Foundations of Liturgy: An Introduction to Its History and Practice (Pueblo Books)

Adolf Adam

Foundations of Liturgy: An Introduction to Its History and Practice

A PUEBLO BOOK The Liturgical Press Collegeville, Minnesota

I

CONTENTS Preface IX

Zb'-l·OZ

/11'I3a!

A Pueblo Book published by The Liturgical Press

Foumwfions of Liturgy: An lntroducticm to Its History and pnu;tict was originally published by Verlag Herder under the title: Adolf Adam, Grundriss Liturgit. C t985 Verlag Herder. Design by Frank Kacmarrik

P AR T I : L ITUR GY I I\' G ENERA L

Chapter I: The Nature and Importance of the Liturgy 3 M eaning and History of the Word 3 Nat ure of the Liturgy 4 Scopt' of the Litllrgy (/Is Subdivisions) 8 Agent (S ubject) of the Liturgy 10

Chapler II : History of the Liturgy 12 The Begillllings 12 Christian Liturgy in the Fourth to the Sixth Century 17 The Western Liturgy in the Middle Ages 27

From the Council o/ Trent to Vatican 11 33 American adaptation by Alan F. Detscher Copyright 0 199% by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc. , College ville ' Mind. nesota . All rights reserved. No part of this book may be refod U: t m any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includifig po.; copying, recording. taping, or any retrieval system, withol,ll the vm en pennission of The liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota .¢pI. Printed in the United States of America .

Vat icanlJ and PostconciUar Developments 43 C hapter III : The Science o f Liturgy 49

Historical Development 49 Tasks and Problems o/CO/Itemporary Liturgical Scimce 5] Sources and Tools 0/ Liturgical Science 54 Chapter IV: The Litu rg ical Assembly as a Process of Communication 56

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adam, Adolf, 1911.IGrundrus liturgie. English l Foundations of liturgy : an introduction to its history and practice I Adolf Adam ; translated by Matthew J. O'ConneU. p. crn. Translation of: Grundriss liturgie. " A Pueblo book." ISBN 0-84 6-611.1-1 1. liturgics. I. Title . BVlj'6.Ay.13 1991 164'·01 - dao

Some Basic Principles 56 Liturgical LAnguage (Verbal Commllnication) 59 The l.imguage ofLit1jrgical Signs 65 The Contemporary Capacity for Liturgy 77 Chapter V: Music in the Liturgy 80 Historical Survey 80

Liturgical Music after Vaticallll 86 Chapter VI: Liturgy and Popular Piety 90 Chapter VII: Uturgy and Ecumenis m 93

Divided Christianity and the Ecumenical Movement 93 v

-

-- ----- -

-

-

Joint Efforts in the Area of Liturgy 94 TIre Lima Report and tire Lima Liturgy 96 PART II: THE AREAS O F LITURGY

Chapter VIII: Nature and Importance of the Sacraments 103 The Sacraments as the Ongoing Saving Actions of Christ 104 TIle [ncarnatiO/ral Structure of the Church and the Sacraments 105 TIre Sacraments as Collaborative Encounters with Christ 107 TIre Sacraments as Radirnl Se/f-RealiZJ1tions of tile Church 109 The Efficacy of tlte Sacraments 111 Sequence, Hierarchy, and TntercO/medion of tile Sacraments 111 Chapter IX : Baptism 114 The Importance of Baptism 114 Tire New Rite of Baptism for Children 116 The Rite of Baptism for Clli1drf/1 122 The Incorpo ration of Adults into the Community 127

Chapter XVII: The Liturgy of the Dying and of Funerals 248 The Liturgy of the Dying 248 The Rite of Funerals 250

Chapter XI : The Celebration of the Eucharist 139 Origill, Basic Content, Main Unes of Evolution 139 Structure and Individual Parts of the Mass 143 TIre Forms of Eue/Ulristic Celebration 169 Forms of Eucharistic Devotion Outside Mass 174

Chapter XIII: The Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick 193 Biblical Foundatio ns, Meanillg, Historical Development 193 Tire New Rite of Anoillting of tlle Sick 197 The Anointing of tire Sick in the Noncatholic Churches 204

,.

Chapter XV: The Liturgy of Marriage 228 Chrisitian Marriage as Institution of tire Created Order and as Sacrament 228 Lines of Development in the Western Rite of Marriage 231 Celebration of Marriage 234 Ecumenical Weddings 237 Celebration of Betrothals and Wedding Anniversaries 240 Chapter XVI: Celebrations Peculiar to Religious Communities 242 The Rites of Religious Profession 243 Consecration of Virgins 245 Blessing of an Abbot 246 Blessing of an Abbess 247

Chapter X: The Sncrnment of Confirmation 133 Origin and Meaning Of Confirmation 133 The New Rite of Confirmation 135 Confirmation Outside the Rama" Rite 137

Chapter XII: The Sacrament of Reconciliation 180 Biblical Foundations 180 Historical Development of Penance 181 The New Postconciliar Rite 183 Penance and ReconciliatiOlr Among the Separated Christians

Chapter XIV: The Sacrament of Conse(fation (Orders) 206 New Testament Foundations and Historical Development of tile Sacrament of Orders 206 Ordination of a Bishop 210 Office and Ordination of a Presbyter 215 Office and Ordination of a Deacon 219 Steps Leading to the Sacramerrt of Orders 222 Liturgical Ministries for Women 225

Chapter XVlll: The Sacramentals (Blessings) 255 Basic Observations 255 The Postconciliar Reorganization 258 Exorcisms 259

190

Chapter XIX: The Celebration of the Liturgy of the Hou rs 261 Origin and Historical Development 261 Understanding the Liturgy of the HOll rs 266 The Postconciliar Reform of tire Office 270 Other Forms of the Liturgy of the HOllrs Within the Roman Rite and Outside It 275 Chapter XX: Liturgicalllme (The Liturgica l Year) 276 Meaning and Structure of the Liturgical Year 276

..

Sunday as the Original Celebration of the Paschal Mystery 283 The Liturgical Character of the Weekdays 287 Easter and Its Cycle of Feasts 288 Christmas and Its Cycle of Feasts 298 Ordinary Time 305 The Sanctoral Cycle of the Liturgical Year 315 Chapter XX I: Liturgical Space (The Church) 321 Theology of the Christian Litu rgical Bllilding 321 Historical Survey 323 Guidelines and Criteria for Church Arcllitrcture 324 Names and Types of Liturgical Buildi"gs 327 TIlt! Fumis/li/Igs ofChll rehes 331 The Dedieatjoll ofClwrclles a"d Altars 340 Chapter XX II : The Uturgy of the Future 345 Reflectiol/s 0/1 Basic Pri"ciples 345

TIle Recent Reform and Its Results 346 Aspects oj the Liturgy of the Futu re 347 Abbreviations 352 Notes 354

Preface All who kno w and love the liturgy as " the summit toward which the activity of the Church is directed (and) at the same time... the fount from which aU the Church's power fl ows" (SC 10) m ust deeply regret that interest in it and esteem for it seems to be on the wane in broad sections of the Church. The phenomenon is certa in ly connected with a widespread decline in the strength of Christian and ecclesial faith. For faith alone can open the eyes of the mind and focus them on the value and high dignity of the Christian liturgy. The old saying, "No one loves w hat he/ she d oes no t know," holds true in regard to the liturgy. The purpose of this book is to make kno wn the nature and structure of the liturgy and to present the most important informat ion about the numerous areas that make it up. Despite the necessary conciseness of the presentation, this "Outline" endeavors to give a careful survey of the wideranging and many-faceted realm of liturgical actions. In any effort at a deeper understanding of the prescnt• day liturgy it is necessary and helpful at every step to be consciOliS of its historical evolution. Nor have I fa iled to take note o f the forms of liturgy practiced in the Churches separated from Rome. The book is a scientific compend ium and as such it seeks to meet the needs primarily of students of theology and others whose task it is to communicate the Christian message and the Christian life. But it will also be of service to those who are looking for a more comprehensive knowledge of the liturgy. May it help to make the Christian liturgy once again know n and loved as "the most important, the most urgently needed, and the most glorious activity that can take place on earth" (Karl Barth).

Ma inz

Adolf Adam

Part I

Liturgy in General

•

ChaplIn One

Nature and Importance of the liturgy M fAr-'Ircl:. t lle~t<Xu'"

Tho! poslaposlOlic period used lrilou'll'" 10 n\C3n bOTh """'·"'t CJf God ~nd 5oe"'0n> of 1M community. Gr~d""ll y, ",,,,,.,,,.tt', the C ..... ks~king

East ~"l'd tile ...·ord for t..... ceid> •• !ioJl o f the Euo:h.· rUt; i! h.n I<epTlhis meaning in Ih ,,"0'" tllt'y p ",.chcd II,..}" ......n · .1"" I" bring inw ,,"'-'n lru l" tf/«.IS. alld ",a"'frslQlimrs of' N lit urgy: IN lall" "".

fur- lilllrgi". «From Ihls il lolk>\o'S IhA t ....IOJ;Uccom~ c1e,,,,

,

This is l ru~ '''''P'' actiQ of human being~, Pius XI I still dgians, l hus £. Loh ...... y.... "'rilf'S: - All rultic ""ti,' ity on the I'd rt of man is men:!y ""0 to God's 11 "", human boo. ing< dnd the ,.., 1\·,U;on "I the entire world . Th" gilt .. .c",·ed in the lilurgy mu,t n,"'~r I~~d to ""lh'dti,loc\ion bUI mu,1 '.ther bc.' .... rompll!d . ThC'Sl' rondi.", I...... ""enkal " di"""",i"" (humon being_--Godlthat U n """.". be eliminaloo; un tho.' si~ . nd fotJntainhod of alililu rgy. 11\(' 0 1...... ' p.:t,,, d,,, ..· Ilwor life 10 " g .... 0' lesser e~lml from t..... Eucharisl . .o", mcasun;c",m.. n· IiIls. thai iJ.. ("Ol\SC'C"la lions ,,1Id bl ... sings of ....... mosl di"erSt' killd s_ Finally.ll lurg)· in a broader ..."... indod ... speo::l.l gath,'rings for .... on;h ip (wfully apN prolled (Art. 13). T"I1eI tSU a,r CI ) Of TH[ 1IT L ~ GV Ren,'Clicm Un Ihc n.tun" of the liturgy lias . In'ady made it clt.a, llial tlK> Iw o ess
de..-"""

'''''y

V~1ic.m

II Sums up aUlhi. in th~ phr."" ... (tiv~ participati",, " (p" rl "tpllt~' "'1"'''''1. The Constitution ,'" Ih~ Liturgy 'ptk gifts and ch.aritable rontribUrinlb, Nor shooJJd .ttention of ear and ~ and . .. ~ul ....:t nwd".tin , sik-n .... oml!1t'd from this lis. (~ Art. 30), It I. undoubledly an implnl .nt "-"'POrtSibilit)' of • lruly pasloralliturgy to help the failhful I" this kind of participation and.o show the m its d~'.:.prish priests /or the belt pI..,;ibl,' liturxi· ell """'~ "

Chaple r Two

History of the l iturgy

Whi. "'.os do,,", • • ,.,.".. dt,m d i..... ssiom o f tho50:' ,,,,as in Pan of this bouk. Fu rtht·rmo..... ,he ~mphasi, wi!! I,.. on ,h,' his'or\" "I ,h~ W''St~m lit",gy. •

galhered at til N.,w T•."lam.>nt gh"ions .hal ""lu i"'" "".""",1 in terpn·t"tinn. l 'lw,> \"ems rcs,,!.rl y u,",-"j in th.· N~'" 'I',,,,t.o"""' t lor .he- Ilturgical ~I­ ..br.!tons " I.he primi.i.... ly from the Jewish fe.I~1 H a """me"",ration o f Old r"'ta m.... , ""h' •• ion history,'

,ha,

••

A basic form of liturgy in!rw N~ .... l'-",!a!m~nt Was trw adminls/r~ ­ lion of baptism. WMtllt.. tilt,
- 0nI}< "ffic-e-holdt'--..nd sp"1'-""t had as an in", it.>bk< (onso."Iu •..,..~ a s, re;s on t..... offICial ~nd juridic;a] !tters. to ptolt'(t Ihe lilu,!;y d;;ail\S! distortion b)' h.·noti",,_ To thio n>d, bapti,m and F.uch ..i,l. agap'" and marriage .". to be celebrated onl)' in agft·,-,,,, •.,,! wilh tl>.- bi.hop. "OnJ}' ..'h.tl n.., has teted i. acn>pUble 11.1 God; 1111> .-'n~u"'" th~, en'fylhing d""" is sure an.d "'H.bLc.... Sinct' I!lNIiu s consitkrs il dla,a, Mistic of ho ",In... mort' IA' """d or .. b.lpti' m. and lhe e,'ening meal u tIw Eucharist. o The IlISI ApoI~of Justin. philo5opher a nd "'''"r r (d . CI. 165), p ...... "ides ". luabl" lnformalion about tho> Chtisti;J.n liturgy a round th" r ..ar 150. In add ition 10 chapl.,.- 6 1 on boptism. d "' plC'l'!l 65-67 ...... .".. f""'c'ially in lc~ring. bec.U'ir lhey descrihe lhe ....ch.ri:;!k cclror ... lion. This bq;in. wilh a lilurgy o f lho- ",ord al which lhe ~m~moirs of Ihe Aposll",- and the wriling'< mI.....' prophets a", "'ad . The ..... d . ings MI.' followt'
".fOtt'

te>"ts lor u ,." Ilt: .•d-.rld ition thai Hippolytus p;os...,.". on "1!:ardmg b.lptism. !h.. Eu' .... riSI, .nd Ih,' Iran;.mi$ion of uffi".. in tho- Chur1' , '.ric"'), in I"xi'! and indi\'id ua l riles, the C hristian lilurgy had one and Ih,> !Ilcbtah...:i lilt: E.... hari" lhen> al lhe 1n,'lu tion of !'ope An · "",u, ~nd llullhis g~lun> of rommunion should bIn bgt'S and of mak · ing uSnclU. and Ana~) bc.-ing .po~"" only i". 10... , ..,"'... The lint' "f d .,. marcation bool........... ha •• nd conlin'Satinn ..... ' emp .... siz'''! by lIt.· io)' one.. f.. 11 in communion wi tll the Christ belit'Ve0,. 1" """'" and from t"" ~ 'ro"s eXf"'(1. tion of th .. da)" of hIs nltu m !.." To th t' t..,. lenl tha t Ih" pTi"iiegt." 1I;\,{'fl 10 til., Church and its "l c" ~­ \io" to tn.- position of obl igator)" ,eligion of If>c sta te brou ght the m " ",,~ in IMge "um]x'rs into II,.. Church. I"",,· "'as the d. n. ge. "f superficiality in hturgiuol participat ion. We lcHn 01 this fmm , for ..~a mp"" Augustin.'. Not onl), doo-s IK> c"""pLoin wi th det'p 1.....1. ins Ih.o l man)" art' SoIli,f""" 1o enroll .s c.,..,hu","""s.md tllm drfur t ]..,;. Npfism; lw oils" ",;>roach... Hthe masses 01 the~~r.gOt''''- ~ anendinll the Utu'S)" on f.... st days mOl\' beeau"", of its c\ tErn.l. t""n b..... u~ of innrr d.,,'oIion. - Ii.., not '" g ... at a m ultilud .. t>t",n g. then:d tog;'ther In the, C hurch thai tIIo,> ch. ff .1 the- momeflt "". 1"..1)' hid ... In.- whc1.t? .. Whm 'lOfI'I .. 'pirilUolI ad"ic~ is g;\"m. or sonw spiritu., dUly i. laid down. th.." nppose il • .-...t 1M')' ,,'Sis!. They f,~lo ... Ihell fllSh and withstand ' '''' Hoi)" Spirit.

fu""'"

H"

Onc~ tho: COnslJntini. n "','oh.t.on put an end to p."." . ","'i on 01

Ch risti.ns th,' m3rtyrs I". Ihe f"nh be<X'5: a fa-

mouS ~umpl .. ,,· .. s .\ 1"n '" C;»;si"" .. .. lI ut;t was pn'CiiK'ly in 11.1)' tllat such mon;o,; I,,'-;"'; ".",~ aJs., .. n", " xl in "'Wmi, p,,-'k •• bly ;n Iho silico, ,·"",t,' further dc\'eIopmml of ,)1(' lilurgy "·.s IlIt'influe...... Iht..,logic.L d isciplino'); and 1il urgic~ I- ... llich I"" "",I 0 ",mained orthudo>: . culti,·a'..:! dose I;'" " ' ith Br,.. nlium, and in ,he ,w",lth Cl'Otury ac· ct'pl..:! lho;> B)·zannne nit: ;n its totaHty. The Maronit ... of ld>anon, who t
Of the ,·an.ou:, ustcm liturgies the Byuntine "'-'cam.· Ihe I1\OSI

wid''Sf'r~dd, n",re w"", ..

·,,,,,.1",.,sons for this, l!(oedU "," Ih~ ,'m.

f't'rm ""'id en rucharislic liturgy most IN\jUl'ntl)' u....:l;s t .... one namoPd after St_ John Chf}'SO§t01 (~ 4071 but in fadcnmplt-tOO '>111)' in th ... eighth ""ntury On tw .... h " Y"'''' Ih ... liturgy of St. ""sil (329.)7'1). on" 01 Ih,. days "I Cappadoo::ian fathers. is c"lcb.,ltt'd . In addition Ih~ "lil.. '};)' of the pns.onctifil'd i< .. sed on speddl d.Y" "

t""

var.;e by It!a""-'r of t1... 1\Oo-id Council "f Ch .. ICh ....

TIl.. W;:Slem l..iturgil'S Tw(\ baSic types of liturgy can boo K'en .1S opt'r.lI i'·c in I.... history n' th~ W..... tt:m Chu n:h: the Nonh AfricAn-Rom •• n and the Callican.

The wpe of t/k, North African ~ru'l>:y i~ known 10 us dtiefI)' In"" t/k, wrihOSs nl St. AugUSri""." n... language USI Hippt'S '0"'" inlO t'",ilifrnC tho.· Roman. Nu"",n",. detaIls 01 i~ old,·, lorm ..... st"en to uS in two .... riung. of Amb~ (ca. 34U-)97): the 0.. "';'SImi' and the 0.- s«''''''''lUis. n,., Co""n is ",""",tia ll y til diJ'k."""'Cl'S 1>w, manv larunae and dah'S from a rotht>r laic f"'riod. Til Ga llka" liturgy. 0.."";["",, an Angl ... s.a,.0f1 missionorl' bIShop, lhought it impon.nt to bind the Ger· mmil: tribes mOl""(' d~y to Ro"'" arod it!; Iitu'8}'. 1M ""me go.ll """ked I"" efforts of King Pepin, .... ho in 754 pR'SCrihed til Old T.,,;.tomml (t}'pok'og .... 1allt'goryl. """nts in the econom}' of ..,kalio", (n-mm>Oratiw alk.~ory) .nusions to ,he ".......um""'lIo" a, the """ of time (esctw'oklgk.' or .... gogic al· .ego.y) _" "

0,

Th~ prindp.ol "'l'''''''''l.1rin's

of Ihis kind 01 allegorical e~pl.n.tion in tho,· urolingian "' Am.aJarius, Btsh"p of Mctz; me.., twu m.." "'en? .Iso Clw""magne's ,h"'f .d.

.,.,.,od

";';"",-

""''P'"

The of this priod _m 10 iI.a'-e il.ad a slr"ng ~."st' Df "n..-or· thi"""" and sinf"I.-s, This II."« ID. alTlMg things. the inlT< .. ducnon of nulTl suppos1."«1 )" conl. ining th ... ut ...... tIC Roman .nurg)-. Otht-. """nu,;c.ipts ,,·e ... gi'·m .. simil., ,,·.r"priun. AS 4 resul! Ihe old JI:om.:tn liturgy ~ lumed to Ro".,... but n" .... in Gallo-Frankish fo.m, and Imm th"",. as the "Iitu ');y 01 the IIl"",.n curia: ""g~n its ,' ictoriou5 dfu" 10 be-eonw lho,- on. II>rts. d ""bls and dtspa"S; in them slum""" 1M so:ed~ " I bnth the riso- and the bll 01 Ih .. C.othic. ..,., "E" en Golhic ..... alism. which i""",aslllgly IUrn..rl into naluralism. ,,'as a child 01 in· di,·idualism ."" While 1M liturg)·. in keq>ing ...·ith its natu .... waS still undntood and celebrated as a com muna l .cth·lty. indl"idualist and subjrcti" ist I""d""c~ now mado: !hnd"n(), I" pri\'.li/~lion ~hI, ......J ilSo!ll in lh" p'.y"" of Ike Hom,,_ The in" "ducti"n of lhe " bR',·i ••y," ",hich containl'd ..:ll "'-"' ..... ,n ad ........,j nUl "nly ,hun:iws and chapels. bul public and pm·al.- bUlld;"g'.' ,wi!. Hand in h~nd w,lh gn""lh In , ·...,....""n 01 Ihe saints ........ t an inc ....... in '·.....·r.ti'''' "f tdlC!O and in p;lgnmageo. WheRl'...e r a mm · munily or SOTTk' prj".",. indl"idual (a n"bl...... n ) goi..oo p""""'sion of a (suppo5tion man)' of thcIU"ll"d 10 an alarming e~ I....,t. SO thai lho! Fourth Loleran Council (1215) ""d to Old"" _."tion al 1('1151onee a yea r." The ",a"", for the d""li"" ,,'as not so much a falling oH in d~.'nlion as an e....;essi,·......·e"-"'Ce for

the s.>c.a m""lt l 'hi, "".o'n'nCt. ..... s ollso onns of the dfic. rs th.ol f"st~1\'d lhe m)·stic. l.lt.... tion from tbe hir1crnth ,"nlUr)" on. The hig h poinl "i the Grm .. n mystic.1 m",..,.. "enl cam in tt.., loort"""lh ...m tul")'; il is t"flOugh to men tion such ",tstanding figufl'S U MdslM' Ec ]"harl. John Tallie,. and H('nl")' ;"u"'-. From Ih"; r ra nks. It" '. , ome the '''P''.ted can for an inter_ :>ri,. tion of . 11 n·li~ io us lif~.

'''1''''''"''«'

\ .imila. stnvi ng lor inr"ri orlty marktoJ Ihe mO"em~nt oI .... newal

known •• Ihe o..,·, otio Mod",,,,, . ...·hkh " rig m.. •..J .n the r-.:..rho." . lands a l ItI(' ('nod 01 th(' fouri""",h ''-'''lUI)' (Ger...d Gn:>o:>N-. mystic and ? ",.cher 01 "'P'--"" t."",~. d . 138-1) . nd sp .... d Ihrooghoul W~I . rm Eu ropE". It . trove It) promole. de."P"'f d ....·.-.\ion and fullo ....ing of Christ Ihis spirit /t"'nd its claSSic. 1e~p"'Mi"" in I"" famous Imitat;"" of 0..;'1 of Thomas a Kempis (1 J79. H 7]).

'0

Both m'WCmi'n1S hod a fruitfu l inll,,"" ...., not on!)" on tho! Iii,' o f praye r but on the worship 01 Ihe Chu.ch .• in"" I"")" promul uniform thIQughl>u t tM' Church. fo, thadint'SS for ch.ng" , Aft", IS""'I dilficulli ... , .... C""neil of T.... t /;ndlly m.1 (]5-I';" 1563. " 'ith lengthy on· ' .... nussions)_Th
t'\',,,,

1l>e ulhalic hp""al§ (~.II .• tI\o5(> of Mid....!

v.-h. 1)37. and ,ohan-

L.,,;"""tritt. 1567) thai ,,'p
As tilt.- name indicates, Itx' "Calholic h.'St digni ly and Ix-a u!\' of ItIt! lilUrgy. In d oing -"". hi! ,;Irongly emp"""ud il:> cso"'ri< let. II i. "b)' ils n.alu", R'SO'r'"",,, to th .. clergy. to a gl't'."'r ...1\'1'11 ....."" lho n lhe sacn.d scriplur6.-" "The liturgical books ..... intended (,,. p"'-'sts" ., n... faith ful. Ih" .... lo'~, have no righl!<J ('Omplain thai whO! was not w.it!"" for IhL'Tl'I is M'Pt lrom th"m . ,,", He "'~arded anl chang... in lhe "formulas .nd ril'P of thol> [iturgy,u being b)' its n.lu ... a cone...-n of t.... eo"i... """,pi~

11/

In. document publishro dlthe "'--ginning of lhe tw~ntidh (~nl ury POpp fi!urgia 01 In.. Cunllrcg,lIion "I R,t,,, ,,' •• 1\'. gardM ••• ~tback. thc P"-'S5u,,, fo' lurt ho.' I'-'SS ""rious. On o..c"",bcr 2 ~, 19-13. lhe Rom.>n ....",IM;"I 0( st.", r"Plied in me", coocili.o lory tunes thoot th" bish· 01'" >IIould helXelmth cu,b "nauthl>fized activ ity. but at tho' s.o"'" tin .... it allo,,·,'ti(a,.m of July Z7, ]960. - It waS impossibk- not It) '"'" ,I> mis publicdlion • work in_ I""ded 10 rowslan 1.1(1" dl'Ci~ions ,,( 1M "",neil: il subs" d,,,,,,ment maJ liturgy and ",'Il< Ihc "'u,.,... for. radlc~1 reform. Mo",.." ·",, th,' docum",,' w a, n"t th~ I"t."\ult 'lf mctl"~llon~ ",.. irMer"ll" th" m. in thru sl of th~ ",",uneil; rath", it h.ld " ~'I(I(~ in ."hi",·ing th,· """,,"all gOolI which th~ roundl had 5('1 for 'Iself, n.,mely. "II> impart ,n ~\""r increa.ing "igm In Iii,· ot th.· faithful; 10 .. dapt mo ... s uildbly to the n...-..ls of ou r own limL'!ith,,,,,· ;n'tituti"n~ that a .... subjcl lo chJnge; 10 fostN Whdl""cr can pn>mme union among on .... ho "'~ Ii''''e ;n Christ: 10 5h'\'n);ll>o.", .... ha" ..·.·' ~.n Melp 10 c.n the .... hole of humanily inlo the hOl,sl.'hld "f 11'1,· Churrh " (S( 1). Onl)" Ih 1001""'IOg: I) to lost .... ~ ..... w CSlL,.:m of

,n.. lilurg}; boe .nd apposilf": 35). to the communal nalu'" of liturgical nolrb,.tion. In simpli fic.lion.n.d daril)' (3.1), 10 ad'plalion In In.- trad,tion and sp«i.l char"" ...... nf peopl"", which impl;"" • degIw of d4!'R'nlrah.auoo (3i4(i), .nd to &""'1...- ronsideralinn lhe ,·...-nl:'" /oJ ...""" H mls.; 1971 ft,). fT Thr L!ion, 1971. 1975. Ord" btW""m/, 01....'" cro'..-h"'...."nm' rl "'fi""",,,,,, rt n"'finmd, elm....... 1971 /lll, of 8/n.'. IT: Rrrr f /lapllSlII 10' Chd. d,.... 1\169. Ordo, C't/rl>ra"J, ",almlKll1,,,m. 1\169. IT: Ri'~ of Atu",".': • • 1\169. Ordo rxlO'o/""''''''. 1\169. IT: I/.il~ ofF"",.""•. 1970; 0rJ,0. of CIo1l5111", Fu.....,,/s. 1989. OtJ I"''''''~r.t .. ~b» using Nrhe Rom.n Mis.;"J 0/ 1%2. N

nw, following no.ms are 10 be ~,,'o:d in gron rinK Ihis duth,,,iz,, . lion . Such prie;, hislonco.critiul method_ Disputt'S with lhe Reform .. rs Ilk,·· w~.., led on butk sides to a m"ri' inl~nse stud), 01 lit urgi".1 ." 'u"... • nd 10 historical in"""ligalion s such as It..o.e of J- l'.mCliU5 and M, Hillorp_ Studies of this kind bc>camr morf' numen,US and Important in the """enlt'Cfllh nd cighll'c"""" " i. lblt! an;;! audibl~ " ( PM ....... VIlI). tlw way in which It "~. it wm;, 1r.,·l'Is lhee.rth In ,>islbl .. an;;! audl blt' bodil,' (orm-the " '.)' in " 'hich II Is~bodit'd and li ....... ~ (I. 18). Butll~­ cal Kienxpns:\iuns I'll Ihis w onoh ip. H ' A sho."j time latt'l', Ath.na~lus Wlntersig of Maria Laach went. st,l' furtht'r ""h"" he s~ 01 lhe li turgy as "the enminuing ""'ion I'll Ch rist tho: high prit'Sl in tho.'Chun:h- and ~s "I"" h"ly my .... tt'l'y," This mystery, he ... id , is "the .uth""tK Cl'ftler 0 1 tilt' ''''Iginus life of tho.- bclie"in); rommunity"; rr Is lhe subjl'ct "',Ih whICh ~Slo­ '~llltu~ is .p«ificall), C'<JoI\Ct'm..d .' It thus became inc ... o';ngl), ck'ar th~I Ihe 5Ci"'Kt' 01 the Illurg)' is pri m.,ril y a thrologi ra l ~I"nn' and d.'.ls wilh 't'y asp' -" '1lI 01 th" Inlth. Clariliratlon I'll Ihls pnlnt "Is dn"htll.'SS an abid ing "Jnlrib,,_ tlon of O. CaSrilicalion ol God (_ SC 7). ..,i.." ti& reo f1"-'Ction on II must attend both to ' ....... s Chrisl lho! high priest and to the Chw.- d~mands b..'COrne I"!'s ,",,~i"e to lhe "" Iml Ihal u.., n"SUlts of lhe human W·nc... can be If &n smin,"njiso:iplina'Y in charM"-"-. Ott-.,r Kiene"" 100, after ~II. and t"Sp . .... w rank in Ihe cos mo,; "i I..... IJwological disdplll"": " Ihe slud y of lil\l fg~' Is to bo.- rankO'd among Ow rompul"",,· Md ""'jor COUrsei in Sl.... lNrioes and religious hou...... of siudy ; In th,'Ologkal !. fact Ihal lheft> is no spedfic m,;lhod for hl(1);kal sci...,c~ shows Iha l Ihi~ di.dpHncts. must .. . do " , in a ..... ay that ..... ill clearly brinR OUIIM~ connecrion bo.'t ....·""" I',,,; •• ut>\ects and In.. lil ul)!.)". as ~ Iso lho> undo..,-IyIn& unil)' viall pri...lly tr~ining~ ISC \ 6). Thh; is a (t..ar in'-Ilanon to prom"',' , In..me-ori~nl,-d in lerdisciplin.l 'Y dialII5C q"""tly. • loving co" cem few Our f"llow hu m~n beings and an cffon 10 sha p" th~ ..... orld in Ihe lighl til Christian >'a lul'S. Lllurgic. 1spirilu ality" is 10 a la ~ e~t~...1 CO("xlen,;i,"r ""ilh biblk.1spirilu. lity. since I.... celebration of lhe lilurgy ",bmit> III" p.. ndpant> ",.", .n....' 10 I.... word of God . For in the ... adings ·'God is ,;pc~ k ing 10 hi. prop)~, oprnJng up 10 I""'" Ihe mysh.' ry 01 ....d ...... ptiort and ... h·.lion. and nouriy,ing lheir spirit; Chris. is P"'"""t ' 0 lhe! foithfullhrough his own ",,,,d" (GI RM 33). The ...,roumer ..... ilh Chri sl b.,mffi\"!;

"

e>'en d,..... r in liturgic..1pamdp.uion in tho> pasduol m~~ry. especially ~I the Eucharist. This 'liturgical form orion in Ilhe] .piritual Ilf~ " (SC 17) is an jnh~'I"l"'1 l"l'Sult 01. pnJl"" cl'lebration "I Ihl' lit· u'IIY. Liturgica l sci,'nce should op"" Ih,· e)"\.'S 01 "'>'ised li turgical bl.." V,uious wlk"Clions ~nd comm.,,,tari cs help ma ke these ""'rc~'>i occ\'S'iible (lor "".mple. K~c ~ynslci, O.,(,m ... " U On I!" JAu'Sy, 1963· !979. and the C"",,,,,,,,/QI')' pm ,~ Docu ......,,. ''if VQrir~n I! lhat " 'as publisn..'k'l/It' "ltd j(;m.,.), U do , ..... "um"",u' mongraph. on panicular qu "'''' ~cti\'iti("S invo l,'''>1 (".od in ChriSt rum,ng to lho.· community in 10"" and gi"ing him:5clf 10 it liru.gy is prim.rily a maU ..... D/ di,'i"" gh'ing, To tM e d ent that lhe failhful Dpen lhem..,IH'!i tD this sell-d,malioo DI God .nd n'Spond tD him with grat~ lui prJi~ and with. "'If-giving in rC"tum. liturgy . cqui n'S a wrt ic.1 di""--mion : lhe enrounlcr and commun"'" of God and human Mings. It IS ho.-... thai tf-.., m r~""ry of salvarion is "cromplished_Th~ full ",.Iity Df ",hJl happ
municalil.m is altained. J sh.all not li;;llhem h ....• in. ,;eridU('l'S lhem to the lilurgy, On this poinl the Di""'lory fo r A'\a,,,",, "',Ih Childmr m.kes a . tawmenllhalshou ld be h""dlitu'KY by th,.;, L",t",.ior and int"';or bm.,·ior (_ Ch .. pt~, II. I h ..·.... I",ady s.oid ",,,,,·thing ab"uI 'hel' ",I.,ion and altitud .. tho.' kads from • quilt, unhomngL""
"

often """" in tho: liturgy; tho- "~""""'"(' lalkali,-,'ncss of m~n)' priests

rs... ".......ti,-); and the lack oi periods of SlIt-nc..· dunng tho.· «,Ieb••-

lion!

In liturgic.l aS60'ct1"ily th ..1 P""'cnl rna" y "m..-,!\es·· ltum ht-ing ~mhl-nod or pt,.h.ps """,i ...'., al .. rt to """"ry fI'SpOfI..... fnJm his lis\t."f1('''' and that in, for ..... mp"'. a SUbseq"""l diK\lssoon "I III(, lilurg}' and sermon he a«
~~. Ilrapl 01 trad; lion. H~ again. kno"'iedgglnnings of H... Chri,ti.n liturgy .nd of its subst-qU ....1 ""n'lop"""'l U n pro"ide cri lCd.matKm::i u5
n.... rl"Sloration 01 t"" Latin La l\&uage, beginning in tho- rrign of Em · perm Dc.:ius (249·251). u",fronled Rome with. problem .•.!reddy "~pp.allnurgy from the ,;.r5 laklr G.....OI)· VII ,,·ithd ......' the permi,.. Ilion g"... n by ' " hn VIII and ",/u:;o:d I"" ""lU("S1 of King Vramla,· 0/ 80hemia for the "'''''inucd uiM! ,01' t .....• Slavic languag~ in the liturgy 11W:' J>OPereted as meaning lhat the council had forbidd~ a ny ..... d ~'''I')' liturgy in lhe "em~ular; a§ a resuh. the Roman posH"", in fa,XH"of Latin un· derwent signifiGint h.ordening in lhe ensuing four centum. E...·" IrlMI"Iion5 of the Mis ... 1lOT pri"ale u~ " 'ere f.· ar>der VII issued .n u"", ... lIy sha'}> condemnat ion (8rif'f of 1(61) of Fnmch pMt J. de Voisin's translation." In 1851 the Congr.-g.o· ti"" of Ri tt'S retIrs at the ""1"....1 of a number of "I'iscop.>l col1~ ....... c... and ... i,h the appro... l of the pope, so that loday pr.1,·"" ~ di. ...... Iili.,; properly and 10 "..,'" for the temporal U ,,·ell.~ ,he ......... 1... 1'·.· tion of thei r lei .....· human beings. Fun ,," probl ...... aro5l" from lho> lact Ih., the full meaning 0/ many latin If'rrllS c."not be "'Produced in a single "'ord oI lhe "'' 'NCU' la r le.g .• the> latin Iftystmum).nd ,hat many literal translations a~ ill-ada pi"':! for ",,"ing 10 mu,ic. The "~ p(>med '0 ju,~ fy the opponents of a "emacular litu . gy.

In Ihis difficu1l 5itualion thl' Instruct!on of Ih~ Roman COfl.ilium on Iht, tran sla tion of lilu"!;iul !.t of this spcia l h,...od muSt be gi"~n 10 thc phonetic and rhythmic 'lualiti,'S 0/ the lanKuo!:,' lno. 35).

p!ioIlms .nd hynuu o f Ihe p.>st. " Te~.~ of this high. qu.lil)' cannot be pruduoet.od on orde., The)" require Inspi r• •ion and lime to m.ture_ Our communitit'S must rca!t;w this ilJ\d be polioi:nl_" THE LA"; Cl: AC [ Of I. JTU MG IC AI

~I C"S

1M M~'lnmx oJ · In iOddition to "''f b.>1 Lang ... &" thol.> li'urg)" .1"" uws a " 'orol"", spe«h : , ,,,. world 015illll5 I..... t point to s pecific ""Iilio. II is "",-,", of rou_, , .... t :;.pkcn wor _ra""-"-'I~ k .." 'go ck-An('d a sign a~ "wrneth ing Ihrough which a person amiL...·... knowlrls .... put togeth ... does t"" who Le bo.'COme , -islble.

Thi. admi"';"n!K'ts OUr .ge ~ diffic ult I.~ , roo in , -ery many ins... nce ... hetht... tl\(o dcgrt't' of SI)·Jization has been ",ached IhallUms" sign inlo a ~~·mb,,1. Nor is it possible ,o.ag""" ... ith ".".heul ,,-hom he aS6«1S that "a s)'mbo/ is ""'..... a .... tu • • 1sign. but a ~ultura l sign. and tt.er..fon.. f..... l)' ch~ 5ign.·'" Thi$ as.... rtion "-ould I... d to tho! conclusion that such " prinuJ s)'mOOls' as .... h:r. wind. fil'l'. IISh'. moumain . nICk. and iIO on . ... hid, al'l' shared by all p',,,p"" and cul l U">S. do not d_n.. " 'hI' na"", ·srrnbo1" al all. " Al l IIx...· ron.idN~tions and criliqut'S SUMl-;.! the .:K!,·isabiJity 0/ nul h,kin~ for cri tl'ri a ta dlslinguish bo,tv., ...'" o;W' and symbol . "d. in,tead. "f using tl\(o two words a. sYMnym •. " Thi. is nOl to d"ny thai '·orio,,' si gn .diffe. in thc ;nll'n.ily ... ith whkh thy carry Ih" mind to Ihr of .I , con trary' they are able tu express im·isi· ble ",oliti....... ilh an inlru;ity nat often .chi~,·cd by ,·crNII.n· SUdse. They mcdiJlt' a '1ukk. lntulti\'e grasp and p."'et.... te Inlo . ",as largel)' ck_oJ 10 logk~1 SjX'«h . "Symbolis m is . mode of , p.'t.'I~ b)' m~.M o f coml"ri~, . ... hile at lhe ""m,· tim(' mdinl.ining an appn>priare d b lanCl' from it. An .-xp....... . ioo i. s}'mbolic when tilt- cognil;"r ront''nl ""PI( . !pd .......ms op'''' 10 ,·.rious kinds 0/ ackno ..·ltodg"""', and appropri.lion. 10 a ffect;,·e.s wdl . s rognh h'e access, and 10 qoile "vied ~ibiliTies of und""'tanding by lho!;., wI> al'l' add le . !Id and ~ .... the ""I"'ri'

encc. Symbolism Cdn ~r\",' os 0 bridKt' b.-'''·c,,-n '·.rying k"ds of lingui8tic capability and can ,',','n It" s pringing from nalure l.Ild history .nd 5)'mbols ,h.t.", Striel.3t o.-legisbled or national or ronf('SlSioool. In rd~n."'«- to the orros of lift> in which symbols apf'C'I' a d istinmon IS dr~"- n b.;iw"",,, psychologi · cal, ml'laph)"5ica1. ~liKi"u~. and ""Ihetic 5)·mbols_An at!""'f'I is flUId.> to brin8 oul Ihe n.>tu .... and ruk' of s)'mbo>ls by distinguishing onlologiul symbols from fUlIncC of sign:;. ha~ tlk"" a ~y"'~ma t k arPn'lolCh to "IN.> s pecial chararlS .'" far from hoving """,lied as ...... """"1 o n "·nninol"KY. 11>d by all tr.a,·e led me 10

""i""""

""oid this tL'OIulity 0/ God in jt'Su, C h.ist, n ...",I"!lions sp.'Jk 01 the irICorna tional , 'rur' lu", ul th., Chu ",": bKau5-t' the Spi.it of Chri,t hIlS ~nd works in it. lIw Chu rch e~ i~1!; among th~ ""lions .os .. "i;;ible s'gn ul ... 1... lion; in ,lIld Ihrough it tilt' h'gh priesl of the """. tlr o.d,,,,,li,,,,; and, io many countries, .-cligious da",;ng ond ",unds,'"

.

""nd,

Geslures wilh lhe ~'" m.lny: 1"ld ing. .~ising. stmching out. imposing, signing " " th th~ lT06S, stri king Ihe b.~ast, bk~,ng. gi" inll 10 other,; in tl\(- greling of pea"", ~nd washin g. NumerOOJS, 100, are ritual actions in which ,ymbolk ob~-,< ts are uS
so on.' n""itu'gka' I·""n".:nts and I~;' ,In,. a ... a l'" symbolic; I ,ho II Sf't" k of Ih~ in tt.. """ k', ~nd S'gnif"I(Q'Ifr L,lu'1(I(QI V",'m,nts ~nd Cui"" The ..arly Chri>lia ns had IIQ sp«iallilurgic.l n"Slmmi>o. On Ih~ olh~ h..",d. Ill~ w .wiction q\lI te !()On arose m.1 peopk sh.ould .... c •• fosri\"C g. p.tllium, ~ ring. uturgieal ,."!it. m".,t.. in I"'" prop.... sc.'nM' 01 th(o term firS! app.-on..t in Ill,. fillll a.-.tury. " ' ho,." Ilw anci"", Roman gam 01 mon-runic and tog.>Wet{' replacn:l b)' , ........ rmm~ 0I1lw Gauls.and c..rmans (trousers and shan ",.. I). 5;""" c,·Icb •• n~ of Iho: liturgy nmlinul'd m ....,ar tho.· old r-i,·,. sarml..," of Ihr 1I0man,. the ~U!! wu spgard 10 tllf' "",,~i"g of ','urgral tt... ~,allnSl, ..c""" cf'Itt" 1Wmo" MtMoIll c~11s .11l..,t,..,., 10 I......, aspect!;. ""'" fiNI is thai lhe , ....strnen'" " llhould , , . lymbo!i7.e th(o fWlCtion ProplT 10 earn ministry. Bul al Ille IOIme time Ih. .. I'f'SIm ..... '" should al.., romribule It> the beauty 0{ the ril~· (CIRM 297). A /un"", signif0C3t"ry .. t.,.. rnmt is rortnf'Ctl'd wllll the l;oc, lhal Christ Ih~ high pri""l .octs in

"

IIx- «,Icl>ranl~ 01 the liturgy; tlx-y afl.' his instnm>ents and n'Pn.... nt rus pm a ",-,,"'lion 01 a mollusk ()( IIw gcnus Purpu",; thi. wa, ac· qui"..! drop by /",* in lilur· gics for lhe d«~_-d (opti" nal ); >VSt' on Ih" lhiTd Sunday 01 Ad w nt (Gaudete Sunday) and Ihto f0., "s....! on oil festiw OCC,l ' 5ions, re~anJless ,,/ th~ col'" of th" day (no. 30':1). The Eastem riles ha"~ nf> ",.1 canonical " ,I"TS,", lea" il w," p"' oc:ind In:>m!lO~ CUSloms of the By1.amin~ rite and '''pt'Ciall y "I th~ C,.,..,k Chu"'h ....

The attitude.nd pnClice of th" Pn>hStam Church,.,. di/f.,,- widd}" from region 10 region a.nd confession tf> coni_ion. -", .. la l.. mooirnl m.dllion regarding liturgical colors wa. ""idenll), continUlk-s tlw "~nwms lor .\1.\6 and prob..bly, in f'1UlCIpl~. tlw canon of hlurgic.1 rotors."'"' le-ir meaning fnrthe. clarified by, lor eumple, lho.' p.rticipation of pa ..... t5 ...,d .ponsor:s in the sign· ins 01 the child wllh thl.> (1't)HO and by tt.... lighting of 1M baptism;t\ candle fmm th~ F"~I" candk."

n... Mutability of UI"fiial s.g~.

\I is true. 01 "",,5
C1, and is'read' by !how who peteeive it in an Inalogous IICItha t Intui\!. t~ inne!" meaning In lhe external form . .. . Symbols .... by their nature somCl hing oorporeu-spirilu.l; they are expres:sions of the inlerlor in the e~terior and, if they an:' to ex~ th"" full e.pn!SSive powe!", mUjt be acoompli.ohed in a serious and recollected mlntlCf and be ro-loCCompH,hed in an act of intuilion" (328). (Even in his early yealfo /esti'·ene!l6. o f prl~ Ind honor, and tim in rom munion with others of the .."'" mind?" " J I.I$IIS"'~

may not in prindpledeny th is fi>CUlty 10 the mm and women of tod.y, ....·en lhough;t is in many w ayssub"",,"sfd and rw.'e most imporunt of th .....

A turnaround in this area will requioe an rifo rt .Iong the enli..., p.1 ....

100".1 front and not ,imply in liturgical fonnation.

Another presuppos;tiOfi of pl"OJ'e'" p.1rtidpalion in thr liturgical « I· elI •• lion is a cerUln men...... of interior ,ilrncr, concrnt..lion, and "Pltitua l .iertn tranquiliTy o f th~ inner HIe; the quiet al the depths of ilS hidd..., stn>~. It is. roIll"CIe: reo:q>li'~. aiETt. re On the oth..,. hand. the Intemal,,,,,,, 1Study Group on Song and Musk In the Liturgy (founded und~r , he name "Uni..""" La",,- in 19(6) pn>fets th~ term "liturgical musk " (iICt' "Unl .. ...,., Lau. Document ·80"). By this it understands "a ll ium" nf vocal and iI\lltrum~ntal music that .,." u:;ro In the liturgy,"" Thi. terminology will be usrd in the ensuin!! di5CUSs.ion; 1 shall distinguish between singing in its various /orm5 and instrumental music. Ht STO RlCIo.l S U R V~Y The prim in'·., romm unlty 04 jl!nJsa"'m had its origins in Judaism and ... u quite fam ilia r ... lth the singing ;;and in.trulJll'l'ltal musk of thr kmpl.. Utu rg;es. It ill very likely. on the other hand. tn., no musical imtruments we.... lUE'd In the synogogues. Thor ......wng:sand pr;;a)'l'fS .....,." dell" eNd in a kind nf manl. and W pullT\!i ......... sung. In the ~nt5 of,he Lut Supper of jnus ..... .,.. tl)ld that " ..·hen ther had suns ' hymn, they went OIOt 10 the Mo.,ont of 01i,·..." (Mt. 26;30; Mk 14:26); that is. the diJdp les and Jeus sang the " gn>" H.o ~I " (P5 11 2-17), ... hich ... n part of the PQSOvl'j" ritual.

"

hymN Ind spiri'ual songs" be heard in ' heir midst and to I'I'joilore replaced ,. round the )·... r 1000 (Guido o f A..ezzo), by a system of lil'll'S with the line not"" a IItird. apart and with prefixed IPrlers for Ihe pi lch; tho;>sc 1.ler became Itle ciefs. Beginning in t ..... lwelfth emlury, the types of noto · lion w...-e de"eloped that would ullimitely ourvjve: the Cr~ 1'Ioosuhoe-nail w notation . nd the O<juare not;otion ..·h id, in ils late medieval form has ",mained the notation ,,'led in Gregorian chanl down to the p~tlime.' Polyphony Mwith its hannonioc and m~lodic .... I.'OI'trWSi .. underwent • further refinement in lhe fourtemth century. The I1I!TTn AIS ....... fnew a rt") ,,'U now used ; the fo<mcr manner of oinging wosdcecribed I S Ars~Nliqu~ r o ld art"). The links betw~"m polyphony, on the one hand, and GTlIgurian ch.ant and the liturgy, on the Dlho;>r, Wfte gradu. Uy w .... k~, and the "new a rt " fou nd incre.sing favor at worldlycelebratlon$. For this n:~ in 1524 (d uring the ~ in Avignonl Pope 101m xxn published me Constitution Doc:r~ s"ndorwm PRlrum, in which he condemned excesSool"; it was ch.ar~ bythf ""'" 01 0IeY ....1 d1oif5. almnation be!W~ choir and soloists. and the inclusion of instnunenW ~ ~ and Ins I tttonrion was paid to the . Inlet ...... of the litu'llY; liturgical music ceased to be I maidsen'ant in the ""'- of God and became .. mlstre5 filled with the spirit of lrium phalism. Massb«im~ a musical work of art to whldl people "li,~- with d..rp emotion. Thi. wa.ln.>eesp«ial!y o f Iii· urgi.., in the .:a thedrm of the (pril"l
"

""11"""",;,,, of 1M RomIrn MiMm applies these prinicples !o thoMas" (po>uim). I.naU bring toget""r""~ the _ linc'& gh·m in t t - ,....·e.al documennts.

importanl guid ...

V.ticitn II considers liturgical music: Of, ~ p~!ely, "so.cred """8 closely bow>d 10 th~ texl," 10 lit ~. n«t ury or integral port at tM !lDlemn Uturgy· (SC 112). nu. means that in tIw lil\>rgy muSIC 15 not simply an om p;>rts which of thpjr

""ru~ ( aU

for singing

art in foct fung ~nd in the .tyl~ and form demanded by the parts tholllHlvn· Ili 10 boo! observed n~"dly in lilt altlmllKm of 1M £IICIo> ·

rift 1I~.In«IKm 6). Most important in this conte>'dtation of the ""lebrant"5

I

p""'idmtial prayers, ~ Our F. t .... r and ttl .. intercessionr pu n. for , .... congreg.tion a lo"" or the "hoir . 10Il:ts J'fO"ed 01\ t ..... whole: to be the wrong approach, ..... en if the tffv, I WI5 OC"CI$ionally I UCX alul. A poin t nude in the InI In.iCtiOl\ 01\ the lranslariOl\ of Iiturgicl.l lexlS a pplios here IS well

new CI1'ations "'" net!ded ." All thi$ w ill requil1' time II\d. • Sood deal of ""lienee on the put of

tIw f,ithful. "CompositionS ~.nnot be conjured up o ul of thin air. or at least good ones GlMOt, nor Gin eothu,!;utk $inging be had by c"",· mand. God gunt that WOI"ks may soon be composed and given 10 us which will strike the falth/ul as being contemporary and vit.1 Ind will srir thei r mthusia5m and in which !hey can truly~xpress tho-h &lIves. Then their vokes w!ll oot fall sileot but rather lill the Hrttoly liturgy with something of tM h~avenl y jubilation which .waUs uS at the end o f o ur pilgrim journey and which we cannot Imagine .part ff!'ll' mUllk and song.·"

Chapter Six

Liturgy and Popular Piety Alongsid~ thfo offici;11 .. orsIUp of lhe- Church .s §Of down irlliturgi-

cal books.nd n-gulaled by p.1p.11 or d ;occAin lo .., thco ... arc many and "arinl "",,p~ of Christian piety 10 be found in brwd strata of t .... ~ ... or in munidp.1litiC!l. communiti .... and familie5; l~e"PR'S5ioma ... summed up in the> lerm Mpopulo.. pio-ty" or

"popular ",ligion,M .. hich includes ... Iigious custom$. Many cust""'"' ",ad> bad:. to the rime of the p.1gan reUgions and ....ere tal>', chri>tiani.....:! to " grc"~f or ' " _ AllhouKh popular pwry and Christian CUSIOm. "nd lhe problems lMy bring. pay a substantially g1W.t
.,,1...,1.

Ma ny klrrn s of popular piL1y have lhel . rool~ in lhe Middle Ag .. and 1M B...oq"" jX'ri od, which hold a quite different attitude 10 life and lived 1M faith In I diffe""'t way; furl .... rrn""'. thrio! devotional fonn~ pr""up~ social , truclun!S that a' e agra , ian or choir.octl'fi.. tic "I a society of a rliSln!', Un derstandably. therefore, the mm and wOfl'll'1\ of OU' p n.'5t"1'lt-day ir'ldustrial Klriety. wh066' mmtaliry ha s been oh_pro by tN: 5Kon!y: fa~ trull ~ Ilarmonlz.J wit h rhol lirurgic:al ...- . accord wI th the sa :oed litu'llY, al'f in som~ way .... ri,'fe(! from it. and lead tiM.- ~Ie to II~ (~ I). A refoo ...od popular pioeoy ,,;on complement and mrich the offici.>l liturgy, and its inn.>,.. power of OIri.r:;an sodaliuotion can provide a valuable sen~C4!' 00 a Ii!.> of faith·

1"-

N.- form~ 01 po""l.r dn'orion and religious cusoo"", tlut 'P"ak ~ the people need time 10 .... ,.eIop. They wW de,-dop rrton' """;Iy on the deg,", thilt the failh grows strong.>r;ond lhill a liturgy in touch with li ~ yl ..ld~ aUlhmtiC im""iJes and emotional,up port. A healthy po""ln p iHy will Ihm in turn«o1.lribule to lhe de.pening of the faith and the enrichmenl of !hi! liturgy.'

Chapter Seven

Liturgy and Ecume nism Dt VIOEO

CH~IS T IA N lIY

AND THf EC U MES 1CAl

MO V£M EN t

n.e fact !hilt Chri.r:;anity is rna .... up o f "'...,. thfft' hund autonort101.>S kChu~"

or faith rommunilies and thus p...,.....,t!; a picluJ\" 01 division Ncontradict!; the will of Chri$!. scandalize!; Ih

lhese in the final _-

Of the numerou, bUa.fral SUI.W1oe1l" mention ""'Y boo mad.. of I"" ~ sua! by the Joint lutho.... n·Roman Cath.olic Study Com"'''''0'.'' Tht ~ QmJ rltt QUIrtl! (Ihe »Molla R.>porr of 1972).' 1M £WMrtU (1978), TIlt Mi"'~"y i" rltt Chu'flr (1961): and Unity II!""". Abltjs. F/}(>It$••ltut SIIIgtS otC.rh(l/k-lul/onQn Ea:k-Url CommuII"", (198S). Of ~uaJ importance .... the 'eptw til of the in"""". lional Anglican-Roman CaU",11c 5cudy CommiMion on the Eud.. risl (1971 and 1m) Ministry a nd Ordi ..... tion (1973 and 1m) and AU~IY in Ih(o Churrn (1976. 1981 ). AmongdocumenlS of. ""gIOM I kmd 1 may mention The Amrrk.on Rom..nCatholic dia. Iogulic and Nicl'ne Coads, theGtori • • Sonctus. Agnus Dei and "Glory tott.. Fl thotr."" c) The IIrbrits~ntti"JC""fI /iI./ih""",ist;M UftIg~1 ;m dn.lsdtm Spr«/lgmn (Tuk Fomo for an Ecumenical c....man 'i ymnody) has bee> working , ince 1 ~ 10 d e\'colop oommon songs for the linu-gy_ 11>1' group Iw tllUII far produced th .. following collections: Cnrori_ /(i.mn./K..ur (Common H ymns; Im);G-s.ingt' "". BaI~llung (H ymtl$lor funerals; 1978; a child"",'s h)''''''''I: i.nK"hI~. IIIml" RJgtn/Jogt>! (Shine. MulilCOlo1'f'd Rainbow'; 19&3); and "c.sangt l w' rrauw"," (Wedding Hymru;: nol yet published). The C.tholic hym .... l. Cotttslo/!. of 1975, look 0'·..... monr hymns from the first 0/ these rolleclions (1he5e art' distinguij./ted by In ~ for "tilrwml'niJCh · • •.... wmI'nirQ/ »_ und .. , tht- number 01 the hymn). and tho>", Is a good ehanet! that slICh f')(Umenic.1 hymns will boo inco'l"'lrat.!d InlO lhe new hymnals noW 'Ning PRop.red for til Evangelical C hurch In Gt-rmany.lhe Evangdical Reformed Churches of Ging bodies of Ihe Chwches dllSin! that such \iturgiI'5 Ix",., .. a "'8ular pan of «c1e5lallile. To boo ded as tsredally apptopo;..te are the """"" 01 Pr.~ lor ChriItian Unit)' (JilnUaf)' 18-lS). the .... eel;. hefo... Pmtl'COSl. Ihe """,I«I's WotId [);oy of PraY'!" (fir.!! friclay in Mardl). !he tal .........

,«"''''"....

e~1 Way 0/ m" Cross for )'OUnl! f'WI'k' (Frid;ly bt for.. PoIm SU .... d~y). liturgies on d~ys 0/ penancf and pnyer. ar.d titurg:ie!; in

x""""-

u...... is dis.gret'm~t w,th ~f'd 10 s1w~ Euch.orists (inttl u"nEvln~ical

Chu.rche wekonw C/uisti.lnsof other conk ""IIS 10 their ~ralion5 0/ the Lord'~ SUM""", bullhe Catholic Chu.rch i5 convlnco!d that joint Euchlltlsts a ... not possible t.UUM th_ is as yfl no rommunion in fllith and Church. Ortly in c...... o f !We t "ity and w>eIer cem.1n conditions af\' EVllngdical Christians allowed to ",""v, communion.t 1M Catholic Eud ...ri~t.-In 1M ~iew 01 the C atholic OIun:h m" faithful are obligftl to a\tftld Sunday Ma5Ol, and thil: altft>da~ mUllt not bo> mad, mort' d iffirult for them; they .... tlw odot, instructed not to Klwdul,!'CUiT\fnkal Ut~ on Saturday~ and Sunday morning. munion). Tlw

/) In 1980 ....w trans!ati.on of IIw Bible wn published with the rolIabo... tion of Evangelical e~Ift. 1lIt tr...sLation 0/ the New Testament md the Psalln5 was accepted.r.d reoonu".... dNI.s I'CUmt:nkaJ by the Ev.ngellcal Chun:h of Germany and the E~.ngel­ kal Bib], Society. Ort the Catholic $ide tltis new tr .... lation Iw.s .1_ ...ady bo:en 1IIttepI0ld into the German Book of l-Iour,;.r.d the new lectiona ri..s for Mass, as w,lIu into othc-r JiturgtClI boob of more recent da t.. ," g) [cum,."i"l collaboration Is also 10 lit ~ in various pint sta t... menlS which tou.:h If 1,151 in part On tht liturgy. See. lor ""a mple. the declaration Dtn Sonntog ~n (The C'lebration of Sunday). which was published on the lirst Sur.dIY 01 Adv .... t, 19M. a. a "joint .tII t""""'l 01 the GC'rm.n Episcopal Conferen variou, steps Iw.ve c ...aled .. brwd ....a of common pray,.. ar.d """g. Not only have they II!'(! to reciprocal union ar.d • .....,uncj. alion 01 unlCl'\'ing ~dices. but they .... the mOllt tlPf'ladous "'PJ'
,-"

l'he!II. Stll~ ..... ts of ronverg......,e w",e ~nllO all the Churches. .long with. req...est tlw.t they s tudy thern and take an "~I .tand on Ihc-m by the end of 191>4, An a/lliw~r wa. soughl~.,.peclany to 5CV",a] question" To what exlent could the individual Churches recognize in th""1 1 the faith of the Church down through the c""turies? "'hal consequences could the Churches dnw for tI",,, relations wilh lfit otlwr OIurcht'5? What help would lhe "'xl provide tlw individual Chu,,:hes 10. thcoi. worship ..... uc. tion. and .-thic.l ~r.d 5pirituallil~ and wltnew? Wlw.l suggestionHould t~ Churches rNke /or lheongoing work loward urulyboth on the .INI d\scu~ ar.d gen"".lIy?'" The <e$ults of the "'l'lir's ....·ere to boo publi5hed and "lhe«Um .... ic~llmplk.tions fot th, Churches w~ to be anal)l2l!'(! ota lulu... World Con"'llI"~ on Faith and Ord,...~" In the ,ntention 0/ tlw .u~ IheChurc"'-" would in IIUs w~y begiW'flan opportunity tOlCapt the Uma Report while suggesting various change and ~d.ition!t. We can ~ti .... tely fe\>l g...al uciternent a'I we ........iI the ~ults of

"

tlw processol ~rplion. Tht' le~1 is ci pab~ of doing ,wif with num~ rni'undeTstandlngs. bringing the thought ind language of IIw vallOUS tr~ilions inlo closer line with IIw Chuldo of IIw beginning. and thUS e/faling I mutual rapp.()(lwment of lhe Chun:Iws a. they sed< tIw p I of unity In lroth and love. litu. nw;, unily we sed i, noI a uni formity in ....·ery detail. Just H IIw Chu",hes of IIw WI and West ..~ united d uring thor first rniJlm _ nium despite many diffe. 6otfl in IheoIogjtlll method. modes of H_ I" ' ion. liturgy. I nd viu l ..... nil"uOOns. it i, llso coo ",e;'·abJ. tNt - may lOday I~ I COld m ..... on III... .. ..1iIl points without thor individual Chun:,," bring C'OfI1pell«110 .u.....,drr their "p..plication ind praise (confession of ,in •. litany of lhe Kyri~., and the Clori~). The second pa n . lhe liturgy of I ..... Word, bt-gins wllh a proyer o f preparatl"", It lnclud.., the Ihret pr()(lamahon.: "I • prophet (first lesson) •• n ap06lle (second if'SSOl'Ol, and C hrist (the Go5fw!I). Then lhe voic .. of 1M Chun:h i. heard in In.: sermo~. making lhe eternal "l"""d contemporary and living_ The sermon IS fol lowed by .i l..... ' m!'ditalion. The fai lh 01 the C hurch IS then . lumm.ri~ed in the C .......! and.1I human r.eeds p,.....,.,ted toGo
Uke Vaticln It Thurian strives .o fadli.ate an nlemi,·.. p;lTticip'" lion by lhe rongregatl"". while a. the some tim. not ~lIo... i"g tho ..... denhip of the offic:Uol mi"ister 10 be obvured_We 'Ihould not ove.look tome delibera.e .ssimil~tioou, "'.... in t"" text. to I"" Roma" M. .I. Conv..... y. _ parbof Thuri.n ·s '"'xl could be

"' used 10 enrich t~ Cilholic Cl>CMriitic t ek'br.tion (e_g._ the pn-paralion of In., gi fts).

Tho> thing that prevo>nts C~lholic Christians from joining lull)' in an l"CUmen;cal ration 0/ th(o seven ..cnment5. In Ihls area theology lias diliCovc!'I'd new fOCl:!ls and c... atro new empl\.>wsln «
I

TlH S"'C MA~IENT S AS TH.; OSGOIIII(; S ... "I .... G ACTIO'l/S o r C HIl IST

The most important appro«h to an underslilJ\ding of 1M s;ocra. """'IS is from thf "anlage point of J'-'Sus Christ. IIi5 pnson. rn& sion, and ;>clivi\)' an! !h(> basis of Christian f.ith and tM SOUin' thai nourishes th(o C hurch in the .ctivity by wllkh i, rommunicatl'S sal~ ,'atioo1. The rw,... T""'a""",' and the Church ', SpiriHnspiR'eS its climax in his pusloo .. oJ ~um.'ead or hand . ; bread and wine OVer whic h I P"Y'" of

thanksgiving is $poken; the laying of hands-.occompanlcd by. pr. yer--on the .ick and on candidal.,. (,,' ordCIlI. But bOi!hind 1"- limple, ,-","'"yda), occutrenCeti 5UondS the omnipoIml 50lIving will of God who communicates himself to hUrn.1n bEings through Christ .nd his Spin! and thll$ brings Into "xislcnCe the .... w creation of the New TO'SIamenl cov""ant. Christ. the high priet who !I oil and wine into tlw w o unds 0/ hutn3n brings Uld canlfos them 10 the inn where I~ a re ....1On!d 10 h""IIt.. ThoI;e whoare UNwa,.,of the "" 'ing powt'f that God e>;1'f'rlses in t~ ~mcnts must v~ ~!denc.. 0/ ouper5tition and magic, Tl'Iow, on the mho:r IuInd , who appl'OKh the YCr.menlS with failh aN! filled with wonp...ly mentioned in the New THtlmmt, and also .gainl! I .... rrow ..;.-w of trMlilion lhat seeb to Jhow the ...c ....mml! as hal'ing acqui..ro a definili" e o utward form in the """" 01' Iat distant pi1S1 and th.atth"",forc ni«ts any ctwo"8t. TH ! S AC RAMENTS AS WtTH C HRIST

COllA~O M ATlV E

ENCOUNTE RS

Tm> 5licra"",nts owe lheir e~i ~lomce to IhI' saving will of God as this operalt'J in Christ, In them Chr;!;I, ,he Savior of the world and lho! high pries! of th...........· ro\·erunt,comt'!l to meet human beings in ~ of salvation In so doing. C hril;t. tht' primordial ~rament, make w.eof thl'Chwd... the uni~ersal SKTlm".,t.

U _i00i< upon m...... saving YCTImental actio"" • _,,'.., willi OIri11t Ind, in a nd through h im, with the Falher.. we have I «JI'I._Th is i~ fai th thai is Inspi"-' ..'ho (QUo! to him for Iwlp and huling. HI: finds il only 100 often Irlirog in the JpirituaJ and rdigiow; wadfr5 01 It... Jewiah J'ft'Ple, and esperiaU)' in his f..rIaw-1I)wnsrnm at Nauo reth; he finds il chielly ;IJnong It... lowly and despised memt-,. o f his p!'Ople, .~ til" collectOl'l ,lnd &innf1'5. md among foreignon. ln the p.o,. hle of the !'han11ft and the till roIlector he c,""tiglles lhe ,plri l\J~1 pride thai insists on Its own ~rit., while he promi~ divine fivOT(ju~ti fication) 10 the tlX coUectQr with I'Iis humble, trusting opE1\r.ess. n.., evangelist ev~ notes on Qtle oeu"ion 1h.J.l lesu~ "could do no mighty work" in I'Iis home town. bec.a ..... 1he unbeli" lhere was "" g"''''t '"" to make him marvel (Ml< 6:51.; Mt 13:58).

Flith, then.. and tIw desi.no for s;,jvalion and ..... d.ine,a b w1f-surrm_ de.. which /filth implies. is a IW!C' ary condition In Ihe n'Cipienl if ClIrist "1O(8'a l ,,",,"'alion .................. Uy and tIw saocnmmt is to be ~ m~ftl fruithllly. In IKldition. ""err sacrament. being God'. finn prom_ ~ 01 talv;l1ion and his ~ """virIB won:!. ;s lib a -.:I thltt is toWn within tIw luunm beint! and that wiH ~ develop _plI1 fmm the faith and 101." 01 the Il'0.

The ""sic impor\anct' of faith is further under!l o f ,.,.]'·ation cont.a.lned in the ~meot.>l phs nor IIw meaning of lhe .. cr~men'aj ~gns Un be grasped withoul faith. The oacr.amenls can be cek'br.ted , in tht full m d p' "",,' _ , only in faith. On lhe 0Ihe-r I\&nd, one of Ihe.~a.1 ~~ of the NCl"amenls is precisely to nourish and """'lI;I~ lhi> fOllh In tIw n!Cipimts. !t is coJTe'.. ""_ counters of humm beings wilh Christ. the Imp..-ion may be given tha tll>ese encountl.... lak.- pla{'l' ""leIy in lhe privat~ sphen> of Individ ..... ls " 'ho """k a nd find thrir God and the ... j>'alion he ofm.. Vatican II al ....dy this v;"'w:

"*''''

~I..iturgical services are no! poi"ale function" but a", cel..t:"'tiom ~

10 the Church, w hich is 1M ' _ram ....101 UnIty, namely. the holy people " nited . nd o rdm!
Thf.n.I.,... liturgical services involv~ I),.. whole Body o f I),.. Ch"r<eh;

they mmift.sl il and have elf«ts upon il. but they also conCern lhe Ind ividual members of the Oourch in dill
..ving

commission

lUll! u the Church mu,1 p......",.e Ihe word of God ... priceless leg-

.cy and. in season and Out of "".,.,n, tranel. te a . nd proclaim il iO each ' ucct'S8ive age, lhereby al the lame lime bu ild ing itsel f up, ""

,

:71 with the 5OIl.Tamerot1 'These ~ in ,.... f""J .rwlysis IIw pasc/rQI "'YOItry Hd f)f w lvali.,.,.;md 1M Church may not withhold IIwm. , .... , n ' .... Church may........,. faU silent in ilS pnxlamation 0/ IIw gIpti!;m by ' .alies. whc!).." I).., :\;ICr.menl•• re tffit:aciou . .... en when the lIuman mini.u" i. un wortlly (for u lmpleeptlon •• 1ons with the

phr_ il5lI........ up> '5~y soonc:tiol1ed by lhe Council of T""'t.· Lest the phr_ Jt,od 10 I m;Sunc!ersta.nding ofthr 5ilaammlS as e>.fill'M in mogic. it must be dearly understood thaI the rile isonly a mons by wllicll Christ himself ~ffects lhe interior Nnctification of the recipient. At ti>e ... mo: lime. be it noted. lhe mini.ler lias I n obli· gation 10 smvr for that personal inu,rior wort lliness t""l is r«jui~

by cooperalion witll Cllrist in communlca ting SIIlv.hon . AI far lS the recipjrtlS are concerned. the ~fI«t of the ...,rament is always & gift. nevh something merited . W""t is ""Iui~ of them is thai t1wy "P"" the,,""')v .... by faith and ;nl....... ..,u_~ to the Lord who ro~ to them in the sacrament. The Si1cramenlS can pn:od~ no .. ffat in """'" who by delibeut.. unN)J..f and intmor ¥tiol1 plaOl' an "obslade" (Latin: 06rr) in the way of Christ's rom· munkation of gna. n..y 8" away ..."pty and aret'Vn> guilty of NCriIeg
ily .nd the- bui lding up of what .... ve beencillOO "lillkCh"",hes" or "domo.:stic ChUlC~." A. far as the-llir p. _tl'V«i as the.:en .... supporting theenlin> wurmip life. then ttlC.'Se deuchecl .......·1ces will _ t ' rily beroo,* stunted ar.d dw.orl.-d:

Baptloim may tIO! as/iigned ~ spOOal plM:r aloopide the Eudlarist. t.!eoUSd apprntject 01 discU55ion.· The ne ..' rilo! adopts the /oll .....·ing position in its tntroduction: " From lilt> earliest limes, the Chllrch, 10 .... hiom in walo!r and the lioly Spirit, hecannot enter the kingdom 01 GOO: Tho! Church t.u . 1..·. )'5 understood these "'ord!; 10 IJ\l'"iIn II-uol children shou ld not be deprin,,1 of hapli .... , bocau.., IIwy an.' boptiz of bishops. 10 deter· mi~ ! he ~ rn~ for baptism nf infants" (Introduction to the Ri l;.plism md Chmlian rearing of their dlild",n, the kxal rom munil); as \'illibl~ 'ep'Uenlativ. of the unh·ers.ool Church. aIM has a s igniflCanl dUly and ' eJpoo~bill ty. Tho.- man ...... in which boptism was adminis ... n!d 10 chi/d.tn in many pl~1!'S until " f~' decades ago "·u stICh iii K> obscure the fact thool lhe boptism of a child J1(>I only affO'Cb the salvation o f an indh'idual bu. is .1.... ~n ......... 01 profound signiflcOinn' .0 the rommunlty of b\>1ie\·M"S. The IWW ritual highligh' s the rei.>tion of th. ""·.... t to lhe- rommu_ nity and ....,phoosi~ the 1IIIII'1" 's oesporlJibility. Raprism is, afle.- a ll an incorporation Into ,he peop~ of God. The lat ..... must ,........."".. make a rontinuingeffo" 10_'0 il tN, in aI..>b.ation. Ihe people of God ("'p~1cd not only by tn,. pa",n IS. godp.n,...,s. Ind relath·i.'!I. bUI also. as lar as pos.si . bl~. by fr i""d~. n('ighOO,.,. illld IiOme members 0( lhe local ChUrch) .hould tak~ an acti,·~ p. rt . Thu.lhey ..... ill , how IMirrom""," faith am! ""p.... s 11'Iooi . joy oS 1M newly bopli""d a", ""'''' ''ed inlo th~ community of I~ Church" (Chri";",, l"iI;"lipn 7).

Tl¥ Offia c{S"" .. s." 1hote who KCIi'pt the office of sponsor ren "_In Ih.ts Wily it i~ ~lNr Ihal the ' ail h in ..... hich tM child".".", bopI,zed LS '""I II... pnvill~ f"'S1 mion oI lhe indi\~dual family, but 'ne cummon I",asu"" oIlhe whole Church of Ch"'t " (InlrodllCl:ion to theRi'" 01 Raptism for Childft'n, ~). In ~ 10 facilitalc ' his pam",pabon 01 ,,,," communi' y in , ..... celebration baptism .tvmLd normallybe.dminist~ in thf J'lfish dlurch; ho5pitab and priva ... home. .... ac baptism of Ihrir children. 1M ...,... 1969 rih!oI hoptism for dtildrm fin;.lIy put a stop to , ........ ~ .... '·eiopmenlS a nd ~on!d It... rorrect ",Lotion between pa""'lS ""d " 6«.IUlO!' of the natural n:lalionships, parent!; h.o"e .. ministry a nd I ~ibility in the bapfu;m 01 infants f1'l«' important than those o f the godp.Jtenu " (Introduction 10 tlw Rit.> if &pliJm for C~ild,.." Sj.

spoil""""

Ilu! this primacy of tho! pi1rental role lolilurgy ar'ld Ii'" does not pn:" ... 11"" sponSOf'f from playing In important, evm if subsidiary part, 'I1Ie spons.or i. as it were ,"" p'mnalll"U repn:5entati" .. 0/ the enli", C hurch and. villible link wilh tht: community. M on,over, .hould Iht: pan.'11ts suff.... J j""Sthy!ll1\t!Sli or die an early d~alh, the sponsor can look d IN Ihe child; he Of JIIe can a~~is t lht: parcnls in diHicult queslions of Ihe child's ",.ring and "ocahonal direction and Can directly encourage and guid~ the child. Spnl\SOl"S Can thus help Counlt.'T til
-n...y mUSt I\o"e tt.. malurily in fafth Ind Christian living thol the ofm .o f ~r ""lui~ their age should ~ such Il\ot. humanly "I""'king. It w,ll aUow lhem 10 ""- I(be t..... It .pcllis;bility of span_ """"'ip for J fairly lO'ngthy pt'riod . Illey muSI ~,'es I\o,'~ al",acly reeei,-ed the sacrn_rs 01 b;optism, coofirmation, a nd the Eucharist.

I

'"

- 1/ the p"rmts han' d ifficulty in finding Jmong their acqua.intances a sponsor who ~ the desi"ld qualiJlCalions. the parish com' munity (p"rish council) ~uld 50 10 " '(IIiO"I!IO", if no ouitable one CiOn be fwnd in time (see Code 01 Canon loIw 11983], can. 8121· Bert ..... no span!lOf' Il\on one who is not up 10 the Ilsk Ind, being I me ... super· numerary, dimini.hn rat ..... thon incn>~ ..,,;p«t for the o!fin- of ........... Ir _ _ r. .

11

770t P""," Timt'p

Bart .....

Until well into Ihe Middle AgolS the Vigil. of £.,.~ter and P""II"CO:51 .nd, in many regions, the night Pefo ... Epipl\ony were lhe p ... I•..-n:d timei for baptism. Tn i,; d'lOice WIS motiv.ted by a d..si ... to ma ke cI~'ar 1M dose conned dOling hymn l"rrod.",,"'Y RiltS Afu.T donning liturgicA) Vf'StlTlO1llS oi a f6liv .. oolor 1 ~7 L. ",.; ,' . d ·· ~ ~r -~ pnest or celtbrJ1 t) JI'1ion5 him...Jf at tN en!ru,ce 10 !he church or in lhe pan oi thechu~h where t1wcommunity ...S f •• 11b~ fo r I~ hlplism, and greets them in his own words. Tho- por. nm a", asked WNI .... me I~ In! giving Ihri. child. To II-.. furth.or

_0" (-

question of wh;ot Ihocy are "Il king of tM Church they reply: "6aptism : Nd to a id the po •. ents in their task.

nw

nw celebrlonl. POrl'nts, and ~ ""xt mak

the sign of the , ..on the child ·s forehe~. This signing or sealing is mNn\ to .t.....\ tha t lho; child belongs \0 Christ; il ...1:00 • renunciation of Satan, w ho is conquen!d b>· this sign.

lJhlrgy "' tilt Word

nw pU'P'" .• of this p,,1o f tn.. liturgy is to stre-ngth... the faith of

the pan:nIS ond OIher p articipants. dttl"'n thei r und ...standing of hlpliom, and intercedc lor tN.' fruit of the SOCTamenl. During the INdin g(s) and homily the childn.-n m. y. if neco;-ssary, be brought to I nearby room (the er y· rnom ), wMro: thei r crying will not distract tM aS6
nw intf,,:.,.sions (four ~ditiON.1 formuJaoies.rr si,·en in an appmdi>c) an! not only for . he b.optiu ..e5). Sinn- lhis notion has 0/ HI
u.'"

I

I

Crift,,,,,.,., af

I~

s.r.n.......,

n.erommunity now nl("-es to the fonl Or lhe baptistry ",her(' lhe ""lebranl speaks I few words in pn.'P ••ation for Iht- blessing of lhe b.plismoJ wat ..... Only during lhe £oste, SCa.an does he u"," lhe wat .... lhal WI. 50Iemnly ronsecrated d uring the East .... Vigil; at other Ii...... he bk-s6es wa"". /0 • .-..ch n-Ieb.-.lion of baptism. An ad,-;ulIagt' of the """. p.ao:\i"" i. ""'I c•.'lm.anIS need no longer UM' for ~n en tire year lhe W",~. Ih.1 was mixed with oil 01 the Eaoire. Vigil and has in time grown 51.t.e--. rondilion certainly not ~i .­ able from the hygimic MId e5t1wt;c s t.1ndpoinlJ. The rule to be folIo..-ed now is ,,"unci.tled in U... g"""ra] intn>duction 10 the _ ·.... oJ riles of baptism: "The w",er to be used in baplism should be I"", wal .... and dean, boIh for lhe s;,ke of the authenric sacramrntalsymholism and for hygiomic ....~ . (Chrisrion InilittliOtl 18). II i5 .,-plicitly allo ... ~ that the wlter ml y be 1ivina" wa""', that is, wa"'" /lowing into and oul of tho: fonl (_ ibid .. 21). The original form of baptism (5t;)l u~ as lal... itS Ihe high Midd Ie Age'l), nam~ly, imlTW!fSlon ra lkr than infusion, rhus hromcs possible 00Cl' 1TIOft'. especially sin.:., Ihen! is today no d ifficulty in p lplns warm wa"" to the font The celebrant may ct.on.e among th ...... prayr_son . I t which the w,rer bkwd during the E.sIe" Vigil is uged, two of tho> praY"'" may be modified 10 thai N.Uerblessing. ~

=,u

A further. immedio te prep;ir.tion for the administration of l)w_ramenl is lhe PO"'""" and sponsors' renunciootion 01 s.tan . nd pro'-ion of fa ith. It is \I,., parents.nd!ipOll5OJ1'. and no longer the children, who art" questioned and pla~ under an obliga tion. In his Inlroductory addR'5S lhe celebranl sp"'u of tho> parents' unronditiona! obligation lO ....ar llwir child"", as bel~~ . Two IormuLos .... gin·... /or the mlunciation oIs..tan. The th ...... qursriol\s.sked in tho! profession of f.ith make u!nno!'I\l abo symbolizes thai tlw baptized al'\''' "n_ Cre.ltion" and ·N~ pUI on Christ" (_ Rom 1J:14; G.ol 3:27). The rilu.ll expressoi!S thr wish lha l tlw fa mities wo uld Ihe,,-l\'fS p"'f'ill'\' I~ white g.>rment; it y,r:>uld ""I be put on tlw child, how ..•.... befr:>n! thr bap ti .... propr!'. As I.... iIICCOITIpanying pl'll ~"'" indkl.tes. the gi'1' celebran t touches the ""rs and mou th of tl>e child with hi. th umb lond prays thot j",us will soon mabie it to l>ear his word and confl'5S th" fai th.

Omc/us.", of tke Rit, If the spati.llayout of tho! church all ows. thc retire congrega tion procl'SSei from the foot'" the altar as. b.ptismal song is being sung, ",Iebrant briefly l'I.'CiUi the b.apti.m just adminislerl.'d and looks ahead'" the u.c:raments of con firma tion and Eucharist that.I'\' still to be no. al""r of the BkssftI Virgin Mary. th is custom i. oils.. "ed if appropriate" (Riwof II.>plism lot ChildrtT\ 71 ). To ... m up: this n_ riteofb.aptism for child ren may to. r'\'S'IrdI'd as

".

a considerable impfOVE1l'\e111 upon the old . For lhe firsl time, it lakes aeriously Ihe f,iICI thaI thC' otIC' to b.. b.pti.zed is . 1 best an imINtul'\' child . There Is no lo"Hid.1 dialogurmenl. the Ephpnw. rite). The ... is. how",,,,",. no pretense .. a di.loguebul5imply words !'dd t( . !Id to the child bo:a.use the Chwdl talus il seriouily au person. j~t as the does. whole behavior nonetheless we do not ..-gard a. i,.,..,tional.

mot"""

A further merit of the """'. Til(' Is otIC' that 11w.,·ulready alluded to __ enol times: beause the child Is INprized in the faith of its par· ents, the latter al'\' the ft'al partners in I"" diatogu.e tholl elicits the cIni .... for b.aptism. the renunciation 01 SoI.1. ....nd the profession of faith. The paNilIS .... h~ called upon to be faithful to their own boptilm and to !'WIder th~ nt intrinsic meaning of the ~,,1int. For tho! ch ild being baptized, it becomes the beginning o f • joum")' 01 f.lth which needs tlK> continued ""Ip of the rommunity if it is 10 ....iIIch its go.ol. " TH E lNCO Il PO . ... T ION OF ... nULTS INTO THE COMM UN tTY

HWoriali Sw'"')' llw Christi"n community reali~ed at • "ery urly dale tha t the w.y of an .dult to fJi th Jnd IIw C llurch ilia process 01 growth that u k... _ ti rneand usuany n~,b Iwlp from the institutio ... Christian lik rNJUi"" a training .nd protection .... hich .s a ruk> can "'" pmvided only by the concI'fIe local community. TM Inull ..·.. s the """ ""blishment. by the end of the ...... id century. of lhe institution 01 the c~tfChulTIfNlt for lhole _king b.pmm. Hippolytus of Rome in t,;, ApasleJit TnaoI,,,,,,, (beginning of th~ third ~ry) gi' ''''' uS a

d
n." av ..... ge length of thc catechumenate was Ih ...... Y"dr$. During this time the applicants fOl" Nplism rec .... ,<ed instrucoon in the I. ith (cat ..dll'Si,) that dtlHd on e~ occ~on with a prayer a nd an im. postion 0/ h.lnd:i. Some ~ks (usua lly al tho> bginning 0/ lent) bo,lore tho> adminisn.tion 01 N plism allhe EIosII'"r Vigil they began a period of mon:-lnt""5f prt'pIraiion; they now bec;a ..... known as rompr:1ml", Of "candida,"" (I'lomolly: " _ kns" ; al Ro ..... lhey were also ca lled rl«Ii, "rne! m ones~).

This.,..nod 1It-gan w ith an examination oflho>andidates' manner o f life. II ,,·as also marbd by frequmt attendu.c" a l liturg;e. o f the " 'oro and by numerous oth ... lil\Orgiu l actions .lOCh as '-""'rrisms. impositions of h.ln(li, signing> with Ih
dude5. rite lor , multis tage '"techumenat~. a simplified rite at ad"U inillalioro, an abbr~" ialt'd rite for use in dang
A1tI!f • prAyer o f th. nksgiving the a!lebranl (and. if desin:d. the SJ>Of\5OfS a nd 0Ihe<s) Jigns the applicants o n lhe for.,),.,.ad with the ml85 anti. If desired, !llrir

01"'" sen51'S, and leads them into tht-

chun:h. After a litursr oIlhe word the ap plants a .... given u-opy of dw N..w TO&ume-nt (and a """"'~ In In.- msWng inlen: ' ' 'Ions lhe C~UI1\ft\S.ft "f""ia.Uy commended to tM I...." of God. nw. names of the appllao"ts. who al ...ad y belong 10 the Chu",h in a {'W.

tlin circle 0/ catcchummt. This circle is alw IN! '·l.... "" for 'pedal instructions which, togetho!r wilh lho> conv,-... ~tions on lho> fa ith, are.o help ihf> gro ... th of faith . Tr....s.. ins tructions , as w ell U Ihe li turgies of the ...ord il 1M Sunday Euchari st. m.>y be followed by "pray," for dcliwrmel'" (exo.cisms) 3nd bll'S
I8lgth of the catedtumenat applic.nl. CommuNl5ponsorship is also f"""i ble and Is especially appropri.", when the e."""humen has had his or h~r first eXp"rienc'-'S of the failh in a youlh group or the family cir· cie or I f.mil y Ihal has befriendl-d him or Mr." "

The period of proxim.>le p .... paration for baptism usually begins on lhe- first Sunday 01 Lent. lhe period of peniteotilll p~ra lion IOf Eas ter. Admi55ion 10 the groupol candidates for baptism presupposes Ihat t ..... c. ndid.Il- ho~ unde.gone . geou;neconversion. ha, an adequale knowledge 01 the Christian f.lTh. .nd Is firm in f. ith and 10\'", T1Icer in,·oI,oed in the work 01 I~ cal«ilu lt\eNie mUSI judgml'nt on these points. Admi,sion 10 candidacy <X" now kno ... n u " the ~ones1 or ' omtprtmlt"S ("....,ken-~

,..Iie

rchosen

Tho OriN oI eJalion" begins wilh Ihr p~tation 01 the candidates and Ihr h.'Stimony of thcir godp" ........ t!I. After lhe Cimdldates have been q"""rioned and have y camo: Into rxistence in Christian antiquity at a time ...""" the "d;scip~ of

n-

M!lKy" was slill pr;>Cticed. Nowadays the eetCl roony mighl emphaIizt. meditation on Ihr two ""'IS. The Rite of Ouistian Initiation of Adults provides for a speciallilu'KY oIlhe ... ord fOf ~y Saturdlty morning; the- ,,--citation of the ntion 01 initiation" Of incorporation taks plat) thm! be • cdebo.tion; depending on cirnrn!. stance this may be li«Om~ by eo:~ fetj,me. The bishop should mak an e4fort to remain in close contJct with the!;e ",-ow rnemr hers of the Church and . ~ to oelcbnle It...- Eucharisl with !hem at IeuI ~ a year. e!p ially if he himstIf wIS urub]j, to pie ide at their initiation. From time 10 time the rifot't to....slore Iht multistage catechumeNte

for ad ult!i has btocft disparagtd as an e>eoIogism . nd as simply a hobby of historians of the liturgy. It Is true, of COI1t"Ie. th3t the old aulOtNOtically ben.t than the new. In this instance, howe>'''' the """,,,"ration lor !heucnmenl$of initiation in\"OI,"eS onore than in-IrllecuIoI Irarning it musl .t,., be a training in thfo faith and in. life of faith. This. how""'t'l", "'l~ • period long enough /or it'SMg and pr0bation, lesl Wf' rm.m ~ apin to Iht ""I"" fidal Christianity that ct\aractlo!rizpi~l anointing o f the lI.s.d.' Tlw> impoo.ition of Ihe hand and anoinling by the tnsloop, logether .... illl I ..... pray ... of the rommunily. thus berome .. ffieKious signll tn..t lhe bilptized """"'" n... by the po .... l'I oI lne Holy Spirit bee""", a rompleto- ..... mbO'< 01 Ihe Church; tw or sh~ NS all the ri&hts of a Ctu"i.nan but is alse> oo~­ gated tu W~ in the Church' . ....o rl< (Sft Ihe biblical dv.risrru; th;tt .re forms 01 servi« 10 the Church). Tlw> delC' iptioro o f this part of the lota l ril.. o f inlli,\tion asa «giving of the Holy Spirit« has, l\owpo,.l'I, foslond the mistakm idea IIuot the ptf'Vious riM o f ..·. 11'1' b.oplism does "'" """lOW It... Holy Spirit. This i. an d in tho> Apostolic Constilution Di"i~ •• "",,,,rtium ""tu. ' .... o f August 15, 1971, in wh ich Paul VI promulgoled and approved th~ ~w rl te of confirmalion . n... meaning of confirma. lioro i5 d r:scribed in si mila r 1"015 I" ,he Introduction 10 tt.... new ril of confirmation: " This giving 01 the Holy Spiri l con forms bel ....·'" more fully IOChriSl and SlrMgth",s lhem ~ tn..11hey may booa. wiln"", tu Christ for t~ build ing up of hi5 110dy in faith and Io~. "' From the Iounh ~t ury oro. Ih .. importa "", given to the episcopal impoo.ilion 0I 11Ie hand and "'oin ting .and 10 It... special gift of lhe Spirit therein ree..h 'l!d WI5 signific.an Uy Mightened by the fact thoIl in many .. n!'U "xl~1 cin:Um5tu\('ft uuled rnnfil'nUllion """ bop-

'"

Ibm 10 be seprist.' T HE

N~W

RITE OF

CO NF 1 ~M AT 1 0 N

The ~ rileof ronfi nnation oommiuioned by Vaticmll arpN~

in the lummer of 19'71lS. IalCid.. of tM Romln Pontifical. The new ril
Iaw .Lso gl"es lho> facu lry 10 confi r m 10 l... rilori.1 prelatesa"d territorIIolabbots, vlca .. and pref«ts """"tolie, '",,"Ioli
~ new rile omits the old... custom (In u5e 5ince tho: thineenth cen· tury) 01 the "slap on the cheek: which had acquired a unique and u dbtrOoCting promlr.e-n« In lho! minds o f confirmand •. CONFt~MA TION OUTSIDE TH£ RO MAN ~ITE

p.,'••

are Immediately given communion.

In the other Eastern rilel the newly IMpdzed IiUwise re<eiVt""· era' anolndnp. bul the$oe are d one bofore they put on their doth· ins:: they an! "(JOW!'IIed" with. headband. and. in many ril..s. . ... alJo "girded"; only among tho! El.stem S)-"1'i.M is the ,"",pNsis put 00 the bnpCti«, a liturgical act b~ w!>iet! at a cenain a~ (abou l 1210 H) the baptized;or., · ro......,... CT~Ied· as full ~mbers of the com.mUJ\il~ ond .... itdmitl1'd 10 the Lon:!". Supp