 4ST United Kingdom Tel: +44 1633 636800 Fax: +44 1633 636801 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.tomoeeurope.com

Tyco Flow Control For EMEA see Tyco Flow Control, The Netherlands Web: www.tycoflowcontrol,com Vector International Baglan Industrial Park Port Talbot West Glamorgan SA 12 7BY United Kingdom Tel: +44 1639 822 555 Fax: +44 1639 822 623 Web: www.vectorint.com

Velan Valves Ltd Unit 1, Lakeside Business Park Pinfold Road Thurmaston Leicester LE4 8AS United Kingdom Tel: +44 116 269 5172 Fax: +44 113 269 3695 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.velan.co.uk Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd Peel Street Northam Southampton SO 14 5QS United Kingdom Tel: +44 2380 223752 Fax: +44 2380 223110 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.wmvalves.com Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd Britannia Works Birkby Huddersfield West Yorkshire HD2 2UR United Kingdom Tel: +44 1484 820820 Fax: +44 1484 820484 Email: [email protected] Web: www.weirvalve.com

Transrnark Fcx Heaton House, Riverside Drive Hunsworth Lane Bradford BD 19 4DH United Kingdom Tel: +44 1274 700000 Fax: +44 1274 700111 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.transmark-fcx.com

Xomox Ltd Riverside Road Pottington Industrial Estate Barnstaple Devon EX31 1XL United Kingdom Tel: +44 1271 31111 Fax: +44 1271 322022 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.xomox.de

TUV NEL Ltd East Kilbride Glasgow G75 0QF United Kingdom Tel: +44 1355 220222 Fax: +44 1355 272999 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.tuvnel.com

YPS Valves Ltd Grangefield Industrial Estate Pudsey LS28 6QW United Kingdom Tel: +44 113 256 7725 Fax: 44 113 255 1275 Ernail: [email protected] Web: www.yps-valves.co.uk


511

21 Buyers' Guide UNITED STATES American Valve Inc PO Box 35229 Greensboro NC 27425 USA Tel: +1 336 668 0554 Fax: +1 336 668 4070 Email: [email protected] Web: www.americanvalve.com AMRI Inc 2045 Silber Road Houston TX 77055 USA Tel: +1 713 682 0000 Fax: +1 713 682 0080 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amrivalves,com AOP Industries Inc 2101 South Broadway Moore OK 73160 USA Tel: +1 405 912 4446 Fax: +1 405 912 4440 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aopind.com AsahilAmerica Inc 35 Green Street PO Box 653 Malden MA 02148-0134 USA Tel: +1 781 321 5409 Fax: +1 781 321 4421 Email: [email protected] Web: www.asahi-america.com ASCO 50-60 Hanover Road Florham Park NJ 07932 USA Tel: +1 973 966 2000 Fax: +1 973 966 2448 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ascovalve.com

AUMA Actuators Inc 100 Southpointe Boulevard Canonsburg PA 15317 USA Tel: +1 724 743 2862 Fax: +1 724 743 4711 Web: www.auma-usa.com Automation Technology Inc PO Box 310 Industry TX 78944 USA Tel: +1 979 357 2570 Fax: +1 979 357 2571 Web: www.atiactuators.com Balon Corporation 3245 S Hattie Oklahoma City

512

(us)

OK 73129 USA Tel: +1 405 677 3321 Fax: +1 405 677 3917 Email: [email protected] Web: www.balon.com

Bernard Controls Inc 15740 Park Row Suite 100 Houston TX 77084 USA Tel: +1 281 578 6666 Fax: +1 281 578 2797 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bernardcontrols.com Bray Controls USA 13333 Westland East Boulevard Houston Texas 77041 USA Tel: +1 281 894 5454 Fax: +1 281 894 9499 Email: [email protected] Web: www, bray.com Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group 3250 Briarpark Drive Houston TX 77042 USA Tel: +1 281 261 3754 Fax: +1 281 261 3754 Web: www.c-a-m.com Cashco Inc 607 West 15th Street EIIsworth KS 67439 USA Tel: +1 785 472 4461 Fax: +1 785 472 3539 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cashco.com CCl (Control Components Inc) 22591 Avenida Empresa Rancho Santa Margarita CA 92688 USA Tel: +1 949 858 1877 Fax: +1 949 858 1878 Web: www.ccivalve.com

Check-All Valve Mfg Co 1800 Fuller Road West Des Moines IA 50265 USA Tel: +1 515 224 2301 Fax: +1 515 224 2326 Email: [email protected] Web: www.checkall.com Circle Seal Controls Inc 2301 Wardlow Circle Corona CA 92880-2881 USA Tel: +1 909 270 6200 Fax: +1 909 270 6201


Email: [email protected] Web: www.circle-seal.com CLA-VAL Automatic Control Valves 1701 Placentia Avenue Costa Mesa CA 92627-4475 USA Tel: +1 949 722 4800 Fax: +1 949 548 5441 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cla-val,com Conbraco Industries Inc PO Box 247 Matthews NC 28106 USA Tel: +1 704 841 6000 Fax: +1 704 841 6021 Email: [email protected] Web: www.conbraco.com Conflow Inc 270 Meadowlands Boulevard Washington PA 15301 USA Tel: +1 724 746 0200 Fax: +1 724 746 0940 Email: [email protected] Web: www.conflow.com Conval Inc 265 Field Road Somers CT 06071 USA Tel: +1 860 763 0761 Fax: +1 860 763 3557 Email: [email protected] Web: www.conval,com CPC-Cryolab 12501 Telecom Drive Tampa FL 33635 USA Tel: +18139781000 Fax: +1 813 977 3329 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cpc-cryolab.com Crane Nuclear Inc 2825 Cobb International Boulevard Kenneshaw GA 30152 USA Tel: +1 770 429 4720 Fax: +1 770 429 4753 Email" tburky@cranevs,com Web: www.cranenuclear.com DeltaValve USA 857 West, South Jordan Parkway Suite 100 South Jordan UT 84095 USA Tel: +1 801 984 1000 Fax: +1 801 984 1001 Email: [email protected] Web: www.deltavalve.com

21 Buyers' Guide DeZURIK Water Controls 250 Riverside Avenue North Sartell MN 56377-1743 USA Tel: +1 320 259 2000 Fax: +1 320 259 2227 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dezurikwater.com DFT Durabla Fluid Technology Inc 140 Sheree Boulevard Exton PA 19341-0566 USA Tel: +1 610 363 8903 Fax: +1 610 524 9242 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dft-valves.com

Dresser Inc 15455 Dallas Parkway Addison TX 75001 USA Tel: +1 972 361 9800 Fax: +1 972 361 9903 Web: www.dresser.com Dresser-Masoneilan 85 Bodwell Street Avon MA 02322-1190 USA Tel: +1 508 586 4600 Fax: +1 508 941 5497 Email: marketing@masoneilan .com Web: www.masoneilan.com DynaQuip Controls 10 Harris Industrial Park St Clair MO 63077 USA Tel: +1 800 545 3636 Fax: +1 636 629 5528 Web: www.dynaquip.com DynaTorque Inc 2076 Northwoods Drive Muskegon MI 49442 USA Tel: +1 231 788 7025 Fax: +1 231 788 7030 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dynatorque.com ElM Controls Inc 13840 Pike Road Missouri City TX 77489 USA Tel: +1 281 499 1561 Fax: +1 281 499 8445 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eim-co.com Emerson Process Management 205 South Center Street Marshalltown IA 50158 USA Tel: +1 515 754 3011

Fax: +1 515 754 2830 Web: www.emersonprocess.com/fisher

Enertech 2950 Birch Street Brea CA 92621 USA Tel: +1 714 528 2301 Fax: +1 714 528 0128 Email: [email protected] Web: www.enertechnuclear.com Everest Valve Company PO Box 24295 Houston TX 77229 USA Tel: +17139238696 Fax: +1 713 923 6270 Email: info@everestvalveusa .com Web: www.everestvalveusa.com Everlasting Valve Company Inc 108 Somogyi Court South Plainfield NJ 07080 USA Tel: +1 908 769 0700 Fax: +1 908 769 8697 Email: info@everlastingvalveusa .com Web: www.everlastingvalveco .com Farris Engineering Curtiss-Wright Corporation 10195 Brecksville Road Brecksville OH 44141 USA Tel: +1 440 838 7690 Fax: +1 440 838 7699 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cwfc.com FC Kingston Storm Manufacturing Group Inc 23201 Normandie Avenue Torrance CA 90501-5050 USA Tel: +1 310 326 8287 Fax: +1 310 326 8310 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kingstonvalves .com

F E B C O - Division of Watts Water Technologies Inc 3816 South Willow Avenue Fresno CA 93725 USA Tel: +15594415300 Fax: +1 559 441 5301 Web: www.febcoonline.com Flomatic Corporation 15 Pruyn's Island Drive Glens Falls NY 12801 USA Tel: +15187619797 Fax: +1 518 761 9798 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flomatic.com


Flow-Quip Inc 7440 E 46th PL Tulsa OK 74145-6305 USA Tel: +1 918 663 3313 Fax: +1 918 663 9034 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowquip.com Flowsafe Inc $3865 Taylor Road Orchard Park NY 14127 USA Tel: +1 716 667 2585 Fax: +1 716 667 2580 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowsafe.com

Flowserve Flow Control 1350 North Mountain Springs Parkway Springville UT 84663-0903 USA Tel: +1 801 489 8611 Fax: +1 801 489 2681 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowserve.com Flowserve Flow Control 1978 Foreman Drive Cookeville TN 38501 USA Tel: +1 931 432 4021 Fax: +1 931 432 5518 Email: [email protected] Web: www.flowserve.com Flowserve Flow Control 1511 Jefferson Street Sulphur Springs TX 75482 USA Tel: +1 903 885 4691 Fax: +1 903 439 3411 Email: ukfcinfo@flowserve .com Web: www.flowserve.com GA Industries Inc 9025 Marshall Road Cranberry Township PA 16066 USA Tel: +1 724 776 1020 Fax: +1 724 776 1254 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gaindustries.com Gilmore Valve Company 1231 Lumpkin Road Houston TX 77043 USA Tel: +1 713 468 8778 Fax: +1 713 468 8791 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gilmorevalve.com Groth Corporation 13650 N Promenade Boulevard Stafford

513

21 Buyers' Guide TX 77477 USA Tel: +1 281 295 6800 Fax: +1 281 295 6999 Email: [email protected] Web: www.grothcorp.com H O Trerice Company 12950 W Eight Mile Road Oak Park MI 48237 USA Tel: +1 248 399 8000 Fax: +1 248 399 7246 Email: [email protected] Web: www.trerice.com Harold Beck & Sons Inc 2300 Terry Drive Newtown PA 18940 USA Tel: +1 215 968 4600 Fax: +1 215 968 6483 Email: [email protected] Web: www.haroldbeck.com Henry Pratt Company 401 South Highland Avenue Aurora IL 60506-5563 USA Tel: +1 630 844 4000 Fax: +1 630 844 4124 Email: [email protected] Web: www.henrypratt.com Hex, a division of Richards Industries 3170 Wasson Road Cincinnati OH 45209 USA Tel: +1 513 533 5600 Fax: +1 513 871 0105 Email: [email protected] Web: www.hexvalve.com High Pressure Equipment Company P O Box 8248 1222 Linden Erie PA 16505 USA Tel: +1 814 838 2028 Fax: +1 814 838 6075 Email: [email protected] Web: www.highpressure.com Hoke Inc 405 Centura Court PO Box 4866 Spartanburg SC 29303 USA Tel: +1 864 574 7966 Fax: +1 864 587 5608 Email: rtaylor@circortech .com Web: www.hoke.com Homestead Valve a division of Olson Technologies, Inc 160 Walnut Street West Allentown PA 18102 USA

514

Tel: +1 610 770 1100 Fax: +1 610 770 1108 Email: [email protected] Web: www.homesteadvalve.com Hunt Valve Company Inc 1913 East State Street Salem OH 44460 USA Tel: +1 330 337 9535 Fax: +1 330 337 3754 Web: www.huntvalve.com Hydroseal Valve Company 1500 S E 89th Street Oklahoma City OK 73149 USA Tel: +1 800 654 4842 Fax: +1 405 631 5034 Email: greg [email protected] Web: www.hydroseal.com Indelac Controls Inc 6810 Powerline Drive Florence KY 41042 USA Tel: +1 859 727 7890 Fax: +1 859 727 4070 Email: [email protected] Web: www.indelac.com ITT Engineered Valves 33 Centerville Road Lancaster PA 17603 USA Tel: +1 717 509 2200 Fax: +1 717 509 2336 Web: www.engvalves.com ITT Pure-FIo 33 Centerville Road Lancaster PA 17603 USA Tel: +1 717 509 2200 Fax: +1 717 509 2216 Web: www.ittpureflo.com JMC Valve Inc 9009 Pinehill Lane Suite 216 Houston TX. 77041 USA Tel: +1 713 939 9559 Fax: +1 713 939 9560 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jmcvalve.com Johnson Controls Inc 5757 N Green Bay Avenue Milwaukee WI 53209 USA Tel: +1 414 524 1200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jci.com Jordan Controls Inc 5607 W Douglas Avenue Milwaukee


Wl 53218 USA Tel: +1 414 461 9200 Fax: +1 414 461 1024 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jordancontrols.com Jordan Valve, a division of Richards Industries 3170 Wasson Road Cincinnati OH 45209 USA Tel: +1 513 533 5600 Fax: +1 513 871 0105 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jordanvalve.com Kalsi Engineering Inc 745 Park Two Drive Sugar Land T77478-2885 USA Tel: +1 281 240 6500 Fax: +1 281 240 0255 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kalsi.com Kerotest Manufacturing Corporation 5500 Second Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15207 USA Tel: +1 412 521 5942 Fax: +1 412 521 5990 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kerotest.com KF Industries 1500 SE 89th Street Oklahoma City OK 73149-5249 USA Tel: +1 405 631 1533 Fax: +1 405 631 5034 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kfvalves.com Kitz Corporation of America 10750 Corporate Drive Stafford TX 77477 USA Tel: +1 281 491 7333 Fax: +1 281 491 9402 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kitz.com Leslie Controls Inc 12501 Telecom Drive Tampa FL 33637 USA Tel: +1 813 978 1000 Fax: +1 813 978 7543 Email: [email protected] Web: www.lesliecontrols.com M & J Valves 19191 Hempstead Highway Houston TX 77065 USA Tel: +1 281 469 0550

21 Buyers' Guide Fax: +1 281 894 1332 Web: www.spxprocessequipment.com

Mallard Control 4970 Washington Boulevard Beaumont TX 77707 USA Tel: +1 409 842 5392 Fax: +1 409 842 8165 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mallardcontrol.com Marwin Valve, a division of Richards Industries 3170 Wasson Road Cincinnati OH 45209 USA Tel: +15135335600 Fax: +1 513 533 7343 Email: [email protected] Web: www.marwinvalve.com Mastergear 5466 Rockton Road South Beloit IL 61080 USA Tel: +18153894004 Fax: +1 815 389 8383 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mastergearworldwide.com Maxon Corporation 201 East 18th Street Muncie IN 47302 USA Tel: +1 765 284 3304 Fax: +1 765 286 8394 Web: www.maxoncorp.com Metrex Valve Corporation 505 South Vermont Avenue Glendora CA 91741 USA Tel: +1 800 266 4027 Fax: +1 626 335 1514 Email: [email protected] Web: www.metrexvalve.com Metso Automation USA Inc 44 Bowditch Drive Shrewsbury MA 01545 USA Tel: +1 508 852 0200 Fax: +1 508 852 8172 Email: [email protected] Web: www.metsoautomation .com Milwaukee Valve Company 16550 West Stratton Drive New Berlin WI 53151 USA Tel: +1 262 432 2700 Fax: +1 262 432 2701 Web: www.milwaukeevalve.com MOGAS Industries Inc 14330 East Hardy Street Houston

TX 77039 USA Tel: +1 281 449 0291 Fax: +1 281 590 3412 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mogas.com

Moog FIo-Tork 1701 North Main Street PO Box 68 Orrville OH 44667-0068 USA Tel: +1 330 682 0010 Fax: +1 330 683 6857 Web: www.flo-tork.com Mueller Steam Specialty 1491 NC Highway 20 West St Pauls NC 28384 USA Tel: +1 910 865 8241 Fax: +1 910 865 8245 Web: www.muellersteam.com Newmans Valve 1300 Gazin Street Houston TX 77020 USA Tel: +1 713 675 8631 Fax: +1 713 675 1589 Email: [email protected] Web: www.newcovalves.com NIBCO Inc 1516 Middlebury Street Elkhart IN 46516-4740 USA Tel: +1 574 295 3000 Fax: +1 574 295 3307 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nibco.com Nicholson Steam Trap 150 Coldenham Road Waldem NY 12586-2000 USA Tel: +1 845 778 5566 Fax: +1 845 778 7123 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nicholsonsteamtrap.com NiI-Cor 12241 Rockhill Avenue NE Alliance OH 44601 USA Tel: +1 330 823 0500 Fax: +1 330 821 6722 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nilcor.com Nortech 16420 Parks Ten Place, Suite 580 Houston TX 77084 USA Tel: +1 281 578-6900 Fax: +1 281 578 6991 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nortechinc.com


OCV Control Valves 7400 East 42nd Place Tulsa OK 74145-4744 USA Tel: +1 918 627 1942 Fax: +1 918 622 8916 Email: [email protected] Web: www.controlvalves .com Parker Hannifin Corporation Instrumentation Products Division USA (IPD) 1005 A Cleaner Way Huntsville AL 36265 9681 USA Tel: +1 256 881 2040 Fax: +1 256 881 5072 Email: [email protected] Web: www.parker.com Parker, Fluid Control Division 95 Edgewood Avenue New Britain CT 06051 USA Tel: +1 860 827 2300 Fax: +1 860 827 2384 Email: [email protected] Web: www.parker.com PBM Inc 1070 Sandy Hill Road Irwin PA 15642 USA Tel: +1 724 863 0550 Fax: +1 724 864 9255 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pbmvalve.com Polyjet Valves 3816 South Willow Avenue Fresno CA 93725 USA Tel: +1 559 441 5300 Fax: +1 539 441 5301 Email: [email protected]. Web: www.spxvalves.com Posi-flate 1125 Willowlake Boulevard St Paul MN 55110 USA Tel: +1 651 484 5800 Fax: +1 651 484 7015 Email: [email protected] Web: www.posiflate.com Powell Valves 2503 Spring Grove Avenue Cincinnati OH 45214 USA Tel: +1 513 852 2000 Fax: +1 513 852 2997 Email: [email protected] Web: www.powellvalves.com Process Development & Control 1075 Montour West Industrial Park Coraopolis

515

21 Buyers' Guide PA 15108 USA Tel: +1 724 695 3440 Fax: +1 724 695 8635 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pdcvalve.com QTRCO 13120 Theis Lane Tomball TX 77375 USA Tel: +12815160277 Fax: +1 281 516 0288 Email: [email protected] Web: www.qtrco.com Red Valve Company 700 North Bell Avenue Carnegie PA 15106 USA Tel: +1 412 279 0044 Fax: +1 412 279 7878 Email: [email protected] Web: www.redvalve.com Red-White Valve Corporation 20600 Regency Lane Lake Forest CA 92630 USA Tel: +1 949 859 1010 Fax: +1 949 859 7200 Email: [email protected] Web: www.redwhitevalveusa.com

Remote Control Inc PO Box 355 386 Dry Bridge Road North Kingstown RI 02852 USA Tel: +1 401 294 1400 Fax: +1 401 294 3388 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rciactuators.com Rexa Koso America Inc 4 Manley Street West Bridgewater MA 02379 USA Tel: +1 508 584 1199 Fax: +1 508 584 2525 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kosoamerica.com Richards Industries 3170 Wasson Road Cincinnati OH 45209 USA Tel: +1 513 533 5600 Fax: +1 513 533 2590 Email: [email protected] Web: www.richardsind.com Rockwood-Swendeman 150 Coldenham Road PO Box 230 Walden NY 12586-2035 USA Tel: +1 845 778 5566

516

Fax: +1 845 778 7123 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rockwoodswendeman.com Ross Valve Manufacturing Co Inc 60akwood Avenue PO Box 595 Troy NY 12181 USA Tel: +1 518 274 0961 Fax: +1 518 274 0210 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rossvalve.com

Rotolok Valves Inc Industrial Ventures II 2711 Gray Fox Road Monroe NC 28110 USA Tel: +1 704 282 4444 Fax: +1 704 282 4242 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rotolok.com Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation 7301 Orangewood Avenue Garden Grove CA 92841 USA Tel: +1 714 630 5818 Fax: +1 714 688 2614 Web: www.microelectronics. saint-gobain.com Samson Controls Inc 4111 Cedar Boulevard TX 77520-8588 USA Tel: +1 281 383 3677 Fax: +1 281 383 3690 Web: www.samsoncontrols.com SMG Valves 7693 Manchester Highway Morrison TN 37357 USA Tel: +1 931 668 5377 Fax: +1 931 668 5378 Email: [email protected] Web: www.smg-global.com Spence Engineering Co Inc 150 Coldenham Road Walden NY 12586 USA Tel: +1 845 778 5566 Fax: +1 845 778 1072 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spenceengineering.com Spirax Sarco Inc 1150 Northpoint Boulevard Blythewood SC 29016 USA Tel: +1 803 714 2000 Fax: +1 803 714 2222 Web: www.spiraxsarco.com


SVF Flow Controls Inc 13560 Larwin Circle Santa Fe Springs CA 90670 USA Tel: +1 562 802 2255 Fax: +1 562 802 3114 Email: [email protected] Web: www.svf.net

Swagelok Company 31500 Aurora Road Solon OH 44139 USA Tel: +1 440 349 5934 Fax: +1 440 349 5843 Web: www.swagelok.com Target Rock a Division of Curtiss-Wright Flow Control Corporation 1966E Broadhollow Road East Farrningdale NY 11735 USA Tel: +1 516 293 3800 Fax: +1 516 293 6144 Email: [email protected] Web: www.curtisswright.com Therm-Omega-Tech Inc 353 Ivyland Road Warminster PA 18974-2205 USA Tel: +1 215 674 9992 Fax: +1 215 674 8594 Email: valves@thermomegatech .com Web: www.thermomegatech.com Tru-Tech Industries PO Box 838 Mars PA 10646 USA Tel: +1 724 625 2955 Fax: +1 724 625 3553 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tru-tech.net

Tyco Flow Control 9700 West Gulf Bank Road Houston TX 77040 USA Tel: +1 713 466 1176 Web: www.tycoflowcontrol.com US Para Plate Corporation 2301 Wardlow Circle Corona CA 92880 USA Tel: +1 951 270 6200 Fax: +1 951 270 6201 Email: [email protected] Web: www.usparaplate.com Valcor Engineering Corporation 2 Lawrence Road Springfield NJ 07081 USA Tel: +1 973 467 8400

21 Buyers' Guide Fax: +1 973 467 8382 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valcor.com VaI-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation 905 Riverside Drive Elmhurst IL 60126 USA Tel: +16309417600 Fax: +1 630 941 8042 Email" [email protected] Web: www.valmatic.com Valvtechnologies Inc 5904 Bingle Road Houston TX 77092 USA Tel: +1 713 860 0400 Fax: +1 713 860 0499 Email" [email protected] Web: www.valv.com Valv-Trol Company 1340 Commerce Drive PO Box 2259 Stow OH 44224-1000 USA Tel: +1 330 686 2800 Fax: +1 330 686 2820 Email: [email protected] Web: www.valv-trol.com Velan Valve Corporation 94 Avenue C Williston VT 05495-9732 USA Tel: +1 802 863 2562 Fax: +1 802 862 4014 Email: [email protected] Web: www.velan.com

Victaulic Company PO Box 31 4901 Kesslersviile Road Easton PA 18044-0031 USA Tel: +16105593300 Fax: +1 610 250 8817 Email: [email protected] Web: www.victaulic.com Warren Controls Inc 2600 Emrick Boulevard Bethlehem PA 18020-8010 USA Tel: +1 610 317 0800 Fax: +1 610 317 2989 Email: [email protected] Web: www.warrencontrols.com WauKesha Cherry-Burell 611 Sugar Creek Road Delavan WI 53115 USA Tel: +1 262 728 1900 Fax: +1 262 728 4904 Email: [email protected] Web: www.spxprocessequipment.com Weir Valves & Controls USA Inc 285 Canal Street Salem MA 01970 USA Tel: +1 978 744 5690 Fax: +1 978 741 3626 Email: [email protected] Web: www.weirvalve.com Wey Valve Inc Highway 6 North Nettleton MS 38858 USA


Tel: +1 601 963 2020 Fax: +1 601 963 2025 Email: [email protected] Web: www.weyvalve.com Wood Group Pressure Control 3250 Briarpark Drive Suite 100 Houston TX 77042 USA Tel: +1 832 325 4200 Fax: +1 832 325 4350 Web: www.wgpressurecontrol.com Xomox Corporation 4444 Cooper Road Cincinnati OH 45242-5686 USA Tel: +1 513 745 6000 Fax: +1 513 745 6086 Email: [email protected] Web: www.xomox.com Zimmermann & Jansen Inc 620 North Houston Avenue PO Box 3365 Humble TX 77347 USA Tel: +1 281 446 8000 Fax: +1 281 446 8126 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zjinc.com Zy-Tech Global Industries Inc 10600 Corporate Drive Stafford TX 77477 USA Tel: +1 281 565 1010 Fax: +1 281 565 3171 Email" [email protected] Web: www.zy-tech.com

517

21 Buyers' Guide

21.3 Isolating valves Companies listed alphabetically by country - - See Chapter 3 for product categories AUSTRALIA

Bayard SA

Gestra GmbH

John Valves

Buracco SA

Gossler Fluidtec GmbH

Tyco Flow Control


GS Anderson GmbH

Danfoss Socla SA

Gustav Mankenberg GmbH

AUSTRIA Brunnbauer-Armaturen Produktions GmbH CCI - Valve Technology GmbH

Defontaine SA

Handtmann Armaturenfabrik GmbH & Co KG

Emerson Process Management

Hartmann Valves GmbH

Guichon Valves

Herose GmbH

BELGIUM

Mecafrance SA

Hofer Hochdrucktechnik GmbH

Belgium Ventiel NV

Meca-lnox

Honeywell GmbH

Icarus SA KSB Belgium SA Truflo Rona - Truflo International

Metso Automation SAS

IMI Norgren Buschjost GmbH & Co KG

Perolo SA

Keulahette GmbH, Krauschwitz

Randex SA

Klaus Union GmbH & Co KG

BRAZIL

Roforge

Klinger GmbH


SACCAP

KSB Armaturen GmbH

CANADA Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group GGosco Engineering Inc Newman Hattersley - Trufio International Spirax Sarco Canada Ltd Velan Inc

SAPAG Industrial valves

KLihme Armaturen GmbH

SNRI 9

Laun GmbH Maschinen- und Apparatebau

Spirax Sarco SA

Linde AG

Strahman Valves France

Ludwig Mohren KG

Tyco Flow Control

M&S Armaturen GmbH

Valpes

Mecafrance (Deutschland) GmbH

Vanatome

Mittelmann Sicherheitstechnik GmbH & Co KG

CHINA

Vannes Lefebvre

Neumo GmbH & Co KG

Baoyi Group Co Ltd

Velan SAS

Noval Industriearmaturen GmbH

China Shenjiang Valve Co Ltd Danfoss (Tianjin) Ltd Jiangsu Yandian Valve Co Ltd Kenda Industrial Corporation Metso Automation (Shanghai) Co Ltd Neway Valve (Suzhou) Co Ltd Shanghai Flow Valve & Fitting Co Ltd Shanghai Halin Control Valve Co Ltd Shanghai Karon Valves Machinery Co Ltd Shanghai Neles-Jamesbury Valve Co Ltd SKVC (Group) Corporation Sufa Technology Industry Co Ltd

GERMANY A+R Armaturen GmbH Adams Armaturen GmbH AKO Armaturen & Separations GmbH ARCA-regler GmbH ARI-Armaturen Armaturenfabrik Franz Schneider GmbH & Co KG Armaturen-und Metallwerke ZSblitz GmbH Armaturenwerk Altenburg GmbH ASP Armaturen AWP K~lte-Klima-Armaturen GmbH

Suhou Viza Valve Co Ltd

AZ-Armaturen GmbH

Suzhou Sufa Da Valve Co Ltd

Berluto Armaturen GmbH

Xiamen Jia Da Quan Valves & Fittings Co Ltd

BLirkert GmbH & Co KG

Xiamen Landee Industries Co Ltd

Cera System Vershleissschutz GmbH

Zhejiang Beize Valve Manufacturing Co Ltd

Christian Bollin Armaturenfabrik GmbH

Zhejiang Chaoda Valve Co Ltd

Daume Regelarmaturen GmbH

Zhejiang Dafulong Valve Co Ltd

E Georg L(Jdecke Armaturen GmbH Ebro Armaturen Gebr BrSer GmbH

CZECH REPUBLIC Arako spol sro Armatura Krnov spol sro Armatury Group as I B C Praha spol sro Jihomoravsk~ Armaturka spol sro LDM spol sro Mostro as MSA as

Ehlers GmbH END-Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Erhard Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Ernst Schmieding GmbH & Co KG Fiowserve Flow Control GmbH Flowserve Flow Control GmbH Foxboro Eckardt GmbH Frank GmbH Franz DLirholdt GmbH & Co KG

DENMARK

Friatec AG

Broen NS

Fritz Barthel Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

FINLAND Larox Flowsys Oy Metso Automation Oy

OHL Gutermuth industriearmaturen GmbH Parker Hannifin GmbH & Co KG Perrin GmbH Pesch Armaturen GmbH & Co PhSnix Armaturen-Werke Bregel GmbH Pister-Kugelh&hne GmbH RheinhL~tte GmbH & Co Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH RITAG Ritterhuder Armaturen GmbH & Co RStelmann GmbH Rudolf von Scheven GmbH SAFI GmbH Samson AG Mess-und Regeltechnik SchSneberg Armaturen GmbH Schubert & Salzer Control Systems GmbH SchuF-Armaturen und Apparatebau GmbH Schwietzke Armaturen GmbH Siebeck-Bitter GmbH Armaturen und Metallwerk Siekmann Econosto GmbH & Co KG Siemens AG Spirax Sarco GmbH StahI-Armaturen PERSTA GmbH Strack GmbH S~dmo Components GmbH TLV Euro Engineering GmbH Tuchenhagen GmbH Tyco Flow Control Uni-Ger&te GmbH VAG-Armaturen GmbH Warex Valve GmbH Welland & Tuxhorn AG

Fromme Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

Werner BShmer GmbH

G Bee GmbH

Wilhelm Schley GmbH & Co

Gebr Tuxhorn GmbH & Co KG

WT Armatur GmbH & Co KG

Gefa Processtechnik GmbH

Z & J Technologies GmbH

Geier Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

Zwick Armaturen GmbH

FRANCE

GEM0 Gebreder M(~ller Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG

HUNGARY

Banides et Debeaurain

Georg Schenemann GmbH

DKG-East

Naval Oy Sento Oy

518


21 Buyers' Guide INDIA

Orsenigo Srl

THE NETHERLANDS

Advance Valves Group

Orton - Truflo International

DMN Westinghouse

Amco Industrial Valves

Penta Srl

HP Valves Oldenzaal BV

Audco India Ltd

Petrolvalves Srl

Mokveld Valves BV

AV Valves Ltd

Pibiviesse SpA

Noxon Stainless BV

BDK Process Equipment Inc

Rastelli Rubinetterie SpA

Red Point Alloys BV

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL)

RIV Rubinetterie Italiane Valvole SpA

Tyco Flow Control

Canle Valves PVT Ltd

Rubinetterie Bresciane Bonomi SpA

Wouter Witzel EuroValve

Excel Hydro-Pneumatics Pvt Ltd

Saint-Gobain Condotte SpA

Flowel Valves

SIRCA International Srl

Fouress Engineering (India) Ltd

Sitindustrie Equipment Srl

Indian Valve Pvt Ltd

Starline SpA

NORWAY Danfoss A/S Kongsberg Esco A/S Norske Ventiler AS

Intervalve (India) Ltd

SteriValves Srl

Juneja Metal Works

Technical Srl

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd

Thermomess srl

Rotex Automation Ltd

Tyco Flow Control

Shreeraj Industries

Valpres Srl

POLAND

Valvitalia SpA

Tehaco Sp Zoo

Valvoindustria Ing Rizzio SpA

Varimex-Valves Co Ltd

Velan Srl

Zetkama Fabryka Armatury Przemyslowej SA

Virgo Valves & Controls Ltd

ISRAEL Egmo Ltd Habonim Industrial Valves & Actuators

ITALY ABV Srl AC MO SpA Aerre Inox Srl Airaga Rubinetterie SpA

Scan Armatur as Steinsvik Maskinindustri AS Westad Industri AS

JAPAN

PORTUGAL

Bunkaboeki Kogyo Co Ltd

Velan Valvulas Industriais Lda

CCI KK

QATAR

Fujikin

Delta (Doha) Corporation

Fukui Seisakusho Co Ltd

ROMANIA

Furukawa Kogyo Co Ltd

Ado SA

Alfa Valvole Srl

Fushiman Co Ltd

AVF Astore Valves and Fittings Srl

Hatanaka Special Valve Industries Co Ltd

Bardiani Valvole SpA

Heiwa Valve Co Ltd

RUSSIA

Caleffi SpA

Hirata Valve Industry Co Ltd

Armagus JSC

Calobri Srl

Hirose Valve Industry Co Ltd

Armalit-1 JSC

Carraro Srl

Hisaka Works Ltd

Arzil JSC

Cesare Bonetti SpA

Hitachi Valve Ltd

Blagoveshchensky Valve Plant JSC

Cimberio SpA

Ichinose Company Ltd

Fitting-P

Colves Srl

Ihara Science Corporation

JSK PKTBA

Dafram SpA

Ishida Valve Manufacturing Co Ltd

PYCT-95

Effebi SpA

Ito Koki Co Ltd

Tyazhpromarmatura JSC

Enolgas Bonomi SpA

Kane Kogyo Co Ltd

Zeim

Eurovalve Srl

Kaneko Sangyo Co Ltd

SINGAPORE

Ferrero Rubinetterie Srl

Kitamura Valve Mfg Co Ltd

Alton International (S) Pte Ltd

FIP - Formatura Iniezione Polimeri SpA

Kitz Corporation


FNC SpA

Kubota Corporation

Tyco Flow Control

Fratelli Fortis Srl

Kurimoto Ltd

Fratelli Pettinaroli SpA

KVC Co Ltd

Galli & Cassina SpA

Maezawa Industries Inc

GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Srl

Miyairi Corporation

Ghibson Italia Srl

Nihon Klingage Co Ltd

Greiner SpA

Nihon Koso Co Ltd

Rominserv Valves IAIFO

SOUTH AFRICA AMD Rotolok Atval (Pty) Ltd AZ Valves South Africa Dynamic Fluid Control Pty Ltd Gunric Valves

GT Attuatori Srl

Nippon Ball Valve Co Ltd

Indra Srl

Nippon Daiya Valve Co Ltd

Italprotec Sas

Nippon Valqua Industries Ltd

Italvalv Snc

Okano Valve Mfg Company

Insamcor (Pty) Ltd

Italvalvole Sas

Okumura Engineering Corporation

IVR Valvole SpA

Sankyo Seisakusho Co Ltd

Mine Line (Pty) Ltd Mitech Premier Valves Spirotech International Thermal Valve Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd

La TecnoValvo Srl

Shimizu Alloy Manufacturing Co Ltd

LA TIS Service Srl

Shimizu Iron Works Co Ltd

SOUTH KOREA

LCM Italia Srl

Shoritsu Seisakusho Co Ltd

A-Sung Plastic Valve Co Ltd

LVF SpA

Showa Valve Co Ltd

KumKang Valve Mfg Co Ltd

Maran E Peracini Srl

TIX Corporation - IKS Division

PK Valve

MEI Valvole Industriali Srl

Toa Valve Company Ltd

Samjin Precision Co Ltd

Nencini SpA

Tomoe Valve Co Ltd

Velan Ltd

Nicolini Claudio srl

Toyo Valve Co Ltd

Spain

Novasfer Srl

Utsue Valve Co Ltd

Babcock Power Espa~a SA

OMB Valves SpA

Yoshitake Inc

BAC Valves SA

VALVES MANUAL

International

519

21 Buyers' Guide Beligcast Internacional SL

Copes-Vulcan

DeltaValve USA

JC F~brica de V~lvulas SA

Crane Fluid Systems

DeZURIK Water Controls

Kitz Corporation of Europe SA

Crane Process Flow Technologies

DynaQuip Controls

Orbinox SA

Curtiss-Wright Flow Control UK Ltd

Emerson Process Management Enertech

Pekos Valves SA

Delta Fluid Products Ltd

V~lvulas VS SL

DMI Young & Cunningham Ltd

Everest Valve Company

VYC Industrial SA

DPL

Everlasting Valve Co

Dynamic Controls Ltd

FC Kingston

Flowserve Flow Control (UK) Ltd

Flomatic Corporation

SWEDEN NAF AB

Flowtech Inc Ltd

Flowserve Flow Control

SWITZERLAND

GA Valves Sales Ltd

GA Industries Inc

Biar SA

Goodwin International Ltd

Gilmore Valve Company

CCI Switzerland

H H Valves Ltd

H O Trerice Company

ChemValve AG

Hale Hamilton (Valves) Ltd

Henry Pratt Company

Famat SA

Henry Technologies Ltd

Hex, a division of Richards Industries

Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssysteme (Schweiz) AG

Hobbs Valve Ltd

High Pressure Equipment Company

IMC UK Ltd

Hoke Inc

SISTAG Absperrtechnik

Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd

Homestead Valve

Tyco Flow Control

Invensys APV

Valv AG

JL Controls Ltd

TAIWAN

Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd

Apex Controls Co Ltd

Leeds Valve Company Ltd

Bola-Tek Manufacturing Co Ltd

LG Ball Valves Ltd

Bueno Enterprise Co Ltd

M V Fluids Handling

EMICO Eayuan Metal Industrial Co Ltd

Oliver Valves Ltd

Haitima Corporation

Peter Smith Valve Co Ltd

HCHTS Industries Corporation (HICO)

Posi-flate

John Valve Mfg Factory Co Ltd

RGS Electro-Pneumatics Ltd

Kingdom Precision Casting Co Ltd

Rotolok Ltd UK

Mars Valve Co Ltd

Sabre Instrument Valves Ltd

Super Inox Corporation

Safety Systems UK Ltd

Value Valves Co Ltd

Saint-Gobain Pipelines

Valve-Tek Manufacturing Co Ltd

Schubert & Salzer UK Ltd

Velan-Valvac

Shaw Valves

Wyeco Auto Valves Co Ltd

Shipham Valves Ltd

Yi Ming Machinery Ind Co Ltd

Spirax-Sarco Ltd

Zipson Steel Industrial Co Ltd

Taylor Shaw

InterApp AG

TC Fluid Control Ltd

TURKEY Asteknik Valve Ayvaz EndListriyei Mamuller Sanayi ve Ticaret AS Bur(;:elik Valve Company Duyar Vana Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret A S Gedik D6kL~mve Vana Sanayi ve Ticaret AS InterValf

Thompson Valves- Truflo International Tomoe Valve Ltd Transmark Fcx Tyco Flow Control Velan Valves Ltd Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Xomox Ltd

Emerson FZE

YPS Valves Ltd

UNITED KINGDOM

USA

Hunt Valve Company Inc ITT Engineered Valves ITT Pure-FIo JMC Valve Inc Jordan Valve, a division of Richards Industries Kerotest Manufacturing Corporation KF Industries Kitz Corporation of America Leslie Controls Inc M & J Valves Marwin Valve, a division of Richards Industries Metso Automation USA Inc Milwaukee Valve Company MOGAS Industries Inc Mueller Steam Specialty Newmans Valve NIBCO Inc Nicholson Steam Trap NiI-Cor Nortech Parker Hannifin Corporation Parker, Fluid Control Division PBM Inc Posi-flate Powell Valves Process Development & Control Red Valve Company Red-White Valve Corporation Rexa Koso America Inc Richards Industries Rockwood-Swendeman

Adanac Valve Specialities Ltd

American Valve Inc

Ross Valve Manufacturing Co Inc

Advanced Valve Technologies

AMRI Inc

Rotolok Valves Inc

Aeon Pipe Systems Ltd

AOP Industries Inc

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation

Alco Valves (UK) Ltd

Asahi/America Inc

SMG Valves

Anson Ltd

ASCO

Southern Manufacturing Inc

BEL Valves

Balon Corporation

Spence Engineering Co Inc

Bestobell Valves Ltd

Bray Controls USA

Spirax Sarco Inc

Bifold Fluidpower Ltd


SVF Flow Controls Inc

Blackhall Engineering Ltd

Cashco Inc

Swagelok Company

Bray Controls (UK)

CCI (Control Components Inc)

Target Rock

Brian Donkin Valves Ltd

Circle Seal Controls Inc

Therm-Omega-Tech Inc

Brooksbank Valves Ltd

Conbraco Industries Inc

Tru-Tech Industries

Berkert Fluid Control Systems

Conflow Inc

Tyco Flow Control


Conval lnc

US Para Plate Corporation

Colson Industries Ltd

CPC-Cryolab

Valcor Engineering Corporation

Conflow Ltd

Crane Nuclear Inc

VaI-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation

520


21 Buyers' Guide Valvtechnologies Inc

WauKesha Cherry-Burell

Xomox Corporation

Velan Valve Corporation

Weir Valves & Controls USA Inc

Zimmermann & Jansen Inc

Victaulic Company

Wey Valve Inc

Zy-Tech Global Industries Inc

21.4 Non-return valves Companies listed alphabetically by country m See Chapter 4 for product categories AUSTRALIA

GERMANY

Audco India Ltd

John Valves

Adams Armaturen GmbH

AV Valves Ltd

Tyco Flow Control

ARI-Armaturen


AUSTRIA Brunnbauer-Armaturen Produktions GmbH CCI - Valve Technology GmbH

Armaturenwerk Altenburg GmbH

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL)

ASP Armaturen

Canle Valves PVT Ltd

AWP K<e-Klima-Armaturen GmbH




BELGIUM

Cera System Vershleissschutz GmbH

Intervalve (India) Ltd

Belgium Ventiel NV

CH Zikesch Armaturentechnik GmbH

Juneja Metal Works

Icarus SA

E Georg L0decke Armaturen GmbH

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd

Truflo Rona - Truflo International

Ebro Armaturen Gebr Br6er GmbH

Shreeraj Industries

CANADA

Ehlers GmbH

ITALY


END-Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

AC MO SpA Aerre Inox Srl

FIoval Equipment Ltd

Erhard Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

Newman Hattersley- Truflo International

Ernst Schmieding GmbH & Co KG

Caleffi SpA

Spirax Sarco Canada Ltd

Flowserve Flow Control GmbH

Calobri Srl

Velan Inc

Frank GmbH

Cesare Bonetti SpA

Franz D0rholdt GmbH & Co KG

Cimberio SpA

Fromme Armaturen GmbH & Co KG

Colves Srl


Enolgas Bonomi SpA


Ferrero Rubinetterie Srl

CHINA Baoyi Group Co Ltd China Shenjiang Valve Co Ltd Jiangsu Yandian Valve Co Ltd Kenda Industrial Corporation

GEM0 Gebr0der M011er Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG

Fratelli Fortis Srl GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Srl

Neway Valve (Suzhou) Co Ltd

Georg Sch0nemann GmbH

Shanghai Flow Valve & Fitting Co Ltd

Gestra GmbH

Shanghai Halin Control Valve Co Ltd

GS Anderson GmbH

Shanghai Karon Valves Machinery Co Ltd

Herose GmbH

Sufa Technology Industry Co Ltd

Honeywell GmbH

Suhou Viza Valve Co Ltd

Keulah0tte GmbH, Krauschwitz




KSB Armaturen GmbH


Linde AG


Mittelmann Sicherheitstechnik GmbH & Co KG


Novasfer Srl

Noval Industriearmaturen GmbH

Zhejiang Dafulong Valve Co Ltd

OMB Valves SpA

Parker Hannifin GmbH & Co KG


CZECH REPUBLIC

PhSnix Armaturen-Werke Bregel GmbH

Petrolvalves Srl

Armatura Krnov spol sro

Pister-Kugelh~hne GmbH


I B C Praha spol sro

Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH


Jihomoravska Armaturka spol sro

RITAG Ritterhuder Armaturen GmbH & Co


Mostro as

R6telmann GmbH


MSA as

SAFI GmbH

Sitindustrie Equipment Srl

Schubert & Salzer Control Systems GmbH

Technical Srl

FRANCE Bayard SA Buracco SA Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Danfoss Socla SA Defontaine SA Meca-lnox Randex SA Roforge SACCAP SAPAG Industrial Valves SNRI Spirax Sarco SA

Ghibson Italia Srl Greiner SpA Italprotec Sas La TecnoValvo Srl LA TIS Service Srl LVF SpA Maran E Peracini Srl MEI Valvole Industriali Srl Nencini SpA

Schwietzke Armaturen GmbH

Tyco Flow Control

Siebeck-Bitter GmbH Armaturen und Metallwerk

Valvitalia SpA

Siekmann Econosto GmbH & Co KG

Watts Cazzaniga SpA

Spirax Sarco GmbH StahI-Armaturen PERSTA GmbH Strack GmbH S0dmo Components GmbH Tyco Flow Control VAG-Armaturen GmbH Wilhelm Schley GmbH & Co WT Armatur GmbH & Co KG Z & J Technologies GmbH

JAPAN Bunkaboeki Kogyo Co Ltd CCI KK Eagle Industry Co Ltd Fujikin Furukawa Kogyo Co Ltd Hatanaka Special Valve Industries Co Ltd Hirata Valve Industry Co Ltd Hirose Valve Industry Co Ltd

Vanatome

INDIA

Hitachi Valve Ltd

Vannes Lefebvre

Advance Valves Group

Ichinose Company Ltd

Velan SAS

Amco Industrial Valves



521

21 Buyers' Guide ishida Valve Manufacturing Co Ltd

Orbinox SA

Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd

Ito Koki Co Ltd

Vdlvulas VS SL

Xomox Ltd

Kitz Corporation

VYC Industrial SA

YPS Valves Ltd

Kubota Corporation Kurimoto Ltd KVC Co Ltd

SWEDEN

USA

NAF AB

AOP Industries Inc


SWITZERLAND

Miyairi Corporation

CCI Switzerland

Asahi/America Inc Balon Corporation

Miyawaki Inc

Famat SA







Okano Valve Mfg Company Shida Engineering Co Ltd Shimizu Alloy Manufacturing Co Ltd

Tyco Flow Control

Check-All Valve Mfg Co Conbraco Industries Inc Conflow Inc

Shimizu Iron Works Co Ltd

TAIWAN

Shoritsu Seisakusho Co Ltd

Apex Controls Co Ltd

Showa Valve Co Ltd

EMICO Eayuan Metal Industrial Co Ltd


HCHTS Industries Corporation (HICO)

Toyo Valve Co Ltd

John Valve Mfg Factory Co Ltd

Utsue Valve Co Ltd

Kingdom Precision Casting Co Ltd

Enertech

Venn Co Ltd

THE NETHERLANDS HP Valves Oldenzaal BV Mokveld Valves BV

Conval Inc CPC-Cryolab Crane Nuclear Inc DFT Durabla Fluid Technology Inc



Value Valves Co Ltd

FC Kingston

Valve-Tek Manufacturing Co Ltd

FEBCO - Division of Watts Water Technologies Inc

Yi Ming Machinery Ind Co Ltd


Noxon Stainless BV

TURKEY


Red Point Alloys BV

Ayvaz End~striyei Mamuller Sanayi ve Ticaret AS

GA Industries Inc

Duyar Vana Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret AS


Gedik DSk~im ve Vana Sanayi ve Ticaret AS

Henry Pratt Company

NORWAY Norske Ventiler AS Scan Armatur AS

POLAND Varimex-Valves Co Ltd Zetkama Fabryka Armatury Przemyslowej SA


UNITED KINGDOM

Hunt Valve Company Inc

Abacus Valves Ltd Adanac Valve Specialities Ltd

Hydroseal Valve Company ITT Engineered Valves

Alco Valves (UK) Ltd BEL Valves

KF Industries

PORTUGAL


Kitz Corporation of America

Velan Vdlvulas Industriais Lda

BiS Valves Ltd

M & J Valves

ROMANIA


Mallard Control

Ado SA

Bray Controls (UK)

Milwaukee Valve Company

Rominserv Valves IAIFO


Mueller Steam Specialty

Conflow Ltd

Newmans Valve

Crane Fluid Systems

NIBCO Inc


Nicholson Steam Trap


NiI-Cor

DPL

Parker Hannifin Corporation

Dynafluid Ltd/Gresswell Valves

Parker, Fluid Control Division


Powell Valves

SINGAPORE


Red Valve Company


FST Northvale Korting Ltd

Red-White Valve Corporation

Tyco Flow Control

GA Valves Sales Ltd


SOUTH AFRICA

Goodwin International Ltd

Spence Engineering Co inc

Atval (Pty) Ltd


Spirax Sarco Inc

Dynamic Fluid Control Pty Ltd


Swagelok Company

Gunric Valves

RUSSIA Arzil JSC Blagoveshchensky Valve Plant JSC Fitting-P JSK PKTBA PYCT-95

Hoerbiger Holding UK Ltd

Target Rock

Mine Line (Pty) Ltd

Invensys APV

Tyco Flow Control

Premier Valves

K Controls Ltd

US Para Plate Corporation

Thermal Valve Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd

Oliver Valves Ltd

Valcor Engineering Corporation

Peter Smith Valve Co Ltd

VaI-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation


Valvtechnologies Inc


Valv-Trol Company

Shaw Valves


Shipham Valves Ltd

Victaulic Company

Spirax-Sarco Ltd


SPAIN

Taylor Shaw


Babcock Power Espa~a SA

Transmark Fcx

Xomox Corporation

Beligcast Internacional SL

Tyco Flow Control

Zimmermann & Jansen Inc

SOUTH KOREA A-Sung Plastic Valve Co Ltd Goodwin Korea Co Ltd PK Valve Velan Ltd

522

VALVES MANUAL

International

21 Buyers' Guide

21.5 Regulators Companies listed alphabetically by country - - See Chapter 5 for product categories BELGIUM


Dresser Valves Europe

Tyco Flow Control

South Korea Shin Han Control Valve Co Ltd Tyco Flow Control

BRAZIL

ITALY

Dresser Industria e Comercio Ltda

AC MO SpA

SOUTH AFRICA


Besa Ing Santangelo SpA

Atval (Pty) Ltd

CANADA Dresser-Masoneilan DI Canada Inc

Carraro Srl GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Srl

SWITZERLAND Tyco Flow Control

Indra Srl

CHINA


Dresser Flow Solutions


Dresser Flow Solutions - Middle East Operations

Shanghai Halin Control Valve Co Ltd


Emerson FZE




CZECH REPUBLIC

Tyco Flow Control

LDM spol sro

Valvoindustira Ing Rizzio SpA

FINLAND

JAPAN

Larox Flowsys Oy

Fujikin

FRANCE A K Meller France Danfoss Socla SA Emerson Process Management H+ Valves SA Masoneilan Dresser Produits Industriels Metso Automation SAS Sart von Rohr SAS SNRI Spirax Sarco SA Tyco Flow Control Valpes Weir Valves & Controls France SAS

GERMANY A u K Meller GmbH & Co KG ARCA-regler GmbH ARI-Armaturen CH Zikesch Armaturentechnik GmbH Gustav Mankenberg GmbH IMI Norgren Buschjost GmbH & Co KG

UNITED KINGDOM Alco Valves (UK) Ltd Auld Valves Ltd Bestobell Valves Ltd Bifold Fluidpower Ltd

Hirata Valve Industry Co Ltd Ichinose Company Ltd

BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Ltd Curtiss-Wright Flow Control UK Ltd

Kane Kogyo Co Ltd

DI UK Ltd

Kubota Corporation


Motoyama Eng Works Ltd

ESME Valves Ltd

Nihon Koso Co Ltd Niigata Masoneilan Co Ltd (NIMCO

Hale Hamilton (Valves) Ltd Hoerbiger Holding UK Ltd

Okano Valve Mfg Company Sankyo Seisakusho Co Ltd

Midland-ACS

Shida Engineering Co Ltd

Safety Systems UK Ltd

Toko Valex Co Ltd

Schubert &/salzer UK Ltd

V TEX Corporation

Spirax-Sarco Ltd

Venn Co Ltd


Yoshitake Inc

Thompson Valves-Truflo International Tyco Flow Control

KUWAIT Dresser Flow Solutions - Middle East Operations


USA

MALAYSIA



Conflow Inc

MEXICO


Dresser Valve de Mexico SA

Hans Sasserath & Co KG

Groth Corporation

Herose GmbH

THE NETHERLANDS


Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH & Co KG (HORA)

Tyco Flow Control

Jordan Valve, a division of Richards Industries

Leser GmbH & Co KG

NORWAY

Mallard Control


Danfoss A/S


Siekmann Econosto GmbH & Co KG Tyco Flow Control VAG-Armaturen GmbH

INDIA

Richards Industries

RUSSIA


DS Controls

Samson Controls

SAUDI ARABIA

Spirax Sarco Inc

Dresser AI Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co Ltd

Swagelok Company

SINGAPORE

Target Rock

Fisher Sanmar Ltd

Dresser Singapore Pte Ltd




Tyco Flow Control

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) Dresser Valve India Pvt Ltd

21.6 Control valves Companies listed alphabetically by country - - See Chapter 6 for product categories AUSTRALIA

BELGIUM

Tyco Flow Control

Dresser Valves Europe

AUSTRIA


CANADA

Icarus SA

Dresser-Masoneilan DI Canada Inc

CCI - Valve Technology GmbH

BRAZIL

GGosco Engineering Inc

EPC GmbH

Dresser Industria e Comercio Ltda


VALVES MANUAL

International

523

21 Buyers' Guide CHINA

Niezgodka GmbH

Danfoss (Tianjin) Ltd

OHL Gutermuth Industriearmaturen GmbH




Nihon Koso Co Ltd

Kenda Industrial Corporation

Ph6nix Armaturen-Werke Bregel GmbH

Niigata Masoneilan Co Ltd (NIMCO

Metso Automation (Shanghai) Co Ltd

Ph6nix Messtechnik GmbH

Nippon Ball Valve Co Ltd

Shanghai Flow Valve & Fitting Co Ltd

Reineke Mess- und Regeltechnik GmbH

Nippon Daiya Valve Co Ltd

Shanghai Karon Valves Machinery Co Ltd



Sufa Technology Industry Co Ltd

Rotech GmbH

Okano Valve Mfg Company


Samson AG Mess-und .Regeltechnik

Okumura Engineering Corporation


Sauter-Cumulus GmbH


CZECH REPUBLIC

SchroedahI-Arapp Spezialarmaturen GmbH & Co KG

Shida Engineering Co Ltd

I B C Praha spol sro


LDM spol sro

SchuF-Armaturen und Apparatebau GmbH

FINLAND

Schwietzke Armaturen GmbH

Metso Automation Oy

Spirax Sarco GmbH SQdmo Components GmbH

FRANCE

A K MQIler France Bayard SA Danfoss Socla SA Emerson Process Management Masoneilan Dresser Produits Industriels Metso Automation SAS SAPAG Industrial valves

Shimizu Alloy Manufacturing Co Ltd Shimizu Iron Works Co Ltd Toa Valve Company Ltd Toko Valex Co Ltd I V Valve Co Ltd Utsue Valve Co Ltd

TLV Euro Engineering GmbH Tuchenhagen GmbH

KUWAIT

Tyco Flow Control

Dresser Flow Solutions - Middle East Operations

Uni-Ger~te GmbH

MALAYSIA

VAG-Armaturen GmbH


W B&lz & Sohn GmbH & Co Welland & Tuxhorn AG WT Armatur GmbH & Co KG

MEXICO

Dresser Valve de Mexico SA The Netherlands

Sart von Rohr SAS Spirax Sarco SA

INDIA

Vanatome

Dresser Valve India Pvt Ltd

Velan SAS

Fisher Sanmar Ltd Fouress Engineering (India) Ltd

GERMANY

Miyairi Corporation


Mokveld Valves BV NORWAY

Bryne Mekanikk AS Danfoss A/S Kongsberg Esco A/S

A u K MQIler GmbH & Co KG Adams Armaturen GmbH

ITALY

Oceaneering Rotator AS Scan Armatur as

AKO Regelungstechnik GmbH & Co KG

Caleffi SpA

ARCA-regler GmbH

Carraro Srl

ARI-Armaturen

Eurovalve Srl

AWP K~lte-Klima-Armaturen GmbH


Bar GmbH

Fratelli Fortis Srl


GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Srl

Cera System Vershleissschutz GmbH CH Zikesch Armaturentechnik GmbH Daume Regelarmaturen GmbH Dresser Valves Europe GmbH Ebro Armaturen Gebr Br6er GmbH END-Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Ernst Schmieding GmbH & Co KG Fischer Mess-und Regeltechnik GmbH Flowserve Flow Control GmbH Foxboro Eckardt GmbH Franz DQrholdt GmbH & Co KG

Italvalv Snc

POLAND

Varimex-Valves Co Ltd Zetkama Fabryka Armatury Przemyslowej SA Romania Rominserv Valves IAIFO

Italvalvole Sas

RUSSIA

LA TIS Service Srl

Armagus JSC

Nencini SpA

DS Controls

Nicolini Claudio srl

JSK PKTBA

Novasfer Srl

PYCT-95

Orton - Trufio International Saint-Gobain Condotte SpA

SAUDI A R A B I A

Dresser AI Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co Ltd

Valvitalia SpA Valvole Hofmann

SINGAPORE

Watts Cazzaniga SpA

Dresser Singapore Pte Ltd Emerson Process Management

Georg SchQnemann GmbH

JAPAN

Gestra GmbH

ABB KK

GS Anderson GmbH

Bailey Japan Co Ltd

SOUTH AFRICA

Gustav Mankenberg GmbH

CCI KK


Herose GmbH

Eagle Industry Co Ltd

Mitech


Fujikin

Premier Valves

Honeywell GmbH

Fushiman Co Ltd


IMI Norgren Buschjost GmbH & Co KG

Hirata Valve Industry Co Ltd

Shin Han Control Valve Co Ltd

Johnson Controls Regelungstechnik GmbH

Hisaka Works Ltd

SPAIN

KeulahQtte GmbH, Krauschwitz

Hitachi Valve Ltd

VYC Industrial SA

Tyco Flow Control

Kieback & Peter GmbH & Co KG


Klinger GmbH


Kehme Armaturen GmbH

Kitz Corporation

Linde AG

Kubota Corporation

Lorch GmbH

Kurimoto Ltd

SWITZERLAND

Neumo GmbH & Co KG


CCI Switzerland

524


SWEDEN

CCI Sweden NAF AB

21 Buyers' Guide CLA-VAL SA

Invensys APV



Koso Kent Introl Ltd

Johnson Controls Inc

Leeds Valve Company Ltd



Midland-ACS


von Rohr Armaturen AG


Leslie Controls Inc

TAIWAN

Severn Glocon Ltd

Value Valves Co Ltd

Spirax-Sarco Ltd


TC Fluid Control Ltd Transmark Fcx


Xomox Ltd

Dresser Flow Solutions - Middle East Operations Emerson FZE

Marwin Valve, a division of Richards Industries Maxon Corporation Metso Automation USA Inc

USA AMRI Inc

UNITED KINGDOM

M & J Valves Mallard Control

Bray Controls USA

OCV Control Valves Parker, Fluid Control Division PBM Inc

A K MQller (UK) Ltd


Auld Valves Ltd

Cashco inc



Powell Valves

BiS Valves Ltd


Process Development & Control


CLA-VAL Automatic Control Valves

Red Valve Company

Bray Controls (UK)

CPC-Cryolab

Rexa Koso America lnc

BQrkert Fluid Control Systems


Richards Industries

Callow Engineering Ltd

DFT Durabla Fluid Technology Inc


Conflow Ltd

Dresser-Masoneilan

Spirax Sarco Inc

Copes-Vulcan


Curtiss-Wright Flow Control UK Ltd

Enertech

DI UK Ltd



FC Kingston

Polyjet Valves

SVF Flow Controls Inc Therm-Omega-Tech Inc Tyco Flow Control Valvtechnologies Inc



ESME Valves Ltd


Valv-Trol Company


GA Industries Inc

Warren Controls Inc


H O Trerice Company


GA Valves Sales Ltd

Homestead Valve

Xomox Corporation

21.7 Safety relief valves Companies listed alphabetically by country --- See Chapter 7 for product categories AUSTRIA

Franz DQrholdt GmbH & Co KG

Italvalvole Sas

Brunnbauer-Armaturen Produktions GmbH



Georg SchL~nemann GmbH

Technical Srl

BELGIUM Icarus SA

Gestra GmbH Hans Sasserath & Co KG

JAPAN Fukui Seisakusho Co Ltd

CANADA

Herose GmbH


Hofer Hochdrucktechnik GmbH

CHINA


Hatanaka Special Valve Industries Co Ltd

Metso Automation (Shanghai) Co Ltd

Leser GmbH & Co KG



Lorch GmbH

Mihana Seisakusho Co Ltd

FRANCE Banides et Debeaurain Bayard SA H+ Valves SA Metso Automation SAS Spirax Sarco SA Weir Valves & Controls France SAS Weir Valves & Controls SEBIM SAS

Fushiman Co Ltd





Pister-Kugelh~hne GmbH



V TEX Corporation

Samson AG Mess-und Regeltechnik

Yoshitake Inc

Sauter-Cumulus GmbH SchuF-Armaturen und Apparatebau GmbH Spirax Sarco GmbH

THE NETHERLANDS Mokveld Valves BV

TLV Euro Engineering GmbH

NORWAY

GERMANY

Tyco Flow Control

Scan Armatur as

AKO Regelungstechnik GmbH & Co KG

Wilhelm Schley GmbH & Co

ARI-Armaturen

INDIA

Armaturenfabrik Franz Schneider GmbH & Co KG Armaturen-und Metallwerke Z6blitz GmbH

POLAND Varimex-Valves Co Ltd

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) Fainger Leser Valves PVT Ltd

QATAR

Bopp & Reuther Sicherheits und Regelarmaturen GmbH

Tyco Flow Control

Delta (Doha) Corporation

Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH

ITALY

RUSSIA

Dresser Valves Europe GmbH

Bardiani Valvole SpA

Armagus JSC


Besa Ing Santangelo SpA

Armalit-1 JSC

Ernst Schmieding GmbH & Co KG

FNC SpA

Blagoveshchensky Valve Plant JSC


525

21 Buyers' Guide SPAIN

Invensys APV

Flowsafe Inc

VYC Industrial SA

Oliver Valves Ltd


TURKEY Duyar Vana Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret AS

Pyropress Engineering Company Ltd Safety Systems UK Ltd Seetru Ltd

Groth Corporation High Pressure Equipment Company Hydroseal Valve Company

UNITED KINGDOM

Shaw Valves

Auld Valves Ltd

Spirax-Sarco Ltd



Maxon Corporation

BiS Valves Ltd

Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd

Metrex Valve Corporation



Nicholson Steam Trap

Broady Flow Control Ltd

USA


BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Ltd

Asahi/America Inc

Delta Fluid Products Ltd

Rockwood-Swendeman


DPL



Dynafluid Ltd/Gresswell Valves

Conbraco Industries Inc

Mallard Control

Spirax Sarco Inc Vaiv-Trol Company

ESME Valves Ltd

CPC-Cryolab

GA Valves Sales Ltd

Dresser Inc



Farris Engineering



FC Kingston

Wood Group Pressure Control

21.8 Actuators Companies listed alphabetically by country - - See Chapter 12 for product categories AUSTRALIA

EMG Automation GmbH

Tyco Flow Control


IVR Valvole SpA

Flowserve Flow Control GmbH

LA TIS Service Srl

Franz DSrholdt GmbH & Co KG

Omal Automation

AUSTRIA COl - Valve Technology GmbH

Italvalvole Sas


Orton - Trufio International

Belgium Ventiel NV

GEM0 Gebreder Meller Apparatebau GmbH & Co. KG


KSB Belgium SA

GS Anderson GmbH

BELGIUM

Servovalve



Linde AG

Technical Srl

PS Automation GmbH

Valbia Srl

CANADA

Remote Control

Valvitalia SpA

GGosco Engineering Inc


Valvoindustria Ing Rizzio SpA

BRAZIL Emerson Process Management


CHINA Shanghai Halin Control Valve Co Ltd Shanghai Neles-Jamesbury Valve Co Ltd

Rudolf von Scheven GmbH Samson AG Mess-und Regeitechnik Siekmann Econosto GmbH & Co KG SIPOS Aktorik GmbH Spirax Sarco GmbH

JAPAN CCI KK Kitz Corporation Miyairi Corporation Nihon Koso Co Ltd

CZECH REPUBLIC

S(Jdmo Components GmbH

ZPA Pecky as

Tuchenhagen GmbH

FINLAND

Tyco Flow Control

Metso Automation Oy

Uni-Ger~,te GmbH

FRANCE

INDIA

Defontaine SA


THE NETHERLANDS



Delan BV

Meca-lnox

Rotex Automation Ltd

Mokveld Valves BV

Randex SA

Virgo Valves & Controls Ltd

Noxon Stainless BV

Showa Valve Co Ltd Toko Valex Co Ltd Tomoe Valve Co Ltd Toyo Valve Co Ltd

Sart von Rohr SAS

ISRAEL

NORWAY

Spirax Sarco SA

Egmo Ltd

Oceaneering Rotator AS

Tyco Flow Control

Habonim Industrial Valves & Actuators

Valpes Velan SAS

ITALY

RUSSIA JSK PKTBA

Air Torque SpA

PYCT-95

GERMANY

Caleffi SpA

Tulaelectroprivod JSC

ARCA-regler GmbH

Colves Srl

ARI-Armaturen

Cimberio SpA

AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG


AZ-Armaturen GmbH

Fratelli Pettinaroli SpA

SINGAPORE

Bar GmbH

Galli & Cassina SpA


Daume Regelarmaturen GmbH

GEl Gruppo Energia Italia Sri


Drehmo GmbH

Ghibson Italia Srl

Remote Control Asia Pte Ltd

Ebro Armaturen Gebr BrSer GmbH

GT Attuatori Srl

Tyco Flow Control

526


Tyazhpromarmatura JSC Zeim

21 Buyers' Guide SOUTH AFRICA

BL~rkert Fluid Control Systems

GA Industries Inc

Atval (Pty) Ltd

Copes-Vulcan

H O Trerice Company



Harold Beck & Sons Inc

Gunric Valves

Davis Pneumatic Systems Ltd

Henry Pratt Company

Insamcor (Pty) Ltd

DPL


Mitech

ElM Controls UK Ltd

Indelac Controls Inc



ITT Engineered Valves

Flowtech Inc Ltd

Johnson Controls Inc

Forac Ltd

Jordan Controls Inc

Kinetrol Ltd


SOUTH KOREA Velan Ltd

SPAIN

Midland-ACS

KF Industries

Centork Valve Control SL

Posi-flate


Kitz Corporation of Europe SA

Remote Control Ltd

Leslie Controls Inc


Marwin Valve, a division of Richards Industries

Rotork Controls Ltd

Mastergear

Severn Glocon Ltd

Metso Automation USA Inc

SWEDEN NAF AB Remote Control Sweden

Smart Valve & Controls

Milwaukee Valve Company

SWITZERLAND

Spirax-Sarco Ltd

Moog FIo-Tork

CCI Switzerland

Transmark Fcx

NIBCO Inc


Xomox Ltd

Parker, Fluid Control Division

Valv AG

USA

PBM Inc

Taiwan

AMRI Inc

Posi-flate


AOP Industries Inc

Powell Valves

Zipson Steel Industrial Co Ltd

Asahi/America Inc

Process Development & Control

United Arab Emirates

AUMA Actuators Inc

QTRCO

Emerson FZE

Automation Technology Inc

Remote Control Inc

Bernard Controls Inc

Rexa Koso America Inc

TAIWAN Apex Controls Co Ltd John Valve Mfg Factory Co Ltd Kingdom Precision Casting Co Ltd Velan-Valvac Wyeco Auto Valves Co Ltd Zipson Steel Industrial Co Ltd

Bray Controls USA

Richards Industries


Samson Controls Inc


Spirax Sarco Inc

DynaQuip Controls

SVF Flow Controls Inc

DynaTorque Inc


ElM Controls Inc

Tru-Tech Industries


Tyco Flow Control

UNITED KINGDOM

Enertech

Valvtechnologies Inc

Advanced Component Technology Ltd

FC Kingston


BEL Valves

Flow-Quip Inc

Wood Group Pressure Control

Bray Controls (UK)


Xomox Corporation


527

21 Buyers' Guide

21.9 Ancillary products and services Companies listed alphabetically by product and/or services BURSTING DISCS

Flanges

BS&B Safety Systems UK Ltd

UK

Elfab Ltd

UK

COMPUTER SOFTWARE FIRST GmbH

DE

Warren Controls Inc

US

CONNECTIONS Clamped connectors M V Fluids Handling NIBCO Inc Swageiok Company

US US

Vector International

UK US

Expansion Joints Banides et Debeaurain

TR F

Duyar Vana Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret A S

TR

Haitima Corporation

TW

Huot Groupe Saint-Mihiel SA IBK Wiesehahn GmbH Nippon Valqua Industries Ltd Red Valve Company

F

US

Red Point Alloys BV

NL

Victaulic Company

US


UK


CN

Xiamen Jia Da Quan Valves & Fittings Co Ltd CN Xiamen Landee Industries Co Ltd YPS Valves Ltd

UK


CN


SERVICES

CN

UK

Screwed connections

Actuator repair Crane Nuclear Inc

US

Score (Europe) Ltd

UK


UK


SA

Tyco Flow Control

NI


UK

Tyco Flow Control

US

Tyco Flow Control

SG

Tyco Flow Control

AU


UK

Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd

UK

YPS Valves Ltd

UK

Tubes Noxon Stainless BV

NL

Ventil Test Equipment BV

NL


UK

Rotex Automation Ltd TUV NEL Ltd

INSTRUMENTATION

IN UK

Consulting engineering

Flow

RU

Kalsi Engineering Inc

US

JP

Larox Flowsys Oy

US

Midland-ACS

UK

Score (Europe) Ltd

UK


DE

Severn Unival Ltd

UK

Pyropress Engineering Company Ltd

UK


UK

S(Jdmo Components GmbH

DE

Valve reconditioning


CN

UK

Venn Co Ltd

JP JP

UK

JSK PKTBA

DE

Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd

Vector International Yoshitake Inc

DE

Swagelok Company

Flare fittings UK

Victaulic Company

Ayvaz AS

Sedmo Components GmbH NL

Noxon Stainless BV

FI

Fittings AVF Astore Valves and Fittings Srl

I

Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd

UK

Level

Comid Engineering Ltd

UK

JSK PKTBA

RU

Copes-Vulcan Ltd

UK

Premier Valves

ZA

Ph~nix Messtechnik GmbH

DE

R6telmann GmbH

DE

Lorch GmbH

DE


UK

Score (Europe) Ltd

UK

NIBCO Inc

US

Seetru Ltd

UK

Seetru Ltd

UK

Niezgodka GmbH

DE

VYC Industrial SA

ES

Severn Glocon Ltd

UK

Noxon Stainless BV

NL

Warren Controls Inc

US


UK


US

Pressure


ZA

Randex SA Rastelli Rubinetterie SpA

F I


UK

Tyco Flow Control

NL


UK

Tyco Flow Control

US


UK

Tyco Flow Control

SG

RIV Rubinetterie Italiane Valvole SpA

I

M V Fluids Handling

UK

Tyco Flow Control

AU


I

Midland-ACS

UK

Valve repair

Red Point Alloys BV

NL


UK


UK

Comid Engineering Ltd

Seetru Ltd

UK

Thompson Valves- Truflo International

UK

Crane Nuclear Inc

US

SL~dmo Components GmbH

DE

Silencers

Dresser Flow Control Solutions

UK RU

UK


TW

FIo-Dyne Ltd

UK

JSK PKTBA

Taylorshaw

UK

Midland-ACS

UK

Premier Valves

ZA


UK


UK

Score (Europe) Ltd

UK

Rotech GmbH

DE

Seetru Ltd

UK

Temperature

Severn Unival Ltd

UK


UK


UK ZA

Vanatome

F


UK

Victaulic Company

US

Xiamen Jia Da Quan Valves & Fittings Co Ltd CN

M V Fluids Handling

UK



Midland-ACS

UK

Tyco Flow Control

NL


UK

Tyco Flow Control

US

Tyco Flow Control

SG

Tyco Flow Control

AU

CN

Gaskets & seals BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Ltd Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co. KG Greene Tweed & Co Ltd

UK DE UK

PIPES & HOSES Ayvaz AS Larox Flowsys Oy

TR FI

IBK Wiesehahn GmbH

DE


JP

Klinger Ltd

UK

Red Point Alloys BV

NL


JP



UK

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp

528


I US

Ventil Test Equipment BV

NL

Z & J Technologies GmbH

DE

PULSATION DAMPERS Fiowguard Ltd

UK

FIo-Dyne Ltd

UK

21 Buyers' Guide

21.10 T r a d e or brand n a m e s Companies listed alphabetically by Trade or brand name ACRIS AMRI Inc AlL Audco India Ltd Alco Alco Valves (UK) Ltd

Anderson Greenwood Tyco Flow Control Apollo Conbraco Industries inc ATI Automation Technology inc

Attwood & Morrill Weir Valves & Controls USA Inc AVID Tyco Flow Control Bailey Safety Systems UK Ltd Barton Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Barley Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd Baumann Emerson Process Management BBK Bunkaboeki Kogyo Co Ltd Beck Harold Beck & Sons Inc BEL BEL Valves

US I UK NL US US

US

NL UK US

UK UK JP US UK

Bestobell Bestobell Valves Ltd

UK

Biffi Tyco Flow Control

NL

BioConnect| Neumo GmbH & Co KG

DE

BZVF Zhejiang Beize Valve Manufacturing Co Ltd

CN

Caldon Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

Cam-Centric| VaI-Matic Valve & Manufacturing Corporation

US

Cameron Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

CClMS| Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd

UK

Chem-Plug| SMG Valves Cheroflow LCM Italia Srl Clarkson Tyco Flow Control Cliff Mock Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Conflow Bestobell Valves Ltd Conval FIRST GmbH

Crosby Tyco Flow Control DANAIS AMRI Inc Darvico Dresser AI Rushaid Valve & Instrument Co Ltd

F C Kingston FC Kingston

FIP FIP - Formatura Iniezione Polimeri SpA

US

I NL US

UK

DE

US I

FireLock EZ TM Victaulic Company

US

Fishtail TM Emerson Process Management

UK

FloCheck Tyco Flow Control

NL

Flow Group Ltd Bestobell Valves Ltd

UK

Foster Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Gachot Tyco Flow Control

US

NL

GEMU GEMU GebrOder M011erApparatebau GmbH & Co. KG

DE

General Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

Gloceai Severn Glocon Ltd

UK

Golden-Anderson GA Industries Inc

US

Goodwin Goodwin International

UK

Gourd Hitachi Valve Ltd

JP

Gresswell Dynafluid Ltd/Gresswell Valves

UK

NL US ZA

Definox Defontaine SA

F

DELTA Invensys APV

UK

Grove Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

Hancock Dresser- Masoneilan

US

Hancock Tyco Flow Control

NL

Hattersley Heaton H H Valves Ltd

UK

DE

Demco Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

UK

Descote Tyco Flow Control

NL

Henry Henry Technologies Ltd

UK

UK

Diamond Dairy Pipe Lines

UK

HICO HCHTS Industries Corporation

TW

UK

DPL Dairy Pipe Lines

UK

Hindle Tyco Flow Control

NL

UK

Dublok Sabre Instrument Valves Ltd

UK

HiP High Pressure Equipment Company

US

Bray McCannaick Bray Controls UK Ltd

UK

EGMO Egmo Ltd

Homestead Reg Homestead Valve

US

Broady Broady Flow Control Ltd

UK

EI-O-Matic Emerson Process Management

UK

Hopkinsons Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd

UK

Brownall Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

EPIC Severn Glocon Ltd

UK

HORA Holter Regelarmaturen GmbH & Co KG DE

BioControl| Neumo GmbH & Co KG Birflo Bestobetl Valves Ltd

Birkett Safety Systems UK Ltd BIS BiS Valves Ltd Blakeborough Controls Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd


US

IL

529

21 Buyers' Guide IAT Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

Magna TM Posi-flate

UK

Rotork Controls Ltd

UK

Inox Super Inox Corporation

TW

MAMMOUTH AMRI Inc

US

Raimondi Tyco Flow Control

NL

INTELLI+ Bernard Controls Inc

US

Marston Safety Systems UK Ltd

UK

RAVEN TM Copes-Vulcan

UK

INTELLI-POCKET Bernard Controls Inc

US

Marvac Safety Systems UK Ltd

UK

Redflex | Red Valve Company

US

NL

Masoneilan Dresser- Masoneilan

US

Red-White Valves Toyo Valve Co Ltd

JP

MCF Tyco Flow Control

NL

Rexa Rexa Koso America Inc

US

Memoryseal| Velan Valves Ltd

UK

Rhodes Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

MetsoDNA Metso Automation Oy

FI

MG Valves Strahman Valves France

Ring-O Cameron's Valves & . Measurement Group

F

Intervalve Tyco Flow Control IQ Rotork Controls Ltd IQT Rotork Controls Ltd

ISORIA AMRI Inc IVC Indian Valve Pvt Ltd John John Valves Joumatic ASCO

UK UK US IN

Kajaani comistency Metso Automation Oy

Karon Shanghai Karon Valves Machinery Co Ltd KeyPort~ SMG Valves Keystone Tyco Flow Control Kite Score (Europe) Ltd KKK Kane Kogyo Co Ltd Korting FST Northvale Korting Ltd KTM Tyco Flow Control KUKA KumKang Valve Mfg Co Ltd Kunkle Tyco Flow Control L&M Valve Tyco Flow Control

Minimatic FST Northvale Korting Ltd

UK

Morin Tyco Flow Control

NL

AU US FI CN

US NL UK JP UK NL KR NL NL

Mucon Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd

UK

NABIC Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

Navco Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Neles Metso Automation Oy NeoTecha Tyco Flow Control Newco Newmans Valve Nil-Cor~ Nil-Cor Norval FST Northvale Korting Ltd

US

FI NL US US UK

US

Rovalve Tyco Flow Control

NL

Samson Samson AG Mess-und Regeltechnik

DE

SARASlN - RSBD Weir Valves & Controls France SAS

FI

Sarasin-RSBD Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd SEBIM Weir Valves & Controls SEBIM SAS Securaseal| Velan Valves Ltd Sensodec Metso Automation Oy

UK F UK FI

Shaw Valves Taylor Shaw

UK

Shipham Bestobell Valves Ltd

UK

Sinclair CollinsTM Parker, Fluid Control Division

US

Skilmatic Rotork Controls Ltd

UK

Skilmatic Rotork Controls Ltd

UK

NuFIo Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

Nutron Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

Skinner Valve TM Parker, Fluid Control Division

US

US

SMG SMG Valves

US

OIC Newmans Valve

Orbit Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

Lamer-Johnson| Blackhall Engineering Ltd

UK

LESER Leser GmbH & Co KG

DE

Paper IQ Metso Automation Oy

Leser Seetru Ltd

UK

Permaseal| SMG Valves

Limitorque Flowserve Flow Control

US

Linaflow Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd MAC Weir Valves & Controls UK Ltd

530

Q

US

SNJ Shanghai Neles-Jamesbury Valve Co Ltd

CN

Sperryn Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

US

Spiraflo Spirax-Sarco Ltd

UK

Phastite~ Instrumentation Products Division

UK

Spiratec Spirax-Sarco Ltd

UK

UK

Piping King Velan Valves Ltd

UK

Stepseat LG Ball Valves Ltd

UK

UK

PVEG Larox Flowsys Oy

STERICOM| Tuchenhagen GmbH

DE


FI

21 Buyers' Guide Truflo CCI (Control Components Inc)

Supero Okano Valve Mfg Company

JP

Swingclear LG Ball Valves Ltd

UK

TruSeal Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

SYR Hans Sasserath & Co KG

DE

TVT Hobbs Valve Ltd

US

Valbia Valbia Srl

TBV Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group T-Dynamo Tomoe Valve Co Ltd Techlok DuoSeal Vector International Techno Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group TEHACO~ Tehaco Sp Zoo Texstream Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group Thornhill Craver Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

JP

Valmet Consistency Metso Automation Oy

UK

Valvac Velan Valves Ltd

US

Valvcon Metso Automation Oy

PL US

US

VESTA Tuchenhagen GmbH

US

Virgo Virgo Valves & Controls Ltd

UK

VIZA Suhou Viza Valve Co Ltd

CN

Wade Delta Fluid Products Ltd

UK

Weber Transmark Fcx

UK

FI

UK

FI

DE

IN

Wheatley Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

US

US

Valve-Retrofits R6telmann GmbH

DE

WKM Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group

ValveWorks| Warren Controls Inc

US

WMV Warren-Morrison Valves Ltd

UK

Wyeco Wyeco Auto Valves Co Ltd

TW

VALVOmetal Sitindustrie Equipment Srl

I

Valvtron Tyco Flow Control

NL

Yarway Tyco Flow Control

NL

UK

Vanessa Tyco Flow Control

NL

Torqseal Velan Valves Ltd

Z&J Z & J Technologies GmbH

DE

UK

Varec Tyco Flow Control

NL

Triangle Tyco Flow Control

NL

VARIBELL| EPC GmbH

AT

US

VARIVENT| Tuchenhagen GmbH

TRI-CHECK Zwick Armaturen GmbH

DE

Vee-Ball| Emerson Process Management

TRI-CON Zwick Armaturen GmbH

DE

Ventil Ventil Test Equipment BV

Tork-Mate TM Posi-flate

TRICENTRIC| Weir Valves & Controls USA Inc

US


Zetkarna Zetkama Fabryka Armatury Przemyslowej SA

PL

Zikesch CH Zikesch Armaturentechnik GmbH

DE

UK

Zimmermann & Jansen Z & J Technologies GmbH

DE

NL

Zipson Zipson Steel Industrial Co Ltd

TW

DE

531

Index

11/13% chrome alloy for steels 11/13Cr steel 2.25% chrome alloy steels 3-A

Setting-up

308

ANSI

56, 347

Types of actuator

285

ANSI 304 flanges

327

315

Useful references

310

ANSI 316 flanges

328

355

ANSI alloy steel flanges

324

315

2

ADR

3, 349, 355

3-way switching valve

150

AECMA-STAN

2

ANSI and ISO group materials

316

4-20 mA analogue current signal

283

AENOR

2

ANSI B1.20.1

240

4-20 mA current position transmitter

292

Aerodynamic noise

255

5% chrome alloy steels

315

AFNOR

9% chrome alloy steels

315

Agrifoodstuffs Air consumption

A 2

Air-operated actuators

ABNT

2

Air tanks

335

Air-operated weir diaphragm valves

Abrasion resistance

205

AISI

Absolute pressure Absolute pressure regulator Absolute viscosity AC squirrel cage fixed speed motors

Acoustic resonance Acoustic velocity

2

AI

ANSI/ASQC Qg000

2

46

Alignment

132

AIIotropy Alloy steels

388 348, 364

2, 216 48

136

API 678

372

57

API RP520

427

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

78 79

389

Actuator force available

307

Actuator mounting positions

391

Actuator programming

406

Actuator purchase specification

431

Actuator sizing

308

Actuator spring compression

310

51, 78

Approved connections

3 48

Aramid Arc welding ARSO

183

Asbestos

Amplifier

145

Asbestos fibre

Amplifier valve

2

AMS

3, 23

Anaerobic

3

Analogue signals Ancillary equipment Angle globe valves Angle needle valves

3, 281 339, 340 90, 91,126, 128 97, 98, 118

Angle valve

Actuator selection

310

Control signals

281

Angular velocity

3

ASME ASME VIII Design Standard

Annealing

3

3 272 3 3 3,195, 355 30,197, 409 115 187

ASME, ANSI and API safety Aspirator ASRO

Asset management

Introduction

3 478

ASME VIII Pressure vessel code

479

Force/torque required in valve operation 304

272

ASME VIII Division 1

Assembly

58


ASD-STAN

479

Animal oils

195 251,356

Aqueous solutions

Area 51, 78

3 261

Approved materials

Ammonia

Angular acceleration

280

API pipe thread

Ambient conditions

Actuator diaphragm

294

API 594

217

Aluminium bronze

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

3,195

318, 395

API RP 521

421

2, 128, 152, 198, 279, 390, 398, 421

API

271,276

Actuator design

285

3 180,183

2, 22

American Petroleum Institute (API)

2, 281,288

3

AOD API 527

Altitude valve

2

Anti-static design

318

Alloy steels for pipes and tubes Aluminium

260

2

Alloy 20

2 261,341

239

423

532

ANSI/API 527

2

199

Actuator configuration

Accessories

129

418

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Actuators

220

Anti-cavitation trims

128

Actuator stiffness

372

ANSI steel pipe

ANSI/ISA755.19.01

Actuated isolating valves

Actuator types

372

ANSI S2.40

57

52

Acoustic insulation

ANSI S2.17

57

2

Acoustic enclosures

2 281

AISI 316

41,393

Acme thread

322

AISI 304

Accumulators

ACl

51

ANSI carbon steel flanges

2

2

ACGHI

ANSI B31.3

61

Accumulation Accuracy

30

19

41

Abrasion Abrasiveness

157

ANSI B16.34

400

Air loaded regulator

AA

ANSI B16.104

2

ASTM ASTM A105

27 3 3 346 422 3, 355 4

Index

ASTM A269

223

ASTM D2241

231

BHN BICERI

Atmospheric pressure

3

Billet

Austempering

3

Bimetallic actuation

Austenite

3

Austenitic stainless steel

3, 20, 134, 395

Authorised bodies

355

Autoclavable

3

Automatic air valves

116, 117

Automatic high pressure inlet valve

4

AWS

BS EN 4504

114 284

BS EN 60034

377

Blank flanges

347

BS EN 50065-1

283

BS EN 60079

284

Blast cleaning Blast furnace

346 5, 344

BS EN 60079-14

401

BS EN 60534

201

120

BS EN ISO 288

240

BS EN10255

218

5

Blind and double ball valve system

114

BS750

Block and bleed valves

295

BSl British Standards

4

Bloom

4

Blowdown

4

Blowdown valve

5 5, 184, 387 5

6

BaN

6

aSP(P)

6 6

Axial bellows

239

Axial on-off valves

416

Boiler feedpump recirculation

417

BSTI

Boilers

188

Buckling pin

93, 160

Axial-cage control valve

160

B Back pressure

4

Back pressure regulator

4, 30, 147

45 5

Buckling pin relief valve Buckling pin safety valve

245

Buckling point

408

335

Building services applications

248

Bonnet

Backlash

101,165

Booster relays

5, 100

283

Bottled gas

Balanced float valve

Built-up back pressure Burner oils

58

300, 304

Burnishing

100

4 144

Burst pressure

116

Bottom flange

5

Bus

4

Bourdon tube

5

Butt fusion weld

Balanced steel

4

Boyle's Law

116

BPS

Ball non-return valve

138

Brackish water

Ball segment valve

124

Braided packing

Balls

100

Bar

475

Barbed fitting

4

Barrel nipple

4

Barstock valve

4

Basic gas laws

64

66 5 56 5, 276

Braiding materials Brazing

Butt weld flange

244 6

Butterfly valves

12, 106, 120, 124, 126, 152, 165, 198, 268, 291,308, 398

By-pass valves

99, 298, 421

5

Breakaway torque

6

C

Bright annealing

6

Bright drawing

6

240

6

Butt weld joint

Breakaway force

344

6

241

By-passes

Brinell Hardness Number

6, 32, 188, 189

Butt weld connections

271 5, 395

6

Bursting disc

Balanced safety valve Balanced valve

6

5

Boron

BACnet

100, 114, 152, 163, 268, 391,398, 412, 416

408 6, 187

Bolting/stud material Booster

Ball valves

6 408

Bolting

132, 137

4

aSP(T)

Bolted gland

Backflow preventers

Backseat bush

179

Boiling point

114 6, 79, 355

BSMI

Blowdowns

Axial piston valve

17

Bleed Blind

AWR

4 228

5

Bleed indicator

69

BS EN 10312

115

168

AWN

51, 79

BS 970/ASTM A668

Biotechnology applications

250

Avogadro's Hypothesis

5 170

Binary number

Automatic pump recirculation valve

4

197

BS 5908

BS EN 50018

Automatic isolating couplings

Auto-tuning

5

C CAB Cage

132, 340

6 283 6

Basic Oxygen Steel

4

British Standard Pipe {thread} (Parallel) aSP(P)

Basic steel

4

Bronze

53

Cage-guided valves

158

BASMP

4

BS 10

320

Cage-trim globe control valves

136 157

Cage trim valves

BS 12449

228

Cage-trim globe valve

aDS

4

BS 1387

218

Capacity

Be

4

BS 1502

4

BAT (Best Available Technology)

Bearing compatible Belleville washer Bellows Bellows and diaphragms Bellows positioner Bellows safety valve Bellows sealed bonnet Bellows seals BELST Bench setting Bends Bernoulli's equation Bessemer Process

4, 412

290 4, 154 319, 332 276

BS 21

240

BS 2869

79

Capillary connections Capillary fittings Carbon dioxide (COz) in water

BS 3601/3602/3603/3604/3605

219

Carbon fibre

BS 4127

228

Carbon steel Carbon steel flanges

152

7 241 7, 35 54 272 7 322

296, 297

BS 4231

4

BS 4740

199

Carbon steels

4, 90, 271

BS 4999

377

Carbonate equilibrium

54

270

BS 5345

52, 79, 377

Carbonate hardness

55

4

BS 5391

230

310

BS 5500

27

59, 79

314, 317

Carbonate precipitation

55

Carbonic acid

54

384

BS 5555

475

Carbo-nitriding

7

67, 198

BS 5556

232

Carburising

7

5

BS 5750

348, 364


Carpenter 20 TM

318

533

Index Cascade trim

259

Case-hardening

7

Cast copper alloys

315

Closed-loop control system

8

control valves for dry solids

8

Controlled atmosphere

10

205

Controlled bore pipe

10

123

Controlled closure non-return valve

334

Controller

Cast steel

316

Coal

286

Coal-fired boilers

9, 39, 53, 57, 110, 157, 163, 197, 202, 255, 339, 393, 410, 417, 419, 426

Cavitation damage

157

Cavitation detection

339

Cavitation noise

255

Cavitation-resistant cage design

158

CDA

7

CDS

7

CE

7

Cellulose

63

Cellulosics

7

Cemented connections

242

Cemented joint

7

CEN

7, 354, 355

CENELEC

7, 79, 355

Ceramic coatings

334

Ceramic fibre

272

Certification

348

Certification authorities

354

Certified performance

7

Certifying Authority

7, 347

CFS

7

Change-over valve

7, 18, 93

Changes of state

45

Characterised ball valve

164

Characteristic

7, 20, 205

Charles' Law

66

Charpy test

8

Charpy testing Chatter

21,344 8, 85, 183, 184

Cheater bars

294, 386

Check valve

8

Chemical composition

345

Chemical Industries Association (ClA)

78

Chemical processing and refining

177

Chemical properties

429

Chemical reactions

196

Chevron rings

266

Choice of signal system

284

Choke valves Choked flow Chrome-molybdenum steel Cl ClP ClP facilities

91,128 16, 164, 201,265 316 8 8 91

Circlip

244

Circular wedge valve

119

Clamp connectors

100

Clamped bonnet Clamped connectors Classification organisations Clean fluids Cleaning cycle Clean-in-Place, ClP Clearance Clearance flow

534

8 8, 239, 248 7, 8, 354, 355

168 173

Co

7, 56, 218, 316, 317

Catchpot

58

CMA

Cast irons

Cavitation

Special purpose control valves Useful references

8

Cloud point

Coatings Cock

9

Code of Practice

9

Cogging

9

COGUANOR

9

Coil bound

9

Coil springs

23

Cold differential set pressure

9

Cold drawing

9

Cold pull

9

Cold solvent welding

242

Cold water finish

9, 24

Cold water system

137

Cold working

9

Cold-setting compound

9

Column separation

9

Combination float valve

116

Combination graphite packing sets

273

Combined block and bleed valve

117

Combined double block and bleed valve

119

Combined Gas Law

66

Combined gaskets

246

Combined stop and non-return valve

120

Compliance

9

Compressed air

281

Compressibility

48

Compressibility factor Z

9, 70, 75

Compressibility of gas mixture

75

Compressible gas or vapour

203

Compression coupling

9

Compression fittings

239, 248

Compressor plate valve

138

Compressor power consumption

78

CONACYT

9

CONCAWE

51, 79

Concentric serrated

9

Condensate drainage system

420

Conduit gate valve

87, 106

Conduit pipeline valve

87, 123

Connections

429

Constant flow regulator

144, 149

Constant pressure regulator Contact corrosion

146 9

Continuity equation

66

Continuous casting

10

Contractors' pumps

139

Control algorithms

10, 27

Control valve manifold dimensions

385

Control valve schedule

197

Control valves

10, 151,152, 197, 384, 387, 393, 394, 412

171

139 10

Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) Conventional safety relief valve

377 10

Conversion factors

477, 481

Converter

302

Cooling spacer

182

COPANIT

10

Copper

272, 276

Copper alloys

57, 317

Corrosion

56, 100, 312, 393, 410

Corrosion resistance

345, 400

Corrosion resistance materials

317

COSHH

51

COTIF

377

Cotton

272

Couplings

250

Cover

10

CPRU

10

Cr

10

Creep

10

Creep resistance

344

Critical flow

203

Critical isolation

403

Crossbar

10

Crow-foot guided

10

Crown valve

90

Crude oil

88, 133

Cryogenic valve

109

CSNI

10

CSSN

10

Cu

10

Current position transmitters, CPTs

303

Custom-built valves

349

Cv values

10, 16, 83, 86, 87, 94, 96, 100, 107, 110, 112, 118, 171,172, 200, 349

Cyanide hardening Cylinder actuator

10 288, 297, 398

D Dampers

11,304, 340, 387

Damping

133, 139

Dashpot

11,135, 139, 387

Data book

350

Data logger

423

Data sheets

11,197

Data-logging

11

dB

11

dB(A)

11

DBB

11

DCS

11, 14

Dead band

11

83, 111

Control valve design

152

Dead-weight relief valve

429

Linear motion valves

153

Decarburisation

Process control valve types

152

Definitions and abbreviations

Process control valves and the system

152

Deformable particles

62

Rotary motion valves

163

Degassing

11

8 400 8, 206


177 11 1

Index

Delamination

11,334

Demineralized water

52

Density

47, 435, 479

Deoxidation

11

Discs

12, 388 121

Dynamic back pressure

District heating schemes

144

Dynamic simulation

Diverting applications

127

Dynamic unbalance

Depressurisation

218

Diverting valve

12

Derived units

476

Documentation

349, 351,414, 430

Design characteristics

206

DOL (direct-on-line) starting

Detent couplings

239

DOM

DeviceNet

422

Dome

DFI

11

DGN

11

DGSM

11

Diagnostics

407, 422

Diagrams of gas properties

70

Diameter Nominal (DN)

11

Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test Diaphragm actuator

11

5, 285, 297, 398

Diaphragm bonnet Diaphragm non-return valve Diaphragm regulator

11 138 145

284

12

Dome-loaded regulator

12, 30

Domestic and commercial water systems

249

Domestic cold water applications

115

Dosing pumps

13

Double acting

399

Double axial bellows

239

Double block and bleed

119

Double block and bleed valves

110

Double dumps

124

Double eccentric valve

107

Double ferrule fittings

250

180

Double flange body

Diaphragm seals

270

Double flange butterfly valve

12 108

Diaphragm spring

11

Double flap valves

124

Diaphragm valve

93

Double gimbal bellows

240

Die-formed rings Differential pressure Differential pressure indicators

319 11 426 338

Double hinged bellows

239

Double isolation plug valve

401

Double non-return valves

132

E

Digital data transmission Digital signals Digital systems Digital technology Digital valves Dilatant liquids Dimensions and ratings of valves DIN

284 12, 282 338

198

Eccentric rotating plug control valve

124

Eccentric rotating plug valve

168

ECISS

EDD/PDM system

407

EEC

354

EFTA

354

EFW

13

EH40

18

EHEDG

13, 312

Elastic limit

13

Elastic properties of some liquids

48

Elasticity

13

Elastomers

12 93, 116, 145, 156, 199 12

273, 275 420 128, 292, 310, 406

Electric powered actuators

281

Electric signals

282

Electric torque limiter

292

Electric transmitters

282

Drain

115

Electrical enclosures

338

338

Electrical equipment classification

147, 163

Drain valves

358

212, 427

199

Drain pot

12, 355

13

Economics

DRAG TM valve

421,422 47

112, 124, 294

Eccentric rotary plug valves

Differential pressure regulator

Double-port construction

124

Eccentric plug valve

Electric actuators

283

13

Eccentric disc butterfly valve

Elbows

Digital control

99

Eccentric disc

235

Double-beat globe valve

261

Earthworks

269

Double-beat construction

13

Ear protector zones

Double wall piping systems

282

13 480

DZNM

Double spring-loaded cartridge chevron sets

11,148

13 177

Dynamic viscosity

Differential pressure reducing regulator 11,144 Digital communications

13, 345

12

Diaphragm sealed safety relief valve

Diaphragms

Dye penetrant inspection

Distribution manifolds

286, 403, 412

Electrical safety

62

Electrical zones

Drain water Draining

133

Drains

Electro-hydraulic actuator Electromagnetic compatibility

284 291

222

Drift

12

Electro-mechanical actuators

DIN 2353

240

Drinking water

53

Electronic process controller

DIN 2999

240

Drinking water systems

137

Electroplating

DIN 3337

290

Drip-tight

112

Electro-pneumatic actuator

DIN 3381

417

Droop

12 63, 123, 189

Electro-pneumatic positioner

14 14

Dry solids

240

Dry solids isolating valve

DIN 50049

348

Dry solids substance

63

Electroslag refining

DIN 8061

234

DS

12

Elongation

DIN 8062

232

DS content

63

ELOT

DIN 807718078

232

DSSU

12

EMC, electromagnetic compatibility

DIN EN 60529 (VDE 0470)

338

DTNM

12

Emergency Shut-Down (ESD)

Direct-acting actuators Direct-acting diaphragm actuator Direct-acting regulator Direct-on-line DOL

12, 309, 390

293 14, 300

Electro-polished

240

123

13 229

Electro-pneumatic transducer

DIN 3852 DIN 3858

32

13 281,293

99

DIN 1629 ST52

Direct-acting

13 284

14 14, 344 14 284 128, 304

Duck-billed non-return valve

138

Emission legislation

412

Ductile iron

314

Emission monitoring

264

Ductile iron pipe

348

218

EN 10204

12, 145

Ductility

12

EN 13445

30

132

Ducting

12, 238

EN 29000

348, 364

294

137

EN 50 014

52, 79

Direct-operated solenoid valves

386

Duplex stainless steels

12

EN 50 02O

52

Dirty service

403

Dust ignition-proof

12

EN 50 028

52

Dirty Service Trim

418

Duty cycle

429

EN 50 039

52

12

Duty rating

12

EN 50170

283

Direct-operated

Disc spring

12

Dump valve


535

Index EN 60534-2-3

198

Feedback

15

Flow

EN 60994

372

Feed forward

15

Flow characteristic

EN 61000

284

Female threaded ends

EN14382

417

FEP

Enclosure

255

Ferrite

15

Flow control valve, FCV

End connections

238

Ferritic stainless steel

15

Flow losses

End quench test

14

Ferritic steels

57

Flow regulating

Endurance limit

14

Ferrule fittings

Energy

480

Energy equation

68

Engine crankcase explosion relief valve Engine oils

189 59

239 89, 102

15, 249, 250

16

Flow ring

17

Fibres, yarns and filaments

271

Flow velocities

Field performance

411

Flowing pilot

17

15, 17, 399, 407

Flow-to-close, FTC

17

Fieldbus Fieldbus Foundation

283

Flow-to-open, FTO

116

Fluid

Filter isolation

403

EO

85

284

Filling or overflow control

Environmental Protection

16 209

Fibre optics

65

49

208

Flow regulator

65 429

16, 200

Flow control

Entropy Environment

205

Flow coefficient Cv, Kv

Enthalpy

Environmental hazards

66, 426, 429, 481

Filtering

63

113

Filter-regulator

280, 286

14

Final elements

208

17 17, 23, 426

Fluid contaminants

428

Fluid noise

255

Fluid properties

428

415

Fluid properties and conversions

433

51,196

Equal percentage (E%)

8, 14, 208

Conversion factors for SI units

477

Equilibrium float valves

116

Fire hazard class

435

Introduction

434

Erection

430

Fire hydrant valve

114

Liquid properties

434

Erosion

100, 205, 393, 410

Fire hazard

Fire-safe

15, 104, 111,429

483

Other conversion factors

481

Erosion corrosion

393

Fire-safe applications

Erosion damage

418

Fire-safe butterfly valve

109

Pressure/enthalpy charts

463

335

Fire-safe packing

266

SI, The International System of Units

475

Erosion resistance

85

Normal quantities and units used in valve technology

Erosion/corrosion resistance

99

Fire-safe test requirements

377

Thermodynamic properties of gases

453

ERW

14

Fire-safe three-piece body ball valve

103

Useful references

483

ESA

14

Fire-safe valves

101,103

Fluidity of paper pulp

64

ESD

415

ESD (1)

First Law of Thermodynamics

64

Fluids

14

Fish

61

Flush tank valve

14

45 115, 128

Fishtail T. butterfly valves

166

Flutter

ESD overrides

293

Five valve manifolds

121

Flux Cored Arc Welding

15

Esprit

283

Flake iron

FONDONORMA

17

ESD (2)

18

ET

14

Flame hardening

15

Food processing operations

EVS

14

Flameproof

15

Foodstuffs Foot valve

64 312 17

149

Flammable gas/vapour

Exfoliated graphite

272

Flange bolting

245

Force

Exotic materials for pipes and tubes

218

Flange descriptions

244

Force-stroke diagram

304

85

Flange facings

242

Forged copper alloys

317

77

Flange orientation

243

Forging

245

Foundation Fieldbus

Excess flow shut-off valve

Expanding wedge gate valve Expansion Expansion joints

239

Flange sealing

Explosion relief protection

188

Flange specifications

Explosion relief valve

14, 188, 197

Explosion-proof Explosive decompression

14, 400 14, 218, 245, 265

Exposure limits Extended bonnet External locking External pressure loaded regulator

14 15, 100, 270 339 15

14

17, 133, 183, 184

99

Flange styles

242

Flanged bonnet Flanged connections

15 15, 383

Fail-safe, trip valves Fatigue Fatigue failure

15, 312, 410 15

Four-port diverter valve

113

Fracture

334

Frequency inverters

171

Frequency Shift Keying, (FSK)

283

239

Fresh water

53

Flanged safety relief valve

179

Friable particles

62

Flange-pipe connections

243

Friction

112

Flanges

242

Friction damper

183

16

Flared fittings 301

250

Friction losses

194

Friction welding

244

Frictional pressure drop

20

163, 197, 393

Fruit

61

Flashing to vapour

183

FSA

17 17

Flash welding Flashing

16

Fatigue strength

344

Flat compressed fibre gasket

246

FTC

Fault diagnosis

422

Flat face flanges

242

FTO

Fault tolerance

15

Flat face unions

239

Fugitive emission

15

Flat gasket

245

Fugitive emission sealing

Flax

272

Full bore

Flexible piping systems

235

Full coupling

FCAW FDA FDA regulations

15, 126 126, 312

FDT/DTM technology

407

Float valve

Feed water valves

340

Flotation

536

17 422

Flanged ends

Flare coupling

F

304, 479

22, 115, 194


63

Full-bore diaphragm valve Functional testing

17 17, 415 413 17 4 95, 123, 189, 190 347

Index

Fusible plug safety device

17

Hazard assessment Hazardous fluids

49 18, 117

Hygienic applications

15, 19, 83, 109, 113, 114, 120, 126, 173, 190, 236, 248, 277, 281,312, 394

G HAZOP Galling

88, 335, 410

Gas

17

Gas and steam lines

386

Gas and vapour data

434

Gas carburising

17

Gas compressor plate valve Gas constant

140 75

Gas groups

17

Gas laws and gas properties

64

Gas processing plants

419

Gas or "GAZ" connections

240

Gaseous state

45

Gases

45

Gases and vapours

190, 203

Gasket/seal

14

Gaskets

245, 356

Gateway

17

Gauge plate

17

Gauge pressure

17

GDBS

17

Gearbox oils

59

Geared handwheel

17, 296

General gas and vapour data

453

Gimbal bellows

240

Gland

18, 27

Glass fibre

272

Globe body control valves

287

Globe valves

120, 146, 152, 194, 308, 340

GMAW

18

GNBS

18

GOST-R

18

Graphite fibre

272

Graphite honeycomb

273

Grease

47, 111

Grey cast iron

53, 314

Grey iron Grinding of valve seats Grit number Groove piping system Grooved connections Grooved coupling

18 390 18, 29 248 248 18

Ground fiat stock

17

Ground water

53

GRP GTAW Guide bushing Guidelines

18 18 18 18

H H2S trim

19

Half sonic velocity

255

Hall Effect sensors

303, 338

Hammer-lug fittings Handwheels Hard facing Hardness Hardness of water HART protocol HAZ

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

18 79, 113

Health hazards

49

Heat affected zone

18

Heat tracing

429

Heat treatment

345

Heat-curing compound

18

Heating and ventilating systems

144

Heating/cooling jackets

340

Helical spring

18, 23

Hemp

273

Hertz stresses

290

Hygienic control valves Hygienic couplings Hygienic diaphragm valve Hygienic equipment Hygienic fittings Hygienic hoses

115 13 19, 248 236

Hygienic quality

19

Hygienic valves

126, 141,347

Hygienic weir type valves Hysteresis

127 19

I

Hex nipple

18

I/O

HFS

18

I/P converters

20 14, 20, 302

High integrity joints

104

IANOR

19

High integrity processes

105

IBN

19

High integrity valve

101

IBNORCA

19

High performance engines

106

ICONTEC

19

ID IDF

19 19

IEC

19, 79

High pressure angle choke valve

92

High pressure angle valve

156

High pressure axial piston valve

94

High pressure change-over valve

18

High pressure compression fitting

249

High pressure fittings

248

High pressure globe valves

90

High pressure systems

176

High recovery

163

High recovery valve

18, 199

High speed isolating valves

289

High Speed Steel (HSS)

18

High tensile steel

315

Higher corrosion resistance

318

Highly flammable liquid

51

HIP

19

HIPPS

19, 415

History of unit systems

475

HMI

19

Hot applications

133

Hot finished

19

Hot Isostatic Pressing

19

Hot water system

115

Hot-melt compound

19

Hounsfield Tensometer

344

IEC 1158

15

IEC 34-1

377

IEC 34-5

377

IEC 534-2-3

198

IEC 60534

261

IEC 61158

15, 283

IEC 61508

416, 417

IEC 61511

416, 417

IEC 79

52

IEC 79-12

18

IEC 79-4

17

IEC 994

372

IEEE

19

IIW

19

ILC Impact strength

19 344

Impregnation

19

Impulse lines

19, 96

Inch ABS pipe

230

Inch CPVC pipe

231

Inch polypropylene pipe

231

Inch UPVC pipe Inclusions

231 19

HRc

19

Incompressible fluids

HSE

51

Inconel 625 TM

HT

19

Increased safety

19

HV

19

INDECOPI

20

199, 203 318

Hydraulic applications

237

India BIS

20

Hydraulic dampers

340

Induction hardening

20

Hydraulic diameter

211

Industrial oils

59

Hydraulic hose

237

Industrial waste

63

INEN

20

Hydraulic lock

19

18, 239, 241

Hydraulic motor

431

Inflatable seal

112, 294, 302

Hydraulic shock

128

Ingot

18, 99, 319

173 239, 251

Hydrodynamic noise

254, 255

Inherent flow characteristic

125 20 20, 206

61,344, 481

Hydrogen services

94

54

Hydrogen sulphide

179

Inlet change-over valve

Hydrotreatment service

419

Inlet filters

340

Inlet pipes

384

283, 284, 300 18

Hygienic


Inherent rangeability

20 7

537

Index Inlet pipework

369

ISO flanges

Inlet velocity

201

ISO pipe threads

In-line positioner In-line silencers

289, 298

20

In-process cleaning

90

Inside screw

20

Inspection Instabus Installation & maintenance

346, 364, 382

Lift checks

136

99

Lifting lever

182

Isolating valve design Isolating valve types

82 83

Limit of proportionality

344

Isolating valves and the system

.82

Linear motion valves

83

Linear

113

Linear (L)

Useful references

129

Linear acceleration

Valves for dry solids

123

Linear motion control valves

383

Introduction

382

Packing boxes

391

ISS

Linear velocity

21

Lined double-flange butterfly valve

109

Lined metallic pipe and tube

229

ITCHKSAR

387

Izod

Spare parts

392

Izod impact test

Trouble-shooting

392

j

Instrument air

430

Instrument air systems

28O

Instrumentation and ancillaries

337

Ancillary equipment

339

Instrumentation

338

Useful references

341

Instrumentation applications INTECO

119 2O

Intelligent valve actuator

421

Intercrystalline corrosion

2O

Intergranular corrosion Interlocking Internal inspection Internal safety valve International System of Units Intrinsically safe (IS) IP IP65 IPPC IPPC-Directive 96/611EC

344 21

395

96

2O 2O 345 2O 475 2O 2O 338 2O 412

22, 29

Lined butterfly valve

394

Instrument

153, 171

21

Routine maintenance

51, 78

7 479

21

382

2O

22, 208

ISSM

Repairs

206

Linear valve

22 113, 120

IST

Pre-installation inspection

Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)

21

182, 303, 338, 399

Line blind

Special purpose valves

382

Installed flow characteristic

Limit switches Limiting ruling section

382, 415, 430

Installation criteria

349, 413

Common optional extras

128 100

General

400

Life cycle cost

Power-actuated valves Rotary motion valves

385

Useful references

21, 81,384, 386

Life cycle

283

Commissioning

Installed characteristic

20

Isolating valves

259

INN

315

JBS

21

JIS

21

JISC

21

Jominy Test Jute

14, 21 273

Lined three-piece body valve

103

Lined wafer-style butterfly valve

108

Lined weir type diaphragm valve Line-isolation

21

Liquid flow

66

Liquid gaskets Liquid state

KATS

21

Liquid trim

KAZMEMST

21

Liquid/gas mixtures

KEBS

21

Liquids

Kicker valves

403

Liquid-solid mixtures

Kidney flanges

118

Liquified gases

Killed steel

4, 11, 21

Kinematic viscosity

46, 59, 60, 480

KIWA 49 Knife gate valves

234 86, 123, 126, 128, 171,289

Knoop hardness test

21

95 113

Liquid carbon dioxide

Liquid properties

K

479 107, 168

Live-loaded gland/packing Lloyd's Register LNz Loader Local test button

247 60, 61,434 45 22, 196 339 22, 45, 191 84, 125 183, 218 22, 266 195, 197 22 22 186

KNX

283

Lockable valve

22

Konnex

283

Locked-in

22

KOWSMD

21

Kv values

16, 21,195, 349

KYRGYZST

21

L Laminar and turbulent flow

Lockshield valve Lockup

339 22 22, 301

Lockup valves

302

Lon Works

283

Laminated packing

21

Low noise cage design

158

21

Low pressure applications

186

Low pressure compression fitting

249

IPQ

2O

Lamination

IRAM

2O

LANS

209

Locking valves

283

Iris diaphragm valve

125

Low pressure fittings

248

Isentropic exponent

75

Lap joint

243

Low pressure shut-off valve

149

ISIRI

20

Lap joint flange

244

Low pressure steam

111

Larner-Johnson~ control valve

161

Low pressure steam applications

247

ISO ISO 1000 ISO 16111

20, 354, 355

Lantern ring

21

475

LCO2

21

232

Lead

276

219

Leaded steels

21

ISO 3448

59, 79

Leakage Flow

206

ISO 5210

291

Leakage rates

21,180

ISO 260412605

Low pressure systems

176

Low pressure unions

241

Low recovery trims

258

LST

22

Lubricants

429 111

ISO 5211

290

Length

478

Lubricated plug valve

ISO 5343

372

Lense ring gasket

245

Lubricator

22

ISO 7005

317, 320, 328

Lense rings

247

Lug body

22

ISO 7-1

240

Let-down valve

199

Lug pattern valve

118

ISO 725

240

Level regulator

22

Lugged valve

113

LIBNOR

22

LVS

ISO 9000

538

348, 364


22

Index

MIL

M Mach Number M

22

Machined seals

23

Machined springs

23

Miller Number

24 61,205 58

Minimum controllable flow

24

Minor repair

24

Net Positive Inlet Pressure available (NPIPa)

212

Net Positive Suction Head available (NPSHa)

212

49

Mirror finish

23

Misalignment

239

Magnetic crack detection

23

Mixed signals

283

24

Magnetic particle inspection

345

Mixing and diverting applications

106

Mains borne signalling

283

Mix-proof diverter valve

289

382, 400, 410, 415, 402, 423, 430

Mixture specific volume

75

350

MMA

24

23

MMI

Major repair

19, 24, 32

23, 314

Mn

24

MAM

23

Mo

24

Mandatory

23

Modbus

Malleable iron

Manifold headers

403

Man-made fibres

23

Manual Metal Arc welding

24, 37

Manual valve

8, 9

Martensitic stainless steel

23

Mass

479

Mass/volume relationship

77

7

Modulating

24

Modulating bypass

169

Modulating vent valves

403

Modulating-action

24

MOLDST

24

Material conformance certificate

348

Mollier diagrams

Material toughness

482

Momentum equation

Material upgrades

99 56, 312, 400, 402, 429

24

Modified parabolic (MP)

Mollier charts

Materials

422

Modified parabolic

346

Mass-produced valves

15 25

Mineral oils

MACT

Maintenance manual

8, 148, 340

NEN

Machinery Directive, 89/392/EEC, (amended 98/371EEC)

Maintenance

Needle valve Negative feedback

434 70, 77

Newtonian liquids

46

Newton's Law of Viscosity

46

NFPA (1)

25

NFPA (2)

25

NFPA 325

21

NFPA 325M

18

Ni

25

Nickel aluminium bronze

56

Nipple

25

Ni-resistant cast irons

314

NISlT

25

NIST

25

Nitriding

25

Nitrogen blanket and purge applications Noise

146

157, 341,403

Noise and vibration

254

Noise attenuation

6

Noise in valves

253

Noise analysis

254

68

Noise attenuation

258

Monel 400 TM

318

Noise calculations

261

Monoflange valve

118

Noise prediction

258

Moulded seals

24

Sources of valve noise

254

MSA

24

The noise problem

254

2

MSB

24

Useful references

Mean molar mass

75

MSS

24

Mean molar specific heat

75

MSS SP-92

Mechanical resonance

23

Matter Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)

Mechanical vibration Melting point Metal "O" rings Metal arc Inert-Gas welding

23

254 45, 435 247 24

Metal cased gasket

246

Metal seal rings

276

Metal-body spring-loaded relief valve

182

Metallic alloys

319

Metallic ferrule

250

Metallic gaskets

246

Metallic hard face coatings

333

Metallic hose Metallic materials Metallic pipe Meter applications

238 218, 395 218

364

404, 429

Noise testing

346 255

MSZT

24

Noise trims

MT

24

Non steady-state conditions

24

Non-destructive testing

MTBR

261

Noise level

82 25, 345

258

Non-ferrous materials

204

Non-flowing pilot

Multi-phase mixtures

339

Non-metallic connectors

Multiples of Sl units

476

Non-metallic control valves

171

Multi-port ball valve

106

Non-metallic double wall systems

235

Multi-port globe valve

159

Non-metallic ferrule

250

Multi-port plug valve

113

Non-metallic gaskets

245

Multi-port valves

123

Non-metallic linings and coatings

Multi-turn electric actuators

129

Non-metallic materials

Multi-path control valve trim Multi-phase flow

Multi-valve manifolds

98

Multi-way valves

165

MVC

14

97

318 25 238

334 229, 274, 318

Non-metallic one-piece body ball valves

126

Non-metallic parallel gate valves

126

Non-metallic pipe

230

Non-metallic safety relief valves

189

23, 96

N

Methane

264

N

Methanol

205

NACE

Metric ABS tube

232

NACE MR-01-75

Metric polyethylene tube

233

Nameplates

99

Metric polypropylene tube

232

NAMUR

25

Metric PVDF and PVDF-HP tube

234

NAMUR AK 5

284

Metric stainless steel tube

227

National governments

355

Non-return valve design

133

Natural frequency of a spring

25

Non-return valve types

133

234

nb

25

Non-return valves and the system

132

24

NC

25

Useful references

141

405

NDE

25

Non-rising stem

25

24

NDT

25

Non-rotating tip

25

Meter valves

Metric threads Metric UPVC tube MF Microprocessor technology MIG welding

23

24 24, 119, 181 19, 313


Non-metallic straight needle valves

126

Non-metallic tube

232

Non-metallic valve materials

395

Non-metallic valves

126, 141,150

Non-Newtonian liquids Non-return foot valve Non-return valves

46 139 131,387

539

/ndex Non-shock

25

Non-SI units

Over-torqueing

476

Oxidation

Non-slam valves

139

P

Norbro Standard

290

Normalising

25

Normally-closed, (NC)

25, 98

Normally-open, (NO)

25, 98

Notched bar test

26

Notified Body

26

Nozzle

26, 185, 388

Nozzle area

26

Nozzle loads

350

Nozzle steam jacket

182

NPIPa

115, 194

NPIPr

212

NPS

26

NPSHa

115, 194

NPSHa/NPIPa

139, 144

NPSHr

212

NPT

26

NSAI

26

Nuclear applications

185

Nuclear power plant

419

O

27, 249 27

P

27

P&S

27

P&ID

24, 27, 132

Packaged instrumentation

347

Packaging

346

Packing

265, 347

Packing box

5, 27

Packing flange

27

Packing follower

27

Packing lubricator

27

Packing tape

27

Painting

346

Pallet valve

27

Panel mounting Paper making

27 63, 64, 163, 204, 212

Parallel gate valve

83, 123, 126, 128

Parallel plug valve

110, 112, 120

Parallel slide valve

123, 124, 173

Parallel threads

99, 240

Parkerising

27

Particle density

61 61

243

Particle sizes

"O" ring seal

265

Parts list

392

92

Patenting

27

Oblique style swing disc non-return valve

134

Pb

27

Oblique valve

26

PC

27

Observed activity

26

PD

26

PD 5500

Obturator Octave band analysis Octave bands od Oil and gas Oil exploration and production

260

Pipe flexibility

28

Pipe flow

209

Pipe fracture

195

Pipe pup

260

Pipe supports

28, 260

Pipe system Pipe wall thickness Pipeline Pipework Pipework cleaning

385

Pipework derating factors

229

Pipework design

145

Pipework design principles

216

Pipework noise

255

Pipework pressure pulsations

265

Pipework systems

216

Pipework vibration

420

Piping and connectors

215 251 242

27

Penetration

248 239 242

98, 401 88

47

Penstock valve

87

Flared fittings

250

Perfect and real gases

69

Flexible piping system Gaskets Grooved connections Pipework design principles

235 245 248 216

Quick release couplings

250

Rigid piping systems Soldered connections Threaded connections

218 241 240

Useful references Welded connections

251 241

Piping Geometry Factor FP

28

205 9, 27 27, 334 411

ON

27

Permeation-resistant lining

411

66

Petrol engines

101,124

PFA (perfluoroalkoxy)

106 89, 102, 111,155, 411

388

PFA-P

On-off bypass

169

pH value

Onshore gas

403

pH value and choice of material

27 426, 429

411 48, 50, 435 53

Physical constants

455

Physical hazards

49

293

Physical properties

344, 429

26

Piping kick Piping systems Piston Piston actuator

Physical protection

28

Piston non-return valve

181

PI(1)

28

Piston operated globe valves

OSHA

349

PI (2)

28

Pitot tube

Outgassing

419

PID

7 384 27

4, 13, 28

Pig launcher Pigging

403

Pitting Resistance Equivalent PKN

120, 136 98 3, 28, 146 29, 57 28 236

123

Plane angle

478

Pigs

Over-extension

239

Pilot assistance

184

Plastic flow

Overhaul of valves

389

Pilot filter

186

Plate silencers

427

Pilot regulator Pilot valves


28

Plasma welding

Pillars

540

28 5, 288, 299

Plain hoses

239

27, 387

28 229

87, 93, 100, 112, 133

Over-compression

Overpressure

28

Piping

Cemented connections

Permeation resistance

Overheating

104 139, 383

27

27

Outside screw

28 260

Approved connections

Olive

Outlet change-over valve

28

Pipe schedule

348

Permeability

Outlet pipes

66

Pipe flow losses

PED regulations

238

Orifice valves

28

Pipe diameter

26

Oilfield services

Orifice area

28

248

Permanent set

Opposed piston quarter turn actuator

Pipe anchor

Compression fittings Expansion joints Flanges

Performance

Operating conditions

Pipe

Clamped connections

188

Open-loop control system

96, 124, 161,171,189, 190

30

241

On-line testing

Pinch valve

17, 28 98, 389

312

Oilfield operations

One-piece body ball valve

Pilot-operated valves

2, 28, 31,145

PED

258

Oil-cooled transformers

One-dimensional flow

184

Pilot-operated safety relief valve

"O" ring groove flange Oblique globe valve

Pilot-assisted valves Pilot-operated regulator

28 28 255

28, 34

PLC

29

145

Plug

29

Index

Plug valves

398

Plugging

417

PN

29

P-net

283

Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 177, 312, 349, 409

PTFE

Pressure Law

Pulsation damper

66

Pressure loss Pressure pulsations

Pneumatic and hydraulic diaphragm actuators

129

Pressure rating

Pneumatic and hydraulic piston actuators

129

Pressure recovery

Pneumatic control valves

284

Pressure reducing regulator

Pneumatic controllers Pneumatic diaphragm actuators

Pump governor

30

429

Pump installation

82

199

Pump power failure

22, 30, 286

129, 286

Pressure relief valve

30, 408

Pneumatic/hydraulic/electric converters

302

Pressure shut-off regulator

299

Pressure stressing

Polish numbers

Pulverised fuel

30

182

Pneumatically operated rotary valves

194

Pressure registration

Pneumatic lift cylinder

29

4, 30 30

Pressure sustaining valve

Polyimide

273

Pressure testing

346 82 479

Polytropic head

78

Pressure/enthalpy charts

Pop-action

29

Poppet valves

114

Popping

183

Porosity

334, 395

Ported gate valve Position indicators Position sensors Positioner

Pure water

434, 463

PVDF

230

Pyropress

197

Q QQ

30

464

QSAE

466

Quality, inspection and testing

467

Custom-built valves

Iso-butane

470

Guidelines for testing and documentation 351

Iso-pentane

472

Introduction

344

465

Mass-produced valves

349

113

Nitrogen

463

Standards

351

473

Useful references

Normal pentane

299 196

Normal-butane

471

Oxygen

474

Quality Assurance Manual, QAM

Propane

468

Quality Control Plans

Propylene

469

Quarter turn ball and plug valves

170

Quarter-turn valve

29

Pressure-enthalpy diagram

74, 75

Quick release couplings

Potable water

55

Pressure-loaded regulator

12, 30

Quick-opening (QO)

Pour point

58

Pressure-temperature ratings

30

Quotation assessment

Powder metallurgy

29

Pressure-temperature regulator

30

R

Powders

124

Preventative maintenance

Power

480

Principles of expansion

78 340 83 417

349, 430 348 348, 350, 365 290

100, 110,111, 340 239, 250 7, 30, 208 430

389, 422 77

Process applications

119

Process controller

30

Process pilot-operated safety relief valve Process upsets

185 429

29

Profibus

Power-actuated valve

11

Profiler

Powered pinch valve

129

Properties of gases

70

PRE

29

Properties of fluids

43

Precipitation-flocculation

63

Precipitation-hardening steels

29

Preferred mounting orientation

29

Preferred unit

45

Power-actuated safety valve

351

Quality Assurance

Positive Material Identification, PMI

Power plant

349

Methane

Pressure/temperature valves

Power generation applications

30 343

Ethylene

15

Power generation

89

PVDF pipes and fittings

Positive feedback

Power consumption

52, 53

87, 123

14, 29, 198, 289, 295, 399

Positive displacement compressors and pumps

30

Ethane

338

Positioner for rotary valves

182

Carbon dioxide

141 347

30

Pressure switching regulator

Pressure, stress

Pump valves Purchased equipment

30

230

78

30 195

Push-down-to-open

Polyethylene pipes and fittings

230

Pump pressure regulator Pump starting

30

Pressure switch

Polytropic efficiency

195

Push -down -to-close

113

Polypropylene pipes and fittings

123

350

Pollution

Pressure vessels

63, 64 186, 194, 393

117, 216, 393

10

Pressure retaining valve

111,273

Pulps

283, 399, 422 30

Explanation of terms

45

Ra

398

Rack and pinion piston actuator

290

Radiographic inspection

345

Radiographs

104

Raised face flange

242

RAL

31

Ram valves

114

Ramie

273

Rangeability

64

Rated capacity

Liquid-gas mixtures

64

Receiver stations

Liquid-solid mixtures

60

Reciprocating pumps

Oils

58

Reconditioning nozzles and discs

Gas laws and gas properties

30

Rack and pinion actuator

31 31 403 13 388

Pre-installation testing

382

Useful references

78

Red List Chemicals

21

Preservation

347

Water

52

Reduced-opening valve

31

Preservatives

384

Properties of mixtures

75

Reduced-port

Pressure

426

Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)

282

Reducer

Pressure and leak testing

383

Proportioning

106

Reduction in area

344

Pressure balance plug

403

Proprietary interlocking systems

Reed valves

137

Pressure balanced regulator

148

Proximity detectors

Pressure balanced regulator

29, 148

Pressure containing part Pressure control Pressure control valve, PCV

29 208 30

99, 118, 339 300, 303, 338

PSI PSQCA Psychrometric charts

VALVES MANUAL

30

Refurbished valve

30

Regulations

74, 76

PT

30

International

Reflux

Regulator performance Regulator schedule

17, 31 31,133

31 432 31 31 197

541

Index Regulators

4, 7, 132, 143, 161,168, 197, 261,280, 384, 387, 393, 394, 426 Regulator design 144 Regulator types 146

Useful references Reinforced hoses Relative density Relaxation Relay

32

SA

32

SABS

32

SAC

32

47

SAE

32

31

SAE J475

408

Relief valve

s

Semi-lug wafer body

150

31

Relief system sizing

Semi-killed steel

236

145

Relay valve

S

31,147

93, 416

Safety Integrity Level (SlL) Safety relief valve

Remote travel indication

303

Safety relief valves

31,345, 382

Piping reactions

409, 410

Repeatability

415

Safety Instrumented System (SIS)

186

Repair intelligence

33

Safety instrumented system

Remote actuator

Repair

240

SAE pipe thread

31

416 10, 33, 176, 177, 384, 387, 388, 393 190

4 34

Semi-nozzle construction

34

Semi-nozzle safety relief valve

179

Separation

334

Serial transmission

34

Serrated gasket

247

Servicing

389

Servo loading

184

Servo-loaded relief valve

34

Servo-operated

34

Servo-operated solenoid valves Servo-regulator Set point Sewage treatment plants

Safety relief valve design

177

SFS

Safety relief valve types

178

SG iron

386 34 34 61, 62, 422 34 34, 317

Replacing actuator diaphragms

389

Safety relief valves and the system

176

Shape

Replacing seat rings

390

Useful references

191

Shear pin safety valve

186

Replacing spindle/stem packing

391

400

Shear pin torque limiter

297

Safety standards

Requirements

32

Safety valve

Reseat pressure

32

Sample valves

Resilient seat or soft seat

182

Resolution sensitivity

32

Reverse engineering

392

Reverse osmosis

52

Reverse-acting

12, 32

Reverse-acting diaphragm actuator

295

Reverse-acting valves

309, 390

Reynolds Number, Re

32, 47, 209

Rheology

204

RID

377

Rigid pipework

238

Rigid piping systems

218

Rimmed steel

32

Ring-type joint flange

104, 243

Rising handwheel

32

Rising stem

32

Rising stem ball valve

101

Risk

113

RJT

32

Rockwell

344

Rockwell hardness testing

32

Rolling diaphragm actuator

287, 299

Si

34

33 33

Sll

SBS

33

SlL

SCADA

33

Silencers

Scanner

33

Silver soldered joints

SCC

33

Simmer

Scotch yoke

290

Single eccentric

Scotch yoke actuator

398

Single flange wafer body

Screened cable

33

Single hinged bellows

Screw down stop valves

89

Single seat globe valves

Screwed bonnet

33

Single seat valves

Screwed connections

347

34 34, 416 259, 338, 341,384, 405 241 34 107 34 239 34, 153 304

SIP

34

SlRIM

34

178

SIS

34

Screwed threads

99

SlST

Se

33

Site conditions

Screwed gland

33

Screwed safety relief valve

Seal leakage

338, 339

Seal options

264

Seal weld

Seals

Rotary motion valves

163

Seamless

33 26 412 23, 24, 356 33

Seamless and welded ISO tube Seat

32

Seat inserts

167

Seat leakage

32

34

SAW

171

Rough finish

34

Shutdown valve, SDV

SASO

Rotary eccentric plug valves

Rotrol TM characteristic & principle

205

Shore scleroscope

Sl, The International System of Units 45, 434, 475, 477

125

Rotating tip

Shear sensitive

34

33 33

Rotary airlock

125

13, 33

Shear ring

SARM SASMO

Sealing element Sealing set

Rotary valve for dry solids

412

Sanitary standards

288

29, 32, 163, 309, 391

114, 125, 128

Sampling valves

Rotary actuators

Rotary valve

33

61

227 33, 401

Sizing coefficients Sizing equations Skirt-guided SLBS Slide valve Sliding gate valves Slip-on flanges SLSl Sludge

34 429 206 196, 199 34 34 123 146, 162 244 34 63, 413

319

Slug (1)

34

33, 350

Slug (2)

35

Seat leakage detection

339

SMAW

35

Roughness in pipes

210

Seat ring extractor

390

Smooth finish

35

Routine packing adjustment

391

Seat tightness

386

SMS

35

RS 485 protocol

282

Seat/plug wear rate

393

SMYS

35

SN

35

RS 232

33

Seawater and corrosion

RS 485

33

Second Law of Thermodynamics

64

SNIMA

RTU

32

SEE

33

Snubber

33

SNV

35

239

SNZ

35

Running tests

346

Rupture discs

6, 32, 189

542

56, 132

Self-energised packing Self-guided axial bellows


35 35, 304, 340

Index

Socket fusion weld

35

Spring return

399

Socket weld fittings

35, 241

Socket weld flanges

244

Spring-loaded chevron packing

Soft packing

268

Spri ng-loaded gland

35

Soft PLC

241

Soft soldered joints

35

Soft-seat

62

Soil sewage

7, 35, 241

Soldered connection

SPRING SG

36

Spring-loaded safety relief valves

58

Solids

45

Solids concentration

62

Solids handling

62, 111

Solubility in H20

435

Solution annealing

35

Some applications and solutions

397

Actuation technology designed to assist the operator

405 411

Double isolation in demanding services

401

Eliminating plugging of boiler feedpump recirculation valves Final elements in a safety instrumented system (ESD or HIPPS)

417 415

Increased valve actuator functionality in the digital age

421

Low noise control for atmospheric venting 403

183 184 184 20, 394 178

Squish

Steam-in-place, SIP

36, 133, 137, 138

Stem connector

402

Stem/spindle sealing

264

Sterilise-ln-Place, SIP

36

SSC

36

Stick welding

37

SSPC

36

Sticktion

36

St

36

Stiction

36

St St

37

STLE

37

Stability

36

Stock finish

Stagger-set

36

Straight globe valve

Stainless steel

7, 36, 316

Stainless steel inch tube

227 3, 25, 57, 316, 318

Stainless steels for pipes and tubes

217

Standard

36

Standard flow

36

Strainer Streamline

15 37

STRI

Standard organisations

354

Standard trim

196

Stroke speed

353

Stud-bolts

356

Suction strainer

139 313

Standards and specifications Components

Quarter-turn pneumatic rotary actuators

398

Dimensions and pressure ratings

358

Superheated steam

Steam trap isolation ensuring uninterrupted steam flow

Electrical

361

Superimposed back pressure

419

Fasteners

362

The use of repair intelligence

409

Supplementary loading

Fittings

362

Valve sealing solutions according to TA-Luft

412

Flanges

363

Sour service

11, 35, 256

35, 83, 99, 113, 118, 344

37

Strip inspection

Sulphide stress cracking, SSC

Sound Pressure Level, SPL

66

Stress relieving

Super austenitic stainless steel

35

96 420

Stress

356

Sound Power Level, SPL

37 89, 126, 128

Straight needle valve

356

35

36

Stem seals

Design

Sound power

36 36, 309, 390

Stem leakage

408

35

36 36, 53, 56

Stem

Pressure relief with high flow capacity and low cost of ownership

SON

419 122, 340

Steel

Spring-loaded valves for gas, vapour and steam

Stainless steels

Designed for continuous use valves with a permeation-resistant lining

299

Spring-loaded safety relief valve with pilot assistance

399

Solidifying point

182

Steam range

Spring-loaded safety relief valve for viscous liquids

Solenoid

45

Steam jacket

414

Steam valve

395

Solid state

266, 269

Steam trap isolation

Soldering

98, 126, 163, 172, 300, 384, 386, 394

116 419

Spring-loaded safety relief valve for liquids 183

Spring-loaded safety relief valve with supplementary loading

Solenoid valve

Steam condensers Steam flow

Control and communications

Flow capacity

363

Forces and moments on connections

364

Hoses

364

346 400 37

7 181 36, 37 184

Supported sleeve pinch control valve

162

Surface coatings

395

Surface corrosion

395

Surface finish

Inspection and testing

364

Surface inspection

Installation

369

Surface water

Instru me ntation

369

Surge

37 345 53, 62 37, 115

Sour water

339

Introduction

354

Surge columns

41

Spade

113

Issuing authorities

354

Surge tanks

41

Special flange connections

245

Maintenance and repair

369

Suspension

45

Special purpose control valves

168

Materials

370

SUTN

37

Noise

372

Sweet

37

Operation

372

Painting and corrosion protection

372

Specification Spectacle-plate Spigot and recess flanges

35, 347 113 243

Spill area

36

Spindle

36

Pipes and tubes

372

Pressure vessels

375

Qualification

376

Spindle connector

309

Safety

376

Spindle material loss

100

Seat leakage

377

Terminology

378

Valves

378

Spindle/stem sealing Spiral serrated Spiral wound gasket Spiral-welded Spring Spring materials

350 36 246 36 36, 319 333

Welding Star-delta starting, S-D Static back pressure

Swing disc non-return valve Swing disc non-return valve with external loading Swing disc valves

133 124, 133 135 133, 194

Switching valve

149

Swivel joints

241

Symbols and numbers

476

378

Sympathetic ratio

132

System characteristics

37 200

36

System design pressure

2

System maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)

2

Static unbalance

36

Spring range

36

Steady-state conditions

82

Spring rate

36

Steam and water turbines

Spring resonance

36

Steam chest

93 122, 128


Swing check

T Ta

37

543

Index TA-Luft

37, 412

Tank farms

422

Tapered plug valve

111,120

Tapered threads

240

Tongue and groove flange

243

Tool steel

38

Top entry valves Torque

TBS

37

Torqueing

TCVN

37

Torsion spring

104 304, 399, 400, 479 38

112

Total differential pressure

20

Tees

420

Total Quality Management

348

426, 481

Temperature regulator

37

Temperature-entropy diagram

74

Toughness

38

Trade societies and associations

354

Tramp elements

38

Tempering

37

Transducer

38

Tensile stress

12

Transmitter

38

Travel

38

Test equipment

383

Test fluid

350

Test gag

37, 182

Test house Testing

7 344, 351,364

Thermal expansion

383

Thermal relief safety valve

37

Thermal relief valve

187

Thermal safety valve Thermal shock

37 312, 393, 394

Thermodynamic laws Thermodynamic properties of gases

64 434, 453

51 39

UT

39

V

245

Tee-bar Temperature

US National Fire protection Association U-section wafer body

Travel indicator

38

Trim

6, 38

Trim materials

319

Trip amplifier Trip valve Triple eccentric

V

39

Vacuum break valve

39, 187

Vacuum impregnation

395

Vacuum regulator

39

Vacuum remelt

39

Vacuum services

95

Valve and piping sizing

194

Sizing isolating valves

194

Sizing non-return valves

194

Sizing piping

208

Sizing regulators and control valves

197

Sizing safety relief valves

195

Useful references

213

38

Valve block

39

301

Valve body

39, 314

107

Valve bonnet

308

Trouble-shooting

348, 392, 432

Valve cavities

401

Trunnion-mounted ball valves

104, 120, 401

Valve damping

98

TSE

38

Valve electrical requirements

TTBS

38

Valve inertia

135

Tube

38

Valve instrumentation requirements

430

38

Valve internals

384

Valve life

409

General gas and vapour data

453

Tungsten arc Inert-Gas welding

Table of physical constants

455

Turbine

Comments

128, 132, 431

429

461

Turbine steam chest

122

Valve locking

369

Thermoplastics

274

Turbulent flow

258

Valve maintenance

387

Thermoset plastics

274

Twin disc non-return valve

135

Valve manifolds

120

Thermostatic actuators

170

Twin disc wafer non-return valve

135

Valve material loss

Thermostatic control valve Thermostatic valves Thermowell Thick gaskets

37, 170 426 37 245

Third-party inspection

37

Thixotropic liquids

47

Thread sealants

Twin-seat valve Twisted pair Two-piece body ball valve

Bolting materials

335

General

312

102, 165

Hard facing materials

319

134

NAC E Non-metallic coatings

313 334 320

38

Pressure/temperature ratings for flanges

98

The Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 312

243

U

Threaded ends

239 37, 240 383 38, 241 99

Three valve manifold

120

Three-piece body ball valve Three-piece wedge plug Three-port diverting valves

UHMWPE

102

UK Machinery Directive

349

UL

38

Ultimate strength

344

Ultrasonic

38

Trim materials

319

Useful references Valve body material

336 313

Valve mechanical requirements Valve mounting Valve noise Valve performance

102

Unbalanced valves

304

Valve purchase specification

427

110

UNBS

Valve refurbishment

414

98

38

Valve schedule

Three-way valves

98, 168

UNI

38

Valve seats

Union bonnet

39

Valve sizing and actuator selection

Union gland

39

Tie rods Tied bellows TIG welding

77, 85 198 38 239 239 18, 28, 38

240

Unions

420

Unit

475

UNIT

39

Units used in pump technology

483

Tilt and turn ball valve

102

UNS

Time

478

Unsupported sleeve pinch control valve

162

Upgrade

415

TISI

38

Titanium

318

Up-grading

Toggle unions

239

UPVC pipes and fittings

544

409

Valve plug

93, 159

Ti

384 254, 384

345

Three-port globe valve

Throttling and pressure recovery

429

Ultrasonic inspection

UNF (Unified National Fine {thread of America}) fastener thread

Throttling

311

240 240

Threads

61

Valve materials

Two-stage regulator

Threaded

Threaded unions

120

Two-piece body swing disc non-return valve

Threaded connections

Threaded pipework

38

Two valve manifold

Two-way solenoid valve

Threaded fittings

38

39

348, 415, 432


230

Valve sealing solutions

41,202

39 412 41,319 425

Actuator selection

430

Check lists for actuator purchase specification

431

Check lists for valve purchase specification

427

General operating conditions

426

Purchasing

432

Valve selection according to fluid

427

Valve stem Valve stem sealing Double seals

27, 29 263 268

Index

Introduction

264

Venting

99, 133

Wedge gate valve

Lubrication

276

Vibration

23, 393

Weir type diaphragm valve

Packing box assembly

277

Vickers Hardness

11

Weld decay

Packing friction

277

Vickers hardness test

39

Weld preparation

Seal materials

271

Single seals

265

Special designs

269

Useful references Valve testing Valve torque profile Valve trim Valve twist

277 350, 383 423 319, 426 39

Vickers Pyramid Hardness Viscosity

VPN

Valve upgrades

415

291,399

Vane motors Vapour Vapour pressure

291 39 45, 435

40

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Volume

Vane actuator

39

VOD

347

141,150

184

V-notch ball

Valve unit

Valves for dry solids

40

VT

40

W w

40

Wafer body

40

Wafer gate valves

84

Wafer style ball valve

Vapour recovery

144

Variable frequency i nverters

284

Water

VDENDI 384 NAMUR

290

Water applications

Vee-ball T. valve

164

Water distribution systems

Velocity Vena Contracta Vendor Document Requirement form, VDR Vent silencers Vent valve

58 62

Water hammer suppression

349, 365

101 62 48 161

Water hammer

198, 201

40, 245, 264, 387 478

Waste water

Vegetable oils

39, 40

Viscous liquids

394

305, 306

46, 58, 435

Viscous capacity correction, FR

Valve type selection

Valve/actuator force diagram

344

144

9, 40, 98, 100, 128, 129, 255 41

Water injection recycle valves

419

Water supply applications

106

Water/pulp mixtures

204

405

Wave spring

403

Wear


41 290

Weld slag Welded bonnet Welded connections Welded pipe Welding Welding problems Weldolet Weld-on collar Well water Whole-life cost

84, 120, 129, 401 93, 120, 126 20 41 417 41 241 41 345, 395 100 41 244 57 382, 427

Wing-guided

41

Wiredrawing

41,264

Wireless technology Witnessed activity

407 41

Witnessing

347

World-FIP

283

WPS WQC Wringing

41 41 183

Y Yoke

41

Z Zero-leakage

159

Zero-power pulsed valve

99

Zr

41

545

Index to advertisers Advanced Component Technology Ltd AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG

XVlll Inside Back Cover . , .

BiS Valves Ltd

XVIII


X


xvi


XX

Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co KG

262

Copes-Vulcan

xii

FIo-Dyne Ltd

XX

Flowguard Ltd

XV


XV


XV

M V Fluids Handling Mokveld Valves BV Neway Valve (Suzhou) Company Ltd

xxii Outside Back Cover Inside Front Cover

Norske Ventiler AS

xii

Noxon Stainless BV

VIII

Remote Control Sweden

xxii

Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH Rotork Controls Ltd

. . ,

vi xvi

Severn Unival Ltd

vi

SMG Valves

X

Tyco Flow Control Vector International Velan Valves Ltd

ii iv . , ,

XVIII . , .


VIII

YPS Valves Ltd

XX

Acknowledgements The publishers wish to acknowledge the help and assistance of the following organisations in supplying data, photographs and illustrations, and where appropriate, permission to reproduce from their own publications.

AMRI Inc Anson Ltd AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG Blackhall Engineering Ltd Broady Flow Control Ltd BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Ltd Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co KG Callow Engineering Ltd Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group CIBSE Copes-Vulcan Crane Process Flow Technologies Danfoss A/S Delan BV DeZurik Water Controls Dresser-Masoneilan

546

Emerson Process Management Erhard Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Flowserve Flow Control Forac Ltd GPSA Goodwin International Ltd H H Valves Ltd Hoerbiger Holding UK Ltd Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd ITT Corporation Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd Koso Kent Introl M V Fluids Handling Mokveld Valves BV Pyropress Engineering Company Ltd


Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH Rotolok Ltd UK Rotork Controls Ltd Sabre Instrument Valves Ltd Schubert & Salzer UK Ltd Severn Unival Ltd Siemens AG, Power Generation SMG Valves Strahman Valves France Swagelok Company Taylor Shaw Tyco Flow Control Velan Valves Ltd Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Weir Valves & Controls YPS Valves Ltd

Index to advertisers Advanced Component Technology Ltd AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG

XVlll Inside Back Cover . , .

BiS Valves Ltd

XVIII


X


xvi


XX

Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co KG

262

Copes-Vulcan

xii

FIo-Dyne Ltd

XX

Flowguard Ltd

XV


XV


XV

M V Fluids Handling Mokveld Valves BV Neway Valve (Suzhou) Company Ltd

xxii Outside Back Cover Inside Front Cover

Norske Ventiler AS

xii

Noxon Stainless BV

VIII

Remote Control Sweden

xxii

Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH Rotork Controls Ltd

. . ,

vi xvi

Severn Unival Ltd

vi

SMG Valves

X

Tyco Flow Control Vector International Velan Valves Ltd

ii iv . , ,

XVIII . , .


VIII

YPS Valves Ltd

XX

Acknowledgements The publishers wish to acknowledge the help and assistance of the following organisations in supplying data, photographs and illustrations, and where appropriate, permission to reproduce from their own publications.

AMRI Inc Anson Ltd AUMA Riester GmbH & Co KG Blackhall Engineering Ltd Broady Flow Control Ltd BS & B Safety Systems (UK) Ltd Burgmann Industries GmbH & Co KG Callow Engineering Ltd Cameron's Valves & Measurement Group CIBSE Copes-Vulcan Crane Process Flow Technologies Danfoss A/S Delan BV DeZurik Water Controls Dresser-Masoneilan

546

Emerson Process Management Erhard Armaturen GmbH & Co KG Flowserve Flow Control Forac Ltd GPSA Goodwin International Ltd H H Valves Ltd Hoerbiger Holding UK Ltd Instrumentation Products Division, Parker Hannifin Ltd ITT Corporation Kemutec Powder Technologies Ltd Koso Kent Introl M V Fluids Handling Mokveld Valves BV Pyropress Engineering Company Ltd


Richter Chemie-Technik GmbH Rotolok Ltd UK Rotork Controls Ltd Sabre Instrument Valves Ltd Schubert & Salzer UK Ltd Severn Unival Ltd Siemens AG, Power Generation SMG Valves Strahman Valves France Swagelok Company Taylor Shaw Tyco Flow Control Velan Valves Ltd Waukesha Cherry-Burrell Weir Valves & Controls YPS Valves Ltd

Handbook of Valves and Actuators

Valves, Piping and Pipeline Handbook

Valves, Piping and Pipelines Handbook, Third Edition

Selection of Control Valves

Mercury Cadmium Telluride Imagers (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

Magnetic Actuators and Sensors

Linear Electric Actuators and Generators

Numerical Simulation Of Mechatronic Sensors And Actuators

Mechatronic Systems, Sensors, And Actuators

Hydraulics of Pipelines: Pumps, Valves, Cavitation, Transients

Measuring Current Voltage and Power Handbook of Sensors and Actuators Vol 7

Measuring Current, Voltage and Power, Vol.7 (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

Optomechatronic Actuators, Manipulation, and Systems Control

Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators

Next-Generation Actuators Leading Breakthroughs

Design, Modeling and Experiments of 3-DOF Electromagnetic Spherical Actuators

Numerical Simulation of Mechatronic Sensors and Actuators, 2nd Edition

Stability and Stabilization of Linear Systems with Saturating Actuators

Semiconductor Sensors in Physico-Chemical Studies (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

API 6D-2008 ; SPECIFICATION FOR PIPELINE VALVES

Meso- to Micro- Actuators A Theoretical and Practical Approach

Meso- to Micro- Actuators: A Theoretical and Practical Approach

Handbook of herbs and spices,

Handbook of Herbs and Spices

Handbook of Personality and Health

Handbook of personality and health

Handbook of Knots and Splices

Handbook of Personality and Health

Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology

Handbook of logic and language

Handbook of Valves and Actuators

Valves, Piping and Pipeline Handbook

Valves, Piping and Pipelines Handbook, Third Edition

Selection of Control Valves

Mercury Cadmium Telluride Imagers (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

Magnetic Actuators and Sensors

Linear Electric Actuators and Generators

Numerical Simulation Of Mechatronic Sensors And Actuators

Mechatronic Systems, Sensors, And Actuators

Hydraulics of Pipelines: Pumps, Valves, Cavitation, Transients

Measuring Current Voltage and Power Handbook of Sensors and Actuators Vol 7

Measuring Current, Voltage and Power, Vol.7 (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

Optomechatronic Actuators, Manipulation, and Systems Control

Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators

Next-Generation Actuators Leading Breakthroughs

Design, Modeling and Experiments of 3-DOF Electromagnetic Spherical Actuators

Numerical Simulation of Mechatronic Sensors and Actuators, 2nd Edition

Stability and Stabilization of Linear Systems with Saturating Actuators

Semiconductor Sensors in Physico-Chemical Studies (Handbook of Sensors and Actuators)

API 6D-2008 ; SPECIFICATION FOR PIPELINE VALVES

Meso- to Micro- Actuators A Theoretical and Practical Approach

Meso- to Micro- Actuators: A Theoretical and Practical Approach

Handbook of herbs and spices,

Handbook of Herbs and Spices

Handbook of Personality and Health

Handbook of personality and health

Handbook of Knots and Splices

Handbook of Personality and Health

Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology

Handbook of logic and language

Recommend Documents