Friendship and Benefaction in James
Emory Studies in Early Christianity
Editors V e r n o n K. R o b b i n s & David B . G o w l e r E m o r y University, Georgia
Associate
Editor
Robert von Thaden Mercyhurst College, Pennsylvania
Editorial
Board
R i c h a r d S. Ascough, Q u e e n ' s Theological College, Kingston, Ontario L. Gregory Bloomquist, St. Paul University, O t t a w a Peder Borgen, Emeritus, University of T r o n d h e i m , N o r w a y J J . Bernard C o m b r i n k , Emeritus, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa David A. deSilva, Ashland Theological Seminary, O h i o Anders Eriksson, L u n d University, Sweden T h o m a s H . Olbricht, Emeritus, Pepperdine University, California Russell B . Sisson, U n i o n College, Kentucky D u a n e F. Watson, M a l o n e College, O h i o
FRIENDSHIP and BENEFACTION in JAMES
Alicia Batten
deo PUBLISHING
BLANDFORD
FORUM
E m o r y Studies i n Early Christianity, 15
Publication of this volume was made possible by the generous support of the Pierce Program in Religion of Oxford College of Emory University.
Published by D e o Publishing P . O . B o x 6 2 8 4 , Blandford F o r u m , D o r s e t D T I 1 1 A Q , U K Copyright © 2010 D e o Publishing C o v e r design b y B e r n a r d M a d d e n , after a r t w o r k b y R i c k A. R o b b i n s All rights reserved. N o part o f this p u b l i c a t i o n m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d , translated, stored i n a retrieval system, o r transmitted in a n y f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s , electronic, m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o c o p y i n g , r e c o r d i n g o r o t h e r w i s e , w i t h o u t p r i o r w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n from t h e publisher. T h e Odyssea G r e e k font used i n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f this w o r k is available from Linguist's Software, Inc., w w w . l i n g u i s t s o f t w a r e . c o m , P . O . B o x 5 8 0 , E d m o n d s , W A 9 8 0 2 0 - 0 5 8 0 U S A , tel. (425) 7 7 5 - 1 1 3 0 . P r i n t e d i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m b y H e n r y L i n g Ltd, at t h e D o r s e t Press, D o r c h e s t e r , D T I 1HD. British Library C a t a l o g u i n g - i n - P u b l i c a t i o n data A catalogue r e c o r d for this b o o k is available from t h e British Library
ISBN 978-1-905679-10-2
Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction Stnicture and M e t h o d
vii
1 4
Chapter 2 Friendship in Antiquity Introduction Virtues of Friends
9 9 17
"One Mind/Soul" "All in C o m m o n " Friendship and Fictive Kinship Language Friendship w i t h G o d
42 44 47 48
Conclusion
54
Chapter 3 Friendship, Patronage and Benefaction
56
Introduction Friendship, Politics and Society
56 59
Benefaction
68
Patronage Patronage, Friendship and Flattery
75 79
Conclusion
88
Chapter 4 T h e E x o r d i u m : J a m e s 1:2-18
90
Introduction
90
James as a Letter
91
James and R h e t o r i c
93
James 1:2-18 A. C o m m o n Features of t h e E x o r d i u m B . James 1:2-18 as an E x o r d i u m C . Friendship and Benefaction w i t h i n t h e E x o r d i u m
99 101 107
vi
Friendship and Benefaction in James
Conclusion Chapter 5 A Challenge to Patronage
119
122
Introduction James 2 : 1 - 1 3 A. R h e t o r i c a l Structure B . Friendship, Patronage and Benefaction in James 2 : 1 - 1 3 James 2:14-26 A. R h e t o r i c a l Structure B . Friendship and Benefaction in James 2:14-26
122
Conclusion
144
Chapter 6 Friendship with G o d : James 3:13-4:10
145
Introduction
145
123 127 135 136
James 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 1 0 A. R h e t o r i c a l Structure B . Friendship, Patronage and Benefaction in James 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 1 0
145 169
Conclusion
176
Chapter 7 Conclusion Introduction Patronage as an Exigence
178 178 180
Audience R h e t o r i c a l Constraints Conclusion
181 184 185
Bibliography
186
I n d e x of M o d e r n A u t h o r s I n d e x of Biblical and O t h e r References
210 214
Acknowledgments T h i s b o o k b e g a n as a d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s o m e y e a r s a g o i n T o r o n t o . It is w i t h g r a t i t u d e t h a t I a c k n o w l e d g e t h e w i s d o m a n d g e n e r o s i t y o f m y s u p e r v i s o r , J o h n K l o p p e n b o r g , w h o sets a n e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e o f a s c h o l a r / t e a c h e r a n d from w h o m I c o n t i n u e to learn a great deal. O t h e r readers of t h e dissertation: T e r r y D o n a l d s o n , D o r c a s G o r d o n , S t e p h e n Patterson and Leif Vaage, p r o v i d e d valuable c o m m e n t s . T h e transformation of t h e dissertation i n t o a b o o k o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h t h e h e l p o f several p e o p l e , m o s t n o t a b l y V e r n o n R o b b i n s , w h o
pro
v i d e d c o n c r e t e g u i d a n c e for r e v i s i o n a n d r e o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d a c c e p t e d t h e s u b s e q u e n t m a n u s c r i p t f o r this series. M a n y t h a n k s g o t o
Todd
P e n n e r for s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e Emory
series
Studies
in Early
Christianity
c o u l d b e a p o s s i b l e v e n u e for p u b l i c a t i o n a n d t o D a v i d O r t o n , e d i t o r at D e o P u b l i s h i n g , for his assistance. M u c h o f t h e w r i t i n g o f this b o o k o c c u r r e d d u r i n g part o f a sabbati cal f r o m Pacific L u t h e r a n U n i v e r s i t y i n W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e , w h e r e
I
t a u g h t f r o m 2 0 0 0 to 2 0 0 8 . A l t h o u g h I h a v e since r e t u r n e d to C a n a d a , I r e m a i n grateful t o P L U for t h e s a b b a t i c a l a n d for t h e g e n e r a l c a m a r a d e rie of m y colleagues in t h e R e l i g i o n d e p a r t m e n t t h e r e . Particular m e n t i o n g o e s t o D o u g l a s O a k m a n f o r his s u p p o r t . T h a n k s a r e also d u e t o t h e A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l o f L e a r n e d S o c i e t i e s for a G r a v e s A w a r d w h i c h provided supplementary funding. I a p p r e c i a t e t h e s u p p o r t for s c h o l a r s h i p at m y c u r r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S u d b u r y , a n d t h e c o l l e g i a l i t y o f p e o p l e t h e r e a n d at t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t c o m p r i s e its f e d e r a t e d p a r t n e r s . G r a t i t u d e also g o e s t o m e m b e r s o f t h e C o n t e x t G r o u p for t h e i r e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d for t h e meetings that the g r o u p organizes every year. O n a m o r e p e r s o n a l n o t e , t h a n k s t o m y family for t h e i r o n g o i n g interest i n m y w o r k a n d overall m o r a l s u p p o r t . M a n y friends a n d specific c o l leagues at a v a r i e t y o f institutions h a v e b e e n helpful i n a r a n g e o f w a y s . Finally, I a m i n d e b t e d t o T e r r y R o t h w e l l for his c o n t i n u e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t , curiosity, a n d "frank s p e e c h . " I t h i n k t h a t T e r r y e m b o d i e s s o m e o f t h e characteristics o f a friend t h a t t h e s u b s e q u e n t pages s e e k t o d e s c r i b e a n d it is w i t h l o v e a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n t h a t I d e d i c a t e this b o o k t o h i m .
1 Introduction A f t e r m a n y y e a r s o f r e l a t i v e n e g l e c t , t h e r e is a r e s u r g e n c e o f i n t e r e s t i n 1
t h e l e t t e r o f J a m e s . D e s p i t e t h e fact t h a t c o n s e n s u s o n m a n y h i s t o r i c a l q u e s t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e l e t t e r — s u c h as its d a t e , a u t h o r s h i p ,
and
p r o v e n a n c e - c a n n o t b e f o u n d , t h e array o f m e t h o d s n o w used to a n a lyze ancient literature, m a n y of w h i c h d o n o t seek to answer primarily h i s t o r i c a l q u e s t i o n s , h a v e f o u n d p l e n t y i n J a m e s t o e x p l o r e . N o r is it a c c e p t a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t J a m e s is s o m e h o w
theologically
marginal
b e c a u s e it d o e s n o t m e n t i o n t h e d e a t h a n d r e s u r r e c t i o n o f J e s u s ; f o r t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r t h e r e w a s s o m e sort o f early C h r i s t i a n " c o r e " t h e o l o g y o r c e n t r a l " g o s p e l " m e s s a g e is w i d e o p e n . I n d e e d , t h e p o t e n t i a l relationship b e t w e e n James and the Pauline corpus does n o t comprise t h e chief area o f interest; rather, studies o f James's literary g e n r e a n d rhetorical structures,
as w e l l as t h e social, c u l t u r a l a n d
theological
t h e m e s it a d d r e s s e s a r e p l e n t i f u l , s o m e t i m e s w i t h n o m e n t i o n o f P a u l at all. C o n t i n u a l r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e v a r i e t i e s o f a n c i e n t J u d a i s m , t h e n a t u r e o f H e l l e n i s m , a n d t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e o r i g i n s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y h a v e all c o n t r i b u t e d to t h e r e c o g n i t i o n that J a m e s deserves m u c h m o r e atten t i o n t h a n it h a d p r e v i o u s l y e a r n e d , l a n g u i s h i n g as it d i d f o r m a n y y e a r s o n t h e e d g e s o f b i b l i c a l s t u d i e s . J a m e s is n o w s t u d i e d o n its o w n t e r m s , i n its o w n r i g h t . Scholarship focused u p o n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e literature o f early C h r i s tianity
in
flourished,
the
context
of
Hellenistic
moral
philosophy
has
long
h o w e v e r . T e x t s s u c h as P a u l ' s l e t t e r s a n d L u k e - A c t s h a v e
received t h e m o s t attention h e r e , b u t others, including James, are n o t far b e h i n d . I n r e c e n t d e c a d e s p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t has b e e n p a i d t o t h e H e l l e n i s t i c topos o f f r i e n d s h i p , a n d h o w t h e l a n g u a g e a n d i d e a s a s s o c i ated w i t h 1
this
topos
were
significant
to
ancient Judaisms,
Graeco-
See t w o recent survey articles o n scholarship o n James, b y T o d d C . P e n n e r ( " T h e
Epistle o f James in C u r r e n t R e s e a r c h , " CurBS
7 [1999] 257-308), and M a r k E . Taylor
( " R e c e n t Scholarship o n t h e Structure of J a m e s , " CurBS
3.1 [2004] 86-115) respectively.
2
Friendship and Benefaction in James
R o m a n c u l t u r e , a n d t h e e m e r g e n c e o f early Christianity.
T h e litera
t u r e o n a n c i e n t f r i e n d s h i p is m a s s i v e ; t h e u s e o f f r i e n d s h i p l a n g u a g e is p e r v a s i v e i n a v a r i e t y o f c o n t e x t s , a n d t h u s it is h a r d t o i m a g i n e
how
a n y o n e i n t h e first c e n t u r y G r e e k - s p e a k i n g M e d i t e r r a n e a n , i n c l u d i n g t h e a u t h o r o f J a m e s , w o u l d b e u n f a m i l i a r w i t h this o f t e n i d e a l i z e d f o r m of relationship.
3
A s this b o o k w i l l a r g u e , J a m e s is i n d e e d c o n v e r s a n t w i t h t r a d i t i o n s o f f r i e n d s h i p , a n d uses t h e s e t r a d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e l e t t e r ' s a r g u m e n t a t i o n . 2
T w o very significant volumes are J o h n T . Fitzgerald, ed., Friendship, Flattery and
Frankness of Speech: Studies on Friendship in the New Testament World (Leiden, N e w Y o r k , Koln: E.J. Brill, 1996), and J o h n T . Fitzgerald, ed., Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship (SBLRBS; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997). In addition t o these, a variety of scholars have discussed t h e function and i m p o r t a n c e of friendship language in t h e N e w Testament. For example, see H a n s D i e t e r Betz, Galatians
(Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979);
Benjamin Fiore, "Friendship in t h e E x h o r t a t i o n of R o m a n s 1 5 : 1 4 - 3 3 , " Proceedings of the EGL
and MWBS
7 (1987) 9 5 - 1 0 3 ; F. H a u c k , " D i e Freundschaft bei d e n G r i e c h e n u n d
i m N e u e n T e s t a m e n t , " in Festgabefiir Theodor Zahn (Leipzig: A. Deichertsche, 1928) 2 1 1 28; Hans-Josef Klauck, " K i r c h e als Freundesgemeinschaft? A u f Spurensuche i m N e u e n T e s t a m e n t , " MTZ
42 (1991) 1-14; A b r a h a m J. Malherbe, Paul and the Popular Philosophers
(Minneapolis: Fortress, 1989); Paul and the Thessalonians:
The Philosophical Tradition of
Pastoral Care (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987); Peter Marshall, Enmity
at Corinth: Social
Conventions in PauVs Relations with the Corinthians ( W U N T 2.23; T u b i n g e n : J . C . B . M o h r [Paul Siebeck], 1987); Alan C . Mitchell, " T h e Social F u n c t i o n o f Friendship in Acts 2:4447 and 4 : 3 2 - 3 7 , " JBL
111 (1992) 2 5 5 - 7 2 ; P h e m e Perkins, "Christology, Friendship and
Status: T h e R h e t o r i c o f Philippians," Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers (SBLSP 26; ed. K e n t H a r o l d Richards; Atlanta: Scholars, 1987) 509-20; Stanley K. Stowers, "Friends and E n e m i e s in the Politics of H e a v e n : R e a d i n g T h e o l o g y in Philippians," in Pauline Theology, Volume 7(ed. J . M . Bassler; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991) 1 0 5 - 2 1 . F o u r i m p o r t a n t and easily accessible histories of friendship in antiquity are L. Dugas, UAmitie
Antique
(2nd ed., Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1914); J e a n - C l a u d e Fraisse, Philia:
La notion d'amitie dans la philosophic antique. Essai sur un probleme perdu et retrouve (Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1974); Luigi Pizzolato, L'idea di amicizia: nel mondo antico classico e cristiano (Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 1993); David Konstan, Friendship in the Classical World (Key T h e m e s in A n c i e n t History; C a m b r i d g e : C a m b r i d g e University Press, 1997). Franz Dirlmeier's dissertation, @ONOY," NovT 2 5 (1983) 3 2 7 - 4 7 , w h i c h discusses the topos o f e n v y m o r e thoroughly. 15
W a c h o b , The Voice of Jesus, 59.
148
Friendship
and Benefaction
in
James
a perfect a r g u m e n t ... is that w h i c h is comprised of five parts: t h e Proposition, t h e R e a s o n , t h e P r o o f of t h e R e a s o n , t h e Embellishment, and t h e R e s u m e . T h r o u g h t h e Proposition w e set forth summarily w h a t w e i n t e n d to p r o v e . T h e R e a s o n , b y means o f a brief explanation subjoined, sets forth the causal basis for t h e Proposition, establishing t h e t r u t h of w h a t w e are urging. T h e P r o o f of t h e R e a s o n c o r r o b o rates, b y means of additional arguments, t h e briefly presented R e a s o n . E m b e l l i s h m e n t w e use in o r d e r to adorn and enrich t h e a r g u m e n t , af ter t h e P r o o f has b e e n established. T h e R e s u m e is a brief conclusion, d r a w i n g t o g e t h e r t h e parts of t h e a r g u m e n t (Rhet. Her. 2.18.28). S u c h a n o u t l i n e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n t r u e for all r h e t o r s , b u t r h e t o r i c a l s p e e c h e s d i d h a v e a s t a n d a r d , o r skeletal, f o r m a t c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e i n t r o duction
(7ipool[jLiov, exordium)
statement (nlaxiq,
of
the
case
w h i c h was discussed i n C h a p t e r 3 , a
(Si/^yTjcji^,
confirmatio o r argumentatio),
tio o r conciusio) .
1 6
narratio),
supporting
arguments
a n d a c o n c l u s i o n (Inikoyoq,
perora-
T h i s pattern was characteristic o f judicial speeches b u t
s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c a m e c o m m o n for d e l i b e r a t i v e s p e e c h e s . B u r t o n M a c k p o i n t s o u t t h a t d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d c e n t u r y B C E , a g e n e r a l o u t l i n e for a c o m p l e t e a r g u m e n t , o r " t h e s i s , " e m e r g e d w h i c h w a s m o r e accessible t o m o s t p e o p l e i n t h a t it e n a b l e d t h e m t o b y p a s s d e c i p h e r i n g t h e c o m p l e x instructions w i t h i n the rhetorical h a n d b o o k s . This outline consisted of t h e f o u r m a j o r e l e m e n t s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e as w e l l as a f e w o t h e r p i e c e s a n d is s t r u c t u r e d as f o l l o w s : (1) a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ; (2) a p r o p o s i t i o n ; (3) a r e a s o n ( r a t i o n a l e ) ; (4) a n o p p o s i t e ( c o n t r a r y ) ; (5) a n a n a l o g y ( c o m p a r i son);
(6) a n e x a m p l e ; (7) a c i t a t i o n ( a u t h o r i t y ) ; a n d (8) a c o n c l u s i o n .
1 7
A s M a c k a n d W a c h o b e x p l a i n , t h i s p a t t e r n w a s flexible. F o r e x a m p l e , H e r m o g e n e s ' s e l a b o r a t i o n o f a c h r e i a e x e r c i s e c o n s i s t e d o f e i g h t stages (praise, p a r a p h r a s e , r a t i o n a l e , s t a t e m e n t f r o m t h e
opposite point
of
view, statement from analogy, statement from example, statement from authority, exhortation).
S i m i l a r t o this is t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f a t h e m e ,
o r tractatio, w h i c h is o u t l i n e d i n t h e Rhetorica
ad Herennium
and con
sisted o f s e v e n stages: (1) s t a t e m e n t o f t h e t h e m e (res o r propositio);
(2)
t h e r e a s o n (ratio); (3) t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e t h e m e i n a n o t h e r f o r m (pronuntiatum) (contrarium);
16
w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e r e a s o n s ; (4) a s t a t e m e n t o f t h e c o n t r a r y (5) a c o m p a r i s o n (similie);
(6) a n e x a m p l e (exemplum);
and
M a c k , Rhetoric and the New Testament, 4 1 . See M a c k , Rhetoric and the New Testament, 42; and W a c h o b , The Voice of Jesus, 62. M a c k , Rhetoric and the New
Testament, 4 4 - 4 7 ; W a c h o b , The Voice of Jesus, 6 2 - 6 3 ; see
B u r t o n M a c k and E d w a r d O ' N e i l , " T h e C h r e i a Discussion of H e r m o g e n e s of Tarsus," The Chreia in Ancient Rhetoric, 1 5 5 - 7 1 .
6. Friendship with God: James (7) a c o n c l u s i o n (conclusio).
3:13-4:10
149
A g a i n , t h i s p a t t e r n m a y v a r y , b u t at least
s o m e o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e essential t o a c o m p l e t e a r g u m e n t .
2 0
A c l o s e analysis o f Jas 3 : 1 3 - 4 : 1 0 r e v e a l s t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n follows t h e elaboration exercise w i t h s o m e adaptations. Before describ i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e i n d e t a i l , h o w e v e r , it is i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t i n his 2 0 0 3 c o m m e n t a r y o n James, Patrick Hartin explored 3:13-4:10 c o n c l u d e d t h a t it c o n f o r m s t o t h e r h e t o r i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f a argument,"
2 1
and
"perfect
a s t r u c t u r e w h i c h h e finds i n 2 : 1 - 1 3 , 2 : 1 4 - 2 6 a n d 3 : 1 - 1 2
as w e l l . H a r t i n analyses t h e s e s e c t i o n s o f J a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a t t e r n s e x p l a i n e d i n t h e Rhetorica
ad Herennium
and while I a m in agreement
w i t h m a n y aspects o f his a p p r o a c h , I differ o n t h e p r e c i s e p a t t e r n t h a t I see i n t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e l e t t e r . I w i l l t h u s refer t o his w o r k o c c a s i o n a l l y w h i l e w o r k i n g t h r o u g h the structure, b u t in general I will follow the analysis o f t h e s e c t i o n t h a t I d e v e l o p e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y i n m y 2 0 0 0 d i s sertation.
22
In m y view, 3:13-4:10 contains the following pattern: 1. Statement of T h e m e - 3:13-14 2. R e a s o n - 3 : 1 5 - 1 8 3. A r g u m e n t P r o p e r a. O p p o s i t e - 4 : 1 - 3 b . M a x i m - 4:4 c. Citation (Authority) - 4:5-6 4. C o n c l u s i o n - 4:7-10
1. Statement
of Theme: Jas
3:13-14
T h e o p e n i n g v e r s e i n t r o d u c e s p a r t o f t h e t h e m e o f this s e c t i o n , n a m e l y , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f l e a d i n g a life o f w i s d o m . J a m e s asks w h o is " w i s e a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g " a m o n g his l i s t e n e r s , a n d t h e n e x h o r t s t h e o n e w h o m i g h t r e s p o n d , " I a m , " t o l i v e a g o o d life a n d " s h o w his w o r k s i n t h e m e e k n e s s o f w i s d o m . " T h e v e r s e b e g i n s w i t h a r e f e r e n c e t o aocpo I A O 0 E I A , " Philologus 90 (1935): 5 7 - 7 7 , 1 7 6 - 9 3 , Qikoq und cpiXla im vorhellenistischen Griechentum, P h . D . diss., M u n i c h : D r u c k der Salesianischen Offizin, 1931 D i x o n , Suzanne, " T h e M e a n i n g o f Gift and D e b t in t h e R o m a n Elite," Echos du Monde Classique / Classical Views 37 (1993): 4 5 1 - 6 4 , " T h e Sentimental Ideal of t h e R o m a n Family," Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome, ed. Beryl R a w s o n ; C a n b e r r a and Oxford: H u m a n i t i e s R e s e a r c h Centre; Clarendon, 1991, 99-113 Donfried, Karl P . and P e t e r R i c h a r d s o n , eds., Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome, G r a n d R a p i d s , M I , C a m b r i d g e , U K : E e r d m a n s , 1998 D o n l a n , Walter, "Pistos Philos Hetairos" Theognis ofMegara: Poetry and Polis, ed. T h o m a s J. Figueira and G r e g o r y N a g y ; Baltimore and L o n d o n : J o h n s H o p k i n s University Press, 1985 , The Aristocratic Ideal in Ancient Greece: Attitudes of Superiority from Homer to the End of the Fifth Century B.C., L a w r e n c e , KS: C o r o n a d o , 1980 D o n n e r , H . , " D e r ' F r e u n d ' des K o n i g s , " ZAWn.s. 3 2 (1961): 2 6 9 - 7 7 D o v e r , K.J., Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle, O x f o r d : Basil Blackwell, 1974 D o w n i n g , F. Gerald, Cynics and Christian Origins, E d i n b u r g h : T & T Clark, 1992 , Christ and the Cynics: Jesus and Other Radical Preachers in First-Century Tradition, J S O T Manuals, 4; Sheffield: J S O T Press, 1988 D r u m m o n d , A n d r e w , "Early R o m a n Clientes," in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. A n d r e w Wallace-Hadrill; L e i c e s t e r - N o t t i n g h a m Studies in A n c i e n t Society, 1; L o n d o n and N e w Y o r k : R o u t l e d g e , 1989, 8 9 - 1 1 6 Dugas, L., LAmitie Antique, 2 n d ed., Paris: Librairie Felix Alcan, 1914 D u n n , J a m e s D . G . . , " E c h o e s o f Intra-Jewish P o l e m i c in Paul's Letter t o the Galatians," JBL 112 (1993): 4 5 9 - 7 7 D u t h o y , R o b e r t , "Le profil social des patrons m u n i c i p a u x e n Italie sous le h a u t - e m p i r e , " AncSoc 15-17 (1984-86): 1 2 1 - 5 4 D z i o b , A n n e - M a r i e , "Aristotelian Friendship: Self-Love and M o r a l R i v a l r y , " Review of Metaphysics 46 (1993): 7 8 1 - 8 0 1 E b n e r , M a r t i n , Leidenslisten und Apostelbrief: Untersuchungen zu Form, Motivik und Funktion der Peristasenkataloge bei Paulus, FB; W i i r z b u r g : E c h t e r Verlag, 1991 E d l u n d , E . M . I . , "Invisible B o n d s : Clients a n d Patrons t h r o u g h t h e Eyes of Polybius," Klio 59 (1977): 1 2 9 - 3 6 Eilers, C l a u d e , Roman Patrons of the Greek Cities, O x f o r d Classical M o n o g r a p h s ; O x f o r d : O x f o r d University Press, 2 0 0 2 Eisenstadt, S.N., "Friendship and t h e Structure of Trust and Solidarity in Society," in The Compact: Selected Dimensions of Friendship, ed. E . Leyton; N e w f o u n d l a n d Social and E c o n o m i c Papers, 3 ; St. J o h n s : M e m o r i a l University o f N e w f o u n d l a n d , 1974, 1 3 8 45 Eisenstadt, S.N., and L. R o n i g e r , Patrons, Clients and Friends. Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society, C a m b r i d g e and N e w Y o r k : C a m b r i d g e University Press, 1984 Elliott, J o h n H . , " T h e Epistle o f J a m e s in R h e t o r i c a l and Social Scientific Perspective: H o l i n e s s - W h o l e n e s s and Patterns of R e p l i c a t i o n , " BTB 2 3 (1993): 7 1 - 8 1 , " P a t r o n a g e and Clientism in Early Christian Society: A Short R e a d i n g G u i d e , " Foundations and Facets Forum 3.4 (1987): 3 9 - 4 8 E n g b e r g - P e d e r s e n , Troels, "Plutarch t o P r i n c e Philopappus o n H o w to Tell a Flatterer from a F r i e n d , " in Friendship, Flattery and Frankness of Speech: Studies of Friendship in
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the New Testament World, ed. J o h n T . Fitzgerald; N o v T S u p 82; Leiden, N e w Y o r k , C o l o g n e : E.J. Brill, 1996, 6 1 - 7 9 Epictetus, Discourses, trans. W . A . Oldfather; L C L ; L o n d o n : H e i n e m a n n ; C a m b r i d g e , M A : H a r v a r d University Press, 1967 Erskine, A n d r e w , " T h e R o m a n as C o m m o n Benefactors," Historia 4 3 (1994): 7 0 - 8 7 Esler, Philip F., ed., Modelling Early Christianity: Social Scientific Studies of the New Testament in Its Context, L o n d o n and N e w Y o r k : R o u d e d g e , 1995 Euripides, Orestes, ed. A r t h u r S. W a y ; L C L ; L o n d o n : H e i n e m a n n ; C a m b r i d g e , M A : H a r v a r d University Press, 1912 Evans, K a t h e r i n e G. "Friendship in the G r e e k D o c u m e n t a r y Papyri a n d Inscriptions: A S u r v e y , " in Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship, ed. J o h n T . Fitzgerald; SBLFJ3S 34; Adanta: Scholars, 1997, 1 8 1 - 2 0 2 Exler, F.X.J., The Form of the Ancient Greek Letter: A Study in Greek Epistolography, W a s h i n g t o n : Catholic University of America, 1923 Farrington, B . , "Lucretius and Manilus o n Friendship," Hermathena 8 3 (1954): 10-16 Fee, G o r d o n D . , " P n e u m a and Eschatology in 2 Thessalonians 2:1-2: A Proposal A b o u t 'testing the P r o p h e t s ' and t h e P u r p o s e o f 2 Thessalonians," in To Tell the Mystery, ed. T . Schmidt; J S N T S u p 100; Sheffield: J S O T , 1994, 1 9 6 - 2 1 5 Felder, C a i n H . , "Partiality a n d G o d ' s Law: A n Exegesis of J a m e s 2 : 1 - 1 3 , " JRT 39 (1982-83): 5 1 - 6 9 Felix M i n u c i u s , Octavius, trans. W . C . A . K e r r based o n the unfinished version b y Gerald H . R e n d a l l ; L C L ; L o n d o n : H e i n e m a n n ; C a m b r i d g e , M A : H a r v a r d University Press, 1960 Fensham, F. Charles, " W i d o w , O r p h a n a n d t h e P o o r in A n c i e n t N e a r East Legal and W i s d o m Literature," JNES 21 (1962): 1 2 9 - 3 9 Ferrary, Jean-Louis, " T h e Hellenistic W o r l d a n d R o m a n Political P a t r o n a g e , " in Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History and Historiography, ed. P . Cartledge, P . Garnsey and E.S. G r u e n ; Hellenistic C u l t u r e and Society 26; Berkeley: University o f California Press, 1997, 1 0 5 - 1 1 9 Fichtner, J o h a n n e s , "TcXyjalov i n the L X X and t h e N e i g h b o u r in t h e O T , " TDNT VI (1968): 3 1 2 - 1 4 Finley, M . I . , The Ancient Economy, rev. ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985 Fiore, Benjamin, "Friendship in t h e E x h o r t a t i o n o f R o m a n s 1 5 : 1 4 - 3 3 , " Proceedings of the EGL and MWBS 1 (1987): 9 5 - 1 0 3 , The Function of Personal Example in the Socratic and in the Pastoral Epistles, A n B i b 105; R o m e : Biblical Institute Press, 1986 Fisher, N . R . E . , Hybris: A Study of the Values of Honour and Shame in Ancient Greece, W a r m i n s t e r : Aris & Phillips, 1992 Fiske, Adele M . , Friends and Friendship in the Monastic Tradition, Cuernavaca, M e x i c o : C e n t r o Intercultural de D o c u m e n t a c i o n , 1970 Fitzgerald, J o h n T . , "Friendship in t h e G r e e k W o r l d Prior to Aristotle," in Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship, ed. J o h n T . Fitzgerald; S B L R B S 34; Adanta: Scholars Press, 1997, 1 3 - 3 4 , ed., Greco-Roman Perspectives on Friendship, S B L R B S 34; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997 , "Philippians in Light of S o m e A n c i e n t Discussions of Friendship," in Friendship, Flattery and Frankness of Speech: Essays on Friendship in the New Testament World, ed. J o h n T . Fitzgerald; N o v T S u p 82. Leiden, N e w Y o r k , C o l o g n e : E.J. Brill, 1996, 141-60 , ed., Friendship, Flattery, and Frankness of Speech. Studies on Friendship in the New Testament World, N o v T S u p 82. Leiden, N e w Y o r k , C o l o g n e : E.J. Brill, 1996
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