Guillain-barrt Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERN...

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GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00501-8 1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Guillain-Barré syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME .................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Guillain-Barré Syndrome.............................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME ........................................................ 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Finding Nutrition Studies on Guillain-Barré Syndrome ............................................................ 19 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 20 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME .................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 23 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 General References ....................................................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 33 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 35 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 37 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 39 Associations and Guillain-Barré Syndrome................................................................................. 42 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 45 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 45 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 51 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 52 GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME DICTIONARY .................................................................... 53 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 73

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Guillain-Barré syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Guillain-Barré syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Guillain-Barré syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Guillain-Barré syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Guillain-Barré syndrome. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Federally Funded Research on Guillain-Barré Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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Guillain-Barré Syndrome

The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Guillain-Barré syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Guillain-Barré syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting as ataxia. Author(s): Sanders G. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004 March; 22(2): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15011240

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A case of relapsing Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B virus hepatitis. Author(s): Chroni E, Thomopoulos C, Papapetropoulos S, Paschalis C, Karatza CL. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 2003 June; 9(3): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12775424

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A case-control study on children with Guillain-Barre syndrome in North China. Author(s): Liu GF, Wu ZL, Wu HS, Wang QY, Zhao-Ri GT, Wang CY, Liang ZX, Cui SL, Zheng JD. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2003 June; 16(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964782

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A clinical and electrophysiologic survey of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hung PL, Chang WN, Huang LT, Huang SC, Chang YC, Chang CJ, Chang CS, Wang KW, Cheng BC, Chang HW, Lu CH. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2004 February; 30(2): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984898

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A descriptive study of Guillain-Barre syndrome in high and low Campylobacter jejuni incidence regions of Michigan: 1992-1999. Author(s): Church Potter R, Kaneene JB. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792145

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A family with Campylobacter enteritis: anti-GD1a antibody with/without GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Hirano M, Kusunoki S, Asai H, Tonomura Y, Morita D, Ueno S. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 27; 60(10): 1719-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771281

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A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-beta 1a in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J, Gray IA, Idrissova ZR, Lecky BR, Sutton IJ, Swan AV, Willison HJ, Winer JB, Hughes RA. Source: Neurology. 2003 November 11; 61(9): 1282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610140

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Aberrated levels of cerebrospinal fluid chemokines in Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Author(s): Press R, Pashenkov M, Jin JP, Link H. Source: Journal of Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 23(4): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959218

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Acute hepatitis B presenting as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ray G, Ghosh B, Bhattacharyya R. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 November-December; 22(6): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030037

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Acute motor conduction block neuropathy Another Guillain-Barre syndrome variant. Author(s): Capasso M, Caporale CM, Pomilio F, Gandolfi P, Lugaresi A, Uncini A. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 9; 61(5): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963751

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Acute motor conduction block neuropathy: Another Guillain-Barre syndrome variant. Author(s): Berciano J, Garcia A. Source: Neurology. 2004 March 23; 62(6): 1026-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15037724

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Anti-ganglioside antibodies and clinical outcome of patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome in northeast Brazil. Author(s): Dourado ME, Duarte RC, Ferreira LC, Queiroz JW, Illa I, Perez-Perez G, Guerrant RL, Jeronimo SM. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 108(2): 102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859286

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Anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome; useful diagnostic markers as well as possible pathogenetic factors. Author(s): Kusunoki S. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 457-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857038

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Apolipoprotein E genotypes and clinical outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J, Hughes RA, Rees JH, Willison HJ, Nicoll JA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 July; 74(7): 971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12810796

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Association of anti-GM1 antibodies but not of anti-cytomegalovirus, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori IgG, with a poor outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Annunziata P, Figura N, Galli R, Mugnaini F, Lenzi C. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 September 15; 213(1-2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873755

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Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood in a child with axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Auvin S, Imiela A, Cuvellier JC, Catteau B, Vallee L, Martinot A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 February; 150(2): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996133

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Ataxic Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with anti-GM1b and anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Tatsumoto M, Tateno M, Hirata K. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2004 January; 251(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999485

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Axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Kokubun N, Hirata K, Kuwabara S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 July 15; 211(1-2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767505

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Axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome subtypes: do we need more splitting? Author(s): Yuki N, Saperstein DS. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 9; 61(5): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963746

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Axonal pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome without Anti-GT1a IgG antibody. Author(s): Arai M, Susuki K, Koga M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 August; 28(2): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872333

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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M, Takemi T, Hirata K, Kuwabara S. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 October; 126(Pt 10): 2279-90. Epub 2003 July 07. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847079

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Circulating tumour necrosis factor alpha & soluble TNF receptors in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Radhakrishnan VV, Sumi MG, Reuben S, Mathai A, Nair MD. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2003 May; 117: 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609050

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Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni isolates implicated in Guillain-Barre syndrome and strains that cause enteritis by a DNA microarray. Author(s): Leonard EE 2nd, Tompkins LS, Falkow S, Nachamkin I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742576

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Cortical processing in Guillain-Barre syndrome after years of total immobility. Author(s): Kotchoubey B, Lang S, Bostanov V, Birbaumer N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 250(9): 1121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504979

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CSF hypocretin levels in Guillain-Barre syndrome and other inflammatory neuropathies. Author(s): Nishino S, Kanbayashi T, Fujiki N, Uchino M, Ripley B, Watanabe M, Lammers GJ, Ishiguro H, Shoji S, Nishida Y, Overeem S, Toyoshima I, Yoshida Y, Shimizu T, Taheri S, Mignot E. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 23; 61(6): 823-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504329

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Detection of galE gene by polymerase chain reaction in campylobacters associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Nawaz MS, Wang RF, Khan SA, Khan AA. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2003 December; 17(6): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602483

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Detection of preceding Campylobacter jejuni infection by polymerase chain reaction in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sinha S, Prasad KN, Pradhan S, Jain D, Jha S. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004 June; 98(6): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15099989

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Detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies by latex agglutination assay in Guillain-Barre syndrome: comparison with ELISA. Author(s): Irie S, Saito T, Kanazawa N, Ogino M, Ogino Y, Sakai F. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857046

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Distinct time pattern of complement activation and cytotoxic T cell response in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wanschitz J, Maier H, Lassmann H, Budka H, Berger T. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 126(Pt 9): 2034-42. Epub 2003 July 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847075

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Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on intensive care unit outcome of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Schleicher GK, Black A, Mochan A, Richards GA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 June; 31(6): 1848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12794429

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Effect of methylprednisolone in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Rossi G, Locatelli F. Source: Lancet. 2004 April 10; 363(9416): 1237; Author Reply 1237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15081665

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Effect of methylprednisolone in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Susuki K, Yuki N. Source: Lancet. 2004 April 10; 363(9416): 1236-7; Author Reply 1237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15081664

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Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome: randomised trial. Author(s): van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, Meche FG, Visser LH, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA; Dutch GBS study group. Source: Lancet. 2004 January 17; 363(9404): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738791

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Effects on axonal conduction of anti-ganglioside sera and sera from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dilley A, Gregson NA, Hadden RD, Smith KJ. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 June; 139(1-2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799030

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Elevated number of cells secreting transforming growth factor beta in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dahle C, Kvarnstrom M, Ekerfelt C, Samuelsson M, Ernerudh J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 111(12): 1095-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678018

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Emergency intubation for respiratory failure in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wijdicks EF, Henderson RD, McClelland RL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 July; 60(7): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873850

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Epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author(s): Rocha MS, Brucki SM, Carvalho AA, Lima UW. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2004 March; 62(1): 33-7. Epub 2004 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15122430

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Epidemiology of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome as a cause of acute flaccid paralysis in Honduras: 1989-1999. Author(s): Molinero MR, Varon D, Holden KR, Sladky JT, Molina IB, Cleaves F. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 November; 18(11): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696900

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Evidence for acquisition of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis locus in Campylobacter jejuni GB11, a strain isolated from a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, by horizontal exchange. Author(s): Gilbert M, Godschalk PC, Karwaski MF, Ang CW, van Belkum A, Li J, Wakarchuk WW, Endtz HP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742567

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Fatal lactic acidosis and mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome in an adolescent with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Rosso R, Di Biagio A, Ferrazin A, Bassetti M, Ciravegna BW, Bassetti D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 July; 22(7): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886900

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Gammadelta T cell non-responsiveness in Campylobacter jejuni-associated GuillainBarre syndrome patients. Author(s): Van Rhijn I, Logtenberg T, Ang CW, Van den Berg LH. Source: Neurology. 2003 October 14; 61(7): 994-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557578

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Ng E, Stafford PJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July; 90(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821231

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after simultaneous therapy with suramin and interferonalpha. Author(s): Bachmann T, Koetter KP, Muhler J, Fuhrmeister U, Seidel G. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 599. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940847

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Guillain-Barre syndrome and hyponatraemia. Author(s): McNeil AR, Panaya P. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 September-October; 33(9-10): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511209

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Guillain-Barre syndrome and myelodysplasia--a possible association. Author(s): Myers B, Sidra G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 October; 44(10): 1827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692543

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with acute neurobrucellosis. Author(s): Namiduru M, Karaoglan I, Yilmaz M. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 December; 57(10): 919-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712899

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection in England, 2000-2001. Author(s): Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, O'Brien SJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 15; 37(2): 307-10. Epub 2003 Jul 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856224

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Guillain-Barre syndrome coexisting with pericarditis or nephrotic syndrome after influenza vaccination. Author(s): Kao CD, Chen JT, Lin KP, Shan DE, Wu ZA, Liao KK. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2004 March; 106(2): 136-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003306

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in a collegiate football player. Author(s): Ashton C, Hendrickson CD. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2004 January; 14(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712167

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in children. Author(s): Sladky JT. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2004 March; 19(3): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119480

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in Greece: seasonality and other clinico-epidemiological features. Author(s): Chroni E, Papapetropoulos S, Gioldasis G, Ellul J, Diamadopoulos N, Papapetropoulos T. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2004 June; 11(6): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15171734

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in pregnancy. Author(s): Chan LY, Tsui MH, Leung TN. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2004 April; 83(4): 319-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005776

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in southern Taiwan: clinical features, prognostic factors and therapeutic outcomes. Author(s): Cheng BC, Chang WN, Chang CS, Chee CY, Huang CR, Chen JB, Chang CJ, Hung PL, Wang KW, Chang HW, Lu CH. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 November; 10(6): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641510

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in the course of dengue: case report. Author(s): Santos NQ, Azoubel AC, Lopes AA, Costa G, Bacellar A. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2004 March; 62(1): 144-6. Epub 2004 April 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15122449

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Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting in the anti-HIV seroconversion period. Author(s): Kumar S, Alexander M, Markandeyulu V, Gnanamuthu C. Source: Neurology India. 2003 December; 51(4): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742952

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Guillain-Barre syndrome seen in users of isotretinoin. Author(s): Pritchard J, Appleton R, Howard R, Hughes RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2004 June 26; 328(7455): 1537. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15217870

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Guillain-Barre syndrome with marked pleocytosis or a significant proportion of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid: neuropathological investigation of five cases and review of differential diagnoses. Author(s): Rauschka H, Jellinger K, Lassmann H, Braier F, Schmidbauer M. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 479-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940826

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Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J, Hughes RA. Source: Lancet. 2004 June 26; 363(9427): 2186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15220044

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Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Newswanger DL, Warren CR. Source: American Family Physician. 2004 May 15; 69(10): 2405-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15168961

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Guillain-Barre syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Author(s): Kuwabara S. Source: Drugs. 2004; 64(6): 597-610. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018590

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Guillain-Barre syndrome--a patient guide and nursing resource. Author(s): Kehoe M. Source: Axone. 2001 June; 22(4): 16-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14621501

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Haemolytic anaemia associated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a child with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Trifa M, Simon L, Hamza J, Bavoux F, des Roziers NB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937119

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Haemophilus influenzae as a possible cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ju YY, Womersley H, Pritchard J, Gray I, Hughes RA, Gregson NA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2004 April; 149(1-2): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15020076

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Hand weakness onset Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mori I, Koga M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 January; 75(1): 16970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707338

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HLA-G expression in Guillain-Barre syndrome is associated with primary infection with cytomegalovirus. Author(s): Pangault C, Le Tulzo Y, Minjolle S, Le Page E, Sebti Y, Guilloux V, Fauchet R, Amiot L. Source: Viral Immunology. 2004; 17(1): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018669

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Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): van Doorn PA, van Koningsveld R. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2004 February; 3(2): 84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14746999

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Inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Muller HD, Beckmann A, Schroder JM. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2003 December; 106(6): 509-17. Epub 2003 September 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680278

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Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Myhr KM, Vagnes KS, Maroy TH, Aarseth JH, Nyland HI, Vedeler CA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 June; 139(1-2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799024

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Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, Doorn PA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1): Cd002063. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14973982

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Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces serum tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Reuben S, Sumi MG, Mathai A, Nair MD, Radhakrishnan VV. Source: Neurology India. 2003 December; 51(4): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742928

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Is there a decrease in Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence after bovine ganglioside withdrawal in Italy? A population-based study in the Local Health District of Ferrara, Italy. Author(s): Govoni V, Granieri E, Manconi M, Capone J, Casetta I. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 December 15; 216(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607309

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Long-term prognosis for Guillain-Barre syndrome: evaluation of prognostic factors and clinical experience of automated double filtration plasmapheresis. Author(s): Cheng BC, Chang WN, Chen JB, Chee EC, Huang CR, Lu CH, Chang CJ, Hung PL, Chuang YC, Lee CT, Lee PY, Wang KW, Chang HW. Source: Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2003; 18(4): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699593

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Mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kumar S. Source: Neurology India. 2003 December; 51(4): 559-60; Author Reply 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742953

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Non-invasive ventilation to avoid tracheal intubation in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pearse RM, Draper A, Grounds RM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 91(6): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633766

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Outcome of axonal and demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children. Author(s): Tekgul H, Serdaroglu G, Tutuncuoglu S. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 April; 28(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12849884

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Patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy initially diagnosed as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 August; 250(8): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928908

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Possible association of Guillain-Barre syndrome and hepatitis A vaccination. Author(s): Blumenthal D, Prais D, Bron-Harlev E, Amir J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2004 June; 23(6): 586-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15194849

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Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases in patient with Devic's disease and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hawley RJ, Madrid R. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12940848

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Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Author(s): Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, Benson E, Cornblath DR, Hahn AF, Meythaler JM, Miller RG, Sladky JT, Stevens JC; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 23; 61(6): 736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504313

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Predictive factors and long-term outcome of respiratory failure after Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Cheng BC, Chang WN, Chang CS, Tsai NW, Chang CJ, Hung PL, Wang KW, Chen JB, Tsai CY, Hsu KT, Chang HW, Lu CH. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2004 June; 327(6): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15201647

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Presence of cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Steininger C, Popow-Kraupp T, Seiser A, Gueler N, Stanek G, Puchhammer E. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004 March 15; 189(6): 984-9. Epub 2004 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999600

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Prospective study of clinical epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Harbin, China. Author(s): Cheng Q, Wang DS, Jiang GX, Han H, Zhang Y, Wang WZ, Fredrikson S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 November 15; 215(1-2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568130

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Pseudotumour cerebri and Guillain-Barre syndrome: cause or effect? Author(s): Moosa A, Joy MA, Kumar A. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571035

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Report of five children with Guillain-Barre syndrome following a nationwide oral polio vaccine campaign in Turkey. Author(s): Anlar O, Tombul T, Arslan S, Akdeniz H, Caksen H, Gundem A, Akbayram S. Source: Neurology India. 2003 December; 51(4): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742945

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Risk of cancer in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A population-based study. Author(s): Vigliani MC, Magistrello M, Polo P, Mutani R, Chio A; Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Register for Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2004 March; 251(3): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15015013

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Selective contrast enhancement of anterior spinal nerve roots on magnetic resonance imaging: a suggestive sign of Guillain-Barre syndrome and neurobrucellosis. Author(s): Berciano J, Pascual J. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2003 September; 8(3): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904233

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Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors levels in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Radhakrishnan VV, Sumi MG, Reuben S, Mathai A, Nair MD. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2004 January; 109(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653854

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Ten-year prospective study (clinical spectrum) of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome in the Arabian peninsula: comparison of outcome in patients in the pre- and postintravenous immunoglobulin eras. Author(s): Koul R, Chacko A, Ahmed R, Varghese T, Javed H, Al-Lamki Z. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 November; 18(11): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696904

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The Guillain-Barre syndrome: a true case of molecular mimicry. Author(s): Ang CW, Jacobs BC, Laman JD. Source: Trends in Immunology. 2004 February; 25(2): 61-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15102364

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The podiatron: an adjunct to physiotherapy treatment for Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): Bulley P. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2003; 8(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730725

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The recovery phase in Guillain-Barre syndrome: moving from dependency to independence. Author(s): Cooke JF, Orb A. Source: Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. 2003 July-August; 28(4): 105-8, 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875142

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The refractory period of transmission is impaired in axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kuwabara S, Bostock H, Ogawara K, Sung JY, Kanai K, Mori M, Hattori T, Burke D. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 December; 28(6): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639581

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The relation of clinical symptoms and anti-ganglioside antibodies to MEPPs frequency increase in 8 cases of variant type Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kishi M, Fujioka T, Miura H, Sekine A, Iguchi H, Nakazora H, Kiyozuka T, Igarashi O, Ichikawa Y, Sugimoto H, Kurihara T, Irie S, Saito T. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2003 June; 8(2): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795712

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The successful use of i.v. gammaglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome following gold therapy in an RA patient. Author(s): Tektonidou MG, Skopouli FN. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 May-June; 21(3): 404-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12846068

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The sural sensory nerve is usually spared in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wee AS, Abernathy SD. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2003 August; 44(8): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531230

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Therapeutic strategies in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2003 June; 23(2): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894381

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Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with corticosteroids: lack of benefit? Author(s): Hughes RA. Source: Lancet. 2004 January 17; 363(9404): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14738786

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Ventilatory management of respiratory failure in patients with severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Lal V, Behera D, Jindal SK, Prabhakar S. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571003

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Guillain-Barré Syndrome The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or a synonym): •

Acute peripheral neuropathy in adults. Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. Source: Pascuzzi, R M Fleck, J D Neurol-Clin. 1997 August; 15(3): 529-47 0733-8619

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Congenital Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with maternal inflammatory bowel disease is responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA. [email protected] Source: Bamford, N S Trojaborg, W Sherbany, A A De Vivo, D C Eur-J-Paediatr-Neurol. 2002; 6(2): 115-9 1090-3798

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Short-term variability of blood pressure and heart rate in Guillain-Barre syndrome without respiratory failure. Author(s): Service de Reanimation Medicale, Hopital Raymond Poincare, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92380 Garches, France. Source: Annane, D Baudrie, V Blanc, A S Laude, D Raphael, J C Elghozi, J L Clin-Sci(Colch). 1999 June; 96(6): 613-21 0143-5221

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Treatment approaches for Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Author(s): Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA. Source: Lindenbaum, Y Kissel, J T Mendell, J R Neurol-Clin. 2001 February; 19(1): 187204 0733-8619

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

Nutrition

21

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

23

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GUILLAINBARRÉ SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Guillain-Barré syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Guillain-Barré syndrome: •

A point of view: The need to identify an antigen in psyconeuroimmunological disorders. Author(s): Covelli V, Pellegrino NM, Jirillo E. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(24): 1951-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871180

•

Advances in the management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Green DM. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 November; 2(6): 541-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12359110

24


•

Aromatherapy massage for joint pain and constipation in a patient with Guillian Barre. Author(s): Shirreffs CM. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2001 May; 7(2): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11855776

•

Biofeedback treatment of upper extremity dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ince LP, Leon MS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1986 January; 67(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942481

•

Blood pressure fluctuations in the dysautonomia of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ropper AH, Wijdicks EF. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 June; 47(6): 706-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2346398

•

Clinical diagnosis in Karwinskia humboldtiana polyneuropathy. Author(s): Martinez HR, Bermudez MV, Rangel-Guerra RA, de Leon Flores L. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 January 21; 154(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9543321

•

Differentiating symptoms of panic from relapse of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dattilio FM, Castaldo JE. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 September-October; 9(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553530

•

Electromyographic biofeedback as a physical therapeutic adjunct in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Cohen BA, Crouch RH, Thompson SN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1977 December; 58(12): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=597026

•

Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback. Author(s): Keillor JM, Barrett AM, Crucian GP, Kortenkamp S, Heilman KM. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2002 January; 8(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843071

•

Fulminant peripheral neuropathy with severe quadriparesis associated with vincristine therapy. Author(s): Moudgil SS, Riggs JE.

Alternative Medicine 25

Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 October; 34(10): 1136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11054980 •

Guillain-Barre syndrome and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia associated with mumps. Author(s): Sawazaki A, Nakamura N, Jyokaji H, Minami S, Nakamura S, Matsuda T. Source: Intern Med. 1996 December; 35(12): 996-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9031003

•

Guillain-Barre syndrome in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A case report. Author(s): Vembu P, Al-Shubaili A, Al-Khuraibet A, Kreze O, Pandita R. Source: Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2003 October-December; 12(4): 272-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966204

•

Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Aral YZ, Gursel T, Ozturk G, Serdaroglu A. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2001 July-August; 18(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452406

•

Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Re D, Schwenk A, Hegener P, Bamborschke S, Diehl V, Tesch H. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2000 February; 11(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10761759

•

Guillain-barre syndrome support group. Author(s): Streinberg JS. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1984 July; 13(4): 455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6564120

•

Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pemberton L. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 November 18-24; 94(46): 50-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923382

•

High-dose chemotherapy and APSCT as a potential cure for relapsing hemolysing AILD. Author(s): Lindahl J, Kimby E, Bjorkstrand B, Christensson B, Hellstrom-Lindberg E. Source: Leukemia Research. 2001 March; 25(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226525

26


•

Hypnotherapy in a case of pruritus and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sampson RN. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1990 January; 32(3): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2296918

•

IGIV in neurology--evidence and recommendations. Author(s): Bril V, Allenby K, Midroni G, O'Connor PW, Vajsar J. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1999 May; 26(2): 139-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10352875

•

'Just the ticket': case studies, reflections and clinical supervision (Part III). Author(s): Cromwell C, Dryden SL, Jones D, Mackereth PA. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 1999 April; 5(2): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10474346

•

Peripheral nervous system and spinal cord involvement in lymphoma. Author(s): Correale J, Monteverde DA, Bueri JA, Reich EG. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1991 January; 83(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1849335

•

Peripheral neuropathy. Author(s): Bowers M. Source: Beta. 1997 March; : 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11364522

•

Persistent paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome after successful therapy of Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Maslovsky I, Volchek L, Blumental R, Ducach A, Lugassy G. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 January; 66(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168510

•

Phase I-II trial of high dose Ara-C, carboplatinum, etoposide and steroids in patients with refractory or relapsed lymphomas. Author(s): Ahmed T, Cook P, Feldman E, Coombe N, Puccio C, Mittelman A, Chun H, Coleman M, Helson L. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 April; 8(4): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8152247

•

Polyneuropathy in childhood. Author(s): Evans OB.


Source: Pediatrics. 1979 July; 64(1): 96-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=450571 •

Recent advances in drug-induced neuropathies. Author(s): Peltier AC, Russell JW. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 October; 15(5): 633-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352008

•

Schwann cell nuclear remodelling and formation of nuclear and coiled bodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Berciano MT, Calle E, Andres MA, Berciano J, Lafarga M. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1996 October; 92(4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8891071

•

Severe cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Zollei E, Avramov K, Gingl Z, Rudas L. Source: Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical. 2000 December 28; 86(1-2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269930

•

Spinal MRI of vincristine neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Chang YW, Yoon HK, Cho JM, Sung KW. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 November; 33(11): 791-3. Epub 2003 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680017

•

Stimulus-evoked sinus arrest in severe Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Minahan RE Jr, Bhardwaj A, Traill TA, Hanley DF. Source: Neurology. 1996 November; 47(5): 1239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909436

•

The mechanism of hypertension in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mitchell PL, Meilman E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1967 June; 42(6): 986-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6027165

•

The treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with acupuncture: a clinical case study. Author(s): Elgert G, Olmstead L. Source: Am J Acupunct. 1999; 27(1-2): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10513094

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The ventilated patient undergoing hydrotherapy: a case study. Author(s): Taylor S. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2003 August; 16(3): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533215

•

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an adjunct in the pain management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): McCarthy JA, Zigenfus RW. Source: Physical Therapy. 1978 January; 58(1): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=304219

•

Vincristine neuropathy and a Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case with acute lymphatic leukemia and quadriparesis. Author(s): Norman M, Elinder G, Finkel Y. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1987 July; 39(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3477471

•

Vincristine neurotoxicity in the presence of hereditary neuropathy. Author(s): Trobaugh-Lotrario AD, Smith AA, Odom LF. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 January; 40(1): 39-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12426685

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•


•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html


•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

31

APPENDICES

33

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

34


•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

35

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

36


•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 12 0 104 0 0 116

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

37

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

39

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Guillain-Barré syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Guillain-Barré syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Guillain-Barré syndrome”:

40


Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Guillain-Barre Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/guillainbarresyndrome.html Influenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/influenza.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Tremor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tremor.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Guillain-Barré syndrome, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocities Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q75ss.html Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01414

•

Treatment Plasmapheresis and Autoimmune Disease Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/fa-plasmaph.html?NS-searchset=/371cc/aaaa005J41ccc8e&NS-doc-offset=7&

•

Coping Coping with Autoimmunity Source: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/coping_with_autoimmunity.php

•

From the National Institutes of Health Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/guillain_barre.htm

Patient Resources

•

41

Organizations American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/ Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation International http://www.guillain-barre.com/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Guillain-Barré syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •


•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

42


Associations and Guillain-Barré Syndrome The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome: •

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation International Telephone: (610) 667-0131 Fax: (610) 667-7036 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.gbsfi.com Background: The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation, which was established in 1980, provides emotional support and assistance to people affected by this rare disease of the peripheral nervous system. The foundation currently consists of approximately 18,000 members in 160 chapters. It arranges personal visits to affected individuals in hospitals and rehabilitation centers, when possible; fosters research into the cause, treatment, and other aspects of the disorder; and directs affected individuals with long-term disabilities to resources for vocational, financial, and other forms of assistance. The foundation's Medical Advisory Board includes neurologists who are active in Guillain-Barre research, physicians in rehabilitation medicine, and physicians who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome. The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation also supplies informational materials such as a directory, newsletters, and other literature about the disorder, including a comprehensive 55 page booklet entitled 'An Overview for the Layperson.'.

•

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom Telephone: 01529 300328 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: 01529 300328 Background: The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom is a national voluntary health organization dedicated to providing information, support, and resources to affected individuals, family members, and friends. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare, rapidly progressive disorder that affects nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system). GBS frequently follows an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. The syndrome is characterized by nerve inflammation (polyneuritis) and associated weakness, tingling, and numbness that may rapidly progress to paralysis. Such symptoms usually initially affect the feet and spread to the trunk, arms, and face. Recovery is very variable. The syndrome often resolves in a few weeks or months, but some residual symptoms may persist for longer periods. Although the exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown, it is thought to result from an abnormal autoimmune response following infection. The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom was founded in 1985 and currently consists of approximately 2,000 members. The Group is committed to educating affected individuals, health care professionals, and the public about Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition, the Group provides educational materials including a regular newsletter entitled 'Reaching Out' and several guides such as 'GBS: Quick Guide,' 'The GBS Patient in Intensive Care,' and 'Other Neuropathies.'.

Patient Resources

43

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Guillain-Barré syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Guillain-Barré syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Guillain-Barré syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Guillain-Barré syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Guillain-Barré syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

44


The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “GuillainBarré syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

45

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

46


libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

47

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

48


•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

49

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

50


•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

51

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on Guillain-Barré syndrome: •

Basic Guidelines for Guillain-Barré Syndrome Botulism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000598.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Guillain-Barré Syndrome Ataxia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Hypotension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm

52


Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Guillain-Barré Syndrome CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Electromyography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003929.htm Lumbar puncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm

•

Nutrition for Guillain-Barré Syndrome Vitamin B12 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm

•

Background Topics for Guillain-Barré Syndrome Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

53

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU]

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Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH]

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Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C

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(chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coiled Bodies: A distinct subnuclear domain enriched in splicesomal snRNPs (ribonucleoproteins, small nuclear) and p80-coilin. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may

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also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

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Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and

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other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

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intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.

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Chemically unstable. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it

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occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelodysplasia: Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myelogenous leukemia. [NIH]

Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and

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diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH]

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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polyradiculoneuropathy: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polyradiculopathy: Disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral

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mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Rehabilitation Centers: Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear: Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of

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the heart. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other

Dictionary 71

mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the

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cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Acidosis, 9, 53 Acne Vulgaris, 53, 62 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 25, 53 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 53 Adverse Effect, 53, 62 Afferent, 53, 69 Algorithms, 53, 55 Alkaline, 53, 56 Alternative medicine, 53 Alveoli, 53, 71 Amino acid, 53, 54, 58, 67 Amino Acid Sequence, 53, 54 Anaemia, 13, 53 Anaphylatoxins, 54, 57 Annealing, 54, 66 Antibacterial, 54, 69 Antibiotic, 54, 69 Antibodies, 5, 6, 8, 17, 54, 63, 66, 68 Antibody, 5, 7, 54, 57, 61, 62 Antigen, 23, 54, 57, 62 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 54, 57 Antineoplastic, 54, 66, 69, 71 Antiproliferative, 54, 62 Antiviral, 54, 62 Anxiety, 54, 65 Arterial, 54, 61, 67, 69 Arteries, 54, 55, 58, 63, 64 Assay, 8, 54 Ataxia, 4, 51, 54, 56, 70 Autoimmune disease, 54, 55 Autoimmunity, 40, 55 Autonomic, 27, 55, 65, 69 Autonomic Nervous System, 55, 65 Axonal, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 55 Axons, 55, 64, 65, 66, 69 B Bacteria, 54, 55, 60, 69, 71 Basal Ganglia, 54, 55 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 54, 55 Basophils, 55, 60, 63 Biosynthesis, 9, 55 Biotechnology, 3, 35, 55 Blood pressure, 20, 24, 55, 61, 64 Blood vessel, 55, 56, 71 Bone Marrow, 53, 55, 56, 61, 63, 64 Bone Marrow Cells, 56, 64 Bowel, 56, 59, 62

Brachial, 7, 56 C Calcium, 56, 57 Carcinogenic, 56, 67 Cardiovascular, 27, 56 Case report, 11, 25, 27, 56 Catheter, 56, 62 Catheterization, 56, 62 Cell, 8, 10, 27, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 70, 71 Cell Cycle, 56, 60 Cell Division, 55, 56, 60 Cerebellar, 54, 56, 68, 70 Cerebellar Diseases, 54, 56, 70 Cerebral, 54, 55, 56 Cerebral Cortex, 54, 56 Cerebrospinal, 5, 12, 15, 56 Cerebrospinal fluid, 5, 12, 15, 56 Cervical, 7, 56 Cervix, 56 Chemokines, 5, 56 Chemotactic Factors, 57 Chemotherapy, 25, 57 Chronic, 4, 5, 15, 20, 27, 53, 57, 62, 63, 66, 69 Chronic Disease, 57, 63 Clear cell carcinoma, 57, 58 Clinical trial, 3, 35, 57, 67 Cloning, 55, 57 Coiled Bodies, 27, 57 Colitis, 57, 62 Colon, 57, 62 Complement, 8, 54, 57, 58 Complement Activation, 8, 54, 57 Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 29, 58 Complementary medicine, 23, 58 Computational Biology, 35, 58 Conduction, 5, 9, 40, 58 Conjunctiva, 58, 62 Constipation, 24, 58 Contraindications, ii, 58 Coronary, 58, 63, 64 Coronary Thrombosis, 58, 63, 64 Cranial, 58, 60, 65 Cysteine, 57, 58 Cytokine, 58, 62 Cytomegalovirus, 6, 13, 15, 58

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Cytoplasm, 55, 58, 59, 60, 65 Cytotoxic, 8, 58 D Degenerative, 58, 61 Denaturation, 58, 66 DES, 13, 54, 58 Diagnostic procedure, 59 Diastolic, 59, 61 Diethylcarbamazine, 59, 69 Direct, iii, 59, 68 Distal, 55, 59, 65 Dorsal, 59, 66, 69 E Edema, 59, 64 Effector, 57, 59 Efferent, 59, 64, 69 Elective, 16, 59 Encephalitis, 7, 59 Encephalitis, Viral, 59 Endotoxins, 57, 59 Enteritis, 5, 7, 59 Enterocolitis, 59 Environmental Health, 34, 36, 59 Enzymatic, 53, 56, 57, 59, 66 Enzyme, 59, 66, 67, 71 Eosinophils, 59, 60, 63 Epidemiological, 11, 59 Erythrocytes, 53, 55, 59 Etoposide, 26, 60 Evacuation, 58, 60 Extremity, 24, 60 F Facial, 24, 60 Family Planning, 35, 60 Feces, 58, 60 Fibroblasts, 60, 62 Filtration, 14, 60 Flaccid, 9, 60 Forearm, 55, 60 G Ganglia, 55, 60, 64, 65, 69 Gas, 60, 61, 68, 69, 71 Gas exchange, 60, 68, 71 Gastrointestinal, 42, 60 Gene, 7, 55, 60, 70 Genetic testing, 60, 66 Glycoprotein, 60, 70 Governing Board, 60, 66 Graft, 60, 61 Graft Rejection, 60, 61 Granulocytes, 12, 60, 63, 71

H Headache, 60, 62 Hepatitis, 4, 5, 15, 61 Hepatocytes, 61 Hereditary, 28, 61 Heredity, 53, 60, 61 Homodimer, 61, 70 Hormone, 58, 61, 70 Hydrogen, 53, 58, 61, 64 Hypertension, 27, 60, 61 I Immune function, 61, 70 Immune response, 54, 60, 61, 71 Immune system, 55, 61, 63, 71 Immunization, 61, 68 Immunodeficiency, 8, 9, 61 Immunoglobulin, 8, 13, 14, 16, 20, 54, 61 Immunosuppressive, 61 Immunosuppressive therapy, 61 Immunotherapy, 13, 15, 61 Incision, 61, 62 Infarction, 61 Infection, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 42, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71 Inflammation, 42, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69 Inflammatory bowel disease, 20, 62 Influenza, 11, 40, 62 Intensive Care, 8, 42, 62 Interferon, 5, 10, 62, 63 Interferon-alpha, 10, 62 Interferon-beta, 5, 62 Intestine, 56, 59, 62, 67, 69 Intoxication, 62, 72 Intracellular, 62 Intravenous, 8, 13, 14, 16, 20, 62 Intubation, 9, 14, 56, 62 Invasive, 14, 62, 63 Isotretinoin, 12, 62 K Kb, 34, 62 L Labile, 57, 62 Leucocyte, 63 Leukaemia, 25, 63 Leukemia, 10, 25, 26, 28, 63, 64 Leukocytes, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 71 Liver, 58, 60, 61, 63 Localized, 62, 63 Lymph, 56, 63 Lymph node, 56, 63 Lymphatic, 28, 62, 63, 69, 70 Lymphoblasts, 53, 63

75

Lymphocyte, 54, 63 Lymphoid, 54, 63 Lymphoma, 10, 25, 26, 63 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 16, 63 Manifest, 55, 63 MEDLINE, 35, 63 Membrane, 57, 58, 63, 64 Methylprednisolone, 8, 63 MI, 52, 63 Mitochondrial Swelling, 63, 64 Mitotic, 60, 64 Molecular, 7, 17, 35, 37, 55, 58, 64, 71 Molecule, 54, 57, 59, 64, 67 Monitor, 64, 65 Mononuclear, 64, 71 Motor nerve, 64, 65 Myalgia, 62, 64 Myelin, 64, 66 Myelodysplasia, 10, 64 Myelogenous, 64 Myocardial infarction, 10, 58, 63, 64 Myocardium, 63, 64 N Nasal Mucosa, 62, 64 Necrosis, 7, 16, 61, 63, 64 Neoplasm, 64, 71 Neoplastic, 63, 64 Nephrosis, 64 Nephrotic, 11, 64 Nephrotic Syndrome, 11, 64 Nerve, 7, 17, 28, 40, 42, 54, 55, 59, 64, 65, 66, 69 Nerve Fibers, 64, 69 Nervous System, 26, 53, 55, 59, 60, 64, 65 Neurologic, 26, 40, 64 Neurology, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 27, 64 Neurons, 60, 64, 65, 69 Neuropathy, 5, 26, 27, 28, 65 Neurotoxicity, 28, 65 Neutrophils, 60, 63, 65 Nuclear, 27, 55, 64, 65, 68 Nuclei, 63, 65 P Panic, 24, 65 Paralysis, 9, 42, 65 Pathologic, 53, 58, 65 Pathophysiology, 12, 65 Perception, 24, 65, 68 Pericarditis, 11, 65 Peripheral blood, 62, 65

Peripheral Nerves, 65, 66, 69 Peripheral Nervous System, 15, 16, 17, 42, 65 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 15, 65 Peripheral Neuropathy, 20, 24, 65 Pharmacologic, 65, 70 Pharynx, 62, 65 Physiologic, 55, 66, 67, 70 Plasma, 54, 66 Plasma cells, 54, 66 Plasmapheresis, 14, 40, 66 Pneumonia, 58, 66 Podophyllotoxin, 60, 66 Polymerase, 7, 8, 66 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 7, 8, 66 Polyneuritis, 42, 66 Polyradiculoneuropathy, 5, 20, 27, 66 Polyradiculopathy, 66 Polysaccharide, 54, 66 Posterior, 54, 59, 66 Practice Guidelines, 36, 66 Precursor, 59, 66, 70 Prednisolone, 63, 67 Prognostic factor, 11, 14, 67 Progressive, 42, 64, 67, 71 Promoter, 13, 67 Prophylaxis, 67, 71 Prospective study, 16, 67 Protein S, 55, 67 Proteins, 53, 54, 57, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 Proteinuria, 64, 67 Proteolytic, 57, 67 Pruritus, 26, 67 Psychiatry, 6, 13, 24, 67, 71 Psychoactive, 67, 72 Public Policy, 35, 67 Pulmonary, 55, 67, 71 Pulmonary Artery, 55, 67 R Radioactive, 61, 65, 67 Randomized, 5, 67 Receptor, 54, 67 Recombinant, 5, 67 Rectum, 57, 60, 62, 67 Red Nucleus, 54, 67 Refer, 1, 57, 68 Refraction, 68, 69 Refractory, 17, 26, 68 Rehabilitation Centers, 42, 68 Relapse, 24, 68 Respiratory failure, 9, 15, 18, 20, 68

76


Respiratory Physiology, 68, 71 Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear, 57, 68 Risk factor, 67, 68 S Salivary, 58, 68 Salivary glands, 58, 68 Schizoid, 68, 71 Schizophrenia, 68, 71 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 68, 71 Screening, 57, 68 Secretion, 53, 68, 70 Segmental, 68, 69 Semisynthetic, 60, 68 Sequencing, 66, 68 Seroconversion, 12, 68 Serologic, 68 Serum, 8, 14, 16, 54, 57, 68, 70 Signs and Symptoms, 68 Small intestine, 59, 61, 62, 69 Somatic, 65, 69 Sound wave, 58, 69 Specialist, 43, 69 Spectrum, 16, 69 Spinal cord, 13, 26, 42, 56, 64, 65, 69 Spinal Nerve Roots, 16, 66, 69 Spinal Nerves, 65, 69 Spleen, 58, 63, 69 Steroids, 26, 69 Stomach, 60, 61, 65, 69 Strand, 66, 69 Subacute, 62, 69 Subclinical, 62, 69 Suction, 60, 69 Support group, 25, 69 Suramin, 10, 69 Systemic, 55, 62, 67, 69 Systolic, 61, 69 T Teratogenic, 62, 70 Thalamic, 54, 70

Thalamic Diseases, 54, 70 Thermal, 66, 70 Threshold, 61, 70 Thymus, 61, 63, 70 Tissue, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 70, 71 Topical, 62, 70 Toxic, iv, 65, 66, 70 Toxicology, 36, 70 Toxins, 54, 59, 61, 70 Transfection, 55, 70 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 9, 70 Trauma, 55, 60, 64, 70 Tremor, 40, 70 Trypanosomiasis, 69, 70 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 14, 70 Tumour, 7, 16, 71 U Uterus, 56, 71 V Vaccination, 11, 15, 71 Vaccines, 71 Vagina, 56, 58, 71 Vascular, 61, 62, 71 Vein, 62, 65, 71 Ventilation, 14, 71 Ventral, 69, 71 Ventricles, 56, 71 Vertebrae, 69, 71 Veterinary Medicine, 35, 71 Vinca Alkaloids, 71 Vincristine, 24, 27, 28, 71 Viral, 13, 59, 62, 71 Virus, 4, 8, 9, 62, 71 Vitro, 66, 71 W White blood cell, 53, 54, 63, 66, 71 Withdrawal, 14, 71 X X-ray, 65, 72

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