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Copyright @ 2010 ESRI All rghts reserved. Frrst ed tio']2OO1. Sscond oort'on 2004 14 13 12 11
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Printed in the United States of America LibEry of Congess Catalogingin-Publbatton Data Gefting to know ArcGlS desktop / llmothy James ormsby...let al.].-2nd ed. cm. lncludes index. ISBN 97&1-58948-260-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems) l. Ormsby, Tim. ArcGlS. Geographic infomation systems. G70.2I2.G489 2010
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I
CONTENTS
ix
Ac knowledgments
Introd uction
Section 1
Section 2
xi
Getting to know GIS Chapter 1
Introducing GIS
Chapter 2
Introducing Arc GIS Desktop
Getting started with maps and data Chapter 3 Exploring ArcMap Exercise 3a Displayi ng map data
Section 3
13
19
22 34
Exercise 3b
Navigating a map
Exercise 3c
l ooking at fe ature attributes
Chapler 4
Exploring ArcCatalog
Exercise 4a
Brows ing ma p data
Exercise 4b
Searching for map data
Exercise 4c
Adding data to ArcMap
43
53
55
66 74
Displaying data Chapter 5 Symbolizing features and rasters 89 Exercise 5a Changi ng symbology 92 Exercise 5b Symbolizing features by categorical attributes Exercise 5c
Using styles and creating layer files
Exercise 5d Symbolizing rasters
12 1
111
99
vi
COI/fI.'IlfJ'
Section 4
Section 5
Chapter 6
Cla ssifying featu res and rasters
131
Exercise 6a
Classifying features by standard methods
Exercise 6b
Classifying features manually
134
145
Exercise 6c
Mapping density
Exercise 6d
Using graduated and chart symbols
154
Chapter 7
Labeling features
Exercise 7a
Using dynamic labels
Exercise 7b
Setting rules for placing label s
Exercise 7c
Us ing interactive label s and creating annotation
161
175 177 185 196
Getting information about features Chapter 8
Querying data
Exercise 8a
Ident ifying, selecting, finding, and hyperlinking features
203
Exercise 8b
Selecti ng features by attribute
Exercise Be
Creating reports
Chapter 9
Joining and relating tables
Exercise 9a
Join ing tables
Exercise 9b
Relat ing tables
216
22 1
229
233 243
Analyzing feature relationships Chapter 10 Selecting features by location Exercise lOa Using location queries
257
259
Exercise lOb Combin ing attribute and location queries
Chapter 11
Preparing data for analysis
Exercise 11a Dissolving features Exercise lIb Creating graphs
290
Exercise 11c Clipping layers
296
Exercise lId Exporti ng data
303
Chapter 12 Analyzing spatial data Exercise 12a Bufferi ng feat ures Exercise 12b Overlaying data
279
281
309
312 32 1
Exercise 12c Ca lculating attribute val ues
Chapter 13 Projecting data in ArcMap Exerc ise 13a Projecti ng data on the fl y Exercise 13b Defin ing a prOjection
332
339 344
357
265
205
COl/tents
Section 6
Creating and editing data Chapter 14 Building geodatabases
367
E.xercise 14a Creat ing a personal geodatabase Exercise 14b Creating feature classes Exercise 14c Add ing fields and doma ins
Chapter 15 Creating features Exercise 15a Drawing featu res
384
391 394
Exercise 15b Usi ng feature construction tools
401
Chapter 16 Editing features and attributes Exercise 16a Deleting and modifying features
4 17
415
Exercise 16b Splitting and mergi ng features
428
Exercise 16c Editing feature attribute values
436
Chapter 17 Geocoding addresses
443
Exercise 17a Creating an address locator Exercise J7b Matching addresses
446
454
Exercise 17c Rematching addresses
Section 7
370
377
465
Presenting data Chapter 18 Making maps from templates
473
Exercise 1& Openi ng a map template
47 5
Exercise IBb Adding x,y data to a map Exercise IBc Drawing graphics on a map
483
Chapter Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise
489
19 Making maps for presentation 497 198 Layi ng out the page 499 19b Add ing a title 508 19c Add ing a north arrow, scale bar, and legend 5 17 19d Adding f inal touches and setting print options 526
Section 8 Modeling Chapter 20 Exercise 20a Exercise 20b Exercise 20e
Creating models
533
Starting a model
536
Build ing a model
546
Enhancing a model
557
Appendix A Data lice nse agreement
569
Appendix B Insta lling the data and software Index
579
573
vii
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I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
)
ESRI t hanks t he following people and groups for contributing data and images to this book. Maps of rainfa ll, elevation, soils, a nd growing seasons for North and South America (chapter I) are based on data provided by DATA+ and the Russian Academy of Sciences. Maps of elevation, hillshacle, and tempera[Ure for the Mojave Desert (chapter 5) are based on data provided by the U.S. Defense Depan ment Mojave Desert Ecosystem Program.
Satellite image and map of Mission Bay, San Diego, California, (chapter 5) provided by the U.S .
Geological Survey. African diamond mine. river, and wildlife layers (chapters 5 and 6) provided by OATA+ and the
Russian Academy of Sciences. State of Louisiana layers (chapter 9). including nonhazardous waste pits, parish boundaries, and navigable waterways, provided by David Gisclair of the Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
City of Riverside, California, layers (chaprer 10), includ ing neighborhoods, places, buildings, and zoning, provided by the City of Riverside G IS Departmenr. City of Riverside census tract layer provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Cit y of Riverside freeways layer provided by Goo· graphic Data Technology Inc. Copyright 1990-98 Geographic Data Technology Inc. All rights reserved. Tongass National Forest, Alaska, stream and forest stand layers (chapters 11, 12, and 20) provided by [he U.S. Forest Service, Tongass National Forest, Ketch ikan Area. Population attributes for U.S. states and cities (chapter 13) provided by t he United States Census Buteau.
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City of Manhanan, Kansas, and Riley County. Kansas, layers (chapters 14, IS, and 16), including parcels, watc=r lines, water valves. fire hydrants, and air photo, provided by Dan O ldehoeft. City of Manhattan. Kansas, and John Cowan, Ri ley COUnty, Kansas. Satellite image of Crater Lake (chapter IS) provided by the Unitc=d States Geological Survc=y. O n t hc= Web: craterlake . wr.usgs.gov/ space.html. Atlanta streets layer (chaptc=r 17) provided by Geograph.ic Data Tc=chnology, Inc. Copyright 1990-98 Geographic Data Technology Inc. All rights reserved. Typhoon Etang latitude and longitude coordinates (chaptc=r 18) provided by thc= U.S. D efense Dc=partmc=m Joint Typhoon Warning Center. . Tigc=r reserve layers for India (chapter 18) provided by the World Wildlifc= Fund. On the Web: www.worldwildlife.org. Thanks to our editor, Michael Karman, if miglior fobbro. Thanks also to JoneH Alvi for additional writing; to Judy Boyd, Tom Brennc=man. Nick Frunzi, C hristian H arder, Mak.ram Murad, Brian Parr, Gillian Silvertand, Damian Spangrud, Thad Tilton, and Randy Worch for rc=chnical reviews and advicc=; to Prashant Hc=dao and Brian Parr for d ata acquisition; to Donna Celso for redeSign; to Riley Peake fo r tc=chnical review; and to Michael Law for t he ArcG IS 10 update.
INTRODUCTION
)
Gttting t(J Know ArcGIS Desktop is a workbook for ~ginners. Its detailed, step·by-step exercises teach yOll the core functionality of ArcGIS D esktop software: how to make maps, carry out spatial analysis, and build and edit spatial databases in the context of realistic projects. The exercises are supported by conceptual discussions at the start of each chapter and as needed throughout the book. Abundant color graphics confirm your progress along the way. The exercises can all be completed with a n ArcView, A rcEditor. or Ardnfo Ikense. That's because all three software products share a common interface and much of the same functionality: anythi ng that can be done in ArcView can also be done in ArcEditor or Arclnfo, and in exactly the same way. For this reason, Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is an introduction to each of the products. (Advanced capabilities of Arc Editor and ArcI nfo are not covered.)
Gming to Know ArcGIS Desktop has been a GIS best seller since its publication in 200 1. This volume has been updated to ensure compatibility with ArcGIS 10, with many new graphiCS and instructions added to showcase the latest functionality. The book comes with a CD containing exercise data. To download a trial copy of ArcGIS Desktop, ArcEditor license, go to www.esrLcom/esripresss. You need to install both the software and the data to do the exercises in (he book. (If you have access to a computer on which the ArcView. A rcEd itor, or A rclnfo license of ArcGIS D esktop 10 is already installed. you only need to install the data CD.) Appendix B describes the installation process.
Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is a hands~on workbook meant to be a practical manual for classroom lab work or on-the-job training. If you have no G IS background, chapter 1 gives you a quick overview. If you have no ArcGIS software experience, chapter 2 describes ESRI GIS software products.
XII
Illtroductioll
The book has twO introductory chapters and eighteen exercise chapters. Each exercise chapter contains two to four exercises that focus on a particular GIS task or problem. Many common tasks are covered, including symbolizing and labeling maps, classifying data, querying maps, analyzing spatial relationships, setting map projections, building spatial databases, editing data, geocoding addresses, and making map layouts. Each new exercise in Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop is a fresh starting point, with the maps and data you need already prepared for you. It is advisable to follow the chapters in order because tools and functions used often in early chapters may not be described again in later ones. The exercises will work, however, no matter which chapter you start with. Each chapter takes about an hour or two to complete. Roll up your sleeves and start Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop.
Section 1: Getting to know GIS
Chapter 1
Introducing GIS
2
:MoTion J: Gmillg to kl/oI/J GIS
For a long ti me. people have s[Udied the world using models such as maps and globes. In the past thi rty years or so, it has become possible to put these models inside computers-more sophisdcated models into smaller computers every year. These computer models, along with the tools for analyzi ng them, make up a geographic informatio n system (G IS). In a G IS, you ca n s[Udy not just this map or that map, but every possible map. W ith the right data, you can see whatever you want-land , e1evarion, cl imate zones, forests, pol itical boundaries, popu lation density, per capita income, lan4 use, energy consumption, mineral resources, and a thousand other things-in whatever parr of the world interests you. The map of the world, below, shows countries, ciries, rivers, lakes, and the ocean.
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The map has a legend (or table of contents) on the left and a display area on the right.
A GIS map contains layers On a paper map, you can't peel cities away from countries, or countries away from the ocean, but on a G IS map you can. A GI S map is made up oflayers, or collections of geographic objects that are alike. To make a map, you can add as many layers as you want.
l fltrodlldllg GIS Cities
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Oceans Countries This world map is made up of five layers. It cou ld have many more.
Layers may contain features or surfaces In rhe map (page 2), rhe Cities layer includes many different cities and the Rivers layer many d ifferent rivers. The same is true of the Lakes and Countries layers. Each geographic object in a layer-each city, river. lake, or country- is called a feature. Not all layers contain features. The Oceans layer is not a collection of geographic objects the way the others are. It is a single, continuous expanse that changes from one location to an~ other according to t he depth of t he water. A geographic expanse of this kind is called a surface.
Features have shape and size Geographic objects have an endless variety of shapes. All of them, however, can be represented as one of three geometrical forms- a polygon, a line, or a point. Polygons represent things large enough (0 have boundaries, such as countries. lakes, and tracts of land. Lines represent t hings roo narrow to be polygons, such as rivers, roads, and pipel ines. Points are used for things tOO small to be polygons. such as cities, schools, and fi re hydrants. (The same object may be represented by a polygon in one layer and a line or a point in a different layer, depending on how large it is presented.) Polygons, lines. and points collectively are called vec(Oc data.
3
4
S('(lioll I: Gnti,,! to kllow GIS
Surfaces have numeric values rather than shapes Unlike countries or rivers, things such as elevation, slope:, temperature, ra infa ll, and wind speed have no distinct shape. What they have instead are measurable values for any particular locadon on the earth's surface. (Wherever you go, for insta nce, you are eit her at sea level or a number of meters above or below it.) Geographic phenomena like these are easier ro represent as su rfaces than as features. The most common kind of surface is a raster, a matrix of identically sized square cells. Each cel l represents a unit of su rface area- for example, 10 square meters-a nd contains a measured or estimated value for chat location.
A close look at this raster of ocean depth shows that it is composed of square cells. Each cell holds a numeric value.
The world is not divided neady into featu res and su rfaces. M any thi ngs can be looked at either way. For example, polygons are often used ro mark the boundaries of different vegetation types in a region, but this implies that the change from one type to another is more abrupt than it probably is. Vegetation can also be represented as a raster surface, where each cell value stands fo r [he presence of a type of vegetation.
Features have locations If you were asked to find Helsin ki, Finland, on a map of the world, it probably wouldn't take you very long. But suppose Helsinki wasn't shown on the map. Could you make a pencil mark where it ought to go? Now suppose you could lay a fine grid over the world map and you knew that Helsinki was a certain number of marks up from and to the right of a given starting point. It would be easy to put your pencil on t he right spot. A grid of this kind is called a coordinate system, and it's what a GIS uses to put features in their proper places on a map.
Introducing GIS
Helsinki K'" 2,777,281 meters y '" 6,693,532 meters
K-axis
origin (D,O) On a map, a coordinate system has an x-axis and a y-axis. The intersection of the axes is ca lled the origin. Feature locations are specified by their distance from the origin in meters, fee t, or a similar unit of measure.
The location of a point feature on a map is defined by a pair of x,y coordinates. A straight line needs twO pairs of coordinates-one at the beginning and one at the end. If the line bends, like a river, there must be a pair of coordinates at every location where [he line changes direction. The same holds true for a polygon, which is simply a li ne that returns to its starting point.
Features can be displayed at different sizes On a G IS map, you can zoom in to see features at closer range. As you do so, the scale of the map changes,
Left: The scale is 1:400,000,000, and the entire world is shown. Right: The scale is LlOO,OOO,OOO, and you see part of South America and Central America.
5
6
Sl'Ction J: Gl'lIillg to know GIS
Scale, commonly expressed as a ratio, is the relationship between the size of features on a map and the size of the corresponding places in the world. If the scale of a map is 1:100,000,000, it means that features on the map are one hundred million times smaller than their true size. Zoom ing in gives you a closer view of feat ures withi n a smaller area. The amount of detail in the features does not change, however. A river has the same bends, and a coastline the same crenuladons, whether you are zoomed in and can discern them or are zoomed out and cannot. How much detail features have depends on the layer you use. JUSt as a paper map of the world generalizes the shape of Brazil more than a map of South America does, so di fferem GIS layers can contain more feature detail or less. .
Features are linked to information There is more [Q a feature than its shape and location. There is everything else that might happen to be known about it. For a country, this might include its population, capital, system of governmem, leading imports and exports, average rainfall , mineral resources, and many other things. For a road , it m ight be its speed limit, the number oflanes it has, whether it is paved or unpaved , and whether it is one-way or two-way. There is a great deal ofinformation to be had about any feature, from a humble length of sewer pipe to an ocean. Information about the features in a layer is stored in a table. The table has a record {row} for each featu re in the layer and a field (column) for each category of information. These categories are called attributes.
The attribute table for a layer of countries includes each feat ure's shape, 10 number, and name, among other t hings.
Illtrodl/chlg GIS
Features on a GIS map are linked co the information in their attribute table. If you highlight China on a map, you can bring up all the information scored about it in the anribute table for countries. If you highlight a record in the table, you see the corresponding feature on the map.
The link between features and their anributes makes it possible co ask questions about the information in an attribute table and display the answer on the map.
Which cities are national capitals?
Which cities have populations over five mi llion?
Whic h countries are net importers of goods?
Which coun t ries are net importers of goods and have per capita GDP of $10,000 or more?
7
8
Ster;o" I: GUt;"g to k"ow GIS
Similarly, you can use arrrihures (Q create thematic maps, maps in which colors or other symbols a re applied to features ro indicate t heir auributes. Energy consumption per capita
Migration
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The darker the shade of brown, the more energy is used per person in each country,
Urban population by percentage
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Da rker shades of purple show countries where a higher percentage of the population lives in c ities.
Red countries have net emigration, blue countries have net immigration. Light yel low countries have little or no change. Gree nhouse gas emissions
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Greenhouse gas emissions are lowest in green countries, higher in yellow and orange countries, and highest in red countries.
Features have spatial relationships Besid es asking q uestions abour [he information in auribure tables, you can a lso ask queslions abour the spatial relationsh ips among features-for example, which ones a re nearest o thers. which ones cross others, and which ones contain others. The GIS uses the coordinates of features to compare their locations.
Introducing GIS
Which cities are within 50 kilometers of a river?
Which countries have a river that crosses their border?
Which countries share a border with China?
Which count ries cont ain a lake completely within their borders?
New leatures can be created lrom areas 01 overlap Questions about amibutes and spatial relationships identify existing featu res that do or do not have cerrai n qualities. To solve some geographic problems, however, a GIS must create new features. Suppose you wa nt to fi nd su itable places for growing amaranth, a nutritious grain originally grown by the Aztecs. You know that in Mexico amaranth is grown in areas of moderate elevation (1,000 ro 1,500 meters) that have an average yea rly rainfa ll of 500 to 800 mill imeters, and loam or sandy-loam soil. You also know that the plant requires a fairly long growing season, at least 120 days without frost.
9
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SUlion I: Gming 10 kl/ow GIS
You have layers of elevation, rainfall, growing season, and soil type for North and South America.
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To find places that meet the specified conditions, the GIS looks for areas of overlap among features in the different layers. Wherever there is overlap among four features with the right attributes-the right elevation, the right amount of rainfall, the right growing season, and the right kind of soil-a new feature is created. The new feature's boundary is the area of overlap, which is different from the boundaries of each of the four features it was created from.
Introducing GIS
The result of the analysis is a new layer that shows where amaranth can be grown.
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You now have some idea of what a GIS is and what it can do. In the next chapter. you'll learn a little about ArcGIS Desktop, the latest GIS software from ESRI.
11
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Section 1: Getting to know GIS
Chapter 2
Introducing ArcGIS Desktop
14
5ra;01l /; Gnling 10 knou' GI5
When you shop for a car, a cordless vacuum, or a credit card, you ofren choose among different models in a product line. The models do essentially the same ching, and usually look similar- the difference is in the excras that come with the medium or high-end models. ArcGIS Desktop is a GIS software product line. The entry-level model is ArcReader, a product that comes with every ArcGIS installation or can be downloaded fo r free from the ESRI Web site. Arc Reader leu you view and print d igital maps created by others, navigate to different pam of the map, and zoom to various levels of detail. ArcView makes the maps and data that ArcReader can only view and print. With ArcView, you can also query data; analyze spatial relationships like distance, intersection, and containment among map features; and overlay layers to discover how different types of data are interrelated at particular locations. ~rcEditor gives you complete ArcView functionality and has additional data creation and
editing tools. Other features include versioning, which allows multiple users to edit data simultaneously, and disconnected editing, which allows data to be checked out of a database, edited in the field, and then checked back in. At the top of the line, Ardnfo gives you complete ArcEditor functionality plus a fu ll set of spatial analysis tools. Ardnfo also comes bundled with Ardnfo Workstation, a parallel, self-standing GIS software product. ArcView, ArcEditor, and Ardnfo share a com mon user interface and can freely exchange maps and data. ArcMap has a data view for creating, symbolizing, and analyzing maps. ArcMap also has a layout view for composing maps for printing. You can add titles, scale bars, legends, and ocher elements.
The ArcMap and ArcCatalog applications GIS tasks can be broadly divided into twO categories. One includes mapmaking, editing, and spatial analysis; the other includes database design and data management. This division is reRected in the ArcMap and ArcCatalog applications of which ArcView, ArcEditor, and Ardnfo are composed. ArcMap is the application for making maps and analyzing data.
ImrQdll cillg AreGIS Drrklop ArcMap has a data view for creating, symbolizing, and analyzing maps .
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Sarion I: Gmillg 10 k'WI/) GIS
ArcCatalog is the data-management application.
With ArcCatalog, you organize, browse, document, and search for spatial data . ArcCatalog also has tools for building and managing GIS databases.
Extendin, ArcGIS Desktop You can augment the capabilities of ArcGIS Desktop with specialized extension products chac are fully integrated with ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo. ArcG lS Spatial Analyst, ArcG IS 3D Ana lyst, and ArcGIS Geosraristical Analyst, described below. along with several other extension products are included on the demo CD that comes with chis book. The book does not teach you how to use them, but you can explore them on your owri using the online help and the ArcGIS Tutorial data that is also on the CD. Like ArcView, the extensions are good for 180 days. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst maps and analyzes measured data like elevation, rainfall, or chemical concentrations. By dividing geographic space into a marrix of square cells that store numbers. ArcG IS Spatial Analyst allows you to represent, query, and statistically summarize this kind of data. You can also estimate values at unmeasured locations through the mathematical interpolation of known sample values . ArcG IS 3D Analyst gives you the ability to see spatial data in three di mensions. You can "fly through " terrain and examine it from any height or angle. You ca n model cities and neighborhoods by drawing build ings at their correct heights. Analysis tools let you solve visibility, volume, and downhill path problems. (W hich areas can be seen fro m the mountaintop? Can Tower 1 be seen from Tower 2? How much earth is in the hill? W hich course will water follow down a su rface?)
IlifrodlicillK ArcCIS Desktop
ArcG IS Geostadsdcal Analyst Ie=:ts you evaluate measure=:d spatial data according to statistical principle=:s. You ca n e=:xplore=: the=: value d istributions of darase=:ts, compare=: the=:m to normal (bd l-shaped) distributions and to each other, and look fo r correlations between d iffe=:re=: nt types of data. As with ArcG IS Spatial Analyst, you can make maps of predicted values at unmeasu red locations. ArcG IS Geostatistical Analyst. howeve=:r, give=:s you a wider choice of pred ictive models, more control ove=:r the=:ir parameters, and statistical technique=:s for assessing the quality of the resu lts.
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1.52
17
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Sul;oll I: Gettillg to kllow GIS
ArcGIS Desktop is juSt one of five parts of the ArcGIS system, which also includes mobile G IS, online GIS, server GIS, and ESRI Data.
Mobile GIS goes into the field Mobile GIS technology extends GIS beyond the office and allows organizations to make accurate, real-time business decisions and collaborate in both field and office environments. Mobile GIS products and services are essential to the success of many GIS field mapping applications and enable organizations to expand their enterprise GIS to various mobile platforms. Many industries and field-workers (su rveyors, field rechnicians, delivery staff, public service and utility workers) use mobile GIS tech nology to help complete boch complex projects and routine field tasks. ESRI's mobile GIS products include ArcPad and ArcG IS Mobile for the Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows Mobile platforms, and ArcGIS for iPhone which can be accessed and used on the Apple iPhone and iPad platform.
Online GIS goes to digital worlds ArcGIS Online content and capabilities are built-in to the ArcGIS user experience. ArcGIS Online, hosted by ESRI and powered by ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Data Appliance, provides ready-to-use, high-quality basemaps, layers, tools. and other content chat has been published by £SRI and the user community.
Server GIS goes over the Web and through the enterprise ArcGIS Server is used to publish the maps, tools. and G IS data created in A rcGIS D esktop as services that can be delivered over the Web and throughout the enterprise. These G IS services can be used in desktop, mobile and Web applications. ArcGIS Server also manages the exchange of information between ArcGIS and relational database management systems (RDBMs), such as Microsoft SQL Server, IBM OB2, O racle and PostgreSQL. It enables users to share and edit centrally-stored geographic data over the
Web.
ESRI Data goes to work for you £SRI Data encompasses updated demographics. business, and consumer spending data used by organizations to analyze markets, profile customers, evaluate competitors, and more. ESRI StreetMap Premium is an enhanced street dataset that provides routing, geocoding, and high-quality cartographic display for the United States, Canada, and Europe. £SRI Data & Maps is a set of annual map data that is included at no additional COSt with ArcGIS software and preconfigured to work with ArcGIS products.
In this book, you will learn the basics of ArcView, ArcEditor, and Arclnfo. To find OUt more about ArcGIS Desktop extensions, or about mobile GIS, online GIS, server GIS, or ESRI Data, visit the ESRI Web site at www.esri.com.
Section 2: Getting started with maps and data
Chapter 3
Exploring ArcMap Displaying map data Navigating a map looking at feature attributes
20
SteliOIl 2: Gettillg lIarud wilh maps and data
ArcMap is an applicacion for d isplaying maps and investigating them. for analyzing maps to answer geographic questions and producing maps that make analysis persuasive. The ArcMap application window consists of a map d isplay for viewing spatial data, a table of contents for listing the layers shown in the display, and a variety of toolbars for working with the data. Tools toolbar
Table of
Draw
You can change the way ArcMap looks to suit your preferences and the kind of work you do. Toolbars can be hidden or shown . New commands can be added to them. They can be docked at different places in the application window or can Roat independently of it. To dock a floating toolbar, drag it to the interface. To undock it, dick the vertical gray bar at its left edge and drag it away from the interface. To hide or show a toolbar, dick the Customize menu, point to Toolbars, and check or uncheck the toolbar name. Alternatively, some windows (such as Catalog or Search) can be docked to the interface. These windows have the ability to collapse into a tab or expand to show its entirety. To dock a Roating window. drag it to the interface. The window turns blue and four arrows point at locations where the window can be docked. When the window is docked. dick the Auto Hide bunon to enable the tabbed behavior. To remove the tab, click the Auto Hide bunon and undock the window.
E>.plorblg A reMap
21
Mam menu I Catalog window
OJI$toolbar :Ildred
rH +-.::":::"t::;O'hidden)
at top
Search window
Standard toolbar docked al I
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This book assumes t hat you are working with the default interface. The exercise graphics reRect this, w ith one exception-tool bars are always shown horizontally. C hanges you make to the imerface are applied ro subsequem ArcMap sessions, so if you dock a (Qolbar or wi ndow in one session, it will be docked the next t ime you start ArcMap, and if you resize the application w indow, it will keep the new size in the next session. C ha nges like this w ill not significantly affect t he exercises, but may give you slightly different results for such operations as labeling that are inAuenced by the size and scale of the map display. For more information about customizing the interface, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate [Q Customizing and developing with ArcGIS > Customizing the
user imerfoce.
.
22
SUlioll 2: Gn/illg ilfllUt! wil" mflpi fllld dfl/fl
Displaying map data In this exercise, you'll learn how to display data in ArcMap. You' ll learn how to navigate maps and get inform ation about map features. You will be able to do the exercises only if you have installed the ISO-day trial version of ArcView 10 that comes with this book, or if you have a licensed version of ArcEd iror 10 or Ardnfo 10 software on your computer. Keep in m ind that using a previous version of ArcG IS means that certain tools, fu nctions. windows, or dialog boxes mayor may not be present. You may encounter steps in the exercises where a workaround may be necessary.
Exercise 3a You work for an aviation history foundation that is researching the last flight of Amelia Earhart. In 1937, Earhart was near the end of a flight around the world when her plane disappeared over the Pacific Ocean. The U.S. government spent more than $4 million searching fo r Earhart and her navigator, Fred Noonan. The foundation believes Earhart may have crashed on Nikumaroro. one of several tiny islands [hat make up th e country of Kiribati, and would like to mount an exped ition ro look for [he wreckage. You have been asked to manage a G IS project that will help organize data and acquaint potential sponsors with the foundation's plans. 1
Start Arc Map by clicking the Start button on the Windows taskbar, point to All Programs, point to ArcGIS 10, and click ArcMap 10.
When ArcMap opens, you see the Getting Started dialog box on top of the main application window. This d ialog box allows you to quickJy start a new map, open an existing map or template.
Exploring ArcMap
co;
2
II
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I
In the Getting Started dialog box, under t he Existing Maps section, ctick " Browse for more .. ."
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II
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23
24
5(((iOIl
3
2: Grltillg mmrd with "lilt, fwd data
In the Open dialog box, navigate to C:\ESRIPress\ GTKArcGlS\ Chapter03 (or to the folder where you installed the GTKArcGIS data). Click ex03a.mxd, as shown in the following graphic. and click Open.
A preview of the map document opens inside the New Docu ment dialog box. ~ A',II,!,
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There Is no desalptlan avdable for u.. SfIIct..:lItem.
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4
In the New Document dialog box, click OK.
The map document opens. The map looks d ifferent fro m ma ny world maps because it is centered on the South Paci fic area where Amel ia Earhart va nished, rather than on the pri me merid ian (which runs through Greenwich, England).
Exploring ArcM'lp
The map shows the countries of the world. Earhart's Right path, and a gradcule. which is the technical name for lines oflaritude and longitude on a map. Each of these categories of geographic information (cou ntries, Right path. graticu le) is called a layer. The fabl e of contents listS fhe names of the layers in the map. h shows the color or symbol used to draw each layer and fell s you, by a check mark, whether or not the layer is visible. The Flight Parh, Countries. and Graricule layers are currently visible. The Cities layer is not. 5
In the table of contents, click the check box next to the Countries layer to turn it off.
••
The cou ntries d isappear from [he map.
25
26
Sution 2: G~tting startrd flJit}; mapi alld data
6
In t he table of contents, cl ick the Countries check box to turn it back on. Click the check box next to the Cities layer to turn it on as well.
The Cities layer is checked but you still can't see the cities. Th is is because data is displayed on the map in the order of the layers in the table of contents. The Cities layer is covered by the couneries. 7
In the table of contents , click the Cit ies layer name to highlight it. Click and drag the layer to the top of the table of contents, then release the mouse button. As you drag the layer, a horizontal black bar indicates its posit ion.
Exploring ArcMnp
. ~~
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B !i!lGrallaJo
Now you can see the cities on the map. Each of them is a Stop on Earhart's route. You' l! change the layer name to make this clear. 8
In the table of contents, right-clic k the Cities layer name. A context menu opens.
Many ArcMap operations are started from context menus. On the context menu, click Properties to open the Layer Properties dialog box.
27
28
Sution 2: G~ttillg started with maps and data
9
In the Layer Properties dialog box, click the General tab.
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The layer is renamed in the table of contents.
You will now track the progress of Earhart's rou nd-the-world Right, which began on the west coast of the Un ited States. She chose an equatorial route so as to ci rcle the globe at its fu ll circu mfe rence and Rew east to min imize the effects of storms and headwinds. 11 On the Tools toolbar, click the Zoom In tool. (Move the mouse poi nter over it to see its
name.) Your tool bar may be oriented vertically. You can change its orientation if you like by dragging one of its corners.
12 Move the mouse pointer over the map. The cursor changes to a magni fying glass. Drag a box around the United States, approximately as shown in the following graphic. (If you make a mistake, click either the Full Extent or Go Back To Previous Extent buttons and try again.)
29
30
Seaion 2: Grtt;lIg Jft1rud with IIUlpJ find data
The display zooms in on the United States.
Zooming in or out changes the display scale, which is shown on the Standard toolbar. When the map showed the whole world, the scale was about 1:300,000,000. This means that map features are displayed at one three hundred millionths of their actual size. The scale should now be about 1:50,000,000. (Scale is also affected by the size of the ArcMap application window.) Although the cities are not labeled, you can find out their names and get other information about them with ArcMap [Oois.
Exploring AreA/ap
13 On the Tools toolbar, click the Select Elements tool.
14 Move the cursor over the westernmost city on the display. The city name displays as a map tip.
Map tips are a layer property. They can he [limed on or off on the Display tab of the Layer Properties dialog box. You can see map tips no maner which tool is selecte:d.
15 Move the cursor over the other three cities on the display. They are Tucson, New Orleans, and Miami. You may also be able to see San Juan, Puerto Rico. To make: the names visible at all times. you can labd the cities. J6 In the table of contents, right-click the Cities Earhart Visited layer and click Label Features. The name: of each city appea rs next to the map feature. From Miami, Earhart Aew southeast to Puerto Rico and then to South America.
n
On the Tools toolbar, click the Pan tool.
31
32
Stetio" 2: Grttillg rtartrd with maps and dllfa
18 Move the mouse pointer over the map. The cursor changes to a hand. Click and drag the display up and to the left until Miami is in the upper left corner of the window. Release the mouse button.
.-
'. :
You ca n get info rmation about any of the cities Earharr visited with the Identify tool. 19 On t he Tools toolbar, click the Ident ify tool. When you click the tool, the Identify window opens. If it covers most of the map display, move it out of the way.
20 On the map, click the city of Natal. You must click exactly on the city or you will identify something else, such as a segment of the flight path or the country of Brazil. If this happens, try aga in.
Explorillg ArcMtlp
The Identify window shows you the country and city name, and various facts about Natal, such as its elevation (meters), its average annual precipitation (millimeters), and the dates Earhart and Noonan arrived and departed. 21 Close the Identify window. On the Tools toolbar, click the Full Extent button.
The map zooms (Q its original extent.
In the next exercise, you will fo llow the rest of Earhart's journey to the poim where she and Noonan disappeared. 22 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData. Rename the file my-ex03a.mxd and click Save.
Saving your work is optional. When you begin a new exercise, however, it is important that you open the new map document specified in the instructions. The exercises are nOt always perfectly continuous, and if you work in the same map document throughout a chapter you may get results that don't match those in the book. 23 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open . Otherwise, click the File menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
33
34
Sutioll 2: Gettillg stnrud with ml'ps Iwd data
Navigating a map In this exercise, you' ll continue to work with ArcMap navigational tools. You will also learn how to create spatial bookmarks, which save a speCific view of a map.
Exercise 3b Earhart and Noonan crossed the Atlantic at night. When they saw the west coast of Africa, they realized they were north of their intended destination-the city of Dakar in Senegal. They landed at the first airstrip they saw, in the Senegalese city of Sai nt Louis, and from there made the short Bight to Dakar. They proceeded to By across Africa and Asia, making their last smp in Lae, Papua New Guinea. They intended to go on to ti ny Howland Island in the South Pacific, then to Hawaii and back to California. Start Arc Map. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more . (If ArcMap is already runn ing, cl ick the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ ESRIPress\GTKArcGI S\Chapte r03. Click ex03 b.mxd and cl ick Open .
•
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The map resembles the one in the previous exercise but has two add itional layers. The Diverging Flight Paths layer contains twO line features. One represents the course Earhart and Noonan planned to cake. The other represents the course the foundation believes they actually fo llowed.
Explorillg A rcMap
l'be Area of Disappearance layer is shown in the table of contents with a grayed-out c:heck mark (and a tiny scale bar under the check box). This means that the layer's visibiliry depends on the map's display scale. This layer includes hund reds of Pacific islands roo small to be represented on a genera l world map. When you room in to look at the end of Earhart's fl ight, this layer wil l become visible.
2. On the Tools tool bar, click the Zoom In tool.
3
On the map, drag a rectangle that includes the northern half of Africa and reaches to India, as shown in the following graphic .
The d isplay zooms in on the African stretch of the route. If your d isplay doesn't show the west coast of Africa, use the Pan tool to adjust it.
35
36
Sectioll 2: Grttin! Sl(lrIed will) maps and data
At this scale, the city labels appear. The display of labels, like that of map features, can be made scale-dependent in the Layer Properties dialog box. In this map, labels ap~ pear only when the sca le is larger than 1: 100,000,000. (The larger the scale, the nearer features are to their actual size.) 4
On the Tools toolbar, click the Pan tool.
5
Drag the display to the left to follow the flight path .
From Assab (in what is now Eritrea) on the east coast of Africa, Earhart flew to Karachi (now in Pakistan). She then headed south, flying over Southeast Asia to Indonesia .
.s
Continue panning along the route.
From Darwin. Australia, Earhart flew to her Ian known srop in Lae, Papua New Guinea. At this point, the path the foundation believes she followed diverges from the planned Bight path.
Exploring ArrMap
In the table of contents, the check mark by the Area of Disappearance layer is no longer grayed~out. (The layer displays at scales larger than 1:100,000,000.) The features in this layer are small islands. Until you zoom in very dose, you see mostly outlines. In the tab le of contents,
r ig ht~c lick
the Area of Disappearance layer and click Zoom
To Layer.
•
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You can see a number of dny islands in the display. but it looks as if both flight paths StOP in the middle of the ocean .
37
38
SuttOIl 2: Getting u flru d with mapI and ddla
8
Click the Window menu and click Magnifier. A magnification window opens on top of the display. (Yours may open in a slightly different position from the one in the graphic')
"
When you move the Magnifier window over the map. the area seen through the window is magnified four times (or 400 percent).
9
Click and drag the blue title bar at the top of the Magnifier window to move it to the right. As you drag it. it displays a crosshair to show you the point on which it 's centered. Place the crosshair on the end of the probable flight path and release the mouse.
:: ::
.. t
If your eyes are good. you can discern the tiny island of Nikumaroro at the end of the probable Right path. If not, you will soon get a better look.
Exploring ArcMnp
10 Close the Magn ifier window. On the Tools tool bar, click the Zoom In too l.
11 On the map, drag a rectangle that includes the ends of both the planned and probable flight paths.
The display zooms in.
Even at this scale, it's hard to see land. Earhart and Noonan d isappeared somewhere in this watery expanse. You will set a bookmark to save this map extent. You'll return [0 it later to measure [he distance from Howland Island to Nikumaroro-the distance, if the foundation is right, by which the aviatOrs were off course.
39
40
Srclion 2: GflIing If(trud with mflps flnd dnrfl
12 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Create.
The Spatial Bookmark d ialog box opens.
e~ ..~~ IOil Itrail 13 Replace the existing text with End of Flight, as shown in the following graphic, then click OK.
or:
II
~
Now you' ll zoom in fo r a dose look at the islands at the ends of the twO fl ight paths. You' ll use bookmarks that have already been created. 14 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Howland Island.
The display zooms in on Howland Island at the end of the planned flight path. Earhart intended to refuel here before going on to Hawaii.
L-_-'C()
Exploring ArcM"p
15 Click the Bookmarks menu and cl ick Nikumaroro Island. The display zooms in on Nikumaroro Island.
o
Clothing and empty food tins found on the west bank of the island suggest that Earhart and Noonan may have crashed nearby. In addition, Earhart said, in her last message to the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Ithaca, "We are in line of position 158 degrees - 337 degrees ... " The line she mentioned is a sun line. used in celestial navigation, thac runs directly through both Howland Island and Nikumaroro. If, indeed, Earhart crashed on or near Nikumaroro, she and Noonan were far off course. 16 Cl ick t he Bookmarks menu and cl ick End of Flight. The display zooms to the extent you bookmarked. 11 On the Tools toolbar, click the Measure tool. The Measure window opens. Click the Choose Un its drop-down arrow, point to Distance, and click Kilometers.
To measurtlil featull,
tt... clckll featu.1I.
41
42
Srctioll 2: Gtltillg JMrttd with maps and daM
18 Move the mouse pointer over the display. The cu rsor is a ruler with a small crosshair. Place the crosshair at the end of the planned flight path and click to begin a line. Move the cu rsor to the end of the probable flight path and double-click to end the line .
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•
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The length of the li ne is displayed in the Measure window. If the probable path is the actual one, Earhart and Noonan were off course by about 770 kilometers. Poor maps, cloud cover, the scarcity of landmarks, and the sheer length of the plan ned Right from Lae all may have contribmed. 19 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData . Rename the file my-ex03b.mxd and click Save. 20 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, click the Fi le menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Explorillg A rcMflp
Looking at feature attributes In a GIS, a feature on a map may be associated with a great deal ofinformation-more than can be displayed at any given time. Th is information is stored in an attribute table. A layer's amibure table concains a row (or record) fo r every feature in the layer and a column (or field) for every attribute or category of information. W hen you clicked the city of Natal to identify it at the end of exercise 3a, the information you saw in the Identify window was the information stored in the layer attribute table. In this exercise. you will look at the attribute tables for two map layers. You will learn how to change a table's appearance and how to get statistical information fro m it.
Exercise 3c The long transatlantic flight from Brazil to Senegal put Earhart north of her intended destination. The Right from Lae (0 Howland Island would have been even longer. You will look at the lengths of the various Stages of the Right. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already funning, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ ESRIPress\ GTKArcGlS\ Chapter03. Click ex03c.mxd and click Open.
You see the fam iliar map of the world and of Earhart's Right.
--
ii ill _ _ _
•• .":' ·~-- I I • D
I
43
44
StCr;OTl 2: Gt'tling strJrud with maps and datil
Now you will open the attribute table for the Cities Earhan Visited layer. 2
In the table of contents, right-click t he Cities Earhart Visited layer and click Open Attribute Table.
3
Scroll down through the table . There are twenty-eight records, one for each city. Scroll across the table to look at the attributes.
There are ten attributes, or fidds. The OBJECTID field contains a un ique identifi cation nu mber for every record. The Shape field describes the fea ture geometry. Among the other attributes are the name of each city, the dares Ea rhart arrived and departed, and com ments on any u nusual activity. The intersec(ion of a record and a field is a cell. A cell comains an attribute va lue. For example, the attribute value ofrhe NAME fi eld fo r the first record is "Tucson." You'll adjust the display width of the fields so you can see more amibutes. 4
Scroll back all the way to the left. Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the NAME and CAPITAL fields. The cursor changes to a two-headed arrow.
Exp/or/lIg ArcMflp
5
Drag the cursor to t he left. As you drag, the original field width is marked by a vertical red li ne and t he new width by a vertical black line. Release the mouse button somewhere before you start cutting off city names.
The last letter of the DEPARTURE field name is cut off'. You'll widen this field. 6
Scroll to the right side of the table. Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the DEPARTURE and COMMENT fields. Drag the cursor slightly to the right to see the entire field name.
The elevation and precipitation (ELEVATION and PRECIP) field s could contribute to a study of the weather Earhart faced. The CAPITAL field is probably not useful for any analysis connected with the Right. You will hide this field.
45
46
Stction 2: Gtltillg ltarUd with maps and dota
7
Place the mouse pointer on the vertical black bar between the CAPITAL and ELEVATION fields . Click and drag the cursor to the right edge of the NAME fie ld and release the mouse button. The CAPITAL field is hidden.
If you wamed to restore the hidden field , you would double-click the border between the NAME and ELEVATION field names. You can rearrange the order of fields as well. It would be more natural to have the city name appear before [he coumry name. 8
Scroll to the left. Click the column heading of the NAME field. The field is highlighted.
9
Drag the column heading to the left. The cursor becomes a pointer with a small rectangle, showing that a field is being moved. When the vertical red line is between the Shape and COUNTRY fields, as shown in the following graphic, release the mouse button .
Explorillg Al'cMflP
The fi eld names are rearranged.
Records, as well as fields, can be highlighted . When a record is high lighted in a table, its correspondi ng feature is highlighted on the map. A highlighted record or feature is sa id to be selected. 10 Click the gray tab at the left edge of the first record in the table. The record is selected.
47
48
5(((;011 2: Gellillg stllrted w;th map, Imd data
11
Move the attribute table away from the map display. Tucson is highlighted on the map. (The attribute table can be docked; however, for this exercise, do not dock it.)
12 At the top of the attribute table, click the Table Options menu and click Clear Selection.
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--. ...
The record is unselected in the table, and the fearure is unselecred on the map.
Exploring A rcM"p
J3 In the table of contents, right-cl ick the Flight Path layer and c lick Open Attribute Table.
The attribute table opens. Notice the tabs at the bottom of the Table window. These tabs aUow you to quickly switch between d ifferent attribute tables. The Flight Path table contains a record for each stage of Earhart's Right. The attributes include the starting city (FROM _CITY), the destination city (TO_C ITY), and the flig ht length (LENGTH) in kilometers. The Right from Lae to Howland Island would have been 4,120 kilometers. The cumulative effect of small navigation errors over this distance might plaUSibly account fo r Earharr and Noonan's going well off course. You' ll sorr the LENGTH field to compare the d istances of the flight segments they completed. Right-cl ick the LENGTH f ield name and click Sort Descending.
49
50
Stction 2: Gllling starttd with m/lps tlnd dtlttl
The records are ordered by length of Right segment from longeS[ to shonesr.
The longest completed leg of the Right, 3,184 kilometers, was over W:Her from Natal, Brazil, to Saint Louis, Senegal. This was also a flight that had significant navigational error. (The aviacots were about 175 kilometers off course from their intended destination, Dakar.) Sorting a field is useful fo r seeing high and low values, but ArcMap can give you more detailed information. 15 Right-click the LENGTH field and click Stat istics . The Stat istics of fl ight_path window opens.
ffequency Distribution tort
V
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111 ......... 3184.838 35597.615 1318.0)185 Stonclard o.vitIion: 782. 4m25
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&ploring A reMap
The Sta[istics box displays the number of records in the table (27) and the minimum, maximum, sum, mean, and standard deviation values. The average Hight length, for example, was 1,318 kilometers. The Frequency Distribution chart represents the distribution of values graphically. You can see that most of the flights were less than 1,500 kilometers and that only two were more than 2,500 kilometers. (The last bar in the chart reaches the 2 mark.)
18 Close the Statistics window. Close the Attributes of Flight Path table. In the next chapter. you w ill see how the data fo r the Earhart project is managed in ArcCatalog. 17 If you want to save your work, click the Fi le menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter03\MyData. Rename the fi le my_ex03c.mxd and click Save.
18 Click the File menu and click Exit. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
51
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
Section 2: Getting started with maps and data
Chapter 4
Exploring ArcCatalog Browsing map data Searching for map data
Idling data to ArcMap
54
Stctioll 2: Getting starled wit" /III/pi {/lid dilill
ArcCatalog is an applicalion for managing geograph ic data. You can copy, move, and delete data; search for data; look at data before deciding whether to add it to a map; and create new data. The ArcCatalog application window includes the catalog display for looking at spatial data, the catalog tree for browsing data, and several toolbars.
Standard toolbar
Metadata tool bar
Cata log tree
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Ca talog display (preview
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Spatial data comes in many differenr formats, including geodatabases, coverages, shapefiles, CAD (computer-aided design) files, rasters, and T INs (triangulated irregular networks). Each fo rmat is identi fi ed by its own icon in ArcCatalog. The shapefile icon, for example, is a green recta ngle. Different patterns on the green rectangle distingu ish point, line, and polygon shapefiles. In this book, you' ll use geodatabase, shapefile, and raster data. You'll also use layer fi les, which are not spatial datasets, but rather instructions for displaying spatial datasets with certain colors, symbol markers, li ne widths, and so on. Layer fi les, too, have [heir own ArcCatalog icon. You'll learn more about layer fi les and spatial data formats throughout this book.
Exploring ArcCIll(/log
Browsing map data .\rcCatalog gives you more information about spatial data than you can get from Windows Explorer or other file browsers. 1r can show you which folders comain spatial data and what kinds of spatial data they comain. It Jets you preview features and amibutes of data before ~ add the data to a map. It lets you examine and edit metadata, which is information .oom your data, such as when and how it was created.
Exercise 4a As the GIS manager of the aviation history foundation 's Earhart project. you need to be fa miliar with its spatial data. You' ll use ArcCatalog to look at this data and get information about it. The exercise instructions assume you have installed the data for Getting to Know ArcGIS DeJktop to the defauh directory (C:\ESRfPrm\GTKArcG/S). If you have installed the data elsewhere, you'U need to substitute the correct paths. To open ArcCata log, click the Start button on the Windows taskbar, point to All Programs, point to ArcG IS 10, and click ArcCatalog 10.
The ArcCatalog application window opens. The Catalog Tree lists the data and services that ArcCatalog is connected to. This is where connections to local drives on your computer are made. Your application may look different from the following graphic depending on the drivt':s you have con nected.
55
56
Sr ftioll 2: Grltillg itilrud with
You can also connect other services.
InllpS lIIid
(0
data
subdirectories, network drives, databases, Internet servers, and
Once you connect to a fo lder, you can access the data it contains. In this exercise, it will be helpful to see the fil e extensions of different spatial datasets, so you will make sure that ArcCatalog is set to display these extensions. 2
Click t he Customize menu and cl ick ArcCatalog Opt ions. In the ArcCatalog Options dialog box, click the General tab.
The ArcCaraiog Options d ialog box lets you specify the types of data ArcCatalog displays and the information it shows about them (file name, 61e size, date modi fi ed , and so on). You can distinguish folders contain ing spatial data from those that don't, and make many other customizations to the way data is displayed. 3
If necessary, unch eck Hide file extensions, then click OK .
0_"'_
1i:I_ . ... _ _ _
~_
...
To access the spatia l data in the GTKArcG IS folder more quickly, you'll create a connection to it. 4
On the Standard tool bar, click t he Connect to Folder button.
Explorillg ArcClltllfog
The Connect to Folder dialog box opens. Your dialog box may look d ifferent depending on your local and network drives.
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_ 10" , , _
lIi llj ",, _ _
b __, _
. ~
~
e O" -
I
1--- 1 5
In the Connect to Folder dialog box, click the plus sign (+) next to the Loca l Disk (C:) drive to view its contents. Click the plus sign next to the ESRIPress folder to expand it. Click the GTKArcGlS folder as shown in the following graphic, then click OK.
co::
II
CoruI
57
58
Sl'etion 2: Gmillg started with mapi and datil
A connection is made to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS.
------
•• ••• •• •• •• •• •• 6
In the catalog tree, click the plus sign next to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS. Click the plus sign next to the Chapter04 folder. It contains three folders, Bathymetry, Data , and MyData, and one map document, ex04c.mxd.
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CItl - . -
Eil e:I Choptol"lO
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•
7
e:I Choptorn eI Choptorl2 eI Chopt.13 eI Chopt.JoI e::l Chopt.15 eI Chopt.l~
_I
Click the plus sign next to the Data folder. It contains a geodatabase (World.mdb), two shapefiles, and two layer files. Click t he plus sign next to World.mdb.
£v:ploring A rcCafafog
~ .' ;;:--~
-t-l!--- -- Geodatailase
;=:;:... .1---
.
Feature class
J~§~:;~~== Layer fil e ..
Shapefile
The geodatabase contains four feature classes. A feature class is a group of points, lines, or polygons representing geographic objects of the same kind. The cities feature class contains point fearures, the other three contain polygon fearures. This data was used to make the map of Earhart's fli ght in the previous chapter. For a more detailed explanation of featu re classes, see the introduction to chapter 14. •
•
On the Standard tool bar, make sure the Detai ls button is selected.
In the catalog tree, click World.mdb. In the catalog display, make sure the Contents tab
is active .
---_0_ _ _ _ ao..
•
59
60
Section 2: Gntillg started witb
lIIt/pS
,/lid data
Four adjacent bunons on the Standard toolbar change how files look on the Contents tab. The Large Icons bunon displays large icons horizontally. The List button displays small icons veuicaUy. The Details bunon is like the List button except that it also shows the file type- in this case, geodatabase feature classes. The Thumbnails bunon allows you to view small images of spatial datasets. W henever a folder or a geodatabase is highlighted in the catalog tree, these fou r buttons are enabled.
10 On the Standard tool bar, click t he Thu mbnails button .
I ~W I
=
The display changes to show thumbnail images for each file. At the moment, the thumbna ils are simply larger versions of the icons. A thumbnail that shows an image of a dataset can help you decide quickly if you want to use the data or not. You'U create a thumbnail for the countries feature class.
--
11 In the catalog tree, click the countries feature class in the World geodatabase. In the catalog display, click the Preview tab. The geographic data for countries displays in pale yellow.
£v:pforing ArcCi/tflfog
•• ••
iIj
-
12 On the Geography toolbar, click the Create Thumbnail button.
An image:: of (he dam shown on (he Preview tab is save::d as a thumbnail graphic.
13 In the catalog display, click the Contents tab to see the thum bnail. Contenb PUM"'" O~ N_ 11""'
COUI'ItriN "-ttOMl G~~ F....e a...
61
62
SrctiOIl 2: Geu i ng ffilrf(d wi th maps n nd d llln
A thumbna il graphic may not be enough. The preview tab and the tools on the Geography toolba r let you furthe r investigate a dataset before decidi ng if you want to use it in a map. 14 In the catalog display, click the Preview tab again. On the Geography tool bar, click the Zoom In tool.
15 Drag a box around the area north of Australia, as shown in the following graphic .
16 On the Geography tool bar, click the Identify tool.
17 Click a feature to identify it. If you don't see it flash green, move the Identify Results window away from the display and click the feature again.
E).-p/orillg ArcCtllnlog
Close the Identify Results window. On the Geography tool bar, click the Fu ll Extent button to zoom to the full edent of the data.
You can preview (he attributes of a dataser as wdl as its geography. AI: the bottom of the catalog display, clic k the Preview drop-down arrow and click Table. The display shows you the attribute table of the cou ntries feature class .
•
Cick the Preview drop-down arrow again and click Geography.
63
I
64
SecrioJl 2: Getting U(lr/rt! with maps alld data
The th ird tab in the catalog display is the Description tab. Metadata provides information about a dataset, such as its coordinate system, its spatial extent, and descriptions of its attributes. It may also explain how and when the data was created, what standards of accu racy it meets, and what its appropriate uses are. A great deal of metadata is maintained automatically by ArcCatalog; some, however, must be maintained by the people who use and manage the data. ArcCatalog doesn't require you to maintain metadata, but you should. In the catalog display, click the Description tab. If needed, scroll down to see the thumbnail you created, tag words, summary, description, and other information.
cou nt ries P.... o"o l a ... Dol aba .. Flatu ,", Clou
rail'
polygon, COIa'\In.., n,_1ioMI bourodariu. coutlirll., "'D, 1n1.....1ioMI cod.., C"""",,ill, .ov • ..q,bH, popHtion, IIndlochd Infunnation, World
2
Click the Edit button inside the description to access metadata about the countries feature class. ~,......~
il -
K ""'"
Item Description Todel _ _
I
I~ •
~
Ii6 UpdoIo...
£yplorillg ArrCautiog
Me:r.adata can be gene:r.ued inside the Description tab. The format of me:tadata has changed. with ArcGIS 10. All metadata crc:ated in prior rele::ues must be upgrade:d to the current ArcGlS metadata format. This upgrade will not remove: any existing me:tadata- existing me:tadata can be: accessed in the same manner as before with previous releases of ArcGIS. You can include: usdi.J..I details about the fi le includ ing spat ial refe:rence information a nd attribute info rmation. A ny of the information here can be ed.itc=d. H owever. it w ill not be done fo r m.is exercise.
:za
Browse the different categories to see what type of metadata could be entered. For more information abom metadata. d ick the For more information about metadata. click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop H elp (not the: Conte:nu tab in ArcCatalog) a nd navigate to Profmiona/ Library > Data managemmt > Geographic d4ta typ~s >
Metadata.
IMJ ln the cata log display. click the Contents tab. In the catalog tree, click World.mdb. On the Standard toolbar, click the Details button.
The: display is restorc:d to its initial state.
(25 If you are continuing with the next exercise. leave ArcCata log open . Otherwise. exit the application.
65
Searching for map data With ArcC3[alog, you can ..,arch for gwgrnphic da,a On disk Or across a network. You can , ...eh by name, file type. geograph ic Io
Exercise 4b In this cxcrd«, you will ",arch ArcCatalog for more data that may be merul TO rh.
Earh . n
proj~t.
If necessary. start ArcCatalog. If ArcCu.log is open from the previou, exercise, you arc con n"" .. d to the C :IESR IP rc ..IGTKArcG1 S folder. as , hown in ,he following graphic.
-------
If )"'u " .."oJ .. n~ ArcC.t> log SC.\$ion, you may be f da,. abou, Earh. rt using keYW1>ld. Slo",d in a """ial "..,.ad.... If many matches.", found, the d"un and iu dc.Krip,ion
d.a,,...,,',
.'" returned in ,he ....",h ..,...1". In the Sea rch winclow, type Ear ha rt into the searc h box and ~ I ick the sea rch button adjacent to it.
Search mult. ,eruln wi, h all da,a ,h.. have ,he keyword "Earha,,- in iu mer:od..a .... Hover over .. ..earch , .... 1. to view a brief dcKriptlon ofi,. H()\O'CVCr, we . '" in,eres,ed in ohc ocean arc,t w~ Earha" di$>.pfIC.mI.
8
In the
se~rch
box. de lete " Earhart, " type ocun.
~nd
cl ick the searc h tHJlton ,
I®
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-
...
".
...
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. ..
--.
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The Seorch window Ii,,, ,h,..e da,a""" ,ha! were found. The,.. i. a r,,,,er d.,ue< coiled ...11001' ,h" you may have not .cen before (at the top of ,h. list.) 9
In the top search result listi ng. cl ick the text seafloor (o r the path link be low it.) Make sure you click the tex t link and not the de&Criptio n. Clicki ng the description opens t he Item De&cript ion w indow.
• Th. c",alog t,... opens to the location of ,he da". If no,csury. oeroll to the top of the (Oblc of comcnto '0 se. ;"
110 Close the Search windOW.
1':1.""'- dota"" i, in ,II< B3! hYm
wi.h and depend. On a Ip.ti. l d">$I;" The flight_diverg~ l'ye, file won'. display in A,cM.p unle •• •he fl ight_diverge sh.pcfile i, :acce/Siblc on disk.
In ,he: next exerci.e, you will . dd data and I.ye. fil •• from ArcC . .. log to A"M.p.
!IJ:
If you aft continuing wit h the next exerci!.a. leave ArcCatalog open. Otherwise, elIit the applit ation.
•a
Adding data to ArcMap On~
wo.y 10 add dara w ArcMap js 10 d!':lg it from AreCa, .. log. Once it', th. re, you can look
., il , .. you did in ,he pl'utton .
3
In the ArcMa p- Getting Started di alog box , click "Browse more __" to start using ArcMap with an e' isting map. In the Open fi le browse r, na. igale to C:\GTKArcG IS \Chapter04 , Cl ick the fi le el04c.mxd to highlight it and clICk Open.
'(If
~
A preview 0( ex04c.mxd i$ $hOWn. Click Open .
.
_-•
You 5tt ,t.., f.tmili.>, m"l' of AontIi.> E:am..n·s High!. 1ht nup h". One do", f.... me ,h., CON:Iins four You will.dd . I.yer for ,t.., di""rging 0;, 111 JIO.,h ..
"'yea.
S
Position the ArcCatalog and ArcMap applicatioo windows so th3t you can see both the catalog t'ee arld the ArcMap displa)/ window.
&
In t he cata log tree. cl ick t he fll &hC di ver2! layer file lye llow ico n). D'a~ the file anywhere over the ArcMap displa~ window and re lear.e the moose buttcn. Brina ArcMap forward by clicking ils I'tle bar.
The layer file i, added!O ArcMap.
You'll rename the layer file. 7
In the table of contenl s, righl·clic~ Uight..di~erge. l yr and cli c~ Pmpe rties.
8
In the L~yer Properties di~ log box. clic k the Gene ral tab. Repl~ce the layer name with Diveraini Fli ght Path s, as show n in Ihe follow ing graphic, then click OK.
-._- --
-
H
The l. yer nome i, cha nged in th. tabl. of contenn. 9
In ArcMap. c lick the View menu and cl ick uyo ut View.
You ... the map as if it i, on • pi••,. of P' P'" A ndd to the layout. By def,ml" ,he firs, data frame in a mop d"'umcnr i, "lied " Layers and the ..cond i, c.IIM "New Dara Frame: h i, often helpful to rename a dara frame to somerhing more d. ",ripr;ve (and you will do ,ha, larer in , hi. ex ...:I,.), bur it is not nece.."y. You'll ,wirch bock!O dara view ro odd in layou, view a, wdl.)
la~rs!O
,he new dot, f"me. (You could do ,hi,
B . . . I!)I •• •
•
Exploring ArcCaldlog
12 Cl ick tile Data View bUt\(Kl in tile lower lelt corner 01 tile layout winoow. This button and the Layout View button next to it Can be used instead 01 the View menu to switch betWl!en views.
The display window i. emp'y because the active da" fnome (New D o" Fra",~) con.. in.
n" l'y~r$.
..:"" •
.. ..D Make ArcCatalog the act ive applic ation by c li cking its title bar. In the catalog tree. cl ick the plus si~n ne.t to the Wor ld geodatabase and click dis~pp_area, Dra~ t he feature da55 to the ArcMap display window and rele,,,,, the moo"" butto n.
81
14 Bring ArcMap forwa rd by clicking it s title bar. The feature c lass is added as a layer to the new data frame.
••
••
ArcM op . " igt\" "",dam color 10 the cii,app_. reo larc r, '" Y'"'' g the active app lication. In the catal og tree, cl ick the plus siin by the Bathymet ry folder and c lick seaflcor.lyr Iye tta", iconl. Drag the laye r li le t o Arc Map and
bring ArcMap forwa rd,
The .... Aoof.ly, layer di'p lay, lInderneale of contents. ri&ht·eliek New Data Frame. On the COIlte.t menu, clid Properties. The Data Frame Properties diale>g 00. opens. Click the Genera l tab.
----
~~-.-
~- ~ - .~-
---_.--
22 In the Name box, New Oala Frame is highlighted. Type Arll al Oiuppe.r.rnn in its place, as shown in the foItowin& &r'ap/'lic. then click OK.
--
--
---_.-
Tho now n,me i, d i'pl ' yed in the "ble of COntent, CQumrie" rive .., wildlife, lopoBr;ophy (,,,,f.ce ,diof), populotion, and notural rosoura,. It will bo distr ibuted to d omonra,y 1Chool, , round ,be country. The compk<ed ~:"rer, me .. uring 44 by 34 incbo' , will look liko ,ho one in ,he following g ... pbic. In ,hi. exercise, you will erea,e ,be firS! of ,he nine map'. depic,;ng major ci,ies.
",' r l c a
AI
al
When you fin ish chaprer 6, you can >end you, po"er to .. platter, if you h,ve .cce.. to one. AIc . colo r, . nd fon, of bbct.. Next, you'lI change the background colo. ofth. da .. f."mc .
8
In the table of contents.. right, click Cateaories.
1M Uniq"" ....1"... "fItion oft he Catogrio:. melhod i. highlighted and Mapping and Vi,ualizarion > Symbol. and "yb. H..t' ·ing inveSTed Ii"", in .ymbolb:ing a l. yer. you may w.nt to "'," it a •• layer file (a file ...,h a .Iyr ."ten,ion). M you saw in chapter 4, layer file. "ore symbology information for. ,p;;uial daro..:,.
Exercise 5c In ,his exerci.." you' ll u.., ,ymbol, from ,he Con..,rvadon style '" neate a ma p ,hat , how, where elepham', giraffe., and , obr" are found. Then you'll ...... the symbolized 1• .'1:r .. a layer filo.
112
Smion J .. DilploJing daM
(]
Sta rt Arc Map_ tn the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Ex isting Maps section, click Browse tor more. (I f Arc Map is already ru nning, click the File menu and cl ick Open.) Nav igate to C:\ESR IP ress\GTKArcGtS\Ch~pter05. Click ex05c.mxd and cl ick Open.
'Ih" mop opens in layout view, You $Ce the thr"" data fram .. you've already .ymboli,ed and a fourth called Wildlife .
....._----
."',, ." ..
l~! ~ i 't. !~ ••
2
Clic k the View menu and c li ck Oata View.
The .e!' pa lette. (The CO I(M" palette rQN shows add itionat c., which includes $omalia, EthiopLa, Edt"'" Djibouti, . nd P"'" of mhO! coumri ••. 1
Start ArcMap . In the ArcMap- Gett ing Started dia log box, under the Exi~ting Maps sect ioo , c lick Browse 1(11" more. (If A,cMap is al ready runni ni: . cl ic k the f ile menu and cl ic k Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter05 . Cl ick e~05d.m~d and click Open. The map pCns in layout view. You see the four d ... and a fifth called Topography.
fram~.
yo u've already symbolized
j GeoprocessinS tool referrmce > Da/iJ Management /ooIbolt > RBSIer IOOIset > Raster DaIiJsef /ooIseI > Raster properties toolset> BuikJ ~.
"Ihe ruler bl"''' a", added '0 ,he bouom of .he ,able of COIIlcn .... You'U "'''''"'' ,hem. 7
In the table ot contents, doubie-clicJt the afhomshd layer. In the L~r Properties dialog boJo;. click the General tab. In the Layer NiIrTIf! text boJo;, the name altlOfnshd shovld be niEhligl1ted . Type Hillihade in [IS place.
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,
0 _ _ "' _ _
-
H
8
Clic~
9
In the table ot contents, dooble-click the afhomdem layer. In the Layer Propeo-ties dIalog boll, click the Geoeral tab if necessary. Rerl¥l'le the • Elnation and click OK.
OK.
To see the rmers.)'OIl nttd
to
ch1ng
'0
.'11
.&0 •
.£ • • •
Countries are grouped with other cou ntries that have similar populations. N igeria remains in a class by itself. In the table of contents, the class breaks now indicate where there are gaps in the data. You can see, for instance, that there are no countries wit h popu lat io ns between 49 and 66 million or between 76 and 161 million. You' ll check your progress on the Africa Ari as poster. "'rica
Atlas
22 Click the View menu and click Layout View. 23 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\ChapterOS\MyData. Rename the file mLexDSa.mxd and click Save. 24 If you are continuing with the next exercise , leave ArcMap open . Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Clnssi/yillgfealures and msters
Classifying features manually Manual classification is used to reveal significant groupings in data that standard classification methods miss. For example, a market researcher might want to distinguish census tracts in which the average household income is more than $100,000 a year or the 18 to 49 age group makes up a cenain percentage of the population. To symbolize these values specifically, you would need to set class breaks manually.
Exercise 6b In this exercise, you won't add a new map to the adas. Instead, you' ll make a refi nement to the Topography map from chapter 5. You' ll manually create a class to represent elevations below sea level. Start ArcMap. In the Arc Map- Getting Started dialog box, under the Exi sting Maps section , click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already run ning, cl ick the Fil e menu and click Open .) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter06. Click ex06b.mxd and click Open .
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-
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low ,· I6\!
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The map opens in layout view. You see the six data frames you've already symbolized.
145
146
Section 3: Displaying data
2
Click the View menu and cl ick Data View.
e fl T_~ iii [J Clio
1itnb h~'" .... .
~~
12 Click OK in the Number Format dialog box. Make sure your Layer Properties dialog box matches the following graphic, then cl ick OK.
·169·1) ,.~
_m 93t·1, l\!l 1,283' I, Wl 1,6&1'1,921
151
152
5('oioI13: Displaying data
13 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Below Sea Level. The area below sea level displays in Mars Red. (It isn't as bright as you might have expected, because the layer is 70 perce nt transparent.)
..
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..... iI !i!I(..... iI !i!I_•
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14 In the table of co ntents, right-cl ick the Elevation layer and click Zoom To Layer. The view zooms back to the scale that will be displayed on your poster. Th e areas below sea level are still faintly visible.
You' ll look at your Africa Arias poster.
15 Click the View menu and click Layout View.
ClassifyingJeatures tlnd rasters
Afrlc.
Atl • •
The poster is two-thirds finished. In the next exercise, you'll symbolize population density.
16 If you want to save your work, cl ick the File menu and cl ick Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapler06\MyDala. Rename the file my_ex06b.mxd and click Save. 17 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave Arc Map open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
153
154
Sution 3: Displaying data
Mapping density Nigeria has more than 160 million people. Rwa nda has aboue 10 mill ion. Bue which of the tWO is more densely populated? To answer that ques tion, you would need to know the number of people per square unit of area. As long as you have both a population attribute and an area attribute, th is is a straightforward operation-you simply divide populacion by area. Dividing one attribuce by another to find the ratio between them is called normalization. Ie is commonly used to calculate density, but has other uses as well. For example, normalizing population by income gives income per capita.
Exercise 6c In this exercise, you'll normalize population by area to make a population density map. You'!! symbolize the map with graduated colors and by dot density. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (I f Arc Map is already running, click the File menu and click Open .) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter06 . Click ex06c.mxd and cl ick Open.
.... .... ...
....-
. lifo '! ~ ,,~
. ~
iii .
........
~
C"
The seventh data frame in the Africa Arias is called Pop Density. 2
Cli ck the View menu and click Data View.
In the table of contents, the Pop Density data frame is active.
C/fwifyingfillt ures and rasters
3
In the table of contents, right-click the Countries layer in the Pop Densi ty data frame and click Open Attribute Table.
The KILOMETERS attribuce contains the size of each country in square kilometers .
You'll divide [he values in [he POP2000 field by these values to obtai n [he population density of each country. 4
Close the table. Double-click the Countries layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box. Click the Symbology tab.
5
In the Show box, click Quant ities. The Graduated colors option is highlighted. In the Fields frame, click the Va lue drop-down arrow and clic k POP2000. Click the Normalization drop-down arrow and click KILOMETER S.
, 1ll1'l-'A02 !IIlOl · 111.2 111.J · ZlILi ZlIL1· 3!IH
The values in the Range column now express popu lation per square kilometer. In the Labels column , values are rounded, the default for normalized data.
155
156
Section 3: Displaying datil
6
If necessary, set the color ramp to Yellow to Dark Red. Click OK to close the Layer Properties dialog box .
• Cl I .OIIO-20. TI 1:) 20.11-59.1J2 . 59.03·111.2 . 111,3 - 210,6 . 210,7 - 39111.9
.... .... ... . ~
.-"'--
Nigeria
' ..."-r'-- Burund i
(J
The class wirh rhe grearesr population densiry again has a single member, bue rhis cime ie's tiny Rwanda. The nexc highesc class comains cwo ocher small coumries, Burundi and Equatorial Guinea, along wich N igeria. Several countries wich large populacions [Urn aU[ to have low population densities_ (The labels chac are shown in che book are nO[ on your screen.) G raduaced color maps are one way co represem densicy. Anocher way is wich a doc densicy map. 7
Double-cl ick the Countries layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box. The Symbology tab is active.
8
In the Show box, click the Dot density option under Quantities.
Classify;ngftlltures alld rasters
On the left side of the Field Selection frame. numeric fields in the attribute table are listed in a box. You are symbolizing the POP2000 field. 9
Click PO P2000 to highlight it. Click the right arrow symbol (» . The field is added to t he box on the right and a dot symbol is assigned to it. (The color of your symbol may be different than t he one shown in the graphic.)
, I.
.......
_
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Next. you wi ll set the symbol color for the dots. You will also turn the country outlines off to make the map easier to read.
10 In the Symbol col umn, right-c lick the dot symbol. On the color palette, click Gray 60%. 11 In the Background fram e, click the Lin e button.
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Section 3 : Displaying data
The Symbol SelectOr d ialog box opens.
12 Click the Color square. On the color palette, click No Color. Click OK to close the Symbol Selector dialog box. This turns off the country outlines. 13 In the Densities frame of the Symbology tab, highlight the dot value and type 750000. The map will display one dot for every 750,000 people. Make sure the dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
The map shows, as you would expecc, chac che coascal coumries of Africa are more densely populaced chan che imerior.
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You'll change the symbol sizes slightly. 9
In the Symbol Size from boxes, highlight 4 and change it to 5. Highlight 18 and change it to 16. You'll also replace the numeric labels w ith descriptions.
165
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Section 3: Displaying dala
10 In the Label column, click "1." An input box opens wi th the label highlighted in it. Type Small as the new label.
11 Press Enter to advance to th e label "2" and replace it with Medium. Press Enter and replace the label "3" with Large. Click the empty white space to close the last inpu t box. Make sure the dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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The map now shows the locations and sizes of diamond mines across the continent.
C/nssifyillgftatures and rasters
(J Now you'll use chart symbols to show the sources of electrical power in each country.
12 In the table of contents, click the minus sign by the Diamonds data frame. Right-click the Power data frame and click Activate. Click the plus sign by the Power data frame.
13 Right-click the Countries layer and click Open Attribute Tab le. Scroll all the way to the right.
The last three fields show what percentage of each country's electrical production comes from fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, and ocher means. You'll use pie charts to represent this data.
14 Close the table. Double-click the Countries layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box. Click the Symbology tab.
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Section 3: Displaying data
15 In the Show box, click Charts. Make sure the Pie option is highlighted. The dialog box changes to show the choices for pie charts. The Field Selection box shows all numeric attributes in the table.
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Ie doesn't maner if your Background and Color Scheme settings are different from those in the graphic. You will change these settings in a moment.
16 In the Field Select ion box, cl ick FOSS Il. Hold down the Control (Ctrl ) key and click HYDRO and OTHER. When all three fields are selected, click the right arrow (» to add them to the box on the right. FIllldSaedian
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A symbol color is assigned to each anribute from the currently selected color scheme. You'll pick different colors.
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17 In the Symbol column, right-click the FOSSIL symbol. In the color palette, click Mars Red . Right-click the HYDRO symbol and click Moorea Blue. Right-cl ick the DTHER symbol and click Solar Yellow.
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Section 3: Displaying data
19 Click the Fill Color square. On the color pa lette, click Sahara Sand. Click the Outline Color square. On the color palette, click Gray 40%. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then cl ick OK to return to the Layer Properties dialog box. I?
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Each country is displayed with a 3D pie chan show ing how much each energy source comributes to its production of electricity. On this map. the 3D effect is a bit overwhelming.
22 Near the bottom of th e Layer Propert ies dialog box, click Properties to open the Chart Symbol Editor. Click the Display in 3D check box to uncheck it. Make sure yo ur dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK. rh ", ~""h, ll ,h'",
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Section 3 : Displaying data
Removing the 3D effect from the chart symbols will make them seem a little too large.
(Click Apply if you want to check this.)
23 On the Symbology tab, click Size. In the Pie Chart Size dialog box, highlight the current size of 16 points and type 12. Click OK in the Pie Chart Size dialog box and click OK to close the Layer Properties dialog box .
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The map shows that in northern Africa (where oil is plentiful and water scarce) fossil fuels are the main source of electric power, while in central and southern Africa (where water is plentiful) power is generated chiefly by hydroelectricity. It's time for a look at your finished poster.
24 Click the View menu and click Layout View.
Classifyingftatures and rasters
Your Africa Atlas poster is ready for Geography Awareness Week. In the meantime, you can send it to a plotter or printer and hang it on your wall. In the current map document, the map page size is set to E, 44 inches wide by 34 inches high. (You can confirm this by clicking the File menu and clicking Page and Print Setup.) If you have access to a plotter, print this version. If not, you can make a letter-size version of the poster by printing the map document letter_ size.mxd in
the IGTKArcGISIChapter0610ata folder. Map elements in this document have been rescaled to fit a letter-size page. You'll find more information about printing maps in
chapter 19.
25 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to IGTKArcG1SIChapterOSIMyData. Rename the file my-exOSd.mxd and click Save.
26 If you are continuing to the next chapter, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save your changes.
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Section 3: Displaying data
--
Chapter 7
Labeling features Using dynamic labels Setting rules for placing labels Using interactive labels and creating annotation
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176
Sectioll 3: Oispltqing data
Broadly speaking, a label is any text that names or describes a feature on a map, including proper names (Thailand, Trafalgar Square, Highway 30), generic names (Tundra, Hospital), descriptions (Residential, Hazardous), or numbers (7,000 placed on a mountain to indicate its elevation). In ArcMap, labels specifically represent values in a layer attribute table. You can add other bits of text to a map, bur, stricdy speaking, rhey are not labels and do not behave quite the same. Labels, for example, stay close to the features they are associated with as you zoom in or out. Text is not similarly sensitive. Its position relative to features may change markedly if you zoom or pan the map. As you have already seen in chapters 3 and 5, you can label all features in a layer with a single click. This process, called dynamic labeling, is fast but has some limitations. For one thing, ArcMap chooses the label positions. (You can set guidelines, but the actual placement is our of your hands.) If the scale of your map changes, or if different layers are added or removed, ArcMap may change the positions of labels. Dynamically placed labels can, however, be converted to annotation. As annotation, each label becomes a piece of text that can be independendy moved and modified. If you want significant control over the appearance and placement of labels, it is essential to convert them to annotation. If you only need to label a few features on your map, the best solmion may be the Label tool on the Draw toolbar. This tool allows you to label features one at a time by clicking them. Like annotation, interactively placed labels can be put wherever you want and changed individually.
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Labelingftalltres
Using dynamic labels Dynamic labels are easy to work with because they behave as a group. When you turn them on or off, change their symbols, or change the anribure value they express, these operations are applied ro all labels in the layer. The drawback to dynamic labels is that ArcMap doesn't always put them just where you'd like. For this reason, they are often convened to annOtation in the late stages of map production. In the following exercises, your map display will be redrawn many times as ArcMap adds and moves labels. If it fails to redraw as it should, click the Refresh View button at the bottom left corner of the map display.
t The positions ArcMap chooses for dynamic labels depend on many factors, including the size of your application window. Your results may be slightly different from those shown in the graphics.
Exercise 7a You work for the Ministry of Tourism in Mexico and are making a map to promote travel in the southeastern states of Cam pee he, C hiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Yucatan. The map will be published on the Internet, allowing map users worldwide to turn on various layers and navigate to different pan s of the region, where beautiful beaches lie close to Mayan ruins. In this exercise, you' ll label the five states and their major ruins. You'll also add text to the map .
177
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Section 3: Displaying data
Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under t he Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already runn ing, cl ick the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPres s\GTKArcGIS\Chapter07. Click ex07a.mxd and click Open. Mexico is shown in yellow. The five scates that will be on your tourisc map are on the Yucaca.n Peninsula in the southeast. You'll zoom in to them. ~Edt
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The Southeastern States layer displays only at scales larger than 1:20,000,000. You'll label che scaces in chis layer dynamica lly.
Labelingfeatures
3
In the table of contents, right-click the Southeastern States layer and click Label Features.
Each feature in the layer is labeled. ArcMap tries to put the labels in the center of each
polygon. You'll change the font and colot of the labels. 4
In the table of contents, double-click the Southeastern States layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box. Click the Labels tab.
The Label Field drop-down list in the middle of the dialog box shows you which field in the attribute table is being used for labels (ADMIN_NAME). Below this, you see the current label symbology. The labels for this layer ate drawn in black Book Antiqua 12 point. (If Book Antiqua is not one of your system fonts, another font, such as Arial, will
be substituted.)
179
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S(ui01l 3 : D isplaying data
5
Click the Color square. On the color palette, click Gray 30%.
6
Cl ick the drop-down arrow for setting the font. In the list of fonts, scroll up and cl ick Ar ial.
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In the Size drop-down list, click 12 and type 7 in its place.
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Click the B (Bold) button. Make sure that your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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The new label properties are applied to the map.
Map readers would be better oriented if you labeled the Gulf of Mexico in the northwest part of the map. Unfortunately, you don't have a layer that represents the ocean. (The blue water is simply the background color of the data frame.) Since there is no Gulf of Mexico feature, there is nothing to label. Instead, you'll add text with the New Text tool.
Labelillgftatures
9
On the Draw toolbar, click the New Text tool.
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Move the mouse pointer over the map. The cursor changes to a crosshair with an "A." Cli ck in the Gulf of Mexico to add a text box.
In the text box, t ype Gulf of Mexico and then press Enter.
The text is drawn in Arial 10 point, as you can see on the Draw tool bar. The dashed blue line indicates that the text is selected. You'll increase the font size.
181
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Section 3: Displaying data
12 Right-click "Gulf of Mexico." On the context menu, click Properties. On the Properties dialog box, click the Text tab, if necessary, and click Change Symbol.
The Symbol SelectOr dialog box opens.
13 In the Symbol Selector, scroll down until you see the predefined label style for Ocean, then click it. Make sure that your dialog box matches the follOWing graphic, then cli ck OK. Click OK again on the Properties dialog box to close it.
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4 Move the mouse pointer over the text. The cursor changes to a four-headed arrow. Drag the text so that it approximately matches the following graphic, then release the mouse button. Click an empty blue area to unselect the text.
Now you will display the locations of major Mayan ruins.
15 In the table of contents, turn on the Ruins layer.
The labels show the period to which each ruin belongs-interesting, but less important for your map than the ruin's name. You will choose another field in the layer attribute [able [0 use for labeling. Notice that ArcMap has moved some of the state labels to new positions to make room for [he ruin labels. (Again, your display may look different.)
183
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Section 3: Displaying data
16 In the table of contents, double-click the Ruins layer. In the Layer Properties dialog box, click the Labels tab. Click the Label Field drop-down arrow and click NAME. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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The ruins are now labeled w ith their names. 11 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter07\MyOata . Rename the file mLex07a.mxd and click Save.
18 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Lnbt'ling/enmrt's
Setting rules for placing labels When you place labels dynamically. ArcMap chooses label positions according [0 rules that you set. Labels for points can occupy any of eight positions around the feature (above. below. above right. below right. and so on). You can rank these positions and prohibit particular ones. Labels for line features can be placed above. below. or on the features. and can be made [0 follow their curves. Labels for polygons. however. don't have placement opcions-ArcMap places each label as close to the center of the polygon as it can. In addition, labeling priorities can be set for each layer in a map. If there isn't room [0 label two nearby features in different layers. the feature in the layer with the higher priority will
be labeled.
Exercise 7b In this exercise, you wil l change the rule for positioning the ruin labels. You wil l also turn on and label the Rivers layer. Finally, you will change the layer priorities that determine which feature is labeled when there is a conflict. In ArcMap, open ex07b.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapler07 folder.
The map, zoomed in on the Yucatan region, looks as it did at the end of the last exercise. The ruin labels are not bad where they are, but might look better directly above the ruins.
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185
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Section 3: Displtl)Jing datil
2
In the table of contents, double-click the Ruins layer. In the Layer Properties dialog box, click the Labels tab.
3
Click Placement Properties. In the Placement Properties dialog box, click the Placement tab.
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In the table of contents, turn on the Cities layer. The map shows major ci ties in the region. (If the Yucatan label does not redraw, click the Refresh View button.)
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The norchernmost city on the peninsula is Merida. As the largest city in the region. and the one most tourists will fly into. it should have a label. 3
On the Draw tool bar, click the drop-down arrow by the New Text tool. On the tool palette, click the Label tool.
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There are two placement options: you can let ArcMap choose the label position for you, or you can choose it yourself You'll accept the default (Automatically find best placement) and adjust the position later.
197
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Section 3: Displaying data
4
Close the Label Tool Options dialog box. Locate the city of Merida (map tips can help) and cl ick to label it. If you miss and label the Yucatan region by mistake, press the Delete key, then click the Label tool and try again.
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The label for Merida may obscure the label for the ruin to a new position.
5
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On the Tools tool bar, click the Select Elements tool. Tools
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With the cursor over the Merida label, right-click to open the context menu. On the context menu, point to Nudge and click Nudge Left. The label moves slightly to the left. You can also use the arrow keys on your keyboard to nudge the labels.
The labels for Merida, Chichen Itza, and Yucatan should all be visible. (If you don'r see all three labels, click the Refresh button.)
Labeling /iatures
Gulf o f Mexico
( 8
Click somewhere in the blue area away from the Merida label to un select it. Your map is almost finished. You'll convert the Southeastern States layer to annotation so you can make some final adjustments to the label positions.
9
In the table of contents, right-click the Southeastern States layer and click Convert Labels to Annotation . The Convert Labels to Annotation dialog box opens.
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199
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Srction3: Displaying da ta
10 Click the option to store annotation in the map. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Convert. "" •. ,'1 ,'01 !,A",.!,"
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The labels are converted to annotation. In the process, their positions may change
slightly and affecc the display of other labels. You'll move the labels for the states of Yucatan) Tabasco. and Chiapas to where they are less likely to be mistaken for the names of cities or ruins. Use the graphic following step 12 as a guide.
lIOn the Too ls toolbar, make sure the Select Elements tool is selected. Click the Yucatan label and drag it to the northeast corner of the state.
12 Click the Chiapas label and drag it slightly to the southeast. Click the Tabasco label and drag it west across the river. Click somewhere away from the label to un select it. Click the Refresh View button if necessary.
LabeNngftatures
Your map is ready for review at the Ministry of Tourism. One benefit of maps published on the Internet is thar users can turn layers on and off according to their interests .
. You may eventually want to add and label such layers as roads, minor ruins, resorts, and campgrounds .
.3
If you want to save your work, save it as mLex07c.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\Chapt~r07 \MyData folder. If you are continuing with the next chapter, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
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Section 4: Getting information about features
Chapter 8
Querying data Identifying, selecting, finding, and hyperlinking features Selecting features by attribute Creating reports
204
Sf'CIiOIl -I: Ci'/fing informatioll a /JvlIf fela llYl'S
A great strength of GIS is that it doesn't just show you where things are, it also tells you a lot about them. If you're curious about the road leading OUt of rown, for example, you may be able ro find out such things as its name, its length, its speed limit. and the number of lanes it has. If that road leads ro a place like Carlisle, Pennsylvania, you might wane to know the town's populacion (18,419), the median household income ($26,151), the median home value ($77,400), and many other things. Much information about features can be conveyed by the way they are symbolized and labeled. But, for most features, it isn't possible to di splay everything that is known on a single map. In ArcMap, there are several ways to retrieve unseen information about features. You can click features to display their attributes. This is called identifying features. You can click feat ures to highlight them and look at their records in the layer attribute table. This is called selecting features ineeractively. You can write a query that automatically selects features meeting specific criteria (for example, three-bedroom houses with swimming pools). This is called seleccing feat ures by attributes. Or you ca n provide ArcMap with a piece of information, such as a name, and see which feature it belongs to. This is called finding features . Anribuces are noc the only kind of informacion that ca n belong to a feature. Pictures, tex t documenes, and Web pages can also be associated with features through hyperlinks. C licking a hyperlinked fearure opens a file on disk. points your Web browser to a URL, or runs a macro (a sequence of commands).
QUe/ling data
Identifying, selecting, finding, and hyperlinking features The fastest way to get informacion about a si ngle feamce is to identify ic. If you want to compa re in formation about several features. the best way is to seiect the features on the map and look at their records in the layer attribute table. When you have a piece of informacion-a place name or address. for instance- bur don't know which feature it belongs to,
you can use the information to search the map for the feature. Hyperli nks associate features with things that can't be stored as attribute values. A feature representing a government office, for example, could be linked to the office's Web page.
Exercise Sa You are a real estate agent in Redlands . California. Many of your clients are new ESRI employees who have recently moved to the area. Your acquaintance with people in the industry helped you decide to use GIS in your own business. Currently, you're working with a couple that has two children. They've asked to see properties in a neighborhood near the ESRI campus. They're looking for a three-bedroom house-preferably on a corner lot- and are willing to spend up to $175.000. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMa p-Getting Started dialog box, under the Exi sting Maps section , click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already running, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter08 . Click ex08a.mxd and click Open.
The map shows local streets, land parcels in a neighborhood. and surrounding lots. The parcels are classified as either fo r sale or not for sale.
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Section 4: Getting information about features
You will zoom in for a better look at the neighborhood and use the Identify tool to learn more about parcels that are for sale. 2
In the table of contents, right-click Neighborhood Parcels. On the context menu, click Zoom To Layer.
3
On the Tools tool bar, click the Identi fy tool.
4
Move the Identify window out of the way, if necessary. On the map, click one of the parcels for sa le, such as the one in the following graphic.
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The bottom half of the Identify window displays the feature's attribute values. The box on the top tells YOll which layer is being identified (Neighborhood Parcels) and shows the value for the attribute that is set as the layer's primary display field (in this case, OWNER_NAME). If your window is not in a vertical orientation, click the Toggle Split Orientation button to change from a horizontal window orientation. The Identify from drop~down list at the top lets you pick the layer whose features you are idencifyi ng. By default, this is the topmost layer. (The topmost layer is the first one in the table of contents that contains a feature at the location you click.) 5
Click a few more parcels for sale. The information in the Identify window changes.
Identifying features is the fastest way to get information about them, but it isn't convenient for comparing the attributes of several features. To do this, you'll select features on the map, then look at their records in the layer attribute table.
Query;"g data
6
Close the Identify window. In the table of contents, click the List by Selection button . . F'
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Beside the Streets and Other Parcels layers, click the toggle selectab le button, as shown in the following graph ic.
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In the Selection Options dialog box, the select ion tolerance is set to 5 pixels. Because you ate working w ith small featutes that have many featutes adjacent to them, you'll reduce the tolerance. This ensures that when you click a location , you won't select more than one feature at a time. 9
In the Selection tolerance box, replace the va lue of 5 with 0 as shown in the following graphic, then click OK.
10 Click the Selection menu , point to Interactive Selection Method, and click Add to Current Selection .
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11 On t he Tools toolbar, click the Select Features tool. 12 On the map, clic k each of the eight corner parcels that are for sale. Each parce l you
...... click is added to the selection set. If you select a parcel by mistake, click the Selection menu, point to Interactive Selection Method, and click Remove From Current Selection. Th en click the selected parcel to unselect it. The table of contents shows how many parcels are selected and the names of the parcel owners.
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Sect ion 4: Getting information about features
14 Scroll through the table to the right to see its attributes. You can now compare values like price or square footage for each house. Right-cl ick t he SALE_PR ICE field name. On t he context menu, click Sort Descending.
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Now the records are sorted in order from most expensive to least expensive. The first record shows a value of 166500 (or $166,500).
15 Click the gray tab to the left of the first record (the house at 901 Washington SI.). The record is highlighted in yellow as is the corresponding map feature. You may need to move the attribute table to see the highlighted feature.
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16 Close the attribute table. Th e ye llow highlight on the feature disappears. Cli ck the Selecti on menu and cl ick Clear Selected Features.
Changing the selection color for features and records The default selection colors can be changed. They can also be set independently for each layet in a map. For more information, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desk-
top Help and navigate to Professional Library> Data Management > Geographic data types> Tables > Displaying tables> Using field properties, aliases, and table display options> Understanding field properties, aliases, and table display options.
Attribute information is useful. but a photo conveys inform ation that table attributes can't- such as whether a house is attractive to you. Pictures, documents, Web pages, and macros can be hyperlinked to features.
The attribure rable of rhe Neighborhood Parcels layer has a field called IMAGE rhat contains paths to photographs of the three-bedroom corner houses that are for sale. You
will hyperlink rhe fearures to the photos.
212
Section 4: Getti JIg illformtlt ;011 abollt jellttl res
17 In t he tab le of contents, double-cl ick Neighborhood Parce ls. In the Layer Properties dialog box, click the Display tab. 18 Check Support Hyperlinks using f ield. Click the drop-down arrow and click' IMAGE.
Below the drop-down list, make sure the Document option is selected , as shown in the followi ng graphic . Click OK .
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CEJ== N ow your clients can see photos of the properties before deciding whether to visit them.
19 On the Tools tool bar, click the Hyperlink tool.
On the map, hyperlinked features are outlined in blue.
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Creating hyperlinks There are two ways to create hyperlinks. One is to add document paths or URL addresses to a field in the layer attribute table. This is efficient if you are hyperlinking many features. The other way is to click a feature and specify the document path or UR L. This is easier if you are setting just a few hyperlinks. It is also the only way that lets you hyperlink a feature to more than one object. For more information, click the Contents tab in ArcG IS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Library> Mapping and Visualization> Working with layers> Interacting with layer contents> Using hyperlinks.
When you take your c1iems on a tour of rhe neighborhood, rhey see a house rhey like in spire of irs nor being on a corner. You jm down the address (83 1 Washington Sc.) so you can ger more in formation back ar the office. You'll use the Find tool to locate the house on the map and display irs att ributes.
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Sution 4: G~tling information about featu res
21 On the Tools toolbar, cl ick the Find tool to open the Find dialog box.
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22 In the Find dialog box, click th e Features ta b. Type 831 Washington St in the Find box. (Do not t ype a period after the " St " abbrevi ation.)
To speed things up, you can specify a layer, and even a field, to search in. 23 Click the In drop-down arrow and click Neighborhood Parcels. In the Search options, click the In field option, then click the drop-down arrow and click ADDRESS. Make sure your window matches the following graphic, then click Find. I?
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24 Move the Find window away from the map but where you can still see it. Click 831 WASHINGTON ST at the bottom of window.
The pa rcel £lashes briefly in the lower righr corner of the map. (If the Identify window covers the parcel, move it and repeat step 24.) 25 On the Tools toolbar, click the Identify button and click the 831 Washington St parcel.
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In drop-down list number 1 of the Relate dialog box, click the drop-down arrow and click IDNUMBER. This specifies IDNUMBER as the common attribute in the Pits_75 table.
12 In drop-down list number 2, make sure the Metals table is chosen . In number 3, make sure the IDNU MBER field is chosen. Th is specifies IDNUMBER as the common attribute in the Metals table.
13 In drop-down list number 4, high light the defau lt name and type Metals Analysis. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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The neighborhoods are selecced on che map.
Six neighborhoods meec your criceria. In che nexc exercise, you'll narrow che search furcher by looking for che afHuem ones.
12 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapterl0\MyData . Rename the file my_exlOa.mxd and click Save.
13 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Selectingftatures by locfltian
Combining attribute and location queries Location and attribuce queries can be used together to solve a problem. For example, if you're doing emergency plann ing, you might want to selecc cities of 100,000 or more (an auribuce query) th at lie within 10 miles of major fault li nes (a location query).
Exercise TOb You have found neighborhoods th at are close to freeways and contain shoppi ng cemers. You also want to locate your store in an afHuem neighborhood. The Neighborhoods layer has no demographic info rm acion, but che Census Traccs layer does. You'll do an actribuce query to select the census (faccs that meec your criteria. Then you'll create a location query to select the neighborhoods that substantially overlap these census tracts. Once you decide on a neighborhood, you'll add zoning and build ing data to help you choose a specific location for the new store. In ArcMap, open exl0b.mxd from the C:\ESRIPre ss\GTKArcGIS\Chapter10 folder.
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The map displays the city of Riverside and the neighborhoods selected in the previous exercise.
26 5
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SeCtion 5: Ana/yzingjenrurr relationships
2
In the table of contents, turn on the Census Tracts layer.
Thin light lines oudine the census tracts. Some tracts cross neighborhood boundaries and some neighborhoods include more th an one tract. 3
In the table of contents, right-click the Census Tracts layer and click Open Attribute Table.
You' ll use rhe number of households (HH _99) and rhe average household income (AVG INC_ 99) as criteria for locating your business.
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At the top of the table, click the Table Option s menu and cl ick Select By Attributes. "I ,'hyllr",,'e,
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Section 5: Analyzingfeatttre reliltionshipJ
In the display, three census tracts are selected.
It's hard to pick out the selected tracts because they are highlighted in the same color as the neighbothoods. 7
In the table of contents, turn off the Neighborhoods layer.
The three tracts are located in the southeastern part of the city. 8
In the table of contents, turn the Neighborhoods layer back on.
You'll use the selected census tracts to select the neighborhoods they overlap.
Selectingfedlll res by location
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11 In the Target layer(s) box, check the Neighborhoods check box. 12 In the list of Source layers, cli ck the drop-down arrow and click Census Tracts. 13 In the list of Spatia l selection methods, click the drop-down arrow and click " Target layer(s) features have the ir centroid in the Source layer feature."
Neighborhoods with centers in one of the selected census tracts w ill be selected. This method w ill find those neighborhoods that substantially overlap the selected census tracts (and therefore substantially share their demographic characteristics). Underneath the Source layer drop-down list. the check box to use selected features is checked. This means that only the three selected features in the Census Tracts layer w ill be used in the spatial selection.
269
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Section 5: AnalyzillgJeature relationships
14 Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Ap ply. When the selection is finished, click Close.
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A si ngle neighborhood . Canyon Crest. is selected. It is populous. afHuent. contains a major shopping center. and is close to a freeway.
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16 In the table of contents, right-click the Neighborhoods layer, point to Selection, and click Zoom To Selected Features.
The map zooms to the Canyon Crest neighborhood. To look for sites in this neighborhood, you'll add two new layers to the map. One shows which parts of the neighborhood are zoned for commercial use. The other shows buildings within those districts. 17 On the Standard tool bar, click the Add Oata button.
18 In the Add Data dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\ChapterlO\Data. Double-click RiversideCityData.mdb to see its contents. Click CCbuildings. Press the Ctrl key and click CCz"ning. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Add.
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Section 5: Ana/yzingfifllUrt' rdatio1lShips
The two new layers are added to the map. (Your colors may be different.) The layers contain zoning and building data clipped to the Canyon Crest neighborhood. You'll learn how to clip data in the next chapter.
19 In the tab le of contents, turn off the CCbui ldings layer, then double-click the CCzoning layer to open its layer properties. Click the Definition Query tab.
--
Sl'Il'ctillgftatures by loclltion
A definition query resembles an attribute query in that you write an expression to find features with particular attributes. The difference is that features satisfying an attribute query are selected, while features satisfying a definition query are displayed and the rest are hidden. Since you're interested in looking only ac commercial property, you'll write a query to display only those features in the CCzoning layer [hac are zoned for commercial use. 20 On the Definition Query tab, click Query Builder. 21 In the Fields box, double-click [DESC_l to add it to the expression box. (This attribute contains zoning code descriptions.) Click the equals (=) button. Click Get Unique Values, then double-click 'Com mercial '. Make sure that your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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Section 5: Analyzillgftature relationships
The query is displayed in [he D efinition Query box.
22 Cl ick OK on the Layer Properties dialog box.
Now the only features displayed in the layer are those zoned for commercial use . Of the two commercial areas, shown by arrows in the previous graphic, you want the one that contains the shopping center. 23 On t he Tools tool bar, click t he Zoom In tool.
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24 Drag a zoom rectangle around the commercial area containing the shopping center.
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25 In the table of contents, turn on the CCbuildings layer.
The commercially zoned buildings vary in size. You need 4 ,0 00 to 6,000 square feet for your store. You can identify the buildings and get their square footage from the Shape_ Area field in the layer attribute table. Since you don't know what the buildings look like or whether they are available, your next step might be co drive out to the area and then call a real estate agent. 26 If you want to save your work, save it as mL exl0b.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\ChapterlO \MyData folder.
275
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Section 5: AnaLyz ingfttllUre relations!Jips
27 If you are continuing to the next chapter, leave Arc Map open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save you r changes .
Joining attributes by location In this chapter, you selected features in one layer according to their spatial relations hips to features in other layers. You can use the same kinds of spatial relationships (containment, distance, intersection) to join the attributes of features in one layer to features in another. This operation, called a spatial join, may also create new attributes, such as a count of the features in one layer that are contained by features in another layer or
distance measurements between features in two layers. Here, a layer of earthquake points is spatially joined to a layer of California counties. The output gives county-by-county tota ls for such earthquake attributes as damage and deaths. Target layer (Counties)
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This spatial join is based on containment. The output table has the attributes of the Counties layer plus three new ones. For each county, you can see how many earthquakes there have been, how much damage has been done. and how many people have died. In the map at the right, the counties are symbolized by number of earthquakes.
(Continued on next page)
Selutingjetttures h.r locdtion
Joining attributes by location (continued) Here, the same layer of earthquake points is spatially joined to a layer of cities to find the distance from each city to the earthquake nearest it.
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This spatial join is based on distance. The output table has the attributes of both the Cities layer and the Quakes layer. The LOCATION attribute from the Quakes layer shows the nearest earthquake to each city. The new Distance attribute shows how far away the quake was (in meters). You do a spatia l join in much the same way as the table join you did in chapter 9. In the table of contents, right-click the target layer (the one you are joining attributes to), point to Joins and Re lates, and click Join. In the Join Data dialog box, choose "Join data from another layer based on spatial location," then select the join layer. The output layer attributes vary according to the spatial relationship between the target and join layers and the options you choose in the dialog box. For more information, clic k the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Library> Data Management> Geographic data types> Tables> joining tables by spatial query> About joining the attributes of features by their location.
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Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
Section 5: Analyzing feature relationships
Chapter 11
Preparing data for analysis Dissolving features Creating graphs Clipping layers Exporting data
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280
Section 5: AllaiyzillgjCfl wre reiiltio1lShips
GIS analysis projects usually begin with several datasets and the plans to process them to get a result. When you perform an operation on spatial data that creates a new dataset (often a slightly modified version of the original), you are doing geoprocessing. Geoprocessing tasks are accomplished with Toolboxes, a collection of tools that you add to the ArcMap or ArcCatalog interface from the Standard toolbar. Datasets are not always in exactly the condition you need for a project. For example, features may be either too detailed or too generalized for the map scale you are working at. Another problem may be not having all the attributes you want. And sometimes the problem is even one of too much data-you may have thousands of features cluttering your area of interest or extending well beyond it. Having too much data is, of course, a better problem than not having enough. Toolboxes contain a number of tools to help you streamline datasets. You can simplify data by dissolving a group of features with a common attribute value into one feature. You can trim a dataset to your area of interest by using features in one layer to clip features in another. Other techniques don't require special geoprocessing tools. For example, you can work with fewer features by making a selection on a layer and creating a new layer from it.
Prepl1rillg data Jor analysis
Dissolving features A dissolve creates a new layer in which all features in an input layer that have the same value for a specified attribute become a single feature. In the following example, states are dissolved by sales region.
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States disso lved by sales region
The new layer's attribute table has the standard geometry (Shape) and feature identifier (FID) attributes along with the attribute used in the dissolve (Region). You can include other attributes as well. In the sales region example. the input table has an attribute stOring the number of customers per state. In the output table, these values can be summed for each region.
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281
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Section 5: AtI(l/yzingfifllllre relationships
Exercise l1a You work for a lumber company that plans to harvest timber in the Tongass National Forest in soucheasrern Alaska. Forest land can be divided into stands-groups of trees with something in common, such as type. age. or size. In a national forest, stands can be grouped into larger areas and leased to private companies by the U.S. Forest Service. Restrictions are placed on logging in sensitive pans of the lease areas. such as endangered animal habitat. The Forest Service is presently considering leasing five adjacent areas.
The Tongass National Forest, shown in dark green, covers 16,800,000 acres (about 68 ,000 square kilometers) of the Alaska pan handle.
Lease areas under consideration are shown in red.
As your company's GIS analyst. your job in this and the following chapter is to calculate the timber values of the potential lease areas. Your analysis will help your company decide how much to bid for each area. You have a polygon layer of forest stands provided by the forest service. Its attributes include the estimated value of each stand and the lease area each stand belongs to. In this exercise. you'll dissolve the sta nds into the five lease areas. You'll total the stand values to get a preliminary estimate of how much each lease area is worth. In chapter 12, you'll refine this estimate by eliminating areas that can't be harvested.
Preparing dOlO for olUzlysis
Start Arc Map. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already running, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chaptertt . Click exl1a.mxd and click Open .
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In the table of contents, right-click the Stands layer and cl ick Open Attribute Table.
The Stands layer has 1,405 stands, each represented by one record in the table. The StandValue attribute contains rhe dollar value of each stand in millions of dollars. It was obtained by mu ltiplying ValuePerMeter by Shape_ Area (Shape_Area stores the size of each feature in square meters) and then dividing by 1,000,000. The value of the first stand, for instance, appears as 1.00353, which is just over a million dollars.
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SU"fiOll 5: Anniyzingjetttllre relatiowhips
3
Close th e tab le. Click the Geoprocessing menu and click Search For Tools.
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• The Search window opens. If it is docked [0 the side of the main ArcMap window, it may look like [he graphic above. (If you have opened it before and cus[Omized its position , your Search window may be in a different loca[ion.) The Search window displays many system toolboxes. Each toolbox has tools for related geoprocessi ng tasks. You need the Dissolve tool, wh ich is found in the D ata Managemen[ Tools toolbox. (Alternatively, you could click the ArcToolbox window button, however, using the Search window is a convenient way to find a [001 quickly.) 4
In the Search window, click t he Data Ma nagement Tools lin k, then click the Genera li zation link. (You may need to scroll down to see it.)
The Search wi ndow graphics in this book assume [hat you are using an ArcView software license and that you have not installed optional extensions such as ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. If you have an ArcEditor or ArcInfo license, or jf you have installed extensions, your window will show additional toolboxes.
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Click the Dissolve tool to open the Dissolve dialog box.
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Although each tool has its own functionality and settings, all use a similar dialog box with some common elements. For example, each tool has a Show Help button in the lower right corner that describes the tool and its settings. Tools with lots of settings have a scroll bar on the right. As an alternative to scrolling, you can resize the dialog box by dragging on a side or corner. Once you do this, ArcMap remembers the new size and applies it to the next tool you open. (So if the dimensions of your Dissolve dia log box are different from the graphic, it means you have previously resized this or some other tool. That's fine- the dialog box can be whatever size you like.) The Dissolve tool requires that you select an input layer of features to dissolve, a location where the newly created layer will be saved to disk, and an attribute to dissolve on. 6
In the Input Features drop-down list, select Stands. (It's the only layer in the map.)
When you select the input features, a default path and file name appear for the output data. The list of attributes that can be dissolved on appears in the Dissolve_ Field{s} box. The output data can be saved as either a shapefile or as a geodatabase feature class. You' ll save it as a geodatabase feature class because the reSt of the Tongass data is in this format. To leave the Tongass geodatabase intact, you'll save the output to a duplicate geodatabase called MyTongass that has been created for you. 7
285
Click the Browse button next to the Output Feature Class box. In the Output Feature Class dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapterl1\MyData. Double-click MyTongass.mdb .
10
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Section 5: Anaiyzing/enture relatiombips
8
In the Name box, type Leases. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Save.
The Output feature class information is updated.
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In the DissolveJield(s) box, cl ick the LeaselD check box.
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Each set of polygons with the same Leasel D will be dissolved into a single feature.
Preparing datil for analysis
ArcMap can also summarize the attribute values of dissolved features by a variety of statistics. To find out the timber value of each lease. you will summarize the StandValue attribute by the Sum statistic type. This w ill total the values of all stands dissolved within a lease. (You can also get the mean, the range. the standard deviation. and other measures of numeric attributes.)
10 In the Dissolve dialog box, scroll down to the Statistics Field(s) area. Click the Statistics Field(s) drop-down arrow and click StandValue to add it to the list.
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Tools execute in the background, meaning you can continue working with ArcMap while the rool executes. You'll see a progress bar at the borrom of the main window displaying the name of the currently executing tool and the percentage to completion. When the rool finishes executing, a pop-up notification wi ll appear on the system tray. GP: Dissolve
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13 When the operati on is completed, close the notification window (or the pop-up notificati on will disappear after a few seconds.)
The new Leases layer is added ro the map. (If you don't see it, d ick the Add Data burron, navigate to the MyTongass geodatabase, and add the layer. Then dick the Geoprocessing menu and click Geoprocessing Options. In the Geoprocessing Options dialog box, near the botrom of the dialog box, check the box Add results of geoprocessing operations to [he display box. Click OK. Any new geoptocessing layers wi ll be added to ArcMap automatically.) When a new geoprocessi ng layer is created and added to ArcMap, it displays in a random color. In many of the exercise steps in th is chapter and the next, the colors on your screen may not match the graphics in the book. 14 In the table of contents, right-click the Leases layer and cl ick Zoom to Layer. ... r. _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ ...
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15 In the table of contents, right-click the Leases layer and click Open Attribute Table. If necessary, resize the table to show all fields.
The original 1,405 stands have been aggregated into five lease polygons. LeaseID is the attribute you dissolved on. SUM_ StandValue is the statistical field you requested. It contains the sum of all stand values (in millions of dollars) in each lease area. The value of lease A, for instance, is about 626 million dollars. Shape_ Length and Shape_Area are measurement attributes automatically maintained by ArcMap for geodatabase feature classes. (Shape_ Length, for a polygon feature class, measures feature perimeters.) 16 Close the tab le. 17 If you want to save your work, click the File menu and click Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapterl1\MyData. Rename the file my-exlla.mxd and click Save.
18 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Cl ick No if prompted to save your changes.
289
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SUfiOIl 5: Alllllyzillgfoature rellltionships
Creating graphs The ArcGIS Graph W izard lees you creace many differem kinds of graphs, including column, pie, area, and scaccer graphs. You can set propercies for such elemems as titles, axes, and graph markers (the bars in a bar graph, for inscance). Graphs can be saved with a map documem or as files with a .grf extension thac can be added to any map document.
Exercise l1b You have dissolved the foresc scands into lease areas and summed their harvestable values. In this exercise, you'll presem che values in a graph and add the graph to a map layout. In ArcMap, open exllb.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapterll folder.
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Click the Views menu, point to Graphs, and click Create. The Create Graph Wizard opens.
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Section 5: AlItI/yzjugftature relationships
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Click the drop-down arrow for X label field and choose LeaselD from the list.
The LeaseID values display on the x-axis. 5
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In the second panel, you'll change the default graph title, add a footer, and remove the ax is tides.
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In the Title box under General graph properties, replace Graph of Leases with Lease Values. In the Footer box, type In millions of dollars.
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In the Axis properties panel (near the bottom of the wizard), make sure the Left tab is selected. Delete Sum_StandValue from the Title box, leaving it blank. Make sure Visible is checked.
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The left axis values display on the graph but the tide "Sum_ StandValue" does not. You' ll make the same change to the bottom axis .
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Make sure your wizard matches the fo llowing graphic, the n click Finish.
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The graph displays in a window that floats on the application window. The graph makes it easy to compare the lease area values. Lease F. the most valuable, is worth abom 1.5 billion dollars.
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Suti01l 5: A 1uziy z ing/eotu re relationships
Note: If you resize the graph window, values displayed along the left axis may change.
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You' ll add the graph to the map layout. 10 Right-click the graph title bar. On the context menu, click Add to Layout. ArcMap switches to layout view.
11 Close the graph window. Tonpn Nlttonal FOfMt
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The graph displays in the middle of the layout page, marked with blue selection handles. (Other layout elements, such as the map tide and lease labels, have been added for you.)
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13 Drag the graph to the upper right corner of the layout, as shown in the following graphic. Click outside the layout page to unselect the graph. Ton.... H.sonll 1"01'Mt
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SeClitJII 5: Alw/yzingjentltre relationships
Clipping layers Clipping trims features in one layer using the boundaries of polygon features from another layer. It's like having a pair of scissors, or a cookie cutter, to cur away data that you don't need for your project. For example, you might have a shapefile of all the Streets in your county, while your study area encompasses just one ZIP Code within that county. If you have a polygon feature representing that ZIP Code, you can use it to clip our JUSt the streetS you need. Clipping can be a matter of convenience- since smaller datasets are easier to process- but it can also be important for analysis. To find our the total length of roadway within the ZIP Code, for instance, you must exclude streets and street segments that lie outside it. In the following example, a layer of interstate highways is clipped at the boundaries of the state of Oklahoma.
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Exercise 11c The fo rest service has JUSt determined that, of the five lease areas, only lease F is mature enough for harvest. Your company will direct its attent ion to making a bid for this lease. Not every square meter of the lease area is harvestable. Logging is prohibited near streams and goshawk nests. (Goshawks are a protected bird species.) You have layers of streams and goshawk nests that cover all five lease areas, but now you'd like to work with darasets that cover only the area of lease F. In this exercise, you' ll clip a layer of streams
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In Arc Map, open exllc.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapterll folder.
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The map displays the five lease areas and a Streams layer that contains 1,566 stream segments. To clip the streams to the lease F boundary, you must first select lease F. You'll turn the selection into a new layer so you can look at lease F apart from the others. 2
Click the List by Selection button. Click the toggle beside Streams to make it not selectable, as shown in the following graphic.
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On the Tools tool bar, cl ick the Select Features tool.
297
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SUfiofl 5: Alla/yzingfillfure relationships
4
On the map, click lease F to select it. It is outlined in cyan.
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In the table of contents, right-cli ck the Leases layer and click Create Layer From Selected Features.
A layer called Leases selection is added co the cop of the table of contents. This layer references the same geodatabase feature class as the Leases layer. Unlike geoprocessing operations) creating a selection layer doesn't create a new dataset. (You can, however, export a selection layer, or a set of selected features, as a new dataset if you want to. You will do this in the next exercise.) 6
Click the white area of the map to deselect the feature.
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Click the List By Drawing Order button in the table of contents. Turn off the Leases layer and drag the Leases selection layer to the bottom of the table of contents. ,
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Commonly used geoprocessing tools are listed in the Geoprocessing menu. Alternatively, search for more tools in the ArcToolbox, Search or Catalog window. You'll use the Clip tool to clip the streams to the boundary of lease F. 8
Click the Geoprocessi ng menu and click Clip.
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You'll select the layer with the input features co be clipped, the layer co clip with, and an output feature class. As with Dissolve, the output of a clip can be either a shapefile or a geodatabase feature class. You will add the clipped streams co the MyTongass geodatabase. 9
In the Input Features drop-down list, click Streams. In the Clip Features drop-down list, cl ick Leases selection.
10 Click the Browse button next to the Output Feature Class drop-down list. In the Output Feature Class dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapte,II\MyData and double-click MyTongass.mdb. 11
In the Name box, type StreamsF. Make sure your dialog box matches the follow in g graphic, then click Save.
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12 Click OK.
x When the Clip tool finishes processing, a pop-up notification will appear on the system tray. Click the Clip link in the pop-up notification to view the Clip tool's results report. The Results window shows a summary of the input and output layers, environment parameters, each operation and the elapsed time. iil tlO.nent_
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13 When the operation is completed, close the Results window. In the table of contents, turn off the Streams layer.
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The StreamsF layer (assigned a random color), consisting of stream features clipped to the boundary of lease F, is added to the map.
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Section 5: A1Jalyzingjearure relationships
14 In the table of contents, right-click the StreamsF layer and click Open Attribute Table.
The Clip operation has reduced the number of stream segments from 1,566 (in the Streams layer) to 358 . The table has attributes that will determine how much area around the streams is off-limits to logging. You will work w ith these attributes in the next chapter.
15 Close the table. 16 If you want to save your work, save it as my_exllc.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\Chaplerll \MyData folder. 17 If you are continuing wit h the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, close the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
Prepa ring da ta for analysis
Exporting data Operations like Dissolve and Clip create new datasets automatically. Another way to make a new dataset from an existing one is to make a selection on a layer and export the selected features.
Exercise 11d In addition to the streams layer, you have a layer of goshawk nests covering all five lease areas. You could clip this layer just as you did the streams. Unlike the streams, however, the nests are points and therefore don't cross polygon boundaries. (In the map it will look as if they do, but that is an effect of symbology.) Because nests are contained within polygons, you can use Select By Location to select the nests in lease F and then export the selected set. In ArcMap, open exlld.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chaplerll folder.
The map contains a layer of goshawk nests and a layer of lease F.
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5: A,zalyzillg!earure relationships
Click the Selection menu and click Select By Location. If necessary, click the selection method drop-down arrow and click " select features from."
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For the buffer distance, make sure the Linear unit option is selected. In the Linear unit box, type 800.
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Scroll down if necessary, click the Dissolve Type drop-down arrow and click All.
Wherever buffer polygons overlap each other, the overlapping boundaries will be dissolved to make a single feature.
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Srt'rjOll 5: AlIlllyzillgJenture relationships
10 Click OK.
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11 When th e operation is com pleted, close the Results wi ndow.
The new NestBuf layer is added to the map. Where buffers overlap, the barriers between them have been removed, as you specified. 12 If necessary, change the color of the buffers so they are vis ible against the Lease F ba ckgrou nd .
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13 In the table 01 conten ts, right-click the NestBul layer and click Open Attribute Table.
The table contains juSt a single record. Buffers created with the dissolve ALL option form a single feature called a multipart polygon (a polygon with discontinuous boundaries). The attributes are the standard four for a geodatabase polygon feature class:
OBJECTID, Shape, Shape_Length, and Shape_Area. Because of the dissolve, none of the NestF layer attributes are passed on to the Output table. Now you' ll buffer the Streams layer. The buffer sizes for this layer w ill va ry according to whether or not salmon spawn in a stream.
14 Close the Attributes 01 NestBul table. In the table of contents, right-click the StreamsF layer and click Open Attribute Tab le.
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The HasSpawning field shows whethet Ot not a stream has spawning salmon. The Distance field values of 50 and 100 correspond to the No and Yes values in the Has-
Spawning field. (Recall that logging is prohibited within 50 meters of streams, and within 100 meters of streams where salmon spawn.)
15 Close the attribute table. In the table 01 contents, turn off the NestBul and NestsF layers. 16 In the ArcToolbox window, double-click the Buffer tool. 17 Click the Input Features drop-down arrow and click StreamsF.
18 Click the Browse button next to the Output Feature Class box. In the Output Feature Class dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\ChaplerI 2\MyData and double-click MyTDngass.mdb .
318
SUlion 5: AnalyzingJeatllre relationships
19 In the Name box, type StreamoBuf. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Save.
..I 20 For the Buffer distance, cli ck the Field option. Click the Field drop-down arrow and click Distance.
Distance is [he field in [he ScreamsF layer [able that comains the values 50 and 100. This time you won't dissolve [he stream buffers as you did with the nest buffers.
21 Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, the n click OK. 11"11,,
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To find the harvestable land, you will union the NoCutArea layer with StandsF. After the overlay. you will be able to select the polygons that represent harvestable areas, 13 In the ArcToolbox window, double-click the Union tool. 14 Click the Input Features drop-down arrow and click NoCutArea to add it to the list of input layers. Do the same for Stand sF.
15 Click the Browse button next to the Output Feature Class box. In the Output Feature Class dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\ChapterI2\MyData and double-click MyTongass.mdb.
16 In the Name box, type Final. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Save .
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S~("/ioll 5: Analyzingftlllllr~ relationships
Leave the Join Attributes drop-down list set to ALL. This time you will include all input attributes in the Union layer. (You wi ll need anributes like StandValue and Va luePerMeter co recalculate the scand values in che next exercise.) 17 Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK .
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At this scale, it's hard to tell if you're looking at the result of a spatial analysis or JUSt a plate of spagheni. In a moment, you'll zoom in, but first you'll look at the attribute table of the Final layer.
Analyzing sptltial data
18 In the table of contents, right-click the Final layer and click Open Attribute Tab le.
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The FID_ NoCutArea attribute is the renamed OBJECTID from the NoCutArea layer. If a record has a value other chan -1 in this field, it means the output feature coincides spatially with a buffer feature; in other words, it's not harvestable. If a record has the value -1, it means the output feature does not coincide with a buffer and therefore is harvestable. The harvestable area of lease F, therefore, is the area composed of all polygons in the
Final layer that have the value -\ in the FID_NoCutArea field. 19 Close the Attributes of Final table. Close ArcToolbox. In the table of contents, turn off all layers except Final.
20 Click the Bookmarks menu and click Close-up.
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S~Clion 5: AlUzlyziug Jeature rf'lationships
To see which areas can be harvested, you will turn on labels.
21 In the tab le of contents, double-cli ck the Final layer. On the Layer Properties dialog box, click the Labels tab. Check the " Label features in this layer" check box. Click the Label Field drop-down arrow and click FID_NoCutArea. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK .
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It would be easier to read the map if you used colors instead aflabels. Applying symbology is not part of this exercise, but you are welcome to do it on your own, using what you learned in chapter 5. Your result might look like this:
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In the next exercise, you will recalculate the Final layer's 5tandValue attribute to get an accurate total value far harvestable land. 22 If you want to save you r work, save it as my_ex12b.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\Chapler12 \MyDala folder. 23 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
331
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5: Analyzillgftature relationships
Calculating attribute values You ca n write an ex pression to calculate attribute va lues for all records in a table or juSt for selected ones. For numeric attributes, the expression can include constants, functions, or values from other fields in the table. Fo r text attributes, the expression can include cha racter str ings that you type or text values from other fields.
Exercise 12c The graph you made in chapter 11 showed the timber va lue of lease F to be about 1.5 billion dollars. In this exercise, yo u'll adjust that value to take into accou nt only harvestable areas. You' ll create a definition query to display these areas, then you' ll recalculate stand values to determine how much the total harvestable area is worth. In ArcMap, open ex12c.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter12 folder.
The map contains the Final layer you created in the last exercise. In the previous exerci se, yo u saw that harvestable areas have t he value -1 in t he FID_NoCutArea field. Using that value, you will create a definition query to display only the harvestable areas. 2
In the table of contents, double-click the Fin al layer. In the Layer Pro perties dialog box, clic k the Defini tion Query tab.
Analyzing spatial data
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Click Query Builder to open the Query Builder dialog box,
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In the Fields box, scroll down and double-click [FID_NoCutAreaJ to add it to the expression box, Click the equals (=) button, then click Get Unique Values, In the Unique Values list, double-click -1. Make sure your expression matches the following graphic, then click OK,
The query displays in the Definition Query box.
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Sutioll 5: An(1lyzingftatllr~ re/Iltiomhips
5
Click OK on the Layer Properties dialog box.
On the map, only features satisfying the query are displayed. The layer attribute table
will show only the records corresponding to these features. Now you'll update the StandValue attribute for these features. 6
In the table of contents, right-click the Final layer and click Open Attribute Table .
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The table shows 372 records, rather than the original 5,439. The values in the StandValue field need to be updated. Although some of the original stand polygons were preserved intact in the Final layer (and still have correct stand values), many other stands-all those chat were overlapped by a nest or stream buffer- were split in the last overlay. The resulting smaller polygons have correct area values because ArcMap automatically updates che Shape_Area attribute, but cheir stand values, which were simply copied over from the StandsF table, are wrong. To correct the stand values , you will multiply the area of each feature by its value per meter. 7
Right-click the field name StandValue and click Field Calculator. If necessary, click Yes on the message warning you that you cannot undo the ca lculation.
The Field Calculator dialog box opens.
Analyzing spatial data
8
In the Fields box, double-click Shape_Area to add it to the expression box. Click the multiplication (') button. Again in the Fields box, double-click ValuePerMeter.
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This expression will give you the updated stand values in dollars. In the table, however, the stand values are expressed in millions of dollars. 9
Click at the beginning of the expression and type an opening parenthesis "(" followed by a space. Click at the end of the expression and type a space followed by a closing parenthesis ")". Click the division ( / ) button. Type a space and type 1000000. Make sure your expression matches the one in the following graphic, then click OK . ([Sho!»..JItMl- [V_ _ _ 1J/loo:KXX4
The values in the StandValue field are recalculated.
335
336
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10 Right-click the StandValue field name and click Statistics. I ? ~I
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Cart Mrirun: '" 0.013003
MMrvn:ll .l ll355 Simi: 1052.D8379 Mean 2.928182 Stand.vd DeWotian: 2.078342
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The sum of the value, i, 1,052 .08379. The harvestable value of lease F is therefore just over a billion dollars-about two thirds of the original calculation shown in your graph from exercise ll b, step 9. 11 Close the Statistics window and the table.
Your company wi ll use this information m make a competitive bid. It's a big investment, but tree harvesting is expensive. You have to move heavy equipment into the area, supply the labor force. and construct roads . A more detailed analysis would consider additional facmrs, such as the locations of existing roads, the slope of the land. and other protected areas like stands of old-growth trees. 12 If you want to save your work, save it as mL ex12c.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\ChaplerI2 \ MyDal a folder.
In the next chapter, you' ll launch ArcMap from ArcCaralog. So even if you are continuing, you shou ld exit ArcMap now. 13 Close ArcMap. Cl ick No if prompted 10 save your changes.
Al/fdyzillg spatial daftl
Building a spatial model In chapters 11 and 12, you carried out many spatial analysis operations, such as Dissolve, Clip, Buffer, and Union, using ArcToolbox. These operations were not ends in themse lves, but steps in a larger analytical process. Before undertaking a similarly com plicated GIS project, you might find it useful to draw a flowchart or diagram that identifies the goal and the analytical steps that lead to it. What data wi ll you need' What geoprocessing wi ll be required? Which outputs will become inputs to new operations' In ArcGIS Desktop 10, ModelBuilder is available to help you do that. ModelBuilder provides a design window where spatial analysis operations can be defined, sequentially connected, and carried out, all with the use of drag-and-drop icons. ModelBuilder is both a workflow diagramming tool and a processing environment. It keeps track of the operations that you run, their resu lts, and their interdependencies. It gives you a conven ient way to bu ild a large project from its component parts and run its processes separately or together. Your model can be cha nged at any time to incorporate new data, add new cond itions, or try different assumptions (best case, worst case, what if. .. ). Chapter 20 in this book revisits the Tongass Forest Lease analysis and shows you how to design and execute the same project in ModelBuilder. ;. . H,,,,, "
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337
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Section 5: Analyzing feature relationships
Chapter 13
Projecting data in ArcMap Projecting data on the fly Defining a projection
340
S(,ffioll 5: AI1(I~yzingji:atllre relationships
Loca[ions on [he earch's surface are defined with reference to lines oflatitude and longitude. Latitude lines, or parallels, run parallel to the equacor and measure how far norch or somh you are of the equacor. Longitude lines, or meridians, run from pole co pole and measure how far ease or west you are of the prime meridian (the meridian that passes through G reenwich, England).
Athens, Greece Latitude = 3]0 56 ' north (of the equator) Longitude =23° 39' east (of the prime meridian)
The mesh of intersecting parallels and meridia ns is called a graticu le.
Latiwde and longitude are measuremems of angles. not of dis[ances. Laticude is the angle be[ween the point you are locacing. [he center of [he earch. and [he equator. Longitude is the angle between the prime meridian, [he center of [he earch, and [he meridian on which the point you are locating lies. Because lacitude and longiwde are angles. their values are expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
45' 0' o· N lati tude 60' 0' O' E longitude
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s
Why use angles instead of distances? Because as meridians converge toward the poles, the distance between them shri nks. At the equator, a degree of longitude is about 69 miles; at the 45th parallel, it's about 49 miles; at the north pole, it's zero. In other words, there is no constant distance value to represent the spacing between a pair of meridia ns. The angle between a pair of meridians, on the other hand, stays the same.
Starting from the equator. latitude values go to +90· at the north pole and to -90' at the south pole. Starting from the prime meridian, longitude values go to +180' eastward and to -180' westward. (The +180' and - 180' meridians are the same.)
Projecting dlltll ill An'Mllp
Latitude and longitude are the basis of a geographic coordinate system, a system that defines locations on the curved surface of the earth. Because different estimates have been made of the earth's shape and size, there are a number of different geographic coordinate systems in use. Although they are similar, the precise latitude- longitude coordinates assigned to locations vary from one system to the next.
Some geographic coordinate systems are based on the assumption that the earth is a sphere. This simple model is adequate for many purposes.
Most geographic coordi nate systems are based on the assumption that the earth is a spheroid. {A spheroid is to a sphere as an oval is to a circle.} Th is is a more accurate model becau se the earth bulges slightly at the equator and is flattened at the poles. Historically, severa l spheroids of varying dimensions have been calcu lated. (Th is picture greatly exaggerates the flattening, which is really only a fraction of a percent.)
To make a map, the earth must be represented on a Rat surface. This is accomplished by a mathematical operation called a map projection.
A map projection flattens the earth. Locations on the earth are systematical ly assigned to new positions on the map. This can be done by many different methods (infinitely many, in fact).
341
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Section 5: A JlIl/yzillgftfl ture relllliomhips
Locations on a map are defined with reference to a grid of intersecting straight lines. One set of lines runs parallel to a horizoneal x-axis; the other set runs parallel to a vertical y-axis. The coordinates of any point are expressed as a distance value along the x-axis and a distance value along the y-axis (from the intersection of the axes).
Athens, Greece x = 2.633 ,000 meters (along the x-ax is) y = 4,436,000 meters (along the y-axis)
-10
On a flat map, coordinate va lues represent distances rather than angles. Here, the units are millions L--::'::---::'::--:~-:~-:~-:-':----,J:---' of meters.
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A projected coordinate system, a system that defines locations on a Rat map. is based on x,y coordinates. The x,y coordinates of any given poine, such as Athens, depend on the map projection being used, the units of measure (meters, feet, or something else), and on where the map is centered. If Athens is made the center of the map, for example, its x,y coordinates will be 0,0. Thus, the number of possible projected coordinate systems is unlimited. Since the world is more or less round and maps are Rat, you can't go from one to the other without changing the properties of features on the surface. Every map projection distorts the spatial properties of shape. area, distance, or direction in some combination.
The Mercator projection preserves shape but distorts area. On the map, Greenland is much larger than Brazil, but on the earth it is smaller.
The sinusoidal projection preserves area but distorts shape. The proportional sizes of Greenland and Brazil are correct, but not their shapes.
Projecting data in ArcMap
The Winkel tripel projection balances distortion. No single property is faithfully preserved, but none is excessively distorted.
The azimutha l equidistant projection preserves true distance and direction from a single point (in this case, Athens) to all other locations on the map.
Your choice of map projection lets you control the type of distortion in a map for your area of interest. If you are mapping an area the size of a small country, and using an appropriate projection, the effects of distortion will be insignificant. If you are mapping the whole world, distortion will always be noticeable, but you can reduce or eliminate certain types of distortion according to your purpose. For more information about coordinate systems and map projections, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Library> Guide books> Map projections> Projected coordinate systems> About map projections.
343
344
St'CliOIl
5: Afllllyzillgj(llIlIrt'
rf'ltllionsbipj
Projecting data on the fly Every spatial dataset has a coordinate system. If it's a geographic coordinate system, its features store latitude- longitude values. Ific's a projected coordinate system, its features store x,y values.
Besides storing feature coordinates, a dataset contains other coordinate system information. The defi nition of a geographic coordinate system, for example. includes the dimensions of the sphere or spheroid it's based on and other details. The definition of a projected coordinate system includes the projection it's based on, the measurement units, and other details. Each projected coordinate system is also associated with a particular geographiC coordinate system, since
its x,y coordinates were at some time prOjected from a set of latitude-longitude coordinates. You can find the coord inate system of a dataset in the Description tab in ArcCatalog (to view its metadata). You can also find it in the XY Coordinate System tab of the Proper ties dialog box (right-click a feature and click Propenies.) Alternatively, find it in ArcMap by clicking the Source tab of the Layer Propenies dialog box. I~ ~:
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Th is Wor ld Countries shapefile has a projected coordinate system. You also see the geograp hic coordinate system from which the projected coordi nates were derived (WGS 1984).
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When you first add a layer [0 a data frame in ArcMap, it displays according [0 the coordinate values of its features-geographic or projected, as the case may be. What happens when you add a second layer [0 the data frame? If it has the same coordinate system as the first layer, there's no problem. But what ifits coordinate system is different? Since coordinates tell ArcMap where to draw features, there is a potential conflict. ArcMap resolves this conflict amomatically. You already know th at a map projection is a math operation that changes geographic coordinates to projected coordinates. ArcMap knows the equations (forward and backward) for hundreds of projections. So when the second layer you add has a different coord inate system from the first, ArcMap changes Layer 2's coordinates to match Layer 1'so This process is called on-the-Ay projection.
Proj('rling datil ill ArcMap
345
How does it work? Suppose you add a layer of world countries to a data frame. Say it's in the Miller cylindrical projected coordinate system. ArcMap stores the information abom this coordinate system {and the geographic coordinate system it's based on} as a property of the data frame. Suppose you next add a layer of world capitals in the sinusoidal projected coordinate system. ArcMap checks the data frame properties and knows it can't display this layer according to its sinusoidal coordinates-it has to change them to Miller cylindrical coordinates. To do this. it looks at the geographic coordinate system that the world capitals layer is based on, "unprojects" the sinusoidal coordinates to latitude-longitude coordinates, and then projects these latitude- longitude coordinates to Miller cylindrical coordinates. The result is that the capitals display in their correct relationship to the countries. Now suppose you add a third layer of world rivers that is in a geographic coordinate system. The process is simpler. All ArcMap has to do is project (he latitude- longitude coordinates to Miller cylindrical coordinates. All three layers now occupy the same "coordinate space" and display in correct spatial alignment. even though the coordinates stored with the features are different for each layer. ox
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The data frame adopts the coordinate system of the first layer added to it (in this case, Miller cylindrical). Layers added subsequently are projected on the fly to this coordinate system. You don't have to use the coordinate system of the first layer you addthis is just the Arc Map default. You can assign any coordinate system you want to the data frame (even one that no ne of the layers have) and all layers will be projected to match it.
On-the-Ay projection doesn't change the feature coordinates of the dataset on disk, or the dataset's coordinate system information. On-the-Ay projection has effect only within a Single data frame. If you were to add these same three layers to another data frame in the same map document-but if you added the world capitals layer first- all the layers would display in the sinusoidal projected coordinate system.
346
Section 5: AlIll(yzingfi'nrure /"l'!llliow!Jipi
On-the-fly projection works best when layers are based on the same geograph ic coordinate system. If Layer 2 has a different geographic coordinate system from Layer I, you'll get a message like this: lho"*""'""<Mt. ........... OtOVIIP*_~_ II ..,...,," tho ... UMd III' tho IIU fr_ rou ... ~ tho _ iWO:
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The map opens in data view. The Lower 48 data frame is active. 2
On t he St andard tool ba r, c lick the Add Data bu tton.
Projecting dato in ArcMap
3
In the Add Data dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter13\Data and click FastCities.lyr, as shown in the following graphic. Click Add.
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ArcMap warns you that the layer is missing spatial reference information.
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In rhe Alaska dara frame, rhe FasrCiries layer is reprojecred to Alaska Albers equal area conic. In rhe Hawaii dara frame, it is reprojected to Hawai i Albers equal area conic. Your map shows which srares and ciries have experienced rhe mosr growrh berween 1990 and 2000. 21 If you want to save yo ur work, save it as my-exI3b. mxd in t he \GTKArcGlS\ChapterI3 \MyData folder.
In rhe nexr chapter, yo u will work exclusively wirh ArcCara log, so you'll exir ArcMap now. 22 Close ArcMap. Click No if prompted to save your cha nges.
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Section 6: Creating and editing data
Chapter 14
Building geodatabases Creating a personal geodatabase Creating feature classes Adding fields and domains
368
Sea ion 6: Creating " nd l>diting dll/II
Spatial data comes in a variety of formats that can be managed in ArcCatalog and added as layers to ArcMap. Many of these formats, including shapefiles, coverages, CAD files . and geodatabases. organize spatial data into feature classes. A feature class is a group of poi nts, lines, or polygons representing geographic objects of the same kind. li ke countries or rivers. A shapefile is a single feature class. Cities.shp, for example, might be a point feature class representing cities. Geodatabases, by contrast, are sets of feature classes. World.mdb might comprise a polygon feature class of world countries, a polyline feature class of world rivers, a point feature class of world cities, and more. (Coverages and CAD files are also sets of feature classes, though in a different way. In a coverage of countries, a polygon feature class would represent countries as polygons, while an arc feature class would represent the same countries as lines.) Geodatabase 9 ~~ 8 (J l.dtiesC 1 "abase.QCIl 8 WaterD«Met ... Watett.nes ~ WaterY.wes O:ySl;reets
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Building geodatabases
9
Move the dialog box away from ArcCatalog. In the catalog tree, make sure the Ex14aData folder is expanded. Click WaterValves.shp and drag it to the Input Features box of the dialog box.
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When you drop WaterValves.shp, its path displays beneath the Input Features box in the first row of a list that can hold multiple feature classes. 10 In the catalog tree, click FireHydrants.shp and drag it to the Input Features box.
The path to rhe fire hydrants shapefile is added to the list. The Output Geodarabase box is already correctly set to the CityData geodatabase.
375
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SUri011 6: Creating and editing data
11 Make sure you r dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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W hen the operation is completed. a pop-up notification appears by the system task har. 12 In t he catalog t ree , expand th e My Data folder, if necessary, and double-cl ick CityData.gdb to see the new feat ure classes. Cli ck the FireHydrants featu re class to preview it, then click WaterValves to preview it as well.
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13 In the display window, click the Contents tab. 14 If you are continuing to the next exercise, leave ArcCata log open. Otherwise exit the application.
Building geodatabases
Creating feature classes When you imported data in the previous exercise, you accepted the spatial properties of the existing data. When you create a new feature class, you have to define these properties yourself. This means specifying the feature class geometry- point, line, or polygon-and the spatial reference. A spatial reference is made up of a coordinate system, a spatial domain, and a precision. As you learned in chapter 13, a coordinate system is a framework for locating features on the earth's surface using either latitude- longitude or x,y values. A spatial domain defines the bounding coordinates for a feature class, beyond which features cannot be stored. Precision defines the smallest measurement that can be made in the coordinate system. For example, if the coordinate system units are feet, a precision of 12 allows you to make measurements as small as an inch. If the coordinate system units are kilometers, a precision of 1,000 allows you to make measurements as small as a meter. The task of defining a spatial reference is simplified by the fact that you can select from a list of coordinate systems. ArcCatalog will set default domain and precision values for you. You can also import the spatial reference from another dataset and modify it or use it as is.
Exercise 14b You now know that you can convert the city's existing spatial data to a geodatabase. You also need to know how to create new data in the geodatabase format. In this exercise, you will make a featu re class for water lines, although you won't put any features in it until the next chapter. If you have completed exercise 14a, skip to step 2. Otherwise, start ArcCatalog. In the catalog t ree, double-c lick C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS. Double-cl ick Chapter14. Double-click Ex14bData . Right-cl ick CityData.gdb and click Copy. Right-cl ick MyData and click Paste.
377
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Section 6: Credtillg dlJd editing datil
2
Start ArcCatalog, if necessary. In the catalog tree, double-click C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS . Double-click Chapter14, then double-click MyData. Right-click the City Data file geodatabase, point to New, then click Feature Class .
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Building geodllta bases
Click the Type drop-down arrow and click Line Features.
5
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379
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Seaion 6: Creating and editillg data
7
In the Browse for Coordi nate System dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapler14 \MyDala (if yo u didn't complete exercise 14a, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapler14 \Ex14bDala.) Doubl e-click CilyDala.gdb and click Parcels. Make sure t hat the dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Add. B. ow .... I" . (
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Click Next.
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381
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Section 6: Creating and editing data
10 Click Next.
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The fifth panel of the wizard displays the field names, dara rypes, and field properties that belong to the new feature class. OB]ECTID and SHAPE are required fields, automatically added by the software. The OB]ECTID field stores a unique 10 number for every feature in the class. The SHAPE field stores each feature's shape and location. Depending on the type of feamre class created, ArcGIS also creates and maintains
measurement fields. A SHAPE_ Length field is created for line featute classes. A SHAPE_Length and a SHAPE_Area field are created for polygon feature classes. (The SHAPE_Length attribute for polygons stores perimeter lengths.) These measurement fields appear only after the feature class is created .
11 In the Field Name col umn, click SHAPE. The field properties for the SHAPE field are displayed.
Notice that the geometry type is set to Line.
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The parcel is drawn to your specifications.
27 On the Editor tool bar, click the Editor menu and click Stop Editing. Click Yes to save your edi t s. In the table of contents, turn on the Subdivision Photo layer.
You have added two proposed parcels to the subdivision. The developer has more in mind, but you won't have to digitize them in this book. You don't need to save the map document. Vou r edits were made directly to the feature class in the geodatabase. W hen you saved them , the geodatabase was updated. 28 Close the Editor toolbar. If you are continuing to the next chapter, leave ArcMap open . Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save your changes .
413
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Section 6: Creating and editing data
Chapter 16
Editing features and attributes Deleting and modifying features Splitting and merging features Editing feature attribute values
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Section 6: Creating and editing dlltll
Creating features is one part of maintai ning a geodatabase. Another part. equally important. is making changes to existing features. Features can be edited in several ways. They can be deleted. moved. split. merged. resized. reshaped. or buffered. In addition co the tasks on the Editor toolhar. there are commands on the Editor menu for changing features. When features are edited, their attributes often need to be updated as well. In a geodatabase, length and area attributes are updated automatically b y ArcMap; other attributes mUSt be updated manually. Sometimes attribute values need to be edited even when features don't change-for example. when a land parcel is sold, the owner name needs to be changed. And sometimes new attributes are added to a table. W ith an ArcView license. you can edit file and personal geodatabases and shapefiles. With an ArcEditor or ArcInfo license. you can also edit coverages and multiuser geodatabases. Files in CAD format cannOt be edited directly. but can be converted to an editable format. To edit raster layers. you need the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension.
Ed;tingfefltures and attributes
Deleting and modifying features To mod ify a feature, you add, delete, or move vertices on the feature's edit sketch. If a feature shares an edge or vertex with another feature, you may wa nt [0 ensure that no gap or overlap resu lts. You ca n make touching features behave as if they are connected by creating a map [Opology within your edit session.
Exercise 16a You are the GIS specialist for the city's planning department. To prepare for a meeting of the City Commission, you will make some changes proposed for parcels in a new subdivision. Since the changes are recommendadons only, you will noc work with the city's live geodarabase, bur with a copy designated for plannin g use. Your first task is [0 delete twO parcels on land the city is negotiat ing [0 buy back from the subdivision developer. Your second task is [0 enlarge the boundaries of two parcels [0 make room for a pond [0 catch water runoff from a nea rby road and sidewalk. The map is simply for discussion, so your edits don't have [0 be exact. If the proposals are implemented, a licensed survey crew will resurvey the parcels. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dialog box, under the Existing Maps section, click Browse for more. (If ArcMap is already running, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter16. Click ex16a.mxd and click Open.
The parcels are outlined in black against an aerial pho[O of the subdivision. You will zoom in on the parcels to be deleted.
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6: Creating and t dilillg data
Click the Bookmarks menu and click First Parcel Site.
The parcels are labeled with their ID numbers. (The labels are set to display at scales of 1:4,000 and larger.) You will delete parcels 27 12 and 2718 in the middle of the display. 3
On the Standard toolbar, click the Editor Toolbar button .
4
On the Editor tool bar, click the Editor menu and click Start Editing.
The target layer is Parcels, the only editable layer in the map. The task is set to Create New Feature. You can delete selected features regardless of which task is set. 5
On the map, click anywhere on parcel 2712. It is outlined in cyan to show that it is selected. Hold down the Shift key and click parcel 2718 to select it also.
Editiugfeatures dnd attributes
The small blue "x" in the center of the selected pa rcels is called a selection anchor. Every selection in an edit session , whether of one feature or many, has one. (Selection anchors are used to rotate and sca le features, which you won't do in thi s exercise.)
6
With parcels 2712 and 2718 selected, click the Delete button on the Standard tool bar.
The selected features are deleted.
7
On the Editor tool bar, click the Ed itor menu and click Save Edits.
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Srcrioll 6: Crt'llting and rditillg dara
Now you will modify the shapes of two parcels to accommodate the proposed detention pond. You need to move the parcel edges co a nearby sidewalk. You will add a ve rtex co one parcel's ed it skecch and move another vertex that is shared by two parcels. 8
Click the Bookmarks menu and click Second Parcel Site.
The proposed pond is ouclined in yellow in the book (but nor on you r screen). The parcels ro be edited are 2768 and 2845. The parcels will be ex tended ro the sidewalk at the bo((om of [he display. The sidewalk appears on the image as a thin white line that runs east-west and lies just north of the road. To make the edits, you will zoom in closer.
Editingftntures and attributes
9
Click the Bookmarks menu and click Proposed Drainage Change .
You will make four ed its. First, you' ll move an existin g vertex in pa rcel 2768 to the sidewal k. Second, you' ll add a new vertex to pa rcel 2768. Third, you' ll move the new vertex to the poine where the sidewalk jogs. Fourth, you' ll move a vertex shared by parcels 2768 and 2845. 10 On the Ed itor too l bar, click the Edit tool if necessary.
11 Double-click anywhere on parce l 2768 to select it and display its ed it sketch .
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On the edit sketch, the vertices are green squares. (Only [he last digiti zed vertex- which you don't see because you are zoomed in on a corner of the parcel- is a red square.) On the Editor toolbar, ArcMap has automatically enabled the Edit Vertices tool bar.
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12 Place the cu rsor over the first vertex to be moved. The cursor changes to a four-headed
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13 Drag the vertex down to the sidewalk and re lease the mouse button.
The green line shows [he new shape of the feature. The highlighted cya n line remains in place as a reference. It will disappear when you unselect the polygon or select another feacure. Now you'll add a new vertex and move it
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accommodate the jog in the sidewalk.
14 On the Edi t Verti ces tool bar, click Add Vertex.
Editingfeatures n!td attributes
15 Click the black line about where the arrow is in the following graphic.
A new vertex is added where yo u cl icked .
16 Place the cursor over the new vertex and drag the vertex to where the sidewalk changes direction. Release the mouse button.
17 Click somewhere outside the polygon to complete the edit.
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18 On the Editor toolbar, click the Editor menu and cl ick Save Edits.
Now you' ll move a vertex shared by parcels 2768 and 2845 to the sidewalk. This "shared" vertex is actually tWOvertices (one belonging ro each polygon) that lie on exactly the sa me spot.
You could use the Edit rool to move each vertex separately. Since you want [he parcels to remain adjacent , this would mean setcing (he snapping environment, movi ng one parcel's vertex, then moving the second pa rcel 's vertex and snapping it to the fi rst. Th at wouldn't be toO hard this time, but if you had to do it several times, or if you had four or five polygons sharing a vertex , it might start to ge t inconvenient. A better approach is ro creace a map topology. Map topology makes features awa re of their connectedness [0 ocher features, so that common vertices and edges ca n be moved [Ogether. 19 Click the Customize menu, point to Toolba rs, and click Topology. (You may need to scroll down in the list of tool bars.)
The Topology toolbar opens. O nly one of its tools is enabled. 20 On the Topology tool bar, cl ick the Map Topology button. Topology- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -·- X
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You can choose the layers for which you want to create map topology (in this case, Parcels is the only possibility). You can also set a cluster tolerance, which is the distance at which ArcMap considers nearby edges or vertices to be coincident, or shared.
21 On the Map Topology dialog box, check the Parcels check box and leave the cluster tolerance at its default value. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK. 1\, 1' 1'1',1", I
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Section 6: CrMfing dlld editing data
22 On the Topology tool bar, click the Topology Edit Tool.
23 Place the cursor over the map display and click the location of the shared vertex. The vertex highlights in purple. (If you highlight a polygon edge by mistake, click outside the parcel and try again.)
24 Place the cursor over the purple vertex. The cursor changes to a four-headed arrow.
25 Drag th e purple vertex to the point whe re the sidewalk changes direction again. As you drag, both polygons move together. Release the mouse button.
While dragging the vertex
26 Close the Topology tool bar.
After releasing the mouse button
Editillgfeatures and attributes
27 On the Editor tool bar, click the Editor menu and click Stop Editing. Click Yes when prompted to save your edits. Close the Editor tool bar.
The map is ready for the City Commission meeting. You don't need to save the map document because your edits were made directly to the feature class in the geodatabase.
Map topology and geodatabase topology Map topology can be created for shapefiles and geodatabase feature classes. It lasts only for the duration of an edit session and allows you to edit features (within the same layer) as if they were connected to each other. With an ArcEditor or Arclnfo license, you can create a more sophisticated topology for geodatabase feature classes. Geodatabase topology lets you enforce some twenty-five spatial rules within and across feature classes, helping to guarantee the integrity of your data. For example, you can specify that polygons may not overlap or have gaps, that lines must be connected to other lines, or that points in one feature class must lie within polygons of another feature class. Geodatabase topology is stored within the geodatabase and is thus independent of a particular map document or edit session. For more information, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Ubrary> Data Management> Edit-
ing data> Editing topology> Editing shared geometry> About creating a map topology.
28 If you are continuing to the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save your changes.
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6: Crulfillg dlld editi lLg diltil
Splitting and merging features To split a polygon or a line (create two features from one), you digitize a line across the feature where you want to split it. You can split several features at once.
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Each selected polygon is split in two.
To merge polygons or lines (creare one feature from two or more), you select them and click the Merge command on the Editor menu. The merged features do not have to be contiguous. For example, you could merge a large polygon representing a co untry and smaller polygons representing its offshore islands. The country and islands would then exist as a multi pan feature with a single record in the attribute table. Merge resembles the Dissolve tool that you used in chapter II, but whereas Dissolve combines polygons that have the same attribute value, Merge combines any selected polygons, regardless of their attribute values.
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Select po lygons to merge.
The three po lygons are merged into one.
When features in geodatabase feature classes are split or merged. ArcMap updates their Shape_Length and Shape_Area attributes. This is not done for features in mher data formats, such as shapefiles. For all feature classes, ArcMap updates the new feature's identifier attribme that keeps track of the number of features. Changes to other attribures, including user-defined IDs (like parcel numbers) or legal measurements oflength and area. must be made manually.
Editingfeatl/res and attributes
Exercise 16b The planning department has been notified of two pending property changes. In one case, an owner wants to subdivide her land so that she can sell a piece of it. In the other, the owner of one half of a duplex has bought the other half. Because the duplex had two owners, there was a parcel boundary dividing the house. Now the boundary needs to be removed. In ArcMap, open ex16b.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter16 lolder.
When the map opens, you see the fami liar subdivision. You'll zoom in to the parcel to be split. 2
Click the Bookmarks menu and click First Parcel Site.
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Section 6: Creating lind editing datil
The display zooms in on parcel 2707. The yellow line (which appears in the book but not on your screen) shows ~here the parcel is to be split. When the parcel is split, ArcMap will update the attribute table with the correct area of the two new parcels. To see this for yourself, you'll check the area of parcel 2707 before you split it . 3
On the Tools tool bar, click the Identify tool and click parcel 2707. The orientation of your Identify window may look different from the grap hic. ~
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Close the Identify window. In the table of contents, turn off the Subdivision Photo layer.
5
On the Standard toolbar, click the Editor Toolbar button.
6
On the Editor toolbar, click the Editor menu and click Start Editing. In the Create Features window, click Parcels, the only editable layer.
7
On the Editor toolbar, make sure th e Edit tool is selected. Editor
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Double-click parcel 2707 to select it and display its edit sketch. You wi ll draw the split line between the vertices ind icated by red arrows in the graphic.
Editingfemures and attributes
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When you double-dick to display a feature's edit sketch, certain tasks on the Editor toolbar are available to use such as the Reshape Features Tool and Cut Polygons Tool. In this exercise, you will use the Cur Polygons Tool. Before digitizing the split line, you will set the snapping settings so that the line snaps to vertices. 9
On the Editor toolbar, click the Editor menu, point to Snapping, and click Snapping Tool. In the Snapping toolba r, click Vertex Snapping, as shown in t he fo llowing graphic. Close the tool bar. (If you are continuing from the previous exercise, this may already be enabled.l
Next, you will choose the Cut Polygon Tool.
10 On the Editor tool bar, click the Cut Polygon Tool.
Although the parcel vertices no longer display when the task is changed, the split line you digitize will still snap to them.
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Section 6: Crl'tuillg and editi1lg doto
11 On the display, the cursor changes to a crosshair. Move the cursor to the position shown in the following graphic. When it snaps to the vertex, click the left mouse button .
12 Move the cursor over the second vertex. When it snaps to it, double-click to end the split line. If you moved your cursor away from the vertex, press F2 on your keyboard to finish the sketch.
The parcel is split in two. Each parcel is labeled with the same PARCELS_ ID of 2707. In the next exercise, you'll update the PARCELS_ ID for the smaller parcel. 13 On the Editor too l bar, click the Editor menu and click Save Edits.
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14 On the Too ls tool bar, click the Identify tool. Click each of the two new parcels.
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Sectioll 6: Creating and edit ing datil
11 In the Name text box of the Add Fie ld dialog box, type Acres. Click the Type drop-down arrow and click Float, as shown in the following graphic. (Float is a numeric field that allows decima l points.) Click OK.
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The new field is added to the table. Its values are set to .
Now you will calculate values for the Acres field, which you can do whether you are in an edit session or not. Field calculations made in an edit session take longer but have an Undo option. Calculations made outside an ed it session ate faster but can't be undone. (To replace an incorrect calculation, you ca n make a new one.) For the sake of speed, you will make your calculation without starring an edit session. 12 In the attribute table, right-click the Acres fie ld name and click Field Calcu lator.
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The Field Calculator opens. You'll create an expression to convert feet to acres. Since one acre equals 43,560 square feet, dividing the values in the Shape_Area field by 43,560 will give each parcel's acteage. 13 In the Fields box of the Fi eld Calculator, double-click Shape_Area to add it to the expression box. Click the division ( / ) button. Type a space and type 43560. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
I The values are calculated and written to the Acres field of the table.
When you edit a feature in a geodatabase feature class, ArcMap automatically updates its Shape_ Length and Shape_ Area values. ArcMap does not, however, manage fields that you have added yourself. Therefore, when you make changes to parcels that affect their size, you'll have to recalculate the Acres field. You don't need to save the map document. YOut edits were made directly to the feature class attributes in the geodatabase.
14 Close the attribute table. Close the Editor tool bar. If you are continuing to the next chapter, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save your changes .
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Section 6: Creating and editing data
Chapter 17
Geocoding addresses Creating an address locator Matching addresses Rematching addresses
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Section 6: Creating ,wd editing data
In chapter 15, you learned that much spatial data was originally digitized from paper maps. It's also possible to create spacial data-specifically, point feacures-from information thac describes or names a location. The most common kind of information that does this is an address. The process of creating map features from addresses, place-names, or similar informacion is called geocoding. The value of geocoding is that it lets you map locations from data that is readily available. If you own a business, you can't buy an atlas that has a map of your custOmers. With a list of your customer addresses, however, you can make this map for yourself. Geocoding requires that you have an address table-a list of addresses stored as a database table or a text file. You also need a set of reference data, such as streets, on which the addresses can be located.
Address tab le
Reference data
ArcGIS uses address informacion in the attribute table of the reference data to figure out where to locate address points. The more detailed the reference data, the more accurately addresses can be located.
The same table of addresses is geocoded using two sets of reference data. On the street map of Riverside, California, address points are placed in the correct location on the correct street. On the ZIP Code map of the United States (zoomed in to Southern Ca lifornia), the same address points are placed in the center of the correct ZIP Code. Because all five points have th e same location, they look like one point.
Geoc()ding addreJses
Street-level reference data is commercially available. Its attributes include street name, street type (Avenue, Boulevard, and so on), and directional prefixes and suffixes necessary to avoid ambiguity in address location. Each street feature is divided into segments that have beginning and ending addresses, much as you see on neighborhood street signs. This makes it possible to estimate the position of an address along the length of a street segment. There may be separate address ranges for each side of the street, so an address can be placed on the correct side of the street. 2846 Central Avenue
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To geocode the address 2846 Central Avenue, ArcGIS examines the reference data and finds the street segment of Centra l Avenue that has the correct address range. Since 2846 is midway betwee n 2800 and 2892, the address poi nt is placed in the middle of the street segment, on the even-numbered side of t he street.
In addition to an address table and reference data, geocoding requires an address locator. An address locator is a file that specifies the reference data and its relevant attributes, the relevant attributes from the address table, and various geocoding rules and tolerances. The output of the geocoding process is either a shapefile or a geodatabase feature class of points. The geocoded data has all the attributes of the address table, some of the attributes of the reference data, and, optionally, some new attributes, such as the x,y coordinates of each point.
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Creating an address locator Geocoding starts with creating an address locator. Address locators come in different styles, each appropriate to reference data with different attributes. For exa mple, the style called "Single Field" is used with reference data that contains only a single attribute of geographic information. In a reference map of the United States, for insta nce, this would probably be a state name field. The data to be geocoded could be located in the correct state, but no more precisely than that. The address locator style called "ZIP" is used with reference data that has a ZIP Code attribute. A table of U.S. addresses could be located within the correct Z IP Codes. The "US Streets" style is used with street reference data that contains a street name attri bute and begi nning and ending address ranges for each side of a street. A table of U.S. addresses could be geocoded to their approximate positions along the length of a street and on the correct side of the Street. Each address locator style requires that certain attributes be present in the address table as well. For more information about address locator styles, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Library> Data Management> Geographic data types> Locators> Working with address locators and geocoding.
Exercise 17a You work for an online business directory that sells advertising-everything from listings and banner ads to interactive storefronts. A new service you plan to offer is a digital map that displays the location of a client's business. Your job is not to create the Internet map service itself but rather to test the technology for converting customer addresses to map points. Being inexperienced wi th geocoding, you'll work with a small sample of your potencial customer base. Start ArcMap. In the ArcMap-Getting Started dia log box, under the Existing Maps section, cl ick Browse for more. (If Arc Map is already running, click the File menu and click Open.) Navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKA rcGIS\C hapter17. Cl ick ex17a.mxd and click Open.
Geocoding addresses
The map shows a portion of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, with layers of streets, interstate highways, and ZIP Codes. 2
At the top of the table of contents, click the List By Source button .
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Click Add. In the Add Address Locator browser, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter17 \MyData folder. Click the Atlanta customers address locator you created in the previous exercise. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Add.
The Atlanta customers address locator and a description of the style appear in the Address Locator Manager window.
Geocoding addresses
5
Make sure your window matches the following graphic, then cl ick Close. Add , .
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The asterisk beside Atlanta customers signifies that it is the active address locator. Now that the address locator has been added to the map document, you can find addresses on the map. 6
On the Tools tool bar, click the Find button.
7
In the Find dia log box, click the Locations tab . The Atlanta customers address locator should be displayed in t he Choose an address locator drop-down list. If it isn't, click the drop-down arrow and select it.
8
In the Full Address box, type 1171 Piedmont Ave, the address of the Ace Market. Make sure your dia log box matches the fol lowing graphic, then click Find . ?
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One candidate street segment appears at the botcom of the dialog box. Irs score is 94.
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By default, only the candidate with the highest score is displayed. If you wanted, you could display additional candidates by checking the Show all candidates check box. 9
Scroll across the dialog box and look at the candidate's address information. The address range for odd street numbers, RightFrom and RightTo, is correct because it includes the street number 1171. The street name, street type, and suffix directions are also correct. A score of 94 is high, but to be sure, include more information for the Ace Market
address: the suffix and ZIP Code. 10 In the Find dia log box, click the Fu ll Address box and type 1171 Piedmont Ave NE 30309. Make sure your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Find. The candidate, listed first, now gets a perfect score. You could display all candidates by
checking the Show all candidates check box.
Geocoding addresses
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The City or Placename and State droppdown lists are specified as because the Customers table does not contain that information. Geocoding creates a point feature for every address. The points can be saved as a shapefile or as a geodatabase feature class. Your Atlanta data is in shapefile format, so you'll save the address points as a shapefile. too, 16 Click the Browse button next to the Output shapefile or feature class box.
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17 In t he Saving Data dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter17\MyDala. Make sure the Save as type drop-down list is set to Shapefile. In the Name box, highlight t he default name of Geocoding_Result.shp and type Geocodel .shp. Make sure that your dialog box matches the following graphic, then click Save.
The Geocode Addresses dialog box updates with the new path. 18 Make sure you r dialog box matches the following graphic, then click OK. " ..... 1, A,I,I"
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The scores of twelve candidates are d isplayed. The top candidate now has a score of 100. 13 Make sure that the top candidate is high lighted, t hen click Match.
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Ceocoding addresses
You've matched all the addresses in your customer table. The Statistics panel shows you thac sixteen addresses (100%) were matched.
14 Close t he Inte ractive Rematch dialog box. On the map there are now sixteen geocoded points.
15 In the table of contents, right-click t he Geocodel laye r and click Zoom to Layer. Rightclick the layer again and click Label Features.
The points are labeled with the names of your customers' businesses.
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16 In the table of contents, right-c lick the Geocodel layer and click Open Attribute Table.
A ll the records have the value M in the Status field. Edits that you made during rematching ("M irtel" to "Myrtle" for exa mple) are re Aected in the A RC_Street and
ARC_ ZIP fields. Now that you know how ro geocode addresses, the project to offer d igital maps as one of your compa ny's advercisi ng services can move forward . 17 Close the table.
18 If you want to save yo ur work , save it as mLex17c.mxd in the \GTKArcGIS\Chapler17 \MyDala folder.
19 If you are continui ng to t he next chapte r, leave ArcMap open. Othe rwise, exit the application. Click No wh en prompted to save your changes.
Section 7: Presenting data
Chapter 18
Making maps from templates Opening a map template Adding X,Ydata to a map Drawing graphics on a map
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Section 7- Preunting datil
Making a map that's accurate, informative, and nice to look at usually takes time, as you'll see in the next chapter. Sometimes, however, you have to make a professional-quality map on short notice. ArcMap comes with a number of templates to help you do this. In a template, the map elements you need (data frames, legend, tide. north arrow, background color, and so on) are already in place. All you do is add data and the map is ready to print. You may nO[ even need to add data- many ArcMap templates already contain layers for the world and the United States. A Single template may be all you need. or you may want to use a template as a basemap and add your own layers to it.
,
The Wortd
The LandscapeClassic template (left) has layout elements but no data. The World Robinson template (right) has countries, cities, rivers, and lakes in a Robinson projection.
Ma king maps fro m templares
Opening a map template By default. every ArcMap document uses a template called the normal template. When you open a new document and switch to layout view. the layout page (also ca lled the virtual page) is blank and has a Single data frame. This is the appea rance prescribed by the normal template.
•
In [he course of making a map. you may add data to this data frame. resize it. insert more data frames. and add such elements as legends and scale bars. When you save the map. you save it not as a template but as a map document. a file with an .mxd exte nsion. That way. the template does not change. Then. when you create a new ArcMap document. you start again with a blank page. Rather than designing your own layout. you ca n open a custom template (that is. a template other than the normal template). Again. any changes you make are saved as a map document, so the template is not affected. Template
A
B
c
-., On the left is the PortraitClassic template. On the right are three maps that use it, each with different data. In map A, a title has been specified but the template is otherwise unchanged. In map S, the legend, north arrow, and sca le bar have been moved from their default pos iti ons. In map C, the backgroun d color has been changed.
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Sl'crioll 7: Prl'sf'1lfillg drlla
You can also create new templates. If you've made an arrangement of map elements and d ata frames (with or without data) that you want to use again , simply save the map document (.mxd). Essentially any map document can be used as a template as long as it is opened as a template. ArcMap CUStom templates are stored in the \Bin\Templates folder of yo ur ArcGIS installation path (for example, C:IProgram FilesIESRIIDeskroplO.OIArcMapITemplates). You can add your own templates to this folder or to any folder you choose. New categories for templates are made available by creating folders beneath the templates folder locations. Categories will only appear in the Getting Starred, New Map, and Select Template dialog boxes if a map document is present in the fo lder under the Templates or My Templates locations. Beginning with ArcGIS 10, ESRI no longer creates map templates (.mxt) files (but can still open them.) For more information, click the Contents tab in ArcGIS Desktop Help and navigate to Professional Library > Mapping and Visualization> Whats new for map templates.
Exercise fSa It's early June 1999. As the information officer for the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, you've been asked to talk to a group of journalists about Typhoon Maggie, also known as Etang. Typhoon Etang was first spotted off the coast of Samar, an island in the east central part of the Ph il ippines. It has si nce traveled northwest, and is currently about 250 kilometers off the northeast coast of Luzon, where the capital, Manila, is located. The typhoon will probably pass harmlessly north of Luzon, through open ocean, bur should it strike land it cou ld be devastating. The presentation is scheduled for romorrow, bur you weren't told about the briefing until today. Now it's 11:00 PM and you're trying ro create a Microsoft PowerPoint slide presentation and still have time for a little sleep. You want ro show the path of the typhoon and its current location on a map of the country with rivers, populated places, and other useful geography. You'll use an ArcMap template for the basemap and draw the typhoon path you rself.
Making maps from templates
Start ArcMap. In the Arc Map-Getting Started dialog box, cl ick Browse for more templates. (If Arc Map is already running, click the File menu and click New.)
The Open dialog box appears. You'll use a template that was specially created for this exercise. 2
In the Open dialog box, navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapler18. Click ex18a.mxd and click Open.
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Section 7: Prest1Jtillg dahl
The ArcMap-Getting Scarred dialog box shows ex18a as a new map template. ~l New ilo! ullmnl
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The map opens in layour view. You see the continents of Asia and Australia wich cicies, rivers, lakes, and country boundaries. A gracicule marks lines of laticude and longicude.
Making maps from templates
Although the map is based on a template (.mxt file), you are now working in a new map document (.mxd file). Any changes you make are made to the map document, not to the template-this is what keeps the template reusable. (If you wanted to modify the template itself-which in this case you don't-you would click the File menu and click Open instead of New.) With the entire map displayed, you can't read the text and labels. This is because the page in the window (the virtual page) is smaller than the printed page would be. The Layout toolbar shows you the size of the virtual page relative to the actual page. (Your percentage may be different.) II
On the Layout tool bar, cli ck the Zoom to 100% button .
The layout zooms to actual size and you see the map at the resolution it would have on a printed page. You can no longer see the entire layout.
5
On the Layout tool bar (not the Tools tool bar), click the Pan tool.
479
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Sl'c/ion 7: Presemillg data
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Pan to the lower left corn er of the map.
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On the Layout tool bar, click the Zoom Whole Page button.
The layouc recurns to full view. The data frame shows all of Asia. buc you are only interes ted in the Philippines . You'll use a bookmark to zoom in .
8
Click the Bookmarks men u and click Phili ppines .
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The map zooms in on the Ph il ippines . The graticule, with its relatively wide intervals of 10 degrees. will not help the journali sts describe the typhoon's location. You'll reduce the size of the intervals to make the map more in formative.
Making maps from temp /aus
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In the table of contents, double-click the Asia data frame to open the Data Frame Properties dialog box. Click the Grids tab. f_~
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13 On the Tools toolbar, click the Select Elements tool. Tools
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• The graticule is now divided into intervals of 5 degrees. Parallels and meridians are labeled on the layout. but the labels are too small to see when you are zoomed to the whole virtual page. To add a graticule to a data frame that doesn't have one. open the Data Frame Properties dialog box. click the Grids tab. and click New Grid to start the Grids and Graticules wizard. (Graticules mark latitude and longitude coordinates. Measured grids mark projected coordinates.) Grids and graticules display only in layout view. You now have your basemap. In the next exercise, you' ll display points that show Etang's progress. 15 If you want to save your work, cli ck th e File menu and clic k Save As. Navigate to \GTKArcGIS\ChaplerI8\MyDala. Rename the f ile my_exI8a.mxd and cli ck Save. 16 If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave ArcMap open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No when prompted to save your changes.
Making mllps from fl'lIlpllltes
483
Adding x,Y data to a map As you know from the previous chapter, ArcMap can turn geographic information from a table into points on a map. When the information consists of street addresses, the process is fairly elaborate. If, however, you have a table of coordinate values (obtained from a Global Posicioning System device or other source). ArcMap can create point data with linle preparation. A table of coordinates must contain two fields, one for the x-coordinate and one for the y-coordinate. The values may be in any geographic or projected coordinate system.
Exercise tSb As part of your presentation to the press, you want to show the location. speed. and path of Typhoon Etang. You have been given a text file of latitude- longitude coordinates showing where the typhoon has been at different times. You'll add (his file to the map document and display the coordinates as points on the map. In ArcMap, open ex18b.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter18 fo lder.
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The map document opens in layout view and looks as it did at the end of the previous exercise. You'll add the file oflatitude-Iongitude coordinates to the map document.
II 19
484
Section 7: Pr~unting data
2
On the Standard toolbar, click the Add Data button.
3
In the Add Data dialog box, navigate to \GTKArcGIS\Chapter18\Oata . Click lationLetang.txt, as shown in the followi ng graphic, and click Add.
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The tex t file is added to the table of contents and displayed in the List By Source view.
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In the table of contents , right-click latlong-cetang.txt and click Open.
The table shows the typhoon's position and speed over the course of two days .
Making maps f rom templates
Although latitude and longitude are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds, the values in the table have been converted to decimal degrees so that ArcMap can store and process them efficiently. Decimal degrees represent minutes and seconds as fractions. For example, the value 30"15' is 30.25 decimal degrees because 15 minutes is a quarter of a degree. 5
Close the table. In t he table of contents, ri ght-cl ick lationg_etang.txt and click Display XY Data .
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Draw the typhoon path on the map. Start by clicking the symbol farthest to the east. Click each symbol to draw a line connecting them. Double-click the last symbol to end the line . If you make a mistake, end the line, press the Delete key, and start again.
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With the graphic selected, move the mouse pointer over the line and right-click. On the context menu , click Properties.
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In the Propertie s dialog box, click the Symbol tab if necessary. Click the co lor square. On the color palette, click Electron Gold, as shown in the following graphic. Click OK in the dialog box. 1'. ,,1" I II, ,
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Senioll 8: Modelillg
Starting a model ModelBuilder is not a free-standing software application like ArcMap or ArcCatalog, but it's more than just a geoprocessing tool: it's a design environment for creating workflow diagrams
called models. Like tools, however, models are stored in a toolbox. In earlier chapters, you used some of the tools and toolboxes that come with ArcMap. In this exercise, you will learn how to create a new toolbox and put a model inside it. A new toolbox can be created in ArcToolbox, or in an ordinary fi le folder, or in a geodatabase. Since models are stored in toolboxes, these are also the three locations in which models can be created. The ModelBuilder window has its own menu and toolbat. Many of the controls have the same icons and functions as ArcMap controls.
Exercise 20a In the next three exercises, you will create a model of the harvest profitability analysis from chapter 12. (The data preparation you did in chapter 11 is assumed to be complete, although you could include those operations in your model as well.) The logic of the analysis is not repeated in detail here. If you feel unsure abour the order of the steps or the reasons behind them, you can refer to chapter 12. The focus of this chapter is mainly on how to diagram the analysis in ModelBuildet. In this exercise, you'll make a new toolbox to store your model. Then you'll create a model and add one process to it. Start ArcCatalog. In the cata log tree, navigate to C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter20 \MyToolboxes. Right-click MyToolboxes, point to New, and click Toolbox.
Creating models
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In the catalog display, change the new toolbox name to Harvest Models and press Enter. In the catalog tree, expand the MyToolboxes folder if necessary.
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Section 8: M odeling
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In the catalog tree, right-click the Harvest Models toolbox, point to New, and click Model. •
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In ModelBuilder, click the Model menu and click Model Properties. In the Model Properties dialog box, the General tab is selected. In the Name box, replace Model with HarvestProfitability (the model name cannot contain any spaces). In the Label box, repl ace Model with Harvest Profitability (the model label may contain spaces). Make sure the dial og box matches the following graphic, then click OK.
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11 Make ArcCatalog the active ap plication. Click the File menu and click Exit. 12 In ArcMap, in the ArcToolbox window, click the plus sign next to Harvest Models to expand it. Right-click the Harvest Profitability model and click Edit. When the ModelBu ilder window opens, move it so tha t it doesn't overlap either the ArcToolbox window or the ArcMap table of contents. iII a .....'-3DIINI,«T .... ii . ~''''* CofIoI1"""" ........ 1iIi .. C-_' Ii .
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Now you will create a process ro buffer the goshawk nests. You will drag and drop the Buffer rool from ArcToolbox and the NestsF layer from the ArcMap table of contents. 13 In the ArcToolbox window, click the plus sign next to Analysis Tools, then click the plus sign next to Proximity.
14 Click the Buffer tool and drag it to ModelBuilder. Drop it in the center of the ModelBuilder window. Atf Tno lboM
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The Buffer roo!, represented by a rectangle, is added to the model. An arrow connects the tool to its output data, represented by an oval. Blue selection handles indicate that the elements are currently selected. The fact that they are not colored in means that they are incomplete- they are waiting for input data ro be attached. 15 In the ArcMap table of contents, click the NestsF layer. Drag it to the ModelBuilder window and drop it directly on top of the Buffer tool rectangle. A context menu appears, click Input Features. " ' 11 "" ModoI
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The NestsF layer, represented by an oval, is automatically connected to the tool it was dropped onto. Now you will change the tool and Output data settings. 16 In the model, double-click the Buffer tool rectangle.
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24 Click Close to close the progress report. Right click NestBu! and select Add to display.
The NestBu f laye r is added to A tcMap. (Yo u may need to move the ModelBuilder window to see it.) In ModelBuilder, drop shadows beh ind the tool and Output data elements indicate that the process has been run. O nce a process has been run, it does not run aga in unless you change a parameter, or choose Run Entire Model or Validate Entire Model from the Model menu .
25 On the ModelBuilder toolbar, cl ick the Save button to save the model. 26 Cl ick the Model menu and cl ick Close to close the model. In ArcMap, close the ArcToolbox window.
Creating models
The model and all its settings are stored in the Harvest Models.tbx file you created at the beginning of this exercise. There is no need to save changes to the map document. If you are continuing with the next exercise, leave Arc Map open. Otherwise, exit the application. Click No if prompted to save your changes.
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Section Be Modeling
Building a model Most models consist of several connected processes. To connect processes-that is, to define the output of one process as the input to another-you draw connector lines
between them with the Add Connection tool.
Exercise 20b In this exercise, you will add a second buffer process for streams. Then you will add a Un ion process that overlays the stream and nest buffers to define the area where trees cannot be harvested (the "no-cut" zone). Finally, you will union the no-cut zone with the original layer of forest stands. The output of this union will be a dataset in which forest stands are split wherever they cross the no-cut zone-in other words, harvestable land will be geometrically separate from unharvestable land. In ArcMap, open ex20b.mxd from the C:\ESRIPress\GTKArcGIS\Chapter20 folder.
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Creating modds
16 Click th e green StreamBuf oval, th en click t he Union tool to add a second connector line. Click Input features.
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18 Double-click the Union tool.
In the Union dialog box, NestBuf and StreamBuf are the input features
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26 In the Union (2) dialog box, click the Browse button next to the Output Feature Class box. In the Output Featu re Class dialog box, navigate, if necessa ry, to \GTKArcGIS \Chapler20\MyDala and double-cl ick MyTongass.mdb. In the Name box, type NoCulAndSlands, then click Save .
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You' ll start by adding the Make Feature Layer tool. 5
In ArcToolbox, click the plus sign next to the Data Management Tools toolbox. Click the plus sign next to the Layers and Table Views tools. Click the Make Feature Layer tool, then drag and drop it to the upper right corner of the model, as shown in the following graphic. G]fQi~1
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You will write an SQL query to select harvestable stands and make a selection layer from them. This operation does not create a new dataset. The selection layer is based
on the NoCurAndStands dataset that already exists. (NoCutAndStands is the last actual dataset that the model will produce.) 10 In th e Output Layer box, replace the defau lt name with Harvest Stands. 11 Next to th e Expression box, click the SQL button to open t he Query Builder dia log box. To select stands outside the no-cut area, you will create the expression [FID_NoCutAreal = -1.
12 In the Fields scro lling box, double-c lick [F ID_NoCutAreaJ to add it to t he expression box. Click the equals (=) button . Press the space bar, and type -1.
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13 Make sure t hat your expression matches the fo llowing graph ic, then cl ick OK . ?
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18 Double-cl ick the Ca lculate Field tool (the white rectangle) to open the Ca lculate Field dialog box.
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19 Cl ick the Field Name drop-down arrow and click StandValue. 20 Next to the Expression box, click the Calculator button to open the Field Calculator. 21 In the Fields scrolling box, double-click Shape_Area to add it to the expression box. Click the multiplication (*) button. In the Fields scrolling box, double-click ValuePerMeter.
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Cmllillg models
22 Click at the beginning of the expression and type an open parenthesis "(" followed by a space . Click at the end of the expression and type a space followed by a close parenthesis ")". Click the division ( I ) button, then type a space and type 1000000. Make sure your expression matches the one in the following graphic, then cl ick OK on the Field Calcu lator.
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I «~...-.J· ['I~])J 1(lO(OXl
~T""~ ""'-,~
-
iiiI
r
f.
,r ~~I
...,
1 1 ~~nl
23 Click OK to close the tool. Now that the expression has been entered, the process is colored in. You are ready to
run the model. (Again, only processes that haven't run before will run .)
24 Cli ck the Run button to run the model.
565
566
Seer;on 8: Modcling
25 When the model is fini shed running, close the progress report.
You will add the Harvest Stands (2) layer to ArcMap and check the resul ts of your calculatio n. 26 In the model, right-click the green Harvest Stands (2) oval and cl ick Add To Display.
ModeIElI:InseIt~'tIo\'Idows~
iI ~
...
w ~ )(
.., f"
~
:: fJ :=:: l!4 e1 It .'
~ .,
I~~~~~~;:}.~:.J~t{.i:.~.LJ:4.~~-I
(
~
Harvest Stands (2)
.. .
Although Harvest Stands and H arvest Stands (2) are separate elements in the model, they represent the same selection layer. Th is layer is added ro ArcMap. 27 In t he ArcMap table of contents, right-c lick the Harvest Stands layer and click Open Attribute Table. Right-click the StandValue fi eld name and click Statistics. \I,."" ,,,,110' ", ~ ,,"\I
""I>
?
0.0
1.8
) .2
U
1.5
' .1
fx
U
The sum of the recalculated values is 1,052.076982. Since the values are in millions, this is slightly over a billion dollars. Note: You may have noticed ModelBuilder has given a slightly different sum than when you performed each step separately in chapter 12. This is due ro rounding tech niques, and the effect is negligible.
Creatillg models
28 Close the statistics window. Close the Attributes of Harvest Stands table. 29 On the ModelBuilder tool bar, click the Save button to save the model.
30 Click the Model menu and click Close. In ArcMap, close the ArcToolbox window. 31 Click the File menu and click Exit. Click No when prompted to save your changes.
The model that you have created in this chaptet is really just a part of a complete Harvest Profitability model. The model could be expanded to include the data pteparation operations- like Dissolve and Clip-that you used in chapter 11. Another piece could analyze the costs of harvesting: ctews have to be brought in to cut down the trees, load them on trucks, and remove them from the forest. Some of the analysis might be geospatial and some might be purely computational-you have seen that ModelBuilder can do both. At the end of this exercise, you got the total harvestable stand value the old-fashioned way: by opening the table, right-clicking the field, and opening the Statistics window. With a little programming knowledge, you could write a script to do this using the Python programming language that comes with ArcGIS. (Scripts can be added to a model as tools.) When the model ran, the script would access the table, sum the stand values, and report the total in a pop-up window. Your model would then be fully automated. As mentioned in the chapter introduction, ModelBuilder makes it easy to repeat an analysis on different project data. In this chapter, you calculated the hatvest value for lease F, but you might be asked to do the same for anothet lease. The Data folder for chapter 20 contains a geodatabase called LeaseB.mdb with feature classes for the stands, nests, and streams of lease B. On your own, you might want to try adapting the Harvest Profitability model to work with this data. If you decide to do that, you have a little more modeling ahead of you. If not, your work is done. You have come to the end of Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop.
567
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Scanned by Sunbeam Rahman
APPENDIX A
Data license agreement
Inportant: Read carefully belore opening the sealed nedia package ENVTRoNNTENTAL
SysrEMs REsEARoH
lNsrrurE lNc, (ESRI)
rs
wrtrruc ro
LrcENsE THE ENcLosED DATA AND RELATED
MATERIALS TO YOU ONLY UPON THE COND TION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERN,IS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN THIS LICENSE
eentrvrtqt. PLrese
READ THE TERMs AND
coNDtroNs
CAREFULLy BEFoRE opENtNG THE SEALED MEDTA pAcKAGE.
By
opENtNG
THE SEALED rvrEDrA PAOKAGE, ARE TNDTCATTNG youR AccEprANcE oF THE ESRI LtcENsE AGREEMENT, lF you Do Nor AGREE To rHE TERMS AND coNDrroNs AS srATED, THEN ESRI rs UNW|LLTNG To L]CENSE THE DATA AND RELATED tvrATERlALs ro you,
you
lr sucr rvrrr,
you sHouLD
RETURN THE MEDTA pAcKAGE
wtrH
THE sEAL UNBRoKEN AND ALL orHER corvlpoNENTS To
ESRI.
570
Ditd |i[e
ESRI
te
aqftana t
license agreenent
This is a license agreement, and not an agreement for sale, between you (Licensee) and Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. (ESRI). This ESRI License Agreement (Agreement) gives Licensee cenain limited rights to use the data and related materials (Data and Related Materials). All rights not specifically granted in this Agreement are reserved to ESRI and its Licensors. Reseruation of Ownership and Grant of License: ESRI and its Licensors retain exclusive rights,
title, and ownership to the copy ofthe Data and Related Materials licensed under this Agreement and, hereby, grant to Licensee a personal, nonexclusive, nontransferable, royaltyfree, worldwide license to use the Data and Related Materials based on the terms and conditions ofthis Agreement. Licensee agrees to use reasonable effort to protect the Data and Related Materials from unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, or publication. Proprietary Righx and Copyight: Licensee acknowledges that the Data and Related Materials are proprietary and confidential property ofESRI and its Licensors and are protected by United States copyright laws and applicable international copyright treaties and/or conventions.
Permitted Ues: Licensee may install the Data and Related Materials onto permanent storage device(s) for Licenseet own internal use. Licensee may make only one (1) copy of the original Data and Related Materials for archival purposes during the term ofthis Agreement unless the right to make additional copies is granted to Licensee in writing by ESRI. Licensee may internally use the Data and Related Materials provided by ESRI for the stated
purpose of GIS rraining and education. Ues Not Permhted: Licensee shall not sell, rent, lease, sublicense, lend, assign, time-share, or transfer, in whole or in part, or provide unlicensed Third Parties access to the Data and Related Materials or portions ofthe Data and Related Materials, any updates, or Licensee's rights under this Agreement. Licensee shall not remove or obscure any copyright or trademark notices
ofESRI or its
Licensors.
hrm and Termination: the
license granted to Licensee by this Agreeme nt shall commence upon the acceptance ofthis Agreement and shall continue unril such time that Licensee elects in writing to discontinue use of the Data or Related Materials and terminates this Agreement. The Agreement shall automadcally terminate without notice iflicensee fails to comply wirh any provision ofthis Agreement. Licensee shall then return to ESRI the Data and Related Materials. The parties hereby agree that all provisions that operate to protecr the rights ofESRI and its Licensors shall remain in force should breach occur.
Appel]dt^-
Disclaimer of Wananty:1he Data and Related Materials conrained herein are provided "as-is," without warranty ofany kind, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or noninfringement. ESRI does not warrant that th€ Data and Related Materials will meet Licenseet neids or expectations, that the use ofthe Data and Related Materials will be uninterrupted, or that all nonconformitie s, defects, or errors can or will be corrected. ESRI is not inviting reliance on the Data or Related Materials for commercial planning or analysis purposes, and Licensee should always check actual data. Data Disclaimer:The Data used herein has been derived fiom actual spatial or tabular information. In some cases, ESRI has manipulated and applied certain assumptions, analyses, and opinions to the Data solely for educational training purposes. Assumptions, analyses, opinions applied, and actual outcomes may vary. Again, ESRI is not inviting reliance on this Data, and the Licensee should always verifr actual Data and exercise their own professional judgment when interpreting any outcomes.
Limitation of Liability:
E SF.I shall not be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages related to Licensee's use ofthe Data and Related Materials, even if ESRI is advised ofthe possibility of such damage.
No Implied Waiuers: No failure or delay by ESRI or its Licensors in enforcing any right or remedy under this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver ofany future or other exercise ofsuch right or remedy by ESRI or its Licensors.
Orderfor Precedenrr: Any conflict between the terms ofthis Agreement and any FAR, DFAR, purchase order, or other terms shall be resolved in favor ofthe terms expressed in this Agreement, subject to the government's minimum rights unless agreed otherwise. Export Regulation: Licensee acknowledges that this Agreement and the performance thereof are subject to compliance with any and all applicable United States laws, regulations, or orders relating to the export ofdata thereto. Licensee agrees to comply with all laws, regulations, and orders ofthe United States in regard to any export of such technical data. Seuerability: If any provision(s) of this Agreement shall be held to be invalid, illegal, or unenforceable by a court or oth€r ffibunal ofcompetent jurisdiction, the validity, legality, and enforceability ofthe remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby. Gouerning Law: This Agreement, entered into in the County ofSan Bernardino, shall be construed and enforced in accordance with and be governed by the laws ofthe United States ofAmerica and the State of California without reference to conflict of laws principles. The parties hereby consent to the personal jurisdiction ofthe courts ofthis county and waive their rights to change venue. Entire Agreement: The parties agree that this Agreement constitutes the sole and entire agreement ofthe parties as to the matter set forth herein and supersedes any previous agreements, understandings, and arrangements between the parties relating hereto.
A
57I
lnstalling the data and software Getting to Know ATcGIS Deshtop inch:des one CD with exercise data. A trial version ofArcGIS Desktop 10, ArcEditor license (single use) software can be downloaded at www.esri.com/esripress. Use the code printed on the inside back cover of this book to access the download site. Note: the code can only be used once.
Installation ofthe exercise data CD takes about five minutes and requires 153 megabytes ofhard disk space.
Installation ofthe software requires at least 2.4 gigabytes ofhard disk space (more ifyou choose to load the optional extension products). Installation times will vary with your computer's speed and available memory.
Ifyou already have a licensed copy ofArcGIS Desktop 10 installed on your computer (or accessible through a network), do not install the software. Use your licensed sofrware to do the exercises in this book. Ifyou have an older version ofArcGIS installed on your computer, you must uninstall it before you can install the software from the download site. The exercises in this book have been modified to work with ATcGIS 10. Using another version the software is not recommended.
of
574
/t,',,t/llt,4 rl., ,t,t,t ,t.t,l t'1n,,1.,
Installing the exercise data Follow the steps below to install the exercise data. Do not copy the files directly from the CD to your hard drive. A direct 6le copy does not remove write-protection from the files, and this causes data editing exercises not to work. In addition, a direct 6le copy will not enable the automatic uninstall feature.
1
Put the data CD in your computer's CD drive. A start-up screen will appear. lf your auto run is disabled, navigate to the contents of your CD drive and double-click the Setup.exe file to begin.
Read the welcome screen, then click the lnstall exercise data link. This aunches the Setup wizard.
wetolle to tt€ tnst lstl€5 wL.rd tor 6etth9 to
llr
Ardls D€sftop - lrer*e
firrrEdshrld8)l.a:dn{ ftt D.*to9
e
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is
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,
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Click Next. Read and accept the license agreement terms, then click next.
lppcndix
Accept the default installation folder or click Browse and navigate to ihe drive or folder location where you want to install the data. lf you choose an alternate location, please make note of it as the book's exercises direct you to CIESRlPress\GTKArcolS.
ffir*",...'*t
*,rdi ';n*..,
hilC.!t!t l(d lr.GE c:FPrdt; as\
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D.b br
f elr-r.a":l
l .!.4- --f-
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Click Next. The installation will take some time. When the installation is finished, you see the following message:
tnstaGih&ld
n
wkad cdpbred
I6t l6hl& w6d
rcE* arccls
hB
*rt*tu
d@ ' Esd.
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rEt.|ld c.{ino t t drt iltr
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.i"; 'l- A---] L' i"".a
:
Click Finish. The exercise data is installed on your computer in a folder called GTKATcGIS. have a licensed copy ofArcGIS Desktop 10 installed on your computer, you are ready to start Getting to Know ATcGIS Deshtop. Otherwise, follow the "Installing the software" instructions to install and register the software.
Ifyou
I)
575
576
Installing the data and sofrware
Uninstalling the exercise data
.
To uninstall the exercise data from your computel open your operating system's control panel and double-click the Add/Remo-ve Programs icon. In the Add/Remove Programs dialog box, select the following entry and follow the promprs to remove ie
.
Getting to Know ATcGIS Desktop Exercise Data
Appendix
lnstalling the software A
180-day trial version ofArcGIS Desktop 10, ArcEditor license (single use) software can be downloaded at www.esri,com/esripress. Use the code printed on tLe inside back cover ofthis book to access the download site, and follow the on-screen instructions to download and
register the software.
B
577
574
Installing tbe dau and sofrwn,e
Uninstalling the software To uninstall the sofrware from your computer, open your operating system's control panel and double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon. In the Add/Remove Programs dialog bo:6 select the following entry and follow the prompts to remove it:
.
ATcGIS Desktop
INDEX
adding data ro ArcMap,74J5, lOO, 113, 235, 484 adding 6elds, 385-86, 439-40 addrcss locator services. Sae geocoding: address locator
attribute values,44. Sea a/so artributes; 6elds in buffer operations, 312, 317 calctiating, 332, 334-35, 436, 440-41, 557,
562-65
servic€s address matching. Saa geocoding: matching addresses
advancedArcMap settings, 359 annotation, 17 6, 19 6, 199 -201 ArcCatalog, 14-17, 54-55 6le extensions, displaying, 56, 370 folder connections, 56-58 geodatabases, creating in, 370-71 launching from ArcMap, 449 rr,erad,atl., 64-65, 68, 344, 351 previewing data in, 60-61, 63, 7 1-73 searching for data in, 66-71 thumbnails, 60-61 toolboxes, creating in, 536 ArcEditor, 74, 284, 369, 370, 41,6, 427 ATcGIS Desktop, 14-17 ATcGIS extension
prodrcts,76
17,
122,416
defa t,393,399 in dissolve operations, 281, 285286 edtttng, 400, 476,436-38,463, 472 in overlay operations, 311,321,326,329, 557 attributes, 6-8, 99, 204,230. See also attribrte vahes; 6elds; selecting features: by attribute common, in table join s and relates,230-231,237,
238,243,248 default values for, 390, 399 domains for, 368, 384, 387-90 identiGer (saa identifier attributes)
bookmarks, 34 41 brtrers, 244, 262, 3lO, 312 crel'ting, 31420, 547-43, 547 -48 dissolving barriers in, 312, 315, 3I7
ATcGIS system, 18
Atclnfo, 74, 284, 368, 369, 416,427 ArcMap, 14-15,20-27 application window, sizlng, 21, 5Ol, 507 d,ata,view,7415, 80 launching from ArcC atalog, 76, 349-50, 539 layout view, 74, 80 See
abo aolboxes; and
of specifc geoprocetsing operations ArcYlew, 14, 284, 416, 427
names
anribute tables.
Saa tables
calculating 6elds, 332, 334 35, 436, 440 41, 557, 562-65. See ako editing attribure values cardinality, of tables, 231 32 chartsymbols, 161, 168J0
ArcReader, 14
Ariloolbox, 280, 288-89,536.
CAD 6les, 54, 368, 416
charts.
Saa
graphs
classirying featur€s and rasters, 132 33 by Defrned Interval method, 134 by Equal Interval method, l34, l4O
histograms, 138 49, 148-49 by Manual method, 134, 145, 147-50
580 d u * e r s (con t i nu e d) by Natural Breaks me thod., 134, 136-38,
c Iass ify i n g fea ta re r ax
140-42,147 number ofclasses, setting, 138, 142 by Quantile method, 134, l4l showing class ranges using feature values, 143-44 clipping features, 280, 296, 299 -302 cluster tolerance, 425
color ramps,
l2l, 126J8,
132, 137
coordinate systems, 4-5 , 357,377. See also map pro.jections; projecting data and data frames, 344- 47, 352-53, 357, 360 geo?raphic, 347,344, 346,357, 483 importing (ree projecting data) and rnetadaa, 64, 344,350 ptojected,, 342, 344, 483 s€tting (rrr projecting data) unknown, 352 379-80 coordinates, 5, 8, 344 -45,357,360, 376. See also data, x,y, displaying geographic (latitude-lo ngitude), 68, 345, 357,
377,482-83
data in ArcCatalog, 377, 384 layers in ArcMap, 82-83,354,365 416, 439
creating features, 392-93 with Auto Complete Polygon tool, by digitizir'g, 39 2-93, 39 6 -9 9
403-6
with Distanc€-Distance tool, 406-8 by geocoding, 460-61 with line segment tools
direction,4l0 letgth,405,417 parallel, 404
with Square and Finish command, 412
data- See aho layers
addingto ArcMap,77J8, 112, 123,234, 484
fo ' 54, 59, 368 exporting, 303, 305-6 formats, 54 ptgecting, 344-346, 352-56, 357, 37 I J 9 raster,
4,
121
renaming, 370 searching for, 66-70 vector, 3, 392 x,y, displaying, 484
data view 15, 74J 5, 80, 100 decimal degrees, 48J default values for attributes, 390,400
definition queries, 2/2 J 4, 33243 deleting features. .ire editing features: by deleting them density, mapping, 132-33, 154-59 digitizing features, 392-93, 397-400 dissolving features, 28 distance, measuring,
0-81,282-89, 428
41 42, 259,261-63,276
attrilxtre, 368, 384, 387 -9 0 spat\el,377
copying and pasting
icons
504-5
selecting,503 unselecting, 486
domains
342, 482-83
372J 3,
and map elements, 517, 520 moving, 80, 504 resizing,
colors, custom,513-14
coverages, 368, 370,
inserting, 78
renaming, ST-88
color schemes, 102-4
pro lecred,,
Data Frame Properties dialog box, opening, 86, 352 date f rames, 74-1 5, 7 8 -19, 47 5 activating, 105, 354 background color of, 96, 181 and coordinate systems, 344-47,352, 357, 360 and discontinuous geo gtephy, 346-47
dot density maps, 132-33, 156-59 Draw toolbar, 20, 176, 181, 196-97, 489-95 drawing graphics. Sae graphics, adding to maps; texti adding to maps
eatth, shape of, 341 edges (edit sLetch), f!3, 397,400,417, 424 edit sessions, 393,400, 419, 441
beginning,393, 395 erding,393,396 and freld calculations, 436,441 and topology, 427
edit sketches, 393, 396, 397, 417, 420J2, 464 editing attribute valu€ s,400,416, 436-38, 464, 472. Saa a/sa calculating 6elds editing feaures, 416 -17, 428 by deleting them, 418-19 by merging them, 423 by modi$'ing their sh apes, 421J7 by splitting them, 430-33 Editor toolbar, 393, 395 endpoints (edit sketch), 393 Equal Interval classification, 134, 140
Intltt Escape key, using on context menus, 405
geocoding (continued)
creating,448-53 finding addresses, 456-58
events, 487
exporting data, 303, 305-6 ,370 exporting maps, 495 extension products, 16-17, 122, 416
matching addresses, 454, 456- 64 rematching addresses, 465 by editing addresses, 468-69 by editing standardization, 47 lJ 3 by lowering spelling sensit*ity, 47012 scoring ofcandidates, 454, 456, 463
extensions, 6le, 54, 371
feature classes, 59, 368 creating in g€odatabases, 377,
table, our"prt, 463, 474
378-83
geodalrbases, 168-69.
creatlng,355-56 creating feature classes in, 377, 378-83 default values in, 390 domains in, 368, 384, 387-89,390 importing feature clas ses to,373J7 toolboxes in, 540
digitizing (rra digitizing features) dissolving (saa dissolving feaures) editing (see editing features) 6.nding, 204, 205,213-15, 456-58 hid\ng, 273J4,332-34 hyperlinkl,ng, 204, 205, 213-15 (saa
topology
(.ree
geographic information systems (GIS), 1-l
(ree
-25,
534
geoprocessing, 280, 287, See abo names of specifc ge oP r o c e5 t in g op e la tiorl t
symbolizing features) 323
l,
Geography toolbar, 61, 62
labeling features)
lnloning, 3ll, 327-22,
427
483
identifying features)
selecting (ra? s€lecting features) selection color, changing, 211
symbolizing
h,
geographic coordinate systems, 341, 344, 346, 357,
intersecting,3ll,322 labeling
alra multiuser
annotation in, 177 appearance ofin ArcCaralog, 58 area and length attriburcs in,288, 400, 416,428
buffering (rae buffers, creating) clipping (saa clipping features) creating (re? creating f€aures)
identifying
See
geodatabases
importing to geodatabases, 37 21 6 FID 6eld. Saa identifier attributes features, 3-10. .9aa a/ro records
553
-56
8e1ds,6,43,384. See a/ro attributes; records; tables; and names of Eecifc felds
addtng,385-86, 439-40
calculatirry, 332, 334-35, 436, 440-41, 557-60 common, in table joins and relates, 230-31, 236,
238,243,248 freezing,236
graduated colors, 132, 136-37, 155-56 graduated symbols,
\3213,
161,
163-67
graphics, adding to maps, 489, 490-91, 512-13 .9ea a/ro text: adding to maps
Eta'phs,290,291-94 eti(ltles, 24, 3 40, 47 8 adding to maps, 480-82 guides (layout view), 501-3
gr
hiding,44-45 order, changing,
46-47
renamed,322, 326,329 resizing, 44-45 statistics for, 49-50, 286-87,566
file extensions, showing, 56, 371 Fnding features, 204, 205,213-15, 456-58 formatting labels (symbology), 142-43, 150-51
geocoding, 460-61 address locator services, 446
addtng, 455-56
histograms, 138-39, 140-41 hyperlinking features, 204, 205, 211-13
identifier attributes (FID and OBJECTID), 44, 281,
381,428,432 in Union operations, 321J2,324-26, 557 identifying features
ir
AtcCaralog, 62, 66
in ArcMap, 32, 204, 206, 275
581
582 importing symbology, 307-08 intersecting features,
3ll,
layouts (continued)
322
joining tables, 23 0-33 , 235 -39, 247, 255. See also relatirg tables
labeling features. Sea a&o labels dynamically, 30-31, 95-96, interactively, 197-98
17
8-80, 331
labels, 176, 177, 185, 196
scete D^ts tn, ) | /, )
annotation, converting to, 199-200 attribute used for, 178-80, 183-84 moving, 198, 200-l overlapping, 189, 191 placing, 185, 186-87, 193-94 prioritizing, 189-90 scale-dependency of, 3 6, 194-95, 245, 418 symbolizing, 179-80, 182, 190-91
latitude-longitude,
2J
,345,357, 377, 476
layer attribute tables. Saa tables layer 6les (.1y0, 54, 59,73,91,111
previewirg,7lJ3,348 saving layers as, layers, 2,
9-ll, 24J5.
opening,26J7, 106
aho data; layet frles adding to display, 288, 543 copying and pasting, 83-84, 354, 365 default symbology for, 82,92, 287 draw order of, 25J6, 125 map tips for, 31 projecting (.raa projecting data) renaming, 29 saving as .lyr 6les, ll8-19 scale-dependency of, 3 6, 146, 244 s€lected features, makirg from, 280, 297-98, See
557,559-62 setting selectable, 206, 249, 297 symbolizing (see symbolizing features; symbolizing rasters) transparency of, 128-29, 152 turning on and off, 2J with unknown coordinate systems, 357, 379-80 zooming to, 126 Layout toolbar, 78 lavour vrew.
t)-22
sizing map elements in,504-6, 522, 524, 528 titles in, 78, 494, 508, 509-10 leger.ds, 577,
522J4.
Sce a/.ra
table of contents
lines, de6ned, 3, 5, 392
magniEcation window, 38-39 manual classification, 134, 144, 147-50 map documents, 24, 33, 58, 74, 479 map layouts. .Scr layouts
-80
map projections, 341-43,344-47. See aho coordinate systems; projecting data
ll8-l!
Layer Properties dialo gbox,
legends tn,517,522J4 neatlines in, 528-29 north arrows in, 518 ordering map elements in, 514-15 page orientation of, 499,501,529 pictur€s in, 528-29 previewing and printi ng, 529-30 reports, adding to, 227 rotating map el€ments in, 5ll
de6,ning,357-64 map templates,
475J9
map tips, 31, 198, 241 measuring distance, 4l-42, 259, 261-63, 276 metadara, 64-65, 69, 344
ModelBuilder, 337, 53 4-36. See abo models ModelBuilder toolbar, 536, 538 models, 534-36 aligning elements in, 548, J51 creating, 536-37 displaying output in AtcMap, 543, 555, 566 edltlng, 540, 547 processes in, 534
addiry,541,549,559 connecl"in}, 549-50, 554, 560 states of, 547, 544, 555^56
running, 544, 555 multipart polygons, 317, 321, 428 multinser geodatabase s,368, 416, 439
t), /4. /u
layovs, 498, 499 aligning map elements \n, 501, 502-3, 514-15, 522 data frames in, 79, 500-1, 503*5 graphs, adding to, 294 grouping map elements in, Jll guides in, 501-3
Natural Breaks classification, 734, 136-38, 140-42, t47 neatlines. 528-29 normalizing data, 154, 155-56 north arrows, 517-18
583 OBJECTID 6eld.
See identifier attributes on-the-fly projection, 344^46, 352-56, 357 overlapping labels. Sea labels, overlapping
overlay analysis, 9-11, 311,321J2. See abo intersecting features; unioning features
pannlng, 31, 36, 479-80, 506-:7, 549 pictures as hyperlink objects, 204,212-13 inlayotns, 527--28 points, de6ned, 3, 5, 392 polygons, defned, 3, 5,392.
See
abo
multipart polygons
rePotts,221 adding to layouts, 228
cteatilr8,222-23 formatting,225-27 pteviewing,226,228 prlntlng,227
scale,
5-6,30,36,90
scale 6a:,s, 517,
selecting features by attribute, 205, 216, 217-20, 253, 267-68 (rea
previewing data, 60-61, 63, 7 1-72
519-22
scale-d€pendency. .Src labels: scale-dependency of; layers: scale-dependency of
alo defnition
queries)
interactively, 204, 208-9, 249, 297-98
by location, 258-59, 261-64, 269
prime meridian, 24, 340
printing
selection anchors, 419
mePs,529-30 reports,227 projected coordinate systems, 342, 344, 483
selection
prgecting data, 344446, 352-56, 357, 379-80. Sre a/ra coordinare sysrems; map
projections
projection 6les (.prj), 357, 358, 362 proportional symbols, 132, 133 pyramids (tasters), 124
J0, 304-5
color,2ll
selection layers, making, 280, 297-98, 557, 559-62 selecdon method, settirg, 208, 259, 261, 263 selection tolerance, setting, shape fr,eld,,
2O6J
44, 230, 317, 381
Shape_Area 6eld, 275 , 283, 289, 317, 334,382, 428 Shape-Length 6eld, 289, 317, 382, 427 shapefrles,368
ofin ArcCatalog, 59 coordinate sysrem information oi 357
appearance
Quantile classification, 134, 14l queries, .Srr dcGnition queries; selecring features: by arrriburel selecring features: by location
importing to geodatab ases,374J6 map topology, creating for, 427 Sketch tool,392, 397, 406, 437 snapping environment, 394, 396-97, 405, 424, 431
sorting records.
4,7OJl, l2l-22,123-25.
a/ra dassifring features and rasters; symbolizing rasters
rasters,
rc.otds,7,44,47.
See a/sa
See
6elds; tables
in buffer operations, 317, 319 clearing selected, 48 in dednition queries, 334 in merge operations, 432,438 in overlay opetations, 321-22 selecting, 47-48,209 selection color, changing, 211 showing selected, 210, 250 sorting, 49-50, 210 refreshing
avie*,
177, 373
relating tables, 230-32, 243, 247-55 Sre a6o joining tables rcnaming data in ArcCatalog,3Tl
renaming layers in ArcMap, 28
See
lecords
sorting spatial analysis,3l0, 332 538. Sae also buffers; intersecting features; unioning features spatial data. Ser data spatial joilLs,276J7
speti^l rcfetence, 377. See aho cootdin te systems: unknown; map projections: defrning; pro.iecting data spatial relationships, 8 -9,258,259,276, sel€cting f€atures: by location
See
Standard toolbar
in ArcCatalog, 54, 56 in ArcMap, 20-21, l13 statistics, 50-51, 189-90, 336, 566 Structured Query Language (SQL), 216, 561 styles (symbology),90, 111, 115-lZ 488 surfaces, 3.
S??
46, rasters
ako
584 symbolizing features, 9O-92,132-33.
See
also
classifying features and rasters; table ofcontents: formatting labels in; text: symbolizing by category, 100-4, 106-9, ll4-18, 240-42 by chart, 161, 168-71 by quantity with dot density, 13243,156-59 with graduated colors, 132-33 136-37, 155-56 with graduated symbols, 132-33, 161, 163-67
with proportional symbols, 132-33 by single symbol, 85-86, 94-95
vertic.es.392. 421,43L See a/so crearing fearuresr edrUng tearures adding, 397, 404,422J3 color of, 477, 426
moving,422 sharedl 417, 424 vi,rtual page, 74, 79,
47 5,
479.
See
ako layonts
xy data, displaying, 484
symbolizing rasters, 721, 127.
See abo classlfying features and rasters by classified values, 147-49,146 by stretched values, 12l-28
symbology, importing, 307
table ofcontents, 2, 20, 21, 24
formatting labels in, 142-43, 150-51, 164-65 Source tab in, 235,
obles,7,43.
See
246,447,484
ako frelds; records
adding to ArcMap, 235,246,484
catdinality of, 232, 243
joiting, 230-33, 236-40, opening, 44,236, 484
247, 255
relatirg, 23 0 -32, 243, 247 -55 tabular data, displaying, 485-87
templates,475J9
te\t,176 adding to maps, 179-81,493 moving, 183, I98 symbolizing, 182, 493, 509 thematic maps, 8 thumbnails in ArcCatalog, 60 toolbars, 20, 21, 54, toolhoxes, 284.
abo namet ofspecifc nolbar:
See
See also
Ariloolbox
adding to Ariloolbox , 540-41, 546,47, 558
qe ting, 536-37 'f ools toolb ar, 20, 21, 22 opology, 417, 424-26 transparency, 129, 152
Undo button, 393, 397, 440 unioning features, 311 ,121-22,323-25,549 53
values.
.9ee attribute values vector data, 3, 392
zooming, 5,29 in ArcCatalog, 62 in data view to a bookmark,40-41, 130 to full extent, 33, 34
to alayer,37,l30 to selected features, 254, 271
to a uset-defined extent, 29, 35 in layout view
to
100 percent, 479
to a user-defined €xtent, 490 to whole page, 282, 494
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