Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers

Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications Second Edition Lies1 K. Mas...

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Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications Second Edition

Lies1 K. Massey

Plastics Design-Library

Copyright 0 2004, Plastics Design Library. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Cover Art 0 2004 by Brent Beckley / William Andrew, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003014890 ISBN: 1-884207-94-4 Published in the United States of America by Plastics Design Library / William Andrew, Inc. 13 Eaton Avenue Nonvich, NY 138 15 1-800-932-7045 www.williamandrew.com www.knove1.com

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I This book may be purchased in quantity at discounts for education, business, or sales promotional use by contacting the Publisher. Plastics Design Library and its logo are trademarks of William Andrew Inc.

Notice: To the best of our knowledge the information in this publication is accurate; however the Publisher does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy or completeness of, or consequences arising from, such information. This book is intended for informational purposes only. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher. Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for any use, and the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user. Anyone intending to rely upon any recommendation of materials or procedures mentioned in this publication should be independently satisfied as to such suitability,and must meet all applicable safety and health standards.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Massey, Liesl K. Film properties of plastics and elastomers : a guide to non-wovens in packaging applications I Liesl K. Massey.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-884207-94-4 1. Plastics. 2. Elastomers. I. Title. TA455.P5. M3436 2003 62O.lv92392--dc22

Plastics Design Library, 13 Eaton Avenue, Nonvich, NY 13815 Tel: 607/337/5080 Fax: 607/337/5090

Preface Welcome to the Second Edition of Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Non- Wovens in Packaging Applications. This edition presents an overview of film properties, including physical, optical, electrical, and permeation properties, as well as regulatory information where relevant to the use of different materials presented. These material chapters present the quantitative data in tabular and graphical formats accompanied by a qualitative discussion regarding the general film properties and film applications. Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Non-Wovens in Packaging Applications, is a companion to Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Packaging and Barrier Materials (2003). These two volumes together update the single volume Permeability and Other Film Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, published in 1995. These books strive to serve as a comprehensive application-based reference for engineers, designers, scientists, or anyone interested in the properties of plastic and elastomeric films.

The materials presented herein represent those materials widely used in film packaging applications today. The data were gathered from many sources including material manufacturers, technicaljournals and papers, etc., and normalized into SI units for easy comparison. Extensive references are provided for the user who wishes to do more in-depth research. It should be noted that the content of the material chapters strives to be representative rather than all-inclusive. That is, a material’s trends and characteristics are represented with as much detail as possible from the sources available. All manufacturers of all materials are not included due to obvious space limitations. A special word of thanks to all those who allow their information and test data to be included in this reference. It is my hope that users find the format easy to use and the information relevant to their application needs. Every effort was made to present the information in its original context. As always, your feedback on improving this volume or others in the PDL Handbook series is appreciated and encouraged. Lies1 K. Massey

2003

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Table of Contents Introduction 1.0 2.0

3.0 4.0

Packaging Materials ....................................................................................................... 1.1 Uses of Packaging Materials .................................................................................... Test Methods ................................................................................................................... 2.1 Tests for Physical Properties .................................................................................... 2.2 Tests for Permeability Properties .............................................................................. 2.3 Tests for Optical Properties ...................................................................................... 2.4 Tests for Electrical Properties ................................................................................... Units ................................................................................................................................. Regulations ......................................................................................................................

2 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 8

The rmop Iast ics Acrylic Resin Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer .AMA .Chapter 1 .............................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

9 10

Cellulosic Plastic Cellulosic .Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................ Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

13 13

Fluoroplastic Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer .ETFE .Chapter 3 .......................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

15 16

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer .FEP .Chapter 4 ........................................ Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

17 18

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin .PFA .Chapter 5 ............................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

21 22

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene .PCTFE .Chapter 6 .............................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

25 26

0 Plastics Design Library

Table of Contents

vi Polytetrafluoroethylene .PTFE .Chapter 7 ....................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

29 29

Polyvinyl Fluoride .PVF .Chapter 8 .................................................................................... Graphical Information ...................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

31 31 32

Ionomer lonomer .Chapter 9 ............................................................................................................... Tabular Information .......................................................................................................... Graphical Information ......................................................................................................

33 34 36

Polyamide Nylon Overview .Chapter 10 ............................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

41 42

Amorphous Nylon .Chapter 11 ............................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

43 44

Nylon 6 . PA 6 .Chapter 12 ................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

47 48

Nylon 66 . PA 66 .Chapter 13 ............................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

51 52

Nylon 6/66 . PA 6/66 .Chapter 14 ......................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

55 55


57 58


59 60

Nylon 661610 . PA 661610 .Chapter 17 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

63 64

Polyester Polyethylene Napthalate .PEN .Chapter 18 ...................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

65 66

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate .PCTG .Chapter 19 .................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

71 72

Table of Contents


vi i Polyet hy Iene Te rep ht haIate Glycol-Modified .PETG .Chapter 20 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

73 73

Polyethylene Terephthalate .PET .Chapter 21 ................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

75 76

Polyimide Polyimide .Chapter 22 .......................................................................................................... Tabular Information .......................................................................................................... Graphical Information ......................................................................................................

79 80 84

Polyolefin Polyethylene .Overview .Chapter 23 ................................................................................. Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

89 89

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene .ULDPE .Chapter 24 ...................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

91 92

Low Density Polyethylene .LDPE .Chapter 25 .................................................................. Graphical Information ...................................................................................................... Tabular Information ..........................................................................................................

95 96 97

Linear Low Density Polyethylene .LLDPE .Chapter 26 ................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

99 100

Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene .mLLDPE .Chapter 27 ...... 103 Tabular Information ........................................................................................................ 104 Graphical Information .................................................................................................... 105 Linear Medium Density Polyethylene .LMDPE .Chapter 28 ........................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

111 112

High Density Polyethylene .HDPE .Chapter 29 ............................................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

113 114

Polyolefin Plastomers .POP .Chapter 30 ......................................................................... Graphical Information ..................................................................................................... Tabular Information .........................................................................................................

117 117 118

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer .COC .Chapter 31 .................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................ Graphical Information ....................................................................................................

125 126 127

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer .EVA .Chapter 32 ..................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

129 131


Table of Contents

viii Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer .EVOH .Chapter 33 .................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

135 136

Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer .EAA .Chapter 34 ....................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

139 140

Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and Oriented Polypropylene . BOPP and OPP .Chapter 35 .............................................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

141 142

Polybutene .PB .Chapter 36 ............................................................................................. Graphical Information .................................................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

145 146 147

Vinyl Resin Polyvinyl Alcohol .PVOH .Chapter 37 .............................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

149 150

Polyvinyl Chloride .PVC .Chapter 38 ............................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

153 153

Polyvinylidene Chloride .PVDC .Chapter 39 ................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

155 156

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films . PVDC Coated Films .Chapter 40 ....................................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

159 162

MuIti layer Structures Multilayer Films Mylar Films .Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier .Chapter 41 ............................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

165 166

Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers .TPO .Chapter 42 .................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

Table of Contents

167 168


ix

Polyether Block Amide Polyether Block Amide .PEBA .Chapter 43 ..................................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

169 170

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 44 .................................................... Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

171 171

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 45 ............................................................ Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

173 174

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer .Chapter 46 ...............................................................

177

Additional Materials Metallized Films .Chapter 47 ............................................................................................. Tabular Information ........................................................................................................

179 179

Biodegradable or Organic Films .Chapter 48 ..................................................................

181

Appendix Glossary of Terms

.................................................................................................

183

Indices

........................................................................................................... References .............................................................................................................. Trade Names


219 221

Table of Contents


Int roduction

This handbook is designed to be a reference providing information on film properties of the most commonly used packaging materials. Each material chapter presents information and data on the material and its use and performance characteristics when used as a packaging film. Chapters for different materials of the same family are grouped together(e.g., polyamides [nylons] are represented by Chs. 10-17). Comprehensive references are presented for further study. The term “packaging” has come to mean so much more than a brown or waxed paper bag used to carry food and other store bought items. The benefits of today’s packaging technology can be seen in many different industries and applications: not just in the well known food and medical applications, but also in the building and transport industries, in electricity and electronics, and in textiles and fibers. Modern packaging films must protect the contents against contamination and spoilage, and be aesthetically pleasing as well as convey important safety or nutritional information to the purchaser, all the while being light in weight but strong and easy to transport and handle. It’s no wonder plastics fit the role so perfectly. There is a popular saying: “Packaging not only protects the contents, it protects the consumer.” Packaging film provides protection against oxidation, heat, microbes, etc., can resist humidity and ultraviolet light, and can allow undesirable gases to escape, maintaining the preferred environment for the contents. Covering fresh produce even with “normal” plastic films prolongs its life by several days.[1168]

Plastic packaging has contributed in several ways to improved quality of life through enhancements in medical and pharmaceutical packing, through tamper-proof closures, hermeticallysealed packages, and longer shelf-life for medicines. All these wonderful attributes are enhanced due to the excellent economics of plastic packaging. They are inexpensive to produce, light in weight and bulk, important for shipping, can be flexible or rigid, and can take almost any shape. Plastics for packaging use a mere 2% of oil consumption; plastic production in total consumes only 4%.[’ 1681 Much of today’s plastic packaging market consists of multilayered films and sheets. Combining multiple layers of plastics with different material properties allows a film to be tailor-made for a specific application, combining the properties of each layer to further enhance the packaging. This allows for technical as well as economic advantages, since an expensive material may be used in just the thickness required to impart its property (for example, as an oxygen barrier); less expensive materials may serve as a thicker base providing necessary strength characteristics. Multilayer films are generally extruded simultaneously through a single die. Adhesive polymers are often used as tie layers to join materials that do not exhibit strong adhesion to each other. Packaging films are generally between 0.250 and 0.125 mm in thickness; the heavier gauge materials often used for blister packaging are referred to as sheet. Films must be thick enough to be self-supporting, but thin enough to be flexed, folded, or creased without cracking.[’ ‘1

’


Introduction

2

1.O

Packaging Materials

Materials for packaging fall into one of two categories: commodity films and specialty films. Commodity films include low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Specialty films are often higher priced and coated or coextruded for superior performance. Types of Specialty Films:[1171] Oriented films, including oriented polyester (OPET), oriented polypropylene (OPP), oriented nylon (ON), and oriented polystyrene, (OPS) Cellophane Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) Material Properties of Specialty Films:[' l7l] Ability to maintain integrity under extreme temperature conditions (e.g., from freezer to boiler) Electrical properties: insulating or conducting Good strength, durability, and other mechanical properties 1.1 Uses of Packaging Materials This section presents a summary of packaging materials and some of their uses. Cellophane:[ll7l] Often coated with PVDC to provide heat-sealablity and to create an oxygen barrier Used where stiffness and dead fold is required Advantages: transparency, folding properties, stiffness, machinability Disadvantages: poor moisture barrier, which contributes to poor dimensional stability when affected by moisture Nylon:[ll7l] Often used as the base film when coated with LDPE, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), and PVDC, Introduction

and where a durable oxygen barrier is required Advantages: low temperature durability and thermal stability; excellent oxygen and flavor barrier Disadvantages: high price, poor moisture barrier Polyester:[l1711 Used as a laminate for vacuum processing and as a high-strength ovenvrap for heavy articles Advantages: high strength, good clarity, thermal stability, ink wettability, and adhesion Disadvantages: high price Polyethylene: Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)[ll7lI Used where high strength is required;often coextruded with LDPE for lower costs Advantages: low shrink temperature, broad heat-seal range, good low-temperature properties Disadvantages: poor machinability,high tear propagation Polyethylene:High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)[ll7l] Used where high barrier and strength are required Advantages: low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), moderate stiffness, low price Disadvantages: poor appearance, cutability, printability, and machinability Polypropylene[' '1 Often used where the preservation of the product appearance is key Advantages: excellent optics Disadvantages: high tear propagation Polypropylene: Oriented Polypropylene (OPP)[ll7l] Often coated with PVDC to improve oxygen barrier Advantages: excellent optical and moisture barrier properties, grease-resistance, good strength and durability, good thermal properties 0 Plastics Design Library

3 Table 1. Packaging Applications, Material Requirements, and Materials

Ap pIicatio n

Material Requirements

Materials Used

Meat and poultry

low temperature durability; high temperature durability (microwave)

coextruded or laminated EVA ionomers, PVDC, nylon, polyester

Snack food

good machinability; print-stiffness; barrier properties

cellophane, OPP, polyester, HDPE

Cheese

barrier properties; strength

laminations or coextrusion with PVDC on a base film of cellophane, polyester, nylon or PP

Bakery products

I

Medical

machinability; low costs sterilization properties; strength

Disadvantages: moderate price Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)? l7l] Often used where oxygen and flavor barriers and/or excellent optics are required Advantages: low permeability, excellent optics, strength Disadvantages: high cost Polyvinyl chloride (PVC):[ll7l] Often used in shrink-film applications Advantages: clarity, sealability, low shrink tension Disadvantages: film relaxation, high cost

As the technology of packaging improves, so do the available options, coatings, and multilayer packaging offer a designer almost unlimited packaging potential. The materials of packaging continue to become better and stronger. Stay tuned. The next packaging milestone is just around the corner.

2.0

Test Methods

The primary test methods observed in the US are published and maintained by ASTM Interna0 Plastics Design Library

I I

coated or coextruded OPP, cellophane 90% PVC and LDPE, 10% specialty films

I I

t i ~ n a l [ ~(formerly ~ ~ l ] known as The American Society for Testing and Materials), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the German Standards Institute (Duetsches Institut fuer Normen or DIN). These test methods are also used internationally. The following ASTM testing descriptions are some of the most common test methods used for the films discussed in this publication. For full test details, please review the appropriate testing references. 2.1

Tests for Physical Properties

Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D882; Additional Tests Methods: ASTM D638, D1708, and I S 0 527. The primary test method, ASTM D882, is used for the determination of tensile properties of plastics in the form of thin sheeting (less than 1.0 mm in thickness).This includes film which has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm. Tensile strength refers to the maximum stress the film can sustain before it actually fractures; quite literally, the amount of force necessary to pull a material apart. The SI unit of tensile strength is the pascal (English units are pounds per inch of original crosssectional area). Elongation refers to the amount the material will stretch before breaking.

Introduction

4 Tensile modulus is a measure of the force required to deform the film by a specific amount. It is a measure of the film’s stiffness. The following material properties can be calculated from the tensile strength test (at yield and at break): tensile strength, tensile modulus, strain, elongation and percent elongation at yield, and elongation and percent elongation at break. (See Fig. 1.)

Figure 1. Tensile and elongation, ASTM D882.[10801

For a specimen sample, ASTM D882 uses strips cut from thin sheet or film; ASTM D638 requires a Type I standard dumbbell-shaped tensile bar. Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1709; Additional Test Method: I S 0 7765-1. A weighted dart is dropped from a standard height onto a taut sample. Depending upon the expected impact strength of the test sample, either method A or method B is chosen. The method defines the dart size and the drop height for the dart. Test method A specifies a dart with a 38 mm diameter dropped from 0.66 m. Test method B specifies a dart with a 5 1 mm diameter dropped from 1.5 m. The dart unit is the weight of dart in grams that breaks the sample fifty percent of the time, also called failure weight. These tests give an index of the material’s dynamic strength and predict resistance of a material to breakage from dropping or other quick blows. Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D3420. Sometimes called Spencer Impact, ASTM D3420 covers the determination of resistance of film to impact-puncture penetration at ambient temperatures.

Introduction

Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1004. At very low rates of loading, 51 mm/min, ASTM D1004 covers the determination of the tear resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting. Tear resistance measures the ultimate force required to initiate tearing in a film or sheet, as measured in newtons. The specimen is die cut from a sheet or film. The shape of the specimen produces a stress concentration in a small area of the specimen. The maximum stress, usually found near the outset of tearing, is recorded as the tear resistance. Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method, Elmendorf Tear. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1922. Tear strength is the force necessary to continue tearing a sample after a nick has been made; it is reported in grams. A pendulum is released from a raised position, and a scale registers the arc through which the released pendulum swings. Samples of film are clamped into the tester and nicked to start the tear; then the pendulum is released. This tears the sample and the scale registers the arc. As the arc is proportional to the tear strength of the sample, calibration of the arc gives the tear strength.[1080] Elmendorf Tear testing can be performed on three types of standard samples; however, the constant radius sample is the preferred test sample for plastic films. (See Fig. 2.) This sample provides a constant radius from the start of the tear strength measurement-useful for materials where the tear may not propagate directly up the sample as intended.[l1691

n Figure 2. Tear strength, ASTM D1922.[10801


5 Sample thickness is also reported, although there is no direct relationship between thickness and the tearing force. Thus, only results for samples of the same thickness can be compared.[’ ‘691 This test is very important for all films as well as for paper. High tear values may be needed for machine operations or for package strength. However, low tear values are necessary and useful for easy opening of some package types.[1080] Coefficient of Friction. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1894. The coefficient of friction (CoF) test is used to measure the static (starting) and kinetic (sliding) resistance of the film when sliding over another surface, either film-to-film or film-to-metal. Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force to the force, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the two surfaces in contact. The static CoF is representative of the force required to begin movement of the surfaces relative to each other. (See Fig. 3.) The kinetic CoF is representative of the force required to sustain this movement.[1080]

method ASTM D774 covers measurements of the bursting strength of paper and paper products occurring as single or laminated flat sheets not over 0.6 mm in thickness having a bursting strength of 30 kPa up to 1400 kPa (4 psi up to 200 psi). 2.2

Tests for Permeability Properties

Water-Vapor Transmission. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM E96. The primary test method for the determination of water-vapor transmission through plastics less than 32 mm thick is ASTM E96. (See Fig. 4.) There are two basic methods; the Desiccant Method and the Water Method. Agreement between the two methods should not be expected. The method selected should be the one which most nearly approaches the conditions of use. Desiccant Method: A desiccant covered by the film to be tested and placed in a humid chamber. Moisture from the chamber permeates the film and is picked up by the desiccant. After a measured period of time the test dish is reweighed and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the material is calculated. Water Method: A cup is filled with distilled water and covered with the plastic film. Vapor loss through the test sample is determined through periodic weight-loss measurements.

Figure 3. Coefficient of friction (CoF), ASTM D1894.[10801

The film sample specimen, 64 mm square, is attached to a “sled.” The second surface, 254 mm x 127 mm, remains fixed as the sled is pulled across at a controlled rate. The frictional force is measured by a stream gauge.[10801[11691 Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D2176. The folding endurance test is used for determining the folding endurance of paper and plastic by use of the M.I.T. tester. It is recommended for papers/films less than 0.25 mm. This test method is the technical equivalent of TAPPI T5 11. Bursting Strength of Paper. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D774; Additional Test Methods: I S 0 2758 and TAPPI 403. The test


Figure 4. Water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR), ASTM E96,[10801

Introduction

6 The WVTR is reported as grams of water which will pass through a given area of the material in a specified time. The WVTR is significant for packaging a product which must be prevented either from drying out or from picking up moisture from the surrounding atmosphere.[1080] Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM F1249. A procedure for determining the WVTR through flexible barrier materials, film, and sheet up to 3 mm in thickness is known as ASTMF1249. The WVTR, the permeance of the film to water vapor, and the water vapor permeability coefficient may be determined from this test. Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM E96. The following material properties may be determined through ASTM D1434: Gas transmission rate (GTR) Permeance Permeability Specially constructed cells are used to measure the gas transmission rate. After a film sample has been clamped into a cell, test gas is flushed through chambers on both sides of the sample. Test gas is admitted to one side of the sample; the test chamber on the other side is evacuated, and gas is allowed to permeate through the film sample into the evacuated chamber for a measured length of time. Using the geometry of the cell and film sample, with the measured pressure and temperature of the test gas which permeated the sample, the GTR can be calculated. (See Fig. 5.)[10801

Gas permeability is usually reported in cubic centimeters of gas that pass through a square meter of film in 24 hours when the gas pressure differential on one side of the film, at a specific temperature, is one atmosphere greater than that on the other side.[1080] Gas transmission rate is vital in vacuum and gas packaging and for packaging fresh produce items that must breathe.[1080]

2.3

Tests for Optical Properties

Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D2457. Specular Gloss is a measure of the light reflected by the surface of a plastic film. ASTM D2457 provides three separate gloss angles: For intermediate-gloss films: 60" is recommended For high-gloss films: 20" is recommended For intermediate and low-gloss films: 45" is recommended

. . .

an instruGloss is measured on a glossmeter, ment having an incandescent light source and a photosensitive receptor that responds to visible light. Light is shown onto the sample at a specified angle. The fraction of the original light that is reflected onto the photosensitive receptor is called gloss. (See Fig. 6.)

Figure 6. Gloss, ASTM D2457.[10801

Figure 5. Gas transmission rate (GTR), ASTM D1434.[10801

Introduction

Gloss can be inherent in the material, a result of the molding process, or a result of surface texture. Gloss can also be affected by environmental factors such as weathering or surface abrasion. Thus, gloss can be useful in product and process development and end-use performance testing.[l 1691


7 Gloss is an important merchandising factor and this test makes it possible to specify and control this surface characteristic so that the desired effect will be ensured.[1080] Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D1003. Haze is the scattering of light as it passes through a transparent material, resulting in poor visibility and/or glare. Luminous transmittance measures the amount of light that passes through a sample. (See Fig. 7.)[11691

Index of Refraction of Transparent Organic Plastics. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D542; Additional Test Method: I S 0 489. The index of reffaction is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a transparent material. A sample about 6.3 x 12.7 mm with a flat polished surface is placed on the prism of a reffactometer. Generally,the reffactometer will provide a digital representation of the refractive index. 2.4

Figure 7. Haze and luminous transmittance, ASTM D1003.[10801

The evaluation of specific light-transmitting and wide-angle, light-scattering properties of planar sections of materials, such as essentiallytransparent plastic, is covered by ASTM D 1003. The haze of transparent packaging materials is measured on a special haze meter where the sample is placed between an incandescent light source and geometrically arranged photocells. The amount of light transmitted by the sample, the light scattered by the sample and the instrument, and the total incident light are measured. From these values the percentage of transmitted light that is scattered can be calculated. The haze meter measures these variables and interrelates them so that the percentage of scattered light can be read on the meter.[1080] This test is important to products or in uses where true color and visibility are required.[1080] Haze can be inherent in the material, a result of the molding process, or a result of surface texture. Haze can also be a result of environmental factors such as weathering or surface abrasion.[' '691


Tests for Electrical Properties

Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D149; Additional Test Method: IEC 80243. Dielectric strength measures the material's ability to act as an insulator; the higher the dielectric strength, the better the insulation properties. Dielectric strength is expressed as volts per unit thickness and represents the maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through the material.[' '691 Any specimen thickness can be used; the most common thickness is between 0.8 and 3.2 mm.[1169] The test specimen is placed between two electrodes in air or oil. To test for the breakdown voltage, voltage is applied across two electrodes and increased ffom zero until electrical burn-through punctures the sample, or decomposition occurs.[' 1691 AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D150; Additional Test Method: IEC 60250. The ability of an insulator to store electrical energy can be measured through the dielectric constant, which is the ratio of the capacitance induced by two metallic plates with a film sample between them to the capacitance of the same plates with air or a vacuum between them. Better insulating materials have lower dielectric constants. Higher dielectric constants are used when high capacitance is needed.[' 1691 The dissipation factor measures the inefficiency of an insulating material and is defined as the reciprocal of the ratio between the insulating material's capacitive reactance to its resistance at a specified frequency.['1691

Introduction

8 The test method ASTM D150 is performed on a flat sample larger than 50 mm in diameter. The sample is placed between two metallic plates and capacitance is measured. A second test is made without the specimen between the two electrodes. The ratio of these two values is the dielectric constant.[1169] DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. Primary Film Test Method: ASTM D257; Additional Test Method: IEC 60093. The test method ASTM D257 covers directcurrent (DC) procedures for the determination of insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivities. Surface resistivity (ohms per square) is the resistance to leakage current along the surface of an insulating material. Volume resistivity (ohms-cm) is the resistance to leakage current through the body of an insulating material. The higher the surface/volume resistivity, the lower the leakage current. Also, the material is less conductive.[' 1691 A sample is placed between two electrodes and voltage is applied for sixty seconds. The resistance is measured and resistivity is calculated.[l 1691

3.0

Units

The data presented in this publication have been normalized, where possible, to SI units. The units are as varied as testing; in fact, some tests provide for the use of SI and English units. Where a source document presented units other than SI, the units were converted and are presented with SI units. Extensive references are included for the user who is interested in more information about the specific materials. With respect to this data compilation, the base units for the SI system include: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (amp), and Celsius ("C). Derived units include: newton (N) (kg . m/s2), pascal (Pa) (N/m2), and joule (J) (N . m). Many sources are available to convert from English to SI units.

Introduction

4.0

Regulations

Materials that come into contact with food and drugs must meet specific requirements. In the US, the regulating body is the FDA. It maintains the Code of Federal Regulations Title 2 1 (2 1 CFR), which governs use for food and drugs. Many manufacturers provide a 21 CFR statement for their materials. The 21 CFR contains many parts, and the numbers that follow 21 CFR xxx detail which part of the regulation applies; for example 21 CFR 177.1520 refers to PE, PP, and polyolefin copolymers. Packaging films are primarily evaluated for food contact. Within the 21 CFR, the factors that affect food contact status include the following:[1l7O] Chemical composition Function (base polymer, additive, colorant, etc.) Conditions of use (food type, time and temperature of contact) Compliance requirements (concentration limitation, physical properties, extraction tests, etc.) Additional routes exist for materials to be used in food contact applications, materials sanctioned by the FDA before 1958 and Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for the intended use by qualified expert~.[~~~~] Broad approvals for drug packaging do not currently exist. Drug packaging is generally evaluated as part of the drug, and some packaging materials are listed in USP and/or European Pharmacopoeia: USP has general requirements for containers and some specific tests for containers made from certain materials; European Pharmacopoeia has some specifications for materials. In both cases, in relation to materials, the listings are intended to characterize similar materials. In neither case do the listings indicate suitability for specific drug products.[l l7O]


Chapter 1

Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer = AMA Category: Nitrile

Film Applications: Barex acts as a chemically resistant, anti-scalping layer and as the heat-seal layer in packaging.[2003]

General Description: Intended primarily for packaging use, acrylonitrile-based resins are sometimes called barrier resins. Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer (AMA) is a clear, rubber-modified acrylonitrile with excellent chemical resistance and gas barrier properties, as well as a high modulus or stiffness.[loo41

Medical Packaging: Pharmaceutical and trans dermal patches. L20031

BP Chemicals’Barex is an aciylonitrile-methyl-aciylate copolymer grafted onto a nitrile rubber. Barex 210 and 218 are high-barrier, impact-modified copolymer resins. Barex 2 18 contains a high portion of impact

Regulatory Approval: Barex resins are in compliance with both EU and US FDA Regulations for direct food contact and specified beverage packaging, and are medically classified as a USP Class VI Plastic. [2003l

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, orientation.

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 1-01 through 1-02.


Food Packaging: Processed meats, fish, cheese, spices, sauces, extracts, and juice

Ch. 1:Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA

10 Table 1-01. Film Properties of BP Amoco Barex Film and Oriented Film

Material Family

I I I

Material Supplier Product Form Reference Number

ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL-ACRYLATE (AMA)

I I I

BP Amoco Barex Film

I

Oriented Film

2003

I I I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Sample Thickness (mm)

I I I I

Elongation to Break (%) Elongation to Yield (%) Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

0.025

I I I I

Tensile Modulus (MPa)

I

Gloss (60")

100-1 50

I 3

62-76 62-76

I I

3103-3795

I

20-60

95-115

103-1 52 76-83

I I I I

3792-4482

I

100-1 35

I

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 100°F (g mm/m2 Gas Permeability, 73"F, Oxygen (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

2.16

0.255

Ch. 1: Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA

0.3755

I

0.177


11 Table 1-02. Film Properties of BP Amoco Barex Resins Material Family

ACRYLONITRILE-METHYL-ACRYLATE (AMA)

Material Supplier

BP Amoco Barex

Material Grade

I

Reference Number

210

218

I

I

2003

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Elongation to Break (%) Elongation to Yield (%)

TEST METHOD

I I

100-1 50 3

I I

20-60 4

Flexural Strength, Yield (MPa)

96.5

94.5

Flex Modulus (GPa)

3.38

2.69

I I

ASTM D638

I I

ASTM D790

I I

lzod Impact (notched) (Jim) Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

I I

267 65.5

I I

481 51.7

I I

ASTM D256 ASTM D638

I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES Haze (%)

2.7

3.0

Gloss (60")

120

145

Transmittance (%)

BP Method

92.5

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate, IOO"F, 100% RH (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability, 73"F, 100% RH (cm3, mm/m2,day, atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide


2.0

ASTM F1249

0.3 0.08 0.45

ASTM D3985

Ch. 1: Acrylonitrile-Methyl-Acrylate Copolymer - AMA


CeIIu10s ic Category: Cellulosic General Description: The best known cellulosic film is cellophane.[1052] Other widely used cellulosic materials include cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose propionate (CP), and ethyl cellulose.[1004]

tic. This treatment includes coating with metal or other chemicals to alter its permeability to air and water. Cellophane is the most common food packaging material after paper and cardboard; over 50% of all twist-wrapped sweets are packaged in cellophane. [10521

Film Applications: Cellulose acetate provides the basis for many photographic films and can also be used in packaging. Many cellulosic films are important medically as dialysis membranes.[1052]

Regulatory Approval: Food additive regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permit use of cellulose acetate in specific food packaging applications. Cellulose acetate (CA) is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for use in paper and paperboard in contact with food, and has been previously sanctioned for use in film in food-contact applications.[l0701

Cellophane is flimsy and opaque and requires further treatment to render it transparent, soft, and plas-


Eastmans’ Cellulose acetate is a fine, dry, free-flowing powder.[1070]

Table 2-01. Film Properties of Eastman Tenite Cellulose Acetate

I

Material Family

CELLULOSIC

Material Grade

EASTMAN TENITE CA 398-3

Reference Number

I

1070

I

I

669

I

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dielectric Strength (kvicm) MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC

Specific Gravity

1.31

Acetyl Content (wt%)

39.8

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Refractive Index

I

80

I

I

1.475

I

’Determination of color and haze made on CAB solution using Pt-Co standard (color) and a monodisperse latexsuspension (haze). Analysis is performed with a Gardner Model XL-835 Colorimeter.

0Plastics Design Library

Ch. 2: Cellulosic

14 Table 2-02. Film Properties of Coated Cellophane Film Material Family

CELLULOSIC PLASTIC

Product Form

Film

Reference Number

268

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Material Composition Note

I I

0.023 PVDC coated

I I

TEST CONDITIONS

Temperature ("C)

20

Relative Humidity (%)

65

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Modulus of Elasticity, MD (MPa) Modulus of Elasticity, TD (MPa)

I I

1667 1371

Tensile Strength at Break, MD (MPa)

117.9

Tensile Strength at Break, TD (MPa)

88.3

Ultimate Elongation, MD (%)

I

30

Ultimate Elongation, TD (%)

60

Impact Strength (kg-cm)

3

Burst Strength (MPa) Pinhole Strength (9)

0.20

I

400

Elmendorf Tear Resistance, MD (gimm)

200

Elmendorf Tear Resistance, TD (gimm)

300

Tear Resistance, MD (9) Tear Resistance, TD (9)

I I

160 130

OTHER PROPERTIES

Water Absorption, (%)

100

Equilibrium Moisture Absorption (%)

13

Melting Point ("C)

150

Haze (%)

3.0

Surface Resistivity (ohms) Slip Factor (") Dimension Stability, MD (%) Dimension Stability, TD (%)

Ch. 2: Cellulosic

I I I

1.4E + 09 34 -3.2 -5.5


Chapter 3

Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer = ETFE Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) is a copolymer consisting of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene having unusually high strength. DuPont T2 films of Tefzel ETFE fluoropolymer are tensiled (uniaxially oriented) and heat toughened to increase mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and impermeability. DuPont T2 films are available as heat stabilized or heat shrinkable. They are highly transparent and weather resistant. One class is surface treated for printing or adhesive bonding to various substrates. L2Oo7]


Film Processing Methods: Tefzel film can be heat-sealed, die-cut, and folded.[2007] Film Applications: Pressure-sensitive tapes; flexible printed circuits; liquid pouches and other applications demanding high flex-life and high crack resistance, and the ability to withstand exposure to high temperatures and wear.[2007] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 3-01.

Ch. 3: Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer - ETFE

16 Table 3-01. Film Properties of DuPont Tefzel T2 ETFE Film Material Family

ETHYLENE TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE COPOLYMER (ETFE)

Material SupplieriGrade

DuPont Tefzel T2 ETFE Film

Reference Number

2007


I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature ("C)

I I

I I

0.0508 25


TEST METHOD

Dielectric Strength (kV1mm)

200

Dielectric Constant

2.6

Dissipation Factor

0.0008

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

I I I

Elastic Modulus, MD/TD (MPa) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I I

73,5001900 451650

Impact Resistance (Jimm)

66

Tensile Creep, MD/TD (%) (3,OOO-psi/l,OOO hr)

0.818.0

Tear Strength, Propagating, MD1TD (N)

I

I I

ASTM D882 ASTM D3420B

10.512.3

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD, (N1mm2)

234148

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kg1m3)

1.407

ASTM D542

Light Transmission (%)

I

95

I

ASTM D1003

I

I

ASTM D570

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I

Moisture Absorption (%) Water Vapor Permeability (g1m2 day mm)

I 0.3

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 3: Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer - ETFE

ASTM E96

I


Chapter 4

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer = FEP Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), a melt-processable fluorocarbon, is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene. Fluorinated ethylene propylene and TFE yield similar properties, with the exception of TFE’s lower melt viscosity.[1oo4] DuPont’s high-performance material Teflon FEP film is a transparent, thermoplastic Film Processing Methods: Fluorinated ethylenepropylene resins are processed by conventional meltextrusion techniques. Films may be thermoformed, vacuum-formed, heat-sealed, heat-bonded, welded, metallized, or laminated.[2007] Film Applications: Release films, permeation barriers.[20071 Chemical Compatibility: FEP produces chemically inert film that is solventresistant to virtually all chemicals except molten alkali metals, gaseous fluorine,


and certain complex halogenated compounds such as chlorine.[2007]

Electrical Properties: High dielectric strength (over 6500 V/mil for 1 mil film, no electrical tacking), nonwettable and non-charring, very low power factor, and dielectric constant.[2007] Physical Properties: High resistance to impact and tearing, useful physical properties at cryogenic temperatures. L20071 Weatherability: FEP film is inert to outdoor exposure, including high transmittance of ultraviolet rays and all but the far infrared spectrum.[2007] Regulatory Approval: DuPont FEP film complies with US FDA legislations for safe use with Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 4-01.

Ch. 4: Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer - FEP

18 Table 4-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon FEP Film

Material Family

FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE (FEP)


I

Reference Number

DuPont Teflon FEP Film

I

2007

I

I

0.025

I

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC

I


25

Dielectric Strength (kVimm)

260

Dielectric Constant, 25°C (77"F), 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225°C (-40" to 437"F), 1,000 Hz

2.0 2.02-1.93

Dissipation Factor, 25°C (77"F), 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225°C (-40" to 437"F), 1,000 Hz -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464"F), 1 MHz

ASTM D150 0.0002-0.0007 0.0002 0.0005

Insulation Resistance ( M a pF) at 100°C (212°F) at 150°C (302°F) at 200°C (392°F) Surface Arc Resistance (sec)

ASTM D149

350,000 250,000 65,000

I

Surface Resistivity (nisq) -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464°F)

>I65

ASTM D495

I

> I x 10'6 ASTM D257

Volume Resistivity (pm cm ) -40" to 240°C (-40" to 464°F)

I I I I

Bursting Strength (Mullen) (kPa) Elastic Modulus (MPa) Elongation at Break (%) Folding Endurance (MIT) (cycles) Impact Strength (Jim)

I

> I x 10'8

I I I I

76 480 300 10,000

I I I I

ASTM D774 ASTM D882 ASTM D2176

7.7 x 103

DuPont pneumatic impact tester

Tear Strength, Initial (Graves) (N)

2.65

ASTM D1004

Tear Strength, Propagating, (Elmendorf). (N) . .

1.23

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break (Nimm2)

21

Yield Point (MPa)

12

ASTM D882

(Cont 'd.)



19

Refractive Index (kg/m3)

1.341-1.347

ASTM D542

Solar Transmission (%)

96

ASTM D424

Moisture Absorption (%)

402

Gas Permeability, 73"F, 100% RH (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Carbon Dioxide Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

647.5 852.5 125 40

ASTM D1434

0.195

Cenco Fitch

0.72% expansion 2.2% shrinkage

30 min at 150°C

VTM-0

ANSliUL 94

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) Dimensional Stability, MD TD Flammability Classification Heat Deflection Temperature ("C) at 0.46 N/mm2 at 0.1.82 N/mm2

70

Zero Strength Temperature' ("C)

255


51



Chapter 5

Perfluoroalkoxy Resin = PFA Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) films have extremely high temperature resistance. DuPont high-performance material Teflon PFA resin is available in pellet or powder.[2007] DuPont T2 films of Teflon PFA are tensiled (uniaxially oriented) and heat toughened to increase mechanical performance, dimensional stability, and impermeability. DuPont T2films are available as heatstabilized or heat-shrinkable. They are highly transparent and weather resistant. One class is surface treated for printing or adhesive bonding to various substrates. L2Oo7]

Film Processing Methods: Teflon films can be thermoformed, laminated, heat-sealed, die-stamped, and oriented.[2007] Film Applications: Sterile packaging, and Specialty Film Industries.[2007] Chemical Compatibility: DuPont PFA film is chemically inert and solvent resistant to virtually all chemicals, except molten alkali metals, gaseous fluorine, and certain complex halogenated compounds, such as chlorine trifluoride at elevated temperatures


and pressures. Teflon has low permeability to liquids, gases, moisture, and organic vapors.[2007]

Electrical Reliability: DuPont PFA film shows retention of properties over large areas of film, including high dielectric strength (over 260 kV/mm for 0.025 mm film [6500 V/mil for 1-mil film]),no electrictracking, non-wettable and non-charring, and very low power factor and dielectric constant, only slight change over wide ranges of temperature and frequency.L20071 Wide Thermal Range: Continuous service temperature: -240"-260°C. Melting Range: 300"-3 1O"C, h e a t - ~ e a l a b l e . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Mechanical Toughness: Superior antistick and low frictional properties, high resistance to impact and tearing, and useful physical properties at cryogenic temperatures. L20071 Long Time Weatherability: PFA film is inert in outdoor exposure, and demonstrates a high transmittance of ultraviolet light in all but the far infrared ~pectrum.[~~~~] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 5-01 through 5-02.

Ch. 5: Perfluoroalkoxy Resin - PFA

22 Table 5-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon PFA Film Material Family

PERFLUOROALKOXY (PFA)


DuPont Teflon Film

Reference Number

2007


I

Sample Thickness (mm)

I

Temperature ("C)

I I

I

0.050 25

Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)

260

ASTM D149

Dielectric Constant, 2 5 T , 100 Hz to 1 MHz -40" to 225"C, 1,000 HZ

2.0 2.02-1.93

ASTM D150

Dissipation Factor, 2 5 T , 100 Hz to 1 MHz

0.0002-0.0007

Volume Resistivity (pm cm) -40" to 240°C

I

ASTM D257

> I x 10"

I

I I

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I I

Elastic Modulus (MPa) Elongation at Break (%)

480 300

I I

ASTM D882

Folding Endurance (MIT) (cycles)

100,000

ASTM D2176

Impact Resistance (Jim)

6.2 x 104

DuPont pneumatic impact tester

Tearstrength, Initial (Graves) (N) Tear Strength, Propagating, (Elmendorf) (N)

I I

I I

Tensile Strength at Break (N/mm2) Yield Point (MPa)

I

I I I

4.9

I

0.74 21 12

I I

ASTM D1004

I

ASTM D1922

I

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kg/m3)

1.350

ASTM D542

Solar Transmission (%)

96

ASTM D424


I


I

Water Vapor Permeability (g mm/m2 day)

0.01

I

I

0.1

ASTM E96

70 100 335

ASTM D1434

Gas Permeability (cm3/m2 24 hr atm) Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen



23 Table 5-02. Film Properties of DuPont Teflon T2 PFA Film Material Family

PERFLUOROALKOXY (PFA)


DuPont Teflon T2 PFA Film

Reference Number

2007


I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Temperature (“C)

I I

I I

0.0508 25

Dielectric Strength (kV1mm)

160

Dielectric Constant

2.1

Dissipation Factor

0.0002

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Elastic Modulus, MD/TD (MPa) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I I

Impact Resistance (Jim)

I

76011400 601450

I I

66

ASTM D882 ASTM D3420B

Tensile Creep, MD/TD (%) (1,5OO-psi/l,OOO hr)

4115

Tear Strength, Propagating, MD1TD (N)

1.810.9

ASTM D1922

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (N1mm2)

69124

ASTM D882

Refractive Index (kgim3)

1.358

ASTM D542

I

95

I

ASTM D1003


I

0.3

I

ASTM D570

Water Vapor Permeability (gm2 day mm)

I

0.1


I


I I

ASTM E96





Chapter 6

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene = PCTFE Category: Fluoropolymer General Description: Honeywell Aclar films are crystal-clear films made from fluorinated-chlorinated resins that demonstrate excellent moisture-barrier properties :L20 141 Homopolymer. Aclar Rx series Copolymers. Aclar 22A, 33C, and Cx Film Processing Methods: Through the use of conventional thermoplastic processing techniques, PCTFE can be molded as well as extruded into transparent film and sheet,[loo4]and laminated, heatsealed, printed thermoformed, metallized, and sterilized. L20 31 Applications: The following is a list of a few products and their applications: Aclar 11A. Industrial and electronics packaging.L20 41 Aclar 22A, Rx 160, SupRx 900, UltRx 2000 and 3000. Pharmaceutical packaging, blister packages.[2014] Aclar 22C. Encapsulating film for clean room packaging and electroluminescent lamps.L20 41 Aclar 33C. Military and industrial packaging as either a monolayer film or as a chemical and moisture barrier in laminate

Chemical Properties: Chemically inert with no known limitations regarding flavor retention. Plasticizer and stabilizer Optical Properties: Aclar provides clear, "see through" packaging to ensure product identification. "20 131 Permeability to Water and Other Liquids: Medium, high, and ultra-high moisture barrier properties are available ranging from 0.78 g/m2/day to 0.08 g/ m2/day.Aclar films have an outstanding ability to prevent the passage of water vapor and liquids, providing product protection. Because of its transparency, these films permit inspection viewing of the product while protecting the product from moisture.[2013] Regulatory Approval: The drug master file, DMF1578, has been established for Aclar films. Regarding the US FDA, Aclar films are made from resins that comply with 21 CFR 177.1380. With respect to Europe, Aclar films are made from monomers on the positive list of starting substances contained in the EC directive 90/128/EEC. Aclar films comply with many other regulatory requirements (CONEG and EU heavy metal limitations, California Proposition 65, e t ~ . ) . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 6-01 through 6-03.

Aclar Cx 130E. Moisture protection.[20141


Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

Table 6-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Aclar Fluoropolymer Film Material Family

POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE) Aclar Fluoropolymer Film 22A

11A'

I

Reference Number

I

22c

I

2014


I I


I I

0.0225

-

I I

0.038

0.050

23

-

Relative Humidity (%)

I

I I

I I

50

Dimensional Stability, MD (%)

+8 to + I 5

+ I 2 to + I 5

+5 to + I 0

Dimensional Stability, TD (%)

-8 to -13

-12 to-15

-5 to -10

ASTM D1204 Elongation, MD (%)

I

70-130

Elongation, TD (%)

I

I

125-225

200-300

150-250

ASTM D882 Secant Modulus, MD (MPa)

-

97-110

138-1 72

Secant Modulus, TD (MPa)

-

104-1 10

124-1 52

I

325-350 n4

Tensile Strength, MD (MPa)

75.8-141

52-76

55-69

Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

44.1-57.9

40-55

34-48

ASTM D882 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze(%)

Water Vapor Permeability, 37.8"C, 100% RH (gm2 day mm)

I

-

0.0060

Ch. 6: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene - PCTFE

I

I

I 41/55 2901310 4251430

I I I

3.511.5

I

9.3

I

34/56 3601400 5001490

I I I

212.5

I

1.2

I

0.3 >I 12/12

920/710

I I I

0.511

I

0.6

I

I

I

I

I ASTM D1894

I

16/14 20120 8101830

I I

l/l

I

1.0

I

Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

41/48

69/69

55/48

62/62

48/48

69/69

Yield Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

21/21

41/41

45/39

22119

-

-

110 20

160

ASTMD1922 ASTM D882 ASTMD1004

I I I

ASTM D456

I

ASTM D3420

I

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Gloss (20") cast blown Haze (%) cast blown

I

1.2 14

30

I

115 150

I

iEi

I

133 130

I f!O

I

ASTM D24E

ASTM D1003

Transparency (%) ASTM D1746 blown bCapron 8207F Type 6 nylon. MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.

Ch. 11: Amorphous Nylon


Chapter 12

Nylon 6 - PA 6 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Nylon 6 provides an excellent barrier to oils and fats and does not absorb or transmit most flavors. Factors limiting the use of nylon 6 in packaging are processing difficulties and poor water-barrier performance.[1081] EMS Grilon F50 is specifically suited for use in monolayer blown films and extrusion blow-molded containers.L202l]

to be used in the medical market for the packaging of surgical equipment that will undergo steam sterilization. Capron films allow moisture to escape the package at a faster rate compared to other materials.[lO~Ol By combining Capron with polyolefins, foils, and other materials, converters are able to produce packaging films that will provide the level of moisture barrier they desire.[1080]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, extrusion coating, blown film, and nylon films can easily be thermoformed and biaxially stretched.[1080]

Physical Properties: Capron resin is an excellent material for use at both high and low temperatures, making it an ideal choice for applications that will go from the freezer into boiling water or microwave oven. The retention of elongation and tensile properties after extended immersion in boiling water is significant. After 10 hours of boiling, it retains 100% of its elongation properties and 90% of its tensile strength. Even after 36 hours of boiling, it retains 90% elongation and 80% of its tensile strength.[1080]

Film Applications: Multilayer packaging: food and medical, covedbase, pouch, and solid films.[2021]

Regulatory Approval: Capron 6 meets requirements of 21 CFR 177.1500 for food contact.[1080]

Barrier Properties: Capron provides an effective barrier to gases, oils, flavors, and chemicals while being permeable to water vapor. This attribute allows Capron

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 12-01 and 12-02.

The functional properties of Honeywell Capron Nylon 6 resin make it a highly cost-effective nylon resin for use in multilayer packaging films. It combines easily with polyolefins and other materials.[1080]


Ch. 12: Nylon 6 - PA 6

48 Table 12-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Capron 6 Nylon Film Material Family

NYLON 6


Capron 6 Nylon

Reference Number

1080


I


I

I

0.025

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

I I

Bursting Strength (kPa)

I TEST METHOD

I

I

does not burst 69-124

ASTM D774

Elongation, MD/TD (%)

375-5001375-500

ASTM D882

Fold Endurance, TD1MD (cycles)

~250,0001~250,000

ASTM D2176

Impact Strength (kg cm) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

I I

4.4 69-1 10169-1 10

I

ASTM D882 HSIM U'IYZZ

I

I I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20") (%) Haze(%)

I I

2.5-5

Water Vapor Permeability, IOO"F, 90% RH, (g mm1m2 day) Gas Permeability ("C) (cm3 mm1m2 day atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide


I I

70-100

ASTM D2457 ASTM D1003

I I

7.9 0

23

50

0.2 0.08 0.24

1.02 0.35 1.85

5.5 4.7 17.3


49 Table 12-02. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon F50 Film Material Family

NYLON 6


EMS Chemie Grilon

Reference Number

2021


I


I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation at Break (%)

600

Elongation at Yield (%)

9

IS0 1184

Elongation, TD (%)

I I I I

375-500

I Impact Penetration Energy (Nm) I Tensile Strength at Break (MPa) I Tear Propagation Resistance (Nimm) I Flex Test (Gelbo) (cycles

Yield Strength (MPa)

I I

Gloss (60") (%) Haze (%)

900 4 100 500

ASTM D882

I I I I

35

I I

100 2.5-5

EMS Test IS0 6603 IS0 1184

DIN 53363

I I I I

IS0 1184

I I

DIN 67530 ASTM D1003

I I


Moisture Absorption, 2 3 T , 50% RH (%) Water Vapor Permeability, 23"C, 85% RH, (g mmim2 day) Gas Permeability, 2 3 T , 0% RH (cm3 mmim2 day atm) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

II

Water Absorption, 23"Ciin water,

(%I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.


2-3

IS0 62

1.o

DIN 53122

1.25 0.5 4.0

DIN 53380

9

IS0 62

I I



Chapter 13

Nylon 66 - PA 66 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Nylon 66, hexamethylene diamine adipic acid, is one of the most widely used nylons.[1004]DuPont Dartek films are made from nylon 66 and, depending upon grade, can be the following: transparent; PVDC-coated; treated for ink, adhesive, and coating receptivity; machine-direction oriented or monoaxially oriented; and can have highbarrier properties.[2023]A high viscosity polyamide 66 product, BASF Ultramid A5 nylon, was developed for extrusion and film applications.[2024] The following are descriptions of some common DuPont Dartek films:

Dartek B-602. A strong transparent nylon film with PVDC coating applied to one side.[2023] Dartek F-101. A clear, cast nylon film designed for thermoforming applications.[20231 Dartek N-201. A nylon film made from type 66 polymer.[2023] Dartek 0-401. A machine-direction -oriented nylon type 66 film.[2023]


Dartek UF-410. A monoaxially oriented nylon 66 film with good “slip” characteristics.[2023] Many of the properties of nylon 66 film are improved upon orientation, particularly the overall toughness and gas permeability.[2023]

Film Processing Methods: Dartek, depending upon grade, can be printed, laminated, extrusion coated, thermoformed, and metallized.[2023] Film Applications: Dartek has assorted shapes for packaging meat and cheese, industrial end-uses, pouch and primal bags, stiff packages, snacks, condiments, shredded cheese, and coffee.[2023] Regulatory Approval: Certificates regarding the status of Ultramid A5 nylon with respect to agency compliance, i.e., FDA, BGA, and EEC, can be obtained by contacting BASF.[2024] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 13-01 through 13-02.

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66

52 Table 13-01. Film Properties of DuPont Dartek Nylon 66 Films Material Family

NYLON 66 DuPont Dartek

Material SupplieriGrade F-101

I

Reference Number

N-201 and 0-401

UF-410

I

I

2023


I


I

0.025

I

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Elongation, MD/TD (%) Impact Strength (9)

3001300

501250

ASTM D882

600

-

ASTM D1709

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

689.51689.5

224112241

224 111931


62.1162.1

241.3162.05

35130

751125

ASTM D882 Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD1TD (gimil) Tear Strength (Graves) MD1TD (sirnil)

1,000/700

6001600

ASTM D1992 8501600

ASTM Dl004

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20") (%) Haze(%)

Water Vapor Permeability(23"C, 90% RH) (g mm1m2 day) Gas Permeability,02 (23"C, 0% RH) fcm3 mm1m2 dav atml

Coefficient of Friction, film to film Static Kinetic

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66

I I

I I

150 1.o

7.37 1.36

0.60 0.45

140 3.0

2.175 0.58511. I 6


I I

ASTM E398 0.585

-

I I

ASTM Dl434

ASTM D1894


53 Table 13-02. Film Properties of BASF Ultramid A5 PA 66 Film Material Family

NYLON 66


BASF Ultramid A5

Reference Number

2024


I


I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Elongation at Break, MD (%) Puncture Resistance, falling dart (Nmm) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

Gloss (45") (%)

I

Haze (%)

I

I

375

IS0 527

3,000

IS0 7765-2

1O O i l 00

ASTM D882

120

DIN 67530

8

I

ASTM D1003

I


Gas Permeability, 0% RH, 02 (cm3, mmim2, day, atm)

I



16

ASTM D3985

I

Ch. 13: Nylon 66 - PA 66


Chapter 14

Nylon 6/66 - PA 6/66 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic

Film Applications: Gas-barrier and moisture-barrier films for multi-layer

General Description: Honeywell Plastics Capron offers materials combining the benefits of both nylon 6 and nylon 66. Capron 6/66 possesses the combination of strength and toughness associated with nylon 6/66 as well as excellent heat, chemical, and abrasion

Regulatory Approval: Capron conforms to Food and Drug Administration requirements of 21 CFR 177.1500.[2025] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 14-01.

Film Processing Methods: Cast or blown film.[2025]

Table 14-01. Film Properties of Honeywell Plastics Capron 6/66 Films

I I I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

Gas Permeability (cc/m2/day) Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

I

I I I

NYLON 6/66

Honeywell Plastics Capron 2025

I I I

2.4 0.5 7.3

Note: Film thickness not specified


Ch. 14: Nylon 6/66 - PA 6/66


Chapter 15

Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: A nylon copolymer, EMS Chemie Grilon CA 6E contains a relatively high (3-5%) fraction of low-molecular-weight components. The advantage of this copolyamide is its low melt temperature, high flexibility, and high shrinkage after orientation. Grilon CA 6E and Grilon CF 6 s have similar physical properties. Grilon CR 9 HV is a high-viscosity nylon copolymer developed for the manufacture of coextruded films.[2021] Film Processing Methods: Coextrusion, multilayer blown and cast films.[2021]


Film Applications: Grilon CF 6 s is particularly suitable for boil-in-bag applications. Grilon CR 9 is suitable for multilayer food packaging films for dry, nonfatty food packaging. Grilon CR 9 HV is a superior product for extreme-draw,thermoforming films.[2o21] Regulatory Approval: Grilon CR 6 s is FDA-listed for direct contact with foodstuff containing less than 8% alcohol. Grilon CR 9 and CR 9 HV may be used in multilayer food packaging without direct contact with foodstuff.[2021] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 15-01.

Ch. 15: Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12

Table 15-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 6/12 Films

I

Material Family

I CF 6s

I

Reference Number

I

NYLON 6/12

CR 9

I

CR 9 HV

I

2021


I


I

0.025

I

I

0.050

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD


12

7


800

700

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib)

18

27

3 (Nm)

IS0 6603

Tear Propagation Resistance (MPa)

358.5

517.1

520

DIN 53363

Tensile Strength at Break (MPa)

68.95

82.7

80

20

30.3

30

IS0 1184

IS0 1184

Yield Strength (MPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Gloss (60")

Moisture Absorption, (73"F, 50% RH) (%) Water Absorption, (73"Fiin water) (%) Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 15: Nylon 6/12 - PA 6/12

I

I

130

DIN 67530

I

1.5-2 IS0 62

-5

-9

0.67

1.9

7.5

DIN 53122

5.91 19.7 3.15

5.5 299 1.5

2.75 100 7.5

ASTM D3985 ASTM D3985 DIN 53380


Chapter 16

Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic

or cast into films. Grilon BM 17 SBG can be readily

Film Processing Methods: Grilon BM 13 SBG and Grilon BM 17 SBG can be coextruded, blown,



Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69

Table 16-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 6/69 Films

I

Material Family

I

EMS CHEMIE GRILON BM 13 SBG

Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

I


I

NYLON 6/69

2021

I

0.050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD


8


800

IS0 1184

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib) Tear Propagation Resistance fMPal


18

IS0 6603

303.7

DIN 53363

68.95 IS0 1184

15.2

Yield Strength (MPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Gloss (60")

I

130

I

DIN 67530

I


Moisture Absorption (73"F, 50% RH) (%) Water Absorption [73"F/in water) [%) Water Vapor Permeability (73°F. 85% RH) (a mm/m2 dav) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69

2.5-3

- 10

IS0 62

0.75

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51



61 Table 16-02. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon Nylon 66/69/610 Films Material Family

NYLON 6/69 EMS Chemie Grilon

Material SupplieriGrade BM 17 SBG

I

Reference Number

I

I

2021


I


I

I

0.050

I


650

IS0 1184

Tear Propagation Resistance (MP4

80

DIN 53363

Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day) Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen


0.75

0.9

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51

3.25 10.25


-

Ch. 16: Nylon 6/69 - PA 6/69


Chapter 17

Nylon 66/610 - PA 66/610 Category: Nylon, Polyamide, Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20 SBG is a nylon copolymer, film-grade resin developed for coextruded film structures requiring a very “clean” Processing Methods: Grilon BM 20 SBG can be readily converted using cast or blown film equipment, and can be oriented using most systems.[2021]


Applications: BM 20 SBG films are suitable for medical packaging applications as well as direct food contact. L2O2l1 Regulatory Approval: Grilon BM 20 SBG is FDAlisted for direct contact with foodstuff.[2021] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 17-01.

Ch. 17: Nylon 66/61 0 - PA 66/610

64 Table 17-01. Film Properties of EMS Chemie Grilon BM 20 SBG Films Material Family

NYLON 661610 EMS Chemie Grilon

Material SupplieriGrade BM 20 SBG

I

Reference Number

I

2021

I

I

0.050

I


I



8


800

IS0 1184

I

Impact Penetration Energy (in Ib) Tear Propagation Resistance

I

4

I

462


75.8

Yield Strength (MPa)

24.8

I

IS0 6603

DIN 53363

IS0 1184 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Gloss (60")

130

Moisture Absorption, (73"F, 50% RH) (%)

2-3

Water Absorption, (73"Fiin water) (%)

-6

Water Vapor Permeability (73"F, 85% RH) (g mm/m2 day)

0.75

DIN 53122

2.5 6.5 0.51


DIN 67530

IS0 62

Gas Permeability (73"F, 0% RH) (cm3 mm/m2 24 hr atm) Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

Ch. 17: Nylon 66/61 0 - PA 66/610


Chapter 18

Polyethylene Napthalate = PEN Category: Polyester, Thermoplastic General Description: Polyethylene napthalate (PEN) resin can be processed into films, fibers, and containers.[1004]Biaxially oriented PEN films offer improved physical properties when compared with OPET.[1055] DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex and Teonex PEN Films are designed for special situations, where films are subjected to especially stringent conditions such as extreme heat or harsh chemicals, or for those applications where exceptional barrier performance is re-

quired. They offer significantly better resistance to thermal and hydrolytic aging compared to PET, exceptional dimensional stability, excellent barrier properties, and inherent UV protection.[1055]

Film Processing Methods: Films may be biaxially oriented.L312] Film Applications: Electrical insulation, flexible printed circuits, membrane touch switches, labels, graphics, voice coils, and general industrial application~.[~~~~] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 18-01 through 18-02.


Ch. 18: Polyethylene Napthalate - PEN

66 Table 18-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex PEN Film Material Family

POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)


DuPont Teijin Films Kaladex

Product Form Product Information

Film Type KIOOO

Film Type 2000

A clear film for use when optical transparency is of paramount importance

Slightly hazy film

Reference Number

I I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Area yield (m2ikg) Density (gicc)

1055

I I I

I I I

0.075 9.80 1.36


I I I TEST METHOD

Breakdown Voltage, 0.25 inch electrodes in dry air at 25°C (kV)

ASTM D149

12.0

Dissipation Factor (23"C, 50 Hz) (23"C, 1 kHz) (23"C, 10 kHz) (50"C, 50 Hz) (IOOT, 50 Hz) (150"C, 50 Hz)

0.0034 0.0042 0.0048 0.0048 0.0055 0.0125

ASTM D150 Permittivity (23"C, 10 kHz) (23"C, 1 kHz) (23"C, 50 kHz) (50"C, 50 Hz) (IOOT, 50 Hz) (150"C, 50 Hz) Surface Resistivity (500 ohmsisq V dc at 20°C and 54% RH) (log) Volume Resistivity (100 ohms m V dc at 25°C and 1,000 s) (log)

3.20 3.22 3.24 3.27 3.29 3.40 15

I

1

I

ASTM D257

16

(Cont 'd.)



67 Table 18-01. (Cont'd.) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Elongation to Break, MD (%)

I

60

Elongation to Break, TD (%)

65

F5 (force to elongation 5% of guage length, strain rate 50%) MD/TD (MPa)

1351135 ASTM D882

-

Hydrolysis Resistance (water at 90°C for 2,500 hrs), MD/TD (%) Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa) Propagation, MD1TD (9)

I I

73/74 2001200

-18

I

11.5112.5

I

5,000

Young's Modulus (MPa)


Haze (%)

1.10

25

Total Light Transmission (%)

88

85

ASTM D1003 THERMAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, between 2O0-50"C, l/K, MD/TD

I Cont. Use Temp. (mechanical) ("C) I Cont. Use Temp. (electrical) ("C)

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

UL 746B, w10 electrical

160

I

UL 746B, w10 impact

VTM-2

UL 94x

120

I

DSC

I

262

Shrinkage after5 min at 19O"C, MD/TD (%) Slip, Coefficient of Static Friction

II

-

Flammability

Melting Point (peak) ("C)

180

20 x 106121 x 106

0.6511.OO

I

-

I

0.27

II

DuPont Method

MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction



68 Table 18-02. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Teonex PEN Film

I

Material Family

I


Teijin DuPont Films Teonex

Product Form

I I

Product Information Reference Number

I

POLYETHYLENE NAPTHALATE (PEN)

Film Type Q83

Film Type Q51

I I

I I

biaxially oriented, slightly hazy 1055


I


TEST METHOD

I

Density (g1m2)

Breakdown Voltage (kV1mm)

I

I

300

0.050

I

0.36

I

0.003

I JIS C2151

0.0046 0.0053

-

Permittivity (25"C, 60 Hz) (25"C, 100 kHz) (25"C, 1 kHz) (25"C, 51 GHz)

0.005 0.005

-

3.0

-

2.9 2.8

2.9 2.9

-

JIS C2318

Surface Resistivity (25"C, I O l 7 ohm)

2

Volume Resistivity (25"C, I O l 7 ohm)

10

2.9

JIS C2318


0.3

-

TDF Method

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

6.7

-

JIS 20208

Gas Permeability, COZ (cm3, mm1m2~day, atm)

2.42

-

Gas Permeability, 02

2.42

-

Elongation to Break, MD/TD (%)

I

F5 (force to elongation 5% of guage length, strain rate 50%), MD/TD (MPa) Folding Endurance, MDITD

I I

0.025 1.36

Dissipation Factor (25"C, 60 Hz) (25"C, 100 kHz) (25"C, 1 kHz) (25"C, 1 GHz)

I

I I

Impact Strength, MD/TD ( l o 6 N) ~ o o Stiffness, p MD/TD (mg)

I I

90185

JIS C2151

I

1181115

1351135

1461146

-

1,l00/1,300

6351490 1.711.8

I I

-

ASTM D1434

I

JIS C238

ASTM D882

I I

ASTM D1822 TDF Method

(Cont 'd.)




TEST METHOD

Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD (MPa)

I

2751265

Tear Propagation Resistance, MD/TD (9)

616

Tear Initiation Resistance, MD1TD [N (mm1mm2)]

I

Young's Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

1751175

I

6,08016,080

I I I I

2071236

ASTM D882

8.918.7

JIS P8116

-

JIS C2318

6,350/7,017

I

ASTM D882

I I I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

14

Haze (%) Refractive Index (nx)

I

12

JIS K6714

TDF Method

1.759

Refractive Index (ny)

1.757

1.749

Refractive Index (nz)

1.499

1.505

TLT(%)

I

UV Light Permeability (IOl7ohmat 360 nm)

82

I

8

84

I

11

JIS K6714

I

TDF Method

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES

Roughness, Inside, Ra (nm)

I I

13

Roughness,Outside, Rm (nm) Coefficient of Slip (static and dynamic)

TDF Method

-

11

JIS C2151

0.3 I

I I

I

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, MD ( I O V C )

13

-

Coefficient of Hydrolytic Expansion, MD (IOVRH %)

11

-

Cont. Use Temp. (electrical, 25-250 mic) ("C)

180

-

Cont. Use Temp. (mechanical, 25-250 mic) ("C)

160

-

TDF Method

UL 746B

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

121

Melting Point (peak) ("C)

269

DSC Shrinkage, 150°C, 30 min, MD/TD (%)

0.410

0.0910

Shrinkage, 200°C, 10 min MD/TD (%)

211

0,3010.05

Shrinkage, 230°C, 10 min, MD/TD (%)

-

0,9810.94

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.


JIS C2318

I



Chapter 19

Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate = PCTG Category: Copolyester General Description: Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445, an amorphous resin, has high gloss and is transparent. It is tough and resistant to stress whitening, has fast-forming cycles, is easy to form, and is sterilizable by both gamma radiation and ethylene oxide (ETO) methods.[lll7]

Film Processing Methods: Thermoformed, fabricated and heat-sealed.[l1l7I Film Applications: Because of its clarity, toughness, and good melt-strength, Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445 is useful in a number of applications: bags, blister packaging, etc.[1117] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 19-01.


Ch. 19: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate - PCTG

72 Table 19-01. Film Properties of Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445 Film Material Family

POLYCYCLOHEXYLENEDlMETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE(PCTG)


Eastman Eastar PCTG Copolyester 5445

Reference Number

1117


I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (g/m2)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.250 1.23

I I

ASTM D1505

I I

PERMEATION PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

1.75

ASTM F372

Gas Permeability, 02, COZ (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

11.49

ASTM D1434

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Dart Impact, 23°C (9)

460

Dart Impact, -18°C (9)

540

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD (N)

>29

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), TD (N)

>29

ASTM D1709A modified

ASTM D1922

I

Tensile Strength at Break, MDiTD (MPa)

57/53

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDiTD (MPa)

45/44


I

1,600/1,600

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze (%)

1.o

ASTM D1003

Gloss (45")

98

ASTM D2457

Refractive Index (no)

1.56

ASTM D542

TLT(%)

I

91

I

ASTM D1003

I

I

0.5

I

ASTM D1894

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES

I

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm)


Ch. 19: Polycyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate - PCTG


Chapter 20

Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified = PETG Film Applications: Bags, blister packaging, protective sleeves, and electronic packaging.[l1l8I

Category: Copolyester General Description: Clear amorphous copolyester resin.[l l81

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 20-0 1.

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, extrusion blow-molding,thermoforming, injection molding, fabrication, and heat-sealing.[l 18]

Table 20-01. Film Properties of Eastman Eastar PETG Copolyester 6763 for Electronic Packaging

I I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade

I I

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE GLYCOL-MODIFIED (PETG) Eastman Eastar PETG Copolyester 6763

Reference Number

1118


0.250

Density (g/m2) Inherent Viscosity

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

I I

I

Gas Permeability, 02, COZ (cm3, m m / m 2 ~day, atm)

1.27

ASTM D374

0.70

Eastman Test Method EMN-A-AC-G-V-1

1.5

ASTM F372

10,49

ASTM D1434

I I

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Dielectric Constant (1 kHz)

2.6

Dielectric Constant (1 MHz)

2.4

Dielectric Constant, short time (kV/mm)

16

ASTM D150

Dissipation Factor (1 kHz)

0.005

Dissipation Factor (1 MHz)

0.02

ASTM D149 ASTM D150

I

Arc Resistance (s)

I

158

Volume Resistivity (ohm-cm)

1015

Surface Resistivity (ohm-square)

10'6

I

ASTM D495

I

ASTM D257


Ch. 20: Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified - PETG


I

Dart Impact, 23°C (9)

400

Dart Impact, -18°C (9)

500

ASTM D1709A modified

13.7116.7

ASTM D1922

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD1TD (N) Elongation at Yield, MD1TD (%)

I

414 ASTM D882

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

4001400

Tear Strength (PPT), MD/TD (N)

93193

ASTM D1922

Tear Propagation Resistance or Split -Tear Method, MD/TD " "m)l

9.1 (2.1)19.1 (2.1)

ASTM D1938 at 254 mmimin

Tear Resistance (Trouser), MD/TD (Nimm)

36136

IS0 638311

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MPa)

52152

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (MPa)

59159


I

Gloss(45") Refractive Index (no) Transparency (%)

1,90011,900

I I I

Transmittance (%) total spectral

108 1.56 85 91 89


Ch. 20: Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-Modified - PETG

I

ASTM D882

I

0.8

Haze (%)

I I I

I

ASTM D1003

I I I

ASTM D2457 ASTM D542 ASTM D1746

I I I

ASTM D1003 modified

I


Chapter 21

Polyethylene Terephthalate = PET Category: Thermoplastic Polyester General Description: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a water white polymer. DuPont Selar PT specialty polyester resins offer excellent aroma and flavor protection, good chemical resistance, and PET with recyclable potential. Properties include toughness, high melt strength, low coefficient of friction, and high temperature resistance. Film made from SelarPT 4274 is translucent. Selar PT 8307 has good melt strength.[l 1251 DuPont Teijin Films’ line of Melinex Films are biaxially-orientedpolyester films :L10551 Melinex 864. A polyester film, chemically treated on two sides. Melinex 854. A clear one side coextruded heat-sealable surface. The opposite surface is adhesion pretreated. Melinex 822. A polyester film that has been chemically pretreated on one side. Melinex 813. A polyester film one side pre-treated for ink adhesion. Melinex 800. A clear, non-pretreated base film with high gloss, low haze, and excellent processability. Melinex 800C. A clear one side corona-treated polyester film.

Film Processing Methods: Melinex: industrial, packaging, imaging, printing, technical, and consumer


Film Applications: SelarPTResins. Sheet extrusion, cast and blown film, and extrusion coating.[11251 Selar PT 42 74. Strong heat-sealability to itself and other polyesters, making it suitable for use alone or in laminated structures as the inside sealing layer.[l1251 Selau. PT 8307. Ideal for extrusion coating as a monolayer or in a coextruded film structure and for coextrusion with temperature-sensitive Melinex 864. Designed for printing and extruded polyethylene adhesion.[10551 Melinex 854. Heat-sealable surface acceptable for both water and solvent ink systems. [10551 Melinex 822. Designed for printing and extruded polyethylene adhesion.[10551 Melinex 813. Accepts both solventand water-based Melinex 800C. Suitable for flexible packaging, printing, and lamination~.[~~~~] Mylar. Magnetic media packaging, laminating substrate for flexible packaging, boil-in-bag, lids, microwave applications, oven wrap, and snack bags.r1 20]

Ch. 21: Polyethylene Terephthalate - PET

76 Melinex 800. Compliant with the Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630, Sections (f), (g), and (h).[10551

Regulatory Approval: Selar PT 4274. Compliant with Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630.[1125] Melinex 864 and Melinex 822. Compliant with Food and Drug Administration regulations 21 CFR 177.1630.[1055]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 2 1-01 through 21-02.

Melinex 854 and Melinex 813. Compliant with the Food and Drug Administration regulations 2 1 CFR 177.1630, Sections (f) and (g).[10551

Table 21-01. Film Properties of DuPont Teijin Films Melinex 864 PET Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)

864

854

822

Reference Number

813

800

1055


0.025

0.031

0.025

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

1.1

1.13

1.10

Gas Permeability,02 (cm3 mm1m2 day atm)

2.4

2.46

2.36

0.79

1.10

ASTM F372

2.4

ASTM D1434

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

I

110180

I

I10190

I

I

110/70

I ASTM D8824

Heat Seal Temperature Range ("C)

-

104-204

-

Heat Seal Strength (gimm)

-

15.74

-

Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD (MPa)

2 131237

1861200

2131290

140°C, 0.275 MPa, 1 sec

2151290

2151269

ASTM D882A

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

3.5

Haze (%) Total Luminous Transmittance

(%I

3.6 ASTM D1003

90

88.6

90

0.4

0.6

0.4

85

85.5

SURFACE PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction (static)

0.5 ASTM D1894

0.5

Coefficient of Slip (dynamic)

Shrinkage (%) MD TD

1.20 0.30

1.25 0.30

0.4

1.25 0.5

1.20 1.25

1.26 1.30

150°C, 30 min




77 Table 21-02. Film Properties of DuPont Selar 4274 Film and Selar 8307 Sheet

I

Material Family

I


DuPont Selar 4274

DuPont Selar 8307 1125

Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gim2)

I

POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE(PET)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.025 1.3

I I

0.25 1.33

I I

ASTM D1505

Intrinsic Viscosity

-

0.71

DuPont Method

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

1.2

1.I

MoconO Permatran W

4.87

3.26

ASTM D3985

Elongation at Break, MD (%)

440

-

Elongation at Break, TD (%)

445

-

Gas Permeability, 02 (cm3, mmim2,day, atm)

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ASTM D882 Tear Strength (Elmendorf), MD (gimm)

81 1

-

Tear Strength (Elmendorf), TD (gimm)

249

6930

Tear Strength (Graves), MD (gimm)

23,281

-

Tear Strength (Graves), TD (gimm)

21,930

-

ASTM D1922 (notched)

ASTM D1004 (unnotched) Heat Seal Strength (gimm) 107°C 121"C 135°C 149°C Tensile Strength, MD (MPa) Tensile Strength, TD (MPa)

0.95 98.4 90.6 118

I I

40.7 41.4

I I

I I

62 59

Tensile Modulus, MD (MPa)

-

2,100

Tensile Modulus, TD (MPa)

-

2,025

Secant Modulus, MD

250

-

ASTM D882

Secant Modulus, TD Spencer Impact (Jimm) Yield Strength at Break, MD (MPa)

I I I

255 5.3 35.2

I I I

6.2

-

I I I


OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Gloss (20")

-

150

Gloss (40")

-

100

Haze (%) Transparency (%)

I I

-

ASTM D2457

I I

0.2 80

I I


I I

SURFACE PROPERTIES Coefficient of Friction (filmimetal)

0.2

-

Coefficient of Friction (film/)

-

0.35


ASTM D1894



Chapter 22

Polyimide Category: Engineering Thermoplastic General Description: Polyimides (PIS) are resins produced by the condensation reaction of trimellitic anhydride [OCC,H2C203]and various aromatic diamines. Kapton is a transparent, amber-colored film.[lo031 Several types are described: Kapton Dpe HN. All-polyimide film. Kapton Dpe VN and HN. Plus superior dimensional stability. Kapton Type FN and HN. Film coated with Teflon@FEP fluoropolymer resin.

Film Processing Methods: Type HN film can be laminated, metallized, punched, formed, or adhesive coated.[1003] Film Applications: Film for tape automated bonding (TAB) applications, flexible printed circuits (FPCs), insulation stirrer automotive wiring harness, bar code labels, aerospace, gas connections, fire gloves, and loudspeaker vibration boards.[1003] Dimensional Stability: The dimensional stability of Kapton polyimide film depends on two factorsthe normal coefficient of thermal expansion and the residual stresses placed in the film during manufacturing. The latter causes Kapton to shrink on its first exposure to elevated temperatures as indicated in the bar graph in Fig. 22-05. Once the film has been exposed, the normal values for the thermal coefficient of linear expansion, as shown in Table 22-04, can be expected.[1003] Electrical Properties: The most common electrical properties of Kapton polyimide film of various gauges are shown in Tables 22-06 and 22-07. These 0Plastics Design Library

values were measured at 23°C and at 50% RH. The effect of such factors as humidity, temperature, and frequency on these basic values can be found in Table 22-08 and Figs. 22-1 1 through 22-13.[1003]

Environment: The life of Kapton polyimide film at high temperatures is significantly extended in a lowoxygen environment. Kapton is subject to oxidative degradation. Hence, when it was tested in a helium environment, its useful life was at least an order of magnitude greater than in air. Using a DuPont 1090 thermal analyzer system, the weight loss characteristics of Kapton in air and helium at elevated temperatures are shown in Figs. 22-09 and 22-10.[1003] Effect of Humidity: Because the water content of Kapton polyimide film can affect its electrical properties, electrical measurements were made on 0.025 mm film after exposure to environments of varying relative humidities at 23°C.[10031 Hydrolytic Properties: Kapton polyimide film is made by a condensation reaction; therefore, its properties are affected by water. Although long-term exposure to boiling water, as shown in the curves in Figs. 22-03 and 22-04, will reduce the level of film properties, sufficient tensile and elongation remain to ensure good mechanical performance. A decrease in the temperature and the water content will reduce the rate of Kapton property reduction, whereas higher temperature and pressure will increase Physical Properties: The usual values of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and ultimate elongation at various temperatures can be obtained from the typical stress-strain curves shown in Figs. 22-01 and 22-02. Such properties as tensile strength and modulus are inversely proportional to temperature, whereas elongation reaches a maximum value at about 300°C. Other factors, such as humidity, film thickness, and tensile elongation rates, were found

Ch. 22: Polyimide

80 at various temperatures. At time zero and 325"C, the tensile strength is 234 MPa and the elongation is 67~0.[10031

to have only a negligible effect on the shape of the 23°C curve.[1oo3]

Thermal Aging: The useful life of Kapton polyimide film is a function of both temperature and oxygen concentration. In accordance with UL-746B test procedures, the thermal life of Kapton was determined

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 22-01 through 22-08 and Figs. 22-0 1 through 22- 10

Table 22-01. Mechanical Film Properties of DuPont Kapton Type 100 HN and VN Films

I

Material Family

I

Type VN Film

Type 100 HN

Reference Number

I I


1003

I I

I

0.025 23

I

200

0.050

I

0.075

I

I

0.125

I I

I I

Three samples elongated at 5%, 7%, and 10%

Poisson's Ratio (avg.)

0.34

Tensile Modulus (GPa)

2.5

2.0

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

231

139

Yield Point at 3% (MPa)

69

41

Stress to Produce 5% Elongation (MP4

90

-

Ch. 22: Polyimide

I

POLYlMlDE

ASTM D882 231

234

231

ASTM D882A

ASTM D882


81 Table 22-02. Optical, Surface, and Thermal Properties of DuPont Kapton Type 100 HN and VN Films

Material Family

POLYlMlDE

Type 100 HN

I

Reference Number

Type VN

I

I

1003


TEST METHOD


I

Refractive Index (sodium D line)

0.025

I

1.70

0.050

0.075

0.125

I

I

ASTM D542

I

SURFACE PROPERTIES Coefficient of Friction, static (filmifilm)

0.63

Coefficient of Friction, dynamic (filmifilm)

0.48

ASTM D1894

THERMAL PROPERTIES

I I I

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ppmi"C)

20

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity (cal/cm.sec."C)

2.87 x 104

Flammability Heat Sealability

I I

I I I

94V-0 not heatsealable

I

37

Specific Heat (JigOK)

1.09

Shrinkage (%) 30 min at 150°C 120 min at 400°C

0.17 1.25

Smoke Generation

DM = < I

NFPA-258

Pass

IPC-TM-650, M 2.4.13A


46

45

UL-94 (2-8-85)

Limiting Oxygen Index (%)

Solder Float

43

ASTMF433

I

I I

ASTM D2863 Differential Calorimetry

0.3

IPC-TM-650, M 2.2.4A ASTM D5214

Ch. 22: Polyimide

Table 22-03. Physical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type FN Film Material Family

POLYlMlDE DuPont Kapton Film

Material SupplieriGrade 120FN616

I

150FH019

I

Reference Number

250FN029

I

1003

I


I I

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (gicc)

TEST METHOD

I I

0.025 1.53

I I

1.67

I I

1.57

Polyimide (wt%)

80

57

73

FEP (wt% 80)

20

43

27

I I

ASTMD1505

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Tear Strength (Elmendorf) (N)

I

Ultimate Elongation 23°C 200°C

0.08

I

0.47

75 80

Tear Strength (Graves) (N)

I

11.8

I

70 75

I

11.5

I

0.57

ASTM D1922

85 110

ASTM D882

17.8

ASTM D1004 DuPont Pneumatic Impact Test

Impact Strength at 23°C (N.cm)

78

68.6

156.8

Stress at 5% Elongation (MPa) 23°C 200°C

79 53

65 41

76 48

ASTM D882 Tensile Modulus (GPa) 23°C 200°C

2.48 1.62

2.2 1.14

2.62 1.38

Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) 23°C 200°C

207 121

162 89

200 115

ASTM D882A Yield Point at 3% (MPa) 23°C 200°C

61 42

49 43

58 36

Note: Because a number of combinations of polyimide film and fluorocarbon coating add up to the same total gauge, it is necessary to distinguish among them. A three-digit system is used in which the middle digit represents the nominal thickness of the base Kapton film in mils. The first and third digits represent the nominal thickness of the coating of Teflon FEP fluoropolymer resin in mils. The symbol 9 is used to represent 13 pm (0.5 mil) and 6 to represent 2.5 pm (0.1 mil). Example: 120FN616 is a 120-gauge structure consisting ofa 25 p m (1 mil) base film with a 2.5 pm (0.1 mil) coating of Teflon on each side.

Table 22-04. Thermal Coefficient of Expansion,Type HN Film, 0.025 mm, Thermally

I I I I I

Temperature Range ("C) 30-1 00 100-200 200-300 300-400 30-400

Ch. 22: Polyimide

I I I I I

ppm/"C 17 32 40 44

I I I I I

34


83 Table 22-05. Time Required for Reduction in Ultimate Elongation from 70% to 1%, Type HN Film, 0.025 mm"l0031

I I I

I I I

Temperature ("C) 450 425

I I

2 hrs 5 hrs

400

12 hrs

375

2 ds

350

6 ds

I I

325 300

I I I

Air Environment

I I

1 mos 3 mos

275 8 yrs

250

Table 22-06. Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films Material Family

POLYlMlDE


I

Reference Number

DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films

I

I

1003


I


TEST METHOD

I


0.025

I

303

Dielectric Constant

I

0.050

240

I

0.075

205

I

0.125

ASTM D149 60 Hz, '/4 in electrodes, 500 Visec rise

154

3.4

I

3.5

ASTM D150,l kHz Dissipation Factor

0.0018

0.0020 1.5

Volume Resistivity ( n c m x IOl7)

0.0026 1.o

1.4

ASTM D257

Table 22-07. Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type FN Film

I

Material Family

I 120FN616

I

Reference Number

I I

Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor Volume Resistivity at 23°C (ncm x IOl7) at 200°C (ncm x IOl4)


150FN019

I


250FN029

I

1003

272

I I

I

POLYlMlDE

3.1 0.0015 1.4 4.4

197

I I

2.7

I

3.0

0.0013 2.3 3.6

I I

1.9 3.7

Ch. 22: Polyimide

84 Table 22-08. Relative Humidity vs Electrical Properties of DuPont Kapton Type HN Film Material Family

POLYlMlDE


DuPont Kapton Type HN and VN Films

Reference Number

1003


I

I


I

0.025

TEST CONDITIONS

I

I

Humidity (% RH)

Dielectric Strength, AC (kVimm)

I I

I

0

339

I I

Dielectric Constant Dissipation Factor

I

30

315

I I

3.0 0.0015

I

50

303

I I

3.3 0.0017

280

I I

3.5 0.002

36

I

268

3.7 0.0027

I I

3.8 0.0035

I I

I250

- 200

28

'z 24 Q z 20 A

FJ

100

23°C

32

2

I

80

100°C

- 150

200°C

16

- 100

12

- 50

8 4 I 10

0

I

I

20

30

I 40

I 50

I

I

60

70

I 80

I 90

lo 100

Strain - Elongation (%) Figure 22-01. Tensile stress-strain curves, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

21 MPa (2980 psi) 0

0.4

26°C 11 MPa (1610 psi)

02 .&-.-

6.5 MPa (950 psi) 260c

01 1

I

I

I

I

10

100

1,000

10,000

Time (min) Figure 22-02. Tensile creep properties, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

Ch. 22: Polyimide


85

-150

5

-100

2 fj

rn C

.Q)

-50

+ Q)

0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.42.6

Time in Boiling Water x

lo3 h

Figure 22-03. Tensile strength after exposure to 100°C water, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

90t 80

-

h

S

.-0

U

m

m S

0

iii

20 -

0

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6

Time in Boiling Water x

l o 3h

Figure 22-04. Ultimate elongation after exposure to 100°C water, type HN

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.o 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 75 (3)

125 (5)

Film Thickness [pm (mil)] Figure 22-05. Residual shrinkage vs exposure temperature and thickness, type HN and VN


Ch. 22: Polyimide

86

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-06. Tensile strength vs aging in air at 325"C, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

h

s

100

v

TI Q

.-Sm

d S

o .+a

80 60 40

m

En

s

0 W

20 0

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-07. Ultimate elongation vs aging in air at 325"C, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

m

Q

.-Elm +a

d

5 cn S

2

z0 .-

+a L

-0 Q Q

6 I

I

I

I

500

I

I(30

Time at 325°C (h) Figure 22-08. Retained dielectric strength at 325°C for 0.025 mm film, test method UL-746B.[loo31

Ch. 22: Polyimide


87

____-

0 10 20 30 40 50 -

60 -

Dry He

\

70 -

I

I

80 90 100 100

I

I

I

I

200

300

400

500

I \ I ' d 600 700

Dry Air I 900

I_

800

1000

Temperature ("C)

Figure 22-09. Weight loss, type HN film, 0.025 mm.*[10031

0 10 500 ' C HI

\

20

\

\ \

30

\ \

n

5

40

v)

u)

0

Em

.-

s

50 60 70 80

550°C He

90

\500"C Air

I 100

3

- i550"CAir1

I

I

I

I

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

I

I

900 10001' I0

Time (min) Figure 22-10. Isothermal weight loss, type HN film, 0.025 mm.[10031

*Rate of temperature rise in "C was 3"C/min.


Ch. 22: Polyimide


Chapter 23

Polyethylene = Overview Category: Polyolefin General Description: Polyethylenes consist of a family of thermoplastic resins obtained by polymerizing the gas ethylene [C,H,]. High molecular weight polymers (i.e., over 6,000) are the materials used in the plastics industry. Copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid are commercially important.[l Oo41

High molecular weight HDPE is a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000 to 500,000 range. Ultra high density polyethylene has an average molecular weight of over 3 million.[1004] Packaging is a major polyethylene application. The following chart, from ExxonMobil,[l 14,1 details the property differences between different polyethylenes.

Polyethylenes are classified by density as follows:

0.880 to 0.915 g/cu cm (called ultralow or very low density and linear low density) 0.910 to 0.925 g/cu cm (low density) 0.926 to 0.940 g/cu cm (medium density) 0.941 to 0.965 g/cu cm (high density)


Table 23-01. Material

I

I-Low: 5-Hiah.


I

Ch. 23: Polyethylene - Overview


Chapter 24

Ultra Low Density Polyethylene = ULDPE Category: Polyolefin

Film Processing Methods: Blown and cast film.

General Description: Ultra low density polyethylenes (ULDPEs) and very low density polyethylenes (VLDPEs) are essentially synonymous designations for linear polyethylenes with densities down to 0.880 g/cu in. ULDPEs are finding applications as impact modifiers for other polyolefins. Dow Chemicals’ Attane ULDPE is an Ethylene/Octene copolymer.[loo71

Film Applications: Stretch films; food, health, and hygiene packaging; heavy duty sacks; turf bags; consumer bags; packaging for cheese, meat, coffee, and detergents; silage wrap; mulch films; extruded membranes; heating and water pipes; and injection-molded

Attane resins offer low-temperature flexibility and flex-crack resistance, ideal for containing liquids that move freely within a package. Leaks and spills are avoided, and the package still offers excellent optics, high tear resistance, and other key properties.[1007]


Regulatory Approval: Attane 420 1, 4202, 4203, 4301, and 4404 comply with US FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 (c) 3.2a.[1008] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 24-01 through 24-02.

Ch. 24: Ultra Low Density Polyethylene - ULDPE

92 Table 24-01. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Attane ULDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

ULTRA LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (ULDPE)

4201

4202

4203

Reference Number

I I


4301

4301

1008

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.912

I I

I

0.021 0.913

I

0.051

0.905

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.9135

I I

ASTMD792

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

8

Haze (%)

0.5

5

6

14.5

14

ASTM D1003

Gloss (45")

67

71

95

48

54

49

56

ASTM D2457

Clarity

97

98

99

93

95

89

91

ASTM D1746

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM D1709B ASTM D1922

Dow Method

ASTM D882

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate (23°C) (cm3 mmimz day atm)

coz coz 0 2

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (38"C, 100% RH) (g mmimz .day)

-

1233

-

281

279

1312 273

-

1305

-

-

0.53

0.51

-


1232

365

-

285

Dow Method ASTM D1894 ASTM D3985

0.62

-

0.55

ASTM F1249

-

-


I I

93 Table 24-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Attane ULDPE for Cast Film

I

Material Family

I

I

ULTRA LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (ULDPE) Dow Chemical Attane for Cast Film

Material SupplieriGrade 4404 Reference Number

I I


1008

I I

0.021

I

0.051

0.904

I I

ASTM D792

I I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Haze (%)

0.6

Gloss (45")

92

Clarity

1.8

ASTM D1003

90

ASTM D2457

99

ASTM D1746

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9)

I

I

>850

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD (9)

333

955

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) CD (9)

497

1100

19

17

59/65

63/63

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

715

716

Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

499/713

664/714

ASTM D1709B ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3)

I I

Tensile Modulus, MD/TD (2% Secant)

Ultimate Tensile, MDITD (MPa)

I

37/29

I

33/32

Dow Method

I

ASTM D882

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Gas Transmission Rate (23°C) (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

co2 02

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (38"C, 100% RH) (g mm/m2 day)

-

2018 445

Dow Method ASTM D3985

-

0.85

ASTM F1249





Chapter 25

Low Density Polyethylene = LDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: With a density range of 0.910 to 0.925 g/cu cm, low density polyethylenes (LDPEs) are available as base resins or as grades with additive packages. LDPE resins are emerging as a new product family, combining superior clarity with the stiffness and higher density favored by converters for downgauging.[l 1381 Equistar Chemicals petrothene clarity film resins include the following:[11671

NA 345. Homopolymer resins combining premium clarity with strength and stiffness. NA 353. Homopolymer resins for general purpose clarity applications providing excellent processability over a broad range of coextrusion conditions, good film optics, high stiffness, and strong heat-sealing characteristics. A4 2520. A film-grade resin that exhibits excellent optics, good gloss, and good bubble stability. Film Processing Methods: Extrusion coating, extrusion, blown films, and cast films. Film Applications: Dow Chemical Company k Dowlex LDPE. Liners, overwraps, consumer bags, heavy-duty sacks, shrink and collation films, agricultural films, food packaging, extrusion coatings, and a variety of durable products, such as power cables, toys, caps, and closure~.[~~~~]


Equistar Chemicals LDPE. Textile packaging, light produce, bread bags, and other thin packaging films enhanced by clarity and sparkle.[1167] Heat-Seal and Hot-Tack Strength: Dow Chemical Company’s Dowlex polyolefins display strong heat-seal performance with lower sealing-initiation temperatures and high hot-tack strengths. This combination can result in faster packaging line speeds and fewer leaks. Heat-seal strength refers to the strength of the seal once it has cooled, and hot-tack strength refers to the strength of the seal while it is still hot or molten on the packaging line.[1oo6] The high hot-tack strength of Dowlex allows it to perform in form, fill, and seal sacks.[1006] Typical hot-tack performance of selected Dow polyolefins as compared with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and hexene copolymers is shown in Figs. 2501 and 25-02. Typical heat-seal performance of Dow and EVA copolymers is shown in Fig. 25-03.[1006]

Optical Properties: The optical values of Equistar Chemicals NA 345 actually improve with decreases in film gauge and are maintained at wide die-gap settings, leading to cost savings. Film can be drawn down to a minimum gauge consistent with required physical properties. With wider die-gaps, back pressures are reduced, as are extrusion costs.[l 1671 Strength and Toughness: Dow Octene-based Dowlex polyethylene resins provide films with outstanding strength and toughness. Lower density resins provide superior toughness, excellent dart-impact strength, and enhanced resistance to abuse. Higher

Ch. 25: Low Density Polyethylene - LDPE

96 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Figs. 25-01 through 25-03 and Tables 25-01 through 25-03.

density resins produce stiffer films for easier film conversion, enhanced bag handling performance, and superior resistance to expansion in pressure-fill applications such as fiberglass insulation.[1006]

Regulatory Approval: The Equistar basic resins NA 345, NA 353, and M 2520 meet the requirements of the US FDA regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.L11671

n

S L=

z 5

w

$

14

Affinity PL 18401PL 1880

'' Attane 420114213

12 10 8

v)

Y

6

2

4

0

U

0

I

Elvax 3128 (9% VA)

2 0

70 75

85

80

90

95

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140

Tern perature ("C) Figure 25-01. Hot-tack

-.-z

n

s

4-

w

-------

_ - _ -- ---?-- -

/ - -

, 0

1 '.

U

*

2 0

I

,

' /'

Hexene

- _-

-

Hexene

/

0,' 110

-

I

115

120

125

130

135

140

Tern perature ("C) Higher hot-tack strength means faster automated packaging line speeds 16% faster for the octene versus hexene resins in this case. Octene: Hexenes:

1.O MI 0.920 glcc 0.8 MI 0.921 glcc 1.O Mi 0.919 glcc Film Gauge: 2.8 mil LLDPE-rich commercial film

Figure 25-02. Hot-tack strength of octene vs hexene LLDPE resins.[1oo6]



97

r

I2l l4

Affinity PL 1840/PL 1880

10

p.

8 1

''2

6 t

.'

3135X (12% VA)

4 .2 .-

0

70

,.+-

75

80

90

85

95

100

105

110

Dowlex 2045 115

120

125

130

Temperature ("C) Sealed on a topwave tester, 0.5 sec dwell, 0.2 sec delay, 150 mm/sec pull rate for hot-tack, heat-seal pulled on universal tensile tester at 10 in/min.

Figure 25-03. Heat-seal Table 25-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Petrothene Clarity Film Resins

Material Family

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE)

NA 345

I

Reference Number

M 2520

NA 353

I

I

1167

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TESTMETHOD

ASTM D638

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Hazel (%)

I

5.0

I

5.5

I

5.5

Gloss' (45")

70

73

-

Gloss1 (60")

-

-

95

I

ASTMD1003

I

ASTM D2457

'Optical properties given for NA 345-196 (medium slip, medium antiblock), NA 353-000 (no slip, no antiblock); MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.



Table 25-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I



Dow Chemical for Blown Film' 1138


I


I

0.038

I

0.051

I

0.063

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD


105-1 33

76-250

270


188-267

171-440

276

Tear Strength (Elmendorf)TD (9)

188-328

175-456

212

ASTM D1709 (A) ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3)

I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MP4 Toughness (Jim3) MD/TD Ultimate Elongation (%) MD/TD Ultimate Tensile (MPa) MD/TD

3-4

I

3-6

11/11-12

I

1I-14/11-14

I

4

66-73 79-80

146-21 6 175-21 2

139 182

330-450 620-630

330-546 570-765

351 585

22-2511 9-22

20-3211 8-29

25/28

I

Dow Method

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze' (%)

I

Gloss' (45")

5.8-9.9 55-77

I

5-1 1.3 49-80

I

13.2

I

48

ASTMD1003

I

ASTM D2457

Table 25-03. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LDPE for Extrusion Coating


Material Family

I I

Material SupplieriGrade Reference Number

I I

I I

Dow Chemical for Extrusion Coating' 1138

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm)

0.45-0.6

ASTM D1894

Seal Initiation Temperat~re~,~ ("C)

104-1 05

Dow Method

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES2 Water Vapor Transmission Rate 3 8 T , 100% RH (g mm/m2 day)

0.589-0.766

I

ASTMF1249

I

'Includes 4055,4010,4012,50041, and 5955; 21.O mil (25 pm) coating onto 50 Ib Krafl paper; Temperature at which 1 lbiin (4.4 N125.4 mm) heat seal strength is achieved; Heat seal strengths, Topwave HT Tester0.5 sec dwell, 40 psi bar pressure, pull speed 150 mmisec.



Chapter 26

Linear Low Density Polyethylene = LLDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: Base resins with comonomers are Hexene or Butene. Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymers, with little long-chain branching, have much greater elongation than low density polyethylene (LDPE) and allow stronger products to be produced with less material. This has been particularly important in film markets where considerable downgauging has been accomplished.[1004] Dow Chemical Company Dowlex LLDPE resins offer toughness, puncture resistance, and good tear resistance.[l 1391 DuPont Canada Sclairfilm polyolefin films are laminating films often used as a sealant layer in multilayer structures. Sclairfilm can also be used unsupported as a monolayer bag film.[1011] The following are descriptions of some common Sclairfilm products:

Sclairfilm BL-1. A one-side PVDCcoated LLDPE sealant film for use in laminated structures. BL- 1 is suitable for meat, cheese, snacks, and other applications requiring good barrier properties and excellent sealing characteristics for improved product prol] tection and longer shelf-1ife.[lo1 Sclairfilm LX. Ideal for use on vacuum packaging equipment for lamination to other materials, such as nylon or polyester films. In converter combinations, LX is particularly suited for the vacuum packaging of processed meats, cheese, coffee, and frozen foods.[lOll] Sclairfilm MPR An oriented LLDPE sealant film that combines exceptional


strength and flex-crack characteristics with outstanding heat-seal and hottack properties. Allowing up to 50% downgauging of the sealant layer, MPP sealant film is used in a wide variety of meat, cheese, coffee, snacks, medical, and industrial packaging applications.[lo l]

Sclairfilm GL. A general purpose LLDPE sealant film designed forlesscritical sealing applications than type SL and may be used in converter laminations with barrier films such as Mylar polyester film and Dartek nylonfilm.[lO1ll Sclairfilm SL. A LLDPE film for use on vacuum packaging equipment. Ideal for lamination to other substrates such as Dartek nylon film or Mylar polyester film for vacuum packaging applications. In converter combinations, SL is particularly suited for the vacuum packaging of processed meats.[lo1l] Film Processing Methods: Extrusion coating, blown and cast film extrusion. Sclair. Often blended with conventional polyethylene.[lOll] Film Applications: Dow Chemical Company Dowlex: injection molding, blown film, cast film, extrusion coating and rotomolding, and film to wrap pallet loads that have sharp corners and irregular shapes. They are found in consumer packaging applications that require more strength and puncture resistance, such as some cheese, meat, coffee, and detergent packaging.L1 1391

Ch. 26: Linear Low Density Polyethylene - LLDPE

100 Sclairfilm. Extrusion coatings: food packaging, milk cartons, paperboard containers, liner films, stretch films, shrink films, disposables, heavy-duty shipping sacks, and grocery sacks.[l0l1I

Regulatory Approval: Dow Chemical Company Dowlex LLDPEs meet the requirements of the US FDA regulation 2 1 CFR 177.1520.L11391 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 26-01 through 26-03.

Table 26-01. Physical Properties of DuPont Sclairfilm LLDPE Film

I

Material Family

I

I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE)

BL-I

LX

MPP

Reference Number

SL

GL

1011


0.051

0.025

0.051

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I I

TEST METHOD

Haze(%)

1

1

Gloss (20")

I

100

Dart Drop Impact Strength (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil)

1

9

1

10

90

175

200

80

120

2001800

701350

-

801800

600/700

6001-

6001-

I

I I

6

I

-


I

0

I

I

ASTM D2457

-

Puncture Resistance (Ibimil)

-

-

11.5

3.5

-


-

165.5

2411393

1651200

172


-

-

82.7137.9

37.9131

-

38.6

41.3

-

-

32

0.6-0.8

194

-

-

199

ASTM D3985

0.314

0.47

0.236

0.393

0.47

ASTM F372

Gas Transmission Rate (02) (cm3 mm1m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm1m2 day)

I I

I

1 2 0 0 0 1

Ultimate Tensile, MD (MPa)

-

ASTMD1003

-

Heat Seal Strength (gicm)

-

80

I I

ASTM D882



I


101 Table 26-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Dowlex LLDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I 2027A

2036A

Reference Number

I


I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE)

2045

2035

1139

I

0.025

I

0.375

I

0.025

I

I

12

I

0.8

I

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

II

Haze(%)

I

4.1

I

2.6

ASTMD1003

Gloss (45")

86

90

67

96

ASTM D2457


43

57

227

140

ASTM D1709 (A)

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD1TD (9) Puncture Resistance (J1cm3)

341209

I

Tensile Modulus, 2% Secant, MD/TD ( MPa)

-

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (MP4 Toughness, MDITD (Jim3) Ultimate Elongation, MD1TD (%) UltimateTensile, MD1TD (MPa)

-

16111

I I I

1131124 575/740 39128

I I I I I I I

831286 10 1851224 17118 3231308 6231754 59140

I I

I I I I I

55911052 6

11/11 63165 5311616 34128

I

2741608

I

I I I I

11

I I

ASTMD1922 Dow Method

I

II

I1110 1311132 606/770 51136


Table 26-03. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical LLDPE for Extrusion Coating

I

Material Family Material SupplieriGrade

I I I

Reference Number

I I

LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LLDPE) Dowlex for Extrusion Coating 3010

I

1138

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Coefficient of Friction (filmifilm) Seal Initiation T e m p e r a t ~ r e("C) '~

TEST METHOD

I I

0.6 115

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES' Water Vapor Transmission Rate 3 8 T , 100% RH (g mm1m2 day)

0.63

I I

I

ASTM D1894 Dow Method

I I

ASTMF1249

'1 .O mil (25 pm) coating onto 50 Ib Krafl paper; 2Temperatureat which 1 lb1in (4.4 N125.4 mm) heat seal strength is achieved; Heat seal strengths, Topwave HT Tester 0.5 S dwell, 40 psi bar pressure, pull speed 150 mmisec; MD- Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.




Chapter 27

Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene = mLLDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: The fundamental attribute of ExxonMobil Exceeds’ metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) is a consistent, uniform distribution of polymer molecules based on single-site catalysts. This uniformity eliminates molecular extremes (narrowing the molecular weight and composition distribution), resulting in a range of property ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE offers the following significant performance advantages compared to conventionalpolymers:[l 0741 Tensile, puncture, and impact performance improvements, providing superior toughness Sealing performance improvements Very low extractables, providing good organoleptics, and low blocking Improved optics with excellent clarity and gloss Easy blending with other polyolefins

Film Processing Methods: ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE generally processes much like conventional LLDPE.[1074] Film Applications: Stretch film, shrink film, ovenvrap, trash bags, heavy-duty bags, and food packaging.L1 0741 Downgauging: ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can be downgauged 24 to 40% without loss of impact strength and 20% without loss of MD (machine direction) tear strength.[1074]


Extractables: The reduction of comonomer-rich, low-molecular-weight molecules significantly reduces extractables. The result is good organoleptic properties (negligible odor and off-taste), which are especially useful for food packaging applications.[1074] Impact and Tear Resistance: At a given modulus, films made from ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE have significantly higher impact strength; 300 to 1000% greater than conventional LLDPE at equivalent densities.[l0741 Optical Properties: ExxonMobil Exceed polyethylene can produce blown and cast films with low haze and high gloss. In coextrusion applications, two layers of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can encapsulate a material with poor optics, providing better overall optical Puncture Resistance: With its balanced orientation, film made with ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE can absorb energy equally in all directions. This result is a significant improvement in puncture resistance compared to conventional LLDPE films.[1074] Sealability: Films using ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE, pure or as a blend component in the seal layer of a multilayer structure, seal at lower temperatures and have higher seal-strength and hot-tack than films made from conventional LLDPE. This allows for faster packaging line speeds in form, fill, and seal applications. The seal initiation temperature of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE is approximately 5-1 0°C (40-50°F) lower than conventional LLDPE at equivalent densities.[10741 Tensile Strength: The machine direction (MD) Values are similar for films produced with either ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE or conventional

Ch. 27: Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low Density Polyethylene - mLLDPE

104 LLDPE films. However, the transverse direction (TD) strength of a film produced with ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE is significantly higher than the TD strength of conventional LLDPE and much closer to the MD value of LLDPE. The ultimate tensile improvements of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE are realized at all densities, with up to 40% better tensile strength than conventional LLDPE at the same densities.[l0741

Regulatory Approval: The ExxonMobil Exceed grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 2 1 CFR 177.1520.[1074] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 27-01 through 27-02 and Graphs 27-01 through 27-08.

Table 27-01. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE for Tough Premium Film

Material Family

METALLOCENE-CATALYZED LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (mLLDPE)

1118CA

I

Reference Number

1518 CA

I

Haze(%) Gloss (45")

I

1074


I I

1023 CA

I

0.025

I I

15 36

I I

42 14

I I

23 25

I I

ASTMD1003 ASTM D2457

I I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction (111)

>I

1.o

>I

Exxon Method

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (gimil)

740

740

380

ASTM D1709

2601340

2901400

251400

ASTM D1922

3.8

2.8

4.1

Exxon Method

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil) Puncture Resistance (Ibimil) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (I%, MPa)

I

1731186

I

1641166

Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD (MW

67161

55145

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MW

1O i l 0

919

Tensile Strength at 200%, MD (MW Ultimate Elongation, MD/TD (%)

I

13.1 5601630

I

11.7

I I

2201227 68150 1O i l 1

I

5401580


I

13.1

I I

ASTMD882

5601600


105 Table 27-02. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE for Cast Film

Material Family

METALLOCENE-CATALYZED LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (mLLDPE)

341a GA

I

Reference Number

1118CB

I

4518 PA

2718 CB

I

1074

I



I I

Haze (%) Gloss (45") PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (glmil) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (glmil)

I

Puncture Resistance (Iblmil) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (I%, MPa) Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD Tensile Strength at 200%, MD

I I


0.020

I I

I I

1.5 0.97

I I I I I I I

230 1601450

1131113 68148 7.117.1 16

I

4201650

I I I I I I I

0.7 0.96

373 2001442 4.1 1101150 80146 8.317.6 31.0 2901587

I I

1.3 0.94

I I I I I I

I

0.99

I I

ASTMD1003 ASTM D2457

240

135

ASTM D1709

1601420

1701500

ASTM D1922

I I

I

I

34

I

1231141

1211147

72152

48135

7.4l7.4

6.217.3

17

13

3901650

4201600


Graph 27-01. Tensile strength of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

I

% 0

Elongation .'


LDPE

-.-

LLDPE (CJ -LLDPE

(C,)

--- ExceedTMmLLDPE


106 Graph 27-02. Ultimate tensile strength of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

30 p (1.25 mil)

. t

m Q

E 0

Ei O

4

n MD

TD

Tensile

0LLDPE

VLDPE

ExceedTMmLLDPE

Graph 27-03. Puncture resistance of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

"

Film 50 p (2 mil)

4.0 I

I

0

LDPE

LLDPE (C,)

mJ/p

300 I

Film 50 p (2 mil)

ExceedTMmLLDPE



107 Graph 27-04. Impact and tear resistance of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741 Trouser Tear Strength

Dart Drop Impact cNIp

Film 30 (1.2 mil)

"1

40

Film 100 p (4 mil)

cNIp

O M D

TD

30 Q

2

a

20

2

20

0 U.

n

10

10

0

6

0

F

F

r 0 'TI m

3r:

; : :m k gm z 3 ;: - -

r

r

r r

'0

W

0

0

m

m

Graph 27-05. Hot-tack, seal-initiation temperature of ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Hot Tack Seal Initiation Tei )eratun :SIT)

/

/ 80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Temperature ("C)



108 Graph 27-06. Optical properties: clarity of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Film 50 p (2 mil)

% 100

80

60

40

20

1

1 1

0

Graph 27-07. Optical properties: gloss of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

1 Film 50 p (2 mil)



109 Graph 27-08. Optical properties: haze of various polyethylenes and ExxonMobil Exceed mLLDPE.[10741

Film 50 p (2 mil)

I 1

l2




Chapter 28

Linear Medium Density Polyethylene = LMDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: DuPont Sclairfilm LWS is a linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) film produced ffom Sclaircopolymerresin and designed primarily for laminating end uses. This film differs ffom low-density laminating films in its increased stifhess, better grease and moisture vapor properties, and improved heat resistance. DuPont Sclairfilm LWS film is treated on one side for both ink and adhesive bonding properties. It is available in two slip levels: low and medium, depending on whether packages


are pre-made (medium-slip to prevent blocking of fabricated pouches and low-slip for fully automatic web-fed vacuum packaging equipment).[lo1l]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion, blow-molding, and roto-molding.[loll] Film Applications: Films, agriculture tanks, housewares, lids, containers, and closures.[loll] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 28-01.

Ch. 28: Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - LMDPE

112 Table 28-01. Physical Properties of DuPont Sclairfilm LMDPE Film

I

Material Family

I

LINEAR MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LMDPE) DuPont Sclairfilm

Material SupplieriGrade LWS

1011

Reference Number

I


LWS

I

0.038

I

0.051

I

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

Haze (%)

I TEST METHOD

I

6

Gloss (20")

I

7

I

85

Dart Drop Impact Strength, 50% (9)

75

Elongation, %, MD (MPa)

I

ASTM D2457

100 500

Heat Seal Strength (gicm)

ASTMD1003

470

ASTM D882 550


372


38

Sentinel Sealer ASTM D882


Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3, mmim2, day, atm)

I

Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmim2 day)

I

133 0.267


Ch. 28: Linear Medium Density Polyethylene - LMDPE

I

0.260

I

ASTM D3985 ASTMF372


Chapter 29

High Density Polyethylene = HDPE Category: Polyolefin General Description: High density polyethylene (HDPE) polymers are highly crystalline, tough materials. High molecular-weight, high density polyethylenes (HMW-HDPE) are a special class of linear resins with molecular weights in the 200,000 to 500,000 range. To obtain processability along with end-use properties, control of the molecular weight distribution is critical. Some materials are produced with “bimodal” molecular weight distribution to obtain the necessary balance.[loo4] Equistar Chemicals:[l15*1

Alathon L 5876, L 5885, A4 6210, A4 6001, and A4 6020. A high density, medium molecular-weight homopolymer. Alathon A4 6030, A4 606 and A4 5865. A medium molecular-weight, high density homopolymer with extremely low gel content. This resin provides high stiffness and narrow molecular weight distribution for use in cast film applications. Alathon L 4903. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits excellent machine-direction tear in an HMWHD resin as well as low gel levels. Alathon L 5005. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer that provides broad bimodal molecular weight distribution, high stifhess, and good heat-seal response and strength.


.

Alathon L 4907. A high molecularweight, high density copolymer with broad bimodal molecular weight distribution. This resin exhibits high density and stiffness, and is designed for grooved feed and smooth bore equipment.

ExxonMobil:[ll4l]

Paxon 4700. A medium molecularweight, high density polyethylene homopolymer film resin. Pax-Plus 3201. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits excellent impact strength and stress-crack resistance. It is used primarily in film where its good tear resistance and laminating properties are required. Pax-Plus 3303. A rubber-modified film resin that exhibits good toughness and easy processing. Its major uses are for film requiring good odor and moisture barrier properties and superior thermal properties. Pax-Plus 3205. A rubber-modified film resin. Its major use is in films that require good WVTR and excellent tear resistance. It offers a good combination of toughness, flexibility, and processing into blown film. Film Processing Methods: High density polyethylene can be formed by most processing methods; most films are blown films.

Ch. 29: High Density Polyethylene - HDPE

114 Film Applications: Food packaging: dairy products and bottled water; cosmetics; medical products; household chemicals; automotive gas tanks; 55 gallon drums; sheet; pipe; recreational items; geosynthetic materials. Regulatory Approval: The Equistar Chemicals Alathon grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.[1158] Exxon Mobil Paxon 4700 resins meets all the requirements of the FDA for olefin polymers to be used as

articles or components of articles for contact with foodas set forthin21 CFR 177.1520(c) 2.1,2.2, and 2.3.[11411 ExxonMobil Pax-Plus 3201,3205, and 3303 meet all the requirements of the FDA for olefin polymers to be used as articles or components of articles for contact with food as set forth in 2 1 CFR 177.1520 (c) 3.1 and3.2a and21 CFR 177.1420.[1141]


Table 29-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HDPE for Carton Liners

I

Material Family

I L saas

L 5876

I

Reference Number

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)

I

M 6210

M 6001

M 6020

I

1158


I

0.051

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD


36

18

21

16

22

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) TD (9)

600

900

500

450

500

ASTM D1922

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%) Secant Modulus, MD1TD (MPa) Tensile Strength at Break, MD1TD

I I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MW

I

I I

6001800 8271965

44138

26119

I

I

700/750 86211,000

82711,034

86211,000

8601850 82711,069

1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 I I I I 26126

27127

26126

I

23121

ASTM D882

I




115 Table 29-02. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HDPE for Cast Film

I

Material Family

I M 6030

M 6060

Reference Number

I


I


M 5865

1158

I

I

0.051

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

TEST METHOD

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (9)

201500

-

-

Elongation at Break, MD/TD, MPa (%)

8601850

8501650

9001800

Secant Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

I

6901827

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD/TD (MP4

I

22121

24126

ASTM D1922

I

79311,034

ASTMD882

I

ASTMF1249

I

24125

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mmlm2 day)

I

I

3.14

I

I


Table 29-03. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals Alathon HMW-HDPE for Film

I

Material Family

I

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) Equistar Chemical Alathon

Material SupplierlGrade L 4903

L 4907

L 5005 1158


I


I

0.125

I

-

I

0.0125

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

I TESTMETHOD

1.8

2.05

2.0

ASTM D3420

20118

14135

11150

ASTM D1922

Elongation at Break, MD/TD, (%)

3901260

3001420

3801420

Secant Modulus, MDITD (MPa)

11521979

7931965

106911048

Tensile Strength at Break, MDITD (%)

65167

59135

58147

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDITD (%)

4 1134

26123

31127

Dart Drop, Total Energy (ft-lb) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MDITD (9)


ASTM D882


116 Table 29-04. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil HDPE for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I


I

Reference Number


Paxon 4700

Pax-Plus 2301

I

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (N1mm2) Elongation at Break, MD/TD, (%) Secant Modulus, MD/TD (MPa)

Pax-Plus 3303

Pax-Plus 3205

I

1141

0.025

I

0.051

Coefficient of Friction static, MD1TD kinetic, MD1TD Dart Drop, Impact Strength, 50% (9)

I


0,8210.70 0,7710.65

0,8210.70 0,7910.67

0.9110.96 0.8910.80

ASTM D1894

35

410

190

260

ASTM D1709

5196

1O i l 80

51212

1OR50

ASTM D1922

4201420

5901840

5501800

5001750

-

-

1030/1100


37130


39135

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3, mm1m2, day, atm)

141

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, IOO"F, 90% RH (g mm1m2 day)

0.3



I I I I

30120 20110

45.9

I I I 0.1428

34123 24116

64.8

I I I I

30120 20110

57.6 0.168

I I I I

D882

ASTM D3985

I

ASTMF372

I


Chapter 30

Polyolefin Plastomers = POP Film Applications:

Category: Polyolefin

Dow Affinity POPs. Food packaging

General Description: Dow Chemicals Affinity resins, homogenous ethylene alpha-ole fin copolymers, contain up to 20% octene comonomer. Affinity polyolefin plastomers (POPS) can be used in any of the extrusion technologies as a sealant, to deliver an unparalleled combination of low seal-initiation temperature, hot-tack strength, toughness, tear resistance, and transparency.[" 131

applications, fresh-cut produce, milk, fresh and processed meat, and bulk cheeses, as well as health and hygiene films, such as baby diapers.[l0l3I

ExxonMobil Exact. Applications requiring both thermoplastic and elastic properties, such as packaging for fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers, and other horticulture products. Exact blends with LLDPE and post-consumer recycled HDPE in packaging for fresh and processed meats, poultry wraps, or pouch containers.[1014]

ExxonMobils Exact Plastomers are polyolefins produced using a comonomer, butene, hexene, and octene, which significantly affects the properties of the plastic and can be used as a property enhancer in blends with LLDPE or post-consumer recycled HDPE.[l0l4ISee Fig. 30-01.

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion.

Polymer Density (glcm') 1000000 Average Molecular Weight 100000

,935

,915

,900

,865

I

I

I

I

Barrier Properties: Exact Plastomers create controllable gas-permeable films for modified atmospheres, as well as gas-permeable films and packaging for such items as fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers, and a growing range of other horticultural products. Users can select carbon dioxide and oxygen transmission rates (OTR) that meet their needs, with low water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) and high levels of clarity and Melt Index Elastomers

~a

n

0

I

W

o

1

1

Exact Plastomers

10000

1000

Wax

-1 -3 -10 100 Low 1000 Molecular Weight Amorphous

-

Optical Properties: Exact Plastomers exhibit very high levels of film gloss, with low haze in tough films used for fresh andprocessed meat, poultry wraps, or pouch containers. [lol41 Sealability: For sealability, Exact Plastomers outperform EVA copolymers, LLDPEs, and even

Figure 30-01. Ethylene-based polymers product


Ch. 30: Polyolefin Plastomers - POP

118 ionomers. Lower melting points, lower seal-initiation temperatures, and higher hot-tack strength provide a broader sealing range for faster line-speeds and improved seal performance.[1°14]

Regulatory Approval: The Dow Affinity grades listed herein meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1520.[1013]

Toughness: Exact Plastomers deliver tensile strengthanddartpuncture performance severaltimes higher than conventional LLDPE.[1°14]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 30-01 through 30-03, Fig. 3001, and Graphs 30-02 through 30-06.

Table 30-01. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Affinity POPS for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP) Dow Chemical Affinity

Material SupplierlGrade PF 1140

PF 1146

PF 1880

PF 1840

1013


Sample Thickness (mm) Density (glcc) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

I I I

0.897

I

0.051 0.900

I

0.902

I

0.9090

I I I

ASTMD792

>850

-

4701620

3781461

550/720

5601840

ASTM D1922

Puncture Resistance (Jim3) energy (J) force (N)

20 8 83

10 4 1

22 8.6 94

25 9 92

Dow Method

Seal Initiation Temperature ("C)

81

75

85

-

Tensile Modulus, 2% secant, MDITD (MPa)

73/73

51155

92192

1231123


5.816.3

616

7.216.9

8.818.1


6901700

5541602

621630

6201580


50140

37142

59145

48145

Dart Impact (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD

>830

ASTM D1709B

ASTM D882

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Clarity Gloss (20") Haze (%)

I I

70 134 1.3


I I

90 77 5.5

I I

83 141 1.1

I I

63 128 2.5

I I

ASTMD1746 ASTMD2457 ASTM D1003


119 Table 30-02. Physical Properties of Dow Chemical Affinity POPS for Blown and Cast Film

I

Material Family

I

PL 1280

KC 88521

Reference Number

I


I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP)

PL 1845

1013

I

0.021

I

I

0.020

BLOWN FILM PROPERTIES

I TEST METHOD

Unstretched Cling (9)

145

-

-

Stretched Cling (9)

110

-

-

Unstretched Cling (9)

250

-

-

Stretched Cling (9)

125

-

-

ASTM D4649

ASTM D4649

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Dart Impact (9)

I

150 (cast film)

I

>830

I

490


-

190

110

Tear Strength (Elmendorf) TD (9)

-

340

390

16 (cast film)

23 3.2 35

19 3 38

1021102

1371144

7.215.0

8.418.5

I

ASTMD1709B

I

ASTM D1922 Puncture Resistance (Jim3) energy (J) force (N) Tensile Modulus, 2% secant, MDITD (MPa)

-

I


I


I

Clarity Gloss (20") Haze(%)

I

-


I I I

-

I I I

66(castfilm) 4.3 (cast film)

5601610

I

41129

I I I

71 140

4801510

Dow Method

ASTM D882

I

37138

I I

75 146

0.7

I I I

ASTMD1746 ASTM D2457 ASTMD1003

I I I

MD-Machine Direction; TD- Transverse Direction. 'The resin was utilized as the cling layer in coextruded cast and blown 0.8 mil (21 mm), one-sided stretch cling film structures



120 Table 30-03. Physical Properties of ExxonMobil Exact POPS for Blown Film

I

Material Family

I

I

POLYOLEFIN PLASTOMERS (POP) ExxonMobil Exact

Material SupplieriGrade 3128

1014

Reference Number

I


I

0.0375

I

I

> I 060

I

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Dart Impact, F50 (9) Tear Strength (Elmendorf) MD/TD (gimil) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

1201180

I

Puncture Force energy (Ibimil) energy (in-lbimil)

5901680

73/73


60160


50150


4.614.2

I Gloss (45") I I I Haze (%) I MD-Machine Direction;TD-Transverse Direction.


I

7.1 21

Secant Modulus, 1% secant, MD/TD (MPa)

Total Energy Impact 23°C (R-lb) -34°C (R-lb)

I

83

ASTMD1922 ASTMD882 Exxon Method

I I

ASTM D882

I

>6.2 2.2

3.1

ASTMD1709B

ASTM D4272

I I

ASTM D2457 ASTMD1003

I I I


121 Graph 30-01. Dart impact strength of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Dart Drop Impact (glmicron)

35 30 25

20 15

10 5 0 I-

r

I-

r

T

0 -0

m

U -0

D

m

U

s

rn

rn

r

I-

-0

U -0

3 r I-

rn x D

2

Graph 30-02. Puncture force and energy of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Puncture Force 4.0

-

3.5

-

3.0

-

2.0 1.5 -

2.5

1.0

-

0.5

-

-

r 0 -0 rn

r

2D

/

r r

U -0

m

MI =2.0 MI = 2.0 MI = 1.0 MI = 1.0


d = 0.925 VA% = 4.5 d = 0.918 d = 0.918

-0

m

n

n

0

0

e

LDPE LEVA LLDPE (C,) LLDPE (C,)

r r 0

V

Alpine blown film line

501-r 200 mm die 1.5 mm die gap

s

U -0

rn n

0

3

r r 0 -0 m

v

VLDPE (C,) mLLDPE Exact

MI = 1.0 d = 0.912 MI = 1.0 d = 0.918 MI = 1.1 d = 0.902

2.5 BUR 15°C IBC


122 Graph 30-03. Optical properties: haze and gloss of various polyolefins and ExxonMobil Exact

Exact (C,)

mLLDPE (CJ

Exact C, mLLDPE C, LEVA C,-LLDPE

MI = 1.1 MI = 1.0 MI = 2.0 MI = 1.O

Graph 30-04. Organoleptics of lonomer, EVA, and ExxonMobiI Exact POP.[lO1 4l

LLDPE (C,) LEVA

d = 0.902 d = 0.918 VA = 4.5% d = 0.9185

Graph 30-05. Hot-tack vs sealing temperature of lonomer, EVA, and ExxonMobil Exact

Hot Tack (Iblin) 2.5

5

OdorlTaste Intensity I

LI

1

H

O . 5 H

lonomer

'

MI

EVA (9% VA)

Taste

--- ..._... _ . . _. ... _ ...... ..

--- _

1 0 . 2 5 1

Exact 1°F 176 212 248 284 320 "C 80 100 120 140 160

-.-.-..

Exact (C,) Copolymer Exact (C,) Copolymer

I

- lonomer - - Eva

2 mil blown monolayer films backed with PET.


Seal Pressure:

72 psi

Peel Speed:

200 mm/s

Seal Time:

0.5 s

Total Delay Time:

0.9 s


123 Graph 30-06. Seal Strength Comparison of lonomer, VLDPE, and ExxonMobil Exact

(N11.5 mm) 50 micron Blown Monolayer Film 20

/

lo 5 /

I

60

-

__-_-

.

/

/i

I

1 .

80

100 120 Temperature ("C)

---- Exact (C,) Copolymer


------

-. ' i ,

-.-.-'-'-

VLDPE

140

160

-lonomer

Seal Pressure:

0.5 MPa

Peel Speed:

500 mm/min

Seal Time:

0.5 s



Chapter 31

Cyclic Olefin Copolymer = COC Category: Polyolefin General Description: Ticona Topas are amorphous, glass-clear copolymers of ethylene and norbornene. Ticona Topas cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) form strikingly clear films. When blended with polyethylene (PE), they enhance the stiffness and heat-seal behavior of blown and cast films and offer high moisture barrier, clarity, and stifhess. The Ticona Topas product line features several grades differentiated by heat deflection temperatures ranging from 80" to 180"C.[10151 Film Processing Methods: Blisterpacks are thermoformed from coextruded and laminated films. Ticona Topas 8007 COC has a wide processing window and can be used on standard blister lines with little adjustment. Films made with it are thermoformed at 100" to 130"C, a range similar to that used with PVC films and well below that of other transparent films.[lo 151[lo171 Film Applications: Ticona Topas is used as a core layer in push-through packaging (PTP), either in five-layer coextruded or threelayer laminated film structures.[1015] Flexible and rigid packaging for food and consumer items such as cosmetics.[l0151


Barrier Properties: Ticona Topas COCs provide excellent moisture control. They have roughly double the moisture barrier of HDPE, triple that of LDPE, and seven times that of unoriented polypropylene (PP). They also provide high clarity and stiffness. Grades are available with the heat resistance to withstand hot-fill and microwave processes.[1015] Downgauging: As the amount of Ticona Topas COC in a PE blend increases, film stifhess increases. This allows film thickness to be reduced while holding stiffness Regulatory Approval: [lol71

Ticona Topas. FDA Drug Master File DMF# 12132, established, FDA Device Master File, MAF# 1043, established. Ticona Topas 8007. In compliance with FDA under Conditions of Use "C" through "H', extraction studies show no migration, FDA Regulation 21 CFR 177.1520 (3.9), FDA Food Contact Notification (FCN No.75), USP Class VI compliant, EU food contact application. Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 31-01 and Graph 31-01.

Ch. 31: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer - COC

126 Table 31-01. Physical Properties of Ticona Topas 8007 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Material Grade

I I I

Ticona Topas 8007

Reference

I

Density (gicc)

1017

I

1.02

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Flex Modulus (MPa)

I I I

CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMER (COC)

TEST METHOD

I

2482

Tensile Strength (MPa)

66


2600

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 2 3 T , 85% RH (g m n / m 2 d)

Gloss (45")

I I Haze(%) I Luminous Transmittance (%) I I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction.


I

I

0.0279

83 3.1 92

ASTM D2457

I I

ASTM D1003

I I I


127 Graph 31-01. Downgauge PE film with T o p a ~ . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ]

1.E+05

c v)

Q

Y

v)

3

z

1.E+04

'CI C

a

z

1.E+03


0.0

2.5

5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 Wt% Topas@8007

0.10



Chapter 32

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer = EVA Category: Polyolefin General Description: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymer is a copolymer resin ranging in vinyl acetate content from 7.5 wt% to 3 3 wt%. DuPont Elvax and Equistar Ultrathene grades vary by vinyl acetate content. Some grades are available with antiblock and slip additives. The vinyl acetate units in the copolymer modify the basic polyethylene structure and its properties. The addition of vinyl acetate to polyethylene provides lower sealing temperature, increased flexibility, improved optical properties, greater adhesion, increased impact, and puncture resistance.[1°181[l1571 EVA properties vary depending on acetate content:[10181 Higher Vinyl Acetate Content: Decreased sealing temperature Increased gas permeability Increased impact strength Improved optical qualities Increased flex-crack resistance Increased cling Lower Vinyl Acetate Content: Decreased sealing temperature Increased crystallinity Increased stiffness

DuPont Elvax film yields low seal-temperatures for use in coextrusions or for packaging temperaturesensitive materials, excellent drawability for easy


processing, good flex-crackresistance for liquid packaging, high toughness for packaging requiring impact or puncture resistance, low shrink-temperature for water-bath applications, and excellent optical properties for visual appeal. In addition, DuPont Elvax adheres to many materials. It is commonly used as a tie layer in coextrusionswith dissimilar surfaces.[l0l8I Equistar Ultrathene is available with many different attributes:[l1571

Ultrathene UE 624-000. Excellent flexibility and low-temperature properties. Ultrathene UE 637-000. Good toughness, flexibility, and clarity. Ultrathene UE 672-000. Excellent impact strength, heat-sealability, good toughness and flexibility, contains antioxidant and high levels of slip and antiblock additives. Film Processing Methods: Blown, extrusion, cast, and coextruded film, or blends with other resins. Film Applications: Packaging, cap liners, pallet stretch wrapping, bundling, liquid packaging, and as a sealant in barrier bags for primal and subprimal cuts of meat. Equistar Ultrathene? 1571

UE 624-000. Medium- to heavygauge film applications. UE 637-000. Laminating and heavyduty films. UE 672. Flexible packaging films for food and healthcare, as well as liquid and heavy-duty packaging, and pallet stretch film.

Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA

130 DuPont Elvax?

8]

Elvax3120,3121A,3128,3129,3130, and 3 136 are for blown film. Elvax 3124,3134, and 3200-1 are for extrusion-coated film. Elvax 3 134 and 3 174 are for cast films. Elvax 3150,3165,3169,3170,3174, 3 176,3179,3190,3175,3180,and 3 182 are for coextrusions.

Regulatory Approval: Equistar Ultrathene UE 624-000, UE 637-000, and UE 672 meet the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration regulations 2 1 CFR 177.1350 and 2 1 CFR 175.105.L11571 DuPont Elvax is approved for use in contact with food, as provided in FDA Regulation 21 CFR 177.1350.[1018]


Ch. 32: Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer - EVA


131 Table 32-01. Physical Properties of Equistar Chemicals' Ultrathene UE 624-000, UE 637-000, and UE 672000 EVA Copolymer Film

I I I I

Material Grade

I I I

Reference Number

I

Material Family Material Supplier

I I I

ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA) Equistar Chemicals' Ultrathene Copolymer Film UE 624-000

I

UE 637-000

I

UE 672

I

1157


I


0.038

0.050

0.038

Vinyl Acetate Content (%)

18

9

12.5

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (9)

I

606

I

404

I

Elmendorf Tear Strength, MD1TD (9) Elongation at Break, MD/TD (x)

I I I

Elongation at Yield, MD1TD (x) Hardness, Shore Low Temperature Brittleness ("C) Secant Modulus, MDITD, 1% Tensile Strength at Break, MD/TD

4 101563

I I I

I I

Tensile Strength at Yield, MD1TD (MP4 Vicat Softening Point ("C)

919 A 91

51.7159.3 41.0130.3

3501500

I I

I I

911 1 A 94 27.6

0.905

I I

ASTM D1505

I I I

241

I

>26.2

>22.1

ASTM D638

>300

Ultimate Elongation (%)

Table 36-02. Physical Properties of Shell Chemical Polybutylene 171OA Film Material Family

POLYBUTYLENE

Material Supplier

Shell Chemical Polybutylene Film

Material Grade

I

Reference Number

1710A

I

I

1154


I


TEST METHOD

I

0.050


46139

Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

15.5114

I

I ASTM D882


Ch. 36: Polybutene - PB


Chapter 37

Polyvinyl Alcohol = PVOH Polyvinyl Alcohol: PVOH General Description: A white-to-cream granular powder, DuPont Elvanol polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); is a water-soluble synthetic polymer with excellent film-forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. This versatile polymer offers a high oxygen barrier. [lo291 Elvanol71-30 is a medium-viscosity, hlly hydrolyzed grade ofpolyvinyl alcohol.[1030] Films cast from water solutions of Evanol polyvinyl alcohol and plasticizer are transparent, tough, and tear- and puncture-resistant.[1030] Film Processing Methods: Cast or blown films. Film Applications: PVOH films are used for hospital laundry bags that are added directly to the washing machine without the need for handling the contents. Other PVOH film applications include watersoluble packaging, release films, vacuum bagging, transfer printing, and water-soluble Biodegradable: PVOH film will totally biodegrade when composted and, when solubilized, will rapidly degrade and be assimilated by a number of acclimated microorganisms in waste-water streams. Use of water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol film for packaging preweighed quantities of materials such as dyes, detergents, bluing, powdered bleaches, and fungicides permits their addition to aqueous systems without breaking the package or removing the contents, thereby saving time and reducing material

Physical Properties: The tensile strength of polyvinyl alcohol is similar to other packaging plastics, especially other water-soluble polymers. DuPont


Elvanol7 1-30 forms tough, abrasion-resistant, tearresistant films. The strength, flexibility, and hardness of films vary with the plasticizer content and relative humidity.[1o3o] The tensile strength of Elvanol films increases substantially with stretching. After stretching five times its original length, film tensile strength increased from 69 MPa (10,000 psi) to more than 345 MPa (50,000 psi). [lo301 Elongation at break varies from less than 10% for dry, unplasticized films, to more than 400% for plasticized films of Elvanol 71-30 conditioned at 50% RH. A small amount of plasticizer substantially improves tear resistance, which is also higher in a warm, humid atmosphere than at low temperatures and humidity. The hardness and flexibility of plasticized Elvanol71-30 vary with the type and amount of plasticizer. Solubility: DuPont Elvanol71-30 is soluble in hot water, but has excellent resistance to cold water. Temperatures of 90" to 95°C are generally required for complete solution. Water is the only practical solvent for Elvanol, but substantial quantities of the lower alcohols can be added to water solutions without causing Only a few organic compounds have any appreciable solvent action on Elvanol 71-30. Most of these are polyhydroxy compounds (glycerin, ethylene glycol); amides (formamide, ethanol formamide, and ethanol acetamide); or amines, including ethanolamines and ethanolamine salts. Heat is required to dissolve even small amounts of Elvanol in solvents.[1030] Oil and Solvent Resistance: Elvanol71-30 is unaffected by animal and vegetable oils, greases, and petroleum hydrocarbons. L1 O3O]

Ch. 37: Polyvinyl Alcohol - PVOH

150 Optical Properties: In the infrared band, polyvinyl alcohol is practically opaque from 15 mm (15 microns) to 6.6 mm (6.6 microns) and again at 3 mm (3 microns).[l0301 Permeability: An outstanding property of polyvinyl alcohol is its high degree of impermeability to many gases. Continuous films or coatings of plasticized or unplasticized Elvanol provide excellent barriers against oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,

helium, and hydrogen-sulfide gases. Permeability to oxygen is extremely low compared with that of other polymers used as packaging films.[1030] Exceptions to the low permeability of polyvinyl alcohol to gases are ammonia and water vapor. [10301

Film Properties By Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 37-0 1 through 37-02.

Table 37-01. Physical Properties of Plasticized DuPont Elvanol71-30 Film

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Product Form

I I I

I I I

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH) DuPont Elvanol71-30 + 16% Glycerine Film

Reference Number

1030

Material Thickness (mm)

0.076

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Wavelength: 0.25 pm (2,536 A) Transmitted (%)

77.5


72.9


81.1


I

TEST METHOD

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 22°C (72°F) (g/m2/24hr) Relative Humidity in Film Faces,

ASTM E96-53T

0/50 (%)

7

50/72 (%)

147

Gas Permeability,3°C (cm3/m2) Relative Humidity, 02 (< 60%) (60-80%) (100%) Values shown are per mil offilm thickness. Permeabilitywas measured at 101 kPa (1 atm) for24 hours.



151 Table 37-02. Moisture Absorption of Unplasticized DuPont Elvanol Films

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Product Form

I I I

DuPont Elvanol

Film

Reference Number

I

II

Relative Humidity (%) Moisture Absortion, Weight Gain

1030

I

35

I

55

1-2

I

3-5

Films were dried at 100°C (212°F) before conditioning at humidity levels indicated.


I I I

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVOH)

I

I

I

80 7-10

I

100

I

25-30

I



Chapter 38

Polyvinyl Chloride = PVC Category: Vinyl, thermoplastic General Description: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is produced by the polymerization of the gas vinyl chloride. It is one of the world's most widely used plastics. Polyvinyl Chloride by itself is hard, brittle, and difficult to process. With the addition of plasticizers and other additives the compound becomes flexible and much more versatile. The wide application of PVC results from the material's versatility since it can be used as a rigid compound or blended with plasticizers to produce flexible grades.

Plastisols are the result of a special class of fineparticle PVC resin (dispersion grade) being dispersed in liquid plasticizers. Organosols are the product of a plastisol and a volatile diluent or a solvent. Commercial PVC copolymers include grades copolymerized with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, and maleate and fumarate esters.[loo4]

Processing Methods: Extrusion, thermoforming. Applications: Packaging is a major market for PVC. Flexible PVC compounds are used in food packaging applications because of their strength, sparkle and transparency, processability, and low raw-material cost.[2027]

Table 38-01. Physical Properties of PVC Film

Material Family

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

1171

Reference Number PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Specific Gravity Tensile Strength, (MPa) Elongation (%) Heat Seal Temperature ("C)

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 0.0025 mm thick film, 3 8 T , 90% RH (g mm/m2 day)


I I

1.21-1.37 14-110

I I

5-500 121-176

< 1.6

Ch. 38: Polyvinyl Chloride - PVC


Chapter 39

Polyvinylidene Chloride = PVDC Category: Vinyl General Description: Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC) resin is a copolymer of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with vinyl chloride or other monomers.[1004] Dow Plastics' vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, Saran, is usually supplied as a white, free-flowing powder. Dow Saran polymers are known worldwide for their gas-moisture, and chemical-barrier properties, and for their ignition-resistant properties.[1045] Specifics of two Saran Wrap types: Saran Wrap 18. A clear, biaxially oriented monolayer barrier film.[1046] Saran Wrap 3. A clear, biaxially oriented monolayer barrier film.[1046]

Film Processing Methods: Extrusion, coextrusion, and Saran F- lacquer solution films. Multilayer Extrusion: Saran resins are used in combination with a myriad of other polymers in flexible and rigid multilayer products. Multilayer cast and blown film coextrusion processes for Saran can be used with all polyethylenes, polypropylenes, and nylons.[1051] Film Applications: Monolayer films (Saran) for food wrap and medical packaging. Coextruded films and sheet structures as a barrier layer in medical and packaging (including fresh red meats, cheese, and sausages).[1045]

Coatings are applied to containers to prevent gas

Rigid Packaging: PVDC is used in combination with skin layers (materials such as polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene) which provide the necessary structural properties to the package. [10451 Blister packs are coated with PVDC if barrier properties are required.[1045]

Regulatory Approval: Saran (vinylidene chloride/ vinyl chloride) copolymers: unmodified Saran resin, when processed according to good manufacturing practices, will comply with the US Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as amended for use in direct food contact:[lo451 CFR 177.1010. Acrylic and Modified Acrylic Plastics, Semirigid and Rigid[10451 CFR 177.1990. Vinylidene Chloride /Methyl Acrylate Copolymers[1045] CFR 1 79.45. Packaging Materials for use during the irradiation of prepackaged foods[1045] The USDA has approved most commercial Saran resins when used as received according to good manufacturing practices for direct meat and poultry contact



Ch. 39: Polyvinylidene Chloride - PVDC

156 Table 39-01. Physical Properties of Dow Saran Wrap Plastic Film

I I I


I I I

Dow Saran Wrap

I

3

Reference Number

I I

Film Thickness (mm) Product Form

I I I

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)

la

1046

I I

I I

0.025 Biaxially Oriented Monolayer Film

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Coefficient of Friction, Film-toMetal (Kinetic) Secant Modulus, 2%, MDlTD

I

Ultimate Elongation, MDlTD (%)

I

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MD/TD YPa) Unrestrained Shrink, MD/TD OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

I II

0.27 482/512 90/60 90/103

I

15/19

I

II I I

ASTM D1894 583/496 80/60

I

ASTM D882

97/124 16/9

100°C Air

Clarity (%)

86

56

ASTM D1746

Gloss (45")

112

99

ASTM D2457

Haze(%)

I

2

I

I

7

I

I

ASTM D1003

I

ASTM D3985, Permetran W

I


Gas Transmission Rate, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

I




0.47 0.11

I


157 Table 39-02. Physical Properties of Dow Saran Plastic Film from Europe

I I

Material Family

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)

Material Supplier

Dow Saran

Material Grade Reference Number MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

I

Film Thickness (mm)

I I I I

I

19E

1046

I I

0.025

I

24E

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD


45/35

52/44

Modulus, MDlTD (MPa)

720/690

530/480

DIN 53571A

I I

Shrink, MDlTD (%) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa) PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

I I I

Gas Transmission Rate 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)



17/14 75/100

I I

0.425

25/18 58/80

0.6 0.065

I I

I I

100°C Air DIN 53571A

I I

Mown Ox-Tran Lyssy L80

I



Chapter 40

Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films = PVDC Coated Films General Description: Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) resin is a copolymer of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with vinyl chloride or other monomers,[1oo4] and is used as a coating over DuPont Teijin Films Mylar films, Enhance Packaging Technologies Sclairfilm BL LLDPE Film, Dartek B-601 and B602, nylon 66, and PVDC coated nylon. The PVDC coating provides the film with excellent oxygen-and moisture-barrier properties. Descriptions of some common PVC coated films: Mylar M30. A transparent, polyester packaging film, solvent-coatedon both sides with a PVDC copolymer. The coating is heat-sealable and is an excellent moisture- and oxygen-barrier properties.[ll2O1 Mylar M34. A transparent, polyester packaging film, solvent-coated on one side with a PVDC copolymer. The coating is heat-sealable and is an excellent moisture and oxygen barrier.[11201 Mylar 50 M44E. A transparent, exceptionally strong polyester film, coated on one side with a PVDC copolymer, creating a highly durable film with excellent oxygen barrier properties.[1066] Mylar MC2. A polyester film with a vacuum-deposited layer of aluminum on one side and overcoated on both sides with a heat-sealable PVDC copolymer.[ll2O1 Sclairfilm BL-l/BL-3. An LLDPE sealant film coated on one side with PVDC; it provides excellent barrier properties, while retaining the


outstanding physical- and sealstrength characteristics.[' 160] Dartek B-602. A strong, transparent nylon type-66 cast film that has a PVDC coating applied to one side for an enhanced barrier to oxygen, moisture, grease, or odor. Because the base sheet is from the Dartek F series, the coated film inherits many excellent properties such as high heat resistance, superioroptics, and goodthermoforming characteristics.[2023] Dartek BF-620. A one-sidePVDC-coatednylon 66 film based on the SF-502 Super-Forming base fih.[20231

Film Processing Methods: For use on form-fill-seal and overwrap equipment as well as thermoforming equipment. Film Applications: Mylar M30. Used both in unsupported form, or as a component of a lamination, and can be run on both form/fill/ seal and overwrap equipment; is particularly well suited for the packaging of long-shelf-life or moistureand oxygen-sensitive products such as processed meats, salty snacks, cakes, candy, nuts, and pharmaceutical and other non-food items.[' 120] Mylar M34. Designed to be reverse printed on the coated side, then combined with a sealant layer such as polyethylene or Surlyn resin-locking in the PVDC coating. Such a structure is quite durable, and its sparkling clarity and excellent barrier properties, plus its Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films

160 resistance to heat and humidity, make it an ideal combination for gas and vacuum packaging of processed meats and cheese.[1120]

and can be printed, laminated, or extrusion coated. In converter combinations, it can be used for any packaging or industrial end-use requiring highbarrier properties. B-602 can be easily thermoformed for assorted shapes and products such as meats and

Mylar 50 M44E. Used as a substrate in combination with sealant webs, and can be printed with appropriate inks, including water-based inks.[1o66]

Dartek BF-620. Designed specifically for demanding thermoforming enduses (deep draw depth or tight product conformation) where an enhanced barrier to oxygen, moisture, grease, and odor is required.[2023]

MC2. Can be used in plain and structured form to package snacks, candy, nuts, pharmaceuticals, dry chemicals, and other materials that require protection from moisture, oxygen, and light.[l120]

Sclairfilm BL-l/BL-3. Used in laminated structures suitable for meat, cheese, snacks, MAPICAP, and in other applications requiring good barrier properties and excellent sealing characteristics.[l l6O1 Dartek B-602. Specially formulated for use in high-humidity applications,

Regulatory Approval: Mylar M30, M34, and MC2 comply with the Food and Drug Administration regulation 21 CFR 177.1630-Polyethylene phthalate polymers, Sections (f, and (g).[ll2O1 Mylar M30 is listed in the Drug Master File.[1120] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 40-01 through 40-03.

Ch. 40: Polyvinylidene Chloride Coated Films - PVDC Coated Films


161 Table 40-01. Physical Properties of Dupont Teijin Films Mylar Films

I I I


I I I

Film Thickness (mm)

MC2

I

I

0.014

I

I

Dupont Teijin Films M30

I

M34

I

Reference Number

I

I

I I I

POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED

50M44E 1120

I

0.025

I

0.0225

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

Elongation at Break, MD/TD (9'0) Heat Seal Strength (coat/coat), 250°F, 0.5 sec, 20 psi (glmm)

I

Modulus (stiffness), (MPa) Tear Strength, Initial (Graves),(N)

I

Tensile Strength at Break, MDlTD (MPa) Unrestrained Shrink, MD/TD

TEST METHOD

I

130/75

II

7.87

I I

I

I

130/70

I

-

II

3447 4.89 179/248 3.0

I I

4.0 172/228 2.0

I I

110/80

186/228

-

I

100/80

I

ASTM D882A

I

3450

I

ASTMD882

*300g

I I

165/193 1.5

ASTM D1004

I

ASTMD882A

I120'30min

OPTICAL PROPERTIES Gloss (20")

I

Haze (9'0)

180

I

2.5

140

I

8

-

200

I

5

I

-

ASTM D2457

I

ASTMD1003

I

PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES Gas Transmission Rate, 22"C/50% RH 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

0.25

0.177

0.1

0.0021

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C, 90% RH (g mm/m2 day)

0.25

0.177

-

-

ASTM F1249


-

-

0.08

0.008

ASTM E96 Procedure E



162 Table 40-02. Physical Properties of Enhance Packaging Technologies Sclairfilm BL-1 and BL-3 PVDC Coated LLDPE Films

Material Family

I I I

Material Supplier Material Grade Reference Number

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED

I I I

Sclairfilm BL-I and BL-3

1160

Film Thickness (mm)

Elongation, MD (%) Impact Strength (9) Slip (kinetic coefficient of friction)

0.051

I I I

50% Dart Drop

38.6

I

ASTM D882A

100

I

ASTM D2457, Photocell Microamps

175

0.35

BL-3

0.13


OPTICAL PROPERTIES

165.5

I I

Gloss (uncoated side)

I

I I I

600

BL-1


Haze(%)

I I I

Enhance Packaging Technologies

I

10

ASTM D882

ASTM D1894

ASTM D882

I

ASTM D1003

I


Gas Transmission Rate, 22"C/50% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day)

0.63-0.79

ASTM D3985

0.31

ASTM F372




163 Table 40-03. Physical Properties of Enhance Packaging Technologies Dartek B-602 and BF-620 PVDC Coated Nylon 66 Films

I I I


I I I

Enhance Packaging Technologies Dartek 8-602

Reference Number

I

Dartek BF-620

I

2023

Film Thickness (mm)

0.025

0.75

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I


TEST METHOD

I

300/300

Coefficient of Friction (kinetic)

I I

I

Impact Strength (9) Tensile strength, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

500 724/724 24/24

Tear Strength, ElmendorfPropagated, MDlTD (glpm)

1.4/1.2

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

I

370/400

I

I I

758/758

Gloss (uncoated side) Haze (90' )

I I

I I

ASTM D882

550 792/758

I I

ASTM F1709 ASTM D882

19/20

ASTM D1004

1.8/2.2

ASTM D1922

I I

I

965/965

I

ASTM D882

I

I

150

I

Photocell ASTM Microamps D2457'

I

1.o

ASTM D1003

Gas Transmission Rate, 232"C/O% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

0.1925

5.75

ASTM D3985


0.225

6.75

ASTM F372


I

ASTM D1894 (film to film/50% RH) Uncoated Side

0.60-0.80

Tear Strength, Initial (Graves), MD/TD (glpm)


I I I

POLWINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COATED



Chapter 41

Mylar Films = Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier General Description: Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers are an important component of high-barrier, multilayered packaging materials. They can be easily coextruded with nylons, but coextrusionwith polyolefins, polyesters, and polycarbonates requires use of adhesives in which the layers are structured as follows: base film, adhesive, EVOH, adhesive, and heat sealant.[1020] Honeywell OxyShield nylodEVOH oxygen-barrier (OB) film’s combination of nylon 6 and EVOH delivers a strong mix of benefits: the strength, toughness, and flex-crack resistance of nylon with the extremely low oxygen transmission rates, superior flavor/odor/aroma-barrier properties, with the outstanding solvent and oil resistance of both nylon and EVOH. The film is microwaveable and recyclable, and does not release harmful substances upon incineration.[1083] The following are some specific Oxyshield characteristics:

OxyShield BOEB. Biaxially oriented, coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.L1 0831


OxyShield OBS. Oriented barrier, monoaxially oriented coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film with slip additive, having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.[1o83] OxyShield OEB. Oriented extra barrier, is a monoaxially oriented coextruded nylon 6/EVOH/nylon 6 clear film having excellent gas barrier properties through a broad range of relative humidity.L1 0831 Film Processing Methods: Blown or cast coextrusion methods can be used. Processing of multilayer sheets, tubes, and bottles is the same as for films.[10831 Film Applications: OxyShield films are used in food service and single-serve pouches, lidding, and bagin-box structures.[1083]


Ch. 41: Mylar Films - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier

166 Table 41 -01. Film Properties of Honeywell Capran OxyShield, Oriented Barrier (OB), Nylon 6IEVOHINylon 6

I I I


I I I

Capran Oxyshield BOEB

I

I

OBS

Reference Number

I

Film Thickness (mm)

I

OEB

1083

I

I

0.015

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I

TEST METHOD

Dimensional Stability, hot air, MDlTD (% shrinkage)

1.6/0.3

Dimensional Stability, hot water, MDlTD (% shrinkage)

2.8/1.4


I I I

EVOH BARRIER LAYER, NYLON GIEVOHINYLON 6

I

160°C - 5 min

110/100

50-90/225425

55-80/180-425

0.15 0.5

0.16-0.30 0.48-1 .O

0.25-0.57 0.66-2 .O

II

95°C - 5 min ASTMD882

II

Coefficient of Friction Film to Stainless Steel Film to Film

I I

I I I

Modulus (elastic), MD/TD (MPa) Modulus (tensile), MD/TD (MPa)

I I

ASTM D882 1600/1600

Tear Strength (Graves), MD/TD YPa) Tear Strength at Break, MD/TD YPa)

190/200

2758-3999/2275-3241 1050-1 650/1000-1550

1000-1400/925-1450

262-352/54-100

200-290/48-97

no yield/63-81

no yield/69-83

I

ASTMD1004

I

Gloss (20")

170

-

-

Haze (%)

4.0

< 5.5

< 5.0


88

-

-

0.0225

0.0255

0.0093

ASTM D3985

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 4O0C/9O% RH (g mm/m2 day)

1.5

-

-

ASTM E96

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 37.8"C/100% RH (g mm/m2 day)

-

3.255

2.1

ASTM F1249

Gas Transmission Rate, 23"C/65% RH, 02 (cm3 mm/m2 day atm)

I

ASTM D882

Tear Strength at Yield, MDlTD YPa) OPTICAL PROPERTIES

ASTM D1894

Ch. 41: Mylar Films - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Barrier



Chapter 42

Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers = TPO Category: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPOs) are typically called thermoplastic olefins. General Description: TPOs are resin blends of polypropylene with rubber (EPDM or EP) and polyethylene. Characterizedby high-impact strength, low density, and good chemical resistance, they are used when durability and reliability are primary concerns.[' Oo41 TPO products include the following:

Basell Polyolefins AdJlex TPO resin. Produced from Basell's proprietary "Catalloy" Basell Polyolefins Adflex Q401 F: A TPO resin with slip and antiblock properties.[' 1631 Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KCOl. A polypropylene-ethylene copolymer formulated for film applications requiring medium stifhess, excellent impact strength, and high heat resistance. Produced in a proprietary gas-phase process, TP 38KC01 yields a product with greater physical properties and more uniform rubber dispersion than melt-blendedrubber compounds.[' '62] Film Processing: Extrusion, blown film. Film Applications: AdJlex Q 200 F: Ideal for making soft hygienic or heavy duty films; used to modify LDPE or LLDPE resins in order to improve mechanical characteristics, puncture resistance, and to allow further d0wngauging.L' 1631


AdJlex Q 301 F TPO resin. Designed for impact modification of polypropylene, as well as monolayer and multilayer air-quenched blown films.[' 1631 Adflex Q 401 E and Q 402 . Designed for air-quenchedblown film applications.[' 1631 Regulatory Approval: AdJlex Q 200 F: Q 301 F: and Q 402 F resins. Meets FDA requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations in 21 CFR 177.1520 for all food contact, except for certain fatty foods. All ingredients in Q 200 F resin meet the chemical registration requirements of TSCA(US) and DSL (Canada).["63] Ad f e x Q 401 F resin. Meets FDA requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations in 21 CFR 177.1520 for all food contact, except for certain fatty foods. The final item is subject to the extraction requirements in 21 CFR 177.2600. All ingredients meet the chemical registration requirements

ofTSCA(US)andDSL(Canada).[1163] Flexathene TP 38KCOl. Meets the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration, 21 CFR 177.1520. This regulation allows the use of this olefin polymer "...in articles or components of articles intended for use in contact with food." Other limitations or conditions of use may apply.[1162] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Tables 42-01 through 42-02.

Ch. 42: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

168 Table 42-01. Film Properties of Basell Adflex Thermoplastic Polyolefin Film Grades

I I I


I I I

I I I

THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN (TPO) Basell Adflex Q401 F

I

Q 402 F

Reference Number

1163

Thickness (mm)

0 050

I

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Dart Drop Impact (9) ElmendorfTear, MDlTD (9)

TEST METHOD

I I

I I

550 440l920

Secant Modulus, MDlTD (MPa)

331l303

Tensile Strength at Break (%)

68.3l48.3

Tensile Strength at Yield (MPa)

18/15

Tensile Elongation at Break (%)

670l870

ASTMD1709 ASTMD1922

I

ASTMD882' 2% secant

I I

I

ASTM D882


I

Table 42-02. Film Proprieties of Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KC01 Thermoplastic Polyolefin Film Grades THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN (TPO)

Material Family

Equistar Chemicals Flexathene TP 38KC01

Material Supplier/Trade Name

1162


I

Thickness (mm)

I

I

0.0375

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

TEST METHOD

Coefficient of Friction (9)

1.2

ASTM D1894

Dart Drop Impact Strength, F50 (9)

460

ASTM D1709A

Elmendorf Tear Strength, MDlTD (9)

80l400

ASTM D1922

Secant Modulus, I % , MDlTD (MPa)

641l517

Tensile Strength at Yield, MDlTD (%)

19.3l16.5

Tensile Elongation, Ultimate, MDlTD (MPa)

580l680

Ultimate Tensile Strength, MDlTD (MPa)

75.8l46.1

ASTM D882

Gloss (20")

I Haze (%) I I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction. Ch. 42: Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers - TPO

8 67

ASTM D2457

I

ASTMD1003

I I


Chapter 43

Polyether Block Amide = PEBA Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer

Pebax complies with the following bacteriological

General Description: Elf Atochem Pebax Resins, breathable resins, are polyether block amides (PEBAs), thermoplastic elastomers made of a flexible polymer and a rigid polyamide. Extruded films made with Pebax are compact, thoroughly waterproof, and breathable.[1079]

ASTM ES21 at 14 kPa, Pebax. Acts

Film Processing: Blown film, cast film, and coating.[lo791

Swedish test SS 87 60019.

Film Applications: These resins can be used as general purpose films for packaging of h i t s and vegetables, or applied onto a variety of textiles.[1079] General Features: Has good physical properties and a smooth finish, and is weldable, antistatic, and resistant to hydrolysis.[1o79]

as a barrier when pressure increases to 25 kPa and 34 kPa.

ASTM ES22 at 14 kPa, Pebax. Acts as a barrier when pressure increases to 25 kPa and 34 kPa.

Permeability: Pebax is permeable to oxygen and other gases such as CO,, N,, and C,H,. Pebax’s high breathability lets water vapor (or perspiration in the textile applications) go through films at a very high rate.[1079]

Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 43-01.

Medical Features: Virus-proof while still highly breathable to water vapor, sterilizable, washable, and USP class


Ch. 43: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA

170 Table 43-01. Film Properties of Atofina Pebax Breathable Films

I I

Material Family Material Supplier

I I

Trade Name

POLYETHER BLOCK AMlDE (PEBA) Atochem Pebax Films MX 1205

MV 1041

Reference Number

I

Film Thickness (mm)

MV 3000

MV 1074

1079

I

I

0.025

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Elongation at Break, %, MD/TD (MPa)

I I

TEST METHOD 2700h700 70

Modulus (MPa) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (MPa)

44/43

I I

2500h600

2500h700

2700h700

230

45

80

58/53

32/22

32/34 ASTM D882

Stress at the following (MPa) 0% 50% 100% 300%

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C/50% RH (g mm/m2 day)

6 9 10 13

14 17 19 24

45

300

6 10 11 14

550

620 ASTM E96

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, 38"C/90% RH (g mm/m2 day) Water Absorption, equilibrium, 20°C/65% RH % 24 h in water

Ch. 43: Polyether Block Amide - PEBA

45

67.5

82

107

0.5 1.2

0.9 12

1.o 28

1.4 48


Chapter 44

Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: JSR RB, manufactured by Japanese Synthetic Rubber Company, is a lowmolecular-weight, low-crystallinity (1 5-30%) syndiotactic 1,2 polybutadiene.[l1641 The following characteristics are evident: Good gas permeability and transparency.[l1641 Low melting point.[l1641 Flexiblibility.[l1641 Self

Film Processing: Blown film and cast film. Film Applications: Films for industrial uses, melting bags .L1 1641 Electrical Properties: JSR RB has similar electrical properties to polyethylene with the exception of dielectric loss tangent; and since it is a hydrocarbon, it possesses better insulating properties than plasticized PVC.[1164]

Modulus: The modulus of JSR RB is almost the same as EVA, with a higher brittle point than LDPE ~rEVA.[ll~~l Tensile Properties: Similar to polyethylene, the stress-strain curve of JSR RB has a yield point. Above the yield point, the stress-strain curve continues to increase with elongation, then breaks. This kind of stress-strain curve is similar to EVA and indicates a characteristic property lying somewhere between amorphous and crystalline polymers. The dynamic properties of JSR RB can be improved by stretching.[11641 Transparency: Transparency is influenced by cooling rates. Slow cooling results in low transparency, compared to rapid cooling. Regulatory Approval: JSR RB has not been approved for any medical or food applications by the FDA (United States), the BGA (Germany), or any other similar authorities in any countries except Japan.[11641 Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 44-0 1.

Table 44-01. Influence of Cooling Speed on JSR RB 820[11641

Cooling Condition

Transmission Rate of Parallel Light (%)

Haze Value (%)

Quenching

10°C x 5 min

91

1

Slow cooling (1)

25°C x 8 min

73

9

Slow cooling (2)

50°C x 10min

62

20

Cooling Method


Ch. 44: Polybutadiene Thermoplastic Elastomer


Chapter 45

Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: Arnitel is DSM Engineering Plastics' family of copolyesters (COPEs) and thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). These resins are multiblock copolymers in which butylene terapthalate hard segments and poly(alky1ene oxide) soft segments alternate repeatedly along the polymer backbone.[' 1651

Breathable applications include medical uses like surgical gowns, drapes, dressings, diapers and adult incontinence products, construction including semi-permeable roofing membranes, and "house wrap."[' '651 Non-breathable applications include wholesale food packaging, especially applications that require ffeezing products in the bag, monolayer and multilayer films, and vacuum bagging.[' 1651

Eastmans' Ecdel elastomers are COPEs. Ecdel elastomer is a clear, tough copolymer with elastomericlike properties. It imparts strength and durability and resists puncturing while remaining remarkably clear and ffee of the blush or haze that can occur in hightemperature autoclaving necessary for medical applications. Ecdel elastomer combines the chemical resistance, toughness, autoclavability, and inertness of polyesters with flexibility over a broad temperature range.[' 1591

Permeability: Copolyester TPE films and coatings are permeable to moisture and gases (0, and CO,) but are non-porous and thus impermeable to water, blood, and bacteria.[' 1651

Film Processing Methods: Copolyester TPE can be extruded into blown or cast film.[1164] Ecdel Elastomer 9965 may be extrusion blow-molded directly into bags or extruded into film for later fabrication into bags.[' 1591

UV Stability: Both DSM Arnitel E-grade and Pgrade elastomers degrade very rapidly when exposed to UV light, thus UV black coloring is recommended for those applications exposed to UV light.[' 1651

Film Applications: Copolyester TPE film and coating markets divide into breathable and non-breathable applications.['1651



Ecdel Elastomer is ideal for applications in pharmaceutical packaging where low extractables, toughness, flex crack resistance, and utility in harsh environments are required.["59]

Ch. 45: Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

174 Table 45-01. Properties of DSM Engineering Plastics Arnitel P-Grade CopolyesterThermoplastic Elastomer Films

I I I I

Material Family Material Supplier Trade Name Reference Number

I I I I

DSM Engineering Plastics Arnitel Ps

I

PL380

I

PL381


I

480

I

1.7

Puncture Resistance, max (N) Tensile Strength (Nlmm) Trouser Tear Strength, max (N)

I

PL581

0.025

Graves Tear Strength, max (N)

I

I

PL460

1165


I

I I I I

COPOLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

I

400

I

1.6

480

I

2.0

530

I

2.8

ASTMD882 ASTM D1004

3

2

4

5

DSM test

11.5

14

20

40

ASTM D882

-

I

1.I

I

1.3

I

1.7

I

I

ASTMD1938

I


Water Absorption, %, At equilibrium in air At equilibrium in water

0.40 7.0

Water Vapor Transmission Rate, (g mm/m2 day) 38°C (100 "F)/50% RH 38°C (100 "F)/50% RH

47.5 112.5

27.5 48.25

22.5 37.5

ASTM E96B ASTM E96BW




175 Table 45-02. Physical Properties of Eastman's Ecdel Copolyester Thermoplastic Elastomer

I I I

Material Family Material Supplier/Trade Name Reference Number

I I I


I I I

COPOLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER Eastman Ecdel9966

1159

I

0.11-0.14

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

I I

Coefficient of Friction Elongation at Break, MD/TD (%)

TEST METHOD

I I

4001500


180

Tensile Stress at Yield, MD/TD (MPa)

14/12

Gloss (45%)

Regular Transmittance (%) Total Transmittance (%) Refractive Index (n)

I I

ASTMD1894

ASTM D882

85

ASTM D2457

1

Haze (%)

I I I

> 1.0

I I I

Gas Permeability (cm3 mm/m2 24 h atm) COz, 23°C Oz,3O0C Water Vapor Transmission Rate 38"C/lOO% RH (g mm/m2 day)

94 93 1.51

> 1000 130 21

I I I

ASTMD1003

ASTM D542

I

ASTM D1434

I

ASTMF372

I MD-Machine Direction; TD-Transverse Direction




Chapter 46

Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer Category: Thermoplastic Elastomer General Description: Kraton Polymers are a range of unhydrogenated styrenic block copolymers, compounds with an unsaturated rubber midblock (styrene-butadiene-styrene [SBS] and styrene-isoprenestyrene [SIS]).[~O~~] Kraton polymers blended with polypropylene can provide films with elasticity and strength, puncture resistance, low permanent set to prevent finger marks and indentation due to handling, high oxygen permeability, moisture-barrier properties, and cling.[l0671

Film Applications: Kraton polymers blended with polypropylene and coextruded with ethylene vinyl acetate to form multilayer structures are suitable for food-wrap applications and can offer an excellent

balance of properties combined with a low density. These lighter-weight, thinner films not only reduce packaging costs, but can also be reprocessed for further use.[1o67]

Regulatory Approval: Most Kraton clear polymer grades are suitable for use in food contact articles, and comply with relevant regulations, for example those of the FDA (United States), the BGA (Germany), and the Warenwet regulations (the Netherlands). Further details of these and other compliances can be provided. Manufacturers of final products should ensure that all other ingredients used also comply with the regulations.[1067] Permeability: Kraton is permeable by oxygen but acts as a moisture

Note: Because Kraton is blended with other film-grade resins, film properties of Kraton alone are not applicable.


Ch. 46: Styrenic Thermoplastic Elastomer


Chapter 47

Metallized Films Category: Metallized Films

Film Processing: An extremely thin metal layer (0.00005 mm) is applied to plastic films.[2032]

General Description: Many plastic films can be metallized, (for example, PET, BOPP, PVC, and LDPE) to increase their barrier properties with respect to light, water, and gases, while providing highstrength characteristics and good printability.[2o32] Vacmet Packagings (India): Metallized polyester and BOPP, biaxially oriented polypropylene,

Film Applications: Metallized polyester and BOPP films are suitable for flexible packaging, lamination, metallic yarn, decoration, e t ~ . [ ~ ~ ~ ~ ] Film Properties by Material Supplier Trade Name: See Table 47-01.

Table 47-01. Film Properties of Vacmet Packagings Metallized Plastic Films

Material Family

I I

Material Grade Reference Number

METALLIZED PLASTIC FILMS

I I

I

Polyester

I

BOPP

I I

2032



I I

0.012

0.024

0.015

0.025

Coefficient of Friction Film to metal

0.4-0.5

-

ASTM D1894


100/90

150/70

ASTM D882

Heat Shrinkage, 150°C, 30 min, MDlTD (%)

1.5/0.5

Heat Sealing Temperature ("C) Tensile Strength, MD/TD (Kg/s2)

I I

2000/2200

I I

1500/2500

I I

I 125 1400/2300

I I

ASTMD1204

ASTM D882

I

I I


Water Vapor Transmission Rate (g mm/m2 day) 3O0C/9O% RH

0.018-0.024

-

Gas Permeability (cm3 mm/m2 day atm) 02


0.028-0.032

0.669

2.9

Ch. 47: Metallized Films


Chapter 48

Biodegradable or Organic Films Biodegradable* plastics can be made by microorganisms, synthesized from natural products like starch or proteins, or composed of synthetic polymers. The current generation of biodegradable films may be up to 100% biodegradable, i.e., not containing any synthetic polymers.

Gluten Plastic: Gluten can be processed by extrusion to make fibers, pipes, and films. Alternatively it can be made into granules that can be processed in other ways, like injection molding or blow-molding .[ 11371 Starch Plastic: Starches can be converted into thermoplastic or thermoset materials. Properties of the individual starches vary depending upon the size and shape of the granules and the amylose/amylopectin ratio. Amylose is a mostly linear chain, and amylopectin is a branched glucan. Most starches contain approximately 20% amylose.[l1371

PVOH, or PS. Self-supporting cast films can be made from soy proteins or wheat gluten.[l 1371

Protein Plastic: Coatings from proteins including collagen, corn zein, wheat gluten, soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate, and casein can provide oxygen- and flavor-barrier properties. Their poor mechanical properties make these films unsuitable for self-supporting biodegradable packaging material. These coatings are used for paper coatings and edible food coatings.[1137] Soy proteins and wheat gluten can be cast to form a self-supporting films. These films act as oxygen barriers demonstrating lower oxygen permeabilities than polysaccharide films. However, they are very sensitive to water and not very strong.[1137] Most protein films have high water-vapor permeability, which can be modified by the inclusion of wax or other modifiers.[l1371

Properties of starch films may be modified through the addition of plasticizers and synthetic polymers. Starch-based materials are often blended with PE,

*Biodegradable: For a material to be called biodegradable, it must be degraded completely, within one year, to only natural compounds, such as carbon dioxide, water, methane, and biomass. This process is carried out by microorganisms, whether or not under special conditions. The product is first depolymerized (chain cleavage) and then mineralized. Edible coatings are also considered to be


Ch. 48: Biodegradable or Organic Films


Glossary of Terms A ABS: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. ABS Nylon Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy. ABS PC Alloy: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycarbonate Alloy. ABS Resin: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. Accelerant: See Accelerator. Accelerator: A chemical substance that accelerates chemical, photochemical, biochemical, etc., reactions or processes, such as cross-linking or degradation of polymers, that is triggered andor sustained by another substance, such as a curing agent or catalyst, or environmental factor, such as heat, radiation, or a microorganism. Also called accelerant, promoter, and cocatalyst. Acetal Resins: Thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of formaldehyde or its trioxane trimer. Acetals have high impact strength and stiffness, low fiiction coefficient and permeability, good dimensional stability and dielectric properties, and high fatigue strength and thermal stability. Acetals have poor acid and UV resistance and are flammable. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used in mechanical parts such as gears and bearings, automotive components, appliances, and plumbing and electronic applications. Also called acetals. Acetals: See Acetal Resins. Acetone: A volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid with molecular formula CH,COCH,. Acetone has an autoignition temperature of 537"C, mixes readily with water and some other solvents, and is moderately toxic. Acetone dissolves most thermoplastics and some thermosets. Used as organic synthesis intermediate, e.g., in the manufacture of bisphenol A and antioxidants, as solvent in paints and acetate fiber spinning and for cleaning of electronic parts. Also called dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone.


Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer: Acrylic rubber-modified thermoplastic with high weatherability. Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer has good heat and chemical resistance, toughness, rigidity, and antistatic properties. Processed by extrusion, thermoforming, and molding. Used in construction, leisure, and automotive applications such as siding, exterior auto trim, and in outdoor furniture. Acrylic Resins: Thermoplastic polymers of alkyl acrylates such as methyl methacrylates. Acrylic resins have good optical clarity, weatherability, surface hardness, chemical resistance, rigidity, impact strength, and dimensional stability. They have poor solvent resistance, poor resistance to stress cracking, flexibility, and thermal stability. Processed by casting, extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in transparent parts, auto trim, household items, light fixtures, and medical devices. Also called polyacrylates. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: ABS resins are thermoplastics comprised of a mixture of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) and SAN-grafted butadiene rubber. They have high impact resistance, toughness, rigidity, and processability, but low dielectric strength, continuous service temperature, and elongation. Outdoor use requires protective coatings in some cases. Plating grades provide excellent adhesion to metals. Processed by extrusion, blow-molding, thermoforming, calendaring, and injection molding. Used in household appliances, tools, nonfood packaging, business machinery, interior automotive parts, extruded sheet, pipe, and pipe fittings. Also called ABS, ABS resin, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Nylon Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding, with properties similar to ABS, but higher elongation at yield. Also called ABS Nylon Alloy. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer Polycarbonate Alloy: A thermoplastic processed by injection molding and extrusion, with properties similar to ABS. Used in automotive applications. Also called ABS PC alloy.

Glossary of Terms

Acrylonitrile Copolymer: A thermoplastic prepared by copolymerization of acrylonitrile with small amounts of other unsaturated monomers. Has good gas barrier properties and chemical resistance. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming. Used in food packaging. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer: See Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Polymer. Activation Energy: An excess energy that must be added to an atomic or molecular system to allow a process to proceed such as diffusion or chemical reaction. Adsorption: Retention of a substance molecule on the surface of a solid or liquid. Alcohols: A class of hydroxy compounds in which a hydroxy group(s) is attached to a carbon chain or ring. Alcohols are produced synthetically from petroleum stock, e.g., by hydration of ethylene, or derived from natural products, e.g., by fermentation of grain. The alcohols are divided in the following groups: monohydric, dihydric, trihydric, and polyhydric. Used in organic synthesis, as solvents, plasticizers, fuels, beverages, and detergents, etc. AMA: See Acrylonitrile Methyl Acrylate. Amorphous Nylon: Transparent aromatic polyamide thermoplastics. Produced by condensation of hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic and terephthalic acid. Annulus Test: An ozone resistance test for rubbers that involves a flat-ring specimen mounted as a band over a rack, stretched 0 to loo%, and subjected to ozone attack in the test chamber. The specimen is evaluated by comparing to a calibrated template to determine the minimum elongation at which cracking occurred. Anthraquinone: An aromatic compound comprising two benzene rings linked by two carbonyl (C=O) groups, C,H,(CO),C,H,. Combustible. Used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, mainly in the manufacture of anthraquinone dyes and pigments. One method of preparation is by condensation of 1,4-naphthaquinonewith butadiene. Antioxidant: A chemical substance capable of inhibiting oxidation or oxidative degradation of another substance such as plastic in which it is incorporated. Antioxidants act by terminating chain-propagating free radicals or by decomposing peroxides, formed during oxidation, into stable products. The first group of antioxidants include

Glossary of Terms

hindered phenols and amines; the second group includes sulfur compounds, such as thiols.

Ar: See argon. Arc Resistance: Arc Resistance is the relative ability of a material to withstand arcing across its surface when electrodes placed on the specimen are impressed with high voltage (low amperage) current. Area Factor: The ratio between the total area of pore openings on the surface of a membrane that is in contact with the incoming flow of a penetrant, to the area of this surface . Argon (Ar): A chemically inert, tasteless, colorless, noncombustible monoatomic gas. Argon is often used to characterize permeability of polymeric films, such as carrier gas in gas chromatography, as inert gas shield in welding, in electric bulbs such as neon, lasers, and as a process environment. Aroma Barrier: A plastic film or its component preventing the escape of aromatic volatiles from foodstuffs or cosmetics seal-packaged in the film. Aromatic Polyester Estercarbonate: A thermoplastic block copolymer of an aromatic polyester with polycarbonate. Has higher heat distortion temperature than regular polycarbonate. Aromatic Polyesters: Engineering thermoplastics prepared by polymerization of aromatic polyol with aromatic dicarboxylic anhydride. They are tough with somewhat low chemical resistance. Processed by injection and blow-molding, extrusion, and thermoforming. Drying is required. Used in automotive housings and trim, electrical wire jacketing, printed circuit boards, and appliance enclosures. ASA: See Acrylate Styrene Acrylonitrile Polymer. ASTM International: Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D96: (Discontinued Test Method) Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 31 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the


185 specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM D149: Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies may be used to determine dielectric strength of solid insulating materials. The frequency of the tests is generally at commercial power frequencies of 60 Hz, but the method is appropriate for any frequency from 25 through 60 Hz. Various temperatures and any suitable gaseous or liquid medium may be used. D149 is used for determining the dielectric breakdown voltage most often through the thickness of a test specimen (puncture), but also along the interface between a solid specimen and a gaseous or liquid surrounding medium (flashover). Proof testing may be performed through the use of Section 12 modifications instruction. ASTM D150: Standard Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation includes the determination of relative* permittivity, dissipation factor, loss index, power factor, phase angle, and loss angle through specimens of solid electrical insulating materials when the standards used are lumped impedances. The frequency range that can be covered extends from less than 1 Hz to several hundred megahertz. *In common usage, the word relative is frequently dropped. ASTM D256: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics. Used to determine the resistance of a plastic specimen to impact by a pendulum-type hammer. Specimens contain a milled notch and depending upon the test method, failure may be brittle or ductile. Test results are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width or per unit of cross-sectional area under the notch. ASTM D257: Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials. Used to determine DC insulation resistance, volume resistance, volume resistivity, surface resistance, and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials, or the corresponding conductances and conductivities of insulating materials. D256 is not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistivitylconductivity of moderately conductive materials.


ASTM D471: An American Society for Testing of Materials. Standard method for determining the resistance of nonporous rubber to hydrocarbon oils, fuels, service fluids, and water. The specimens are immersed in fluids for 22-670 hours at -75 to 250"C, followed by measuring of the changes in mass, volume, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness for solid specimens and the changes in breaking strength, burst strength, tear strength, and adhesion for rubber-coated fabrics. ASTM D495: Standard Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation. Recommended as a preliminary screening method to differentiate among similar materials with respect to their resistance to the action of a high-voltage, low-current arc close to the surface of insulation, intending to form a conducting path therein or in causing the material to become conducting due to the localized thermal and chemical decomposition and erosion. D495 will not, in general, permit conclusions to be drawn concerning the relative arc resistance ranking of materials that may be subjected to other types of arcs: for example, high voltage at high currents, and low voltage at low or high currents. ASTM D523: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss. Used to determine the specular gloss ofnonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 20", 60", and 85". ASTM D542: Standard Test Method for Index of Refiaction of Transparent Organic Plastics. Used to measure the index of refiaction of transparent organic plastic materials throughuse of arefiactometer. D542 requires optically homogeneous specimens of uniform refractive index. This test method and IS0 489 are technically equivalent. ASTM D570: Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. Used to determine the relative rate of absorption of water by plastics when immersed. D570 is applicable to the testing of all types of plastics, including cast, hot-molded, and cold-molded resinous products, and both homogeneous and laminated plastics in rod and tube form and in sheets 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) or greater in thickness. IS0 62 is technically equivalent to this test method. ASTM D638: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics is used to determine the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed. Specimens are dumbbell-shaped and can be of any thickness up to 14 mm. However, test Method D882 is the preferred test method for testing films

Glossary of Terms

less than 1.O mm. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining. D638 also includes the option of determining Poisson's ratio at room temperature. This test method and I S 0 527-1 are technically equivalent. ASTM D696: Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30°C and 30°C. With a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer. Used to determine the coefficient of linear thermal expansion by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 x lo6 1°C. Plastic materials generally have negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both at the temperatures and stresses herein imposed. ASTM D774: Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper is used to measure the bursting strength of paper and paper products whose bursting strength lies between 30kPa and 1400kPa. These products shall be single or laminated flat sheets not over 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) in thickness. This method is similar to I S 0 2758 and TAPPI 403. ASTM D790: Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Used to determine flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, and is generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. D 790 uses a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam, and is valid for those materials that break or fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0% strain limit of these test methods. It should be noted that these test methods are not technically equivalent to IS0 178. ASTM D792: Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. Used to determine the specific gravity and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items. It should be noted that this standard is not equivalent to I S 0 1183 method A. ASTM D882: Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine tensile properties of plastics in the form of thin sheeting, including film having a nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.). InD882, specimenextensionmaybemeasured by grip separation, extension indicators, or displacement of gage marks. This test method is similar to I S 0 527-3, but is not considered technically equivalent. ASTM D1709: Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method.

Glossary of Terms

Provides two methods for the determination of the energy, expressed as weight (mass), that causes plastic film to fail under the impact of a fiee-falling dart. Specified conditions include height fiom which the dart will fall as well as the weight of the dart. Failure energy is when 50% of the tested specimens fail with a specific weight of dart. Both methods, the staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results with respect to the dart impact weight at failure as well as to the precisions with which they are determined. This method is similar to IS0 7765-1, IS0 7765-1 which has several differences. ASTM D1746: Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting. Used to determine the regular transmittance (Tr) of plastic sheeting. The primary use of D 1746 is with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting, but the method is generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material. ASTM D1922: Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method. Used to determine the average force to propagate tearing after the tear has been started using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens of a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting are used, one rectangular type and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter is the preferred or referee specimen. Provisions are made in the test method to compensate for oblique directional tearing, which may be found with some materials. ASTM D1938: Standard Test Method for Tear-Propagation Resistance (Trouser Tear) of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by a Single-Tear Method. Used to determine the force necessary to propagate a tear in plastic film and thin sheeting (thickness of 1 mm or less) by a single-tear method. D 1938 employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test specimen and the specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation. The method is not applicable for film or sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing. ASTM D2176: Standard Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester. Used to determine the folding endurance of paper using the M.1.T.-type folding apparatus. This test method is the technical equivalent of TAPPI T5 11. ASTM D2457: Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics. Used for the measurement of gloss of opaque and transparent plastic films and solid plastics. D2475 contains three separate gloss angles: 60", recommended for intermediate-gloss films,


187 20", recommended for high-gloss films, and 45", recommended for intermediate gloss and low-gloss films. Note: The 60" and 20" apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in ASTM D523; those for the 45" procedure are similarly taken from ASTM C346.

and another of dry air. The response of an electrical sensor capable of detecting water vapor accumulation in the dry chamber is recorded and used, with the help of a calibrating curve, to determine the water vapor transmission rate. Also called ASTM E398-70.

ASTM D2863: Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). Used to measure the minimum concentration of oxygen that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen andnitrogen. Methods are provided for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5 mm thick as well as flexible sheet or film materials supported vertically.

ASTM E398-70: See ASTME398.

ASTM D3420: Standard Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film. Used to determine the resistance of film to impact-puncture penetration at ambient conditions. Also called Spencer Impact. ASTM D3985: Standard test method for determining the steady-state transmission rate of oxygen gas through a plastic film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions, or plasticcoated paper or fabric. An American Society for Testing of Materials. ASTM D5214: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Polyimide Resin Film for Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Application (Withdrawn 1995). Replaced by D2305: Standard Test Methods for Polymeric Films Used for Electrical Insulation ASTM E96: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of materials such as paper, plastic film and sheeting, fiberboards, wood products, etc., that are less than 3 1 mm in thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the Water Method, are used. The specimens have either one side wetted or one side exposed to high humidity and another to low humidity. In the Desiccant Method, the specimen is placed airtight on a test dish with a desiccant that is weighed to determine the gain of weight due to water vapor transmission. In the Water Method, the water is placed in the dish that is weighed to determine the loss of water due to evaporation through the specimen. ASTM E398: Standard test method for the determination of water vapor transmission rate of sheet materials with at least one side being hydrophobic, such as plastic film, by a rapid dynamic method. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity


ASTM E424: Standard Test Method for Solar Energy Transmittance and Reflectance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials. Used to determine solar energy transmittance and reflectance of materials in sheet form using one of two procedures. Method A, the referee method, is applicable for both transmittance and reflectance and uses a spectrophotometer. Method B is applicable only for measurement of transmittance and uses a pyranometer in an enclosure and the sun as the energy source. Both test methods have given essentially equivalent results for those materials studied by the task group who prepared the method. ASTM F372: Standard test method for the rapid determination of water vapor transmission rate of flexible barrier films and thin sheeting consisting of single or multilayer synthetic or natural polymers and metal foils including coated materials. The specimen is mounted between two chambers, one of known relative humidity and another of dry air. The time for a given increase in water vapor concentration of the dry chamber is measured by monitoring the differential between two bands in the infrared spectral region, one in which water molecules absorb and the other where they do not. The values obtained are used to calculate the water vapor transmission rate. ASTM F1249: Standard test method for determining water vapor transmission rate through plastic film and sheeting up to 3 mm in thickness using a pressure-modulated infrared sensor. In addition, this method provides for the determination of the permeance of the film to water vapor and the water vapor permeability coefficient. The specimen is placed as a sealed semi-barrier between two chambers at ambient atmospheric pressure. One chamber is wet and another is dry. As water vapor penetrates through the film from the wet chamber into the dry one it is carried by air into the sensor. It measures the fraction of infrared energy absorbed by the vapor and produces an electric signal that is proportional to water vapor concentration ASTM F456: Withdrawn Standard Test Method for Pinhole Flex Life of Films by Axial Vibration of a Tubular Sample (Withdrawn 1987). No replacement.

Glossary of Terms

Atmosphere: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 1.013250 x 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.013250 x 1.OE+05 pascals, which is the air pressure measured at mean sea level. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called atm, standard atmosphere, and std atm.

Azo: A prefix indicating an organic group of two nitrogen atoms linked by a double bond, -N=N-, or a class of chemical compounds containing this group, like azo dyes. B Bar: A metric unit of measure of pressure equal to 1.OE+06 dynes/cm2 or 1.OE+05 pascals. It has a dimension of unit of force per unit of area. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Barrier Material: Materials such as plastic films, sheeting, wood laminates, particle board, paper, fabrics, etc., with low permeability to gases and vapors. Used in construction as water vapor insulation, food packaging, and protective clothing, etc. Benzene: An aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-atom carbon ring, C,H,. Highly toxic and flammable (autoignition point 562°C). A colorless or yellowish liquid under normal conditions (b.p.SO.l"C), soluble inmany organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, tetrachlorocarbon, etc. Used for synthesis of organic compounds. Bisphenol A Polyester: A thermoset unsaturated polyester based on bisphenol A and fumaric acid. Blowup Ratio: In extrusion blowing of film, it is the ratio of the extrusion die diameter and the diameter of the tubular film. In blow-molding, it is the ratio between the diameter of a parison and the maximum diameter of the mold cavity. Blown Film: A plastic film produced by extrusion blowing, wherein an extruded plastic tube is continuously inflated by internal air pressure, cooled, collapsed by rolls, and wound up. The thickness of the film is controlled by air pressure and rate of extrusion. BOPP: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene. Bubbling: The presence of bubbles of trapped air andor volatile vapors in nonmetallic coating or plastic specimen or article. Bubbling is often caused by improper application or excessive mixing of paints or degassing.

Glossary of Terms

Bursting Strength: Bursting strength of a material is the maximum hydrostatic pressure required to produce rupture of the material when a controlled and constantly increasing pressure is applied through a rubber diaphragm to a circular area. C CA: See Cellulose Acetate. CAB: See Cellulose Acetate Butyrate. Carbon Black: A black colloidal carbon filler made by the partial combustion or thermal cracking of natural gas, oil, or another hydrocarbon. There are several types of carbon black depending on the starting material and the method of manufacture. Each type of carbon black comes in several grades. Carbon black is widely used as a filler and pigment in rubbers and plastics. It reinforces, increases the resistance to W light, and reduces static charging. Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO,, is found in the atmosphere. It is produced as a result of metabolism (e.g., oxidation of carbohydrates) and is used by plants in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide has low toxicity and is noncombustible. Derived industrially from synthesis gas in ammonia production and from cracking of hydrocarbons. Used widely in refrigeration, carbonated beverages, chemical synthesis, water treatment, medicine, fire extinguishing, and as inert atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide: A colorless, tasteless gas, CO. Highly flammable (liquid autoignition point, 609°C) and toxic. Found in automobile exhaust gases and is a major air pollutant. Manufactured from coke by action of oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam. Used in organic synthesis, synthetic fuels, and metallurgy. Cast Film: Film produced by pouring or spreading resin solution or melt over a suitable temporary substrate, followed by curing via solvent evaporation or melt cooling and removing the cured film from the substrate. Cellulose Acetate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with acetic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, stiffness, hardness, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blowmolding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CA.


Cellulose Acetate Butyrate: Thermoplastic mixed esters of cellulose with acetic and butyric acids. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance, and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CAB. Cellulose Propionate: Thermoplastic esters of cellulose with propionic acid. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, dimensional stability, weatherability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Also called CP. Cellulosic Plastics: Thermoplastic cellulose esters and ethers. Has good toughness, gloss, clarity, processability, and dielectric properties, but poor chemical, fire, and water resistance and compressive strength. Processed by injection and blow-molding and extrusion. Used for appliance cases, steering wheels, pens, handles, containers, eyeglass frames, brushes, and sheeting. Centimeter of Mercury: See cm Hg. CFR: See Code of Federal Regulations. Chain Scission: Breaking of the chainlike molecule of a polymer as a result of chemical, photochemical, etc., reaction such as thermal degradation or photolysis. Chalking: Formation of a dry, chalk-like, loose powder on or just beneath the surface of paint film or plastic caused by the exudation of a compounding ingredient such as pigment, often as a result of ingredient migration to the surface and surface degradation. Channel Black: Carbon black made by impingement of a natural gas flame against a metal plate or channel iron, from which a deposit is scraped. Used as a reinforcing filler in rubbers. Also called Gas Black. Chemical Saturation: Absence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of most polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Saturation makes the molecule less reactive and polymers less susceptible to degradation and cross-linking. Also called Chemically Saturated Structure.


Chemical Unsaturation: Presence of double or triple bonds in a chain organic molecule such as that of some polymers, usually between carbon atoms. Unsaturation makes the molecule more reactive, especially in freeradical addition reactions such as addition polymerization, and polymers more susceptible to degradation, crosslinking, and chemical modification. Also called Polymer Chain Unsaturation. Chemically Saturated Structure: See Chemical Saturation. Chlorendic Polyester: A chlorendic anhydride-based unsaturated polyester. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride: Thermoplastic produced by chlorination of polyvinyl chloride. Has increased glass transition temperature, chemical and fire resistance, rigidity, tensile strength, and weatherability as compared to PVC. Processed by extrusion, injection molding, casting, and calendering. Used for pipes, auto parts, waste disposal devices, and outdoor applications. Also called CPVC. Chloroethyl Alcohol(2-): See Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Chloroform: Trichloromethane, CHC1,. Chloroform is a clear, colorless, volatile, nonflammable liquid with characteristic pungent smell. It is toxic and carcinogenic. Derived by chlorination of methane. Formerly used as an anesthetic, it is now used mainly as a solvent and in organic synthesis to manufacture fluorocarbon plastics and insecticides. Chlorohydrins: Halohydrins with chlorine as a halogen atom. One of the most reactive of halohydrins. Dichlorohydrins are used in the preparation of epichlorohydrins, important monomers in the manufacture of epoxy resins. Most chlorohydrins are reactive colorless liquids, soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols. Note: Chlorohydrins are a class of organic compounds, not to be mixed with a specific member of this class, l-chloropropane-2,3-diol sometimes called Chlorohydrin. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubber: Thermosetting elastomers containing 20-40% chlorine. Has good weatherability and heat and chemical resistance. Used for hoses, tubes, sheets, footwear soles, and inflatable boats. Cm Hg: A metric unit of measurement of pressure equal to 13332.2dynes/cm2 or 1333.22pascals at 0°C. One

Glossary of Terms

centimeter of mercury is the pressure that would support a column of mercury of length one centimeter and density 12,595 kg/m3 under the standard acceleration of free fall. Used to denote the pressure of gases, vapors, and liquids. Also called Centimeter of Mercury.

COC: Cyclic Olefin Copolymer. CoF: Coefficient of Friction Cocatalyst: See Accelerator. Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 177: The 21 CFR 177 establishes specific guidelines for materials that come into “indirect food contact”, i.e., materials that contact food but are not ingredients. 21CFR 177 sets guidelines for the manufacture of these materials and requires independent laboratory testing of the materials to ensure that they do not exceed specified levels of extractables.

as the compatibility of a resin and a plasticizer or of two polymers in a blend. Block copolymers bearing blocks similar to the polymers in the blend are often used as compatibilizers in the latter case.

Concentration Units: The units for measuring the content of a distinct material or substance in a medium other than this material or substance, such as solvent. Note: The concentration units are usually expressed in the units of mass or volume of substance per one unit of mass or volume of medium. When the units of substance and medium are the same, the percentage is often used. Conditioning: Process of bringing the material or apparatus to a certain condition, e.g., moisture content or temperature, prior to further processing, treatment, etc. Also called Conditioning Cycle. Conditioning Cycle: See Conditioning.

Coefficient of Friction (CoF): The coefficient of fiiction is defined as the ratio of the weight of an object being moved along the surface of a specimen to the force that is required to maintain contact between the object and the surface. Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: The coefficient of thermal conductivity, sometimes called the K-factor, is defined as the quantity of heat that passes through a unit cube of the substance in a given unit of time when the difference in temperature of the two faces is 1“C. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (Linear): The coefficient of thermal expansion (linear) is the change in length per unit length of material for a 1°C change in temperature. Coextruded Film: A film made by coextrusion of two or more different or similar plastics through a single die with two or more orifices arranged so that the extrudates merge and weld together into a laminar film before cooling. Each ply of coextruded film imparts a desired property, such as impermeability or resistance to some environment and heat-sealability, usually unattainable with a single material. Color Change: See Discoloration. Coloration: See Decoloration Compatibilizer: A chemical compound used to increase the compatibility or miscibility and to prevent the separation of the components in a plastic composition, such

Glossary of Terms

Corona Discharge Treatment: Treating the surface of an inert plastic such as polyolefin with corona discharge to increase its affinity to inks, adhesives, or coatings. Plastic films are passed over a grounded metal cylinder with a pointed high-voltage electrode above it to produce the discharge. The discharge oxidizes the surface, making it more receptive to finishing. Also called Corona Treatment. Corona Treatment: See Corona Discharge Treatment CONEG: The Coalition of Northeastern Governors is a nonpartisan association of the Governors of the eight Northeastern states that encourages intergovernmental cooperation in the Northeast on issues relating to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of the Northeast states. COPE: See Copolyester Ether. Copolyester Ether: Copolyester ethers (COPE) are clear, tough copolymers with elastomeric-like properties. They provide strength and durability and resist puncturing. Covulcanization: Simultaneous vulcanization of a blend of two or more different rubbers to enhance their individual properties such as ozone resistance. Rubbers are often modified to improve covulcanization. CP: See Cellulose Propionate. CPVC: See Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride.


191 Cracking: Appearance of external andor internal cracks in the material as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material. The stress can be external andor internal and can be caused by a variety of adverse conditions: structural defects, impact, aging, corrosion, etc., or a combination thereof. Also called Cracks. See also Processing Defects.

d-Limonene: One of two optical isomers of limonene, a naturally occurring terpene closely related to isoprene. Limonene is a colorless liquid that oxidizes to film in air. Derived from lemon, orange, and other essential oils. Used as flavoring, fragrance, solvent, and wetting agent.

Cracks: See Cracking.

DAP: See Diallyl Phthalate Resins.

Crazes: See Crazing.

Dart Drop: See Impact Resistance, Dart Drop

Crazing: Appearance of thin cracks on the surface of the material or, sometimes, minute frost-like internal cracks, as a result of stress that exceeds the strength of the material, impact, temperature changes, degradation, etc. Also called Crazes.

Decoloration: Complete or partial loss of color of the material as a result of degradation or removal of colored substances present. Also called Decoloring.

Cross-linked Polyethylene: Polyethylene thermoplastics partially photochemically or chemically cross-linked. Has improved tensile strength, dielectric properties, and impact strength at low and elevated temperatures.

Defects: See Processing Defects.

Cross-linking: Reaction of formation of covalent bonds between chain-like polymer molecules or between polymer molecules and low-molecular compounds such as carbon black fillers. As a result of cross-linking, polymers, such as thermosetting resins, may become hard and infusible. Cross-linking is induced by heat, UV or electron-beam radiation, oxidation, etc. Cross-linking can be achieved either between polymer molecules alone as in unsaturated polyesters or with the help of multifunctional cross-linking agents such as diamines that react with functional side groups of the polymers. Cross-linking can be catalyzed by the presence of transition metal complexes, thiols, and other compounds.

Degradation: Loss or undesirable change in the properties, such as color, of a material as a result of aging, chemical reaction, wear, exposure, etc. See also Stability.

Crystal Polystyrene: See General Purpose Polystyrene. Crystalline Melting Point: The temperature ofmelting of the crystallite phase of a crystalline polymer. It is higher than the temperature of melting of the surrounding amorphous phase.

D

Decoloring: See Decoloration.

Deflection Temperature Under Load: See Heat Deflection Temperature.

Diallyl Phthalate Resin: Thermoset supplied as diallyl phthalate prepolymer or monomer. Has high chemical, heat and water resistance, dimensional stability, and strength. Shrinks during peroxide curing. Processed by injection, compression, and transfer-molding. Used in glass-reinforced tubing, auto parts, and electrical components. Also called DAP. Dielectric Constant: The ability of an insulator to store electrical energy can be measured through the dielectric constant. Better insulating materials have lower dielectric constants. Dielectric Strength: The maximum electric field strength that an insulator can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties.

Cycle Time: See Processing Time. Cyclic Compounds: A broad class of organic compounds consisting of carbon rings that are saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, in which some carbon atoms may be replaced by other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.


Differential Scanning Calorimeter: Used to determine the specific heat of a specimen by measurement of the thermal response of the unknown specimen as compared with a standard when the two are heated uniformly at a constant rate. The ratio of the departure of the standard and unknown from the baseline is used to calculate the specific heat of the unknown. Also called DSC.

Glossary of Terms

192 Diffusion: Spontaneous slow mixing of different substances in contact without influence of external forces. Diffusion Coefficient: Weight of a substance diffusing through a unit area in a unit time per a unit concentration gradient. Also called Diffusivity. Diffusivity: See Diffusion CoefJicient. Dihydric Alcohols: See Glycols Dihydroxy Alcohols: See Glycols. Dimethyl Ketone: See Acetone. Dimensional Stability: Dimensional stability is often represented as a percentage change in the specimen shape when the specimen is subjected to varying degrees of stress for example: temperature, moisture or pressure. DIN 53122: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining water vapor transmission of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting. DIN 53380: A German Standards Institute (Deutsches Institut fuer Normen, DIN) standard test method for determining gas permeability of flat materials such as plastic film and sheeting.

E EAA: See Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer. ECTFE: See Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer. Elastic Modulus: The force needed to elongate a material, or the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body. Elmendorf Tear: A measurement of the tear resistance of sheet materials including paper, packaging, foils, textiles, non-wovens, and plastic films. Elongation: The change in length (lengthening, stretch) of a material when subjected to tensile stress. Elongation at Break (ultimate tensile strength): Elongation at break is the strain at failure, or the percent change in length at failure. (IS0 527) Elongation at Yield: Elongation at yield is the strain that the material undergoes at the yield point, or the percent change in length that occurs while the material is stressed to its yield point. EMA: Ethylene Methyl Acrylate. EMAC: See Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer.

Discoloration: A change in color due to chemical or physical changes in the material. Also called Color Change.

Embrittlement: A reduction or loss of ductility or toughness in materials such as plastics resulting from chemical or physical damage.

Disperse Dyes: Nonionic dyes insoluble in water and used mainly as fine aqueous dispersions in dying acetate, polyester, and polyamide fibers. A large subclass of disperse dyes comprises low-molecular-weightaromatic azo compounds with amino, hydroxy, and alkoxy groups that fix on fibers by forming van der Waals and hydrogen bonds.

EP: Ethylene Propene. See EPDMRubber.

Displacement: Process of removing one object, e.g., a medium in an apparatus, or its part, and replacing it with another. Also called Displacement Cycle. Displacement Cycle: See Displacement. Dissipation Factor: The ratio of the power loss in a dielectric material to the total power transmitted through the dielectric material.

EPDM: See EPDM Rubber. EPDM Rubber: Sulfur-vulcanizable thermosetting elastomer produced from ethylene, propylene, and a small amount of nonconjugated diene such as hexadiene. Has good weatherability and chemical and heat resistance. Used as impact modifiers and for weather stripping, auto parts, cable insulation, conveyor belts, hoses, and tubing. Also called EPDM. Epoxides: Organic compounds containing three-membered cyclic group(s) in which two carbon atoms are linked with an oxygen atom as in an ether. This group is called an epoxy group and is quite reactive, allowing the use of epoxides as intermediates in preparation of certain fluorocarbons and cellulose derivatives and as monomers in

DSC: See Differential Scanning Calorimeter.

Glossary of Terms


193 preparation of epoxy resins. Also called Epoxy Compounds.

coatings and plastics, organic synthesis, artificial flavors, and pharmaceuticals.

Epoxies: See Epoxy Resins.

Ethyl Alcohol: An aliphatic alcohol, CH,CH,OH. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 422°C). Toxic by ingestion at high concentrations. Derived by catalytic hydration of ethylene, fermentation of biomass such as grain, or enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Used as an automotive fuel additive, in alcoholic beverages, as solvent for resins and oils, in organic synthesis, cleaning compositions, cosmetics, antifreeze, and antiseptic. Also called Ethanol.

Epoxy Compounds: See Epoxides. Epoxy Resins: Thermosetting polyethers containing cross-linkable glycidyl groups. Usually prepared by polymerization of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin or reacting phenolic novolaks with epichlorohydrin. Can be made unsaturated by acrylation. Unmodified varieties are cured at room or elevated temperatures with polyamines or anhydndes. Bisphenol A epoxy resins have excellent adhesion and very low shrinkage during curing. Cured novolak epoxies have good W stability and dielectric properties. Cured acrylated epoxies have high strength and chemical resistance. Processed by molding, casting, coating, and lamination. Used as protective coatings, adhesives, potting compounds, and binders in laminates and composites. Also called Epoxies. EPR: See Ethylene Propene Rubber.

Ethylene: An alkene (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,=CH,. A colorless, highly flammable gas with sweet odor (autoignition temperature, 543°C). Derived by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon gases or from synthesis gas. Used as monomer in polymer synthesis, refrigerant, and anesthetic. Also called Ethene. Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymer: Specialtythermoplastic created by high-pressure copolymerization of ethylene (E), methacrylic acid (MAA), or acrylic acid (AA). Also called EAA.

ESCR: Environmental-stress-crack resistance. ETFE : See Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer Ethane: An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH,CH,. A colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis and as fuel.

Ethylene Acrylic Rubber: Copolymers of ethylene and acrylic esters. Has good toughness, low temperature properties, and resistance to heat, oil, and water. Used in auto and heavy equipment parts. Ethylene Alcohol: See Ethylene Glycol. Ethylene Copolymers: See Ethylene Polymers.

Ethanediol(l,2-): See Ethylene Glycol. Ethanol: See Ethyl Alcohol. Ethene: See Ethylene. Ethers: A class of organic compounds in which an oxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atoms in a chain or a ring. Ethers are derived mainly by catalytic hydration of olefins. The lower molecular weight ethers are dangerous fire and explosion hazards. Note: Major types of ethers include aliphatic, cyclic, and polymeric ethers. Ethyl Acetate: An ethyl ester of acetic acid, CH,CO,CH,CH,. A colorless, fragrant, flammable liquid (autoignition temperature, 426°C). Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Derived by catalytic esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. Used as solvent in


Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Copolymer: Thermoplastic copolymers of ethylene with

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