Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics and Power (Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND - J,! SE JES ARC AEO OGICAl ~ O-?d obett \-lcC Aoams 5eoes Ed ors .. QU RY ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTI...

Author: Michael Dietler | Brian Hayden

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND -

J,! SE JES ARC AEO OGICAl ~ O-?d obett \-lcC Aoams 5eoes Ed ors

..

QU RY

ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES of pammJ.c ~.

ON FOOD, POLITICS, AND

"'I!·~d cdi~ coIkmons

Edited by Michoel Dlerier and

oi oi

Contents List of Illustrations vii List ofTables Ix Contributors XI• 1

Digesting the Feast-Good to Eat,Good to Drink, Good to Think: An Introduction 1 Michae/ Diet/er and Brian Hayden PART 1: ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES 2 TJo h, I.. :001 l"~ z J,Zl

t

00·061932

Fabulous Feasts: A Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting Brian Hayden

3 iutuJ CluN'd tn tht" 11t111 J St.llt ... of ~o\rneri(.l

• O' 06

os

iW

to

O! 01

! 4 III

aTbt papa ",~d to th~ rublll..umn mtC:~ the minimum rrqwrements of the American lUonal t>n.urd for Inlurmal1un S(len(<s Pammenee of Paper for Pnored LIbrary t.iotCl1:Ilo I Z 9 19.

Far p"'""'Mn to n:prod~Ct m~tunolU .ppe.nng Ul tlu, book. please correspond dorectly with dot .....".." f tht worls ., li\l.d on the IndlVldu.1 ('puons. The Smorhsonoan Insnruno n Pm> dotS DOl r1 a ,genn-al \\ moons sho\\ . ome \;tn.bllt!} ID both rh t rance of the partiClp.InL and.u of the phrased. and some are more aplicit dun these t> the Idea thlt fea itS are e' consumpnon 01 food anJ or drink I ID!: such food COn umpuoo ~\ nlS the >lmple o(h~ngt' of fooJ with IdOl dls[lnctlon> [0 m~tntlm I1 rh rcnr that on~ bel!m to, ooflale ~ [he oth"r ktnd> of Itans.al'tl fur elude, both wldecs[.ulmng /Co ... a [h" tmporlanr "ou U ..nd fun.'t1l o[h r klOds of pr~, tl. t' n,~tlcr f:hapt .. r I

ft'a rln • a

M

p.lnl ul r

/Tom d;"1 m ab and a Unn .. nd ma tng hodv ., rh

I

1

IJU

1"",,

H

, In

•

DIG ESTING THe fE~ST

---------'---..:...:..:..:~~--.--=-. wbat Hayden caUs ' manguJa oon .~ The dulicuJee, of

· n. orawrieal dcsplays) the rit· . underline " feaslI ng (e g .. slIlg eng. danCI ng. m eb n'auo ., f t h cse eve I It. • T hey help to crea te lhe expe n enee of condensed UdJ natu re 0 m eanmg .. (C 0 Ilen 1979 ) alld render feasts such ideal stages fo r o the r impo rtant . I rranS3ClIo ns. sueI' as. prest' tlOnS o f va luables, ma k.eng allia nces. and, as oaa

to mark feasts off from everyday meals. and rho>e that are . cl I classes in "diacnticaJ " feasts (see Dletler Chapter 1 u . ...

Wlessne r (Chapter 4) dem o nstrates, the construction o f valu e. In. contras t, H ayden (Chapte r 1) uses a som ewhat broader definitio n, simply

gies of matenaJ slgoarures may not belp us much be) DJ the mere of the existence of feasung .

. Iatmg ' t h at any un us uaJ occasIo n accompanied sopu . . by an unusual shared meal sh ouId be COIlSl d ere d J 11Ceast , Moreove r• in hIS VIe w, nrual aspects mayor may not be Idennfiable arch aeologlca Uy a nd m ay no t eve n be overtly manifest in some _~ L, fo r the eu,nograpwc cases. Othe r autho rs propose ye t o the r minor .variations . f ' Howeve r. despite these differences. there IS still a very large . d e tiro no n 0 leases. ennfymg many kinds . of shared meaJs as feasts when d egree 0 f agree m e n t on Id confronted with emplricaJ cases in etlmographic contexts. GI ven these snpuJations. it seems d ear that "feasts" is a category that has suffi·

grounds between, for example. tile permUtaoom of ntlQ) pram

.

•

' . , _ • . t "Ut

.

IUlifonn

Whatever the eventuaJ resolution of this dLSClI>SIOn, wbat !.>.1 ;It ing beyond the basIC Identificaoon of presence toward undc!" of feasts were being mounted. what Iunds of nrual " or

~re

and what the sociaJ rarruficaoons were. req= complex m d nlWk~ recursive argumentation. However, even tf • bandy m!<rpn-m timately be unatramable for archaeologists , as

"en as for cultural amhro

and histonans). this does nOt mean tIlat we =or dC\'e!op a m

btttrr

standing of the matenaJ dimensIOn of feasnng Indeed al prCSdlt ~

c ent speaJiory to be analyticaJly powerful yet brings within its scope a signifi. · portant practices around the world and tIlrough ome. Hence cant range of un

precise informaoon on this Issue LS one of the bl~ r .mptan 109 rcas · h many r clearl) feel thar they a,r e benefittng handsomely. wluch their mulnmilltondollar contraCts amply confirm Hayden argues that benefits of comparable scale ought to exist for the pnnopal players ,n feasts that escalate 111 COSts far beyond Hawatian and Enga feasts , However, all-oul competi. Sll ch as the e norOl. . roval J

th

eve feasung undoubtedly ema,)s both winners and losers who risk everyching m

' and as m competitive bus1Oesses, those who are losers are nles b . th err econonuc a crushed so that it is nOt surpris10g to find families Impover· d d t)'P ICall y rume an ._ ished by reasting where feasting becomes compeoove, Much of this disagreement rums around different VIewS of culture From pecti - feasts like many other important cultural pracnces, have • le er s pel S O d bnle duect sIgnificance for "survival' (except occaSIonally m the negaove sense h

'-I

I

_

_

.

1jIiben pracuces sometimes have deletenous uruntended consequences) and the

concepl of -adaptation" IS powerless to explam either the generaoon dofhthe m~~ ' I 'gnifi On the other han • e wo lad [Ol'lll.> that feasts cake or theIr socla SI cance d th th of at daun WC fea'ts have a great deal to do Wllh pohrics and power. an, hl ::~.ble, what Harden calli -adapranon" LS Simply SOCial compenoon of hlg Y e for so.

unpredictable. contradictOry, and largely unvenfiable adapove~I!V;~~:;den and OdJes .oaal groups, and mdlVlduals, respecClvely, A]ternattv y~ eLS through • [dffi 1 power or soCta l s.,ery n oth('fl p'Jhu(s and the creaClon 0 I e,-entla 'd 1",,1 esS reproduction, an sUfV d {. astJng play cnueal roles m economIC succ , 1 f "pre,tt-" an d p des dismISS' 0 ~ Wlthln [),etlcf's peopcctlVt. Hayden an cro I h'gh!y conlennOu' I h mena ,s also I 1 a mCI)fl~qucnu.1 psy(h"I(J~IC. p eno 'f bolIe elF'" r Ih~ kmd 0 sym for 0 rtkr th v-vrcb d nbe «una I a'peel'" . ht'r of ,o(lt\)' a a n c. sary ,,,,dill'''' for hl'fr,mmg an II1nutnlt l mrm

14

the precondIuons for deveJopmg the moral auth I They J~ h .St ons ..,ert lea de" 'p, and w,dd po"er ~r to re the • ,-rOup cl eo g Th ). are the e ential elements of the PO' tb rv olhers e _" ase can be made that. even tn I~re-cap't;ili, I ,\menca re deed, u,e c _ mul. oon of econoouC capn.,] \S u1tJmarcl~ all ab ur From H "co . - an d · Status • tn on che other han d . ' presoge spero"'''' , . I euphemisms for economlC sucee . and pohoeal pow r

~mpy

,.

Fmally, !Tom Dletler s ontologICal pOSItiOn, I! t> :Usa LtnPOIUnI (Ufe lIor as somethmg that is destroyed by confrontation" Ith e tenal re or tbar Mchers away or can be abandoned m the face of oppol'tWUtJe advancemenr (cf, Hayden. Chaprer 2'1-. lund of opno~ <Xltrn.tl cl fa,ade covenng a umversal bedrock core of marenallit r.lOOl ah" dung mbenrcd from the pasr as a ratic bundle of traItS Rather 11 . a

cei,"ng and thmlung about the world. and of solVing the rroblem through the apphcaoon of disuncme C3regonl'al and anal Clnl Hence, culture IS not an .uremaQVe la a urmel'>.li very way chat pracocallly LS consorured,

pr ...roalit);

but ra u

OlttrnateJy. Hayden feel (somewhat more 0ruml n -.Ih Ih~n some of these contenoous Issues may be onl) a maner of cl

In

and that more common ground ma} be ""ogtl17eJ In th urnR' argue thar some of che agendas behmd Ihe h'\slmg of fo h driven by pollOcal Or nther selfmrere.red (OnstJerao ru .. \ proach sees cultural norms as Imposmg such srnn nl um.ut lor rhat no innm'aoon or change ev~r rake pia,. On r~ !her approach goes so far as to claLtn that culrur.lI IraJiuCJru do not Stramts on the behavioral and conceprual orm'us that peopl In Hayden's view, rh. empha IS. how 1'. more on peopl IUZe the .XISDn" co d " n,tumts an tll u -r culrural -on< er SlIl1plyas 10015 ro achlevl' Ihl'lr own

If. mItre t d

•

Or other cullural tools ~R' nor available h'''hh IllOQ taUy sel ab '"t' (Ch OUI rrYlllg 10 freale them . .t donunenred In \ 'pler ~; see als(\ W,essner and rum "- ... _ pends uI " u..-r I ,. upon the econunUl- COSI • rh.. tM any rh. corn I' penng 'clf-lnteR'sr 01 ulhrr mmUflI ectlon rom el'tn cs 'n, Whde Ihere m. be Idl cornrnunir h Pto I le. In I hurt I rm P r IS ulrlrnatelv ch pr" , hoWl1 how fca t \-aI~ and 01' colo nl3

_-01 owtr Ma ny of the papers m Ih" volume have COntnbuI~d other no. 1..~ Pelhng arguments fo r the role of fe,st> m 'oo~1 P

. n er's (Chapter 4 ) n ch hlStone31
I '"

Gero.J M

r.Iart..J /"• and M Ill.""

'992

nlr p",."., "f Prc:.lIge Compt"uuvc Grncrollly and ,h. Emergrnre of

IUnlLcd 1(1ld Sonal /"'portaru;, of B,n ( .........bt i)UtTUI 7.... otbia. 195--198. tanfON Slan(ord Unlvcn,ty Press"

,n

1990

I9\lJ

Or;vrn by Drink. The RIJ~ of Drink'llj! 'n thr Polillcal Economy and Ihe of Early Iron All/' Franc" J"',"III/ DJ A",hro".,.,,! ArduJeoJogy

Jolfr. 11 I\IV"

lion J~"r",,!.'1 nth •."..,.."'" ",...Iw""!gy" TIrI • nt«oJ Oroo . " " . . kohul 0"') JP

11

~\I

\U

1.1 complotty III

c:.m.

Ahr/lIlt! Of(llf'r 1IIIl' R" tl ll I //lyrlclI

March . " S '",,8 Ilospu.lhr)'. \Vom cn, and th e Effi c,lCY of Beer In Food o,ul G~ld~r: Idell/lly alld JldW(T, edu cd by C . M CouOIh an and S. L. KJplnn. pp. 45-80. Am slerdan, ' Harwood Academic Publlshers _ Moo .... ) 0

~ru Techn ology and SociaJ Context of Prehi s. lone ProductIon. Amcncau Alullropologw 9r:682- 6 95. Pre· Hlsp,lnj c Beer In Coastal

1Q80

Morns, C.

1979

MaIZe Beer

In

the Econom Ics. PolItics, and ReUgion of the Inca E.mplre. 111

Fm,u·pucd Foo/is ItI Nutrition , edlted by C. Gastineau, W. Darby. and T. Thrner • pp. 2..1- )4 New York: AcademIC Press. Murra),. M

1995

Viereckschanz~ and Feastmg : Soclo-Pohtical RItual Journal of European Arciwcology ) :125- 151.

In

Iron-Age E.urope .

Netnng. R. 1964

Beer as a Locus of Value among the West Afncan Kofyar AmmcaPI AnLlITopol_ .gut 66;375- 384

SahJlns. M

1976 1992

elll",,, and PrfICtlcal R when I . ay Ihal I an, 'IUJ~mgfiustt people dunk that here IS ,,'meone who h .. , tounJ ~ ,,~) to ~ achIeve personal bit" Well, tr I' a glununou, thanll ~I scholars have "voIded, prrhaps t,lr Irar "t od; u1., !lUI l'easrtng behavlor h.1> b"en 1.11): h 1i:'IOrN b. I'(h~ lion of the d""pltnr. and b,' omh"'p,,lu I ~r rh I Ihar rhrlT " .lmu'l no bud ,,' a"h. ol'1jlI'"J tnl rl"'"' auol probably III pur Ju,' tu Ihr ItIllU J th , n nilU .....1 ' ... takeo up the quest to find the underlymg SlgruJieanee of feason th rh,II _ _ g. e -~''''; thIS cultural or eculog. I und rSf ntlIDg task IS 10 th

fo,.",. Itke compelltl the.se. u". th

11

It

m~

'"&

pro!>kn" rc l.1 tnlto symhollcal n,calllngs, Many of [he .rncles '" thIs volum e, In f.ICI. focus pnmanl on que,uons o f form and fun cnon ralher than symboltc conlen[ o f

rCJ~ tlng

F1\'C key chaplers dIrectly address Ihe ba IC ISsues of the underlymg funCtions of f~a S L< The analysIS by Mlchael Clarke on rhe creaoon of pohtica! and sooal , afcf)' n ~rs VJ' !casttng among ,he Akha (Chaprer 5) IS an Important ethnoarchae_ 010glc31 foundaDon study of feasnng, Equally Importanl are Laura Junker's analys" of how f. asnng was used 10 pluhppme chlefdoms to creare polincal and miltlary illhances \0 controllun.nve trade (Cbapter 10), Mirnael Dletler's ana! _ Sl S o f AfnC.U1 fe.sttng m order to centr3hze political and economIC power ler J). and ~hchael Dletler and lngnd Herbich's documentanon of how work feasts can mcrease socioeconomic mequahties (Chapter 9 ), PoUy Wiessner (Chapter 4) adds an Important dimension by looking al sacred feasts in New Gwn~a meant to promote soltdariry and support for secular feasts where self. mlereSt IS pursued Ul a murn less resrramed fasluon , Then Ul a refreslung reexammanon of the potlatch. James Perodie also exammes the dIverse underlying morives for feasnng on the Northwest Coast (Chapter 7),

(Cha~.

ECOLOGY AND FEASTING To broaden the contexl for understandmg feasting behaVlor from an ecological viewpoml, I propose that It IS worth considering feasting as one component. al· bell a major component. of what I like to refer to as "social tecMology," SOCIal teciu1ology can be defined as the creation and maintenance of social reiatioD'

slups that are predtcated on secunng access to resources. labor, or secunry (see KeeslIlg 1975'122 for a general c:tiscusslon how social factOrs are related to ecol· ogy), Other facets of social tecMology certainly melude many aspects of kinslup (real and ficllve ). ntual (Hayden [987) . gIft gtving, and language , Indeed . sinc~ all these behaviors can have the same u1nmate goal. such as establtslung subsistence or defensive aUlances (e,g" Wlessner 1982; DaltOn [977), It IS far from cOUlCldenral that they aU teed to occur and be used tOgether in the same contextS, although the relatIve emphaSIS may vary from one mstance to another Development of surn an elaborate social tecMology (rather than matenal technology. com muOl cation. Or mtellecrual ablhoes) IS perhaps the most dtsuncnve aspecl of human nature that sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom Peasrs. unilke kmslup and language. have clear arrnaeologlcal consequences. wluch 1 wJ!i enumerant ate shortly, Cultural and behavJOral ecologists have been remarkably reslSl to exammmg the adapove value of feastmg and other sonal technologIcal bch.v' _L lor . woo mg In tea d to examme opumal foragmg choices 0 f resource>·anJ momlonng «1,1 benefit, of resource explOltauon Perhaps they have aJhtred tOO l ci'"tly to the ~col(JglCal model eSldbhshed by mam~trcam blulo!\lCal ecologlS '

26

A PROLEGOMEIltON TO THE IM'CA:lA

t Of

'EAS"

-

Mosl ecologISts tend to ~mph3SlZe the fact tlu.t bumm many others 10 the world ;md that humm bduvior. too. logICal models They are probably COllect In tlunking duI ablbry and mtelligence by themselves do not ~c < naru re of ecologICal adaptanons. Yet. the~ u. cnttca1 ' ~ havlor of other anunals and human beha\'lor ID ~~ • .. ...... "" COm t' thal dors create a vast gulf between bum.lns and IDlmah 1lIL extraordmarily profoW1d effect on bow people U>c ...,~ d logICal models can be appUed to human beha\'lOr, 1"llli dl!f.,r1.341 , -'';.I ; :tao1!h I 1976:242. Friedm.n 19:-- behavlor that generatl"

001,'

p""u,

cal benefit for SurvIVal, reproducnon. health. or st:llldard of h\'tng

PURPOSES Probably the most contenuou> 15'U< tn the study of feast' I wh)".1

r

d

Cl

tirllU of

nl"

lrd III lit rhl
tJhh -hed...n: ha I • .ut'1n of 'u(h behJ" r, and unde , rsill d mtu 1 ili f ctlcr, Clark and ethno'''phl, SU!;b--em'

l>

a M

I

11, Uht.

d

uur r nt t ur Impurt.Jnt pr tIa l lim nd u f'l. tt, I ~n fil t I I CI\ It

Im

----

:'I{IIJrJl /.1\,11"),

u (Ilrnl'C'n\,IIt" ror fr.IIl'gl'C'~sl()n~

. I"

I (, a,rs and sohCltaoon feasts. all other benefits CnJ If ,,,Irk /c,"I', r ty e. , . . I ,_. herp ( 'olno lrllund I,r I. or mamrrllance of ,mportanl sona rtUlnon. ocnfICm ,I' 1,.btrllS; I ' l l , . b portanr for dtfferem reasons (defense, marh' Th~'c rcldrlon,h,p' m,ll e Im , 'n.l~r, IJ.< weollth . Jc(umuhwon .•m do on-Dalron 1971'202-204) , but estabhshing .s . . • o

.

l'

the bottom line for many .. This . feasts . . IS feasts that has far-reaching Imphcanons . . I t·on oflechnology and culrure. Notably. m order to create a fa· for t hc Iran!lH)rfl1J I vorJ hi t' J l~rO~1 UOII amon" et guests • hosls generally try to demonstrate the special. 11('" anJ ,mportance 01 [he guests by presennng them with spedal foods. drinks, /:Ih\, nr mUdl displays as II1dleanons of how much the hosts value their guests. The morr Important the relauonslup IS, the more effort, time. and resources ,Iwuld be ,"\'olved 10 gl\'lOg an lmpreSSlve feast In porlatch·type alliance feasts. Dalton (1 and t"._, -'" ..... '"' die . . . ura ( .ngo "Tnnc dlzers promote the benefits of fca,nng to th .... c:: comrnulUty or thar and try to get a ~ many people: lO produce. as h su~\ CV .... 'V bk ...... granclizers then assume as much concrol OV muc h SlJrplus "' ..... ~'IL .m:_ . er t C u~ of s~~1 ~ benefit as pOSSIble , These aggrandIZers .ttemp' h - r ..... Ut thm ow" • to 'Ct I c ag.mda .,,_ late war, peace , and allIances, and they create cul d '--, IIUmpu ts an ~ ecrtt 'OCletJ to funht: theIr own self-centered goals (Chapters 4 and 7 .1_ H d r . . • .u:.Q ay en 19IX . Wlule many IndIgenous informants and Soaa!4nth I ropo 0 st ctttpna\\U chologlCal reasons that people gIve feasts I would hke to th ..

d ..

...

'

a",'Ue

'\C nttpts such

as "status an prestlge, as usually used m WeStern soa .lr' ll' IJvt>h srI'.

JI

(Y

"'

ug£,C>lcd b

communities, and extend to reglons \\'!ule then- an- s,)I1\< di.Mctl that can be made at each level. the lugher le,els lend

I,' m,lud

els (e.g.. lineages mclude mJ,vidu;u f.m1hes\ anJ thu, pams) of feasung. ThIS

lS •

I " r

l-h I

unit tends to be assooated \\'llh • spec1lk ·,U ranl'c ,nurn

I

r f

produ(t\\c ",n ll.ln.h

logical purposes, although wllhm (.d, ""loll, nlup It m desirable to rry to disnnglllsh 1",1SI, hdd f'l

nll

solidamy versus promonon.1 ,H ('>1"1' Il\l\ t~ "I. IdeJllf we wlIld d,·wl"\,.IlI,1I h,I~,'I,

j;l' ~I.I

anly 1ll,lId\l'd l'lhlh' 'IJphl' 11\ \.tI""n ,'rtll I IlllW\'V"I, ,11 Ih" 11"', 11I1 ' 11"

0\ '1"'(IIi, 11" WII\

'1"\11

I

\11

nm 1\, 111, I, n t It 11< I

hi hi Imh I lh \

ll~lll~bl

Ihl ,11, h,l,'"I".:" .111\ .lIl Ill~ll I m

rut! f

J,ff, [('nt (u

6. Malenal bd.It',1 (fltdl .... ','",~1.-.d1 dll."'';.-'illh·'" In m

,

\1

lu

- .---

",1,," IIj"·.",:"_-------------

A. PROLEGOME,...ON TO THE

. n s between feastmg w dlstl.nctlO . CJ"CJtlllg ne . I10w past cultures . fune . I \,hCJhlr>. . ndm8 r 1111\ (., 111.1IC'1"1Il III r. 111' for und('lstJ useful simply (0 IJst the J /J b . q~'1'1I1C. bJy mOS L t '\'l'IH\ Ih.H \\ I c.;, ";JJJv 11 IS probil dhnrify feasang events from . Rich rd l

orher hand. among orher groups there are a few incUcations that large game kills

IKung onl . kill about

and ntual garhenngs were sometimes accompanied by festive meals (Sandal 1966; Richardson and Ianzelo (974). Whether these were special meals or Simply logis-

yearly average per hunter

tically convenient ways of organizmg meals for a gathering of people is unclear.

ally bClI1g able to pro.:UI'\:' l r

In rhe elt1Sting literature. there are few indications that mOSt ritual meals had any

to return

.speaal connotation or mvolved any special foods or preparations, although large

impos 'Iblt, b,'< au.c "II.I'\.;. n~",llUnm Cemi (Rosenberg and DaVls 19 SIZed and a, q fr tiona[e e

,< ,

d with a parncular household, aSS0C13re , 0 f vanOU' kinds of feasts, etch r and SIZe

F.gure 2 ,2 , StOrage of oversized food-preparanon vessels and extra serving vessels used for feasang ID the household of a Yao village headman , The Occurrence of large sizes and Iugh frequencies of serving or preparation vessels clearly .dentifies this household as involved ID major feasting acov"'es.

where cra rual and 10 " -unht.,. bone. l' hold members w ere guest, "here bon rrm ah reClpro,,1 tea:nn. " ul.! nate . aIth ou e' bones). Th, 1'" "hi 11, , :1

lor cx.101ple Iht Nt

I till

I

till' 1.11111111

"Ill,

.111 11,1\',,1111'11.,1

l'lhl

III allY "V/Ill, 1"1 11 ,. MIIIII' IlIr III1W IIt ,II 1311

bl ,\ t

occurnng 10 ,' 01.\\1 , r 101:e t h.se ,easts. Such fcas' ••1 d < ---, -I r ~ so t.." to b typified .... of assoCiated ntual paraphernal .. used to mdlCat h VI • c . e t at _Lp.nlapanu '!1c an4 derS(and the same ,e.sttng convennons and recoon .,. _12< Ule «mtuctuoln.tlUr\: debts mcurred by accepting ,nVltatlOns to feasts S h . . ~ uc par.phernalio1 loci tems such as pipes and the ntual .hanng of tobacco .. ~_ I smO""'g~,_ ~ ptaal, fur the consumption of alcoholic Or Other dnnks like cbo I . . co ate:, Pr..d.~ or coffee: c ' D ieder 1990) , and other ntuallzed n.rcottc paraphemal C . la. ommuml)' ..tlian.:. and promononal feasts are probably indistman"hable fr I b~ Om tnc-agr-. Or cbn~ sponsored promotional feasts In terms of size and mate I. . . na Signature a1l1t H,nrr,,,

IqQC)

Blitz. John

tb,

9:J5 2 -4 00 FeJsts and Commen,;u Polio" U\ the I'uh ,aI L StatuS m Preh,stom" Eurore In f,.-J 4 lilt ner mJ \\ _
,\ '" rt 11 .1"

u

I

/It·,s. AIJII'IuI'y 71 .HIO RIO

.",U I.I'~JI·1 '''1' IkVl'lol'tJlI'llI

I.,) ", [h" M, 'K' ,11, '" rtt k" " I •,I

(71,~ 8~

\\)\('\"

Shal p. I "'nry S 11,,1." If,1 . . "N·t

D

(.rl~1 r}Jfr""III~li'''1

"n ,,,,,,'1Il Ii.\~{".

,)h'~t

Paul

r.ew/J-w.m..ms,J

1I"'(~tn RII1W( at ':'.1rn4 Sludl~>

I~S6

F[hnr)graphic No[es N~ IfaVen

I.

4'

The EvolutIOn of the PolynWQn Chlefdoms Cambndge' CambrIdge UniverSIty

Lee. RIchard

191>y

U\

.",tUml

Ruyle. Eugene '. n nib 19n Slayery. Surpl",. and, tntth.'ln ., ,t m of an lnop,ent $tnc, ~'(..lnon genes 1966

Press.

1.('W1S,

Prt~,

Sandal. Rog~r

Kirch, Parnck

1979

'"" 1'';lteM I IIll t " . lI l ' H l'lf (,111. 1111111. , I I " Lit IIll '" III I Ii. I tl ce I I\' t I)' WI ll ~.\IIC .

I I

I1

01

, 1,L:I' 1I1

Y

.Il1d III Imd" f'."I l.ll1d

[I I(..'

,.. Ilt' I .11

W I

.

.ys

I"

I ,tn .. It H tl l\ ,\ 1111 ,11 11 1'

I

\\11 11 /1 1'1. 111 11 1

Iwc,,'ogISI ' I II"UJ I1(, l o, g lI"~Wl1hlhl llll'll .11)' 1)/ CH . II (

11 '

I

'''I

. . \ JI n.\(' lI f lll 11111 1) \ It,,ill , W hH h . ,111\ I I I le. " e l , J

,, 11 1,1 ,Il ' 1.11 I 'Ik IlIe pl \ lp'~ lil l'

I.""

\ I

1111i1

11{

,11

,,·dll l ll lll lL' JlI

01 " IIl\lIn'" hy whit h. dw 1l1l'ICJI" o/lIi('\, U I 1'1 " b 1Ill' on l)' wuy wc: wi ll n1CJVt' I'll'yond ll1("fh . ht .

,llIdll1~ /W, I C)J'I(oJ in III llc.·r\'I '. , lI ch pC.' ll · ll ll h1 d ,Ilfl fIt ,., 1!.'ti

.

.

' -,,"11' ,d1/ 1111111I'' ' It 1"" 1\.\',,· , . lIl l I III , ' '''.l lIh ~·llflf lll.1II J 1"" 11' I r , i' n ' l1 ll d JI/.,lIlon ,un."

I

".

.11' 1

I r.ln~ 0I1l1"llon ~ uf ,. , •

i'~lH. ~ .. /

1.\

1(

vanfJUs'

Ih( dC'vd o pn1 (' 11 1 (:) r

I~

1Illd(Jubl dl Y C x pu jllC ~d S• lllI CllIl (.>, with 1.1 . IJ III'I "I .lIl1I UI1I1,II H,, , 0 11 1- IIn tIl" .\(.lIld ll lg o f rtHnrll •. _, •. .. _ " hctlr 111111111 11, (" , fil l( I HUI' • .' li e h , I ~ i/"" hC llw~n hlll,lI • ( hy ,lnd I. . ,ll(hy ("JI.'cd bY

,, I

' I ' ( ' I.lll'II/)' ( 1 Ilf 11 Iq ( I!.IH ,. ), In il J(

I O f l·x.ltllP l', It •

II1'PIII ""lIl!) ,llI cmpt

I

llllL Cl. stJl\d th e pracllces t p()~ I LJon~ 01 Puwer and ~lLl hl \\ hll h IIIJ ' \ 'Jl' Ill ,1I,\ ( It. 'J I t.' 111 ,1 1111.1111 ••lfU.I (Ollll'~ , .' . • .' . _ _ th o nr ) \\"11/1111 .\ ¥\ U·l1h , Ir 11 "' flI r,'" III " W ,\ (' w"y, . \ ,lI1d, III the pU I SLll t 01 lhe lr COn " 11 ,111 .\ W I II (/1 ' g" Ort Cs and ,lI1J dl(' 1.lI"gl" ~enLJ ,1 IZ fr' I , M d IIt'ron Jnd TJJt (95 8 ), the A Ican I[erature IS un h.I'" P.,lch,IN 1040, ' l , USUally " ,b Jno"S all, and IOslghts I1ll0, structures of power nch 111 ~'omr"lr:1I1Vt: 0 serv . b ' _ and th

, d iJ)' /tfe Moreover, desp.lte the 0 VIOUS cautious e npcr.HJ(l11 of po I1Clc.s 111 J " SOUrce 'Satiating much of [he carher structural-funct ' ,,:ntICl~n1 necessary III ne , ~ _, lonalist 'CJI1ISI' hove I'cmall1cd at the vanguard of pohucal analysl ' Afrl po I\lle.1 I \1'01' k, , S and ' of power Hence , Africa does offer an I [ht' [heoretlc.ll "'1' ora non " ' " especiall 'fc nvesriganng d,e poiJncal dimenSIon of feaSting, y promlsmg conrc..\:1 or I . c. is also of mteresc because It has frequently be Afn Bur [he..., IS more. . " " en Slo,

gled our by ,cholars as presenDn~ some II1tngumgly distinctive characterisrics to "ood and pohtlcs • ThIS IS, a feel' all, the connnent that was deSign ated t he red Im of II .. _. ... as d,e procorypic land without CUJsme , H,s book Cooking C 82) ( d G by oo}' 19 , , , ' I1 m cl the . nalist analysts 0 ntu see espeaally Turntr t9O In th

=

.1'

literature on Afnca But, Important th" a feasting must move bcyon,\ fUtKlll)nal ,-,1fl1,1 aO

n roles to examme the dYll.lnu

to

bt·.)

P.lrl ••ll.,lld flawed

or Ign'Jrt Ihal nrllaJs frt·tllltntly s,·'vc le) ut'JIt'

ullllnsl.lndllw Thl< 1\ 11 I III 11 1Icny " . ' "

,lilt!

. . 1)1 ((I"WIIl rl'l,rodllc(' • I \('ll\C .

"'flU (Curn' r t'lt,y, van Cl'l1lltP tYM) . BUI .1I11hmpologll"illllnLiel"'I.'l1dlllg

"r 111:. love or intimacy" (1996:101-102). because it IS clear th.t eo.-en Indmduat, a:~rb' sively opposed to each other may use commensahry to define thel1 reunom!ul' However, commensality is a powerfully expre 'Ive trope of Uluml, tlut erUlr, and reproduces relationsrups capable of encomp;! 'mg sm ta.Uled l~ ,1\ cam petition by effectively euphemizing It in a symbohc pracnee that enc un e, c I lective misrecognition of the self·mterested nature of th· pe,' od, Bourdieu has pointed out In the work of reproducUlg esrabltshed rel.nons- ell, , rem gifts, VISitS or courtesIes. and. obm" all, numagc, \ ht'h" n tence of the group thJn the reproducoon 01 the ! .. .:mnm

vJnous ch.1pters In thiS lurn cl 6 199 an . However, the \ •llUl' 01 .1 d.l,_IIi ...lO,)U ~ tended to .oh,' The ,ilstinnlOl1s llutlin

derSIJndlll~ ot !h~ 'I' ,Ilk pn)bl m A.., Will b~lllmt' dl:'ill lO till' dJ. ,u h

t

th

enng ft'.lst " no 's,Uh 11l.l11\ () lh 1I hl~hlr~h" Iht' \\ a\ . Ih.lt ",Tt III PJr~ntly

I llIl~'

,hlll'n'nl t

pllt(\~y of • k 111Jcrlrr I""'~'

77".

g t'lIars as a domam of mherelll sonal 996). rh,. WO d I h h r 31X1 aa Ih" pOle nriallo givl." r1St. '"

1

.

7,

SUM PT ION, COMMENSAl POLITICS. AND POWER Ih

~ITUAL 5 OF co'"

-

AUICA" co~

h1\ •

~. gs particularly m traverslIlg lmgu.soc &ono~ .. .Le dersranwn . . , ... In ~lUch!he C\Il",,suI' . f the term dJIfe rs Hence let me reltente that In USlng the lam tal odlflg 0 tIl C ve manIfestly nor refernng o nly to aC0V10es that lItV I . uu I am , . 0 ~an~th CO,"pf II ge to monopollze powe r, Wlth resulrmg expliat • C cha en --•• l> ~d OOlso somethmg more subtle 1Il mind than che Ideolocn.. f Ju of it consumed

In

work f('.1'" dunng lh

intoxicated mo t of th time Inul rl age household .mong th 8emb. o f Z.lm year in b~wing beer, OUI of ~ t 'lal P (I.e ., about 17 p !'Cent): and ~ r

part of their dutI

of haspll It

much high r N mng t964 40 gaUons ( I I

In ) t mill I non tOr Ih ell t tnclinonal beer r re belna In the tOrlll at

hI

nd

I r

-

-

-

I (' nL " (1nl Ih .1I J " H II1~ 11 . .1

01 ( ,lnH.' rnfUl \Urghlll ll bc(' r pr()vidcs .1bOUt .1 rhl rd 01 t ilL l' I I . ' '' .''Wilt:..! Llllnll to1' lIu' ye:" , I fl' lu rlh t.·r calc ul a te d th e I.lrftC,:! l (ll .lf.10lIt',' (I . ~ InVeSt ' 1 II I " 0 .,1,1"1~(' d ,ltt-rl' nt h.1I1d .. o f_ fC.lS IS . Po r o ne age ·g rildc cerenl C n y, 11lt,: IlI .. 111\ n I" Lt

nf bt't' r ( ~ QO lu c rs 1l1.HJ e fro m a b o ut 100 kg o f ce rea l), plus I n . l. , " I' •'I""llllm tlllUI fOr.1.1 porridge balls, r'us .1 number of ca ttle ( IL11 3 1 III I' l" 5 0 ~ ~ .,n,' w\lnh up III S·teo (' ,Ich ); fo r.1 (J ult.' J ance. o ne needs 75 POts of beer, 20 POr. I t ' 1.,. ,11 'I. .ll1J tht, m o sl l'rcSl1glo us ( :tule , and fo r the fun eral o f a WOOl an , Onc: nu1.: ",'cd, .17 p aIS of beel CC.mnl· 1090). Jm"ariy, Rc hfi sch (1987) noted lhar, among (he MJlll hll.l of NI~WriJ . one b{'er fl' ast III rh e COmpCl lCJve se n es h e Stud Ied mobl _ "zed ()"cr 480 POI' of beer (pIu> ·17 chicke ns. I sheep, a dog, kola nUlS, and la. h.1 co) m counrel'.1 previous lea, l In whICh 430 POts of becr (an d 30 chickens) had b.'·1I ofli!n·J In Manga (a MosS! lOWII of .,bOll l 7,000 ", habltaMs IJ1 BurklO. ' "Jso ). mc monal cercmomcs called bone are occasions for [he mOSt laVis h (111(' tlC'(' d" '0 pOl ...

, I I

me

!I"cr r. J"S In onc week. five klll1rr were held III one ward. consuming ' .900 kg of rccl ",rghum mJ de mro beer (With seven carrlo.ds of wood- I,400 kg- requJred (or bre wm8 Jnd cOtllung for one of these feasts alone), and, dunng a SlOgle dry .sCJso n , wlt hm dle ro wn as a w ho le. ro tOilS of sorghu m were converted In [O beer 101' rhese memo nal feasts alone, with a toral annual festive consu mpnon eStimated at W [ons of gra m brewed fo r beer (S.UI1 98 1). Fmally, amo ng the Luo of Kc nra, funera ls are the occaSIons for the most laVish feasts m ounted Ln thts SOCIet} These e"cnts frequently resulr ID lhe se rious Jmpoven shment of the hostmg (a mill'. and the Kenya n government has even attempted to in tervene legally to IJ mJt the sc" 'e of Luo fun erals. ..\11 of thiS represents a substantial Lnvestment of agriculrural and cUlinary labor Ln the essentIally political acrivlry of acqumng and maintaming symbolic caplral and crea ttng and susrammg SOCIal relano nslups, Moreover. conrrary to some pemsnng archaeolog ical concepnons of econo nucaUy autonomous do-

m e.mc uruts. It represents a substantial pOrnon of domestic agricultural producnon rhat IS regularly dedtcated from the begmrung to fJowmg outside the ho useho ld and belllg consumed by people III other domesnc uruts. Hence, It IS clear that recognizmg the Importance of feasting for both SOCial reproduCtIon and polmcal action m agrarian SOClenes should provoke a corollary recogrution of the scale of productive labor and resources necessarily devoted ro these crUCial fea tures of soaallrfe. Feasts are an Lnstrumenral force in the organization of pro. ducrion as well as III the StTuctunng of social relations and power.

PATRON - ROLE FEASTS The second m ajor mode of commensaJ politics that may be distinguished I Will call the "patron-role feast." This Involves the formalized use of commensal hospitality to symbQlrcally reiterate and leginrruze institutionalized relatiOns of

mCrrl cai soc ial power ThiS corresponds to 01 sP fi ~ .syrTl b utlo n · 1Il th e ln c.raru and't\a. U0 0 5 W l , Ilarly, soc.al groups or networks of vanous \un"51rT'~ t41ffinc.C\ , uendy marked by the same k.mds of pramc c. . , ·gqrw.., tIC arc

Ire q

'd

in Sl er

.

e:s tnat art \l.Std t

_

versUS stran ge r distin ctions. Conce:pts of ethru . '

tnlU other ror !!Urn 1 pt, ~ry In: I)

CIty.

I involve beilefs (of va nable accuracy) abou d quen[ y t 15unctl\;1: food racuces, The Luo love fish and know thOl 'C C• . L "'la IIld ry P eU II na UU3 "",ungulSn th J(jsii neighbors to the east who eschew fish TheY"'-be c, em mnll r rhel . OOQ bo e that th lsion at the idea of eaung caterpilla_rs sets them aport fr c.r OWh vU re Om oth", n".Loo I 'W' n north. Peasts can be a theater for the symbobc m h to t e '!Upu ' Oon of SUch cuIi distincrions m the expressIOn of sentune.ms of mclUSl . nary 0 0 and adUSton , • vano us leve1s. .Ias the situation is yet more compltcated for archatolog '" I •._ N' . I'uoo_b_ dence of what are here defined as ruacnucal feasts betaust nnular symbottc de s can be used to mark categones of events as

tht' 'i oCJery

I", A•• IC ....

"-"en as C'att\'{J

r

VIce . 0 nu 0 1"rnl,\U~ rllll among the non-elite classes; and one can annop.te ID ",ch (.lSe,. m.u:' dUf.r ence between the classes m. for e.xample . the spana] ;md bth .. oral JistJn:tlon., by which gender IS marked It is also tmportanr to telterate thal feasong pra(tlcn, altho"l:hnurk • IIndaries of gender Identlnes m the ways noted aho\'t, "mull;mco' "t'I't It tionslups of mu mal dependence acros< thrue b-bUt not:Ul "I1l M .It acritical feasts), However, rather than descnbmg a "'ne. of \U, '" evolutionary stages. these feasnog modes should be \1r\\·ed .. 'onsurunn l Pit). gressively expansive repertotre of forms of pollocal actlOn throu h t1n~ < form does not replace another; some fomlS Sllllply expand the r""!:t 0

SI"" ...

sal politics in operation. It IS true that there have boen. and "'" 00 . 11\" only empowering feasts are opemo," tIus IS the Ill">t b.." and fun,l"h "' ~ ",har m . t '="on Th L . spealung people who inhabit a re"'on of abo < no ~ • Nilo(lC~ b' Ut 10.000 kmJ. uno Winam Gulf. in the northeast corner of Lake Vict Th IUIdm the . . h ona ey have. p.tnhn _. . hi sysrem and live m omesteads scattered acro h rd 1949' Hrtblch . J-Ierblch and Dlerler 1992 . 1993; Slupton 1989; SouthaU _, 1987. '9,- , of their ruet. and rhts IS cam d b Agn' culrure provides the base . __ e. OUI \' \\'Omro m tered sets of small plots m the Vlarury of the homestead G~.- . r sea . ' . -. UOP\ mdudf. . 11 S\\~t ~ seve ral' varienes of sorghum. .millet, and ffiatZe Root crops . ."'" ~t_ ... aa es and cassava. are also tmportant. as are vanous kinds of L . taW lXilIh gieen\. ·'Is and wild leaves. In some areas, bananas are also grown Prot . en..... , em sources U\~ I

I..

HLUI

elude milk. fish (caughr in the Gulf and traded ",dely througllo uI the repon chickens. sheep. and goats. Beef IS also highly pnzed. but canle art an ,mporunl symbol of wealth and are usually slaughtered only for feasts Aside from pur chased fish and sporadic "rarget" buymg and selling of gram at the lco..-oil mu lwanda . The men Sll around tht, PUI III J Circle drinkmg fwm I"ng .traw. (olrkC) made ,,( hulluw vine stems with a wown tiltrr Hn th end (FIg. ~ 2), 'I he pO»C' sum 0/ ~ prl sonal Slraw, whlrh om' l'art1C5 In

I.

Figure 3.1 Photograph of Luo communal h<er dnn Ill!: "'"

mentation pot (dnkong 'o). on "ght Scale m cm . Photo m

on t o..d..

beer dnnks III a special bamboo case. I ~ d
This is one of the many I,bonou step' n ( . an I p a suffiCIent quannry of grain to mount a I . t ~ culinary labor force thJt ues behind th .. piu, n they share In the ensumg prestige ~nd lh~r n [he generous host. ""omen gro\\ th , n'p. I' n , brewing. dnd ervmg Th" I' nn, "I lh havll1g many WIves I, nor ,>nl I I~ ,> , ,,\th. mount large fC,I,t' \,qllmng \\ 1\ ' r\' cause one nHIM g", .1 \.l(~ 1I1ll"lltll ,'I n:l form of cJnit .lIh!. 1111\, . "I(,'n"I\ n r. 11 ever. mult'l'it' " 1\,'" \\11",11 tclhl " It I.WlSh h

.

Settled

.

III

1 c capItal I towevec the SUppression of sy"..bO I , major former arena for the acqUlS1.f1 both a on

' .. - \ \ 'lw.;sOI1 ( I Qb l :7) pOint e d ('lU I, the malO so urces of power th at "n . )b .. 'n · I ' Id nl',1Illul :IIC came fTom ( I cmg a sCllIa r m em ber of a llVlI. U.I (..(lll " . Powerf I I I ·sl.n •\1. Jbd"y '" ",.rlMC . and (3) ,he ca pacIty 10 marsh'n l a Slgnifj. . U Il1l'')gC. l. ) ( PCI I . • nUllr of .. upport 111 I he face of co nnl CL Skill m the use of magIcal l,lIl1 •• m ~ . Power (brlI1) was polrt lcularly Ul1ponJ.111 111 ~mOlng prestige, 111 the sphere of warfare .jo. (l1hlglCians) were fCJred and rc:>pccred. for t he Ir p~wers of dlVtnation and

mag'c on enemles. The ablltty to rally supp Lel " 0 . onde. b I ty h r~llJ an ule Jccumulatlo n of wea lth and prestige , and It IS U1 lhis d . pen de cl uP OmalO Ih. I f(,.song played an ,,"po l'ta lll role Wea lth 111 thIS con text would be reckoned 111 lerms of OIU C and WIves, both of whJCh were essential for the production of feasts AcqU lOng large numbe rs of catri e was greatly ruded by slUU in ra.ding (wh.ch was .tself a source of prestige). T hese cattle were used for prized meat at feasts. bu t also for the payme n t of bndewealth that was necessary to acquIre WI\'es. A large nu mber of WIves greatl y in creased the capacity of the homestead fo r agnc ultural and culinary labo r, so that wealthy m en were able create and use food surpluses to host feasts fo r the bneage leaders who assembled to ruscuss po. hocal and )uruClal m atters. As W1usson no ted , this wealth (in ca ttle, wives. and 10

uet 01 Oc:utlOQ.l) And the game or mventmg neologISms. such as co,. I""",,, rob Iems. _ ry. ro-gtu~ P . umerable other posslbihrtes. seems a needlessly pedantlc t i t - • or~elM " . mparative echnograpluc focus of tlus chapter IS luruted to ......".0 The co , e-' SOOttlh lI\ ,. s this presents a more than suffiCIently compl"" arul' 01 'Tb Africa, 3 ' '' . L'\.SU( ~ d m the Issue of feasong among forager.; ."d "comple. hunt- th re Inreres . ~. P tIt) ~ mcludmg African examples. are directed to tbe works or \V,essner ( 1", • ."J H.n.kn

=

(1990. 199 6 ).

All unreferenced descripnons of pracoces among the Luo people III th" p'p. MasSif" Excll 0-' Cambridge UniverSity Press

d

Starus m PreluSlonc Eumpe. In Food .nd 11" Slanu Q"est, edrted b p ' y . WICSS. ner and W Scluefenh6veJ. pp. 87-125 Oxford: Berghahn Books.

and E. E. Evans· Pntchard. eds fo rres . M.. mr Pollncal Syslt'nU . London: Oxford 1..',ma«lt\, Pre.' 1940 A), _an

Foucaull, M. n 19 80

FnedJ. E. 19T>

I Kllowledgc Se/wed IlIt""''''·,~ ... (ltn!

FI

In

m(.m

ulNre

hovel. pp loll· 218 Oxford ' BerghOlhn B< Gefou·Madranou. D. ed

Dillon. R. G

1991

Alcohol, Gnbl
Feasrmg," Prerustonc and TracLoona/ Societies In Food

.

C

efenhove/.

BIg Man. Big Heart' A Mesoamencan View of the Emerge C f C n e0 ornp/ex Soclery AttCItlft Mesoamerica r:3-20.

LearnlOg Panerns, POt,"r Interacnon, and CeramIC Style among me Luo of Kenya. Tht Afrua" A rcltaeolog.ca I Revitw 5"93-204 The Flow of Dnnk m an African SocIety An Etbnoarchaeological Perspec.

Qve Paper presented at me 56th Annual Meetmg of the SOGety for Amenean Archaeology. New Orleans, April Herb1ch, I • and M Dletler 1991

Aspecu of the CeramIc System of me Luo of Kenya In TOpJern. "lid

J(n-amlltforsc!tung, Habelt 1993

2.

edued by H Llidlke and R. Vossen, pp. 105- 135 Bonn.

Space, TIme. and Symbolic Strucrure

In

rhe Luo Homestead: An Erhno.

archaeologIcal Study of "Settlement Biography"

III

Afnca In ActeJ du XII,

Ccmgus [1Ilt-nWllbllill drs SOtlletS Prt'hulonques cl PrOlol!islonqufS, Br.tu/avD,

C.udUJJIl1\laitt.a, StpUmbn 1-7, 1991, Vol. 1, edited by J Pavuk, pp. 26-31. Nur. Arch;OC:/J)'J",lul Il1St.Itute of the Slovak Academy of SCIences.

ICM 901

RrllCllQll/D (OllqUt'JI. F.JItCU oj COlllact With furoptalls on th, Pondo of Souti,rrn A"tal I.ondon ()"f,Jrd IJnsvrnny Prt"U

110

ral" Urn".,,,,y P"" .

dPower. New Haven' al Po/luc.s, art RltU I '

a , P. .Tolb urthe

I ji

Pans: Publieanons de lA orbonn.

'I

Lts selgn,urs de a or
d o&m Ihnl around hunnng. trade. rrawtlonal dan(~s. or,,~ PIgs ~1Iv

r.

m small numbers. bur enter only penpheraU\ lilt the ani rrconi Acceptance and unhzanon of the et pota! ried b roncal tradlClons from all area ~port tufts III popu1a ~tII0l1lal

populalion growth. and the expaflSlon f and feasClng ID response to ID'~a

al md

and Tumu 19'1H). The purpo~es. structu~ .md :ontent

the scope of reliable genealogical dating. Our best estimate is that H arrived be· tween 250 and 400 years ago. releaSIng many constraints on productiOn owing to IU hIgh yield per acre. abrlity grow well In poor soils and at high altitudes. re is· tance 10 bllglll. and superiority a~ pig fodder (Watson 1965a. 1965b. 1977)· The par population of I:nga thal had preVIOusly subsisled by tarn gardening or hunting and galhenng WitS able IfJ (·xpand IOto higher niches. produce a t "I urplUJ and ((,re I1 "on Ihr: hoof " In pig populallons. Another ~OO-3S0 yeal1 ~f'lf'e I uWpt'iln gold prospeclorb and patrols entered Ih p~pua New

(

crn. (cmral. and western Enga dt~1't'd ~ath In sltpped

no

the ganden ~glm with bt* nott D'I

ID1pan was only an Imitreel

n '-10

higher r

Ih

tahlillh

m pu

tM

r"lI"

\VtCHll r l

-

N =G~A~F=E=A~ST~S~I~N~.~HI~S~TO~.~~~~~!! __ __------------~E~ teAL PUSPEClIVt

-.-_.-

" liu J bl es on credit, ra ther than by barte r, and for tho i0 e 1« !'U\.(l "un. J wesrward, clan by clan, With the mam gtfts !la" th Its wav . .. ifr 'lIlg m e uPro· "e ~ t the woatory g s Tee pinK' festlvals were event f . o un.,u'P"" unlmwu. pomp, and ceremony Suspense and antlep.non w lu h .~ __ . ere g uuVUghOUI for I give and receive large numbers of pigs, goods and ",1 bl • . ' . ' lL1 ., was an mdi ..or f political VICtory m controlling f th. ..tn _. distnbutN . . the flow of wealth . Put o in cbe phase of tbe mam gifts traveled the enure Tee netv.'or", ~ . port as pulled out to finance local events. When the phase of the mam gifts reached the em«nm 51 clm 1Il W ott work, efforts were m ade to launch the final reClptocal ph= of the Tt
un.n ......,

J'"

...•..

TABLE 4.3

..

,S /5

$

, S'

l!.

I

If".am

)[ 0

•

, II

~ ~

.

,,

NEE NAPE...,. 11 OON:;

\!3J SleW. HQ! !SE

The Six Stages of the Aeatee Cult of Central Enga and Its Relation to the Tee Cycle

• RfSIOENTlAL

......

Feast

Stage

Collection of bui1dmg

Communal hunt;

mate.rials for the: cult

FIgure 4·3 Schematic drawmg of a Kepe1e cult site This diagram IS based on descnpflons of mformantS wlule VISltlOg Kepele SItes. nOt the measuring and mapping of a smgle Slte. Though KepeJe SItes vary. many have the features presented here. Large Sites may COver an area of lOO m by ZOO m or more .

em. cenrral, and westem Enga to craft rhe final Tee cyde. Specifically, the thin web of the early Tee cycle wlrh ltS cooperative chams of finance was called on to fuel the Grear Ceremonial Wars, removing the Iirruration of finance by home production Tbls began m the fourth generation before present around .890 (Table 42). As rhe Grear Wars expanded umder rhe forces of dramatic mrergroup compennon, bIg· men mvolved 10 rhe Great Ceremonial Wars constructed longer Tee chams ro rap 1Oro the wealrh of the easr and to reinvest the great mass of wealth that flowed our of rhe Great War exchanges. The Tee was thereby trans· formed from a relatively dIscreet stream of finance ro a network flooded with weal rh , The spheres of exchange carved out by alliance in rhe Great Ceremonial Wars larer prOVIded the pathways for the Tee cyde to expand (Pig. 4.1). The COSt, conflIcts. and complexiry of organization of the Great Ceremonial Wan and Tee cycle then became formIdable . Big-men in tribes straddling the Tee cyde and Great Wars. aware of the dJ/ferent strategies that could be employed in ICcular and sacred feasting and the benefits of their Juxtaposition, imported the K.epde cult from the west into central Enga . There it was called Aealee. a lerm

114

Urutes~

marsupial feast

house Trampling of the grass on (he buiJdmg site

Marsupial feasf

ConstrUcrion of rhe:

Major pork fe:3)t:

Aea[ce house

RcIa_ .. T.. c.a.

Urutt\ mbe. c:srf"tSsM tnbill

one plg per male lnbtsman

S.U\Kturt

Unn~ mb.:. ar'~I$U

tTiNl muctUft .and compkmmwlI¥ ot

oIppt.a," aoc:(31lln

C1earung of [ht: house Sire, redecorJ[lon of ,he

Commun.ll hunt m.u\"UpIJI fent

wJ.Us

Rues for

th~

ancestT.ll

solcnJ

Tnb< IlDltN

(...Jrg('

pork fuSl

"",.... 01_:........ .....•• bwWd. Ilib .. PftIIPII'lJ

~tones

........t

Burnmg of the i\eoItr"e hl'lUSC:

lolqtt'Sl pork fi:&St

--

....

•

I

crio'lllancc . •hey r will hold < ctl make the final deaslOn In rhe villages m wlucb I h . un anJ . '\e conJu.:te-d rt. arch. t h" noted rhat certam elders will fOtln coaIJooos and U . . ..' e mea ~. domm.ur iiIl 1. incs vIa rhelr Jomt . control of the majon'" -, of the po puI anon. The. etWiti po ..., formed and mamtamed through vigotous and ongomg r.. e.,un b"", n th nes involved The elders are also the figu"'heads of an, m",n •. J IUI s m.m upron p.tr' group, tbe lineage, As such. thm households are otten the \O"·.non of Imcidariry feasts, and It is through rhe elders- and thm mJuIgm . . c th ~l unl r mt:tit . bers may. move up the ranks of Influence and 'erun" ""thm th I~~ play a pIVotal role m the fe. tmg compl.x . .llId b n-aJinon. U el a come to attend any feasr that IS gl\'en ",thm the ilbg . . • en an fan eating labor. It IS unponant to maimalD these rc!.no L . n:'4~" . ru,~. There are many ways lfl wmch a drasnc chanoe of ~,_ " .. ~C can 0C'CUr The lile.. ture makes ample reference to bandits and amue robb

'.

-

--

aopolitical srrucrure, and the impliCit supraregional soclOpolmcal structure

surpluses. not .1.11 land IS of th.. smt tiveiy pnvJ.tl' property

IS

an "mstirutlon" (in the same sense as parliament, or the demo·

tOtal output: the econom

umque resource qualm -. rh

feet clunges m the sociopolitical sphere .

compl~x · sonery soo~1

traregte

hunteq~ather probl m ' \the

llim

practices Hill Tribe sWldden horticulture allows for a relatively high population

an: dedit With b

ciemny,

!l'asttng W1rlll" th.. I nand Is hu le nr nn pi s nl

compared 10 hunting and gathenng, and consequently, presents unique

organl7~tlonal ch a lle nges. Hill Tnbe villages , whkh may have up to several hun dred pe,,,,le In

Akh.l

In

cl factions b e lineag... / d an membership.

reSiden ce, a re, of n C( C)S lIy, . egml·nted into va nous aUI

SlKlery, rhe pnme diViding

hill' s('e rns

'41

10

!Or quaJi And IInd dIM

On the baSIS of the field !Uta roIl«t

crauc system ) that can be used and manipulated by mdividuals and groups to ef· The nature of the Akha economy affects both social strucrure and feasting

mS«b UheSlrovm-

are fields . In the past. famme Was not unknown among tM Hill stance. some of the nches[ fumilies m $am ng \ilbge lost almost All of to disease lfl the past two ye.lI'S; one fanuh' I I ~:ar\y I The Akha reSOUrce base IS lfl 'omr won suniIu t lbat • mg and gathenng people's resource N: 11 tlucnll..... predIctable. and not smcrlv• nudutN In other the resource base of more complex 11 traction labor does not make resOIU(CS vuInenbIlcrease

and as such,

Le

LeWls 1969. [970. Kammerer [986); nch mdl\1duals "'" etu· L.U E >-

"

~

cv

-

.c 0

c..

FIgure 5 1 Compound bar graph Illustrating the number of pigs that each clan in Sarn Soong ,oJJage owns. and how many of those pIgs recently died of disease.

Promotional . and therefore compeotive

ID

naru~ b

... . ut

.U I

\lot

a~o

lUId

lO

~\

•

certam degree of mtraclan sohdanry and alliance enh .' . .lnccmcnt A poor weddmg will emphasIZe mtrahneage soudanry ' most L __ . gue .. ts uo.nlt; trom the uneage) whereas a ncb family's weddmg ,,111. h th . mp.S\U e promonon.al aspects (many guests bemg fro m other hneages) Th", h ,,,,, __• . " tSW)1tb"'-&W~tt create feasLtng ciasslficaoon c.tegones based on funco'O I alth n J onc 00 h C';l.t.::h feas t category may share a structUral homogenetry It.• , all weddm h= er tain prescribed ordenng of ritual and food consumpuon \• mO!'t ,u!~ ~ h I.~ il .in cry of functions. which arc all maDlfested to va"'lIlg dog - lb .J ... rtes it~ to which any function is made marufest. whether It be soo~l bonJinl: r asement, or outright debt fostenng. is conongent upon many bcro" Th. pn ma ry factors seem to be the host's wealth. relaove sooopolm(~ po 10 n. OIld

"eaIth.

ambitio ns.

AKHA FEAST TYPES

Tbe ryplCal complex-sociery problems that the Akha encounter (the competi_ tion for labor, spouses, land, and polirical control in general) are dealt With to a great extent by feasring berweell the clans and lineages (e.g., feasts that foster albances between groups such as weddings, or which are grandiose enough to valIdate a claim to power such as funerals). These larger feasts serve to advertise the wealm and producnviry of the host lineages. These kinds of feasts exhibit Some mildly aggrandizing attributes (such as food delicacies and an abundance of alcohol and narcorics) and have the erruc purpose of being impressive. The more os. tentarious Akha funeral feasts fail Into this category. AdvertiSing household and l or Imeage success is adaptive and advantageous for at least two reasons. FLrst, because it attracts and maintains a large and reliable work force in the form of healthy, hard-working wives from influential fam. il,es marrymg IntO the family and relatives moving into the village Since village poutJcal matters (espeClaily utigations) are often decided by the vOles of the elder men who represent the vanous lineages in the community, it stands to any per· 50n 's advantage to have as many relatives as possible in their village. furthermore. hard -working wives Increase a farm's production level. Second, sucCC$S advertisem ent is advantageous because it encourages deference . Wealthy men are seen as both ble.ssed and intelhgent . Their opinions hold more Weight than an averagt per5l>D's.

Jr IJ more appropriate to «mct'ptuaiJze the above division of

110

acdviCY

Akha life IS rife wim feasting. Some feasts ~re small. mvolnn!! on! rle and me ritualized consumption of a ver), small amount of ti.lOct. WbrtN' tb r fea sts are enormous. tnvolvmg many hundreds 01 peor le and the ron.,umrnoo f several water buffalos, pIgS, and c1uckens over a pcno.! of" elu Th- 45

g 40

u- 25

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF FEASTING ACTIVITY

16'

65 60

grearer lineage and, as such, the people are expressing their cooperative ethos acknowledging his indebtedness to his lineage.

14'

70

ser up a household. However, it is also a symbolic act of inclusion within the IS

12'

Size 01 Woks

~ 35 er

wluJe rhe young groom

10"

~

30 20 15 10

5

o

precedmg sections, bur I would now like ro discuss them in a more sysrematlc

6"

8'

10'

12'

I •

16

11

fasluon Although the followmg observatIons were made in a culrurally speCIfic 01 PoeI

context, and no ethnoarchaeologlcal generalization can be considered a cross·

cuI rural archaeologICal rruism, the relationships that I present have been structured In a manner rhat is largely based on the marerial requiSites for feedtng large groups of people sunultaneously usmg traditional technology. These relanonslups are nor intended to be a checkhsr of eVIdence for archaeologIsts to consul! when rhry find sunilar data at their sites, but rather, it is hoped they WIll provide IIISllllns tlul

will help archaeologists explatn hitherto unexplained phenomena,

u weU as being cOlllplelllt'ntary to other data that IS used in 3tchaeolllgllal an~ly ~ of ftutmg The ay t • tmauc occurrence of large sral!" feastlllK 15 eVldt'nl to the mulumodal IIU dill 'b ( n uUtm U CIluktog v(,15rl. tn lall(" ~u"ll1blagl" such ~ Ihotc of enUre IPlg '5)

'"

"I~ure ~ 1\

Hlstogr ms h Akh. Vlll.gc SIU ,I balh "ornullooJ plT!,"ror\"1\

rrep"' """

" "r

ul

/IIu ",'1'11 Cllll :::kr_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

-

-

COOKIN G VESSE LS .1 r • wcddllw ", .1 I1(.' ,1 J )' 110ll' U ,1n r "

rhe size ,lnd number of cooki ng . vessels Ca n , •l "il - lng .IC(lVllY· Ve ssels g reater than a ccnam SIze are r c. b t' lISC,' l j ,1:> .1 ,n(' J ~ ure ,. .llIy un!)' pr.1(11(';.11 10 us,", when ont' IS cookll1g fo r IJrge l1 u m .b ers of people and Funhcrmorc.' cla dy mea ls. generall y I.lIgt" \ 'f') ItJ mC'S O ( lood mu". be produced . (l',H IS.

re

(] (: urtS I "i 1 O .

01 1\ 0 ro (hree dIshes (cxd udmg nee) tho ugh illS no, un • conslsl o r five 10 (en cl ilTcrcnl dis hes. In o rcler to be able t0

01 ,·'-""U .,

" rc ' .S(S 10 Co common 11 r 11 • • prep., re surh ., wIde va l"lelY o ( dishes .H the same (illle. sever al ~oo king vessels .,," IIccessary 10' CoIeh dJsh. The ave rage Akha househo ld cons'sts o f approxi. m.Hely lell people . •1Ild " r.,m ily will usually provide (or its daily cOoking needs \\~ Ih one or (WO ,,"11 11 woks. three o r (o ur sm all po tS and one large pot appro.i. m,HeI), 50 cm in d'Jmerer 10 cook pig food in . In all cases. h ouse ho lds that ex. ceedeu this norm III rhe cooking vessel asse mblage dJd so beca use they Owned. Or bl,rrowed. vessels (or feastmg purposes.

SERVING VESSELS The relan ve number of serving vessels per household (or other corporate g roup) '11") be mrucarive o ( feasting . .It would seem obvious that everyone would have a (unctlOn,11 IllllllmUm of Ih ese Items. bur families with excessIve numbers must u,e them for olher purposes. In tradittonal Akba villages. no families acted as merchants for such vessels. In some societies, special elaborate serving vessels have .1 speofic feasrmg funCtIon . however. thts is nor the case for the Akha . The only thmg rhat IS mrucative of feasting for the Akba, in terms of serving vessels. is their number

A.kH" fE,o\S,T "'G

-------------:::.:.:~~~--

_.._---_.-

ore common however. IS the rtJC\ll>tlOn ""utt enhanon r'" be: . d corporate groups (in tlus case clans and Imeag~ . The fe>.> prOVld ~ alhe .L . d . r',1 allies with a venue to express u,eu- CSl.n ethnognplu.

What could be more mually evocative of a "classic" Polynesian scene than a

fea"l ln the pubbc mlOd. the Hawauan I. 'all has indeed become a potent symbol of Pol)'neS1an~ne s Yet the (ntlcal role of the feast in Polynesian sOClenes is cthnographlCally and ethnohtStOncally venfiable (Bell 1931 ), noe merely a lace capnahst IO,-.ntlon of the mulnnauonal tOurise industry. Juse as che lase HawaIian lung. K.tlakaua. used the I. 'ao as a pohrical seage to entertain such meernational figures as Robtn LoutS Stevenson, so tus chiefly (and priestly) predecessors ritu· ally IOcorporated the fi~t European explorer to the archipelago, Capeam James Cook. 10 • symooUc act of fwlmg upon the eemple platform of Htk.,au (see Sahlms t995). For genmnons bt:fore Cook burst through the boundaries of K.tl!W. HawatWl tluefs had ea I bome d the fease as a social nexus wherem the

161

opporrurunes for controlled comp.lmon among fa terized as cltltfdom.l , yet displaymg a remarklbl ~ tuerarchy or stranficanun. m S1Z~ of r

-

h ~

/',rll h" \ ' I\..i"

~--

-

--::-==:==~~::=_-------.

ImhJo!(.'ntlu~ ( I ,c'tical) ;1{cgory .l"d ubtypes

...

I Bt'lro{hul (C.ULS (Jro" "j' Will)

M.lrri~lg(' fe.lslS ( lro 'uttJ Iltmollo) J T.trlOomg feo1~tS ("'(I'wn rI/Ill hit!)

l_

I l

ompc=nnve en l/~r1all1menl feast (ko'inn Itakaillti)

Mell10rial feastS (or deCc.3sed chiefs (rnllu)

J MCnlon~11 (easL.. for deified priests (ko'llen okt:, /(o 'ika •

)

'J

va TIOPII , a~d

ko'rlell (j 111"111 4 Harv~S( festivals (Jco ',rlO tapnvau)

Ko ' "Ul lu-o no \ Volf l (oIllnlbOlhs[JC

(castS

-

•

re hierarchically differentiated than that of Tikopia a d SI era bl Y mo , n ani d

.' we3 I-c " f: milies would orclinarily command the resources to carry Y u,y a OUt such < These included che households of chiefs (haka'iki) and other elites ,easts. . . ' such as pnes (tall 'a), warriors (toa), and vanouS kIDds ofexpe~,ts (cuhlllta) . ts Of greater significance were the memorial fesavals held in honor of the de. parted spirit of a man " (rarely were these celebrate~. for women), called mau, or 111 the case of festivals to d~ a deceased pnest, kD Ilea (Handy 1923:212 passim), Mall and ko'lka feasts were Impressive displays, both of presage foodstuffs such as numerous baked hogs, and of special starch and fermented breadfruit preparaoons, as well as of bodily ornamentation for elite participants and dancers Handy writes mat "the greatest of all feasts were the memorial festivals cele· brated long after the actual death of chiefs and chiefesses, inspirational priests , or ceremonial priests for the purpose of deifying their spirits" (19 23: 216). Another category of feast assoaated with chiefs and held under their aegis was the harvest festival (/to'11'Ul tapavau.), held after the completion of the breadfruit harvest and

rhe successful filling of the silos of fermented breadfruit.

-

OMP"~ISO

.. O. T".I( SOc

8

T '

------

ppar.nU \fte rirns were eaten by the duefS . warn ors andYnOt Marquesan feasting was thus dlsti . Pn.:.ts , ngtush.d W4i ri"e1y from ordJnary eaong. not only 10 th q llatlVdv .. dmgs (as in Tikopia). but In the emphas e prep't;ltln of IS On p....., but also in the heana feasts. human nesh • _ ]ge tlt h f"""" PQ6. . . =else....h -...... ParDcula r .ssoclaDon With rank and SI atus and Cf< U\ Polvn~ \he riJy, if not exclUSiVely, for consumpnon b ' may h",~ ~ n 1't1-. il'tcl,. PlC . . y male~ . Turrung to the acchitectoruc Or Spanal ~ ... . rikin ' B ' Context of r. Tikopi. IS st g. egmrung On archaeoIogtcal e""no ,L_ - .... "'" cOIItraa si on period (ca. A.D. 1100-1400) . the M arquesans be"'1.dtnc.-dunn.. - -, \he 11_ laces calied tohua Essentially thes gan 10 cOIlsttuct ..,... , . e ConSIsted of \ '''"". P plazas. usually a leveled terrace , surrounded bv ~, rccl~ forms included foundations for temples ( , • platfornu \JICI<poIt "'-"'" 01< ,chiefs h ...... forms for spectators who wimessed the el abe rate- daOIl ..... ~ feasring. There were also asSOciated cookh lKcs lbal c OUSe snuct\lrcs pigs and other lood preparations were earned' die l..k.... ·th· di 'd al OUI, ToIn.a --, erabIe sIZe. W1 In VI u platforms of "mq;ali!hic' _ 1'1 Tohua Vahangeku'a in Taipl Valley \ ukuhiva dixiWII'K'A"; die

..

wide, and is surrounded by a complexity of 174 III ~ (Fig. 6.[; see also Suggs 1961:162-163) . Toll114anaIUry RiIlCIIGa . . 'lien: often t'bit mented with rellef or freestanding scu1pturt of • lAme..., some cases commemorating individuals who bad feasts (Linton 1925:85). An exemplar of Goldman's "opensan pattern of feasting displays important Tikopia. Despite similarities in C8tegoiKS of feasts), there are critical with role in the overall emphasis on aDd memorative, deificanon, and

ImJe if any qualitanw distincnon san feasts emphaSized the provisaon

Finally. there were feasts held at the successful conclusion of a war against an

the case of htana ~asts to

enemy tribe, "celebratmg the capture of human victims" (Handy 192):118), called

architectonic spheTe, the

lto'lna MIna , or simply heana. According to Handy's all-too-brief account, these hLana were rather solemn affairs, lacking the elaborate dancing and singing that typically accompanied other feasts Rather, "the ko'intl heana consisted merely of a fealt at the dance area Itohua I, where human flesh, pig, and popoi [fermcnlCd breadfruit pastel were cons umed" (rY2j:2t9). The bodi s of sacrificial vi dmllD

dopolitical competition feast place, the roll ... ment .

174

.

[Cn

In the MarquesaS --:_ _

POlYNESIAN FEASTlNCt A C

echaIU5n1 for assunng SO1). perceIved purpose In lh la ifl corn c r T gether rqUesa s , the feast had become an Uls1rum en f I' (be rvl a eanS of 'fighnng Wlth foo.i .-\" Th .. on a [11 mOl, ;nt pellO . vem en LS. and the dilfenng qualtoes and lIS m o quan d fao, ust have, as a tot altry, provlded an mJ' OOS rn Co { ;)rt sen[gO ""er o r dependence lIqQo:Q00 of pO 0 ua

,

•

-'

•

•

.

.... t

AI'I: fEASTING AND KINGSHIP tl AW . 0 the H awallan lslands. We move fro m th (Ilrfllog t . re.1 {o I of eluefdom soae,,· mto the stunti J In • " leve ' " «" n "open It ne. 0 f H aw ;u .I I .tre.un n' Ih to-histo n e po . the pro .. (' , , t [ena . hn luston call ' or echno gt J.Fhlcalh d :umem J. s et 0 ilI'.... m do tes " ln tbese Hawauan Foltue .. the hi 11 -b , \ " rchaJc st. . , a y as rune g rades of duef , Fracn -cd ''1rru I "', . to as Olan 10 . amage to m amtam the punty 0 1 the sibliog rn d m f land and other means 01 Fro u :t} n conITOI 0 . . tem of u ufruct nghts , ub,e:t t (Ilong a sys craft sp eClah , IS as \\ ell a, \\ am,,, an a body 0 f . Uy leglon1ate d bl" .l reh'::Il'u •• ' .1 m ideologlca _ Lono (god a t d n land .l~ncllltllre th war) an d , 1 · ,L. gene ,,-lo." tholl. h f th. >ttbr [hel! prayers, wtChout sleep. unul monung ""'aD rh3 s-I Import.Jl1l re JJo" I OU~ ceremon ies. It IS S3.Jd then to be made b (lfknn~ In dH~ moo envc deltlcs 'Each makes It for rus god '" (1967" 28) Y . IJ ·r" (or their respe II h . O. [he'Lh,cf( e t ~ cl ded more than vlf[ua y any O( e r POJynesian n , hslSlencc epe , I SOC ICty ~ l\f.lrque5"n su S eN Islands) o n arborJC\.l rure o r orchard "a d h ps rh al of the 00 "' . ' . b r enmg (,,-,(ep' per J . he breadfruir (A Tloca'P"s alnils). Smce the h ",- ' lie en1ph.1SIS on t . rea ......... llit \\'lch spea 'od [he vast yield of search IS preserved thr rs !O J short pen . " OUgh a ha rvest OCCU b' [fermentation and ensilage (see Kirch 1984 : 132_ 1 ) d of se rru -anaero K pi , .. 35 . me th 0 b) reports excavanng such an oven complex" (lQ6 r: p.--n, fig. 25 . at the Q. Suggs H Cheu VaUey, Nukuh,va . In a c. ' H1k o !.. "'U ·a tollllO Sire . J 0 imponan( in Marquesan leasnng. as Thomas po' Of urse quanory was as , lnts OU(, '0 cO , d d simply upon rerurning the eqUivalent of what had pre . . "Prescge depen e nor . Vlously oiving more and parocularly more than the receive.r been rece,ved, b ur upon b ' ' s Could

I

I

)

ear" (199°:101). . li " '~ h' C • compeong chiefdom po oes ID UJe arc Ipelago at the t' There were lour maID. , tme of enrered on the prinCipal islands of Kaua'i, O'ahu Ma European contacr, C " UI, and

I

I

nll

II

,

Handy, E S. C lQ23

a chief? See how big he is" (19 Z 9:J24), 15 Human sacnJice was also an essential aspecr of such luakilll ritual, but unlike the

1984

TIr. Evolution 0' rh< ~I , ." )'~" Ch·.bPress. ~1"'-_ C'

199'

Chlefsrup and Corn .... lllI\. re Involutron ...... _ Polynesra. In Chl.rJ 'nu ,' A0\\'t'T £;"" ..'" ~. \

1994

Marquesan Slruaoon, human flesh was nor generally consumed, other than rhe symbolic eaDng of the victim's eye (see Valen (9 85).

o

Brown. pp ''>·2-4 Dun~ cia! Pubh(~uon 2000

","'05. W

TrJditlon,11 Po"ne""" "'. .~ >.:'1 dUIo."thlU ltl

Tht Man-Ealing Myth New York: Oxford UniversIty Press.

10')2

1\otl

,

I.LlllOIl,/l

I'll

fifth I
I\o"k

C()Il1P~lIy

l'nmltt\'( I'olynr IUn !l101lOmy (",,",,1' H'Hllkd"t" IIJ Slim

19

TIv Wnr~ pI Ihr r;od In llkr'I'w NI:W Tj}gpllll ngl h /)Ir/)/II""", Aud I "d •

1'17

I

Itly fj (

I\ullt"tm

l "Ihurn IJIJlIldJ and Brachel.

1980

I

T'k~rla' PtrhUlo JllllhUIJ O'1S rum. J,,'lnbu ll' , " 11 ' lit nnd parti cipation and allcndance

I

or rl'Ulrn

II

()bh~~HI()ll.s ~h(JlI ( I e~ L ,

~hnll"J b(' wldespreJd,

tIn" and ",allllnl" alltanccs between groups . I RcnpfOca llcJ'tS 1/11 1 ll(npr,'C tnve~ted feast distributions are returned at a future [cast with tn tere t Competmvc feast arc large, laVish events where the sponsor en deavllrs to maXlfl1lZe hiS contractual obltgatlons and profit by distributing I,

cnorm,.,us .mounts 01 rood dlld propcrty. Pollll4ai Supp~r' P"ltllcal support fi'asts ,Ill' sponsored in order to obtain or 111(1"CUC p"hUCdI Uppl/TI

7 Acqullllwn oJ /'oll/ullll'alil/tms. JlI.JSts that /Ul1tllOn

101 mal rnu'ritJl1 r',rpolltlCal advalllrrnrll l ,lit' t:3lt"W>fIzt"d ~s f('a ts fllr J( qtllnn); l'0hm.11

P'Ii""Jt1 '90

.IS J

NE~T (O~Sl F

tA, _ _c _ __

8 work · Parry PrlJ.ll.! Work·parry feaslS " b\.;I1n ""-_ IntenSive projects such as hou'e bUIlding IIIdr,. VVf £Or exchange for participation," feasun . 'duaIs PI~ g aCUVltlo, 9. ChIld-GroWl I1 Prasu. A rumh rype of~. . 1 posed Ideal feast types. Chtld.grOWlh7 mlg1n bt aMed IQ ~ ca,1S are feo III children m ord er to Ulcrease t h e ' " lr wont. so t1", marnagcs will be m3.XJmlZcd, and alhan t ....·alth . ces bttWten ( poses Will be str~ngthened. .unili fo,

-.'"

separating feasts In thiS manner IS arti.fia I L . a uecaUSt the r, verlap, and a Single feast Will probably mvol ~ types nhu....~ O ve il Combtnan --""""'Y on of i""\"-.t ryp es. However. Identifying these speafic practlCill"~ U I~ I all ccrram occasion. potia!(h and leas! dlstnbuD the rurn the fea.t and gtfts. The r~turn cxpc(ted by ol least spoD r helps l~ eral purposes flIT hllkhng fat IS m I rtucb Ul t\II1I benefit sought by the ledSI sponsor H) !he framework, and how aggrandtzl"rs ustd !hem trul, wtll be dlsru sed mlh lonling In ()rd~r 10 under, land f, a I1Ilg th(· qucstlon 01 who Ih malO Ihroughuul Ih • ho r whclhl'r th .1ft: nu IU t\ highly nHlI1 ill d h dlt dll1asS th· 'lUll UI htgh I dllk lUul.! ~ .,1 I h Ihulk r t 1111\1 I I I I'

*

-----

•

J~ -J o5 . .•pO. 443. 1971 ·J61).

Barnett (19 , ,01-63. 55"" .0 l~7. U H. JJ 4•. JS. • ) re char elite mwvlduals were verbally t ' 19~" . 1"" •.03 sea raln~d ld EJmt·nJor«loJ60:,nJ. ~ I b 5 Barncn stares that the potlatch "e~ JI . . d 'e [0 be am Inou . ". . . " t"resses Jn101 In cdli) g . d O1b",ons (19 68 126). Boas ( 18 97.343. also In B . J lIcnnO n :o. an a Iu . ar. U . [S Although sponsors p l S sOmetimes . r urely' .r('r~ona J..es Ihe s:aI11C pOUl . . . arttib. nerr ,~6~:S) m' I J as a househo ld head. the pnnapal sponsor .,.Ie rndJvidua sue 1 can be I ult,·d £0 a Slnb In rerests. th e 1Il terests of the corpo r ate g • enung 115 own . roup'

,.u.

I

I ,

O>

J S o.

reprJed .1S reprl!S d lesser exte nt the interests of other free Corp S ,bers an to a Orat upper-class men ~ ett 193 8b :35 0 : Drucker 1939:64). e oup members (see 3fl1 ( B gr Id . herir "rJes and pro perry e.g .. am ett 193 8a :131. ' 955' Da ughrers eou tn dR b 1 ' ~51 : . Codere I990:367: Rosm an an u e 1971:135). but tlus 1 Boas 192567-69. 9 • 105. . oc· 25r; Codere 1990' f at all befo re contact (Bam e tt 1995 · • " .367). cu.rred less frequen rJ y. I I efer to feasr spo nsors and aggrandizers m the mag" .. ,_ I I For lhJs reason \",,1 . r "'w.une t1urd person

NO - RETURN FEASTS r No.rerurn leas es have been defined as those feasts in which the SponSOr does nOt feas t. Nevertheless, as will be seen . even on these a rerum ecr necessa nJ y exp . .. OccastOns rh e spo nsor Can be VIewed as pursumg his own mterests.

J\ggr,UldJzers ,"ckbt the member> of lhern. ce and 0 th er perks · sueh ;u g'I'\'lll .1..._ \JbSlsten . _ uu:.rn 5 d n ar feasts . glvmg them the" '" p dui re and Jendmg them ceremoru.U pnVll na rna . .~ s' puberty feasts so that th~ ;on: abl r d3 u gh re _ ~ • ta

orucker 1951:47. I4~141 24". 2.> .... l.~. 2- 3. '1. " • ( 1en S 1981:(3) Some retainers might ~ n "'- . Wa \.~ a wroch the re tamer mlght nOt be: .bl sef'l1ce. e to ~ . 73' Mozm o 197°:32 -33). In Ills '

"were told that they mu.'1 'take care I

I

Solidarity Feasts

food . gl\'mg them feasts . "' nnm~ the ~>::.

In order to arrain their ambitions, aggrandizers needed control Over a supply of

for 'if your people don't llk~

labor. Resource sites were definitely privately or corporately owned (Barnet! 1955:59. 241. 250. 251 , r968:78 ; Boas 192J:I345. 1966 :35- 36 ; Drucker 195I:42. 43. 47,

adVISed "to 'be good to thetr p op ,\Tt t th

247.248.256-257.454; Suttles 196 0:300 ; Walens 1981:13. 7 1). Hereditary chiefs Who

And accordmg ro Bamen, 3 'hl'f

owned such productive resource sites needed workers to collecr and process the

member> of Iu, tan\ll) >:;rt>up t

resources ar thelT hunting. fishing, or gathering sires (Drucker 1951:279. 454; Sur.

there wer no guests from orh r

des 1960:Joo). The output from these resource sites fed the chiefs' families and re.

conshkrJtton. m.l) ha,,, \ n re complex chI< f,\oms .\Od J r\ .Illnker (Ch,lptcl 10\, and _ ·hn

tainers (Drucker 195)'244) and enabled aggrandizers to accumulate surplus food for feasung and exchangmg. Control over labor secured several other benefits for aggrandIZers: firsl. it m.

Du~ 10 Ihe

pm JI" lr

production of nonfood goods such as canoes (Boas [913:1338; Drucker 1919:/4),

glllur III "N"I Itl' t\

whIch could be used for exchanging or diSlribuung. Third. controlhng labor pro·

Roa,

I 11 1\

vided the opportunity for acquiring pnvateJy owned " hrn(hmcn" (BJrnen

pi",

.\ft' ,J1 ,\

onla,

1

1

hi

1

ordertoprospcrlBarnt'1t 1955247, 1968 Ill; Boas 11/21 .1111.1114. Dl'ul"krr 1stn~ 0 hOllse fr d ~ et!!)b orkers were o m , illl the >mount> of fOOd "Ired W are mUl.lm at. I n the lOStance Bo.l.S ('91 and pWn-~\, ",b ured , nl) cu the . by one of the Fort Rup"'t septS (I< 'sub L bUII [ tnu'''->nd • rS of the other three Fort Rupert septS n . O1erTl be . DoUnen I were not from the house bwlder SOWn ;.t borers ' gro up Iilrn"n~~ that labor, and the distributed food and p ~ V\-ere mIen;! d t rtl: OUp success and the benefits of affiljaoon (see Barnerr 19'~, Ij." t.n In man tf gr not most cases, the sponsors of these maturaoon . or nlh er promon 1\,\1 . , would themselves be mVlted . to sunilar feasts hosted b' th gu t \~h wiclun the group of potenoal future m·laws or alue lu.:h of th di. m costs of promotional feasts would be recouped al uch . ub qUnt I> 1955'134. 255,257)· Barnett does nor speafv.. a nme ·p.lO 'or u"" I1 l:U Ctllln'l relUi 11 but rerum invitations were probably received \nthen 01 r. the above conslderaoons. I have dended to e amme rional feasts in the equal-rerum section . Promotional feasts were opporrurune for a~'nJl prospenty, and the benefits of group OIffiilanon, en onicr t skilled labor, allies, marriage and e 'h~ngt' p~Il[l d cnncal abilIties (Hayden 1995:52). Thl go I 183) who observed that some fea t. (r93 8b :353-354), too, reported th.1! nitlon ("prestige" or "status") required to achie theIr atm. Barn It how pubhclty helped th ggr ndl

:~lpCd aggrandlz

r to IIr t I bt r PPOrters. In the m nn r uti in d SkIlled and n po ertlll Kt situ31lOIU

Th I k

01 po

rtul

Ill' m"lgt.~ ..lIld "pc-r(c1vcd wCi:lkness II)V!lcd att::lc.k " (P

r

,

erguson '984b)OM)

{Olt:. promotmg lhe group Proper y. s of LOveStlDg wealth -m clul dren through m.lruunon t In term e~, f marriages serves the needs of ~ggund!ze" b 'tun the cost 0 . ' . ·urr 'on and creaemg mcreasmgly large debt rebn [l'\u ut pro duC tI 'ry (Hayden 1995:44. 45. 54. 55 ~a topIC 10 be Q u\"i:lln romm wu 5 I unlizlng wealth 10 control others la IQ(>prosper a ompetitO rs . Rivals also engage m productlon of 'urplu. '" m, ~ea1th aVallable for mampulatioD and escabcmg th ,l -ootnml;l srnan and Robel sa)' I! suconcu\' - on< n ed, ~'m Ro oons. •

·_0

Tha< IS one reason "lazy men are desplSeJ Bamett . 28' Ha)·den 1995:46, 48) . Lazy people th\\ rt th 1951.3 . nOI producing surpluses. by not exchJ.O"m~" th. surpluses when In need Ctuld·gro\\lh In'~,mlen

Wealthy hereditary elites sponsored the most lavish maturation and life-crisis

and eventually. YIelded a surplus return . h""., r returns or compulsory returns tTOm Ih full whom Jl'Ught 3cruaUy enter InIO ml're f,u nul l'CC'lp

feasts (Barnen 1955:134; Drucker 1951 :139. 141. 143; Elmendorf 1960:388. 410. 443).

more uncerr3m nature of Ihe return,

Maturanon and life-crisis feasts were probably primarily promotional opportuni-

here under equ,ll·rcmrn I~~'l. Previou Iy It wa: mcn!loned that p

Child-Growth Feasts

ties for aggrandizers to advertise themselves and their groups. The leading guesls vaned WIth the famrly's wealth and ambitions (Barnett T955:255. 257. 261; Drucker

wluch food amI prop"rl\ \\ re method IIlvolvcd ,n'dll ex, holn

1951:14 1.148; Elmendorf 1960:385.386,443.460). Poor families either kepI these oc-

west CO'ISI culture, l'x,umned h n'

casions private and did nor have feasts larger than the nuclear famrly. or held very

IOJ8aIJ5. 19W l.l~. 2~8

small gatherings where they invited the chiefs of their household and delivered J 11110111 gift (Bameet 1955:132. 143; Drucker 1951:124- 125. 14 1 , 149. Ellllcndorl

Dru(ker loMM :l\1. Elm nd. 18 270; Druckel 195 1 302. Elmt:ndorf 1960:349. 561. Pcrguson 1984b:>85), Se' 1. m,ITnages wilh slgrlln c.11ll wcalth exchanges establIshed resou rce allia eCnd. nees th cnJbled access to ano th er group's resource sites (D rucker 1939:59. 1951 '26 at , 7 268 Elmcndorf 1960:267-2 68 . Pe rgu son 1984 b:288; Sutdes 1960 :299) D' ; , rUek.e (1951 '>..l8) Cl les an example of a nch sa lm on Stream obtained by a duef h r . ' trough marnage T hIrd. mamage feasts with wealth exchanges mereased ercdJ change opportunities because the spouse's relatives beca me additional t-elt_ Contacts for lendmg. borrowmg. or other support (Barnen 1968:50. 51; Drueker t l ' 95 '430' Elmendorf 1960:361-362), Barnet[ notes that if a groom 'S father did not h ' enough property [or the marriage gift to the bride 's family "he ca lled upon ave wl[e's brothers , , , for their contributions to swelJ the total of the marn'ag" ,his " eglft·, (1955:185), Fourth, marnage feasts wIth wealth exchanges forged aliianees that exPanded an mdividual's political connections and helped increase political co ntrol wlthm and berween groups (Barnen J938 :133. 1955=182; Jewit( 1987:19), And fifth marnage alliances secured the transfer of titles and privileges from the bride'; famIly to the groom and his family. Among the Twana. Nootka. and most Coast Sailsh groups. these titles and privileges were intended for the couple's furure

ORTHWES

C

states that group exogam~ noe ) 6055 0 'dorf (19 '.1 concern behInd eutl:: m .. rna, , Th . t/le prtll dP an ces ",th other Vllla "'. elite manu. of all I vaf1 e t)' 0 allies, labor, and oth",r up rttt , d access t crease al h rnarnage e~ch.lllge th~ groom ~ st S IS a ern co h 20 I ndian blankets, ;-0 u ...k f S200 cas ' gift 0 I ter the bodes l'anuly returtlrd I 000 e years a e 'fhr ,2 00) The rerum was eemmgl 1,., __ ,h." ett 1955' , (sarn I illustrates that In reall£)' .10 return ange a so ch v: mal gift. or equal to It, or lin\( m the oog chan the subsequent reclprocatin· fe \!amen changed to 1'296-2 97), 195 . b equent reaproca\ feasts c ut.:! on

The

SU 5

(Drucker 195I:2.9J), However, despite the claim that the titles and privileges were

rOom WIshed to remaIn m.tm r bnde an d g ., • h to remam allled_ It ,eerru 1_ rh t groupS \VISrder to affirm ties bem en th, years 1[1 0 , EJrnendorf 1960:35-), fter each ~ '" 194. fr to 'dIvorce ~ me omer 1th ut furthn' was ee pnvileges that reverted to the bnde r: 1 NI, JO- Th ~ , 95' Drucker 195 t 1955-I ' had to ~ IJUD.lt neW cyd e of exchJn~c....

solely for the couple 's furure children. it seems likely that the groom or his fam-

(Sarnert 1Q55;195, Boa, 19"" ';4---

ily controlled the titles and pdvileges at least until the couple's children reached mdependent maturity (Drucker 1951:266, 269; Barnett 1955: 251 ),

A groom'5 m,lrnJg.: gift nll hI Drucker 195I.lO) Th re l'C' fun • Rosman and Rubel ( IQ"I

~

10 other cases me parents made an informal agreement. InVlted a few guests 10 .

.Among som llOftht:m 10 the outh ( g. K IUtl thedunng the \ifeum ut th

1 21gq 2 8 meal and distnbuted wken gifts (Barnett 1955.192; Drucker 194 : 79. 195 '29 ,

But the pot nn I

mg little or no formal marnage ceremony. feasting . or ongomg wealth e..~ch3nge\J

Elmendorf 1960·370, 1971.361 ). Th d ' unhll f ' 1fca ts I 1" us. I Mamage feasts were not the ooly type 0 rCClproca , .' lfJ, of d d U d thno!(rJphl< rw focuted on the m becau e of the abundant an eta cc . h lhl Vt'f mhcr IeJ,1 ,Ul ~ I1 marnage feasting and wealth ex< h ange~ owe . . I 11" It Jrhll' VCl \im Twana Inu:rvtllag billng h ' II val ( I!lllwndlllf l'IilO 1\11 I·P )

-

of

rr aweu Rosman ,nd

lion for a '"'phe that heir' In

I

,

SOUTHERN NOftTHWtST C

- ---.lnd pnv ll cgcs unul lh · . d .h CII ca l ( Bal'n e tt 1955 ' 2. . IlJt; l l,Clh , .l. r·H~ ). 11 w,!.' onl y ,Ill e r th e fun e ral ~ 'J.s l'.h I " ' 5 1, Dn.lck l.: ~ :ll l'le apprenu h er ~lI1d lilt' hl' lI 1lt'~.lIl ~ · .\(.· n': l :; lI1 g co ntro l ( Druc ke r ) Ccs ,p" cndc'" 1 195 145 . In order to 4 l() hI/ill) (·'I .•hll, h llwlI nelwo rk of credit and d b At · permit hei e t , e a e luncral feast rs Cl ."') twld Ollt' 11' I wo years Olftcr the actual dealh of h· f S were ge" c"(lnlltll (lV(;f

th e."

, of lhl' hCII"!\ 1951: '48 ' 49 ).

.. In addJoon to tn...t c ~ m of property. e the scal" of thel< con"" u I

" : Ehnend rf years or longer generall,· bemg ale.:! aggranchzer spent the:e ,CJf. "mOl.

feasts at all .

(olleered 10

fin~n(t·

on l"nr.. ttI

of the most common strategies used for extending personal power and wealth .

rew ),e.", until bemg relllnl. J 347, Codere 190(t '~O\. Surplus relurns nahl, d to addmon to m(red mg I h IT I~gcs, ,lnd th S{.lle (lf their m motivJle,1 suppon t

(onl the Northwest Coast" (Hayden 1995:58-59) Investments and wealth

(lIuld mampul.t ,anJ attr.l

quired on mltial feast distnbutlons, thus creating material profits for sponsors ,nd supporters alike. "Competitive feasting mvolving interest payments 's clearly one

changes were necessary to

el

cl surpluse, prov,ded I h d b mcrease wealt h eyon t e Im,re .

by retamer labor (Hayden 199s:59) Boas ( t897:34 1, 19

.

...

lymg pnncipJe of the potlatch dlstnbuuon 's I

206

h

,I{

66 '

) taleS Ihal rhe under· 77 s

f h

0 t

C

• 'CSI

II1tel •

bl'aI1llg

,ni,'"

I

0

feasts for nuclear or extended families . Ir is doubtful thar slaves had any funeral

Competitive feasts were the only feast type in which greater returns were re

u

eople an . f the common feasr OCCa51()n,.s. "u~h P . Elmen J rf I !T1Jghr be any 0 crer society lrutl.lOOn~ 55:257)' se Barneet t9 '26,), or spnng mteJ utb.1 mcetm~. Barnett 1955· ( feaStS "'9 70 ) Boas ([ QTJ-lJ, 35" • Jnd B.lm n , (1966:6 0-'" ' Codere eative feasong re turn_ "ere" pct d to [e rhat comp aU st. although short-term loans \Vla"n la h u. b Oon . ·bu I to . reres r rates as O\V as 25 p at . h[ carry ID fIllg . le of a highly artendeJ compcutI\ As a.n examp erry being rransfet td, Boa, am oUllts 0 f pro P rh exchanges InItiated b) a mama, of we al ~ ,cr F .u cl f: nulres from rwo UlUerenr on u KWalo 3 . d ' Rosman and Rubelr,,-I 'IOJ II>J

and feasts 1 Barnen 10:;:; 2;;S.-'l:;~. plus proJucnon iTom ret~tn f. t

GREATER-RETURN FEASTS: THE COMPETITIVE FEAST

~f f£

tldhll"

In ~dJlIl11n. b ",dl1

H.IYu -"' n I It

U

Ith

It

1

I

lu

\

n

•

•

C.

SOUTHERN NOPTHweSl COAST F(ASl

TABLE 7.1

. the Kwaklud [Ook compeonve t"easnng to el\.Ucm~ f InallY. h sums to be gIven baek and rOM wue n era "in

",llIes

Properry Dlslnbute:d Invlled Guests

Groom's marriage gift.

500 b lankets

12

tribes

GiOom amasses bl

by calling illl\c.Cts 10 oUt.s~ loans. nclmg

Fa ther-m -Iaw's

300 blanke ts: a

unrnedialc reruro

cere m o ni al tid e; the great copper" nam ed Sewa

Groo m 's second

1.000 blanke ts

cUstnbuDon

Groom sdI S cOPper years later ~ two or 600 tJ. o f gn:asc C os . fease used to finance: a least t: fo r several l1ibes.

.

Occurs _ _ fou r ye ars after

[Q

the lOltial och angtl.

facher-m-law

Father-m·law·s rerurn

300 blankets; 50 shawls;

10 tribes

zo pairs gold eanings;

Occurs four years illI:.lcr In

zo gold bracelets·•

distnbuuo n Bridc's

25 stJver earrings;

father amasses

25 silver bracelets;

propert)' by calUng h.

50 pair abalone shells •' 50 silk kerchiefs •'

outstandmg loans.

10 phonographs.

distnbutes the goods

35 sewlflg machmes;

[0

250 wooden boxes;

chid's of the 10

40 dressers; 50 masks ;

mVI[ed tnhes.

Groom immediately the Important

a box of crests

rcached and

1925:236-357 Presumably [hIS exchange cycle cononued unttl economIC hmll,S or IncrUst Wt l't'

It

became tmposSlble

lO

exchange escalating amOllnlS.

tunlty - the massIve quantIties of rerurned property could be distributed 10 wealthy and powerful guests from other villages wirh whom (he aggrandiW wanted 10 mdebt or establish a relationship for purposes of resource access. sccu

nty. or poliucalsupport In Boas's (1925:236--357) account of the mJrnJge between lhl tWO high ranking Fori !tupnt (he groom used Ihe pro(ccds frOl11 fathe r In law'. return to spon",r a for scvl'Tallnhcs (Boash IQlpHQ). f' 01 Iht· Jnd I'll

famlhe~, ft'a~l

\Illaw'~ )Nond n'lUrn 10 th,' rJllkllll:' .. I' . IcllIC IQ~P\~' 11>1'· I CVl' nl (Boas l\llS: ISI 457: ,I '0'" ,atl Elm ndorf 1\IlIO m. WI)

M dlJtribul d th father tribe att ndIn" Ih ' 968 'W

1nl

feastS ., (Druc.ker '95r:J8t) and slgmficant pro~rt) d 104 . I - . Oru.: er I

codere (1966\". 61 ) who Jrgues that po t nt:t denCles m Kwaklutl culrure Thu . . thl Il.lN the \IIillgenous dcvelopmc!nt of :,)".11 ID t European'Induced adaptations m , 'orth Many dIlferencc!s between preel'llIoI t n d d\l Before European amyal ( I' Ih

25 canoes; 15 boats;

Sou

•

Croom ·s second

Z50 danang aprons;

Source'

wtu c

201

\Bamen 19,51;(>--1~7;

CoJere l~ 904 . 1 often and In maller amuunt Jut' t live good.~ (Bamett 1\16 .10 . od (j) fewer !:\le. ts ITom oth (Barnen IY5;:~5(>-

ehtes (Uuld ~lfonl hI

t .l

Depopulatlon l. ""ere roOD ·cipants L a: ntiate the soUdanty, pro m o uo n>l, tn~ lment and-'-IIr[l d Oll, ere "ux:r p d n(lCy an y fea sts and podatches. E:q>lanaooll> b...,d on .._ to I C cl U1 man lve s ",vo fi ' nr because they emphaSIZe vague psychol , I vca peer .. re de oe . soge a acknowledgmg p",cocal consequence Thu, OX" " p~ I ~th out . T , r .pprov, tlge h erechtary chums. or IDVe <menu. offer IDcomnlctt 10 cf. re pres ' r 'og wa ' hich by the m selves create truSleadmg unprc " on. CID . a n sWer s, W • spec:iJic I m o tiva tio ns, su ategles, and pracocal goals a ",,-,.t J .... n U cholog.ca h t the present slll1'lus·b ased model of self'\I\ltlt,tcd ~ . g rhe psy .n I suggest t a fe.sting. much gre ater variety of theoreticall) and ethno'nphl(all . egrates a .' diZer' Iflr d observauons to a m o re sausf.etoT)· f...luon than P"'" nt facto rs an . nI egrenable that even m ore derailed ethnognplu.: ot> are ".no\151 cl !)' n " tera ' . f o the SpanlS (" godmothers"), or s.ucrJOI4.I pn t~, tn ",e '.), " ad,1IuU lex and leads to a cOflS.deranon of Corulx> o ~o o.scomp .... operatio .' ecanOus gender roles and. bv utert>too. !),e 1pobtlCS. pr • seJ{Ua an ' 9 6 9 ' Roe 1982' Gebban-Savcr IQ og,'l[Ilf (Odi oo Romrs who often ' seem resIStant lO or at least "'''U'i e (\I chaeologlS For ar . . ' let m e pOtllt out that much of the foUow\I)' osibuloes, raphiC se " b themselves. Tha t LS, It is not totaU • ·dc~p-:ru g 0 ch e eoru'bo-ShiP' art of fore lgn observers. A fundam~nul than . on the p . b .. al _.t , C ( 0(000 . the oppOSlOo n erween m e cw= an" I' m . o thought IS " b ings of nature, females are regarded 0 " Ship.b Th eaO"ve e . J\S proer alli S females with the drsrupnve fon:e: of tUNrt In ee 'seen e (OOCllpl ardians of culrure . m oderanon . and order . s are the gu d " _ t .... ",al e ( 82 1988'11 8---120 an m ore spealL~" tar d by Roe t 9 · . ' oose . ) thiS theme has bo th concep~1 and .w.\ rt n : oven (1996 , . /V( • s of concenmc circles FIg 1 An um r . uallZed U1 term . vtS f culture and conslsrs 01 h ou: e. fl ale domaln 0 to (b women'). The ome.mosl a rde c larelY dean< Y les and male hunnng. . An tntat that tllli , a t'i dfed guestS, MrhY large Shipibo communi", of an Fun. de YoUUU

g Ate

,

.. theon ·'"ed fr om as far as rhe PisqUl to rhe norrh an..! the l'adut • to guestS .m f ~ w hundred kilometers b m'er R~! _ tCtun ent 0 a e • ca , ( t969A~0) furrushes otherv." bdido Roman ochaIU cs 0 f ID'""tanon Speaal heralds. called .:baJUtl In _ ' e rTl d wnsueam to announce rhe up.."()mm~ t Th and 0 scream , d rh nrualized hostility Thehor-ehne Im < receive W1 were orher women, to v. hleh rhe dw d t o go see our w.n t necks cut' (as "iIlix em, not an I e I will get your gor" by of IDvltation llTlpbcatc; anorhe. c P' oal Tbe geogra p _. at although Cib! as con. nm, an rh u1 Ship,bo c cure '

b-

and sugarcane (Samanez Y Ocampo 1980:80-81, Karsten 1955:156-[57, Ra. 1982:97-98), Prom rhese cultigens, prodigious quantities of manioc beer and cane liquor were brewed' As the fiesta approached, many additional demands had to be met. Men hunted in order to proVIde meat. As meat storage m the humid troptcs il Short-term, captive peccanes, monkeys, Juvenile tapirs, and curassows were raised and farrened as pets in anridpation of the commg feast (Odtcio Romin

'969:49~o,lllius 1985:586), Even manatees were caught, penned, and fed a speaaJ diet of water plants (Heath 1991:7), New ponery vessels, especially large beer sroragejars and beer-serving mugs, had to be manufactured (Samanez y Ocampo 1980:44: Tessmann 1928:206-207; Roe 1982:97--98, [00- 101; Heath t991 :5), Women wove new dorhing and beaded new ornamentS, as protocol demanded rhat hoSls and guests alike be dressed appropnately (Sabate 1922- 1929, 10:269 271). In addJlJon, a large guest house was often constructed (Dial Camrirda '923:407"408, IIIlus 198n84). ObViously, the core sponsors of an alII 5/11(1111 «lid to number

frflm /Jnc l/J five men, rncludmg fathers uf Ihe girls

unJergtltn~ Ihe

1)(' ablt· If) malshal and orchcslr,lIc nlll"dl'l'abl .. labur IJh," h.d h,,/.. u dlld M'I vr-d Iwi'r , Iht.lldS;! lunll(,1Il1 "I CIIllIb" Shll',b"

'f'n'rntJOYJ had 11) Ihat,

Jrl

rurn,

r'r ,.111/,

"I

211

.

h

\1eWe d In rumS of n Yer msranee The nng of cxtraloeal mvitation encomp asses poteno aJ dilln es and allies ThIs prmamate, "neutral " zone can be contrasted Wlth a more c:iIsranr penphery mhablted by 'WlilUl , tbe genene Panoan term for "for. eJgnecs" or "enenues " Thar locality and the gr,aments of mstanee, both spatial and soaaJ, tbat surround It should be so parnnoned IS not unfamiliar, Siskind sketches a parallel model for the Panoan Sharanahua as does E,,'-> ''''50n (197]·4,.~o)

-=

(199-1 26) for the Mayoruna , much farther afield, comparable examples are legion (e.g .. Cole 1945:131 for the Jfugao ; Boddy [982:694 for a Sudanese village).

Feasts can be viewed as drama (Goldman 1964, Gregor 1977). The arnval of canoe·bome guests ro an ani sltreari certainly resembled an act ID a well.staged play. The reception of guests was steeped in etiquette, Hosts, bedecked in finety, wenr ro the shoreline with mugs filled with welcoming manioc beer or cane Irquor. Afrer this initial encounter, visirors, amidst a chorus of drums, flutes, and panpipes, were escorted to the newly constructed guest house where more Ilba. tions were served. Confrontation was now choreographed. Host and guest males formed facing hoes, each male bearing a hardwood club (called macana in local Sparush, hu.lno in Conibo-Slupibo); light head taps were exchanged between the contestants (Sabate '922-1929, 10:269-271; Roe 1982:98-99). Host and guest ID

a parallel case of ntualized conflict, wrestled (Heath 1991:8), Such an.

tagonisnc "opening ceremonies" are a widespread feature in South American ethnography e,g ., Clastres 1998:225-226), ln the Conibo-ShJpibo case, It

IS

mter.

esnng that such publicly acted hostiliues Involve females agaInSt females, males ag3lIl5f males. Intersexual berating and bantenng are evident but seem to play a less focal role than among the Sharanahua (Siskind 19n105) or the Cashmahua (Kensmger 1995'57-58 ) who have elevated such nbaldry to hIgh art. Guest males then engaged

ill

an archery COntest 10 which the targct5 were a

",'hire· lipped peccary. a curassow, or a spider monkey tethered to a large cros~ of balsa wood IOdicio Roman 1969:49~o, Roe 1982:99101, er Eakln 199012 Il l, Some of the older accounts state that the best arcbers had first claim to mJrry the

guts to be arcumdsed (Diaz Casraiieda 192]:407- '408, de Undrre 19R12.10) In contra Heath {J991 6-71, who acrualJy WItnessed onc of rhe IJ'I ani ,hrfdlt,

places me Iu1Jmg

(

rht:$e animals raised a pets laltr ID the lit"ld In JdJlllon, shr that 11 LS me ht) t m.les whl' ~p('.an'd Ihe caplUTl'd g.lIn .... Iht lirul kllhng n don by lh very wI}men Will, WCft I" 'IV' r "" Ih,' (IIlolld,'d(UII) '1 hi IU by th animal wllh f1ule , "till IWI "IIIJ!. III Irllll1r.lll (, unl'JI'I" ()f

., r IS/1l7 154 lW)

of h

tars . ca d r 1<ss fo (1l 9SZ22J) ' I~tee>.m t'f Roe I (Roe 10'2.."I-'i' I women . ri>Ul text of the ants bathlog . the con d mOrc, 1Il d been dome,oeared an chat IS, they ha aroma! .. ffin _ t . It 15 th ese of ajfiolt)' en ",e1din~ ph Ule tbbyWOm dea w . al' symbofue: rh 'u

H

ehe wtld aIlJ.IIl

(199.:8 ).

FI RST ENCOUNTERS

women.

p..-o:anl!' ~ cl.., c

I m~ In "gun 1l2, Ih. 111111011 ,1111/'11 Iou nlU I , Mc" y I' I • Id I I" III I' with ,,'ll,

ING AND DURATION UL ...... h SCHED ;l[ th .... , " . . ,.,u" . th Sources state conve01enl 01, t li ch ho\\ SU . ee Roe 10 .2 '104-1 8211 ~·,

195

respect

,to

duranon , there are

I

tuft (con IJered to be the rn. re eheu' Imgul50c and rulrural b lhren IS

said to hJ\c la.-red

rught (palIare. and

Cl hI

al

102

1~2 '206 lO~. '"

d

Frth

-3-4' 1 \\1th the clltond Cl lzagwrre

I

•

",ten I

I

Heath 1991 ,.Im~nez ciJlmrd

DANCING

loa

1

AND FIGHTING

The ~"I h't4n ~ctfi to th rem n lertd (, nh Call tn I be t't" vgIlll

Clrel ,th I

t

a

FEAST AND FORUM'

~c k for read), access. IS called IlIIishall (Samanez y ~..... I, ... d e d .HOUl1cl 'Il~ Or.lmpo IQ80 :80- I; D,dz CastJiieda 19 2):4 07-4 08; Karsten 1955 ' 157- 158; Roe ( .L. .' unau/, 1952) IQlb . IOo- 10 1, C . . Accusnuons of adultery were said to be the pn.. m~n mstlgJtlOn of these confronta nons. Watchjng women at first encou raged l hese sell mes b u r the n Jttempted to Intervene before mOre serious, but rarel . y IClh')J. outcomes ensued (de Uriafte 1982 :242 ; Karsten 1955 01 57- 158; Odicio ' 9 --u~o) • As an aside , J sho uld note that in the ea rly 1970s, when COn _ ROn1J. I1 1069 .4 du nng archaeologIca l work o n the Ucayali . seve ral of my older Shipibo work_ m cn bore muluple nuchal sca rs, proud tokens of their virility, remembered Or Olhenvise. While men anempted to hold center stage in drunken histrionics atrendanr to the 11111 ."reall. things were happening among women as weU_ sll~pt:n

H.( UPPER "MAZ

n a ocarn p o got It nght by plaang beer tmt saf11anez y eo (Goldman 1966:83-84\ dnnk. n t od. f -he cub . I ~h, ~Ike L" panoan-speakmg anw.cape uggm k at the we 100 nio beer tends nor to be produced among mtcrl u c that",a Yarrunahua (Townsley 1994:2 0). or C ,hi h,~ahua , li d th CaSI~' the Iane r, for UlStance. meat s ce tmm e .:arm h Afllong f the major feast. In conll ast, among th Coru ward 0 d ,'-._1_ . I era re ,th a mIrth III ,>\lth~" fig Ih IIll' clhnu!:r,lphll, "thnohl.h'nl.al nd 01 k.hls TIllS lIllllblllC,1 J~I t \ how rt\\I!lllfiv w1lrk J IIh lilt nil 1\

TABLE 8.2 DI~\rIbution

.. IN n<E U PPER

11

nJ Ih \ till

m

FEAST ANa FORUM IN THE UPPER .. M .. ZON::......_ _ \\ "" , /1 R Prt/ tln

--

•

i r.ll1y I1H:hn e cl but wo uld It.'ewe t )lo~' r:" lln.ld .11"'HI Ih.,t w(luld r1c,••\ t I ,,11 ,\ /rH'III' r.lkcs, ,- I I nl I h.!I I l C I JI'.,......~d tht' ..pt' l'I le n . J ( (OUIl I • I1 IS I11 srfu cnvc t o cite a casual ,. .. III,fJ{I()I Y fi ,-on, . 'n pUI.,UIIIJ.! .1 Inore _. " [hl\ competitiVe lcs ra emerged rUture Icad. Ol LlrlllliC? Pro J . Crs J 1I1('nl ollrrcd h)' e I _ If rhe hosrs ,!JJnlL' 10 3llran skdlful so • . the

I

"r(lu~(',"

,I

I I

J

IlIrurl~ nVil S

iIIl

'

fished all

II

. '

,".

,

\

IlS' 1I1

on OblJII111lg WIVC!) ( OrllZ 1982.;240 • weI"C r8(lrr

or raplIle? Such amb'gUlry,

however- anathema lO Iog'e"n '. Ob'l~COVlli:t nonons of sClcnce- LS [ hc way In W h leI1 hunlans work d s and to . . d an ~. by ",ruch human phcnon,cna are playc out. Trus would seem to b l11annCr eparti , I representallOn, gender- is c r lhe C3>C whell sCX or IlS eu Itura cUlarlc . " on, ranted 1 olic,tcd yet unttred verdKl, G,ddens pur Il rn,s way: 'Oon'r lOok r. ' In Ius e tlons soaal practlces fultill , look for the contradictions they embod;'~ rUne_ 9 One only has to reread Naven (Bateson 1936), or tltis essay for mat 1 79:[31), , , r matter rcmJIlded mal human boeLes an d b e Ilav,or are 1I11ected by trans6 ' ' to b. , gunng and erwtse queer propertIeS, oth, Anomer macrer that needs ro be raken inw account is me seernln I " f di f g angevity r me a,1I shreD/I, a f ull mill ennJum lour rea ng 0 me archaeola ic 0 ' C 'b Slti 'b ' g aJ record ' 001 0pI 0 soclery and enviro IS correct Over rhis mill ennJum, , " nment have dergone major changes mcluciJng tJle wrenching dislocations effected b a un, pean coloniaHsm in its various sequent forms (San Roman 1975 prOvide Y Uro_ reVIew), In face. whemer one can speak of me Conibo or Sltipibo sa , " thni U ' h a thousand )'ears ago IS qUIZZIcaL As c appe anons t at mark real -world enrmes, ' , rhes , . e e labels are clearly lflVennons forged, developed. and negotiated durin rhe . vtJ ' " ' dh . g penod 111 que non ,et le alll s !reall survlVe c ese storms until rhe 1970S Th ' . " . . .. . e mterest. mg Issue, merefore." IS nor the evolunonary potenoal of rltis panicu Iar IrlStlCU' ' ,

t

oon so much as Its perdurance In me face of worlcls being remade, Th remarkable srasis of the ani shreati suggesrs an institution rhar is allchored se.e curely to me deepest values of Conibo-Sltipibo culture in its becoming and malO· '

,

. d UlcreasUlgly embMrassmg V".sn ' b of the . enog·n g Ite.chers or poLmcal acm'lStS , mO" .. m>:lv rum ~o a5schoO nal econom)', me mternanonal mukct lib the naO o '" , ' art and e"roUations of me nam..: pomt of vtr-., >.L n"vave '~~Ule P 'ch an onslaught of meddhng VtSltors, mclude: deal W1 hers If not all-purpose fuio:! for welo:hmr. Ibe cou f nog r ' p .. . ~ ' e me all' shrean prm,.de gau-, r feastS lik "., d 111 me special moments that agglegate human ge.Ie , char accompany human eXlstence, and Unde oOl es ' "world always In danger of gmng off COllne_ , I tl't bodies and brams behlnd mem-Iea"e derecuble tn way of me Ucayah, as mey do elsewhere,

NOTES , Also known as pUhloJ (Odleo Rom~n I~Q and evident in o[Ooons. che pc of TropICal Forest fea.5tlng:

genera]

thrDl"'~-

.......". BruD° symbOlIC Wau ruIJ Glencoe The Fiee Plus 19">-' soddy, j. womb as 0'9S: The 5) rnbolic Con~en

!l'ttC>"

Northern sudan. """"""'" E~ " 4

t!l'l3

cwues' PIe""ChnmrdL of th_ Go"y,..ri IltdralU

15

1985'592 ). In 1968 at the combllled Campa.conrbo mISsion of Shahuaya • Pancho • a rnesuzo patron who had several Campa "WIVes," remarked chat the latter w ere .muy ardJente" In contraSt lO che Corubo who were "muy mo." Whalever the case, Ius

te.snmony IS of nouona! Interest. It is nOl my Intention here to expl:un why che Corubo·Shrplbo practice matnlocahry. One mIght ale the scauslIcally framed hypothesis forwarded by Ember and Ember (t971 ) chat such a residence rule d.tsperses fraternally bound males and thertby dlS(;ourages mtemal aggresSIon, while favonng externa! aggression One could JUS!" weD argue that male absenteeISm-promoted by mercenary acav,ucs dunng the rubber boom era, employment In lumbenng or other extraCtive Industnes, or, more recently, military servICe could encourage "mamfocal" lendencre, From. Darwuuan per>pectlve, however, one can assess consequences WIthout 'pwlyrng ungms. G,ven matnlocaJlty, Murphy (t957) snll provIdes onc of the be't acen. • L !ruo"lon et I e,ct>lOO de, formaaom Ethnogupluqu ""8"'4p/llt

9" 19

QC) ( .

lkBouu. Will. LuaDe. Erwln loun.uk and Harry Boonstra 1990

X.LW>

/Ja/inO

&"f1'q' nnogllijico de Ios Sh'l"bo·C",,,bo del Uatyalr Lima Ign.Of) h .dr, Pamr Embmbo jf',hen>ehafilarn YJau.l' enabd![}" for ...

b)"

FEASTS AND LABOR MOBILIZATION

eo

0

. cbe pasS! feasoog o~r.ltes as ha" ....s that S1~ aall", che W_, [ "rogumnuoc statt ctU . Despite frequen. tb n.s f cbJS reaJ1n. of unde~din '" e m ce the lJ1Ip"rtaIl a(temptS [0 do such tbm_ 199") and

,.an:ofr('\'\.. 19, J; Tngger 1990

roJeet' (eg I ' where the Impl muln I to bear on J t... k I eIT.-,1t m CCrtJU1Il'Jt, (su,h J' th structures 1 that, uuld nN bt: Tasks tilr whll"h th. ope,10l1tz J the mulltph,,,nun , th num ""'Jns 1 ht' Jt I1I'rl~ IUuMr·t • t hI J nn tl n l"a't \\It h t ht: ,on, I"ndll and hoes. a hu rnca ne lamp. and Ihelt b.,l dO/hos They dJnccJ al ,evcra l compounds along the way. to songs com· po«d for Ihe OCtaSlon .,"d to we ll known work songs Whcn lhey gOllO Vilalln', compound. they J Jnrcd lI l1111 .lbOUI "o0 A .M They began work Ihe next mornlllg Of d.ybreah ThIS gm up WJ' Jomed by Vi lau,, ·••'gnali klllsOlen all the .1 ~1 a l lC dcsecn dam> "I hIS fa ther\ f.llha .•1I1d •• f,'w yo uths wll h more all cnuatcd 3~l a u c I",ks, 1J•• W I1 by d.lI\(lng and Ill(' PI"UOl ISC of ne h food. seve l al yo ung mCI1 01 YIi ,,,,,,'> mmhrr'!; iJ l'lt.'agc fJmt, ;'l l,d t wo hi S wives' brmhc rs 1111'0 ~lrrI Vl'l1 1111> j(II1Up 111.lde ya ", mounds 01 .1 fcve fish p'lch fOI' abolll ftltll hOllrs They w," ,h,'n It,v.. n f"od. pl t' parrd ,lI1d brl)lIghtt o lilt' lieltl~ hy ,,11 01 th," wo",. " of Vi I",un's rlJmpou nJ "n wy J t c: in g roups ut' ••bo ul hJlr .1 do/.~n . '.Ich g-rlJup WJ~ ~1Vl'11 .1 tIU~:I' I .ldh.l,h of Y.Il11 PlJl riU),;t. wlIh Ihn'(" ,IIHl'n.'rH S.lU Cc" S. Th eft' W~I ' sO nUllh ,,)Od Iht")' /I,uld ""t.'.1 " .lil WOI" w.,. ' lI spl' nded dunng Ih,' h" ., l "I' 1I1l' d.IY,They bqyHl tlY.iUII 'UOUI lotH Ifllh,· . d l l· 'llIH Hl ,\Ill! WlJl kt"'d lIntll d.llk, .1nLl wen.' fl'll .I~Jjl1 Ihilllll'~'h' Ihtoy ,lJntt J UII II I wdl .l hll II1 Hhll~hl I ht' IU' I d.IY tht, 1'1 (I(('tllll f w,t\ rep ,1,,.41, rld ••1I till f,tl lI l /,1 YI I,Hl IJ 'I I IHlII Hl tIIH.I wc It· fllll~llt'd rh.lllIl~hllhr y

or

248

pot

1U>d

II>I!

By hosting rh,s large work feast. Yil.un Vm,'r" "ll fun tllln f agr.tnlll sm Icry '''lh .. Ir.l,hlllmJIl They spe.lk .1 IJl1gll.l~ .,1 lht IIJotu I SpCJI..llg I.tll. 11\,1111: ""Jlh .,f lh \\ m m V' C(()ri •I U nil I ll\ I IlIl I u , ,1 I un'r effem, !l .Ire d [0 those wealthy enough to provlde sufliaentl I.'h_ _~... a"t.;, to work groups. As noted elsewhere (Chapter ; \. the ~'"ncultUn.l. d required for such an eyent I.S fal midable, and Ul • ~ >od lu quired many wives. However. acqumng "lve, "'q~ • wealth (i.e .. cattle and tron hoes) for bndewealth . 101.0\ r. rr link between subsistence produCtIon. mamage. and iron rodu insure tbat an irutial posinon of advantage Ul a(ce." I tiu., ~ have a sptraling effect in augmenting weillth and p""n F wealth in cattle was necessary for the bndewffitb I

feast and engage agam

111

tron producnon Th

tar- (tn temts of cardc. crops. and \\'lW. to r r all

con\'erslon betwee1\ sph."" 01

r

economy (FIg. Q.4). "'uch c, 100nll '. In d1Jn~ tt"j!\me lated III .epJr.te upon the cultur ) anJ '" "h\,h lh vemng bc{\vc,'1\ th,' 'rh(tt" .• \\ 'nnomIC sYSt,'l11s th.lt ,II,ln"t ha\ 19~7.1. 80h.l1\n.1I I'; ~. PI< t I I thl'1l1 a,

I rcv. ton I hey UlllI"- . I hll. and •.le, h.n,,"·d Wldtly Ihroll~h"lIt tit ,.. I k (I'hlll" 1) Ix.. u J .. bndj~' dhh tnd tu ,':) r h.JIl~(" rOI lVt Situ M IJlt In IlId I I ,,·rill' It)

HO

III

transactions); and the increased productl\e '~~CIIY re could be used to more effecnvel)" and tn:quemh

Trus example serve' to lllu,trat h \\

unral f Lhe precol fIgure 9 2 Ire.," hQt blade (]c nl1l h ~6 cm ) Tom I S 11111. cra In we If'rn Krnya .lnt~l hot' hi aJ c:"!i wc'n: m,llit 111. t It' .' . 11

~

whose labor could produce a large n,a t BUI on, 0 through the 1I1snrution of rhe work f,.sl .:culJ be (through converSion to stock used ,,: bndt,r tire . III '''Vllllll\·tn,ull,Il'>Il' uhth"

fnrtns (,f InwJluntary labnr claSSified under the rubric of "slavery" (c.g. Pinky

256

'

tant role of operating as mecharusms of (om'rrslon be~ eccaonuc md".. bolic capital . Like other feasts, they convert agncuIrunl produ~ IDIO harnessing labor that can be used to generate funher Imn:nak b

ArchaeologISts have expended a good deal of energy attempting to identify,

law

SO(l< t I'.

larg

",cl.

n,,".

It'

0

ne th-'

~

Wl'r It

....

fEASTS AND LA80R: ••

"",oell

-

I

f

h rs Tlus fact has profound Slgntfi_ he l,borO ot e . nl "'IWC (ro (' I e1alions and eCon0 n11 ( strU Ctures. d • ! ' 1Ith.1n prc. ~ en l of sona r . rne \\ C. I -term JC\lclop!11 r. archaeologists attemptmg to under_ . . tor tht' ong I c wons Jor .

. II

dramJl1caiJy

y, Il .lr(h 'H~ologIS(S I1J

10

UI1 erS gnlZC the

"nce of fcastS in soo Impo r ,

I

u c.

reeD

OWLEDGMENTS d previously a[ various sy mposia an d se rniCKN A I vc been presence . f Llll~ diSCUSSion lA

I

) We beneficed particularl y from discussion at

poruon$ 0 . ' . 6 H crblCh 1991 . " Dlet.1er 1989. 199 . S -ales m Marseille and the UmverSlte de Paris I ( eo n.lr5 r -Eden SCiences OCI

rhe ~cole de!> Haurcs tu cs due to Aruck Coudan. Jean-Pau1 Demoule, and theon). spec,.] thanks are Pan (Somo nne ' Andre Tchcrma t. search In western Kenya. thanks are due ro the bl our ethnograplllCre . For malung POSSI e W -G ren Foundation, the BOlSe Fund of Oxford FourtdaClon, the enner NJOonJI soence f Kenya the Nanonal Museums of Kenya, and esd rh Office of lhe Presl cnr 0 . UmverSI()'. e h d our research assisranrs. Rhoda Onyango, MOniea pt'oaUy our Luo and SamlJ os[s an O)"U, and

the I". EtiJah Oguru

NOTES , . . b "work feasts " and "work exchanges" corresponds I TIle dJSOnCDon etween . . . s with slighcly different. names approXlmare Iy to carcgone . developed U1 several earlier

1

constructed power poses cerum ~.",.., _ '-" -~--1982. Stanfoed, Stanford University Press. Cason. C. L 1991

c.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"

Work and Power In MJUllt, £tlllDpta. :'-le.. York. r.c __ ...

'994

~wnp

[1979]

Crafi Spedahzaoon. Issues

Ln

Definmg, Documenung. and Expl:uning the

Orgaruzarion of Producoon. Arclraeologu:al Method and Theory p--j6

Eguchi, P. K. Beer Drinlung and fesovals among the Hrd.

'975

9 : 6~o

Culture Smrcrure and Culruce Pr<x-.", The IXCUtmlcc and of ReCIprocal Farm Labor SOllrhw(.,rmt j In WalTUra, Papua New GUinea In Food and Grnder: IdentiLy and Power, edlled by C. M Coumh3I1 and S. L. Kaplan , pp. ~44 Amsterdam Harwood Academ. IC Publishers.

Karp, I

Beer Drinkmg and Sooa! Experience

1980

1I1

Tht Tarah.milr. of the S."ra Madre Bur, Ecology, and SOCIal OrganlZalJOn. At. Imgron Heights, JIJ AHM

1978

nu AnrkrcpDfDty of ~ n.."

f991

nO" Chlc.go Unn

Moerm.n. M 1968 ,{gnrvltural Clt4"8C' and Moorrrtry '" IN Il1

,n

P.,. h I

I"t'I

II

\llIhlll" 11

..... '.Ill, Ir\l,IUI .,Ily drhllrd ""I 11111 Ih \

Ih I

thtO

\\

RITU At

1.111111 I IT 'ullkr.

-

lldd U\ln ~l' l - Iq~ N, Kldl' l IQ7"'2., ,1lso St' l' Ilcid I(NFl 0; Wl11zclcl' IQ7t> W I _

•

IQ~h I ''' ), Fthnohllrrilllnr .1I1.11)'~IS sho""'s Ih.lt .Iht.'se pnllll c.ll co.' h ll(')n~ were

1.1IIlt'U thn1uJ!h tht: ~rl".lll'~I\' n..·UISlllhllllun 01 n ,'sou rces obl~lIn cd lhro ug l, 1110I:Hh, .lrlon ,

m.lrIlIIlH.'

lrudll1g, '·,III.lIng, ,ll1d sponso red ernft

,

pl'oduCllOn

0 le

rs

111 a 111

' tnbU1C

b to oth

oj I"Hlhtl!zcd cxch.)nge and COn'petltlVc . , ft.' .lMlI1g. BCC,lLISC of th e lel1\'I(')U ~ Il,llure e r POhllCill lie!';, cOlnpctltion rOr Wc 11 a ,lnJ lollowcrs w.s papctu,11 ,1nll fil' I'CC. wtlh chiers continually StTlving to b t, _ ' . 0 l ~'Hn ne, .oUI'ces 01 polltlc.tlly m.lnlrul.,blc wcnlLh. clllc knowledgc, and POwer, .,IJIC:'S ..lIld SlIonrdlll.llCS m Ihc C0 I11('xt .\

St1me Illlle ,lIlhe cnd 0 1 Ihc nrst nllllcnniuJl1 A. D . • and tntensilyingJ'tlst . pnorto . .. . cJrlYJ\tcenfh-cenrury raJlJsh com,lct. Phlitppll1e chiefs became Involved In long-distance marinme trade for pl'cstigc goods with Lhe Chinese empire and othcr outheasf Asmn politics (Hun erer '977; Junker 1994), Chtnese poree Iam ' \llk;. metal goods. and other exooc luxury items iTom olJ[side the archipelago be: c~mc key s)~nbols of socin.' status and policical power for. Lhe Philippme chiefly cltre Arch,\cologlcal anJ hlsronc eVidence sugg Sl that this foreign luxury-good Lrade reached ItS heIght In ferms of v Iume and inrerpoliry trade competttton in the tilieenth nnd sixfeenth cenruries. with increasing use of foreign imports as "wealth " objects tn eltre households and as grave accompaniments to high-status bumls (Fo, 1064. J967: Junker t993 a . 1993 b ; Nishimul'a 1988). HisrOric sources in, cUea1e that foreign porcelains were in high demand as status-enhancing serving ,lssemblJges In nrual feasting and they were circu lated as valuables in elite exchange aSSOCiated wlrh rirual feasts , Not surprisingly, the emergence of larger and more complex chiefdoms in 3 number of regions of the Philippines in the [WO centuries prior [0 porush conraCt tS associated with an mereased involvement In the foreign porcelam trade and an expanded cale of rirual feasttng (Hut·

FEASTING SYSTEMS I" PREMIS' ..

-

and lOJcpenJem 0'colon.al control m cM t Iy ,nt.le tt e I.til Wtl.J Tnbes af ,h~ DJ1""~ Di.s'n..'t. ",!hn hiS 19tJ a In lI('ulady VIVid descnptlon ot hum~n. cnfi "and dedJp·r ,'.' f n Jnnual harvest feast .. mon!: the & oft 0 ;I ,1S P F' ,lIy archaeologISts have recentlv be~ t I jan oo . In, . ~ I " the long-term evolunon of ntual r. 'Iln~ UI Ih " relevanr to 0Id eer,lmlC assemblage and sub. nenc", renu at hoUse h0 n nrers U"oker, Mud.!r. and ch ... a.1Jer 1"'14 luihr I""' e , hie y' . rJ'~

n

"ISTO",

•J

o

q'

M

mform w,n "n rttllJI •• hJngt· .1Il", •. it-llt.HIIIY 1",ISts ,If" t'thllllj:l.lph" o of i' ppln. dlfl Id"lIl III till 1.IJIllI 11111'11"" (,," it .1' Ih .. 1\,II:"h . L d I I wrl!' ,tl1I an d IiU,.J IH,,. 1,1 Mll1d,IIIJ"', c tllllplt :'IU' It IIc" l lot

It:tm I 111"ltl III

I

pOl.llIn

I

I

1

•

Im

terer 197J. 1977,Junker t999). Here, I focus on the role of nrual feasttng m lhe evolving political economy of Phlhppme c1uefdoms between the tenth and ninercenth centuries. Because mar, tUme trade for porcelruns, silks. metal weaponry, and other mall1land A. i.11l pros, ugc goods became an Important component of chl~ny poitucal econom ies In m~ny Phlltpptnt 1~land polities by the late firsl mtllennium All. , their litClJle hi nr.se trade partners hJve provldcu us With nearly a millennium of hbtotlc "'I'll on PluhpPlflt culture These Chlllesc soul'ces lflcluuc J few rciercl1lcs 10 mwl f IUlg lInk"r 1998), Ilowcver. lhe ne hest documentary CVluemc lor 111 uaJ lea ling and I1 rolt In c11ltfly pnhllcal c onomlc (Olnl'S from COIIIJ el l','I1I,,1 ntury) panl h l< XI>. fll"ny of which proVide comidcrabk d,'t,1I1 UII rttu 1· pall 1,1 ( 1111 11,111 ,·v.lfIgdl/lng slon o f lh, "m 1 nees are beyond the SlOpe o t th peT.rnt 233· 2.j1 · and De RaeJt 1t u!"tahru( old men who I d r Inlt"TYIt"a't' l a ...If r d (me ITlJn J u un I~r ~s:.t :m d prestJgt ' by ShOWing up.' .11 km"" 0 .. an [0 tmand upn.. rr man ,hrrf . Jure (} ( m~t .. In such lO.RancC'J, blltC'f argumenu can result bc:. mo thnr (,Id men .wh0 (cc I ch"" (wren ~I ,(1" gelling [htll proper .hare- a.nd tho.e who

(ullnl 'r~ arty ''J'JI 1.:.t4 ~1.5) J ;lIllJr~ tt, rl"rt'lvf' 11u- t Xpt.( It tJ nlt.~t po. WJIl, III n"o';IlIlIon

17.

qom rly r~hed through CGbJ&hIancls of Sum.. eg, public :Tin , memon7~ Ult:

f,,-

complv.iUtd

COn)uncocrn ...mh the md"iduaJ s Pi$[ _. ~ 109 and pamupanng In fe ..;, to,ieq, .. ,,:.., cuts olkman 1985:96 103 . i>cllm~ igbts qwooy escalate mto a .mt;at 6gb." Vi Y.Xec~ paroes made inflammatory .. a!

fhngmg meat and c.a.rabao eXf I tUlenr ;n u~ cion of food delic.aue. ar POI)ne>'M kaq,

sou.aJ rankGoldman 19;"G:, ,"--j02, 501 . • r nm."zed food dmnbuoons woe oc 9Opt "ben feren oals wele CJ\'ertly played om by played the feam ng game weD. public confrontaoons about therr post In rewarded M th upward m olnh£\. , Q

COMPETITIVE FEASTS OR ' CH LLE GE-E

A SlgruJicanr ISSUe is "'heth.r !:he PhJ1,pp_ • Sparush records and early.thn " 1991:232- 233 refers to as - challet) m m -challenge' feasr c~n be defin.d as polmcal dommaoon thrau h an e\ r..... • and publIc displa . of >enennty hostih pie of o\'ertly competJn r ea tin IS ~ Amencans >uch ., rhe Kw uti ~ In Sponsonng a fea. I , . 10 an mpl to ,u hueal nvals [0 am.l. dr pla\ ,mbure sponsor', penOlll1,nCe re'ldr d tn lion or humrllJtion, JnJ pohtJ al 1950; Druckl'r 19I1U0 I1 abour l C Some 0 f IhlS con d" S from" lack of clanry in distlngUlshmg (ca5t· .d elsewhere CrlVC Southeas, ASI' an I "merlt" transacted IS of a tranSItory and rea In whIch rhe SO(la men ll1g pheno heno mena rhal .tternpt ro accumulate permanent I arurc and fc.,ung P I a proca n · orary srarus ddrerenu.l s mto ong-term and even I h nd to transform lemp .. .. wto { a p sts that confer values of sOCl.1 ment but whICh nh lable political power ea . I en .. .. are charactenzed by cycles of balanced rcclproclry. art not overtly competitive, I Ion and slatUS enhancement for any smglc md,v,duJI on whIch surplus aceumu a I . . ry and eventually negated rhrough the necessity of rcor kIn group are eransltO . . .. . the" partners m a feasung cycle In compeullve feaMS. lurnlng prestaoons 10 . _ I . f labor mobilization and surplus needed to finance future there IS an esca aLlon 0 mro long-term pobncal power ranslating feaslIng' success t (casu an d {e h aIm of and economic profit (e_g. Priedman 1979)· Hayden (1994:25. 64) has suggested that competttlve fea~ls aImed a(creatlng economIC tnequalltles and negotiaung political power dJrrcrentl.ls are pnmanly a srructural feature of what he refers to as ··lran5eg.blanan·· or"" B'g Man" societies ,uch as Ihose m New Gumea and Olher areas of Melanesia characterized by In S(;Ible (I eo. whoUy achltvernent-based) cotena of social ranktng and pobllcal ,uc cesSion Hayden and others (cg .• Clark and Blake '994 . Pneuman ,1nd Rowl,,"," 1\178; Ro,man and Rubtl '978) argue lhat compctlltve f~a~lIng ,~ onc of a nllmbt" of evolv,ng strateglcs among "b'g men"" or .. aggrandi:lc r,' fiJr t rall,fo, mm!: It 'n !'tory. achJevement·ba~ed political authomy and diflercnltJI w,·.lth 111111 ,h .. '" htntablc poliocal pnwer and wealth. whICh Me kcy tt) tl1hlp IS generally highly confliclIve, unstable, and prone [0 rdauvtfy hr,M cycles of expansion and collapse. ('VfTal (011("5 may have been sll.,'TlIficam In creating the highly fragmented po' huc.alland.capt , Iht rt I'allVI" Iy weak I!1l1"gl alllm bl,tWl'cn vertICal . Iy a11' InI leaders,

282

'Hao ..,

d the lughly personalized nature of p I n a 0 ltlc-al pOw sourheast As.an polioes. A number of hist ' er rdaUons eh.r;, onans and a " ctensuc of ro the fragmented geography and dJverse e re aeologuts h... nVIrOntnent.! f l'Oulled moting diffuse centers of political pOwer d "'cd ogt~<s ol$ de ritua l fe. stlOg (e.g., Cero 1992, Hlgha." I plCUOn f po I d ~ ,. , 990 1.l3, 15H; ,, _ · elhnograp hIC an I""lonc relerences 10 ntu.1 r. ""'Plt(:tht . I d ynamlcs 10 premodern S th ~tll1g "' P~n 0 t iral an d socla OU eil51 As, •• d li mi ted archaeologica l research on thl h n Chul.a thtr. ..... _ S P [ nomen ~ High. m 1996;J unker, Mudar, and Schw.lle on Do \ '< una! placed under contemporaneously occupIed 1':llt"t. ,'< household collc(tlo n "I line '" nuJ,- "~lfhrn" and bowls (I\klll.l II)Mb 'lN 110, Pt!:J ~!t~ IQ C,lnt CC I' Jml( ,lsst' l11bl,lgl' [hJt " ,I JI'nn,1 li'

~

g

"..,

-

.. ..

-------------- ---- -- ----------- --- --- ----------- --- ---- -

~

C. 7 •- . --1

~

In . . . . . .

0-

flU'"

own

=--

20

-

-------

L

o

'c ,

SERVING PIECES

,

B eAts

Ploas

Large Btovm Sung

W~. J.ar

!

..

Ja&

16th and 16th Century SiIBs

m. E2rty Ming

OTHER FORMS

.. L..o ..... .J2t Sow2tIkha/oIt (Th>I) MI6-fouJ)z.n" to urty SiXl i an" C4ntury

"

'-,* S':O • .,.....CoI'

(Th",

o

• confirm the quaLt4w.e l)bservatlOns of archaeologlsl workmg at other bu mo that cups . Jars. c1were d b/JXCS, and figunne~ In' ~ay r~n: J' Im parted g...e accr,mp3mm f en Ig 104). 1I7) . Th e dive rsity o f fo reign porcelain a,an b!,dd ed . sires , or bo lh serrl em enr and bun,,1 suppOrts th e obse rvati on lhat laSSem I lage S , wares had nor stro ngly affec ted th e impa rl market C ence fo r feastll1g ya prefer. pcnod Cl In lhls At Ta llJ ay. sra listl caJ analyses show thal rh ough porceJain was heavily co rrated 111 the ehte habitation zon e with large houses in lhe twelfth. to fourteneen· h ent r.. century an o ngo phase, It was m o re diffusely scattered in borh elire and non.eU

habiranon zones by tb e fiftee nlh and sL~reemb centuries (Fig. 10.5). By the later p hase. fo re ign po rcelains may have bee n availabl e to a significantly larger pardon of the TanJay po pulanon. indudmg those Outside lhe chiefly class who could at.

A. Fo",lgn porcelaIn densItIes

C. Decorated earthenware densities

On kg/m3) 400

On kg/m3) 100

3SO

eo

300

250

60

200

ISO

40

l OO

20 ¥

SO

o

0 ..lL11 th- 14th centuries 15th· , 6rt't cenlunn

n

o

fble zone

Elne lone

~

Non-elite Ion.

B Soutt.east AsIan/ChInese porcelalns ''''00)

012

0'

ODl

otA 001 001

o

i'111,"

I'lgure 10-5, omparison 01 cer.lml'- .' ,embbges ID 011 dd en .lI'e.1S. I11 dlt,- v'. non ehte h.lbllollon Zlllles at drvemh 10 10 '" fUlIrlcellth «nrury an "llel'l1Ih I ) "Tllth et nlury ranl.1 YIII terlll' ,,1 (' . b ' 1 -ht ) 111 [,,,el/oom flVI IJII ""n,ltl'-s ( y w, I: '\ n(,ln I s ullw 1\1 . "IJ pOll (' 1.1IH , rh ) I JIIO 0 n I' III ( lunC~f . t') pl"~ r .111\ I ,IoII1H c· ,Ull .'\1 11Ir:~ h ' ",r,~hl l l'f

1''''

f

~ hlfll

I1111 . • l ..

lid

( l I drll\llU"

d,4. IQ67; Solhe.m I~). a pe nod of foreign porcelam ITade. I ,ke the n...S!D"' -- .. popu._o unporrs. the steady and even tru:reased local pr~ of ware vessels m the fifteenth and sixteenth Cenrtmes ~ ~ O cipaoo n in. and sponsorship of. status r-~ by 10 ~ '-> "ex had lmuted access to the mOre valued furelgn polCd .ca] l!ns as sei \. I cause of the chrono ogt unceC(;!IOQes and probje, i os the Philippme decorated earthen"'a"" illS DOl the ba515 of pottery assemblages. thar nn,.IrzN k c1uefly pohtical econonues pnor 10 the bre fim rrade. THE EVOLUTION OF THE FEASTING SYSTEM The archaeologIcal e"dence from the Plul:ppme, su • lrive feastmg may have become mcreilSill \ ., to

Ical alhance buildmg m the fifteenth . and . Uleenm . assemblage. at clueD)" center such~, C.bu distnbutton of water buffalo and p'~. knowll foods . to whJt are Idennfied a prob~bl tht~ millennIUm A. O. (n addition . meat'. Ix>.:!, pan. p mammals are found m hlghc.-r frequenac In cM where (er~mol1lal me.lt d" "I n hk" and Slxrecl1!h cemUrIe,"" bOlh an tOar 109 food< \\ Ithm rhl" (h,dl rem r ,~ rhese prl"s"gl"·(·nh.ln(1I1~ "" d I) IOha Serl"mg as,cmblages .. I" ,ho" an WIder ""{rIb"""n or t h l~Ont,l(\

le.,

IW I

r

ling p.irolph mall III dle-

rr

The,,· In'",1- 111.1 b 1111 I cl ID I e'p.1I1JlIlg '.-al,' "I l '0 .. 1p.lRlllp 1100 tn .10"\\ wh".-, fi· .. tll\ \ I III h.a d"l11\ h.ld " 1',,1111' "I t Id" 1I1.'"II.lln. d thlll" ·h. '""nu I m I'IIIltppII1l" l hI 1,1",\1,

.. -

1("-'_----------___

1 I"WI,I f "./ . 1111 _

gn( u lruralll1lCIHjfic J llon and " I ' .. //llenl III a H , . fill.IIKl' ( II1 . . E.,rlc (997). In a ch iefly Society .1 1'1rlC IQ8'5. .. I n l I 111\1,ljl (: , I ) rJlh r I h """Alllv)' .lflU "11 dc(cl1trauLz c:d , where C1JC y, coaltuons ,Iotp(lU" (111, 1.1 -

I Hr' I1lOtll/l1.HI Ir.,Jlllon.' JYft." groups. and where ch iefs vied ror con. In)\ ,)OWl" W.I\ < hen" rt)hllt' .l l I f It'rnlO flJ1 JIIlC. g , oods at '1rual feasts were key to \\ .blr (lUe' 0 of preslIge g 1.1lkt·J Iht:' ,\1. . l e nrclIlaflon ks / argue that, even as paramOunt .

11"'/ r,f

(' IIl/ml , I 1

",,",

) nc.~ rwor

hllc"I pJII""age

.

,

moni,I feasLs became increaSingly

I ' • ncrgcd. cere . I dll' C.\IM .'t fir '"" sCJ c er clition ' parllcular y 3,no ngst lOcal 1 . , c' "f Sign' d Clal comp , 1r rhw ;1I11l . fur poliricaJ an so . 10ners who were filLmg the lOwe r Imparllll1' Jrt'nll~ d u w.lrdly m o bile com~ J SSt.'r dHCS• .m P 1 31hierarcJl' CS. nlOn oJ po

,hi."., I,gly (omplex po, Incsysre m s appears co be Itnked to the develop. 01 e, II1t.T('.l~1 tlcrThr cxp,ln.\ Ion of nIUJ' feasl1ng le rca rer pOSS! b'IJtl 1 es it offered for aIliance.buildlng . g has developed an evolutionary scenario menl 0 J' r.0rei"" o· rrade and I rIn Pnedman . , re asting system ro foreIgn trade wealth , \,'ea II I1 Cl ",U1300n jonan3 ( competJtlve I1 a f 'eties With more permanent hereditary Ih.1! 0'" Ullrial growLh 0 voluno 0 SOCl n d c,,,,nrually led ro the e , f B a as an ethnographic example, Friedman ,n , the Kachln 0 urm , rranficJoon, USUlg , h an ad;acent more complex soaery (the ' (, contacts Wit , , ,, ( 1979) nOled lh., ore'gn , Kachirt Hneages advantage over tnltlally Id rovlde cenam . han kmgdoms) wou P " tual feasts , This is due to the tnnow of d i es in sponsonng n equal,rankeSh mea~ wives an d IowIan d prestige goods ro Kachm lineages strategl. hlghSlarus, d for an !Oteracoon , art d tra de , Through their greater control of foreign canyI hlocate as, well as at. K chin duefs couId h0 Id more elaborately financed feasts, , wea tfurther , a lucraave marnage , ties, thus creating asymmetncal Iracr ' .alliances with s model, eco. other hneages through, thelr greater control of wealth , [n Fnedman , ' 1prestige could then "be translated Into supernaturally nomic, advantage an d soca , ntual " remforced supenonry 0 f the wealthy lineage, smce success m sponsonng , , feasts ISCO nfcerre d th rough Successfully placaang powerful "ancestral SPlntS, Even. ruall the enhanced ntual potency of [h15 elite lineage rrught engender a qu3S1 Iust;'caJ Wage to these ancestral deIties, creating an ideological Justification for a heredttary eltre class. An mJlux of eXQtlc forms of feasrlng foods and / or feasting paraphernalia can also resulr In spiralmg inputs 10 [he feasting system by already compering eliles and, In some cases, emulatIOn of elire starus behavior by non -elites using now , devalued local goods. 10 an analysis of ceremonial feastLOg among lhe Ch,", a TibetoBurman people of lhe lndlan·Burmese border, Lehman (1989) suggest' thal the availabdlry of external sources of wealrh can set olf an II1n~!I!lnary cycle III an already SlJClaJly comptllllve feaslIng system Onc(' forl'IWl servlI1!( vessels and exChangeable gW1d, ('mer the f"a,nog sY,\lem as presugr ~ymb()ls of rx .. ep "'maJJy h'J:/t valut, ')th('r (I'a\l glv"rs

mu~tl)btaUl "mild\" "XOtil' gooJs dnJ/ur 111

RITUA L FEASTING S ~ STEMS IN

PREHISPA

".- buaoos of now-devalued 10QJIy helr=m naIf rrelative ranlung m the feasnng $} tern In ad,;h [hetr th dJverslry of socal group pamcpann In . ads Pands e eJI of exooc presage go aace.,.t." a l'A1>tl~led . ablltry goods are more WIdely a"allabl" fur 1 calluxUry I ,o eute· em u1aong ceremotual feasts,

In In the philippmes. forelgn porcelam trade reach." its ~ before Spa rush cooract. at a time ",'hen many PhUippm • d manifested more complexly aered s)' (ern> 0 an porcdams corrung LOto the Philippmes 111 InCil~a 1I1' eign , riod have a narrower range of highly 'r.>n.urd&z~ . ds . emphaSIZing the plate. bowls, and oth r n; peno ritual food presentaaons, We may sugge t that for control of foreign trade through strate, sore d "trade rruSSlOns" to the Chmese (oun. d n craco've port facwaes gamed an advanra In tb~ CJIculaang the presage good> necessar. WIth resrncted access ro foreIgn fea 'nn who hoped to parlay rrullla!] prow!'., and bans augmented thelr small porcela1l1 a~,em th rare" decorated earthenware that allow d them feasts of the trade·conrrolltng p.Ham unl.\ Th eign porcelams. decorared eanhenwaft' and p the wealthlesr reslJennal zon at M . . nth and flecr hlgh 'lntenSlry statu om~U(j n own patronage an I ~Ihan ?rc .. prelustonc Trade and the Evoluoon of 1977

oon In Eco,wmlL Exchan a..J. From Pr,llLsrDrY. edl!ed by • l Hunndg( 1) 11IVI I

'0 (

lIy I'll

ThrCambnL,~ •""'I'F'''' Is [160 9] ewted by E. Shur and) Robenson Clrvdan" "'. UJ H. Mudar. K 1997 Parrerns of Aromal Unhzauon In the H OCtne I pan50n of Fauna! Samples £to m Four Anl"tt> 36 ( 1): 67- 105.

N,sh,mura . M 1988 Long DIStance Trade and the LlIll . L , and C. Loesm 1967 Ontlll111 CeramIC.! Discovered UI Ihe Phlhpp;"es. Tokyo RuLiand M.nuel. E A. 1973 Malluvu SOCUlI OrganizatIon . Quezon CIty. PhIlippines Umverslry of the

Porel,

M~rrul

J

199f>

IQ74

L)

L>"'m,"" "

IloSol In t nIl •. Jnt

I' 11

and Hudson

Mmch;.Il W

1'1.1

('Ih 1 •

I

t \

..I" I nJ I lit

It

·f"" ... h \Ia,um

Pt.

111

l).:r Hrr?, drs /",," drr l:rdr MUIlI1 h I ku",h"1 'I'd.. hrllhU(h Vrrld";

~aIJt.r

tll'lul 111'(0"1.

PhlhpplOe, Press .,"d K V ~1.nnl'ry lJJPOlf( C'VlllZJlllon New York Thaml's

\

n

J ..I••

I

\

rht B~

I M ( 011~co 8 ICal Project. NeglOs Onental. Pluh In og). Uruvoas. 84 - • philippines: New Day Publicat> ons. SUl\'''}'

1994

Barangay: SIX""'''I Cmru,)· PhI" (' neo de Marula Press. f'I'IM tdn.

Spoehr. A

lamboang" an.! Sui" ..~n .~ rrlta , J Uru\,ersll)' of Pm.l • P.-w~llJan and P')st IllIpt·Wl·IIIJII IJntlsr~pl·s. '10

Jt trr"ill' -g " h lit pl'l " 1111 I11'

tll~lt liJUlI!JIl

NClnhwl"1 I'IOIILIJ ,Ill'I I" I'

(;h:ma\'(IC" hi' 'l,ve I Vallt:y ,,11 I h., ""lllwI n (;ull COol,t,tlPI.II" wJ' JII

au

,"l

1\.1 h.

I'

.I It I

Pl'rt,lltllll\ .1"'1' t I1 (, ll1\

,Ilt" I"'" ,I, I Ir II II tu ll\hH1h Lt it) h

In

'

dus model bas merit, the continuiry of formal characteristics [ have mentioned suggests that the analogy might be extended with equal plausibility to pre·

In

activities chlfered from those proposed for It,-", .'u "C c u DOt that a great deal of vanabiliry enS[ d - ,.lrpQl1 platfonn " e among th ['" selves (1994:83), Thts vanobility 15 ID d ee d worthe ..foodlat\d

have argued that, in a[tempting to understand mounds-as-artifacts, summit use

ern Indians, wherein Mississippian mounds were conceived by their builders as

t

I

,

th

tr=

-_. OIJQ

m

TABLE ".1 uncated Mound s In the Eastern United States. 100 LC..Tr

-

'0

,Iounds

Stte Name

-

I

Marks vtUe

I

,

Z )

3 4

5

..

5 6

7

4 •

8 9 10

11 12

lJ

tf>

Truncated mounds in the eas<ern United States, 100 8.C.-700 A.D. Figure

It 1

bu~dings. Here there were none. just a surface resembling Swiss cheese from the repeno ve emplacement of large posts. The McKeithen site iO northern Florida 15 closely related to Kolomoki in its matenal culrure It was excavated by Jerald Milanich and his colleagues and that· oughly reported III 1984. Like Mound B at Kolomoki. Mound A at McKelthen also possesses a plarform mound surface prominently marked by randomly SItuated. large postholes having overlappiOg post-iOsertion ramps (Figure 11 .2). AssOciated wIth this surface were other pits showing a complex intrusion sequence mrucaove of frequent reuse, numeroUS small fire pits, a central hearth. tWO de· pOSits of red ochre. and twO refuse deposits contall1i11g hundreds of potsherd!> and pieces of dter bone (MilaOlch et al. 1984:94 105). McKclthcn Mound A IS SItu 31 (JOe Mde of a permanent village that. like the Village area al KoloOlOkl. rn lhe form Cif a rmlphapcd mldd('n .nd addlOonal mounds. At Md(fllh ond the (Ither mounds fCJIl",!(·d (/f a ClInICal buri.!1 mound and a S('f plJtlorm mound supporting. th,' laltl·! pnhJPs tl1l' "MII"'1 dorly ,\(1(11 menv:d d(JlnlcillAry u to (If a plaIt,,! III 1I1111111d 1111h(' (',lSU'1 1Il)11\ll'" Sldtr'

~Ied l.~n

~mJIl hUlldlfl~,

1

Troyvul.

I

LW 1

I'

Pbilltpol

Ingo m~ r

1

R.l!i ny 1

)ohnston PtnSo n Florence. Fo rkland Graveime

l

116

; I

I 1

fyhtcheU

I

Duranl Bend

1

\Valhng

I

Pierce

-

Wodd.11s Mill Pond

I

14

33{)

'--'-

Trunated

.,

15

Kolomolu

16

M.ndevtll.

I

17

I

18

Shorter Annawake:e Crttk

19

Ginlher

I

20

Ma.ru~ttJ

21

Gmen C ... ek

I

22

Cold 'pnng--

I

2.1

Swdi Credo

I

2'

Blo(k · :t~m ...

I

25

11,11

20

\ent

,'"

27 IS

·\u(lIL. River

I

C . IJ.I R" r

:

\ t \.' KC'I t h'-°n

,

ID

I

11

~lufJ'h'f

\Vorks

Jl

H

lOll (t"IUC'r

'0lit' UI "loR" ulounJ.t

11

\\.1

~I

a ~"""I

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l ..d

part I, uld

~lIl'

,a

I

lrt'\ln

hl .. lhl 1"1, ~ j,1 nJ

In Ih,' K"nhrn n">sr,' \

I

It

I

"r nOlth"

1\\1

n

~

,I h lh

\ ... Ind

, 11.

-~

-

-~--

f(~ST I NG ~ND PLATFORM MOUND ((R~MO"I"LlS"1

_HHr l hln~

r (J

1

H".t lhon ~

_

CllIIrutO POl l

r' J

"eo OChe'

o n" PH "ONorr"" 'WOOd O n,. Q!I

.... d

t.J

c::>

o

Removed c hfU f OO PO., PU In mound

,,.-"

.'

......

, '--

A - Mlddens B - Surface Heanhs C - Large POSI Fealures

-- -- --- --' Plgure

re nlUrc~ [' ram Mllaojch el ,11. 19B4, rcponled ,IJn ,,( I A, 1 II I 'IrK"lIhcn Mount ,. 1~IJrr" f ll · d j I h,' University l'rcsS' 0 r Oil a. wllh thl" rwrm Is~tO n D

3.

o

I

m

5

WaUlng Plarrorm Mound, p);," or C•• ru"".,

Knight 1990

rllt ro liOn the OpPOSIIC side of lhe Village Slle from Ihe IJlUUnlI MJn dl ng 11Ilg • r cl Iyrng Jt a dlSlancc are tWO bunal mounds. one of which has rIJIIOrrll moun • t " , • • . cl . l ' c'llbll~hl'S a connC(ll(Jn berwecl' the habitation arca and the Ilern t,:X( av;)"." Jt u ..}. - . Copr".} mOrluary ((1l1lpil'x (Webb and DeJarnetle 1942.). Olllh< me ·d~durll La rgf',lunntl h.pr'd I'" Ihol.· alld p"~IS with p'''IIIlM'HUlIl I dillI"

116

11

I

cared at Mound A of [he Cold Spnn!" Slt~ In nortMm Suzanne Fish and reported by RtchardJetTenc 1994 found a pl.dOcn. mound at the northern end 01 J vllla!!c of _\\ t'(e aiIili non FIsh an.i.Jd fenes esnmated that th.s Village po e J dwellings (Fish andJcffenes 19 0) _01.111 r west of Mound A had, at least In part, a mortu;ln funn ,: th pr. /\InunJ \ jarl'lll I.ll'~

.,\t.

p,hts h Id .. I fl

"gu,II·J'.lns· \ 111.1111, hili I WIIlP, 111111:

r

.md connect d" mtx.u,

use of Ihese mOllnd.,

o

t

Ul' tJu,

Up 10 now I hJW .'ld,·\ll'pp,·,1

o

o

drub t

food preparation Jnd con. umpllon. &tqu

• o

o

C\O!1('

I

I ht .. JJu.

/\I. ""nh 11 \Ill dl,· bUII,II, III 111111 1111111

r

r< I

t un.-!

In

:.al.

e

-

fEASTING AND PLATFORM MOUND (ER

, harn e I structure, whIch IS supplied b '\'"'_"" ~- ... ram RIchard Jdfene III og ary pr to slmuantl"" between che cd pOInt and McKelchen ,toWld A nd Mou ' Mound B contamed a, least one hunun OC;UI. on. br la11lch's McKellhen m odel as an anal Jea; es I cras t , II1terpreted the pnmary and, condary IJIOUnd No, 2 as each suppo rung some type ot buiIJ III sippian platfo rm m o unds. This Ulterpretanon as regular burned area w hIch he fdt \\. a, 0\1 lUrt ublqwty of poscholes. w hICh . as noted nHe structure pa tte rn ( Ke dI9~6.,' 6, 1Turrung agam to the Wallmg platforlil m I nonmortuary and also nonresl,knual aC WaJlmg were nume rou .• a at Garden Cre-e

" -g e 0-130

,

~

~

s

" "

aJ

part of any buudIng As to any potenti.ll funcoou bunals nor human bone scraps "'eR und Walling plarform mound I except fOT ob which IS also the ca . • for Garden Creel 0 1 tlon , This observanon

IS In

fact

case are buna!s or scraps of hum.lll bo Woodland plarforms . e\'en for I

"0 0" u" u 0

VI

"0

c

:l

0 ~

0-

~

,

v,

-
, ,Ino mmp""llvcly ,bun dam gr.ms of maygrass - an e.}fly >ummcr , po-.;;sll~ to , . pracommunity festivals hosting no mOre than 10-100 ru.-.. 510n SU r-- ........p.lnb these sites; perhaps they were smailer Gathenn - ~t '01 m . a most of "'-mder ·~l' .1.1. _ center, co nceivably could have been at a somewhat ".. '. _. ~UIQU,p . "es site u within a sparsely populated teglOn and Its scolfuldIDo ,:. f.I-~. U1I .. _ b Mound B, were quite small. YA principal funcoon of feasong in these soaeoes ma ha'-e ~ n thr ment and preservation of intervillage alliances A Sl'cuory .:1\ lIllll. t L! '" be conferred to the community that could rounneh host fbt" " \I , dent that the period in question ID the outheast IS one m -ruch strife or warfare is depressed. However, tf the nexus 01 ft~'tllk rween neigh boring commUOlties. It "'as not ennreh reapn: J ,\ mm In, Most contemporary sertlements "'Icbm "n Gulf .....uggCSt. howevcl', that In parts of Ih. \\-"o"/,lIld. outh~J". bun." mound cercmOIllJilsrn was segregated n'om a set.

,·r.1

0

",,,,ut.'

. \I',."

1h" "

,07

•

'lJl1~~ tl "g \ ( 1lll • I ~ Ih 11 WC ' lil1J If CO IlIlt'Cll' d 111 tht.· pl'e~el1( inSl;'l . 1,), 't (~ 1I1\ IfIlPP' LIIII H"l.' I • .. • nee \\o'lIh _ . ,I 'l\t'l,lI, . kUHI (I (1'1111,11 .lfunIY. onc: h ~lYlllg 1(' do with pknrOI' 1l1 moulld blllld/ . , I II'IIr1d ,1.' ''''11',11 «('I('mony Rcccnrly Robel[ J I~II ( ng .'IlL/, .1\ / 1" '" Oil" , ' . .• • . • ' 1997) h,l\ ·1 I 11 "I""" ,,/ IlISllln( world ''''<W,ll symbol"m tn I """/,. Ih,' , 1111" I" " , . . I,e PI",O\ 111." . n.,1 'el11all1S of Mlddl C I"'VOo(j _",,/1 ",,' 11' '( ( •md, ,,"l he I",ked 10 th,' . . / 1111'- ~ Certam RIver Mounds of Coun~

1900

LUldauer, Owen, and John H Blitz

I~

M,lan1cb .) !>ArK"t"'" Wetdm Is........ ,- I r, h C--'-..... ,,,... oJ., • • mlIn10 Po

1990

The Johnson S'te: Precursor to Pmson Mounds? T"""eJsee A"thropologUl

Spnnghcl.:l: IllinOIs "'~ I

,,_1"

MJarllcb/ T~face In Mchuolog. of """'''' n !'l.md4. ,99 ' island Culror.n edrh ~lIss"slpP,an (..In. 1050 1]50) center located In th~

•

ROl!om rrglon of the centr .11 l\1\ssISIPP' R,vcr floodplJtn. JUS( ,'ast of I 10uI on (h, northern cdlt' of I>hs"s. IpP,.\O development. The Mlss,ssipp,an cultural tradition ( D. 1000 ISOO ) extends 'PJlt,llIy over ponton, or the Midwest and Soulh, a ( Unll,·J St,m's (Fig Ill) IIlclud'l1g SOCll'rtl'S thut dISplay JlSnnfllve c ra/Jll, t hn ,lllgy.pl~(lonn mUllnd" Illtcn. lfic,1tI0n of ,lgl1culturJI (nIpS, ,mu ranW sodopolitlLal sy "m, C.hokl.I" ,h,' IJrg"SI M'SS''''I'PI311 sne, wnh ,IVer '00 mouncb, and rrpr nI tht mo't r"lllpl, x 01 all M'''''''I'I',.lI\ wnHllunllll" [' M'$()II'm Fo\o'lcr ''174. '975. (978, ''1~'1 . Ml'Ilrl'l 'IjKII, ''IllS, M,lm'r lINO, ,'Iq R, ."rn, moan

PUlal/'f

D rI

,he Pit,

0)

dr. dr,

,nUl

h hJS hI'( 11

1S4

"lilt""

11~1111' ,hllln lilt' '1.11\1«'

,111.1

I'"

I rhr \nl '1\ R", tt \h \' 'i'l'IJn, uhutj] tt ,hth n 1.1

\\

I

1'1 " /Ill ."'i

---_.

I\ (' II ~'

.'~~O(I,,!(.'d Wllh .

RITUAL FEAHING .1 THE CAHO 'A SIT[

~(Jril'll .

Mr!-:"ISSrpPltln . t'\ (~CC ~~ lI . I t' ("011011l) , I 1., 101 p{llrl I., ) .I'wo (: I, hOt(ll11()LIS .. (hool~ of th ought ~lbolI ' IL\ " 1V11I1Il', 0111 \' I I .. 011 ' . m e d the "to d . tu qltr~ - tol .1 (, I~ClI .... I been ,1I'ueu I.1 1(.' l I ancI, er -

11.)'1

h.l\'l· fe(L' 11! )

p.

.

oWn "

I1d '1111t"IHJII ( p 'llIkel.lt 1997b, -- ::.llllJ 1994). In lhls c ha ple r, I JP and .1 . Cl"'Ipt· (IIVl·... 'hcHllun up r . frol11 .111 empirica l perspcClI ve, cmphasiz i PrO ach . I ' c """my d r ng the ( .lhukl,1.. £:';Ir) .1 ',"cs or ll1.ltcnal reCOverc rrOm a large p anill d (llh(' l l .I.s~ Il at C h y
, re, m _ times located in areas nearer me producers (Srruth and Hall) 1\I9! th.n chiefs tesidences, Therefore. mterpreting control solei} On 10..010 n nu, No problematical (Muller [997)·

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE For the Amencan Boaom and Caholua, dJ.l.Terential .«e. 10 lllUltul based on starus has been II1vesagated hy the emplovmelll of '" of faunal srurues: taxonomIC dtve"'I£)' and bod"p.rt largest vertebrate speaes reco\'ered 111 an) .bunJ.f1c 1997b), Deer body-part Studies, paracularh th,,,,- m.J on hokJa, mdJCate a flow of mealY portion. of Jeer Into rh t 1 1997b). However, the studtes of fJul1.l1 ... ,cmhl.!: ,n,lm uu, do not yet pl'Ovide the dot'l necess.H'· 11' Jl'll'tnllnr \\h th rth deer meat to Cahokia. Falln.11 .ISsrmbl,I!:"S from thes t, ficult to dlslmguish t:ILJnal rdue 11.·'\lllIn~ fnlm J 11 UN t ", suiting fi'om hUtchenn!: .lmm.II, 11' 11,- us.t , t"hut Plant products slIch .IS ,11 ere h I. en P~ou.;l, id_hC_> from lare r StirUng p ase. eute COntexts. They were ah --_ ..... I on y '. ' 0 nott
the mamma ls. they diffe r in severa l w ays fro m the assemblage Chmurny ana.

y ·~m.,..~ percent combtned). However, for Chmurny s 02 .:!Sembl. t. du( lIIld (~

lyzed. H is as e mblages w e re much large r and the birds were mOre varied (Fig.

make up almost 50 percent of tbe Idennfied NlSP Fig. u .

U-7 ). Only five taxa o f birds were identifie d from my zone 02 assemblage (FIg. 12.8 ). Th,s IS qwte low when compare d to o ther assemblages at Cahokia or m the

Amencan Boreom- usually twice as m a ny are identified- whether from elite Or non·elite contex[S. The other unusual aspect is that Over half my zone 02 bird re. mains represenr swan, a bird not frequently recovered, but there are no wings represented among the swan elements present. Chmurny"s assemblage also Con.

.

.

Hi. mpk rained nine other raxa of duck besIdes mallard. and mdud PlOt.u, m. g reen· and blue· winged teals. shovel er. woodduck. redhead. nn~.nr( t
Mound 51 Zone 02 asscmbl.Jg~ I e ammeJ \FI/: U relatively few taJ a (I1lne), and

IS

n:pre . •'n, J

t>

IJrg Uldl

be because I analyzed only n1.llen.ll n:"'\eI'l"J In'm h Dd

....

thar small fish bone was mi sed . amined bulk samples th.lt

w,·,,·

.-n·.1I111g.l t>IJ>

re("l1lh .In hI

botany lab at \Vash,n!:t()11 lln"lfSlI .

•• +-

,,,,,.1\1

h,'" \

r .an.!

bones were observed. thn W,·!t, 11"1 .hullJ,lIIt aoJ n

•

the tomach cnmen" "f

,""

f"""..

~

Got, ·

~

M_gamer

Duck Tou

141

Sandh~1I Cr~ne

lurk.)!

"'111,

,'111\. l.irg rhlh,

The .1sd ur Itn, Il ., losll ( , I 1'Iw conll'nl. 01 Ih,s 1'.1 arc perceived to bc, In largt pan Ih~ re ult of u ' 11 'ln" ",lIher Ihan lIs artcrm,llh Themall.nalthsc.lrdtd In Ih PICP'" • , ~ pit nu , I from d Slaglng '.II,'a whcl'r lhe din ' rcnt Ingred.enl, for. ntu'! ' tlt' I'IVc:.'( . .. le ~ being g,'Ilhered ' pl'epM 'd, 01' mMlul,lctured Por xampk , Ihe f.un • I r m m

.I

•.."' / ." ,"

,

, 0 .. h ..

10" ( ' I'I"HI1I ,11:" "I '"l kl''' Ih .III II0lllld , hIll II",y slllln'pll'SI' nt Ihe II10SI ,Ibun d,IIIII,IIII.IJ I it' nllll'd hl~hl'l p," n 'nl,II-\'" "I hllllhl'.lds, g,II, ,\lid In'sl1\¥.ll(", urlllll, ,\lid ,a1,o tt'I',III,d sll"il," lI1 f\I7) found ~ th un Nor d value . en as mbute ethnolusroncalh un the ~entnl to be g.v enou gh. n o f the unrenor Southeast. I ~.ger fish S..-ott an ley reg 'o 1 0 caprore may have had Lnuea! ed '-alu In th e diflicu t t thos . f larger-sized nver fish that are more Jifficult t rernaJflS 0 the . ch higher quanooes than the smaller. more ea' , ered In mu . . r slough vanetles. re ( 979) claims m eat was rhe pnnapal food con,um al an Seem [ . H peweU times. Unforrunately. ethnorustonc a -countfeastS un 0 eneraUy do nor srate what foods were sen d It _ Southeast g , .a: nt foods might be served ar dtlferent tea! ~ depen·~'~- on that (llIJere _ the year the feast was held (see DuPratz 10"'2 lor de'CDpd '11 held among rhe Natchez). Deer would have been rhe pnm urre the feast(s) represented by rhe sub-Mound SI faunal a , m Tb1 "

,,'1'\

The exrraordllury pr O1II 1\I01llld ~I 1ll,11,'n.11 w,'s public l"Vl"tlt \\ tlh hnlh rllll1I1HHH.' rs ,Ind hlghl'l r ,Ulkt'd tndtVIl.lll~lls III -ltten .1,111« Th" \\"'lIl.! 1l1,hl'.1l1' lit,l[ till' cll,,·" ,IS hosls \\','n' ( I' )I1 nf pullll r~1311"", at Cah"k, •• to bt (I' hl1ed , UN

CONClUSION

rhc

I ' I"ut11 , 1 11/1,II('n," prov",,", I Il l' Ill'" ,'v,d"l1 , ho... lor/lc rotudl fed'ls h.IS nu, bl'cn prcv."u Iy ,ucnllll'd ~I "JI"i()H'llg'uus .ICIIVIlY 11.1, 11111 b, n ,. malor umponcnt ch prop""'d for Iht, "It· rht' ub Mound 51 m tetul n mcch.lI1"m, llluJI f'·J'!lJl~. Ihal hdp pi In m WIth Iht· '''(lOP''''II(.1 s[('m "I e"rI ( hok. It \\'~5hm AnthropologIcal Association

Bent. A. [961

Lift HlStoncs of Nort/l Amen,,," W,IJ F.,wI. Pm 11 Pubbcauon,

Blnz. J 1993 A"","t Chllfdorns 0) the Tilm"'~I'f(. Butkstra,J. E .. J C Rose, and C R t..hlner 1994

rlt".1

n.mon

A Carbon Isotope Perspe,me on Dlct:J1) ern Ulmol5. In Agncu"'jJall)n~".\ and by W Crcen, pp to;, t~O Ikpmt

I

I

Archarologm Carnltro. R. L. 19BI

The Ch,ddull1 I'....·,·ur or 10 th Ne .... \\,,,,.1, cJn"J hI t. l) l(ln •

C.ltnhn.!gr Illll\CI Chanurny. W VI

1~71

'lint 1I111'uhluh ,I

III

I

If'

'Inr h "1,,, "I 'h It)

351

I

~

[ury AJgonluan Ch,efdom In Lonh oj" thr O"thl4.!1 .........1'"'i"lI) N t ~ live Ehw of SoutheMtml North ilmmca, edneJ b A ~, &r\rr oDd T R

5lIb-M'Jund 51 depoSIt, Fntz (t997) beheves squash may have been a ntuaUy

Slgm6,anl pJ.nr 'ibIS evtdence lends support to an earher InterpretatIon (Emerson

• utan< •

Barker, A W 1991 powhatan's Pursestnngs On the Mearung of urplus

the bluff edge zone and rhe adjacent uplands that con tamed an extensive oak/tudoty woodl.md zone (Halls 1984. B Smlrh 1975). 6. It could be argued. however. that the increasong land under crop culeivanon would /Dcrease edge habitats thal mighl attraCt mOre deer.

CI

SMeiS. C. J. 1 Report of 197 UniverSity of illlnols·Urban, Exca..""n., al the C.u,,,l;. lie 1975 In Cahokon Archaeology: Fitld R<portJ, pp. 9-11 Pap"" In "\nthropol Spnngficld illinOIS StatC! Museum and J. W Porter. eds. BaretS, C,-, J

'. J re,mJt.\ wef'C prCSCl1ll,J ill lhe 54Lh SOlltheaslern _ • p,'t"hmm.1t1' ,1I1U)I ,ma .. . Conferenc C Irl • HJIOI1 Rou~e,• L"'\ No" 5--8· 1997 an .1 symposium cnllllcd New EVidence of I!a rJy _ C.lhoklMl

that

REFERENCES ders on . D. G. . j\J1 Th< SaVlJl"wh River C/ lI cfdorns.· PolitIcal Change In the u.u Pr h

. h[r ' Ilull,1 .In.lly''' of the sub ·Mound 51 rem.dns by the Cah 0 kl ;) furl .

~Il.lund\ ~fu~elllll SOCI"IY

__._----

th e back 0 1 , ,erpcnl wllh .1 h',r rrnbc Df th, CohDkoa MD'''d.! lCT-I/, S", S~._

1990

..

_" '< IlL

Rnoun:e Srudy 10. Spnngtidd illinoIS HIstone Pr<servallon J\ n0" C4 11\i", C.ahok•.l SC[drm~nl dIld Sooal Strucrures as Vi~"'e:d frOrn.L gefl C) }Wln4.' Dommatlon aM Jd~ology It! the A-fisruslPPUln World U' de ICl' 11 In C. P.auktur and T E Emerson. pp. 124-140. tmeoln- UnlVer,etylted bY l' n SI 0 ( ', b l'Ie r.u~

1Q9:"

The Construcnon of Ml5SISSlppJan Cahokia. In Cal l ok a: Do' and'",l'n6h D"'s>' '" ,~( .llwuSlppuln World, eruted by T R. Pauketat n on Qt\4 I.,

pp. ~9--IO.1. Lmcoln ' U",v~rst(y of Nebraska Press. 0.1.." RA. '" Waner> Jr . G R Holley, and W I WOods

,'99.

~ . Ente""n,

E _~~~I"llli"JU. Cm:uhr 0. . l tbon&. 1 ,. , SI"'"! " ... ~_.... (Slf'r'"" Ern' r;on. . M~10S'1 cal SUf'o't:Y· d Hl"O'I'monv In the Cahol 0. log· bollsm, an _,,_ .~ .......... ent

. syrn . DMU.rTmCnl of \.n ..... ......-.. • h D dlssenaDon. -r- _.bushed P .

-Ie-m Sen.l

01

po 1 \.:nl""" WisconsIn. Maclison. ~ k~ 0' PO" ..... Tu: ..~.,.,... _ uJ Ihe An..rltlC(I "6-' 'J ltolcUl Ctl

1997

tU

PreSS and T R. paukeu{ Earl i\h.sSUSlrPWl " ~ O . Till' Loh/nll ll" SI1 p. In HIgh""''' '" Ilu IWt: I """

Sp30 Uy lsol.red F"""'~' or Special Purposes b T E, Emon, A Nroa. ~ Chark, J BIIr"" edlled ) I Volumnu, 1 t:.t-."" DllDL, UhnotS Archaeo og)'. pp lSI-lO'

a

199J

SlX11t Annu.1 Cahok.. Mounds Field School:

ologICal Soacry

Od'rantr. C. B IAk Pr.hulanr and

'991

&lrly HISlone C/II'fdolns

N.,., York: Garland Press

In

,h. Sou,h,,,-,,,,,, Un l/,d S,.,,,,

Fowler. M 1973

L

1974

M

EX~

olo~\Cal_

«IitN b LorancN 1"1" {-.1"'.,. It ""...... __c_ ur> Bulk",,'. t "'......

The Cahok,. SIt< In _ 0 lllinms .'\.I\...U.Id.

It ,"-'"

......a1

"",n,,"u'

an

\

c in

I l

'.IMTrttl2

.s. KrlJy

RITUAL f(AST

--------~==~------ -."Ham ~burg.

PlK'2l0r1., Plucur ,.and Pbnrt:rs Th,. Emerge-nee or h)(;d p r(xi..,c _HwuV\Uo p-""'/ of A.,h,.,../D8,ull AncluuoiDgy 9 ll~

.'11"

.""

P..

• _ _ ..1-

n p«huton( .and TradJtJrm.a1 Sodeflt=,. In Food and tht SIal14 0

'~"e I

C-.. i .....

All JfIln4UciFb u ry ITnptt1lvt.

cdJl~d by

I

,99" I4tll

P W.t=.nnu and W SchI(:fenhtJvt'I "

pp. U7-/4! Odord. fl.

.

..... .,w. IIJItD

poI·ua l Lordl and Pobrlc.aJ IdL'ulogy In SClu1nea51ern Crucfdonu: C(.J llltTII.,I fI1 md ot, En'lDOfU In lArdJ Ollh~ SOUlht4Jt. SOCUIl Intqulty attd Ihe Ndhl'( £I,ftl Ill" S-r'~M""" Nt"d. A.mnu4, edJ{('d by A W B.. rktr and '( It "aukt. ~

,,,,'' ' IN. Atcf,-eologlUl P'pe" of tho Ame"ean AnthropologI cal A._. ~

.

_t,

,f97b

donNo ,.

. . . . G R.. R. A. DoIIn. 1Nl P. A. SmJth -

......__ 811". C.hokia S,u: Grand PIu. A"""",," A.llq.." y ,B )66-JI~

.,.

,..,,,,...,,,. ht4Uuu. KnoaYllk. U""",..,ty of Tonn ..,eo Pr." .

....... c.

... -

--'lIP J. W. PUa'" "" -,

. . . . . . . Rw,,", of rho Southeuu:m Ebu: Tho Imphc.auQIU of Economy. . . . . . . .''M•• andHMJosy $or,tMlUknt Archaeology'4 t2.)" '03- "9 In Ai'lt.lean 8DUDm A,duuoiDgy, edlled by C.) Boreu and ...... IP..,"'. U,b'n,r Uruvrmty of JUInOU Preu,

........ a_ne Ch"".' Ate PaJeoe[hnobounic.a1 D.La Seller 91

nots In Bearlln'S, BOlnt·/lIt

~\

of

',""tbn$tuu brdu stem " complete With OCcupational speo- I.nl""l" sy ent m ""-'ts conrroUrn ob. ar San ABdres, the prunary regIOnal center (Sb g Id!an IJldu,; es tn . ee.ts I Q8): 2.QOl It ' "'~ dllITn. chi s reoccuparion that the agncultural ,village of Cere' n Was Co unded Attempting ro reconstru ct populaoon estimates r. rh . . Or e Ceren cornm rocul arly challe ng mg as most structUres remam bu d d urutv 1> pa ne un er 6 mel f -~;c ash. Cur re ntl y. te n structures bave been excavated d tt, 0 '01. e_" . . an an .ddJb~ rru crutes bave been Iden tified by test pits (Fig. 132). Data rh . . ~ s ~. tb go ered hOOl ...., d ". vun enerrating radar sruwes suggest at at least elghtee.n m p . Ore structUres. \'t, 1>., erified in test excavao ons. m ay remam buned (Cony. to v . ' rs 199) . B~d on tb. data Sheets (pe rso n al commwucaoon. 1998) esumates rh rh ' . . . ., • "'oent C community conSIsted o f at least 150 mciJVlduals, trrn

Sir.

THE CERtN SITE

SA

,

2

,~

,0

Sir I

I Ut,/"

t

11"", 'I

I XlAVAIION\ Al Till C l IHN ~ lIl 1

1 ,1\

~IH ' (' I S

\ \ '11

"it> .

I If'Il ' .11

11"lIh

Ill ' .. " h "

IIMI jl\\T"' l f.:~IIIII ) 1,.1\ '111 111,'1 rl'l l

,·rH. W 11 h " " h llll "

,Ih: J :I \ .1/",,1,11 11\"11 \\'. 11 (.\IIt' t", "'!lII\\

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l (,, 11:"\ POIIII)Il'

lit

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tUlI!

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" \ ( \1\'1 1111 111 .\

1I1111 , t' lI u lll

n

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h l' l W C'('11 I \.,I~n I ()

t ' IC' I( "lI hlllllll \ 11 11\ rUle'". ,I t

,I

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g 11 III ,Ill I" I .

\,

HU,II

hearlh

-- _.-_ . ".

.lIh l v .n iu u \ Ilg n

,1111111 111 ,lIl",I' \H It ' t" , ,IV,I I I'd

Il u'

h rllPI(' l ulh l , I\lS l t".'

""" .' \,,114'1.1

West Room

I louwhold I 1.\ tlw hl'~ 1 k" ' q\V n (lk .lUdl v C,,,h" 11 .\ lIl lIl hll l \ . ,l/ld n uk(·t, 111 p ll 'S ' ). It tOIl "*,-, o f 111 1(.'e.' '\(" 1 " ,11 t' bu (l dtl lJ.:' .1 klld lt' lI (Sll lIt'lII It' 11) ••1 \ I,)ft.' t own (.$111lr lll l(-' 6 ),.1 dClI111f1 1c,. (SlllI " f IU l l ' d ,I ' w\'l l ,1\ ,I n)\'~' l l'd O P C' II wOIk d l l ', 1 (S l ll l l' III I'" I) , d c,lIt'd t' ~ I I .IIl'UI 'II .l r l)f

mN~

\

,, .I

/ ill lJH~ 1\11),. , 1 ~\O\' I , II(' d t''' 1I 11 ,

1(':\I1111 l' d

, I II \ IC' I I\ ,Ind

' ''H- 1lIlIldhlg.

r--

1 ,. ' t·fl hl'~I,. 11 IIl Vl'''' , g.1 r lJKlI dUI j 1lJ..: ,I U' 111" I

.l l r

- -". -...--

1(1 d ,l l t",

----

_. ...I

,

East Room

11 \ 11\ .11\' ,1\ . lI ll lllld t i ll' i.lI lJ1 pnu lld, ,HI d '\~ l lnlhll r.l 1 I. on('"

Il nus(.'i1lt ld, ' I'h l ~ 1n-lIll11 l1 g \\,1' c"\\,I\ .l ltd dl l lln~ I he.: 11,)(,)). .lll d IVU, ( :t.' 1' 11 '1 t.' ld \t.',I\I1I'1\ u n dt.,t I h (..' 'lIPt.' 1 \.' 1\1(111 \,I \ " d, (' ,I (:t'I .\ 1h, ( 1I,)l,}J: , 11,)\,,1. ), 'I'tw le.lIu w lIlA ~c:, l ion on SI I unu r e 10, l'Xn ' pI S IJ' lIl ll lh 10 1\ '(h,IIt.' d

IIIlIl H't.lliIH: ly

lU Ih t" (,','S I u t

,dU'l"t n d lt.' I WI '" 11 00 c.'\J. 1\ ,I ttllld"o\{' d \!t' l"M\lI1 u f Brown ,lnt.! Gc rstl (, (In , 11 1\ f I Wtl ph "l1l1I1 J ' ) rt.' P' 1,.1, l ( ; t' r 'lIt- It)\)l , I v~

n,

\,

pl"('.,~)

..•• ,

•

•

•

. fallen walls.

Low EaSlern Wall

.. ' - '

.I ,~ ;,',.' ., . ' . '.',. .' .. \ , . . .. . ..,·.' ' . .:;,.-;'. ' .'

STRUCTURE 10

::.

\.,"

....

~

,

~,

~ •

•

..-

'4'

.

; ' , . . . - '.

,

"~

- "t.

t.' \ld r ll ll .\ lIAAc." ( ("

"

••

,

\

Ih,\! S IIU \: IUI't.' 10 W,I\o, lI sed 1' ~.1 ht.'nth.J u.lI It' j, hll till" pIIIJU(IItH1 o f n HIlI1HlIlII )' h· 'll\' .d ~ Ih ~lI included dlll.)1 fc.lstlng. Struc 1\1 It· '0 ,.\ " Ih."lhl'd r(lul w,ulIl' ,lnd d,,"b budd ing Ih,,, W,lS n rienled ~lpl'h)\, lIn,lId ' 2\ dl'~ ren l"ISI of nonh ( Pig q ,i ), T h(: S llr~ rs lrU C tlll'(' WJS (on '11 LU It d un .1 \ quJn" etl )' ptllfllnn 1 7 11\(" 1(' I'S Oil ,1 \iut ,.Ild 1"1I1 s two ron m s, an C.l ~l (11 !1n l \ nlOI11 .,nd ., w e ,( lh," k) room. Thc only ,'nl\ IlIll'CW., y il1l o Ihe bUild ing " ", rh m u!!h .1 """,kn pol~ don. Ih.u r,,,','d W," I lowa.d Ihe 1I01lsehuld , COl11 p"u lld linl,k,' ' \lhe. blld"lIIg' "X(JI'Jl cd J I Ihe 'lIe w"lI,'d corndors wrrl' t' r,(Trt.·J t1uhldr ,lIld ,llnn~ I he.' nonh .lnu ('.lSI \ldl'!'j of d1t~ SUp(' r~lt UClUn,- and l he '(lrI1Ju l\ 'H' I" C.' O\' ' red wlth .t thJIl-h ronf r.,·1nr('ovl' r. Slru ctun.· 10 does n o t rol

•

• ••

~

'11(> ~lh h\H'nlu~ I(111

East Corridor

,/

o

S\tucture Wills /columns

: lurc 10 III c.c'ft: n, 1 ~ 1 S.,\\'auOl' Ph," vi e w cl I· S",tt. •

l

luw rh" Jnmm,lIl1 jO Jegl"c e,ISI 01 north JI'gnment used ", domcstIC buddmgs wl Ih, \lIt' S\rur lu n' ' 0 W.IS J,vldcd ""0 ,cwr ,.1 luncuon,tlly d"IIII(1 aClIvlly .. rcos. Tlw IIor Ih C le n", COl ndor Wd' utilized fill lood prep'" ,1I\(m , I; II1JICllICd by the pres I ll ' r III IWo h,'a, "IS. ,. »! t lll/( Jnd '"'1110 (g ... Ildll1g .111.1 hand ,wnc), bone "lid 1II11l'! frl rn flU'lc" ""Ih ,'ml"Y ""mbl.~ h db., ther not w " re 0(ture 10 con tamed rclaavely few ser"mg v,,~ Is. "'ch~'" -~"1 ~ere. 5U'"essels an d (WO pam[ed gourds. a number le .. th..,: me the serVing veS at t h e SHe (Bea u dry-Corben '993' lns,.ad of .•,",1n1( ~ Is. Ucrur stf -~ e tughes[ number of large UWIt.n.n loo.! storaS" ",cd w ( ava ted to da te (8eaudry-Corbeu lQ<J2, lQo.)l 0 COO ca uilding e.x .. ' ceren b

,

RE 10 AND DEER CERE M ONI ALISM STRUCTU c sang • feso vals a[ Ceren may have InVolved the cl'do n co lea [n ad I arafaetS. The presence of the deer headdress in 'lou~e D d deer . d th

"

.h."l'I.~ f ".-It. SU~,

ra e blte-tau _: 1e d deer stag w as assoaate W1 cett"moru.J.l .lct1.''ltle. ,l( che Wd me hea ddress may have been part of a dance COStume 11.> • .1 t"

loll

_1.'-"

"

PoW (19 8' ) argued tha[ the wbue·talled deersug,. ... r mloellll'r "als Mary d ry who played a sigruficant role tn ntual p. anJ Tuc ,., 1 , B pre . Th,s relatlonsh,p IS uUel,e . J n-om ' u' l.m (\ press). nurn

f'~

.~. ~rt~t·

which are revIewed below

Physical Proximity and BUilding Mo(J/nwl/ n' EVIdence linking Hou chuld I ,,"h ~rr u, mrr I ity (Beaudry.Corben. S,","'0'\> . ~t\J Ill. StructUre enITanceWdYS. wllh Inf rreJ f, •

t

, r U' IT ffi

bos 1993). 10 IS IU(JI d "1\1\ , m only access into tru(\ul't' l l ' l Ihl\lUgh d

rectly loward HOll h,)IJ I I, an" h It th room face ea. I Id 111'(' P;I I ,ll/till ,,, IlIk 'lt'd Inlll l d1(" .. 1.1 1- of dw I,HAl' 1"01 1('_1,111114 o n tlw Il C ~ "n'TO , ely tes ted pOSlllve to arnodactyla (deer Or peccary\ .n_rum ~ of11 respe.ctIV, . . Uy rO I ropho resis w he reas twO blad es dtscarded oUt>.de of HOU>chold , ' Hnunoe ecr . . . . ,n red pOSIOVC ' to Call1dae (do m esti cated dog. fox, coYOt. wolf (Wman '''''I .es . f deer and d og fa unal re m ams recovered from . to .....•• and.h>anl encc 0 The re:s f:" P h s household w Ollld suggest rhat rhe e were the '''td ne m . . h 0 (996 ). A1tbou'''\tn Per •

ses nO longer eXist m t e Maya area. there lS 'd &' • h age OU e\f1 ence. that S\l he modern Maya fi esta system (spectfically co "-ad , ~ that t . ' I . " IQJl. a "''ncrensn r / May. instJUluon ,"vD ved In the production of vilI " ( h Cat 0 le . age ...ovals ",dud. . ual feasung. subsumed some of their functi ons (Cook 8 ) 109 nt , . 19 I An eumlru._ the matenal correlates assoaated W1tb comemp , f non 0 , . orary ",\oy. ~n,_ . Is might elUCIdate feaUlres potennaBy useful for the arch I .~
0' 1\ uWbil, "I\kh a exclUSIvely used for Ihe celebranon of rchgk'''' ohs." non, 11, bnl ' an f. ;\ mtO Ihe domestic hUI renders It unfit IU b" oilcreJ W Ih · !!,,J, 'n Ceremonial ktrchen hUls wen.' unltlcd by Ih" mu .•1 '1"'1''''1 "1~ ,,1\ tam.les and fi)od oflenng In the,,' kt.·, • n \ kitchens. arm.cts, Jnd [('Jfun's "" th"I" ·p.lr.u"", (Ot , 1 the concepl of mUJI pUnty \·lhnll'I',,"1 .m.\ 1114 III th presence of IWU tvpe u\ 'I' • IJIt ,11" 11I ••"l< III r.h lhl" , \I 11

It'''''''''''' \

"

11

-CI\'" of It-"I\.II.' l," C' IlH'nl.11 h,IUSl" .

hu USl' .!lld tflt' C 'I'" .1,11" hUII'l'

'

Wht'H' ,lS

t'llfJ •• dltl

Cl'rt.'IHU III.I'

Illt' l11hl'f'!'i tlf (If

.Inl!

t"l'/lf1tlt"rt

'lIlln 101 I(.J .1:' ''11 01 .

-

hou ,l'!'i Ilmh lh • . .

Il~t·

,Hf .IS fCl r

COrl)(}

of nI'!' As seen U' ous typeS of feasts from remallS m the archaeologrcal record MottO, t,_ th '. househ0 Ids that regularly eng:rged en feasts are e.'1'ected to ha, ••n >r!\la. d by P SheelS and S Slmmons. pp .: , H o,", r ' re aJ eaong .,- .1.. __ L''''' ,5 'as' of rn c d ills wife , are hsred as •• ch u un"the re f Nanshe an Lld for ._the pn est 0 b ep and twO lambs . and One 11\

(ene tn th

"'OrVnI, tdiled by R l,

,I

len. PI'

I'Erud. d.la Civtb non .I1Ons of Cl · , ,n"",b d ound. o( roast lamb, pork. chicken bones. and was, re eran r e SCrap th.., .pH/cd be Ily discarded on the OOor One operator went to _L., bl ' n casu a ,1111 ,1nl.! lorl l l

Vd

I\ y

'Y"I'

k il'lu h~· h , lVH JI , I dr n ~

.1 .,

I

Ion

" \.lIl l·~

IllIhlwl lll

dt·t 11

I >, .III)pl(_,

. 111\ 1' 1, .• ,

C hli'11I111~ dilll1 t.' I , Itl UI

UI'I'(.' I . 1I n1l'II '!'I (. ,In..l P ,lI ·l y.

( I Y,\' , '\ ' i. I'i

.

-

"

f

• • I ),I Y, ." 1 P,1I1 h k ~ I )

Nt'\\' r "Il I " 1').1\', .lI ld Wt'ddl1l~ "

1Il~ dll11I('I , two

n l l l r."

'l"P tlt Ill,

t.. h ' I.\

(1l II1I1Ihw",

"

Itv) I lIe' \ mn'ltltl \\ ,I"l rll' \ ldllkltllClk' Hh,ntd u"

C<j

HUh ,

I('J I1

i l) ll dll \ l \ lI l h d.IY

1),1" ,

t

I

I, ~(' l l ht~s .ilc · " I'I ' I DI)lj 11,' '

.

Ivr'l

0

uhl!-

~'fllfll ~

'"1,/(,

rill' Hilllk' 11/

(O/UHt A I 01

I

"',J.-.

FIVE TUCSON FEASTING CASES 'fhollg h idr.llizcd Amen " ", IC",lIng l y p es C,\I\ b .. , . , '.enllfied on th II1 'C,1.11O 11 gu,des lh., h.\Vl' i1nll nshcd ' 1\ lhe late . tl1\cnU.'ndcn .' . t\ytntl«h «ntu th lone prctil ... how k .lSlS In Am, nea .\rc Jis are te. lat" . g . o-ounce 0,,", . enSlve malt liqu or and quart bottles of me"" .".,. bottl. of mexp - , enSWt I'g.r be ducrs in Case Two are also represented. although Ct. Tobacco pro m much I"" and vaneoes (0 = 31 than C On er nUmbe". (n-- 43 filrers and rwO packs) . ' ase ~_ llus . . , . ug;,'I:. " to ar there were relatIvely few smokers at the ~ th uS ast and l'OSSlbl . grOUp of feasrers, pe rhaps o nly a smgle household a >mail.. The marerial discards fro m tbe rwo Tucson Thanks . , glYUlg .casts are qWt< .hf ch , r even though ey were heId m tbe same vea, m tb I C same netghborbo..-.l leren • Case Two contains few e r packaged items, more fresh foods , an d prnb.blv .. people than the Case One feas< . One comma _. held for fewer . ' . n <Jcmentln both. however, tS the consumptIon of relanvely large amounts of a1rohohe be-; fa , Even m the 1990s, when the h ealtb effects of alcohol and tbe don"",, of drum. driVUlg have been well publiClzed , alcohol appears neee,.,.", to lh( many American feasts (see Quinn 1997'115).

U'""''' of

e m brands of CIgarettes. These filters represent Over !4 percenr of aU the cigarette burts recorded m the Fall 1991 sample of plckups. The quantity and cLversity of agare tres recorded m the Case One plckup provide good evidence that this

I

Thanksgl\'mg feast mcluded an e.\tended-family or suprahousehold gathenng, \Vith pe rhaps as many as SIX ddferem smokers. The linage that emerges from Case One IS of an enended family gatbering Wi th a tracLtional turkey dmner, notable alcohol consumption . the USe of disposa ble p ape r plates, and a smoke-filled enVlronmenr . Although some foods were

I

CASE THREE : H ALLOWEEN Tbe largesr quantity of alcoh o l-rela te d Item, found In a ~mrlc r, ur fn' tb, Fall of J99J tS also closely assoCtated " ltb a tYFlc.u Amen,.., ,u l'c:>ut III pie ptckups were coUecre d o n Novem ber 5. \\ Iu.:h \\3, tb, Tu , do previous Thursday Hallowee n Of the four. th~e ,ontam,d

the Halloween celeb ration . 1\\0 "t' tb·s ontamN .1'I' range of candy wr.lppers and Sl'me Hallo\\ «!n puaph tTU!1

pation

In

apparenrly prepared from scratch, such as the turkey, many were purchased

balloons. In contrast, '" mpl ... D 4, ·1I0 a fnil., 5 P ._,-,p not aSSOCIated WIth any common United Slales houda, The nltn~ ( plUl-u

packs, together repre·

sentmg twO brands and four varieties of CIgarettes. As hsred in Table 15·2, a tra ce

I

TABLE 15.2 Artifacts Related to a Presidents' Day Feast in Sample C7-022394

TYre

Material

Brand

Case Five are listed m Table 15.3 AlcoholIC beverage amhru. are ll:lln J(lllUmt d r containers, although a much greater varier-; of b«["';. ." '- pt< -em " . n
cardboard

Food prcpancon,' servmg fOod prCpar.1DOnl servIng AJeoholJC beverages Alcohou(' beverages Nonalcoholic beverages .. on.aJcoholic bever.ge:s Tob~cco

Tobacu)

Tobaew Tobar«,

poper plasDc paper aJummum

glass plasoc «.nle t paper re.aletpaper '''mlet paper (unlet po per

Daxie. Dart Budweuer BudwtlSer Seagrams

Coca Col. Marlboro Marlboro hghl Camel hgh( Camel hglu

llpack II O. oz_ 1 hter lO

0

OZ

menthol

Tobo"" ,>I» T'~ ()

paper t pWuc poperlpwuc papertplasnc

lure

413

Food items in Case F,ve are

7

lage.r beer can Llger beer can gmger ale bottle

3 33 I I

cola bottle

filter up

9l

filter up filler op

lJ

filter up

I

10

• l

I I

m.ln,Uill1.1

,

•

donlln.tt·d

t-,

nuts. popcorn, and chIps Th.- \"\\\' pl.""< Jel> (ul" • may have held tak... ouI parr t<wJ. Or ''',h I plateS. cups, or silv.:rw.lre Th.. (l0 gr.lIn, ,,\ fl h hm Wlth the ervmg of Ih It- I, 11 t-t r Th It' packaging the mat riat re,','N ,1111 \ iI 11\

1

pack pack pack

Marlboro M.,lboro hgltl Camel Ugltl

few in number

2

lIDlIr

Dol fe"

..... ud there:

a ell' non f

abient

me

ntt

t

d fth

\n pu

,

nJ r 11

I

IU

;ill th

,

everyday consu.mpnon of these lt~lIU r . o1. .dues f feasong III Tuaon shv. the toul "--q>'E 0 U~ "rib 0( re~ ,utd beverage use. Ce.n;un SI>Ca...Ut). ItCl'tb.. ~ cb as fa ed predorrunand} dunng yeor-end holi~ t11 conSO -'- and the di\~ltv . _ ssodaoOns 0 f maten~ _Ji UJ1lque a ~'" es of many modem feasts ."" prob.b . --~ . d the res1 u late nmeleemh and "',lrl t" tt th very popular m c odt,ul parne, " n,1 ,,,cl.1hzll\ 11\ b C 17iven way to DL''' ' Amenc.lO fC:J)!lI'~ ar un,1 ubt of this SIW' Ul , I neth ·.:entur . shllt fn 1nl a I en I and eary-tw n urban and suburban . Do mll 1l\g ,, 1 rh \ m

small segment of lhe pOpul I Tt . f " illl on

. In' \Il,rl· ~ . •H1 I U1 m .un ,PL"\.IJ . I ' I WICJlly tnvtSlb e. 'le notiOn 0 sa rurallon . % (' .•H't' .m.; lJ( Cl (~ " d d POint" 1 USIIIl! Ihrm . 11 ) . fin whllt' ceramiCS. con s) ere: by Spencer. . , ",.'lo,n31 Utlhl} r.. WOOd IIr dn"[1. .1·\om~ co I bl n dus rcg arJ , Alte r att31rung a certaul I S' hO) " ,J uJ r'

eVclof .111.1 Ilcht'dulg (Iq , "I rwng' "nle IS gamed by addlttonal eXpend ,. I J, wJ IJp t." ~ ., ItUres , .llu,· 111 ,,'a" m> . • 'ahh Wc would argue thar m m ost Amenc.n h . ,e!!.",II
'\.\ nou•

G~A8. GE ANOTH( MODI.

,J

-Cl.! nftll"",11 iI

Im. .nd

ou,

'

w,th other reldr,ves .nd fMcnd, arc weak, they arc prObably q I the "nit Ua Il311 v I ~ 11'0'" nonmdustn,;d SOC ICUCS. Ydln~rtnl Perh.ps che be>l,lIusrlOClon of how we d,ner from fca slIng " r nOmnd ._ Clt l /O·,S how much reastlllg wc do In restaurants (P'g '5 ,) J s u"',al So. . . • UtI ry to ncr rC.'erv;IlJOn on Chlistm,ls, ThanksgIVing, Or Easterl This als II get a"", • 0 I USlr:} the sac.. 1 value oJ reaSllng has been lost. By tr.nspOrring thcm to " • tcs ho", , It slaU I'a, _ have, In J sense, both emasculatcd Jnd secll la";zcd fcasts, Comp ' I It,, "'0 "'" lllndl'cds or

All of the trimtnings. None of the hassle.

I

CONCLUSION , broU oht b,l(k (0 the G l' at ~ We arc c> d d COln fc"Sllflg ~ '. tem L' aunun • r our f the I\men o 10 , tn (har.(t~nzm th~ full nn f nor (note C . ,I J ,( th,lt there .. re man tltoat .(kn O \\ ( !; d bra •hue , JnJ ilke the G l'

porta"t quo traJnwn.,1 methods rh., rurlll u.LOIl ....·\1'r • "rr

Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics and Power (Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry)

BEING THERE (Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry)

Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives

Old Man Fog (Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry)

Human Evolution, Language and Mind: A Psychological and Archaeological Inquiry

Archaeological Chemistry

Archaeological Chemistry

Archaeological Chemistry

Archaeological Chemistry

Archaeological Chemistry

Soils in Archaeological Research

Archaeological Chemistry

Soils in Archaeological Research

Archaeological Thought in America

Genetic Linguistic Archaeological Perspectives on Human Diversity in Southeast Asia

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