Eustathios of Thessaloniki: The capture of Thessaloniki

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The Capture of Thessaloniki

3

account by [the same*] Eustathios of Thessaloniki of the city's capture (may it be the last!*), when it had been weakened during the unhappy reign of Andronikos Komnenos, by reason of the state of decay which be caused to accumulate far and wide over the whole empire through the evils of his regime; although Thessaloniki has been swiftly and completely restored by its liberator the great emperor who succeeded his predecessor with such benefit and Isaac Angelos,* thanks to the providence and kindness of good fortune for the world, and shoved the speed of action which the situation demanded, not God, many days after the city had fallen; in which enterprise God assisted bin, as another account will relate when opportunity allows. The

Preface to the aforementioned account* The capture of a city is generally reported in the same manner, whether it is recorded by a historian, or by an eyewitness. But no narrator will necessarily deal with everything which has occurred, and the events which are selected will not be treated in the same way by kinds of writer. The historian, writing without personal both involvement, will on occasion take a theological point of view, or will develop his narrative according to his natural abilities. He will also decorate his language with embellishments more frequently, and in short, will adorn it with descriptions of places and monuments; since he is speaking without having been affected by the disaster, he He will also not avoid can choose his words to please the listener. reporting things which are no more than probabilities, on the assumption that since he himself was not involved in the catastrophe which took place, and was not affected by it, be can be impartial. So much for the historian. The eyewitness, on the other hand, who has been touched by the disaster, will of necessity attempt to incorporate all these features, but to a lesser degree, since he He should also do this in a should dwell upon the catastrophe alone. manner which is in accordance with his own personal nature. For if, the writer is a layman, there is no reason to blame on the one hand, him if he exaggerates the pathos of his story; but if he is dedicated and sees that between grieving* and giving to the spiritual life, thanks to the Lord there is not a strong barrier but an enormous gulf, he will refrain from mourning too extravagantly. And just as such a so he would person would not dance playfully in the midst of sorrows, not add ornaments to his language in a manner more suited to a lament upon the stage when relating a tale of gloomy disasters. Again, following the same principle, he will make use of other narrative techniques with restraint, and he will not introduce incredible as a historian who was not involved in the action might, or rumours, 1.

* An asterisk in the text indicates the presence of a note in the commentary.

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The Capture of Thessaloniki

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use other material of the kind that is contrived by those writers who have played no part in the catastrophe, but seize the opportunity to advance themselves and to make a display of their erudition. The present work will soon show what kind of a writer I am. 2. The account which follows will of necessity begin with the catastrophe itself, since it is not possible for one who was himself part of these at first at any pitiful events not to treat them in tragic fashion, rate. Then, putting grief on one side, and having severely condemned it will be possible the author of this disaster and his accomplice, for us to relate the course of events distinctly and clearly, and in a suitably elevated style. our account will sometimes be written simply appropriate, and at other times in a more polished when this is manner; and beginning with the introduction* (and nothing is more worthy of respect than this),it will then pass on to the events,* following a sequence and an arrangement which allow for some discussion, and will again handle the incidents of the capture of the city, but more this being essential since it is the fundamental purpose of broadly, the narrator's work. Also, because the Deity shows signs to us* in such matters, which 3. even in this affair appeared quite clearly beforehand, this record will, so far as is appropriate, touch on such things. And it will not abstain from setting forth the sinful causes* which led to the catastrophe, such as the recorders of contemporary events quite reasonably include in their accounts. Our narrative will in fact make a brief attempt to reveal such causes at the end of the whole work, with a didactic purpose. For the time when it has been read and published* is none other than that at which the preliminaries to the holy days of fasting are resounding in our ears, so that the story which began in by relating the sufferings of the city, ends in instruction one way, of a sacred kind. Beginning of the eyewitness account of the capture Our recent experience has revealed a situation which, as much as any other in history, a person who had not been exposed to it, and was might describe as major in its far removed from its dangers, importance, unfortunate, terrible, abominable, unbearable, grievous, so to But a person who was, bringing tears to the eyes, and so on. speak, wound up in its net* and, like us, trapped in the affair, would being impeded in perhaps not find it so easy to sum up the disaster, his thinking by the diversity and swift succession of misfortunes which overcame each of those who suffered them, and which merited a great diversity of appellations. And if such a person does succeed in defining this disaster in words, he would probably call it the 1.

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8 fi T.B.S.

7 tv1 XXaro cod.

14 dl;(av T.B.S.

28 Evrpi(lov cod.

80 64eiat B.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

7

darkening of a great light, and he will not be affecting a pathetic* (because pathos ought to be represented in a style different but one which nevertheless expresses the magnitude of the language), calamity. Surely such a description is justified when we see Thessaloniki, 2. which once shone so brightly among the other cities beneath the reduced to her present state. Even her enemies would have heavens, prayed not to see her in this condition, just as the disappearance of a beautiful form grieves one who may formerly have hated it. Alas for the demon which leaped and trampled so heavily upon the prosperity of such a city, removing it so completely that not a trace was left of Her walls left useless and all her shrines former beauty! its disfigured as not even places left open to all* were treated, her noble houses dishonoured and the wealth of her citizens squandered, wasted or scattered in other ways - how could these things possibly be described when it is not possible to relate them in detail, as should be done? Who can mourn worthily the inhabitants of the city, not only the soldiers but the others also, those who in due order made up its holy society and those besides who belonged to the laity? There were those others also, who had avoided the din of the world by retreating to a life of seclusion as to a haven,* and were expelled by fire like locusts in the grain* and driven out to destruction by the raging heat ranged around them, kindled the flame of battle. And their enemies, of their anger* against every inhabitant of the city; and so some of them were overtaken and, wrapped around by such a fire which came from all directions, were not able to make their way through it, and found themselves face to face with dangers of every description, while others met their end from weapons that came from afar, like flying sparks. 3. 'The sun anew* had fallen upon the fields,' but it had no power to bring this night of death to an end; on the contrary, the darkness of the dead exulted over the light of day. No sooner had the first to awake put off sweet sleep, than a bitter sleep that knows no waking* began to come upon him, an evil vision took its stand above his head,* and he who saw it closed his eyes in death. A man might leave his and an enemy's sword would then lay him down in couch as if to arise, the way in which this weapon delights in sending men to their rest. And this evil beast clung to many who were still half naked, so that it might not tire its teeth by grinding them upon the clothing of their bodies. And if the battle laid its hands upon soldiers, or upon others who were strong and in their prime, and tore them to pieces, piercing them with its sharp nails, there was nothing new in that; war delights in such bodies, those of the men by whom it is most often applauded and worshipped. But when it also eagerly carried off weak men with one foot in the grave and stooping to the ground, who sometimes even before being struck passed into Charon's power,* giving themselves up

Eustathios

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The Capture of Thessaloniki

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to panic, and old women, most of them blind and deaf from advanced so that they could neither see the lightning flash of arms nor age, then this was not 'Ares, hear the thunder of the threatening danger, master of his mind'* at work, but the spear gone mad, the sword deprived of reason. 4. These things are indeed most lamentable for mortal men;* but the

most pitiable of all was that even infants lay among those who fell in one manner or another, some lying stabbed at the same moment in the arms of those who once nursed them, others meeting their end by being or because of the death of those who were cast away in fright, carrying them; the greater number of them, however, were trampled The necessity of escaping forced this kind of death underfoot. Some lost their lives in the without blows upon many people. churches, where the populace was compressed into a miserable throng, Here, when an enemy and others at the entrance to the acropolis.* spear was raised aloft above the eastern tower which faced the sea* (a signal to our antagonists that the city was already overcome, because any who wished could scale it from outside), they gave up hope that the ...lower city would survive, and most of them simply raised their eyes* to the heights of the acropolis, from whence they expected their help.

But what bore witness to the greatest extent of the evil disaster 5. was the heaping up of dumb animals beside the piles of human dead. A crowd too large to be numbered had streamed together at a single gate, and was struggling to squeeze into it with the hope of escaping, although it was not possible for both those on-foot and those who were mounted to pass through it. Then the weight of the crowd that was rushing on pressed upon those who were ahead, and in the rush the former suffered the same fate because of those who again pressed on behind them, and again they could not escape the same consequences. So as they collapsed, a hill of dying men mounted up, all mixed together, the latter loaded with the humans and horses and asses and mules, necessities of life for the multitude. And this mound rose up against the fortifications of the city* there, almost as if it was one of those ramps* which are sometimes set up before a wall in the course of a siege. This was what happened at the gate of the acropolis which was As for those who were enclosed by the inner gate, exposed to view. when at an inopportune moment that good-for-nothing leader* of ours let it fall after he had slipped though it and made his own escape, theirs was a tragedy of a different kind. 6. For just as if the deaths which had occurred in other ways were so small in good works but so great in not enough, that man, wickedness, made the destruction even greater, and himself put, as it touch to the disaster. In so doing he did not were, the crowning shrink from harming with his own hand those men against whom his particularly, incompetent generalship had already been directed (most through his treachery in conducting the battle and to tell the truth, the setting of guards, as the narrative which follows will clearly His intention was, I believe, to ingratiate himself with the relate). enemy and win their support, even at the cost of letting so great a

Eustathios

10

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agpfiKEV Olltw 1LEOELV Kai p6VwV

SE yEyovev a6toupy6;, e7tLKataO6Qa; Kai alto; ouS Ineg6tpri6Ev 6 xatp6s. Ob yap G? otS EEEta4e XCC%aaOfjVQt Tr v KpU(palav 9KEivriV 7COXIJv, i stEwpov p. 373 B.

f p.EVriv IK pgXavl , ?L? X' 6t6S to TEXvaapa axaaaS Kata anouSriv xatii5 VE'KE Kai Kata T(i)V EapctcSUOIEVWV UUyKXEiaaS inay(&cuac Tobq 61[OtpEXciv Xax6vTac ei; OJlcOpov, a(plyKT(i,) Oavat(p gevj)L)Lax6tac t6 cf V Kai KctjEVOUS otKTpbv Napa, t115 pev )jµiUEL TOO awpatoS 1[pOK6ltTOVTaS 17rt Td EVtbS, t45 SE Xotit(b Epo(patvopEvouS TOtS Z KT6S, (O tt KXQtww9at.

'O SE Kai Eig TOaOOTOV i'v avSpeloS StoXftrat trjv 6),riv 7t6Xty, d)S d.pa tE

io Tot ltupyou ycvtaOat, OS bccpctvi tatat TG)v &etae ,tu thV, Kai Elpa Sta aXOi-

vou xaOeivat EiS tog Ent6pap6vtaS EoXEpfouS Eaut6v, Eaaavta toiS Eni TOO 7t6pyou (TTpattd)taS KEVet jcXETd.V 6nep tot Z pupatoS Kai triV TpipOv Kai 7Eept48eaOat. abtoO Kai tiiv (YXoivov Tabtrjv EnapatouS

'EvtaOOa 7Ea0atv6icVO5 ltpoayopat Tt Xa?Jaat npbg tbv d.vSpa Kai nu15 OEaOat abtoO Ti S)jnote, uT pEXttaTE atpatgyl, tiiV KaTw E6Xty KaTaK6ntEaOat a(peic, EyEvou tfjs t vw poipaS Kai ancu&wv EKp6Plj; Evt6S, Et oiStw taxi M Kai aitriv a(petvat tots i:XOpoTS bnoxeiptov ; Ti U pri Ti v aycvvfjj (pwViiV, Ti V TOO IXEgOf Vai aE,

npiv ij Kai Kata7tvi4al tobq lv t

13 axeOEvtac Kai toil XOt7EO6q ; IIth; ob yE7,.oiov Eta&papety Trio axp620 7toXlty tibS Fig d.puvav Kai avangSfiaat eig nbpyov d, En' aya0@ tGYv dvw Eat(;)- p.874B. tow Kai autixa 8p6 aaOat aXoivov Kai Oattov KaTw ycvEcOat f EEp Ka&Siov Ev [POV1 ( Kata (ppEatoS ; 'S2 ykXCOTOS toitou, 6tt napatctaypEvoS 6 XaµnpOS 1 yeptbv npb twv E(uwv EuJLbv tb; Ent phXp a.apnpig, Eita t&)v i va ttva 7to? ttov E7La(pptu09vta Kai bnep(pavEvta Kata tav bEdX Ewv, avfjxe toy putfjpa T( 7U

25 inE) OEEty npOTpEXov TOO 7CaVT6s 6pi?OU Tflq atpattaS Kai allpnatiiaaS TOi)S

Eapeupri jtvouS Kai Eta8pap(bv dvw, etta Kai pxawac no?J.obS Sta 7r6xTlg, fjv EpoEtE0E11c9a, TOb; iEv u1G abtfl; eKE(Vri-, KQTEVcXOEIaq; IK tctcd)pOU, tOb;

SE Kai ol; 140) auvcK?.EiaO1)aav, taxb gtv avtpq EupyopaXij awv, thXtov SE xarEpri 8ou7Lwa6pcvoS, toOto xai p6vov avSptaapevo;, 6Tt plj Sta aapyavfS 30 EXaXaa0q axo7.attepov, &(.a.X6 ptKpo0 xateiEtdOOti, (b(TEt Kai PoaKripat(8eg Etrivbv EEi voprjv ob yap SiivOU d)act Kai tt ?LCTt58ES EEt dypav EOycvfj. Kai obK EXpfjv pEv flv3pa, Eakat pepcXetrj I x6Ta xeipac &EXithaat yuvatxt- 223 v

K8; tot; SUbKooaty, EiS Epuga Eapctc3UEaOat Kai x67COUS 5L86vat TOT; IELtpEXoual, p1 xai et; nXEtov paivotvto. '0 S' aX%a'tas ppEvag PXapcic Z (pEuyc

21 vcu6&ov cod. T.B.S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

11

city fall, and of himself becoming a murderer, adding by his own actions to the number of those whom the occasion had measured out for He did not assign to others the task of bringing down that sacrifice. hidden gate which was held aloft by machinery, but himself rapidly operated the lowering mechanism, closing it against those who were and trapping those whom an unfortunate chance trying to slip through, had sent running to their destruction, so that they exchanged for life and lay, a pitiful spectacle, with half their a death by suffocation, bodies revealed on the inside of the gate and the rest visible to those outside, a sight to make one weep. when it came to destroying the He even showed how brave he was, 7. by mounting a tower which rose above the walls at that whole city, they point and letting himself down by a rope to meet the enemy as advanced at a run, leaving the soldiers on the tower to continue their useless preparations for defence, as they observed and celebrated with curses his performance with the rope. Here I am led to make a passionate address to the man, and to ask 8. him, 'Why, my excellent commander, after leaving the lower city to be did you hasten to hide yourself within the upper citadel, destroyed, if you needed to leave it so soon and deliver it into the hands of the Why did you not croak forth that cowardly prayer that you enemy? should be spared before you had suffocated those who were caught in Was it not ridiculous that you the gate, and the others with them? should race to the acropolis as if to defend it, leap up on to a tower as if you were trying to help those who stood above, and then at once seize a rope and come to earth again, faster than a bucket goes down a How ridiculous it was for our illustrious commander well on a cord? to take up his position before the eastern gate as if in preparation a splendid battle, and then, when he saw but one of the enemy for appear after having scrambled over the fortifications, to let his horse go at a gallop ahead of the whole of his army, trampling down those who chanced to be in his way as he raced for the upper part of the city! And then, as has already been said, after he had injured so many men by means of the gate, both those who were caught beneath it as it descended from above and those who wire shut out by it, he swiftly made his way to the top of a tower as if to fight from it, but descended even more quickly from it to seek servitude. In one respect alone he showed his manhood, that he was not lowered by the leisurely conveyance of a basket,* but almost flew down, although not so much in the manner of an eagle in search of his noble prey, as of a barnyard fowl at feeding time! Again, a man who had long intended to spread his arms wide 9. before his pursuers like a woman* should not have slipped back inside his own fortifications and caused inconvenience to his attackers, lest their fury should grow even greater. But in his madness he fled there

Eustathios

12

ptv Sic tni (puXaxfi 8ivw, xatecptpcto S' sbObc tKCtOEV, 0)s Sv Ctrl To ayevvtc abto0 atonov Kai pri Sot;aaOEtri epos Ttvcov c ; apa tdXw pax6pEvoS. 'AvtpTlc eic utpoc cppoOSoc, w outoc, to trio axpon6XEwc i1XpaXLbtcuaaS a1XpaXwatav, p. 876 B. i v xai tKel toil rtoXeµiols npob&0)Kac. 'Aitcvavttac taGta otc lya?Xet AauiS, 5 ob tiiv KXf1aty cptp ov ijxpetwaac. Kai pri [tOt VEpeadt(O pii8cic tvrauOa, yepOVtt ptxpolpoXq), totauca Kata-

XEyovtt avSpbc, ounep f 6Ewc tiv ptaov fiicap exotpt 66at; tpcpoc, Katd ti1V otT)PtKljv etnsiV ypaiav, a 'O' U)V Kai TTiX.LKLLUtllc n6Xewy KaTEXuae KapTiVa Kai

noXXu^bv dv6p&uv youvat' EXuaE. reVOLTO SE µ1j Kai daft t XuOcjvat, (ii Oet pa-

l0 aiXet xai w Oepaitov abto0, nOXLOOXc it i v, pi} Kai 97ICKTU etll etc piiKtcrtoV

T6 Kaxbv. Kai o!Sa ptv auvtatwv tyuo tOV uV8pa toOtov to 1tp6 tflc pdxiic Kai eCXoy(&v Iv cipijvilc Katpq) to tKEiyou, otc Ot ptV Ktp6ouc npiixtfjpec noXfTat X¢Xa7OOVTcS tnCKELVTO Kat' abto0 anep fi0c ov, l pets St d?Xwc, (bg

Enpensv, rippott6ps0a. Kai abtoc ft avttatpt(pwy to p[%toV i cpatvev bntp 15 iiptbv Kai 3XEppa Kai vcOpa Kai tO cv npaKTEotc 063Lapa. NOv 8'&%7,6 Ti Kai Spaaopcv, cOp11K6TES tOy tnUIVCTEOV CKcIVOV petapaXX6pevov Kai piiiCtt t6nouc etc ebcpilptav 6nopaXX6pcvov ; it navtcoc tv0up1ittoV to xatvov obSEv, KUOM atepywv txctvoc to npcj qv 11µa6, Eita tv battpotc obic r'lyana CXEyxovtac,

ota µ716t ao(poc abtoc Kasa tbv napotptaatiiv, 0010) Kai >ipac tote phV npoc 20 txetvotS etvat Std to batov, btt µ716t Xiav 0paabc ilv Kata cobs abOeKaatous p. 876 B. T& icotva aiveaOat, sits 3i 6XeOpov tt; txetvou npoopwptvooS ptaety (bc at-

ttoV, 6ptt ft Kai 6)XoOpeuptvouc COCXety Kai tt ptya xaxov CKetvw npoapdtaa0at, av6pt, a.XXwc ptv aya8¢ Sot;avtt, ob yap wKOpaKtattoV to npoc aXijOEtav, oic St atpcp?C4 xavbvt auv6teypacpii, c ToO Sean6t ovtoc'Avbpovtxou, 25 &XX' tvtaOOa SLexnea6vtt tc diKpav q,au)6tlita. Otirs yap ayanhv AV CKctvov, d )q napaTrTia6pe0a, 0111E ad ayaitd ievoc Kai o6TE etc ytpwc tvvothV ttva xa0rixwv, aXXa. Kai notViiV npoopwpevos, S.nep ilpty (pavetTat ),vpTivapeva. ToOt6 tE ouv outw 07iT9OV Kat 8tt 06K 6V NOTE npocmtlcra; T6 qiLXTitov tyti) xat6nty OEtiiv Ti1V dXf 0etaV, a?X& ca ampnca6vta npopa30 X6pevoc etc auyypatpriV, i1S apcrfi to (ptX4XiiOec, o6K dv td taUTilc tnlaxtaaac

(pbc dXpst6aatpt. Kata yap c6v OpO65c ano(piivdpevov (pi?oc ptv 6 avijp, q)tXtepov St T6 ?X71OCS. 'Ett SE auvOEwprlTtov Kai adc tyx(Opt6t 01)C M jCV tntXcicTtov Ooa %pilata Kat nou Kat td cpaOXa petaXpwatCOV StuTlyoptIC6)tcpov, 2 Cvdpi 4 Ps. 67, 19. H. 8 AXpaXd tsuaac Ps. 67,19. 7 ptaov i}nap Hom. II. 24,212. H. 8 icatt) uae Kbpilva Hom.11. 2,117. H. 11 noXAbv dvSpc)v Horn. 11. 13, 360. H. 18 obx fiydna I:X6yXovtac Ps. 9, 8 Cfr. Eust. Op. 84, 18. 85, 3. 121, 76. 81 cp[XoC Biogr. Gr. ed. Westermann 399, 38. H.

4 AN' tvavt[at B

10 gempa7,6pevov cod.

17 }y S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

13

as if he intended to give protection, then came down at once, so that his cowardice should appear paradoxical and no one might suppose that he had been captured while fighting. 'Thou hast ascended on high'* the heights of the acropolis! 'Thou hast led captivity captive' - by betraying it to the enemy! How different are your actions from the psalm of David, whose name you bear and have dishonoured! 10. And let no one be angry with me over this, calling me a mean-spirited old man because I accuse him of such things, a man into whose 'middle liver'* I would gladly set my teeth, like Homer's old since he 'brought down the lofty peaks'* of such a city, and woman, 'loosed the knees'* of so many men. And may God our ruler, and His servant the protector of our city, grant that no more be killed, and that the catastrophe be no further prolonged! I know that I was a supporter of this man before the siege, and in time of peace I used to praise his actions. When certain citizens, greedy for gain, used saying whatever they wished, I on the other hand to attack him, maintained a good relationship with him, as was fitting; and he responded by showing good will towards me in his glance, in the nodding of his head and his gait as he went about his business. But what are we to do now, when we have found that praiseworthy man changed and no longer giving us any occasion to speak well of him? We must conclude that 'there is nothing new'; he showed affection for us but later ceased to love us when we criticised him for his at first, lack of wisdom,* as the proverb has it. In the same way, we were at one time opposed to those enemies of his for the sake of piety, because he was not overbold like those who impetuously rush to waste but then, when we foresaw that he would bring their country's goods; we hated him as the cause of it, and now that we have been ruin, brought to destruction, we would wish a great curse to fall upon him, that man who seemed particularly to excel (for one must not reject the truth), but who, when he was enlisted to serve in accordance with the perverted principles of the emperor Andronikos, then fell into the depths of wickedness. He felt no affection for his master, as we shall make clear in due course, nor was he favoured by him, and he acted as he did, not because he thought that he would receive any mark but because he saw punishment lying ahead of him, of esteem, which seems all the more outrageous to us. This needed to be said, and it should also be said that I would never put friendship in the first place and let the truth come second In fact, since the chief virtue of the account of events which to it. I am putting forward is its devotion to the truth, I would not do anything to dim the light of truth and render it useless. For as it but the truth is a greater was so aptly said, 'the man is.a friend, friend.'* should also be taken into account that those who compose an It encomium* should choose the best aspects of their subject and show the worst in the best light possible, in the manner of an advocate. The narrators of events,* however, should not act in this way, but should

14

Eustathios

auyypacpophvot; S9 pil oOcws, &%M.a 8taxetptcT9ov TOO; 16you;, (b; to bn9p 9xaatwv &%ij9tc dnatt£t Ev9a 06 Katpoc 9nt%9yea0at Td Wpbs E0x.oy{av tyKwptou v6pw, iW arrEUSety no%uwpeiv Fl; pvljpriv tGSV 9nt6VtWV auto EKaatov, cbvn£p 6 xp6vo; tp9Xcov nap9ppttpEv. Et S9 (pOUaac 6 r p tcp0; oOTo; AautS 224 r 5 dya0uvwv tiv T6 -rob OEotS Xdxo;, dxou9aOw µ9v 1806 Kai tobto, auvaxou9cOw S9 Kai 6tt 9t;wA.Eac, ptxpa µ9v 1jSUva;, nucpavas S9 p9ytata, of;, neptnotrlaa- p. 877 B. tob; anavTas µ9v pcv6S Tt xprlpattS{ou Tobrot; fi EKE{VOL;, TAO; I

Et; navta Ta autotS ovta, pupiou; S9 Kai Eis t wiIv. Kai pt tt; uno(pepstw vlv eXVa(ppOVEIV pE Kai bCFT9pcil xp6VO)

10 9TCEt&ty SrixaSil

97JU9tKQ'S; aiaOtaOat ot0; 6 Aaut8 dn9prl,

9SLK(tt(DOTI neppOfSvat r

Etxck& aOv yE TG) Maupoi wpO

npwT6XEtov xai tl; fj.t v dnwXeia; iKpoO{vtov. "Ov dnpet? ov 'Apnutat (p96Laaaat oCtw MO; 8ta9 .a9at npiv i' Kai 9l;anoX9aat rjpds. 00 yap d.ptt 9; votly 9yca 9atpdtTTly, ii? Xi T6v OXov Tjs 9ni noX9pm atpaTily{a; a6To6 xp6vov f pds p9V EOA,tpov of 9xOpo{, 9yot Se 9KEIVOV 9a,9yx0)v, 94ovet51t wV, 9K(paivwV 15 Ta ci 9xdatocc a(paxpaca, ) axwv, Et xai Et; rivrlvutov, 671ep ffxou£v tiv Kai

It Mcov, etn£p 9napprlatai ovto xai pil t6 Tfi; n6k£w; KclKOTUx9; EKa,£tEV

autotS to at6pata. A98etxta{ pot dpicouvtws, otpat, (bs o089v Tt lcatvonpayLS KaKO),OybV 0,Xo(ppovrlaavta T6v AautS, Sv awcppovo6vta cpOaaa; Eu),6youv. 'Eycb S9 20 o&cw Kai Tov paatX a 'Av6p6vtxov, Sv bnoxatapac o6K c.V EO X9ycty £tc to

ndv EXotpt, 9v 6?.Xot; 9Oaupaaa, (ppaaa; 9ntX9y8rly 6 Tt tbv KpEiTT6V(J)V 9xciv() 9v9Xapnev. Ou yap Tt Kata Too; cpau?.ou; T('bv ao(ptat(bv dvaypa(pw iVT{(pwva. flp6; S9 auyypa(ptK1iV TQUTTIV {cTOpiaV 06K EX(j) KpUTCTEtV baa TO-t;

iptt npo; E{ppov auppaivouaty, ubs ff ye ?ot711} 011TOpeia, f ipb; tpt%6V ETtat25 vov, SOKEt KaTet t1iv ao(pl v Kai abTti pgktaaav ob p6vov It dv09mv y),UK9WV p. 878 B.

Kai Xotnfl; xpTlatp6crrto; 9autJ auyKpoteiy T6 pup91p71pa Tots yxuKaapato; dX]Id nou xai 9K pri TOto&rwv. Kai yap tot Kilt ELK 7EpttTwp6.TwV OUK Eban0(p6pwv 9KE{v11 ttOatp(baact, 9KXEyop9v11 to auvteivovta, xaOi napateTrlprlxdtes of Se4toi atppkonot£ty otSaat Kai tt auvayE{pct KdxetOEV, Et; SaoV to 30 1cr pia at0(p£a0at Kai auv9xeaOat- 6nota Sfl Ttva pcXtccat;'Eppoti bnoKE{peva

Kai 6 AautS EtX9trly xai 6 'AvSp6vtKOs, Kai pdXtata 6 'Av&pdvtxo;, navtoSano; 9Ketvos dvOpwno; xai napnoixt7.o;, Kai ToOto ob xapat71.9ovto; S1K11V

11 "Apr(utat Hom. Od. 1, 241 ; 14, 371 ; 20, 77. 15 4vflvucov cfr. infra 417, 21 Bonn.

28 TtOalptact cod. T. S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

15

organise their accounts according to the demands of the truth on each not then appropriate It is for them to select occasion. only praiseworthy matters in the manner of an encomium, but they must be eager to give a place in the memory of later generations to each thing which time in its passage has cast aside. And if at first this David of ours fulfilled well the destiny assigned to him by God, behold, let this be heard also; but let it be heard at the same time that he brought to destruction, after giving them small joys and great those whom, after bringing a little profit to one or bitterness, another, he deprived in the end of the whole of their property, all of and thousands upon thousands even of their lives. And let no them, one suggest that only now have I reached true understanding, and that like Epimetheus* I have realised David's nature only after the event; when he was sentenced to be sent to the Sicilian together that is, with Maurozomes,* as the spoils of war and the first-fruits of our destruction. Oh if only the Harpies* had disposed of him first in this way, before he had also destroyed us! my change of heart is In fact, not a recent event, but during the whole period of his generalship I was during the conflict, while the enemy were pressing upon us, querying his actions, reproaching him, pointing out his errors on each occasion and saying, even if to no purpose, what he should have been hearing from others, if they had spoken openly, and if the misfortune of their city had not closed their mouths. think that I have shown sufficiently clearly that I am not 11. I contradicting myself when I attack David for his senseless behaviour, after praising him earlier for his good judgement, In the same way, although as my narrative advances I shall not be able to speak well of the emperor Andronikos in all respects, there are occasions on which I selecting certain instances when some better have praised him, So I am not like the worse class of qualities shone within him. combining arguments which are discordant one with another. sophist,* In this contemporary account I cannot hide the things which are happening as a consequence to men of the present time, in the way that that which is directed towards pure praise, other rhetorical writing, seems, like the wise bee, to compound its sweet fragrant unguent not only from pleasing blossoms and other useful materials, but also from For the bee stores up honey even things of a quite different nature. selecting what contributes to its purpose, from repulsive excrements, as those experts know who have observed them building their hives; and it gathers up substances even from those sources, according to the extent to which its honeycombs can be squeezed and compacted from them. Both David and Andronikos had, in fact, characteristics in common with the bees of Hermes.* This was true of Andronikos in particular, a man of manifold and various qualities, although not in the manner of

16

Eustathios

Ettc noX67Co8os, IIpwr6OK R paXXov, Kai pt? terra Kata'Epnouaav, ij cpptxtd Npavtat;ev. '0 S' ctutbS Kai KaTet c8piitouS noX8aTpO(pOS tiv Kai Kata t7i V apXgyovov ave{Seov i3Xrty anaaty uirot{ Oclto E15Eat no?uct&a , wv to t& Inatvoiro,

Ta S' o8K av.'EaTt S'un' auro0 npoaappbaat Kai to etvat p6v ttva Trap' aura 5 oiwrov, Etvat St Kai Oupov ptyav. 'Ean SE auLtotp8aat xai rb «fiv bµoti Iv auto Xpf iata navta », Kai (i)S noXuptygwv Evwals AV its Kai nap' auto Kai S{xa (ppoveOVtwv Oup(ppovaalc ou pf v 60EV allyKporcttat appoviaS apcni,

&XXdt Kaxia auyxuaewc. 170? rponov yap tt Xpfjpa 6 avf p xai noXunbptarov rots :;(p' t cK epa ypaTcty SetvoTS. 'EvaXOetii S' av ttc Kai a(palpw avrOv na-

1o pelxaaat, ou Tro petaXapaavopi ycp npOS yeveaty xara na%atav repatetav, &XXa npoc notxtX{av f Oav. El 6u Kai Ev auto 68o n{9ous > atavat nS (pa{ti, p. 879 B. Toy piv aya9av iXi Pr1, KaKaV Si; tOy ATEpOV, Wv dpubpevoS Kai KaTaptyv((j)v i3KeLVOg 9lrEphtpet TOtq 8rr' a&rOV, to iXeiw Sd yE pOvou cob taV KaKav, atv{-

t;alro IN npompu>:atata AV I yap aupptxtoS xai itpOS axpat(pvfj Xapty o6K 224 v. 15 axpatoS, 0689 tt jv c8KpaToS. ta0ta 7rapEKpcp6aOw Katp{w5, oTpat, xai o6Si` 7ravu tt 'AXX' outw apsOOSws. 'Ey6) St ppaxu tt avetpt npOS Tbv AV phv ore, S paxpav, ttvbS (ptXtas AautS, vOv U piaooS nayxoap{ou TaXU pev L atpey ciS vats, til yevvatO'raTE (peuysty, O6TTOV 6u dvnpktwnoS 06K Etc avTtnapatai;ty, aXX' Etc 8o620 Xwaty > Spalteg, etc, TOaO0tOV T (puyfi npoapetvaS, Etc &TOV avavSpOV TTiV aTpo-

(piiv unt6cttaa9at, tva pg8t:v tt yevvatdrriTOS Txvoc 9v aoi EuptaKlitat, p>>T' v 'r noXtopK{p., ijv xai ebXopevbs nou AaOa avyKc(paXatwOfjvat thXtov, w5 Iv rote, t~(pc f1S unoxpouabpcOa, p7jre peter ttiv aXwaty, r~v t i'y/EVaw xai tbv av&ptl opevov Kai tbv (pcOyovra, oir, q)euyety tpaneiS ltint3i 3(OxaS aeautbv 25 TOTS µt189 SL6)icoucnv. A&rotS yap aXXa Iv (ppeai pepWtto, ra npb epyou Kai 2 Kat6 ebplnous. Cfr. Eust. op. 217, 4: E6ptno; f3tou puptouc tolooToun oTSc aTpt pcty VLtypo8S, Si (v noXunpbawntS ttc 6 rob piou dv9pomot Kai Ilpwttws ito%upopWbtcpoc e1S 6aoV a8K laity einety. 115, 52. Mtab Ilpwtta toy noXbpop(pov. (1't?Q td Katd Oe6v povbtponov. tb Katd tt}v 'Epnouaav noXu(pdvtaatov.

ZTIr6 tb xai dvOpwnov 6n)oty xai dnolxtlov. 109, 91. TO St atttov 6 neptpptwv (ids v3ptnoc Kai td 6etatpocpov 6vepouptov. 110, 22. -Eau; 8E bpetS ebpinouS tl.taaete xai npbs @xaatov dvepov atpt(peaOe Kai 6vnatpt(pea9e. Cfr. Nicet. Choniat. 319, 1. Regel, Fontes 109, 23 napaSbtouc t)LnLSwv atpotpOs xai Trpaypitwv de)ntov Ebpucov. Aeschin. Contr. Ctes. 90. Hipparch. 68 C 7 (Vorsokr. II 229, 3). 8 aveiSeov OXTly. Philop. de aetern. mundi, ed. Rabe 407, 25. Cfr. Eust. op. 74, 19. 5 otxtov Sirach 16, 12. H. p A v 6po4. Anaxagoras 59 B I ( Vorsokr. 1132, 11) H. Chr. Eust. op. 265, 29. 6 noXuptytwv Philolaos B 1 I (Vorsokr. 1410, 21) H. 9 a(patpcu. Empedocles A 41, B 27, 4 ( Vorsokr. I 291, 4. 324, 4 ). 11 Ho ntOou; Hom. I1., 24, 527 H. Eust. Scho I. ib. (p. 1363, 50).

6 t`tt T.B.S.

7 aup(pp6vnatC T.B.S.

17 6 paxpav cod.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

17

the chameleon or polyp, but rather of Proteus,* and most of all of Empousa,* who took on such awful forms. He was versatile as the straits of Euripos* and like the formless primal material he presented himself diversely in every shape, some of which deserved approval and others not. One might try to define him as a mixture of compassion and ungoverned emotion.* One might also apply to him the saying, all things were in him together',* or say that there was in him a uniting of multifarious elements* and a combination of opposing these did not, however, achieve a harmonious welding of viewpoints; virtues, but only the evil which results from confusion. His was a and it provided a wealth of material to those many-sided character, who had the ability to write about both sides of it. One might even go not because he resembled the so far as to compare him to a sphere,* one which according to the old false story was involved in the creation of the world, but because of the diversity of his character. And anyone who said that in him there stood two jars,* one full of good things and the other of bad, and that from these he drew off what he measured out to his subjects, mixing them together, but with a preponderance of the bad, would present the riddle of his personality most aptly. For his nature was mingled, and although an admixture of pure grace was present in it, it was not well blended. Let our digression be finished in this way, at a timely point and 12. in a manner not entirely unsystematic. shall, however, briefly I address myself to this David, once (how long ago!) worthy of a certain friendship, but now only of our universal hatred. 0 noble spirit, how swiftly you turned your back in flight! How you then ran even more swiftly to meet your enemy - but seeking slavery rather than to resist How staunchly you pursued flight, how clearly you showed your him! lack of manhood by turning tail! Not even the slightest trace of nobility can be found in you, either during the siege, which you declared should be brought to a swift conclusion, a matter about which we shall attack you in due course, or after the capture of the city, when you played the part of a brave man and a fugitive equally badly, first by turning to flight, and then by surrendering yourself to those who were not even pursuing you; for they were occupied with other matters more urgent and necessary to them and they would, I think,

Eustathios

18

avayxata atp(at, ao0 Bt 06K av, otpat, ob8t pvijpriv kaxov, e( pi' evEtpavtaag aeaut6v. OTSaat yap of EbyevG7g av3petot l4aOEptt ctv toy pfl TotoOTOv arpaTTiy6v, 6noiov Sri ttva KatEyvwv Kai ae, oTg taiv Tfig ar'g a4E.Tilpiag neneipavto. 5

'A>v1`a ti & napBvExOEig ntO tots ttaOouS Kai tube &prt Kai by 6tpOa%potS yev6pevog aitottXavGS toy xp6vcp noO' 6CTTEpOV &Koua6pevov TOO auyypatpt-

tptKfiig E189vai to tlov Ka9' hpug It apxflg axpt Kai ttepatog, Tva napaKoxouOt7v ETSEfii It oiwv tfuv ttallat oTa Ta vov, Kai to pev naOaivotro, ra Se 6xxcoq Oaupat;ot, to Se Kai, Etnep bOtXot, pav06vot xa9' tatop(av, t7TlxCyopevriv oaa 10 TOT; vi5v auyxupijpaat xpriatpa ; Ti SP ti KEtpaa.fiv ttya ltitptaT(U, xa0a 'rtvt atilTt, r avyypatp taiitri, St' ig Karaf3a(v(ov till ).6ycp npono61a(D 668wg £vOa to i axatoV, i vOEV 9),6V ; MbA.?..ov eivat cpaiverat, Ka0d OEW Ebriptattlto, tteabvtt 14) Kopvrivu) $ aatXEt Mavoufi% auyxatatteasiv Kai ET rt Iv 'Pwpa(otg bpOtov xai wg ota liXiou 15 ti ivou btitxta6vtoS apaupav yev9a0at nELaav tiiv xaO' ripag. OOi ouv anf kOEv bxetvog EvOa bxpif v, Sta6oxf v a(pets yEVOug obx oiav 6xpfjv. HaTSa yap ptKp6V tt napilX7tax6ta Toy navacpf1)LKa, µil STt yE 13aata,E(ag tEyiaTrig KparETV

oOi Exovta St' tautob, WL' o63E xata natSag 8tatE0eicOat atspEGSg, apeXet xai IttEtpeyrc t Oaaag xriSep6vt tbv uiov ti pritpi, gpc to v otiari (bpaip, Cl Kai 20 xpOitre Oat abtobS bnrlyyc(Xaro b'E(vil, toy TOO xa7txoug f ? tov meupattKib; VF,Td)aaaa Kara neptI3oXriv phxatvav. Of Sri l pwteg .KEivot nuptebaavtcs, tbs tiv e(SEtEv abro(, aviijwav xaKOV Koaptx6v. Kai fioav pbv xai Gi7.Xot Too 9nlTpone6ety, Iv oig xai 6 Xaxcuv natptapXEiv, 6 Kai tag apETag Kai toy a.6yov p. 38 neptTTdg OEO56alog, 8v 1 TGSv 'Avrtox> wv Tj MEyaXon67let bxopiiyriaev aya25 O6V 7Co7lutiptiTOV, a1LX' ii yoVfi npoeTXEv, ota xai yuvfi xai priTrip, xai iiv TOO

Aotnoo aKonbg abrij Sta t6 irpotpa(veaOat, Kai Ttveg !`pwtog v6ptu ftot;at;ovto xat' abrf}g 7lavO6voVTEg, ET nwg icattebaet -let tijg (3oXf}g, tbg 4urxst, npog (3a-

ala,Eiag i`ntrux(av. 'YlEprlx6vttCE 81 tog Xotnobg 'AX9t;tog 6 Kopvilv6g, 66EXtptSOog pEV ?DV t4) a6TOKpaTOpt MaVOUl %, T1iV TOTS 7tpwro6EDaatOfj St t,61-

8 i:g oiwv Cfr. Soph. El. 214. Eust. op. 153, 90. 17 aavacpila.tKa Hom. 11. 22, 490.

12 EvOev t).u)v Hom. Od. 8, 500 H.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

19

had no thought of you, if you had not revealed yourself. After brave and noble men know better than to have any respect for a general who is of the opposite nature, such as they recognised you to be, having had some experience of your stupidity. But why, carried away by emotion, by recent events and by my 13. having been an eyewitness, am I now leading astray the listener of the future from knowing through a contemporary account how things stood with us from the beginning to the end, so that as he follows it be may know what kind of past events have formed our present situation; so that some things also may move him to distress and others to and that he may in addition, if.he so wishes, gain from admiration, in his present this selective account knowledge which may be useful circumstances? On the other hand, for what reason should I not set a and then advance smoothly head upon this account, as upon a body, onward with my story until the end, beginning from this point?* It seems that it was to be our fate, as it pleased God, that with 14. the fall of the emperor Manuel Komnenos* there collapsed at the same time everything that was firm among the Greeks,* and that when like the sun he left us, a great darkness descended upon us. He went, then, where he had to go, leaving as his successor in his family one who was not suitable, a lad who had barely passed out of his childhood,* not only quite incapable of ruling so great an empire alone, but unable Before his death be even to conduct himself firmly among children. naturally entrusted his son to the boy's mother as guardian. She was although she professed to hide a woman well ripened in love affairs, them, veiling the sunshine of her charms in a spiritual manner with lovers of hers, as they a cloud of dark garments.* But these themselves would know, set alight and kindled an evil which affected the whole world. There were others who shared in this guardianship, among whom was the man who had gained the patriarchate, Theodosios,* who excelled both in virtue of character and in oratory, and had been bestowed by the Church of Antioch upon the Great City* as a most But the woman took precedence both as a woman and precious benefit. and from that time onwards she was the mark of everyone a mother, as because of her prominence. And some took aim at her secretly in the way of love, and intended. apparently that their shooting should help to success in winning the throne. The one whose shaft them outstripped all others was Alexios Komnenos, a nephew of the emperor

have all,

20

Eustathios

vTIV cpbp(ov, Kai npo ct)ETO Tt SEanotvij, Tj Tots aaatxbwc ptlTpi, itXbov tfiSV 225r &.k).wv. 'YcpbpnEt ouv t jXoc bVTEOQEV Kai, 6 tpaatV, 6aTpaxiv5a Kat& tots &vSpbc b71o(3xetyapevoc, o61C avtct bx{ttwv atpocpac notxixac, Et nwc I:KE{Vtil

icOoSeuaet pctaataaty. Kai nwc outw SS av tots ttlvtKauta npocpbpouat 5 'Av 6 yeyov6Twv, auv8sa{ac xai' abto0 nbn?.oc PanTetat, 7tept3uawv abtbv Kai auvbT;wv ob npbc fjSovriv. 'Ycpavav Sb to TotoGtov nbnxwpa Obx OR{yot T9 ETEpot Kai of Suo nat5c; 'AvSpovixou, tots bK Kopvtlvni v, Sc abtavblytoc pev ijv t( fiaatXct MavouriX, Kai we Iv tj 7tc8tva XaXo0aa Einot ya,coaaa 7rp6toS bi;h80Lcpoc, sic (3aafkctov Sb Opbvov bautbv ECK&OLcEV vatepov ou navu

10 ebtuxibc out' abT@ o{StE TOtc nepi abT6V. 'Ov6pata Sb toty 7ratSoty ijatTly, tb 7tp6tcp pbv Kata ybvvrlaty Mavouljx, 'Iwavvrlc Sb Ttii pet' abt6v, Sv xai abtbv byvcbptaev Tj parn)teta, KaOa Kai tbv 7taTbpa pet' ob 7toXiu. Kai outot ptV Suo p. 882 B. t6te auv0)poaaa0tly, by Sb toil xai 'AU toc Tjv, npwtoatp&twp pbv tf v al;{av, aveyrta8otsc ft yvrjatoc Kai bitep?.(av cpt ..lltbc tub paatXci MavourjX, npbc Sb 15 xai 'Iwavvtlc /ouxaS, 6 tnapxoc, Sv Kai C? abtfjc 09ac Teigtf patT' &v ttc KaX-

? tateuety by &yaOotc (peya),5' IV toutotS poipa t;rjxou), xai of Ka{aapcS, rj nopcpupoy9vvlltoc Map{a, i'v bnb Tu> i3acn? ct Mavouljx T1 b 'A7tapavhv Eipijvtl, Tb aytov tKEtvrl ybvvTlpa, ityEivato, Kai 6 au{uywv abtrj 'Iwa.vvrlc b papKb(noS, veavtac pbv tijv 1 XtxfaV, tVLetoc SC Tljv dvSpetav. 'Onota Sb by 20 Totovtotc we to noXXet 4u117C{nTEt, i>vOa 6 XOxoc o6K i`xEt KpuntecOat eic tbxoc,

&)L1,' CKCpa{vetat, cpwpthvtat navtec of totoltot, bv6c ttvoc t[5v Xoxtr v xataprjVUaaytOc, Kai aUyKpOtettat SiKTI. Kai 7tpOKaOTltat JEV lj CntTponoy µljtTlp, xupta navTWV f'j57l npopc(3Xllp9vtl tyf pw xotvfj, cbS ptj &icpexev, unoKtOiltat Sb 6 ufbc Kai (3aatXebc 'AUt;toc. Kai KatrlyOpot vTat Of TOy Hpcoto c 3aoT6V o 25 cpau%wc ptaoOvtec, xai iETet no7,Xa to Sta ttawv xataKpivovtut, apaRE» ovtOc

etc tb nav tfj totaCrl3 euOuStKtq toO pa0utatou OEo3c you toO IIavtexvrj, Tots &ucato3Otou Kai bni tC5v o1KEtaic v, Ka0' ob OExljaac bvatffvat 6 pbyac by na-

tptapxatc Eaxaae naaav by Kcvotc ptlxavily. 'Hv yap 6 IlavTexvf c 0010thc navtExvi c. KaOe{pyvuvtat o6v Iv T6 peya)iw naXat{w xai of &SEXcpot, b Ma- p. 988 B.

2 batpaicMa Aristoph. Eq. 855. 28 laxave tv xevo% Cfr. Eust. op. 27, 39. 313, 42. Infra 42, 15. Nicet. Choniat. 365, 16. 6 to deest T.B.S. 10 fjt>1v T.B.S. 18 kelvr1 cod. em. T. 19 av8piav cod. 20 rotainotq cod. em. T. 21 ttvo v cod. T.S. em. B. 26 navtexvo0 T. IIavtexvotl B.S. navtexvi5 M. 28 aavtexvfic T.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

21

Manuel, who wore the belt of Protosebastos* and was closer to his sovereign lady,* the mother of the emperor, than the rest. Envy* crept up on him from this cause and, as they say, casting sidelong glances as if in a game of 'spin the sherd',* did not cease from at him the aim of achieving his twisting his varied coils against him with removal. And since this was the attitude of the leaders of the aristocracy, a robe of plotting was stitched together around him, enfolding him and enclosing him, to his sorrow. Many others took part in the weaving of this plot, in particular the two sons of Andronikos Komnenos,* who was a cousin german to the emperor Manuel, or first cousin as it is called in common speech, and settled himself on the throne later, with no good fortune either for himself or for his associates. The eldest of these two sons of his was called Manuel and the younger John,* and the empire was to have experience of the latter also not long afterwards. These two conspired together, and with them Alexios, who held the office of Protostrator,* the legitimate son of a first cousin of the emperor There was also John Doukas* the Manuel and very dear indeed to him. Eparch, whose very appearance gave evidence that he would be found to excel among good men (and there was in fact great rivalry among them), and the Kaisars,* the Porphyrogennetos Maria, that holy child born to the emperor Manuel and the German Eirene, and her husband the Marquis John, a man young in years, but accomplished in bravery. As so often happens in such cases, the conspiracy could not be concealed until its completion. One of the conspirators revealed the all involved were detected, and a trial was organised. The plot, emperor's mother and guardian, whom public opinion had already promoted to the position of supreme power, quite improperly presided, and in second place to her there sat her son, the emperor Alexios. Those who were (with good reason) enemies of the Protosebastos were accused, and after much debate they were condemned. The management of this summary trial was entirely in the hands of the crafty Theodoros The chief of the Pantechnes, the Dikaiodotes and Epi ton Oikeiakon.* patriarchs tried to oppose him, but all his efforts proved in vain, for P,antechnes was indeed 'pantechnical'.* The two brothers Manuel and

Eustathios

22

vou7jX xai 6 'Iwdvvr(S, npoS Se Kai 6 npwtoatpatwp i:napxoc' Tbv Si kot7tbv of pEv

in SE Kai 6

aav, dXr1OtS µ2v sic E& ov Setnvov tots

poo? oµhvotc a6Tbv Ootvf aa8at, (patvoptvwS SE xatd tpLXiav Kai tO eTvat etv nrotttot, 01 59 TtVES dtn(b?,OVTO nOLK(X oS Kai (WS 06K dv TrS TSOLTO- 7tOX%Oi

5 SE xai u7tcpopigt EKOVTES EStKaiwtsav Eauto65, by A v Kai 6 Ka7.6S Aanap6aS, 6 7t6vao(poc to atpatriytx(i, ov tEpaxa Std to tfj5 cppov1 crcwc Kai To Katd npdl tv ot;unetES 6 tbv Toupxwv aou) tav 6voµacety Enexptvcv, 6 TOTE iEV .UTUxbs nEptoo OetS, jEtd SE yE aOXtcoS Tats TOO paatXEwc 'Av6pOVtKOU Kai a0TOS n6-tat; 7tepttEtuxrixcbc xai 14OX Ab . 10

'Hv 61 TaOta tots. Kai tiws µ2v nept ptav f i pav of TEaaapeS tlitpwpEvoL EUXwaav Sf1OEv kuvwpoa{aS, 6 MavoufflL Kai 'Iwavvrfc of d&EX(poi, 6 npwtoatpatwp 'A%9t 10; xai Ituavviic 6 Enapxoc, Kai EI) cv aotoOS ij K6EOEtpZ;1S xai npo autrjg Ta May &ttpa. To SE Eov tot Oupo6 tots Kptvaaty I EppaTTEto 225v

xai xata trfS IIopcpupoycvv tou Kai TOO aupptoOvtoS KafaapoS, o6K EIxE SE 15 Kai EK(Eaat aUT{Ka, bS Kai ana(pp{aat Kai ycv(;aOat 7ip607tTOV TO KaKOv, &X V EvboIUXOOV Kai OnOTUcp6pcvov EnEaxcv gig toaoOTov, ci xai TOy natpldpxrfv

Soxflaat rtpOS abtbv Elvat tour KpivovtaS. Ato Kai autos pEv ana.oIxbS EprfvOaato npoS Ean£pav Td MOova, of SE oux ana.ot EiE) twv dvunoaT6XwS Sta- p. 884 B. KEtphvwv aTpvilS tO KaKOV Katapd4at Kai a)XXapEa9at Kai ainoOS, bS tiv 20 o&cw T6 .anEpaS auJLtaO7jaETat ayakXtaatS nap' autotS Kai tO npwi KXauOp6S anevavtiaS t6 tya? ovtt. Kai ovtw pEv n xaxia EnlxpunTEtV fjOE? cv Eauttjv. 12S SE 1 anoSta OE(OU Kai rj 68FLf KatEµ1iVUE nOp KpOnTEmV aKT(ntOO 6xe-

Op{ou Kai o6K fiv )La6Ety, pavOdvouat trjv Entpou% v of KaiaapcS xai dnEptttot, bS Eixov, (pEVyoualy Etc to tfic peytatrfs TOD OEOO Eo(piaS euayEatatov 25 TkAeVOS, llauxOV a01O Et66tcS Kai n¢at npoatilnotC d(1Eprf),AV. Ata7tETfLVVUat ta.S ayKaXac, aUTOtS 6 Ev dpxlepE061 npwTEllwV, nEplnotEtTat, bS E4fiV, S{Swaty dtv6.naualy, Xeaivet 7.6yotS to Tots npoS 7tapapuOtav xai EpyotS, bS ETxev taxiOos' EtXE Ss, ban Kai nattfp aytoS, unEp aXTiOEtac ( RaOXoS. 06 Stfl1jwscOat, ppaXb Kai auttl; napaxaXnaaaS toy Trtnov, Kai Katatct1cEaOat aOTiiv xctpwaaµcvo; 6x i Kai aTpouOoO cpwXe6v, X6y(p ptv TGS ElKEXItT, 8v Kai yvtjaiws abOevtTly dncypacpcto, Wuxtj Sr; daut(u. 'Iv&iXXEto p. 423 B. 10 yap, o6K oTSapev O to S, KaOd Kai npotgeOepc0a, 6pa tE x pa[vcaOai nou Kai TcavtaS c600S touS 'Pwpaiwv b(pOaXpobS eiS aurbv wS f'jXtov entatpecpea0at

Kai autou p6vou y[vcaOat. 'E4etpWEv ouv fi AativTj yij nXfOoS ou"tw noXO arparlaS, a(p' tKavoti TjpaS 9K(pop0GV, Kai y[vovtat navtEg rfjS 'IXXupl(bV tjnetpuwtt6oS, Vj TEp taTtCst ra 15 `Pwpaiwv eiS Tbv 'A6piav K6X7tov. Kai neptaX6vtes TTjv T65v ketac 4T1Tp6-

no?ty, TO iupp6Xtov, anovnti arzoXetpo6vtat Kai cb; e[Ttety autopoE[, KaT& ptv t6v 'AvSpbvixov cpavat, np05E8op9vrlV bn' 6XXwv eiS TO nav, oiitw yap xKetvoS dOcpa.ncuc to KaT' a6r6v, o6X dautut aXX' dttpotS dntypacpwv a 18uar6Xct SL' autbv tj 'PwpatS yfj, np6S Sd a),fiOctav bn' abto0 uKE[voU np68otov. 20 Kai Yap Tot np6 ppaxeog xpOvou 'Pwpav6v ttva atc[Xa;, 8v 6 KaXOS "IarpoS (paOXtjv an6ppotav 9vunepEu4apevo; eiS KwvatavrtvoonoXty yappp6v eKeivw dcpUXat;aro t:v rot; t6tc xatpotS, tobS dv t0 AuppaX(() 6vGo0vtaS dpapavc nXourou Epwtt, 6notoS dKeivoS nXouTav 6vttxpuc T& totaOta pr1 KopcvvuxcvoS. Ka.VTc0OEV fi n6Xtg KaKUvOeiaa Kai tf navu yevva[wS c vttayo(Saa 25 ua?o xai ptXa KaK(tZS EnaOev ttpnptjapotS tc Kai XotnotS Kaxoi;, 6n6aa (pt? ct avSptceaOat n6XEpoS ou crr1w6pevoc d)Ad npo(3tja6pevoS Kai ltKat1jaWV 234r I

cp60w Tob; Icpct;fjS. Otitw Sd &XWKUta Tj Totautrl n6XtS tt0p67jac pev Fl; noXb p. 424 B. Kai ilpaS Kai 6aot 6t 6XXot Tb Euentxe[pTITOV TOO LtKET Suanpaytjpato; i paOov oOS lXbnet Kai i1 TOO dcyaOo6 atpatrlyoI 'Iwavvou TOO Bpava tcataaXcalc, SS

30 ob noXbv neptxe[pcvoS arpatbv Kilt 6µ(0S ei; (pu)LaKily Too (ppoup[ou aapapuaOeiS (µ6µ(p TOG paatXewS 'Av6povtKou )U Kai npo36'71S emKXTj0cic Kai Etc.xcipac oKE[v(p nea(bV (17[axOE[T1 TOO t f v napfiXOTi T Tijs n6XEwS C? cbott Ets EtKEX[aV aix1::: wtoS.

5 rptnxoalmv Hom. Od. 13, 390,

11.

8, 233.

18 lkelpWev Ps. 104, 30. Cfr.

Eust. op. 313, 19. 4 li1KeTOev Ewg Kai es trly KaO' ilpas MaKCSOVtKfiV ob8ev abtots OSotS 71po-

atartl aKwX.ov EIS epn68tov, dXXa rotSto Tas dndvtwv puXaS etoipous i cvrr c e

rwv xar' abtaS dnaXXatteaOat awpatwv, ofs etapaXOrlaav. 06K Earl yap 8nou auvrjvtetO tt Setpa eKEivots, ob ptya, ob ptxpov, ob p6aov, dXX' (u; Std Xefwv ne3iwv norapos itXiiOuiv kctvos 6 neC,Os Kat6ppcE aTpaTos, go); tipiv 10 aUV611tE,CV iaKUXTOc. 'O St yE VaUtIKOS ThV OIKEIaV TpanoltevoS, En?EEe auv-

eXEuaopEVOs i`v xatprp µepltatS Kai Kopu(p(iiawv iil1TV Ei; i.ya to KaKOV. ilptpas ttvas, et; otpai Ttva Tfs re KaO' tiµaS p. 425 B. Kai bat prlac roD O1b0EVEtag Tfjs TE KaT' a&TObg IaxOOc, ra&T7lc 1t6V Ws, einep opots eiri 0ov fipty, o0K IN O0Se yOOV 11taV i1116pav dVTeaXO,EV, eKeiVTjs St, on Kai 110VOV To 15 TOD arpatob 1tEptKaOtipevov Exovicec, OOTws apcTCSVTES fpev cGb (pa0Xop aTpa-

rrly(it, cbs 11r1SE1ttav ec6popily Ttva xar' abtov yevta0at arpanwrlxily, dXXa qrn) atteaOat T4S 071y1 robs eKetVOU etc 66vo6ptov anpovolteutov xai otov pti naOety xoXOpwaty. Kai 6 µev 7tc O; Xao; neptcKaOtae Ka0' &ipav aptarou Tily KaO' iipas 7t620 Xtv, Abyobatou Inivoc 6.yovroS EKrtly f}ptpaV, < KaO' liv fi Metapop(pwats TotS Ewrfjpoc f pbv 6 Se V(IUTIKOS Kata 'r v n6pMi1V Kai FlcKatr v T1S vfjas eXgi vtac >, Ka0' f}v ti EvSot;oS icotµilatc rfy nav8yvou Oeo rfitopoc µvil-

povebEtat. Kai tote Sij obxttt (peuKta i v ijpiv, 6XX' of ayXtvobarepot npoewpGSvro oia nctaovrat, 871ou ye ouKOUV OXiyot Kai npo ToOt(ov auvetiipwv 25 To ptXXov, 7EokkcLX60ev aOTO TEKpatpopevot. 'HpctS yoly, (p06aavTes riiv T(GV noXepiwv E(po6ov, robs boot pe0' iipbv Tfjs KwvatavrtvouitO)Lcuis >Tjaav r6KVa Ets TObc tautu'Sv, ob povov OSotnoptov evSatlrtXeuaapevot &XXa Tt

xai TGSv es xapty paOuTtpas yvwpil;, (bq abrot OavaT(O dnoXobpevot. Kai Trov l v Oec a)OViKiI S6 nVas, ofs obSev >*jv Epyou, a)LX' ii povov (papo;, pouXiiv 30 atTiia(1vtas, 06K tKpuyrapcOa 8 8CLXt zv iipty enfj)Oe xa1napaippiiaapev (puXd-

4aa0at, xai t'(puXaxGrjaav. Kat tiv pev to npaypa Kai fiVTV e(petov, ofa 10c?o4ruXotSaty, eneaXe91lpev Se SuoTv EvetcEV, wS Soicty o0cc yap 6 atpamTlyos p.426B. 7tpoeOupliOtl awOfjvat tipas St' atttav, i v cbs Oupoaopcp bcefvtp eiS6vat pov(p 8 Oattp(p toly noSoty Cfr. Nicet. Choniat. 411, 12. 12 Ocrttptae pr.m. 10 Fors. corrigendum Kai abTbv. 20 Inter KTrty fiptpav et xa0' fiv ij EvSot;o; Kofprlats tflc navdyvou 0eopi7TOpoc pvrjpovebeta( lacunam esse manifestum est. Assumptio enim deiparae non sexto sed quindecimo die mensis Augusti

celebratur. Supplevi ex Hs, quae loco inferiore (p. 94, 8) dicit: Kai Kat( Tfiv ntpntrly Kai Sex4Trly, &C e p o t K K c t T a t, too Abyouatou t64 vflat XtpevfaavTec.

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speed with which Dyrrachion was captured struck terror into The those round about as far as Thessaloniki, together with the fact that, a phrase to illustrate the swiftness of the catastrophe, to coin each of the enemy had stepped into Illyria with one foot* and had then leaped with the other right into that well-defended city. And what made the spirits of everyone ready to take leave of their bodies, in which they already found themselves so disturbed, was that from there as far as our own Makedonia there was no obstacle to their progress. Nothing which they encountered, great or small or of moderate size, caused them the least fear, but like a great river swelling over level plains the army flowed over the land, until without being disturbed it The fleet followed its own direction, sailing to came to join us. meet its partners in the enterprise at the right time, and thus bringing the catastrophe which was coming upon us to a head. It arrived a few days after the army, which I believe to be a sign of our weakness and of their strength: of the latter, because if they had attacked us together, we would not have withstood them for even one day, and of the former because, when we were besieged only by the foot soldiers of paltry commander by not the army, we showed our bravery under our making a single sortie against them with our forces, which were kept intact, as if to keep them from suffering any damage so that they could be enlisted in the service of the king of Sicily. 55. The foot soldiers disposed themselves around our city about the time of the morning meal on the 6th of August,* on which day the Transfiguration of our Saviour is celebrated, and the fleet entered the harbour on the 15th, the day on which the glorious Koimesis of the Mother of God is commemorated. There was no possibility of any escape people had seen what was about to then, but the shrewdest for us happen to them; many had in fact previously realised what the future held for them, basing their judgement on many signs. In our own case, anticipating the arrival of the enemy, we sent those who were with us giving them being children of Constantinople* to their own families, but also a certain not only a liberal provision for the journey, since we believed ourselves to be deeper expression of affection, about to die. And when some of the people of Thessaloniki who were we did not hide capable of nothing except fear asked us for counsel, and urged them to save the apprehension which had come upon us, the course which we And this was themselves, and they did so. ourself thought desirable and longed to follow, but there were two held us back. Our general did not express reasons which, in my view, any desire that we should save ourself, for a reason which was granted 54.

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35 auvOriµa, Kai trly n6Xty EK ttbv 5uaµ60ev µcydXwv nuXrbv Ttw; Kai E; SXriv Tily 7 Tpuyiac Ps. 74, 9. Cfr. Eust. op. 137, 39.Suda 6 rpuyiaq TS axatov Tfc 6pytS.

83 QtpfiiKcS Hom. ii. 16, 259. Eust. Schol. ibid. p. 1058, 32.

9 ncputctpaµevot T.S. 11 BuCdvtou cod. T.em.B. 25 1 ttptt T.S. Aptpa cod. B. 80 ttyav cod. T.em.B. II axt85Etov cod. 82 aepi cod. T.S. em. B.

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understand; and the only to his own inward intelligence to congregation of the Lord there made it clear that they would not remain if we departed in flight, thus closing the gates before us* and preventing us from being willing to save ourself. This was how the situation appeared to be. But in fact, as God willed it, it was otherwise; for He wished to punish us for our sins against Him, but also to act kindly towards us by not casting us into It seems that if we had set foot only a the hands of Andronikos. short distance outside the boundaries of Thessaloniki, we would not have lived, but the dregs of his wrath would have been vomited forth upon us. And if there was a third divine objective, that our remaining there should be for the benefit of those of our brethren who this is something which those who lived escaped with their lives, through it with God's help have learned. Our remaining in the city was not like the previous occasion when we decided to remain there, when the Latin ships* in the course of their departure from Byzantion sailed against us, which was a beginning of our misfortunes. This and we remained in enterprise was also directed against Andronikos, our place. But it turned out to be only a sample of what was to giving us an indication of the way in which the Latins would follow, later strive to overrun us, and it did not excite much fear. By contrast the recent events were, alas, excessively agonising and

fearful for us.

But this is something of a digression from the narrative. Their cavalry and their fleet now held the city enfolded as it were in their and the incapacity of our general now became apparent, embrace, although it had not been completely hidden previously, as our account will soon demonstrate. In the first place, when the enemy was not far away, some of our soldiers who were eager to show their valour (for their commander was good only at sleeping) made a sally and captured one man, whom they dressed up in a fine set of military equipment (this was not his own, for he was but a light-armed soldier, but some Then they paraded him through the middle of the city in of theirs). great delight, as if they had captured someone of great importance; and our general and Doux* wrote to the emperor that the battle was going well for us. On the second day after this there was another expedition, and they caught, not a man this time but two wretched horses and a soldier's headgear; the owner of this had made his leaving it as a sort of ransom for his pursuers. And then escape, there were great celebrations in the city, and the captive nags were admired as if their acquisition was a great event, and the headcovering was raised up on a military standard, as if it was a prize of the highest value. Then our wretched leader wrote again to the emperor that we were prospering in the war. But from that time onwards our enemies on land were stirred up and flew against us swiftly like wasps; previously they had been putting off any actwaiting for their fleet in accordance with their plan; but now ion, they moved swiftly towards the city and surrounded it without warning, from the great gates on the west as far as the whole area of the 56.

Eustathios

70

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The Capture of Thessaloniki

71

acropolis. There was an encounter there between two of the Latin horsemen of the nation of the Prebentzounoi,* who provided a large and courageous contingent to follow the Sicilian army, and a larger and the number, more than ten, of our own men. No one was killed, Latins put up a good fight and escaped death. Again there was a third report to the emperor, 'Thanks to your Majesty's supplications and the Imperial good fortune, we have been victorious in the third battle' - although I cannot say who it was that we had conquered. Our commander at first wanted to include reports of these three victories in one communication, to save expense and post horses, for he kept a tight rein over his outlays. But what incited him to raise the victory cry over this matter of expenditure was his wish to make a The situation itself of necessity controlled fool of the emperor. him, for Andronikos hated him as he did the rest of those who were of illustrious families, and.David returned this hatred with an almost equal intensity. He used to declare that every day he lived in fear lest someone should come flying from the Great City to put out his And once he said that be would be the son of a harlot* if ever eyes. shaming in his heart that honourable he returned to Constantinople, woman his mother. In this way he made it clear that he would prefer to be somewhere else, choosing a lesser evil instead of a greater one, and preferring any imaginable fate to that of living without sight.* Such were his actions; and without paying any close attention to 57. the situation of the city he persuaded Andronikos most cunningly that that the city was being kept completely safe, all was well with us, and that nothing was lacking that was necessary for it, whether protecting towers, machines for hurling stones, walls well built up and a circumvallation at full strength, weapons in good order and in plentiful supply, or anything else. What he wrote was false, and benefited only himself. It could not be tested, because no one knew what he was writing, and so none could speak, or dared to speak; and so he continued to persuade the emperor of this, to our misfortune. He was so concerned to inspire the emperor with confidence that we would come to no harm because he needed to remain in sole charge of our affairs, and he had to prevent the leadership being given to any one else to save the situation. For then he would have been deprived of his command and would have fallen into the hands of Andronikos, who would have crushed him long before if the Sebastokrator* Manuel had not, in the manner of a woman, intervened and spoken well of him and which did not bring peace to us, but stirred up everything saved him, into a tempest. -

Eustathios

72

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2 pr. m. 4vtuv8ucvot

Cfr. Pyth. 14, 4 (Vors. 197, 33). Eust. op. 95, 17; 259,92.

9 nupynpooOv cod. em. T.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

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men who were fighting on the walls, and two larger ones, one of which was called, in a bold phrase, 'daughter of the earthquake'; and they appointed some men to fill the fosse, which was an obvious point of and others who knew how to overthrow the outer attack, with rubble, wall and how to attack and undermine the main wall and bring it down. These set about their labours with the greatest energy and could not be held back from their work; and ahead of them there came frequent showers of missiles from all the rest. In the late afternoon they beached their ships,, and the next morning they commenced the assault vigorously. All along the western side, including the whole circuit of the acropolis, (for they covered an area in the form of a sickle stretching from the sea to the gate* there), they caused us no great trouble and did us no great damage, The whole of the city next but the fighting on the east was savage. was free from fighting. This was, in the first place, to the sea* because it was summer, and the waters of the sea did not reach the wall, so there was no depth of water close to the fortifications; as a result, those on the sea walls and those who were approaching from the sea were not fighting on equal terms. Secondly, our enemies were experienced in warfare, and took care to pour in their blows with greater force at the part of the city which was suffering most. They realised that they could do us harm from that direction, and that they could conduct a successful siege there because there was deep water near the shore and ships could easily be brought in close at that point; and the wall was not free from defects, having been constructand lacking strength and solidity, ed unskilfully in the beginning, and in recent times not well maintained by our noble commander.* 60. David indeed resembled a physician in attendance upon a patient who is sick but whom he does not wish to restore to health, so that he makes no effort to cure the disease. No one who had any knowledge of the situation can fail to be convinced that David seems to have behaved very much in the manner of a traitor in relation to us except perhaps for those who feel more strongly, and after weighing up the evidence would have no reservations at all about classing him as a For apart from the formal agreements and well known public traitor. statements of which many accuse him, the man behaved like a traitor in all other respects. Like a man who is an open traitor he neglected and despised the common good and looked only to his own welfare; and he proposed that everyone else should be lost, and only his own interests should continue to be considered. The soldiers complained that our machines for hurling stones were not satisfactory because they did not have the range to reach the enemy, but he made no attempt to correct the fault, saying, 'What can I do about it?' This seemed a sufficient reply to this elegant Pythagorean,* who was giving the impression of being a shrine of silence through 'holding his peace' for the most part; and besides this, he kept a check upon his utterances towards those who were lying in ambush to catch him, and so he remained inscrutable in his wickedWhen he heard that the wall of ness and deep in his dissemblings. circumvallation was in danger of being taken because of its unsound

Eustathios

76

EXEty Kai

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Xpopptjpwv einot av avtjp. 'Enla.etnbvtwv 6icT6uv Tot; t~'ni tiuV TEtX(wV, ijv Kai ES(SOu µn- p. 484 B. PEXbV f ti otS. 'O 89 Kai nwO (ilv abTobq c ipot b SEv Kai tj n6Xts EKapvev. 'EKX zco pn (avf Kai AV avayKa(a emnotnOfivat Kai 5 E;i;ntctto E;bXov a Kai noO av Ein auto ;» napEXaXEt. 'EpavOavk tt5 aAXo Tt EVSety Tbv 8e6vtwv Kai eXaXEt Kai ijv TnvtxaOta 6 Kata napotpiav Etyllx fjpws c6pu(36aS Kai flnetXEtto Kata nXrlybv, xata Ke(paXfj , Kata oppatwV, Kata oKo)LontapoO, Cl plj natiaotvto XaXety of totoiTol, Stopvutcvos Fig niatty ataecpaS anciXfis 43aalX.t d v KE(paXijv. T(bv tic ft oU n(VU TOG StjiOu Kai 10 KaTEayf Tf g Kc(paXfic, Ta nepi to npOawnov p638() it? yeiS, 8tt to aTpaTrlytKh (pauXwS i vepyobpcva Katcpeptyato. Kai T(Ov i3Xen6vTwy obSEis ob3e yoyyuaat TsT6XpnKc. EtpaTlaitat Se nappnalac6pcvot Kai open XaXOOVTES EV µ6vov npbs TOG at6nou f KouoV, ws ott, Katat6nta EiXTlX6tEs, ZKeiae Kai µ6vov noVEiaOat &VayKT(V EXOoat, 70L 90V Se TI ptj ncptcpya. caOat, El pil Kaxa aipoivto 15 nciacaeat. Etcov rsnapKEacty tfi n6Xet 6(pciXlov, 6 S' bS toaoOcov a.ntpEXnaEV, EauT(O i.IEV XaI3 TOG toto coU KaXOG nXOOTOV naXbV nEptObaOat, 06 Tt 6 a6XtOS anwvaTO ; Tfi ft n6Xet EyKaTaaTTlaal Xtp6v, d c, d ilii taXO KaTganaacv 6 T6uV noXEµiwv ai&npO;, aXXf Xour &v KtVSuVEOaaL Katacpaycty.

rt-fOVE Kai XEucav3piaS Tt n6Xet tavtt aittog. IIXnphaac yap Iv noXXois 20 tas Xeipas (bV obK 9Xpf v, acpict TOi; Ee.),Oyta( XEtnOTaKTEtV Kai (pdbyetV Tiiv

natpi6a, onot (iobXotvto. I Kai of i3apbnXoutot neplnotobpevot of co t6 alit- 236v t;Eaeat anet$Xouv Kai Tt XETpoV. MtaOapvoOvtcs yap tbv Snpottxbv, Saot p. 486 B. Sel toi tas Xetpac Kai (3plapoi 0608ov Tc KaTcveyKEty Kai Xieov paxpav a(petvat Kai piXavfiv StaXetpiaaaOat Kai vcupav tvtctvat Kai (3aXEty, It E25 X66pouv tflS natpi&oc Kai a6Tiiv pbv arteatepouv otito)S apUVTripwv, tautots SE 6aa Kai atpaTrlyots EnetOOV rOto&rOV aKOXOuOEty atpaT6v, S(bpotS 7cEiOovtcs. Kay tic abTu') bnriy6pcuae, Kai ptXtata yE tjpetS 01 if nave Tt SE816teS, (bg o6K dtya06v tff n6XEt to oOtw yevea0at, aXX' EvtaOOa ObK AV 9opnt6s 6 avfip, aXEt?tagwv Kai SuaavaaXETbv ei pep(pOe(n wS nepubwv yevoptvriv 30 ol$Tw tilt/ n6Xty xt:vav8pov. TO 59 Srj Kopu(patov rzv tots xa0' fipag tobtotc Kaxotc Kai f Toy dvayKatotatou GSatoS E K%cttytc AV. `n; yap tj tff s aKpon6XEwS Sel apevri apyb; !:K paxpoO eiXc Kai bXpfiv 3vanoll)Of'vat abtfiv gKOepaneuOEtaav Ma Xp6v(p KatanEn6VTETo, £yfvcto ToOTo p6%tS pev, aXX' oiv. Kai ttc ttV tff 6 atpaTleS, obK 35 dcpavfiS, Agwv AV l xetvoy 6 Mal t3dt, anoScE apcvoS tO npaypa Kai dnalvr=ni xaK(S ljpettp(il b7toX6t4euanc Kat(0. At St OK Tf S ileya),rl; pilxavlj; netpat Tdq TE bnax?;Etg xatrlpctnov xai eybpvouv To tetxoc (pu)taxwv itoxkat Se Kai unepnEtavv0pEval KaTO7ttntov Eaw, itotol3aat rtva SEIV& Kai abtai. A16 Kai TEtxOS

Etepov avtavaatfaat teXstljaavtcS xai ij6l1 Kai Iyxetpf aavtsS o{ Ka6' f tic 1 rp6Kral. Horn. Od. 14, 280; 15, 416. Ibid. Schol. 1757, 51 Cfr. supra p. 82, 24. 9 xap8tmra4. Cfr. Eust. op. 46, 10. 12 gKpako tvou. Cfr. Eust. op. 62, 17 ; 89, 4 ; 188, 39 ; 194, 77 ; 215, 56 ; 216, 35. Alciphro 3, 64, 2. 22 EiKriw. Cfr. Eur. Med. 1162. II tµno8i[wv taxcSac Aristoph. Eq. 755. H.

18 4aa6ptov cod.

19 &pXiTlKtwp cod. T.S. em. B.

22 taX65oc cod.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

97

These 'nibblers of the wall',* if we may so call them, approached the wall and set about cutting their way into it, being protected from behind it by others who were shooting upwards from below. They worked hurrying to make a hollow so that they could move inside with energy, and deepen it, and could then pierce through the wall at their leisure and swiftly bring down a whole stretch of it at once, and they were successful in this attempt. Their heads and a part of their backs were hidden, but the rest of each man's body projected a little beyond No one had noticed what was happening until Basileios the wall. Tzyskos* of Thessaloniki was strong enough and brave enough to bend He, although he was suffering from down outside the wall and see it. a stomach-ache, ran at full speed to the commander's chief personal* servant, poured out his news in distress and appealed to him to put an end to this threat. But this man turned out to be an apt pupil who and he had easily assimilated the teaching of our noble commander, declared that action should be deferred until the next day, when the and could then be enemy would be cooped up inside their excavation, easily suffocated within it by burning brushwood; just as a hunter who has his quarry before him on the open plain might let it go and wait until it returns to its cave, preferring to hunt it there, in the manner of those who work with bees and capture them within their nests. 78. Such was the strategy devised by the commander's chief servant. But his leader David played another game. Hearing that a tunnel was being driven into the wall from outside, he commanded, 'You must also And after opening his mouth to drive a tunnel through from within.'* this extent he sat gaping thereafter, like a statue rather than a man, he was playing bob-fig'* in the words of the comic poet. By as if this useless wagging of his tongue he gave the impression that if he had heard that the wall was being pelted from outside with stones, he would have said, 'Hurl stones against it also from within.' Such games were the death of us, while his concern was only to escape the and when the man emperor, who was not well disposed towards him; should have been wakeful he lay idle, a sluggard, to use the old Yet in his other undertakings he had stood up well and expression. was clear-headed; he paid careful attention to what he set out to do, and did not give up until he had completed it in a capable manner. 79. In this way there was treacherously granted to our enemies the the wall, to our facility to hew away from below at the stones of And the stones from the great siege engine sent the destruction. battlements tumbling and denuded the wall of guards, while many of them flew over it and fell within the city, causing great damage there also. Our men had planned the construction of a second wall,* and 77.

Eustathios

98

&nETpEnOVrO.'ESc6(caav yap of TEtXo7totoi tong 67rcpTEXXOVTas nt'rpouq, ou

Tavta),etov rautiIv gpavraaiav 6vElponoXo6vTcc, &XXd npoorrtov EXOVtcS T6 KaK6v. 'EvOa Kai it ycXotov auvEneacv, Ei rt Xpii TOYS ntxpot; yXEUKaCovta

auyxtpv&v Eippw rE {atop{a; Kai iva ptl 6 pavOdvwv Td tca0' ijpa; axpatw; 5 naOa{votro. 'Hv pev yap noXtrtKov iuatijplov tj TOO 2EiXouc &vtavaataaiS, V,acpp{av SE tic uvw na&uwv I4E(36tiaE To!; EXOpoic ?inpaxta pwpoiS IKe{vouS noVEiaOat KaTd TOO TEiyOU;, EawOEV dVTCyctpOµEVOU ErEpou. "OS Si{ XAyog

Kai paXXov lj tf npoc 3Xcoycv. 'Apata yap Td npO Toinou dCptevrcS 'COO; retXOaE{araS XiOOUS Of Ei;Q, i;nUKVOUV ai/tOUS EKTOtC, iEO' ljpEpaV TE O3Tw pX610 7trovtcS l pflc Kai OUSE VUKTOS (3dXXOVTEs) pEXT1 avt vtES Std T1ug µEyia'Tlg ]Ii]- p. 466 B. XaVu1S' KaO' Tlg i3pct5 kaki sctvt£g 6)5 SEIvflg, Et nwg &71OKpOUaO£{Tj p117aVtKU)C,

Too Ka0' Tjpwv tc{vea0at, >:aocpia0ijpev cig paOt)aty Et; dya8ijs xcipaX ijg, dxoiu-

aavtes tus n6Xtg £K Tota6T1y nh'pa; ou (3k6nrctat. Ti Se ; &)X iucpcXEttat, w aocpr; prjXav&q 94ouOEvo0v ; 'AXXd avv{aiarat ; OOxouv ndvt og. Ouxouv 15 To &vanaXty, EiyE xai xapappintErat OUTCO to IpupvOTara. Einopcv ftictg

oiitcg Kai 6 XOyog c1Kj &it ppcuac Kai a6t6;. Kai >:Xunouv pi;v TiiV 7t6Xty Kai td ptxpa 7ctpop6Xa, outw SE4IC6S 06.XXOVta, tbg Kai tofu; poS{OUS, of nXO{wV {aTOt; IVSESEptVOt jsT! opOt EKpuntOV EvSov 11v6pag, dcoOOTacg EKEi©EV KatanEpnetV Td pXdnTOVTa, aUVEXGI; EUaKOnu

20 paXXcty xai KataKXaV Kai &ywva nap,`XEty tots paXilTaTS 9KEiOcv StelXcicOat 71aav fttU. TOtaOTa (bad Kai 3EXT1 viiniwv 7CpOg Ti v 1241Y Kdtw Kai ptitEpa jEyaAT>v pTIXavi v napapaXXdp£va, Et Tt Xptj EK TOO aOtpoO atpati)'OO nopiaaaOa{ It v6Tipa, 6g TOUS EKEtOEV tnatplEl1EVOUS X{OOUS tEOTl7rd; Tott xTO-

nou < 6KOUE Ti v ypatav » i XE'EV, &naOrjs OOTw it Kai p£rpto; 6v xai Tl V Ope-

25 tyapsvi)v patav, otpat, Soxtilv, naOatvop, viiv tit' a6TC) Kai KXaiSe xai WAG); tKC1vo; riiv cppfiaty dT; Iv pEranotijcEt « Kaouaav. pvct f ypaia naXty» i?poyyiXaXct. 'Ancipo{pat;£ U &pa 6 Xoyog outog Kata it p. 456 B nuOwvtKOV 6-3 f nptapUtdTii OEaaa%OV(Ki 7Ep6; Et&oXa KapOVTwV OlX£Tat,

KUOct xai naXat nott, wS 94 {aropia; xai Et; Kai faav of XiOot 30 6xpt3ws &vSpaXOcic, 6noioug Kard TGTV ap(p{ Toy 'OSuaaea o{ AatcTpuyovcc, SIEXEIpiiOVTO.

Tou toivuv xaxOO Katw p,'V &vaatopoOvtog Eis &l;to)oyov Xaapa T?iv too TEixoucc atcyav6TTita, &vw S£ TOtoOtots X10otg sic tpOpov ptacopevou,

2 Tavriketo; ipavtaota. Cfr. Eust. op. 155, 28 ; 349, 14. II np6ontov Cfr. HeroG dnpaxta. Vd. supra 451, 14. dian. 7 (4,4). 10 (3i? ovtc;). Cfr. Eur. Iph. T. 318 f pei 5' o0K 1 vtcpcv ntTpou; (3 i)iovte;. 19 cGaKOna. Cfr. Regel 61, 25 ; 89. 8. tniaxona 21, 5 24 dKouc Tnv ypaiav. Cfr. Nicet. Chon. 387, 14 sq. 27 8ncytoi(3af;e. Cfr. Eust. op. 260, 8. 28 ct8wXa Kaj6vTwv Hom.11. 23, 72. 30 &v8pax0ei; Horn. Od. 10, 121. H. Cfr. Eust. op. 179, 80 ; 209, 7 ; 255, 42. 82 BvaaTotoOvtos Cfr. Eur. Cycl. 357. 1 uncpttXovtac cod.

12 Ka0' fipuc T.B.S.

16 otStw T.

18 diarot; cod. T.B.S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

99

about building it, but because of this they were had already set forced to desist, since the builders were reduced to a state of terror by the stones which appeared overhead; and this was not a punishment of Tantalos* which their imagination was creating in a dream, but a danger which was in full view for them. There also occurred at this time a ridiculous thing, and perhaps one should mix a little sweetness with the bitter sequence of our history, so that those who receive an account of our affairs may not be subjected to an impression of unmixed suffering. The building of this extra defensive wall was a secret within the 80. city until someone, in a spirit of levity, shouted down at the enemy that they were fools to labour against the wall to so little purpose, since another was rising up inside it. These words caused us even more harm, since whereas the enemy had previously fired only a few stones large enough to injure the wall, they increased the number from this point onwards, and not only did us damage by day, but even at We had night continued hurling missiles from their largest catapult. been discussing the terrible effect of this, and wondering if there was any contrivance which could prevent it from being aimed at us, when our ignorance was enlightened by information from our good heard that the city was not being damaged by such leader, and we perhaps - you expert in stones. Well, they were doing it some good, 'But the city stands unharmed.' reducing siege engines to nothing! the opposite is true, when our points of strength are 'No indeed, being overthrown in this way.' This was what we said, but that approach also proved to be fruitless. 81. The small catapults also caused damage to the city with their accurate aim, like the barrels which were tied to the masts of the ships high up, and hid men within them who kept shooting from there to harm us, firing with a permanently good view of their targets and weakening the combatants on our side by forcing them to spread out But these missiles were like the efforts of below and seek safety. children compared with those hurled by the great siege engine, their if we may adopt a sentiment belonging to our clever commander mother, who, in amazement at the crashing of the stones fired from it, used to cry, 'Listen to the old Woman,' remaining impassive and calm and, I impression that the nurse who reared him was believe, giving the suffering and weeping because of him. And he adopted a Lakonian* turn of speech for the sake of variation, when be used to mutter hoarsely, 'The Old Woman is getting tired.' But these words were a prophetic* utterance, in the manner of the Delphian priestess, meaning that the ancient city of Thessaloniki was going to join the shades of the dead, as it had once previously, a story which has come down to us in history.* The stones which this machine was firing were fully as much as a as great as those which the Laistrygonians* used man could lift, against Odysseus and his men.

Eustathios

100

6KX6t;et To Kai to6; n6Sa; Kai Ta unepOev naOov xat nwS eni y6vu auvtt;avet, T6, yE npa5ta EU1lrix6vw; auvc rtr1K6;, Ew; at iev 5itopt ttovte;, TSV Kat' allto6; ficO))ov &rivuK6TE;, anoKat9aTllaaV Tats TGSV auµ(3apf36p(Ov aKT1Vat;, Ta Se bnOpc 3)vr1116Va eic Epetaµa Tq Stopnyij KatEKal>, w; Soovat t6nov evteo5 OEV Tq KataKOll'EI Too Te(xoU;. Ovnep oiitw; 67ToKXt06vto; EiS tXaylaaiOv, ao 3atvet tb eKeivou (iKpov Statpe0fjvat avwOEV Ew; Kai Katw, EvOa nw; eyxw-

xtvotOto y(ovtouµevov, Kai StaXavety EiS i)µetepov 640pov. Too yap auv5eTlxoo napa?.uOtvto; eipµoo, Eaxtato eE avayKrlS, btt µ115e E1Xev Tj eXOµtVr1 f pii aOat, ti}S ex ir? ay{wv unev6o6ar1S Kata papo;, a)J' n1,.EUp6 ev 10 l KnE t\vaaa Tt 9CIUTij;,

enaico? o00EtV KataKxl0C[o 1 Tq yE{TOVI' Kai

outw Xelaµrlµa xaO' 11µ(,5v 'At5ou EupuvOev KateanaKCV Fig X60; atpuyetov. 'Hv Se 6 r61roq onto; 7t pyo; Xaµat&pdKovto; entK)LT10Ei; t(j xaxOvtt p. 457 B. entoTaTety 96V ye TOt; aµ(p' aUTOV 06K aEpyOt; aTpaTIWTtKOt;, aV5pi T6-CF µtv TaKTIK(j, Uatcpov Kai ao1ut6vcp 7111ty 8; µ6vo;,r@v TW o)V SvaxcOeic T[j n6)let,

15 Tb p Iv (patv61lcvov Kata v6cOV, sta.?o; 56 npOµrlOEtg 0E[;1 Kai auvacOXe6 ov

f ttv napi Yopa, Op{2;, S (party, ava µtaov Kai E(3?Enc Oavatov, et if t6 Tfjs Tptxb; Eai)TTK ypaµµtKOV 01a Kai E1; Tt 7Txat6 inL7CESOV µel; StaatflaavTE;, th a tcO6Seuccv 6 tfj; ao(pia; Oe6;, Kai napaTE{vaVTE; Katp6v, St' o15 6 3apaaptK6; eµaX6xOr1 Ouµ6;, QUVETE4aaLtcV Tt Kai a6TOt T6 aVOp(il71(0 Cl; TO Ka-

20 %Ov AS dptt Exet Too toivuv teiXouc eKetvou iraO6vto; (ii; Ena9EV, enctnep f µtpa &e(pauae Xaaµa 01 Te eXOpOt OL TE fiµe&nOt, eKe1VO1 µeV Kai E180V tb eKetaE auve)CaaKOV Or1pt(o5ub; Too Xotnoo Ka0' ijµ(bv, >5µty ft auµµOaaat E6µnaaa ExXEta0r1 ekni;. Kai AV µev to npb to6tou Opaau; 6 atpatrlYO; Ko1l7 ,)V 242r 25 npb; To6S Ely stSOTaC tO TEtxo; 06K EU netTEaOat (5;, El Kai KatanEadltat, I

5µw; autos entX ySrly Kptva; tob; aptatou; tfj; atpatta; TeixO; at8i pcoV avttatflaet, to ex tuhv bnX(uv, Kai Ew; Kai EiS tEaaapaxovta ilµepas (p0) al Eatat Tij; n6Xew;, T6TE Se 6 µeXpt X6you Opaau; 0114; vwp tij Too tetxou; ijE,Et 81EK67Ci3 tdSV a6Xljp6Twv Kai µi1 µevwv 6 auto; Eµna?ty e56veuacv. 'Aµa 30 yap 86pu eaKtlpato noXeµtKbv tni TOO Pilyµato; avapptXrlaaµevou thiv Ttvo; nXtwiµwv, oii; aV5ptKO6; Ta TotaOTa xai 8c toO; ij too Et(pa.vtou vao; lnxdi)itc p. 468 B. nctpaTT1S Se 6 El(p6.VT0;, &6)v

TOt; EtKE)IOtS Kata ttva OT1TpriV

tf v auv864aaav' 85 Kai iIµa; U65V 1 &?Ld ct. Cfr. Heliod. Aeth. 9, 4.

,rltsov yap outw;, eni vetii; tij;

6-7 tyXcoxtvo0To. Cfr. Eust. Schol. 563,17; 1350,21.

11 Xaaµgµa. Cfr. Aristoph. Av. 61. II Xdo; 6Tp6yctov. Cfr. Hes. Theog. Scho!. ad v. 116. 16 6pi(; dvd ptaov. Eust. op. 232, 68 ; 249, 37. Paroem. Ap. V111 92b (11458 ), Theocr. 14, 9. Cfr. Eust. Schol. ad It. 10 173 (p. 796, 57). 22 Xapdvctov Xdalla. Cfr. Eust. op. 310, 50.

28 pgtflv(op Hom. I!. 7, 228 ; Od. 4, 5. H. Regel, 21, 22. 9 t waftVt45Tt cod. 1:yKaOeat it T.H.S.

18 LpsOMEucrev cod.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

101

82.* Our evil fate therefore was causing the bottom of the wall to be while the top of it was being opened up into an enormous chasm, attacked and shaken with stones; so it began to sink, being so damaged at the foot and above, and to settle on to its knees, as it were, it had been well at first constructed and compacted although Then those who had been mining beneath it, having completed together. their task, retreated to their fellow-barbarians' tents, and the props put in to support the tunnel through the wall were set on fire, with the aim of achieving its collapse. And since it was now leaning an acute angle, at it happened that its peak was split from top to bottom where it projected into a corner, and it gaped widely, to our For once the materials which held the wall together destruction. were loosened it could do nothing but crack asunder, because the neighbouring part could not remain fixed in a standing position while that which was to the side of it had given way under its own weight; and first of all a little of it flew off, and then the rest followed after its recumbent neighbour. And so a chasm of Hades gaped open against us, and drew us down into a barren chaos.* 83. This place was the tower of Chamaidrakon. It took its name from the man to whom, together with a band of active soldiers, the command of it had been assigned. At that time he was a soldier, but later he was a fellow-sufferer with us. He alone of all the others had been kept within the city, from sickness as it appeared at first, but in fact through Divine providence; and in striving to bring succour to us he would have been, as they say, within a hair's breadth* of seeing death, if it had not been that we took the line of this hair and, so extended the breadth of its surface according to the plan to speak, devised by the God of wisdom, and by stretching out the time during which the rage of the barbarians became less harsh, we played a part in achieving for this man the boon of life which he now possesses. Then, after that wall had met its fate, 84. when day dawned and the enemy and our men saw the gulf of Charon* which had appeared there, the former ravened after us all the more voraciously, while we were struck dumb as we saw all hope shut off from us. our commander had until that time been full of valour, and he had been bragging to those who knew only too well that the wall was doomed, that if it were to fall, he himself would select a picked band of the best men from the and would oppose the enemy with a wall of iron made from their army, weapons, and would stand guard over the city, even as long as forty days. But now that the wall had been broken, this 'breaker of men',* so valiant in words, cut short his boastings, and without abiding by them made his escape in the opposite direction. 85. For as soon as he saw an enemy spear appearing at the breach in the ramparts, as one of the crew of the ship of Siphantos, brave men all of them and competent in such circumstances, scrambled over them (Siphantos was a pirate who had agreed to join the Sicilians after entering into a compact with them; and it was he who took us prisoner and showed us hospitality, for so we must call it, upon his ship, as

Eustathios

102

xat' ait6v, 6s Kai OnoKarapavrEs Xoy(p ppaXi napaattla6NEOa ), &µa yoOv oiiTwg EtSEV 6 tpEaas DautS Kai 6pa icatoltty paXthv T&g (tvSptKC1S UnoaXE6et;

Kai Tel; Teaaapaxovta ilj.tepas cis oiSE XenT6V auateiXag (7ipag, 956tt;e ictacppeva Tot; ZyOpot;. Kai tC`uv atpattwtlxc-0v (pwvoI vTwv XEWCpopoupeVi] pO1j

6 8' inttEXcn tov otov &vtt iOEa; to c Kapa%XiKcupa» Kai To (( KaOz pc pXEnete », En68Et t v laws napatUXEty noU to TilvLKaOta IlijyaoOv Ttva, 8t' oO ntepOEctat et; Opog ElOE ij Fl; KOpa noXU-

5 to (( Kopvllvc, ataµa Kai

(pXoiapOlo OuXaaailg, ijpKEaGI1 6E 6µw; Tfj (ptXi] 11I1t6V(p, i) Kai TOTE (ptpety

aitov EXay,E. Kai napa6Etyjlattx(;ls npocgEiuywv, tpu(pcpO; i6Ety, Eiiupo; Tiiv 10 &vapoXljv, &TptnTOg On?.Otg tug XEtpa;, yo tvaa((p npenWV, &µiavrog atltan, EiXEV (i)aei Kai KtiXog E(penoµeyous toil finavra; papa it 6Xiyov.'Haav yap Ev Toaoir(p itXf1Oet Kai pcya0Upot &VSpEg, Ot Kai &VTlata0EVte; l;v c4 T6V aTpaTlly6V fi.VEta SL(bKELV Eaur6v Cl; (rUyljV, of jtEV Encaov µaxapfwg Kai EUyEV(il;, Of 6E yEVVata SpaaaVTeg EV5E5(i1Kac tv, OItou yc Kai T6 7OXEIiuK6V EKEIVo

15 86pu Kai of auvavapavtcg TijV &prijv pappapot Kateacia0llaav iln6 ttvwv ij PC- p. 459 B. TEpWV nOXLT(BV, OOKOUV yE aTpaTlwtthv. 01 &f1 nOXtraL Kai Ka.T(1 Kpato; &VTEOXOV, EW'y KUKXWOEVTE; ETSOV KIVSUVOV, oU nTUpEVteg SciµaTt navtK(D T({'

ToO eautb, &XXa µE tV1iIEVOt OXanTEtV Eaw µaXtcTa n6XEwg 06; Kai 9Kt6g 6pI1atvov a(VEaOat, ET1tcp &(pEEvro. "O Se 6tpoXaXeb0ilaav o&rot KOKXcujla, 20 OUK EK r v uvwocV 1'JV, &XXu Tt,Sv cia8pap6ytwv pappapwv eK T(wV E(i1iV nuXL"uv, S; 6 atpaTlly6; &VE(p)' 1cVag EWOcv Tot; CX0pot; CXapiaaTO Ei; napetaSuaty Oinovov, Enetbav iyXEtpljaag (puyety EnErpetyc T(b KatenavcOovTt auvaVa(pEOyety ei; TiIV e(Kpono?tv, Eaaavta Tug nO)Lag, a6TOV 51j Toy CKeivoU ()avat

%6yov, nup.aaEty, (b; of &Kllxo6teg 6i8aaxouIaly. 25

242v

Oiito 8ij o6v TOO noXeµnKOO S6patog ava(pavevro; 9711 TOO tciXou;, 1611 ClytX o LEVOU TtV lj11ETEpcV (XEyW Sil TOO t(i)OU' to yap SUUPLK6V OU TOiOUrOU;

EIXE npoµaXOUg, a??a tfi)V nVE; EKCiVWV &VTEtXOV w; 06K dV EtTi &VSp1Kth-

Tepov, (ily IV Tot; µuXtata Aewv 6 KouraX&;, icat (ppEVthv Kai j56)j111S Kai &v-

Spia; nXijplj; &vf p, O; co); Kai ncpi 0,i1Oouaav &yopav, Tlg n6XEw; ijSi1 µE30 IAEUTwItCVi1g (BV OUK TjOEXOIIEV, &Vtlara;, cita, np6; 06SEV6g EXwV EnlKoupiav, KaOu(pljxc, Kai eutuXulg yuµvWOei;, CKCpSavev Eaut6v e0KX,ec);, T6tc j1Ev nOXX&

v, iiptt SE iv tot; T@v CnatvovµCv ov npwtot; TaTt611cvo; naps yE ijµty, otnep oTSapev) TOO Toivuv ()TOO, l; ltippC011, (pavCvto; Sbpa- p. 460 B. KEKXao 1Cvog O(p' iii.x

tog £KEIVOU Tj aUVij0Et pcTaKXIQEt Kai KataKUlyct, (b Ei Kai TLVL KataVEO6El 35 1<ECpaXfjg ij Kai XetpO; veuµaTL [1ETaxaXouJ tvou Tou; El W, ppaXO Tt Cop; µCaov 7 et; Epos. Hom. 11. 6, 347. Il. 13, 492.

9 cGu(po;. Cfr. Eust. Schol. 1436, 51.

6-7 TOO TflvtKatTa cod. T.S. em. B. 22 Katcnavaveuovtt T.B.S.

7-8 rtoXug otpoto cod.

11 KTtXoq Hom.

16 Ot cod. em. B.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

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we shall relate at a later stage in our narrative)* - no sooner, then, did the cowardly David see this sight, than he at once cast away his brave promises, and compressing the forty days into less than a single minute, he turned tail and fled. His soldiers cried out to him in the speech of the common people, 'Stop, Komnenos, go on foot!'* But he, gasping as if with his last breath, 'To horse!' and 'Do as you see me seemed as if he was longing at that very moment to find doing!' himself upon a winged Pegasos* upon which he might fly to some mountain, or to the waves of the ever-sounding sea.* He had, however, to content himself with his own mule, whose lot it was at that moment to be carrying him. And in his flight he set an example to all, so dainty was his appearance, so lofty his bearing, his hands unworn by the bearing of weapons, looking as if he was ready to engage in healthful exercise, and unspotted by blood. The rest of them followed him as a flock follows the ram that leads it,* with a small number of exceptions; for there were among their number a few stout-hearted men who refused to join their commander in his uninhibited flight. Some of these met a noble and courageous death, while others surrendered after a brave struggle,in the place where that first hostile spear and the barbarians who accompanied it were overthrown by some of our own men - citizens, not soldiers. These citizens did indeed resist with vigour until they were surrounded and realised that they were in however, danger; then, they were not overtaken by the same panic as David, but bore it in mind that they could now do great harm within the city to those against whom they would have hurled themselves outside the walls, if they had been allowed to do so. This ring of enemies which surrounded them was not composed of soldiers who had scaled the walls, but of barbarians who had come running from the eastern gate* which our commander had left open in the morning for our he had thus presented them with the opportunity of an enemies; unhindered entrance when, after setting about making his retreat, he ordered his chief officer* to join him in fleeing to the acropolis and to leave the gates to 'go burn',* these being the actual words which those who heard him report him as having used. So this enemy spear appeared at the ramparts, which were already 86. stripped of our men. I speak of the eastern side, for the west had defenders of a different calibre, some of whom resisted with unmatched bravery. Outstanding among these was Leon Koutalas,* a man full of wisdom, strength and courage, who resisted until the time when the market is full,* when the city was already swarming with its unwelcome visitors, and only then, when no one offered him any further help, yielded. He was fortunate enough to be able to divest himself of his military equipment and escape, after establishing a fine reputation for himself, and at that time we greatly deplored his absence, but now those of us who know the facts must number him among those most deserving of praise. As has already been said, that spear appeared on high, and as it changed position and bent downwards in the usual manner it seemed as by a nodding of the head or a gesture of the hand it was calling if for those who were outside, for within a very short space of time the

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ijv Kai ij n6XtS iXilprlc AV -[6v noXcpiwv, 7tcpt6yovtoc AuyoOatou TETaptiiv Kai EIKOYTiiv nIEpaV I 6TOU eveartl, 1tp6iTa pev T&V TOD VauttKOU, Etta Kata aovd(petav Kai TOD in7ttKOG. Kai AV tSEiv Ttjv r1ltepav TOTE OUKeO' ijpepav, aXX& VUKTi EOLKUIaV Ka.i

5 otov 7ta0atvopevijv Kai cKUOpwnacouaav e(p' oTc ewpa. 'OpiXXTi yap abriiv paOEia E7taxuv£v, waei Kai IK Kovtopro6, Sv ij ru(pti)c atpEt ij 7t6ScS cpwv, anep

dpt0p6c pCtpEi dnctpo1tXT1Oflc, w; ETvat Etn£ty 6KVEty Xdpnety tdv ijXtov otc at TGv onXcov bnepiliuyat;ov abtdv %apnp6TTitcg, 7tap(pSi crat Se Kai tic naxatac MOOQTic U OKT(1)Kat6EKa pev iXE£V f para 7COVtonopct ov » to 10 to, n6XEwS aKa(poc, (( EVVEa.Kat6EKQTTI S' E(paVil OUpEa aKtOEVta )), St'(UV 6 T f S

wi1S ijpiv fXtoc anoTEtxtC6pevoc aipEXatvE axtdv rzntxaXuWOUaav iliac vaXptK6c. 01 Se XOES Kai np(prly dXaXaypoi Kai at Kata 7t6XEpov poai Kai 6 EVTEGOEv Opobq oOxer' iiaav, 6XX' avTtarpEVavta T6 yraXpnK6v, obx AV aXa?ayp6c ev rot; ijptty 7cXijOEaty. ETSec S' fly Kai 6pVE(oV nETO. vo v KEVOv TOy aepa, 15 OUK OTS' EtrE StatO TOO dipOc aTUyVOV ETTE Kai 6Tt (pptKTOV AV Kai EKEIVOtS TO

npaypa. 'Hpepat yobv txavai Kai oO8apo1 otire arpouOoi OUTE ntXctat oiite p. 461 B. x6paKEc, of trl KaO' ijpac 7tpci)rly en£ywpta(ov, ofiTE 6),Xos rtc Opvtc Toy aEpa 6tEVTiXOVTO, ?LXX' EKTEtOntapEva Ev .pOVTO Kai 1jpiV ti(paVTa. 'AXX6 TOOTO µEv

Kai tcTn. Tijv iXwaty 6(p' txav6v, ota Tor SEouc Kai roic aX6yotc napapevovtoS.

20 'Hpepat yap iicTEpov auxvai,

I

Kal at pEV O4(pOSOt Tits n6Xewc i nXrleOV an0- 243r

ptpwV navtOSanGiv, otc Xaipovaty of tthv OpviOwv aneppo(payot ( T6 pappapov yap OOK aVIEt apnacOV Kai KQTQKEVOOV ), OpvtS SE iOOEV OO Katepatve. TOUTou

Se OTpat KatvOrcpov EKEiVO ijv, fits 7tep, 6eto0 xaTappayevtoc Kai It wv of r=XOpot eaK6p71tt;OV, apOovtcS pev, OUKOUV anetpOVtcg SE T6 KaXOV fiXov fcTU,

25 XTliwv 6ianEp ava(puEVtu7V auxvuZv Kai Etc pijKOc e7ttSESwx6twv, 65ev t ( ov nOTipayOV EKEtOEV EKep6aVC TL, ?XX' eTXEv atp£aty K6VewS tpeitreaOal i'inEp eK

Tu'Sv pc3XaatTlx6twv (payeiv, chS 1j ne(pappaypevwv oIS tO nepttXov µc itavto 1' Kai Stt icatd tob; 4 icctwpevoug, (Dc X6yoS, Tib itaXaL ztop11SEt auvc ttaoUV TO

pappapov Kai abroi, ola pij 60O8ES eiceivwv. 3o

Kai TOTOI3TOV pev Kai ToOTO, 7tapapptv`ev 06 7r£ptrr65S El; auyypa(pi v.

'H Se n6Xtc, ElanrrSrlaavtwv t6)v avttpaXwv, Enacr cv 6aa (ptXei Spav &yptoc n6Xepoc. Kai of pev ijpCcEpot, o6X 6 pev 6 S' ob, aX?.. 7tdvtcS cpEUyov apEtaatpenri ica0' unel afpeaty EbaptOpiltwv rtvbv, 67tep E(papev by olg Kai rt; p. 462 B. BoXeaS'Giv tic eKKX71atacrticf; 4uvoLK1a;, SS byybS 6S tptdxovta tob; pev 35 of tviT Stxaaac, to6S Se Kai Mw; etc tO t;ijv axpstcilaa;, noXXfj anov8t tu6v 4 VUKti Horn. 11. 1, 47.

12 dXct ayp6q Ps. 88, 16. H. Cfr. Eust. Schol. 103, 42.

8 7tMcty T.H.S.

9 OKTwxat8CKcL Hom. 11. 7, 267. H.

11 aict&v Ps. 43, 20. H.

27 auvcp(aouv Lycophr. 604. H.

85 3xpetdiaac

The Capture of Thessaloniki

105

city was swarming with our enemies, first the men from their ships and then following closely after them the cavalry, as the month of August came round to the twenty-fourth day since its inception. And that day was no longer a day in its appearance, but rather it 87. resembled night,* and it seemed to suffer and to bear a gloomy appearance because of the things which it saw. A thick mist spread like a cloud of dust raised up by a whirlwind or by the over it, so that hooves of animals innumerable in their limitless multitude, one might say that the sun was ashamed to shine because the flashing of the weapons outshone it. It might also be said, as a parody of the that the city like a ship 'travelled over the sea for ancient Muse, eighteen days'* and then 'on the nineteenth there appeared the shadowy mountains' by which the sun of our life was blocked off as they cast a as the psalmist says. The shouting of a black shadow* covering us, little while before, the cries of battle and the din which it causes, were no longer heard; rather, to adapt the words of the psalm, there was no shouting in their number.* You would have seen the air empty of and I cannot say whether this was because of the gloom of the birds, atmosphere or because what had taken place terrified them also. For many days indeed the sparrows, doves and ravens, which only lately had been our regular visitors, were nowhere to be seen passing through the but had taken themselves off to other dwellings and were lost to air, our view; and this lasted for a long time after the capture of the as if fear continued to abide with the animal world also. In city, fact for many days afterwards the streets of the city were filled with grain of every kind that seed-eating birds enjoy, after the continual plundering and sacking of buildings by the barbarians, but not a single bird came down from any quarter of the sky. And this was even when rain poured down in torrents, although crops sprang up stranger: in profusion over a large area from the seeds which our enemies had sown over the whole of our fair city, by ploughing the ground even if they did not sow the grain, no grass-eating creature took any benefit they preferred browsing in the dust to eating any of this from them; as if it was contaminated with the poison of the surrounding crop, circumstances, or as if, like the companions of Diomedes long ago,* they too joined in hating what was foreign because they were not accustomed to it. which should So much for this addition to our account of events, 88. not be considered superfluous. And now the city, after our opponents had burst into it, was subjected to the usual ravages of war. Our own as has been said, fled without turning round, with no exceptions men, Among the latter was a except for a few who could be counted easily. certain Boleas,* one of the ecclesiastical community, who hacked about thirty men to pieces with an axe, or disabled them in other ways,

Eustathios

106

SS µ1i 6iv noX.eµiwv T,jv piltepa yiiv ilanaaaTo. AiaXUvrl xal auto Too note (puyeiV anOPV6;, UX.X.' eni T(l) autoo ticpct ncaEiv, Eira npoutpancro aw-

Oljvat X60pw aXpavto,. Kai AV fl Ka0tatopOl)ptV l cpuyi1 OuK aaUVtaKTOy, (A, ev86vroc 6PXac, we 7POEKteOEttat, Too KOpU(pa(OU atpaTTl7O0' Oc ETnCp E6ct c 5 npbawnoy Toic eXOpoic, (llc evcKEXEuovTO O( i(fV aUµ(pcl y6ViwV ycVVat6tepOt,

auvoOkwaev tiv taxi to tpabpa tiic n6XEwc. O( Se too noXc ttou ati(pouc EKa1LVOV Kai &nTOVtEc TOUc (pcuyovtac Kai aatt6pevot 7`acpupa. Kai ?Xprgv i v IV TOUTOL; apkT1TOV ttVa Kai aVOUtaTOV eK I.IETE(bPOU nOOeV TtiV pdXTlV aKe-

ntgaOat Kai napaaTl laiveaOut, Too OEoO pcX xov anepOKovroc epwrly 6vOp(o10 noc yap, eVSEOEi; TOtoOt(U KQKG) Kai np6c eaUTG) Ta paXtaTa TOV VOUV EXwV,

06K clv cXoi11 axptpac tb nav auyyp6(ycaa0at, it? v Eic Oaov Ta Kaipla, (bv TE E iaOE Kai oic autos noXutp6ntuc eneat1locv. 'Hµcic ouv Tiic µev axpon6Xe(oc anoyv6vrcc Sta tliv TOO Ucic (SSatoc cK5T1µ(aV, f1S 68r1-y6; 6 atpatrlyoc yeyOVC, Kai T1iV avayKatc(V anOOKEUIiV,

15 i'v npoeµrlOcua6µe0a liµwv tE autwv Xapty Kai tbv Wept Ti iac, SLavetµaµevot, we Kai npone(ppaarat, pepi.tvTlc Se Oe icvOt Et w Kai Ti V etc Tdv aytov TO(pov p. 468 B. TOO MupoPX.Tltou Kata(puy1 V, ETt Se Kai tilt/ Etc EtepOUc MOD; vaoOC, ou yap SrlnouOev eX.avOavcv µac 6)c, navTwv rwv (peuy6Vtwv ev Toic totourotS 15uTaKopevwv, noX.Xot napaaupfjc ovtat TOG iiV bOta(tOlg Kai Toi% evreO0cV 7EVt-

20 ypoic, Kai T(w OTKU) napa.teivavTec, Sc 7(epuI.3Etat wvta eKOcpaneuety toy aytov, Kai nOX.X,a Kai wUpia KaKa Kai TEOcaµevOt Kai nenov06TeS, e(p' oic Oaoµa 7 ep(Etlanv t1llac Onwc avtEaXojev, teXoc Too itd ywvoS, S (pacnv, .X.K0aOEVTc;, 243v

amly6peOa Sta t(pu)v pup(wv avatetvopevwv Kai (pplaa6vtwv (i)aei Kai X,ljiov 7tE1cUKVw(LEVOV aataX6E6t. Kai d Oo0icvot p 9v Kai KOv5UX.lc611cvot Kai llppetc 25 oO taC ev EOet 11avOavovtcS paKLPLOV To 7E6000 eKpiVOJEV, cuX6icvot IV TOLOO-

Totc eivav ore Se Kai anaOtl KaO' flltwv eyaupooto Kai

eit ctytat;ev

(bS et; anX.aXVa pall/oucra Kai SopaTta Ta (IiV EVOEV let S' eKEIOEV TG)V nXcUp(ilV

30

c600vovto C1.nctXllttK6c, a%7.' evtaOOa e0Xai xai p6vat 8vtenparrov 000tat. IIpoevcyKeiv yap auras n(hc note i v ; Kai Ewc µev Kai totD 11OXtrtxoo xa0' tjµdc 'Inno8p6iou totaurrl SLaOealc 1i11ac cOOUVCV' IKEI 5e t6V {'1511 anOTCOEVTa Cl; 1ivfu1V EL(paVTOV EOp6VTEs,

ciitnnov eat11x6ta icta, ye Kai Too

xai axentbµevov ti ttv E,lot,

µeOetXic6u9ilµcv un' abtoO, X.6y(p µev T(i) pTi ant nXeov K61tov c e1v TOy C pXteniaiconov, aX.tiO6 c Se Iva SEUrsp(0v Xetpovwv netpaacilµcOa. BpaXO yap exciac p. 464 B. S 65) ntoc Horn. It. 4, 540. Cfr. Rcgel, 93, 24. 9-06Wov brccpuxovtoc kp(ofv Hom. IL 4, 542 ; 17, 562. Cfr. Regel, 93, 27. 18-10 puiaeo itvwv. Cfr. Eust. op. 94, 32 ; 230, 64. Heliod. Aeth. 2, 19. 23 wptaa6vtwv. Hom. I1.23, 599. Ibid. Schol. 1318, 38. Cfr. Eur. SuppL 31. 24 nenuKva fvmv cod. B. em. T.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

107

until after great efforts on the part of our enemies he at last embraced mother earth. This again brought shame upon David, who had sworn an oath that he would never flee but would rather fall upon his and then turned tail to make his escape without being own sword, polluted by blood. The retreat which is at present being reported was not completely 89. the commander-in-chief, as has already been related, was disordered: at its head. If only he had shown his face to the enemy, as the better spirits among those who fled with him were urging him to do, he would have completely healed the wound that the city had suffered. Meanwhile, however, our enemies, arrayed against us, laboured at the fugitives and loading themselves with booty. hurling weapons at In such a situation a man 'unstruck and unstabbed'* should have viewed the battle from some point on high and should have taken notes of the 'the god warded off the force of the darts;'* for a man events while who was entangled in this disaster, and whose attention was for the most part concentrated on his own affairs, would not have been able to describe the whole of it with exactness, but only certain incidents of which he had knowledge and in which he was involved in one way or another. 90. We ourself* had given up hope of holding the acropolis, because its water supply had, as it were, gone voyaging with our commander as its guide, and we now divided up the supplies which, as has been previously mentioned, we had prudently laid aside for ourself and our We rejected the thought of taking refuge in the holy tomb household. of the Myrobletes* or in any of the holy churches, for we could not fail to see that when all the fugitives rushed into them, many would be swept to their deaths in the crush or would be suffocated there. So remaining in the house* which is famed for having cared for the saint while he was still alive, we observed and suffered innumerable evils which it is a wonder that we survived, until finally, dragged by they say, we were led out through a mass of swords, the beard as raised up and quivering like a cornfield packed with ears of grain.* And so long as we were only pushed and struck and subjected to indignities to which we were not accustomed, we considered ourself fortunate in our experience and prayed that this state of affairs might continue. But when a sword was flourished exultantly before us and a dagger waved from side to side as if it was about to be plunged and spears were pointed threateningly at our ribs into our vitals, then prayers were our only recourse, offered in the from all sides, deepest silence, for how could they have been said aloud? 91. Such was the treatment which was applied to us until we reached the hippodrome of our city.* There we found Siphantos. who has already and Maurozomes together been mentioned, mounted upon a fine horse, We were with him, looking to see what he could grasp for himself. seized by Siphantos on the pretext that the archbishop ought not to be subjected to further indignities, although in fact his intention was that we should experience a second round of maltreatment. For when we

Eustathios

108

to yovaTa xapyravTc; Ev Ttvt ptxpoxaXbpp xai ripo[S apTou anoSaxovtcs, tva 65atos dp ttbpc0a, fiv yap tj Kap8ta ripchv Katopevil dv ijptV, (bq xai navta Ta dvTo;, eita xata Tipijv puap[oU KEXEUaOEVte; hripfjvat (pil yap ob TotObKai avatEOfVtc; ei; Tov eKCtV0 to {nltapiWtov ; ), rtetoOEVtc; tcc 5 EKEtvo, ijyopcOa Ma tO vaOata0pov, pets Kai ycoputot Kai (pap$tpa;, finep 1] cEXXi; ETUXE (gEpOUaa.

'S2 pot t(av tvtc0Ocv KaKtV. 'n-, yap pij apKCaaVTwv to v vcKpUSv, St' div nci,EUWV &SEVaa OEppoi;

aipaat, Stet acopcta; utepwv tn7t6ttj;

nepttiyopily, WV Oi nXeiOU; KatcatpwpEVOt TtpO t0l3 TC[XOU; EKEtVTO o{)tw

10 aettuxvwpevot, b; to i7t7t{5toy ij ptj EXety 6not yf1; 0ijaet ltOSa [j aXXa iota? b ttihV Te rtpocOiwv Kai (tthv bmaOiwv> 7to&wv Sbo fj tpcig Ey,Ety uttoKCtpeVOuq

vexpoO;. Ta; Se SuaxoXia; tijs tcity nuXcuv t, O ou dV outw pup{ot; 'AyptoXaTivois Kai oaa ft Ego g cog Kai ci; robs Xtpsvas dyw ptv d5axpuaa Kai of f Xenovte; Xptattavoi, oOK flv 5 a0ta dKOi yopat, Iva pr} dv ol; unttEpvetV OeXw

15 nspttto?oyti. Ta0ta. Kai povov KE(paXattbaopat, $tt tsaaapa; Xpuvivwv xtXtaSa; dyxpat0il; Of priSd y7app{wv [j Xoo; SpaKa fij To Ka0wptX>1119voV a{EXov 9iti aTOpatos -EXovTE;, tKOUaavtc; xai OMya taOTa elvat k av- p. 465 B. Opcuttou, 8; t'lpXLEittaKO7r v 7[EpiEitct KEVT11V6[pla I; tKQTOV, rU 7tXOUtOU, ETOU;

EKaatOU Swpo(popovaav aut@, Kai 6tt i`v Ti'} toO Etcpavtou viii, tb; fjv tyXw20 poOv, avanauaapevot tfj xapa5oxigt t('bv XtXtt5wv, fi; ijpty tnuypay7aV of pEya),o7tpc7tei; 7cetpatai, aOtij yap ApiV KataXUpa npu'StoV eutuxri0ri, aiXpa-

Xwtwy yepovaa Kata Ta; Xot7ca; a7caaa;, of xai yotaOat ijpas OpybvTE; auto ptv 7totcty o6K elXov t6Xpav, cba[ouv Be To nevOo; rcpoatiiitou auvaywyij 244r

npo; aKUOp6)n6t1lta Kai 5uawniQt CKOXtpo0a>J Saxpua, onotot; xai ijpeis, 25 6 xat' CKE{VOU; SUaTUXTj; (pOpto;, aOtob; ijpetpopEOa' oust yap ob8E 7tpoa-

cpwvijaat d? fjv. 'Ev Toivuv tfj totaOtl] viii tote xatanauaavte;, tt' dnabptov pcta Tt.t 6poia; avijXOijpcV Cl; toy Kopvtlvov 'AXr`t;tov. `EvOa Ofjpa ctKovopaXov, rFX[EXpov ttva, 8; CK tiS; NixaCwv Stf:Spa tov 'AvBpovtKOV, 6 torso; ijply Gl;Etpilvev, ayptov CKEtvov xai olov OavatoCv xai npotoO dp(payciv. 30 'O; ota n; 'Eptvvb; tpaycpSitcij, EXwV Kat' CKetvily Kai 845a;, upcpo6t(priaa; lipas, f v yap f BTi v64, Kai cOpd v Ma yfj; ou npo; Olcvov, dntepudato yap xai auto; d ri jGSv dni v0Kta; f Bri noXXa;, aXX' 6Tt pij e1Xopev ij icaOfjjaOat i tataaOat, ola no)Lutipdpotc Katanenovripevot Kaxot;, dtvaOepa

17 aie7.ov Lni at6µatoS @Xovtee. Prov. popul. Cfr. Kukuli!s, EvatuOiou, Aaoypu(puca,

30 Cfr. Aristoph. Plut. 423 sqq. 'Iacu; 'Eptvb; catty xK tpaycp5iaq' I (34net -ft 'tot µavtxbv TL 7cat Tpayq)StK6v I -'AX7t' obK 9xet SgSac. Cfr. et Aesch. Eum. 1044. 11,148.

12 t1ic St SuaxoXtaS cod. T.B.S.

16-17 Ka0ou Xo0 icvov cod. em. Kontos.

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had bent our knees to rest for only a moment in a miserable little hut and had nibbled a morsel of dry bread before drinking our fill there, of water because our stomach was on fire within us like all our then we were commanded to mount upon a mouse-like internal organs, creature (for the horse that we were given merits no better title). We obeyed the order, and when we had taken our place upon it we were led, equipped with a bow and quiver* which happened to be attached to the saddle, to the harbour. Alas what evils then followed! As if it had not been enough when 92. I had previously made my way on foot through the corpses still I was now conducted on horseback among steaming with warm blood, The majority of them lay strewn before the others heaped up in piles. city wall, so close together that my. little horse could either find no or had two or three bodies lying between his place to set his foot, and his hind legs. The difficulties which we suffered on forefeet passing through the gates in the presence of so many fierce Latins, and those which faced us as we progressed further in the direction of were such as to make us and the other Christians who the harbour, but I will not relate them at length, for I viewed the scene weep, wish to avoid prolixity when I should be concise. that we were pressed to I will say this only, to sum it all up, 93. pay four thousand gold pieces - we who had not even a handful of sand or soil and were, as the expression is, too poor to spit.* But we were told that this was a small ransom for a man who occupied an archbishopric which presented him with up to ten thousand pounds of We then rested, insofar as that was gold* each year (such wealth!). possible, on board the ship of Siphantos, eagerly awaiting the arrival of those thousands of gold coins which had been assessed upon us by these magnificent pirates; this was the first lodging which it was our fortune to find, although like the other vessels it was swollen with These, however strong their desire to weep for us, did not prisoners. dare to do so, but expiated their grief by a contraction of their faces into sullenness, and by the tears of resentment which their tears which we, being nothing but a miserable distress brought forth, for it was not burden upon them, reciprocated in the same fashion; possible for us to exchange so much as a single word. 94. After we had rested on board the ship for a while, we were conducted on the following day with a similar show of honour to Here we found a certain William, a savage Komnenos. Alexios a wild iconoclast* who had fled from Nikaia to escape Andronikos, animal capable of killing a man and feasting upon him even before he Like a Fury in an ancient tragedy,* bearing torches in the was dead. same manner, he sought after us in that Erebos* (for night had already and found us where we lay upon the earth, not hoping for fallen), flown far away from us for many nights, but for that had sleep, had left us unable because our sufferings, extending over many days,

Eustathios

110

1p6; pof v auxVa

Kata TL KaK6v (ppo{ptov T L'6 n' povEVaavTt 1jpa;,

7rap6vto; Kai 4a9o6 ttvo; 65Ea.cpo6 auuu, ti; ou Kata ttv acict v Etxovwv toy 91jpa E i60opcv paiveaOal. 'O; SE 1jpct; iipOPE9a tt TO atttOV T06 (poV£U- p. 4GG B. taou; rj ta; Elvat, 1p&1Ta pev Oupto9Ei; auto; Et; 7tXCOV u1tl'.KpLVEV w;, EiitEp 5 auto; tiiv apxriv 1jptV 7CEpt6tuxev, OUK &V &ptt Ke(paXiiV etxop£v, Elta Kai

aittokoyijaaS tbv xaO' ijpaiv Oupov, Eit paws tiiv auto6 aocpiav Et; tO u7tiatou; ptl; elvat OE(ll, ola T(l) 'AvSpoviKw llatou;. fIpO; a7tEp r1PEi; ulou? cuaapevot Kai ltotKR%a Xakt aavtc; ij Xa?LaytjaaVTE; 1p6; &v8pa patvopevov, tiyait&icv yap ExELV KE(paXiiv, pOXt; toy &TiOaaaov, 10 6); Kai aaltaaaaOat ripa; Kai Fig XEtpa (pt),l C aVta OtxEaOat. Kai OUtw; rijEt; tE VUKTa KataOctu jv Eiipopev, TtV aKE{VOU S¢SwV Kai Xaa.wv arta?J ayEVtE; xEt? v, Kai of rUyKaTEatpwpEVOt atxpaa,wTOt a; Kopvrivo6. Kai StayayovtE; EKEi PET& t(T1v auvatxpax(ilte v tiPEpa; OX{-jag, Kai tt Kai eXeTi9EVTE; Et; TpOyflV, Vat Se UiO ttVO; t(UV EKE(VOI) Kai Fig xa?LKEa

15 1c ppaTa, (bv i1 ;Oat; iipty T7ivtKa6Ta et; Oriaaupou; aveypa(pri Kpo{aou ( Kai eh,eljaat o O£6; EKEivov toy av9pwrtov ), Elm Kai Et; toU; KOvtou;, Etir£ty 5e auvr)9EaTEpOV KO.11iTa;, pta(b yap TO axpatw; pappapov, aKOptaOriµEV. "ETt

Kal Ott, aEO?LEUaavte; paKp(l Kal tKEt, p0)Lt; peto.

20 Kai Et pa; ljpapa; iEtpia; tw T06 ayioU OtK(p artoKatEatrip£V, Kai bit cU-

pOVTE; 9KET (p6Aa ?aTLVIKa, Kai lTEpoiwV 5e avOpwlwv yepovta tSOVtc; to to &V(J) to to KtTw, Et; avayKli; EyevopcOa To6 Kata toy oIKOV KTptlS(ou,

Kai a rt6Ovte; EaUTOU; 7rEaaOUMw TOO eKetae ppaxUta.tOU ?,OEtpoO EKE{- p. 467 B. Pe9a, xOpTOV &ptKtOV U7OiEpX7iµaVOt, Kai Oct OKT(.o petpriaavte; f pa;,

25 Ev at; &ptov aKpat(pV1fl oust et5opev, a)J7 Tot; tic rrttupwv EyKpu(p{at; Expewxoito6pEv tO Ti; yaatpO; %(Xvov, Kai otvou SE prise puptapa Eutu- 244v xiiaavte;, PET' aura; Kai otvou tyEUSwvupou iipapa Kai (i1; aa,110iu; Kata atpayya pcttcy oPEV Kai &pTOU Se UP{tOU Kai M.Xwv 59 TtVwV, Kai OTt 1

OUSe tb Kri ttOV EIxE XLpiiV iipiV ycVEaOal t06 XattVLKOtt Ka.USwvo;. Kai et

30 pev SEvSpot; f pelo0to, Kai PtXltata auKat;, ubv Kai &wpo; b Kapiro; 7tapri-

vopetto tot; drpriatat; Fig Epppwpa, En Se Kai rtpaatai;, a Sii (pi?.tata ljpty E(puaav, ?i? Xr1 to6to ?Urrnt tot; yE (pt?.orotoutot; ore Se Kai tiiv u7Eo7to81atav 11µw iixpetoUV

&X V EKEtvo o61C EX(j) (ppaaat biw; iv (papot

tl; &rra0(b;. 'EKaOripe9a pev yap OPt)W8Ov of rztwxoi aUaaLTOt, tou; 1tt035 pta; 7tpOIEp)LTiptVOt 1pO; tpo(pijV, Of Se ltita{SEUTOL, a(pEVtc; KE{pElV Ta ex tic yric, ot; Exatpov ep(pLXoxwpoOvtE; act t(il Kri1 p, Ka0' rj26 a`yxpupta1S. Cfr. Eust. Sch. 1548, 3. 20 tr pac deest B.

84 6p%a56v Hom. Il. 12, 3.

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sit or stand. He then began to shout curses loud and long in his foreign tongue, an evil tirade directed against the man who had spared The brother of this William was also there, a good man, our life. from whom we learned that this bestial creature was accustomed to rave against the sacred images. And when we asked what the reason was for his wishing to put us to death, he at first became even more enraged and replied that if he had met with us in the beginning, we would no longer have a bead upon our shoulders. Then, seeking to justify his rage against us, he reached the conclusion in his wisdom that we had betrayed God because we were faithful to Andronikos. We concealed our feelings about these matters and chattered and babbled artfully to this maniac because we desired to keep our head safe, and with some difficulty we finally succeeded in taming this wild beast, until he actually embraced us, kissed our hand and departed. And so we found a night's rest, 95. free from the torches and the babbling lips of this fellow, stretched out besides the other We passed a few days there with our fellow prisoners of Komnenos. captives and were granted the mercy of a little food; indeed, we were even given a few small bronze coins by one of his men (and may God be merciful to that man!), a gift which, so far as we were concerned, was to be registered among the treasures of Kroisos.* Then we were brought before the Conti, or Kometes* as they should properly be called, since I detest the excessively barbarian form of this word. 96. To sum up the course of events, after we had undergone a long period of misery there also, we returned painfully after a few more days to the house of the saint.* There we found tribes of Latins in occupation and men of all kinds filling it from top to bottom, so that we were forced to establish ourself in the little garden belonging to the house. And in that place, laying ourself down on the bench* of the tiny bath house* with only a simple layer of straw beneath us, we passed eight whole days. During this time we saw no pure bread, but we tried to satisfy our stomach's longing for good food with cakes of bran baked in the ashes of a fire, and we did not have the good fortune to experience even a sniff of wine.* After this we obtained a very small quantity of a liquid masquerading as wine, literally only a drop at a time of this, and some leavened bread and a few other things. Not even our little garden was able to serve as a haven for us against the Latin storm. Its fruit trees were damaged, particularly the figs whose fruit, although unripe, was outrageously raided for provender by these savages; and the garden beds, which had been a joy to us, were another cause of grief to lovers of such things. But what was completely insupportable was the way in which they set about ruining our humble table. For we were sitting in a group* of beggarly fellow-diners, with our cakes of bran set before us victuals, when these boorish creatures left off plucking the as our fruits of the earth, which was their continual amusement while they haunted the garden, and set about us. They approached us, then turned

to

Eustathios

112

µCbv xai Iyy[aavtey, ETta aTpapEVTES xai T& nEpi tljv ESpav yuµv(ilaavtes Kai Eis EKKplatV

Td neptttd

KaTEatOXrtdOVTO It 9VaVt{aS 1j1165V dnOKOVTOISV

yaatp6S, 0010 6µeva xaO' ii c p Std taS 6XEi1iyobc ata(pu-

X.dS. Kai dno{ouv oiitw. Kai of µtv µe0' 1{µ65V p8cX.UTT6pcvot, (bS E&t, to µu- p. 408 B.

5 aap6v, Steppriyvuvto Oup

xai xatllxova'Svto dt[µws &nayaycty To6q, el

Xp1i t?,Xlivtx)s npoapriOtivat, 'Ot;6X.as, rjµstS Sd InetXoµev TOO EpYOU, Kp[VOVTdS CO; o[ &µaptt65v popp6pot; eyxaXtv8oOµsvot Kai rotoOtov dn0patvouaty o5.(Tov &,ttot.

TlpoaOriaw talc xE(paX.alwaeat tautat; Kai w; 1j l;ripd Kottri, eni nX.dov to napaµsivaaa, OWe note bno 9EO(ptk(bV ItcOEpancOOq &v&ptiZv, @crnep xai rj yuµvtte[a, wv obX ljitetc 5aWt?.6'i; ETXoµcv µ6vot, etX.X.d Kai ndvrc; of µeO' iiµuly,

xai ott xai dno Tiny IXOpty napliydyoµdv tt xEpSoug, atµUXa xwtiXavtcS xai paOea, (DV onK tiv 6)xvriae ttS µsµvija9at Stet To unoyX&(pupov, ETncp AV

xatpOS l:vtal Oa nepl1iy1101'vat xai autd. Kai d(patpsµa µ9v tt thv It 1j1165v, 15 f tiOVOV OEt90V EinctV {j p{IXOV µtav yo0v ij atpu'1µa i' G.X.X.o TL T65V i pETEpwv, EKanaaat TOO Ka.? aiTOUS X&OUC, 0 ?)K EQXopEV, XpuatVOUS 89 nEVttjxovta lnopta&µcOa, ou n&vtri (popµtaavtcS &&ilplita SOEv f .ttv 1`iauXa{a ttS &vdataals TOO Katd naVTEX. nTwXciav yeyovs nt&lpatoS, ToO Mupo3X.6tou

xai &XX.oiav 6ltippotav navtolav EXripµvpovtoS, Ka9d xai It wxeavot5 TtKai To Tf S n6Xco S SI; dnav nEpL)Lctn6Icvov. OUK iiv ydp ttS patatwOc{ri Kai Ei; iODSatKtjV &KUX.taOEiq dXaptaTtav, 6;

20 voS, d(p' o1Z Kai ijtcTS

toX.µijaat npOEVEyKETV t65V XEtX wv &KEp6iiS tx TOO MUpOlXOTOU &ncKpat- p. 469 B. VEtV Td TE Ei; TpO(pfiV Kai X.otnd 56 Ttva.

Kai tauta p v iiµty napexpEpdaOw avµµttpw; Kai o6S66 ndvu Ez;w T05 25 Sdovto; o[ Se pdppapot nX.llpwaavtcc T1jv n6X.ty 6Xriv, I5 aUtu1V t65v l u)wV

nuX.8v dptaµevot, eQeptcov rob; xaO' rj xLi; xai auXvd TaOta Spdyµata j5{7CtoytES awpoOS l;atotpat,;ov, It (uv 'At81i; (pt) ct attouµEVO;. Kai of jthv ini Tu'Sv &p(p65wv (pcvyovTc; Entntov nepi abtdS xai &µa i~yugVObVto cKUX,evbtsvot Kai o&rco; at dyutat ci; O{Kipd. gaXESI&COVTO noXU6.V5pta, l Xjou 245r I

30 l (popd vto; t{ µ1j Enpcnsv. 01 SE Cv tat; olxlatS napsµevov autats Eis 68te468eviov xai obx >'jv EbpdcOat oix{av, fiv OtKOV ttvOpwno; 1jX.El Orj, nX1jv et µri d.pa nX) 905 ETXEV d otxoS. 'ExEivou y&p 01 µdv Ttvcs EntntOV Eaw,

ol; xai ljaav at otx{at autchv td(pot avtchv, napaOEivat To WaX,X.6µsvov, of ft SIEKXUOEVTES Ets (pUyliV Tl

TOO nOX.EiOU T6Xi.i tnEUSOVto. Kai Tewy

35 thv &iX.ot EKCtVTO of $Stnt6µevot, ttxpov 59 oaov T65v noXeitiwv ataavtwv 18 atn a Hes. Op. 374. 18 (popµlaavtec d&i)pnta Lycophron 140. 29-30 X,lou 83 at 6(pop6vtoS & pf tnpenc Cfr. infra, 122, 7 B.; Soph. Oed. rex, 1426; Eur. Or. 422. olKtat abtOv tthpot abtty Ps. 48, 12 H.

1 xai byytaavtsc-4 µE9' fi u v in marg.

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113

around and bared their rumps to us, crouching to void themselves and aiming so as to deposit before us the overflow of their bowels, which were streaming with liquid from the diarrhoea produced by the grapes which they had eaten. Such was the way in which they behaved, and my companions, who were nauseated, as might be expected, by this abominable behaviour, were ready to burst with rage and were inflamed with the desire to drive them away ignominiously, these Ozolians,* if we may give them the ancient Greek name. But we restrained them from because in our judgement those who roll in the mire with doing so, sinners may expect to acquire the same odours. I shall add to this brief summary that this bed of dry straw, 97. although it had to be endured for so long, was at length alleviated by dear to God's heart, as was the lack of clothing which certain men, severely affected not only us but also those with us. Also we gained some benefit from our enemies by flattering them with well thought out conversations, and one would not hesitate to recall these, as examples of skilfully polished utterances, if there were time to relate them. And although we were not able to extract from the chaos which they had created any of the items of their property which they had seized, for example a mule, a book, a rug or anything else belonging to us, we did at any rate manage to procure fifty gold coins, so. that our singing was not entirely without reward.* This allowed us to rise gently a little way from the position of beggary into which we had fallen; and the Myrobletes* poured out upon us another kind of flood of various kinds, as if from an ocean, from which we, together with the whole of the remainder of the city's population, were able to live. For no one would be so foolish, or would wallow so deeply in Jewish ingratitude, that he would dare to let pass from his lips the statement that he had gone empty-handed from the Myrobletes in respect of food or of any other things. 98. So much for this digression, which has been conducted with restraint and not extravagantly. The barbarians, having filled the beginning from the eastern gates, now mowed down our men whole city, and heaped up these sheaves in many stacks to make the fodder beloved Some who fled in the streets died there and were of Hades. immediately stripped and robbed, and so the ways of the city became, as it were, pitiable improvised tombs, and the sun looked on what it should not have seen.* Others remained in their houses, because they could not escape from them. But no house could be found in which mercy was shown to the inhabitants, except in cases where a building was very crowded. Some fell within their own dwellings, so that their homes became their tombs,* to quote the words of the psalmist, and others streamed forth in flight and gave themselves to the fortunes of war. And at first those men who had been cast down lay by themselves; but as soon as the enemy relaxed from the first rush of their assault

114

Eustathios

Tfj; ayav 6Vtpey,Eia; xai

ntxp6TEpov Kata ya{a;, 6 Slj X6ye-

Tat, xw(pfi; xai > tepota vEKptpata 67t6KEtVtO. Kai 6 p6v tic VEKp6g i.vOp(()noS

a upirapaKcipevov. Kai toUTwV T6 itXE(w Kara7tEnatypEva liaav d); Et; SIaOEaIV aupnXoxfj; Kai (ptX1j5 pato;. 'AXXO; Opot tjv a[XoOp(p KaTOtKt3[(p' oO86 toloOtow yap t6 p6p(3a- p. 470 B. Ova) KEtp6Vw

pov e(pc[Sovto, Kai p&Xtata KuvapiwV, d); xaOuXaKrouvrwV at 67ZtrpEX6VTCOv 6t6 Kai aurc v it KaO' 1jpa; rt6Xt; 6anaviaev. El It SE nou Kai ir ptX6XE11tTO, avSpO; p6v 'Pwpa(OU KatE(3t0aEV tiv Kai xaT68patE, Aat(v(p S6 OmEtEX()pEt Kvut (bgEvov. Kat6yvw yap Kai Ta rotaDTa OI Kano1 ljaav. Kai 10 EIRE napotlliaaaaOai Tl; TOTE KaT6 T06; 6V EEp((p(p atyWVTa; I3atpaXOU; Ka{ TtVa; roto&roUs 'ItaXOO; TETTtyas, OOTw Kal KuvaS a(pcoVOU; TOO; nap' ii(ity. Kai ap(p6Sou; phv KatatpEXEcOat Kai otida; OUK EO 7raaXEtV OOK CIV El; paXilc Katvonpayllpa OE[ll It,-, OE{ou; S6 vaoO; tupavvetaOat, aXXA TOOrO OEOpaX[q KpivotT' &v ayX(Oupov. E[arp6XovTe; yap Kai ci; autoO; EK6arou;

15 of (36p(3apot 6notouv n6Lv5ctva Kai ola Oc6v 6pc0[UEty ci; apuvav. Kai oaou; µ6v tepoO; avSpa;, TcOwpaKlap6vou; otov tat; aytwtEpalq t6 v atoXQv, KaTEKonroV, TOO; nXE[oU; Ei; OaVaTOV, toil; pEv bit' aOtOO rots 6vOEou pljpatO;, TOO; SE Kai 6K-c6;, 61TOt TUXIj E6pO1EV Of (pOVEUTai 6Varf ta; napa Ocrll, Kai oaov

S6 XauK6v, of TOD at6pato; nXf pou; &vto; TOD (( KOpic 6X6ilaOV >> anlip6ta20 aOVtO Ta; KE(pa)a;, 6navaxplv6jEVOt T[ tO (( KOpLE 6XEricOV )> Kai yEXd)pEVOt.

At S6 KaTu Xayvctav XpavOctaal, aeµvai yuvutKE; 6V Tot; (Spot; Kai ci; ayvc(av 6nllpeaaOEtaat, i6o0 Out, Kai npEtyEEU6t0)uav xaT6. Tabv aitiwv, at Ono yapou Z;uy6v, at Sla 7Cap0EV[av avetot, at vOp(pat toil Ocoi. Kai pt¢ µ6v p. 471 B. Eva Ttva auyXpwa0f vat clil 6v pct6v It KUK6V, at 8'9V TOloutot; Kotvai, KaO(L 25 It; tiv EtnOt, api3e; o6K 2iv Eiipotev KXauOJOv 6n6.i;wv. `EXo) xaX6v It 6vtaD0a twv (3aplapwv EinEty, 8tl (pOVEUEtV TOO; 6v tot;

tepot; 6ntpaXOpevo[ tivc; dln6aupoV avtoO; lt;w yobv, Kai oiitw KaOljpouv TOD 1f V, [tETpt&T OVTE; TO KQKOV.

01 S6 TOT; OEiot; 6VUJ3p{C,OVTE; Kai to µ6V T8V aepaap{wV TUnwµatwV 30 KaTa6X[cOVTE;, 8aa µilSEv It yXa(pupOV 6K Tip{a; t)Xrl; EIXov, Td SE TtxooVTE;

Toll KaT' aura K6apou peta nXrly(uV, Oiite raDra Sp&v Steyvwaphvot OX()pouv Ei; EO(pllpov rjpcr6pav pvflplly, Kai VOv SE Ei; voiv 6XOOvnc; flpty anoTt6- 245v ovtat. Kai nw; yap av Tl; yupvODaOat avOpwnou; 6n' 6KKX116(a; p(106v Kai 6x06pevo; avaaXotT' av plj oil XOX(p Slappayf val, yvpvwaly KE1pilxi(ov OE(wv 35 6yvwK6); ; '91 OEob avcktxaKia;, e[ Papl3apov (iv3pa Kata tfj; iep .; Kai (pplKt7I; TpanOi,ll; avan0i aavra Kai 6KKaXOlyavta tf1v a[S(b Kai 6VOUpODVTa Cl; I

1 Kata yaia; KwN(1; Hom. 11. 24, 54. Eust. Schol. ibid. (1338, 45). Cfr. op. 111, 17. 10 (iarpaxou; Paroemiogr. D 1, 49, III, 44 (1, 188, 222) DV 198 (1117). 9 Kw(a{isvov pr, m. 15 tupawteia0at cod. T.S. em. B. 1S tat 8i} cod. pdaaavto T.B.S. 28 tl Cqv cod. T.B.S. 88 Kai Kai cod.

19-20 ann-

The Capture of Thessaloniki

115

there lay on the dumb* and could engage in some playful cruelties, earth, as the saying is, bodies of other kinds. The corpse of one man lay linked with that of an ass and another had a dog lying down beside him; and the greater number of them were placed as a jest in attitudes suggesting that they were embracing and kissing one another. Another lay together with a domestic cat, since the barbarians did not even spare such animals, and in particular killed the smaller dogs which barked and ran after them, with the result that they became very And if any of them did survive, when a Greek scarce in our city. passed they yapped and chased after him, but they shrank away whimpering from a Latin, since even such animals knew how dangerous was their situation. One may compare these silent dogs of ours with and with some Italian the proverbial silent frogs of Seriphos,* grasshoppers of a similar kind. 99. And no one would consider it a novelty if, in the course of a battle, there should be a rampage through the streets of a city, or if houses were to be damaged. But when its divine temples were also its taken over, this might be considered little short of making war on God Himself. For the barbarians rushing into each of them did terrible of a kind that would inspire God to retaliation. How many things, saintly men, despite their only breastplate being the most holy of their priestly robes, did they cut down, in most cases fatally, some of them in the holy chancel itself and others outside it, wherever their murderers found them taking their stand in the presence of God! And how many of the laity did they decapitate, even as their mouths were filled with the 'Kyrie eleison',* asking what was this 'Kyrie eleison' and laughing! And behold the holy women used for lust in the churches and insulted in their chastity; those of them who had taken on the yoke of marriage and those consecrated in their virginity, the brides of God, let them also speak forth against the guilty! And if one man only had been united with each one of them, the evil would be less, but when they became, as it might be said, shared receptacles of lust, no expression of grief is adequate. 100. Here I may say one good thing concerning the barbarians, that when they set about slaying the occupants of the churches, some of them at any rate dragged their victims outside and robbed them there of their lives, and so moderated the extent of their crime. 101. And those who so insulted the sacred objects and split asunder some of the sacred images which had no intrinsic value sufficient to attract them, while stripping others of their ornaments with blows, did nothing to make us speak well of them; and now, when any of them come to mind, they are an abomination to us. How could any man, when he learns of men baring their nakedness in churches, refrain from bursting with rage on hearing that the sacred treasures were also stripped bare? Oh, the forbearance of God, who allowed a barbarian man to continue living after he had sprung upon the holy and revered

Eustathios

116

aKOVttap6V a(pAKc cfjv &vey6pevo;. 'S2 araupot Tfptot, to rlpitepoy KpatoS, Oaot; Kai bp(bv of ptapot evinatEav. Kai Oe(a buvapt; tiTpepooaa ouK 9a0, Snw; o6K Ti 6v Tt; ivtabOa 6KOei1I Kai Taiutr(v ptap(av, Cu,-, tot; piv It t Xou

5 iKKXrlataattxot; Xaprttfjpaty 1Veoupouv of bauvtaKtot, Oil Kai oupavat;, p. 472 B. etnot iiv it TpaywSia, TOT; ft tGv oiipwv boxetot; ota Kai noTrlpiot; iKExpTIVTO ;

01 TC Kai Kata tppeatwy a(gIiVTE; npoppietV TOV TOO Kat' autou;

&aKOO npouxovta 7E68a, EtTa b8p£uoievot Entvov Too piaCTpob Kai TobtO m'r.Xty Kai 7t6Xty, Kai EtaaEt KUKXOV TOOTOV EXiTTOVTcS &a£xyfl. 10

'AXXa rooto piv elil ?iv Kai y£xotov napappttpiv e(PPG) Ttvt Kai auto. "A bi divtiitty auyyeypacpatat, b ' EKetva pupa 7tpOKayobvta &UKpua 671otov

Kai tb TOO MupoQX0tou, oO -t4 ra(pa) ipn£natKbte; 1CTdL ncXiKewV Ot totoOtow et; notvrly 6t tot, T6v Te 7tept. E7tt7tO .OtOVTl Kbapov ik tipyupou KaTtKOWaV Kill T6V bnip K£(PIJtfl; bi 7TEptciXOVrO rpOaCOV atilpavov Kai µilV Kai T6V ETE15 poV 47ttjyayov Toty noSoty, TVa Taxa t6 no&tKE; tt'; b bKE[VOU S(KTI; bKKX(-

i; Tb nflv, ei prl Tb Oetov &vtipTl Kai Taxu 6611yfjaav vatev. Kbty iob; xpefttova; Ev ye tot; aap(3apot; Cl; Kw2.)JT1V Kat£7titaae Too xUKOO. Euvooxo; yap TOO nTly6;, &ptpt; d1v Z 1av, np6TTEty 646; xai Oepp6;, olo; (p6Rov (3aOOv Katanipnsty oT; liv 6ypto; npocevc OE(rl, E(ptuato; etcrek&aa;, 20 w; obK 6v tt; ikn(aot, go); et; G3a00 Too Oc(ou vaoo, w; piv of no%Xot $VOptaaV, Stilt nEpl(pp6VTlatV Kai abtb; Kat' EKETVOV, 8; IV Tff Tj; ptltpon62,E0); KaOoa.tKt xaOtnftcOia; t6V to tnnov anipakc auyKatevexOEi; OpuuaOiVTa Kai abTb; OOK su ait &Xi106; bi Kata npopr Oetav, 1Va Kai NOV o(tw Sti p. 478 B. Tif; noKvOtl1tO; TOO XaOO napeta80Otto (peuy6VTwV iKaiT(OV aupnatulOfjvat 25 T(il tnn(il, Kai 6irout0; Si 6)v (3X itotT6 to Kai 6VTlf3XinOt toO; KOKOUpyoOVTa;,

Kai otTw; autob; &puvotto- EtaSpapdbv yoov 6 cbvobyo; 06T( l)

euyevob;

tnnOO Kai TTIV pet&. xetpa a16iiPiav KOpOVrlV tcatt4ywV, auve7T0LapaaVOpiVC0V

Cilia Kai TOv i(pcnottevwv OEpanovtwv, of Kai autos a(pO6pOi Spiiv tjaav, (pbvou; Te no).)tob; 9K6)XuaE Eat yupv(baet; &v6p6)v TC Kai yuvauK65v, 8. 6rl >iaaV ?Ketva) 6aa npb aOTOO KaTianaauv cpOaaaVTE;. Kai (p6VOU; VbV TOb; EKEl KaTiaXCV 246r I

6 &pxwy, TOO SE nVty toO Ttt%V (pny6VTwV IV T(U VCZI 06K 7IV Iniaxeat;, 8XX' Cua-

nep iv tat; O)Xat; KaOoxtxat;, OOtw Kai TaOTrt 00K OX(yrl pop tou; (3vtU; 5 o0pavatS. Aesch. FTG N. H. Eust. Schol. ad Od. 17, 467 (1828, 28). npobxovta n66a Eur. Med. 679; Plut. Tires. 3, 8. H. Apollod. Bibl. 3,15, 6. H. Wrrovtes. Cfr. Lycophron, 306. 5 J;veObpouv pr.m. tveO6pouv T.B.S. y71 polpa cod. em. T.

8 Entvav cod.

7-8 66KOtS

25 pUrret t6te T.S.

9 KUKXOV

84 6M-

The Capture of Thessaloniki

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uncovered his private parts and urinated at targets within Oh holy crosses, our strength, how many of you became the plaything of these foul men! Yet the divine power does not waver, and will infallibly be awakened. 102. And what does it serve to set forth this impiety also, that these undisciplined men made water into the crystal lamps of the churches as if they were chamber pots,* to use the tragic expression, while they used the genuine chamber pots as vessels to drink from? And then they directed the 'foot projecting from the wineskin'* into the wells and then, when drawing water, drank of their pollution, and they did this again and again, repeating this vicious circle of licentiousness. may nevertheless be added to 103. Such an event, although ridiculous, the sequence of our history. But the matters which have been related previously were such as to call forth innumerable tears; and an occurrence of the same sort took place at the shrine of the Myrobletes* where the barbarians attacked the tomb with axes, a fate which they They cut off the silver ornamentation themselves deserved to suffer. which flourished around it and stripped the golden crown from the head of the saint, and even carried off one of his feet, as if to avert the swift-footed retribution which he might visit upon them. And they would have carried their destructive work to its conclusion, if there had not been a divinely-inspired intervention which swiftly led the better spirits among the barbarians to call a halt to the destruction. There was a eunuch in the service of the king, with the rank of Amir,* keen and fiery in action and capable of inspiring great fear in anyone whom he might savagely attack. This man rode up on a horse quite unexpectedly, right into the middle of the holy church. The general assumption was that he too wished to desecrate it, like the man who had ridden into the Katholike* of the Metropolis and had lost control of his mount, crashing down with it as it fell, and had not escaped to make without damage. But in fact he did this deliberately, it easier for himself to penetrate the mass of people there, since everyone avoided the horse for fear of being trampled by it, and from his conspicuous position he could see and be seen by the evil-doers, and could restrain them. So this eunuch charged into the church on his noble horse, brandishing his iron mace in his hand. He brought a number of servants with him in his wake who were also strong men of and he prevented many men and women from being killed and action, a thing which could not have been stopped in any other way. stripped, He also drove away those who were planning to sack the holy tomb, much against their will. Their only profit was the objects - and they were numerous enough - which they had pulled off it before his arrival. This leader thus checked the murders which were taking place there, but there was no such check to the suffering of those in the Here as in the other Katholikai a great number of the living church. altar, range!

118

Eustathios

t v npbg Tofu; en' axpon6Xewg 6 nvtyp6g t>Stxatwaev, (bv 6 dptOp6g nenvty6rac, (ilg ij dpXr1 Tots %6you auveypatye. Ti iv Xeyotpt toUg T&v TEyhwv oixwv fivwOev KaOa%%op,`vouS Eni pEXet O"t nTEp64aaeat E(g OaV&TOU, OTe T6 pt ya KaK6V Kai atTObg 5 alOepa µri EXOVTC9, o 1tCp ti(p(EVTO tiy, T6 TahV j3apt wv EnaaXOV Kai itXaKOOV eig Ot vatov i;K 41ETE6)pOU KataaKi)nTOVTES. Tt 6r` TOUS KaT6 tppcClrwv waEi Kai p. 474 B. rtvog Ko Kuto1 Kai'AXcpovttou iiSarog (3uOtt;opevoug iv8pag -cc Kai yuvaiKaS, tour pev (p6 PT rots pt j tf.XXcp neacty OavargT, tag ft Kai Kata aEµv6T13ra ; Kat-

v6v ft ob8i v obR Tj rotaiurri Epnrwa(g TE Kai xatantwatg nap' dvOpwnotg, 10 of pii tOvov tErpag EiXovro iiv ayiivat etg uno6oXr)v ai toTg Kai 3ouvo6g cic, Kpby(ty KataxuXtaOf vat Kai oiupav6v R abt6v tntKaTancidTV, dXX1 nou Kai Xaog xai Taptapov I(pavTdCovr0 etc KataSuaty Kai ptou Kara?uaty. TO yap Ka8' taTopiav (3apaOpOV Kai 01 KpTiLVOt µucpa Kai abTa T'laav SOTS a(pavrw-

Ofvat A: Xouaty. 'S2 pot Kai T)v Wow, oinep Inacptt pevot tot; totoutotg npOg 15 twv (3ap(36pwv dvavc6cty O6K d(pteaav, &X%' iXEetvobg.

xatcX6)vvuov Toug

Obai rote Kai boat Kard yaat6p(ov elXov, 8S 6v TG) (pe6yEty papuvcov 6 KaTet (pbaty cp(Xtog (p6ptog tl 6XtytinEX17ic KaTippt= at ito8(ZWV Eig ' 611v, (pOaVObaag r6V Sta Ft(pt5i V SXEBpOV. OkKTp6V St to tcoV O6K EXaTrov Kai µT)T9-

20 peg, alg (pct youaatg Kai anaXot nat&Eg auvftpcXov. Kai Thwg i v 6pot'S Tjaav, £ntantpXOVTOg Si 'Cob KaKOO, i;ytKwv t6v Sp6pov at uuitepEg, SuoTUX@g yE TOOTO Kai µdXa. 'Entarpacpciaat yap ij ObKET' E(3XEnOV TObg noOoupsvoug avOap(XXoug, 'Hp68ou Sri rtvt tplj(pcil neptnenTwx6tas, ij Entnrov Kai autai np6S rtilv entxataXa(36vtwV, ptaoiupevat, Ott pr1 ZKdtVwV np6g Epwta Ineatp>`- p. 476 B. 25 (povro, aXX' EKXatov t6V 6aTatov 86)LLXov, Ov of naTSES tiaTCtXCLVTO. 'E(pcuyov

Kai natr peg, veoyva pTltt pwv Op(pavd 6ntaw d(pt6vTeg. Kai aura pev ubg tni awmTipO t>yobvto, of 81 ptj bnlatpc(p6pevot EOcov, Kai f (p6atg ep6a Kcva. Et Si Kai C C.3papov CKETva aup(ps6yety, abrd pbv Ciro(ouv T6 Suvar6v, 6 Se yevCTwp rjv 6 abr6g tong n6Sag, 'cob KaT& 6avatov (p6(3ou trio (puatKriv CKVt30 K(Avtog mopyriv. Kai clnEp 6 TEKVwiC icVOg ncputot is ctat t;wriv, &%X' a6T6. aupnatObiEVa Kai np6S (3taV Ct;(bXXUVTO Eig CiOTiKTiV T()V KCLT' t vSpag vexpc v. O3rw Kai OpCppa tpaXO, Xbxwv gnirpcXOvrwv, d(piriat Td otKcta veoyt)h Kai (pd yct, Kai 6 XOKOS o6K OTSEV 06SEV6S 4ps(6Eaeat.

5 9X6KOUV. Cfr. Act. Ap. 1, 18. 10 nftpac payllvat Ioh. Apoc. 6, 16. 18 58paOpov Aristoph. Eq. 1362. H. 17 Katd yaat pwv. Marc. 13, 17. H. 18 t d)tyrlncXlrls Hom. Od. 5, 467. Eust. Sch. 1542. 23 'Hp6TSou. Matth. 2, 1-16. H. 25 SBAtXov. Cfr. Eust. op. 112, 6. 81 aKUpitovta. Cfr. Eust. SchoL 947. 13. 8 µt1 uvw ncacTv Oavar(p cod. T.B.S.

25 So%tXdv T.B.S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

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were condemned to be crushed to death, as many, it might be claimed, those whose suffocation on the acropolis was related at the as beginning of this narrative. 104. What can I say of those who leaped down from the roofs of their houses* in search of death when the catastrophe began to ensnare them They could not fly into the ether,* although they might well also? have wished to do so, and so they suffered the fate of all naturally heavy things as they hurled themselves through the mid-air* to crash to their deaths below. How can I describe the men and women who submerged themselves in wells as if in the waters of Kokytos and Acheron,* the men from fear of meeting some other form of death, the women to preserve their self-respect? But there was nothing novel about casting themselves down from roofs or into wells for men who not only prayed that rocks might burst open to receive them* and mountains roll down to cover them and the heavens themselves descend upon them, but also invented Chaos and Tartaros* as places to which they might For even the chasm of the Baratbron,* descend and end their lives. and the steepest heights, have never presented recorded in history, any great obstacle to those who wished to make away with themselves. 105. Alas too for the stones hurled by the barbarians upon these persons, which gave them no opportunity of reviving themselves again, Alas once more for but covered them over, thus giving them burial! the women heavy with child, whose dear load given to them by nature weighed them down as they fled and cast them fettered by their weakness* into Hades, before they could meet destruction at the point No less pitiful were the mothers accompanied by tender of a sword! children who ran alongside them as they fled. For a short distance they were able to stay together, but as disaster drew closer to them the mothers became the victors in the race, although it brought them they either did not see only misfortune. For as they turned back, their longed-for competitors, who had fallen as if by some decree of Herod,* or they themselves were laid low by their pursuers, becoming the objects of these men's rage because instead of turning to yield they were weeping for the last long race themselves to their lust, leaving behind which their children had run. Fathers fled also, new-born babes bereft of their mothers; and these infants wept as if begging to be rescued, but their fathers ran on without turning, and And if children did run out to join the voice of nature went unheard. although they did their utmost, their fathers never in the flight, altered their pace, and the fear of death conquered natural love. And his children were trampled down if a father managed to save his life, still palpitating, to the corpses of and killed and were then added, the men who had been slain. In such a fashion the shaggy herds, when pursued by wolves, leave their own young and flee; and the wolf spares not a single one.

Eustathios

120

K? aiw S' evta6Oa ey6, a.vanokf cras Etc voOv k Kai Tipeic atravtes o{i- 246v Tws e(pcryopev, ota a(payls np6pata, oiitE notpeyoS npopaXODVtos OUTS n v ptgOwtou: Kai µaxaptov EtnEp ecpebyopev Sia TeXouS. NOV Se aXXL µtKpou 5eov of l[WOUg TOTS TC,ty X.UKwv neptentntopev aT611aal. Mupia STi tabTa I

5 nt(Dpaca, Kai ota n6X.ly anOKEV05V Eb(pOpOGaaV TjV STE ohKTit6pwv L yaO(Bv.

Kai petpotvto av of oiitw noXutp6nwS itea6vtcS bnep XtXta&ag enter, (b; of ncptc?O6vtcs taToXaaavto np6S Suvatiiv axpipctav, avv ye Tot; eK BouXyapwv TCC;01S Kaf Scot toO otpatlwttxoO auveneaov. 01 81 pappapot neptcpyaeapevot dJ.wS cts nevu XtXtC(Sas TiptOpnlaav to KaK6v, elite tobS nenvt- p. 476 B. 10 ypeVOUS aVYKCcpaXatwaapEvot ro6Totq ti tc STjXaSTi tolls en' OIKwV 7TEa6VTaS, aXXa iOvouS apt0µw 86WK6tcS ticouS abtotS i KOetoUS KEtµhVOUS tiXloC Ecp1lvev.

'EvtatSOa Saxot ti.v KapStav &v5p6g cptXotxtou Kai Stl robs Kctpkvouc EV to Wig apcp68otcc Kai ev TTa 6LKPOR6%et h?6yotS t wotS avaptyvbvtEs iatExatov 15 of eXOpoi, t6 ptaavOpwnov byre Kai touto SpaaavtcS. Ta npmta yap bcp' Tipty napaKUXo61EVOt K(LTaX65aat TOUC, VEKpoUC prj Kai Oea Suanp60wnOS EKKCtVTat Kai ano(popd ft voaep&C, 6TµtawetV, 90(lSES TOtOUtwv abtOi Eqiaaav EIVat

Kai Xaipcty totaOtatS Oeat; Te Kai 68paiS. Of pev Sfj noX.X,oi pOvot Kai at apoSpat apnayat Kai to 0 ,60) KaKet 5oat pETa pCaiippptav TjS fjitpas, iaO' fjv Ti &XwatS, et enttaypato;

20 KotEV by ?,,f

t(i>v KOtl jTwv. 'Hv Se Eappatov, ob tpuyf v EXov, fjv EbayycX.tKCUS ancOl att' dv rig, DX,X& t1iXtxa6tlic n6XEwS REOpov. Ta S' evte0Ocv obi fiv pev -rig (ppacat, Cog pll6ev rt eXXetyrat Oc a Se catty entXel;ao0at, a6X>law!EV tiv Kai aOtot

ixavoi EecaOat anoypayraaOat. IIavtec; of Eke) tnn6tat at of vabapXot Se, 25 axoXoOOwS Se Kai of apcp' abtoOS, 6vaxa0iipavtEs VSTi to a(ptat (popcpa Kat ptarioavtES Etc it? ov afOptoxotTCty, EnXxiaav a5cbs Tas otKf crstS n6- p. 477 B. 1e0)y, Tas pev peiljouS Kata xc(paX.aS Kai 6UOt nepi abtc , TaS Se eXattouS

Kata Ttvas tXaS etepaS, 6aatS t'jv auppEtpov tb xataXupa. Kai tb evte0OEv abtoi pev 1iaav oiKwV Etaw, T6 Se no) tttKbv 6.nav aOaTTi to InXat;ETO, Ev Of; 30 Kai >>pctc,. Kai T6 pev pappapov evEiETO T6q In' OtKCOV eVOeaEly, of 5t OtKO8ECn6Tat ai8Xf aVTO Kai 1tEptcvO touv (LEE iaKEt nctylrSVTES, Sty/CUVTES, At-

yOUVtCS, btt xai yupvot. Kai ciOc pev yupvot, (b b.v nou Kai eXcoivto eK tbv

yupvwcavTwv vlv Se

Trio EvSumv Sta tb MAO); iaIt' Oyrty 247r

ataXp6v o6K etXov EX,cov, ota TqS avayKTls bckr (p, Et Kai avaXXov, a? X° otiv 35 Ttva aTOXriV a(pomoOc iiS, bnoiav ib(bv 6 pev Ekw nevOoug yEXaaot liv Sta. T6

2 notpevot. Cfr. loh. 10. 11 sq. Matth. 24, 20.

18 S6KOt tiv Hes. Op. 451. 21 gtuyf v EXov. 26 alOptoKOtteiv Cfr. Eust. Schol. 795, 21. Theocr. 8, 78.

5 ncnpata cod. T.S. em. B. 14 tots 6µ(p66oiS cod. 35 n60ouq pr. m. 19 of pnv T.B.S.

17 atµnawaty pr. m.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

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106. And here I myself weep as I remember how we all fled in the same manner, like sheep about to be slaughtered, with no shepherd or even a hireling* to protect them. We were blessed indeed that we ourself escaped in the end, but with only a few exceptions most of us fell into the mouths of the wolves. These deaths were beyond counting, and emptied the city which once prospered because it had so many good numbered citizens. Those who died in so many different ways might be over seven thousand, according to the calculations made with as at much precision as possible by those who went around for that purpose, if the Bulgarian troops* and those of the soldiers who were killed are included. The barbarians made another count and put the number of those lost at five thousand, but the persons who were suffocated in or who died in the houses were of course not included, the churches since they counted only those who lay in the open air, exposed to the light of the sun. who can 107. Another matter which would gnaw at the heart of any man feel pity was that our enemies mixed the human corpses which were lying in the streets and on the acropolis with those of dumb animals and burned them together. And this inhuman deed was done by them only after some delay, for at first, when we called upon them to bury the bodies so that they would not provide a sight that was evil to look upon, or give off harmful vapours, they said that they were accustomed such things, and in fact took pleasure in such sights--and odours. 108. It seemed that by early afternoon on the day of the capture of the city, by order of the Kometes the majority of the murders and pillagings and the greater part of the other calamities had ceased. It was the Sabbath, which did not produce the flight not to be begged for according to the Gospel,* but the destruction of a great city. The events which followed could not be related by anyone without some omissions, but we can atany rate feel confident of being able to record at least a selection of them. All the cavalry from outside and the captains of the ships, together with their followers, had now rid themselves of any reason to be afraid, and because they hated the idea of sleeping in the open any longer, confidently occupied the houses of the city. The larger ones were taken by the leaders and their retinues, the smaller by other groups, as many as each lodging would themselves inside the houses hold. The result was that they found while the whole body of citizens, among whom we were included, were The barbarians shared among themselves left wandering round outside. the provisions stored within the houses, while the owners were driven outside and wandered about, going hither and thither in their hunger If only and thirst, and shivering because of their lack of clothing. so that they might have inspired pity they had been completely naked, those who had stripped them! But since they had devised some sort in of dress, because otherwise they would have presented a shameful spectacle, they received no pity; and necessity forced them to adopt a variety of coverings of various kinds, the motley sight of which would

122

Eustathios

aK1jVtKd)TepOv, 6 se c oyyeyEUilevo; To6 ntOovc of is av oKVAQOt µ1} IKOaVEIV

Xunovµevo;. 'Etpunrjae Tt; WiaOov Kai neptpaX6µevo; 9Kpuntc p6yt; t1}v npoaOiav aiaxlivrjv Kai riyana outw xaXuWaµevoc, EuSa{µwV auto; trj npo; etepou; napapo) jj, boot to Kata xcTpa Oevap Kai to Sa.KtuXa KaOc Tt napa5 netaaµa npoOe1Evot Kai Kp67rTOVTe; anep @Xpfjv f pxo3vto, µ1} EXOVTec 6,Tt

n?eov Spaaouat. Kai rev µev Kai abto ou Oea; 64tov Cl Se Kai yuvatKE; to6 7Ca0ou; 9KOtVtVOUV tot8E, ti Sri EXaµnev f Xto;, (D; Kai totabta KaOopav ; 'AXX' aotOs M V ETxev d%Xw; CV8etKVUa9ai Ti KaX6v, eKtpenwv Tofu; autaT; evupp(-

t ovta;, 6 SE entwv Ea tcpo; nav6etva moist, ax6tov 71popaXX6µevo; et; 10 anoxpuq v xai ava[SEtav. 'H µev yap f .t pa ETxe tt aa'Scppov Seer 'r v unepe- p. 478 B. x6vtwv, rl ft vi enapprjaiat;E Tat µ1j Sata.'HV tic T6Tc Kai 8; aKO; E6prji(i1; napepptpp6vov nou anoxa0rjµevljc tuxov i Kai OXXolov, 6notot; no.Xot; at

)Lew(p6pot Kateatpwvtat, Kai auxv6 totaOta 5uyxexpouxw; et; a(pAv, w; eix,e, Kai XEVT[OU tp6nov auaxeuaa6µevos, &Kwv f OcXc Tljv aauvilOli 7Tept-

15 atoXriv. 'A%Xot auvOepata epea µaSavTa xai evantbµevot, xot?tav µev Kai Paxty xai to Katwtepw EcKE7tov, axo(vw aaOpii Kai ounapp. Tfj eK (piXupa; i totot3e twos neptt;waaµEVOt, Ta Se Xotna ev Xp( xai' aOr?iv 5apxa TO atpt ytv6iEvot. 'I.iattaµevov Se ttva (8cty T6 OXov 611010V AV 6;

Et xai 0fjya et5ev i} 6XXov 6vSpa XaµnpOtrjto;. II6pvat; µ6vat; eve .aµne 20 xaX.X.o; tj attaµo0, at Tot; iepoi; neitX(ilµarnv iiyxatcovto, euna.pU(pot Tot; µtapot; epaatat; napoµaptoi'Saat xai pXendvrwv fjµbv nappijatat6µevat 'r v aµapt{av Kai auyxataxopeuouaat. 'S2 KavtatOa Mug avoxfj;. At ft 1cc(paxai tot; µev It? cioaty tjaaV aKataKOXUntot, t&iv AatiVwv ot3tw aKEUwprjaavtwv,

w; av EXotµev To 6µ6atoXov. Kai totTO µev of Suvaµevot Enaaxov 600t; Se 25 Ta tii; xe(pa).fjS o0K clXcv ana0(u;, 6XX' ESet Kataxexa? O p8at aura; Sta T6 appwatov, &XX.' autou; 3)Le7Ewv tt; navtoto; av tfiv Xunliv yevotto, tii notxtXi;C

r&v Pkenoµevwv auµnsptay6pevo;. IltXov µev yap aaKljtov iEpLTEOslaOat p. 479 B. Ot EUTU)96tQTOL KaTeiXOUTOOV, TrOV S' 6XXov of nXeiou; Wt(IOwv itMypata i o%oivwv i Ka;L6prjc ea)E8[at,ov Ei; total)Tijv GKCmjv, Ta no?Xet Kai SLQTE-

30 tpljilCva Kopu(pijV KaTat KQnVOS6K11V, to (leV cUp(OTO; KQSapOaKriaapCvou, ,rd Se Kai xata pappaptxbv a0upµa, o6K oX{ya Se xai npo; tExvliv, tva WE Too

Tpf taco; 6 ntXo;, ota xai n; xCuvlj Tot; &i 8aty evepeuyrjtat auµpoXT'IV.

7 Ti 6f 9%aµacty iiXtoc. Cfr. supra, p. 112, 29-30.

13 aitoKa0TMEVgc. Cfr. Is. 64, (5) 6.

6 pt v Kai j i v deest S. 11 o(8 vbl; cod. T.S. em. B. 1tOte T.S. Tic note B. 12-18 of Xewgbpot T.B.S. 24 Exotpgv cod. 29 aol.Afa cod. 80 pr.m sbp(bToc, alt. c0pmtoc. T.S. E 3p(8to. 11

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have inspired mirth in anyone who had nothing to grieve for, although one who had shared in this calamity was far more likely to expire from vexation. One man bored holes in a rush mat and tied it in front of and was pleased to be covered in this himself to hide his shame, manner. He was indeed fortunate by comparison with others who could offer only the palms of their hands and their fingers to hide what ought to be hidden, since there was nothing else that they could do. And this was a sight which should not have been seen; but when even women suffered the same fate, why was it that the sun shone, if it had to gaze upon such things? 109. The sun, however, was able to display itself to good purpose in by deterring those who were carrying out their another respect, assaults upon these women; but the evening which followed led to dreadful deeds as it began to provide darkness to conceal acts of their shame. For daylight had some restraining effect because of but night gave them licence to engage in their unholy officers, actions. At that time, a man might find some chance scrap of cloth thrown away by a woman after her period, or some other similar things with which the streets were littered,* and would stitch them together as best be could to make some sort of a napkin, and willy-nilly he would Others devised confections of wool wear this unaccustomed garment. and joining them together managed to cover belly and back cardings, of and lower parts, wrapping round their waists a rotting dirty rope the bark of lime trees or something similar, while elsewhere the bare And to see a man skin of their bodies was exposed to the air. completely dressed was. like seeing a king or some other high Only the prostitutes gleamed in fine clothing, since they dignitary. glittered in sacred vestments, finely garbed as they accompanied their shameful lovers and danced with them, making public their shame before our eyes. What divine forbearance was shown there! The heads of most of us were uncovered,* a cunning imposition forced upon us by the Latins so that we might all be dressed in the same way. 110. Those who could do so, endured this. But those whose heads had received some injury, and needed to be covered because of their inspired every kind of grief in the beholder, matching the sickness, Only the most great variety of head coverings to be seen there. fortunate were granted the luxury of being equipped with a properly made hat. Most of the rest contrived twists of rushes or rope or reeds as a covering, the majority of these with an opening at the top either because decay had eaten into like the smoke-hole in a roof, them or as the result of a barbarian's playfulness or in a number of cases deliberately, so that the material of the hat might, like a function as a means of channelling water down to the thirsty funnel, to drink.

124

Eustathios

by noXXot; !~vbXaµnov

Kai riaaV O( it6VTcS k TGSV T0106TwV

(;u; old ttvcg nopcpupeot MOM irXriyai nop(pupovaat T6 It atjiaro; XuOp(p, Beapa Kai SUairpOaontOV Kai 81)ac(Ka6tov, to µl`v Ot; 1K VEptEp ov ijKELV t6OKOUV crKta( ctvc; ataaoUaat, TO S' OTt TOb; Kata (pbanV XapaKTfjpa; Ob- 247v 5 Kit' EtXov St& tO ev3ov nou avaXwpf cat ij Kai r Xeov iKXtnety toy cp(Xtov Xup6v, St' obnep gtavOct t6 epOOriµa. 'Hv obv i:pyov yvwpiaat Kai toy n(VU IV TObtOt; (pD tatov Kai EKaUTO; aVri pc to l KaaTOV, 6att; nOt' ?IV Kai clrj, Sta TO xata Xp6av navtwv Oµoct6E; Kai &a(popov xat' obSEv. I

'ITEOV 9711 Ta; > KKXria(a; Kai OEwpritEOV TOb; TOLOOTOU; Kai EKct Kai 9pwT11-

10 TIM Ti; tipa IV Tourot; 6 7XouanO; ij nevri;, Kai 6aa Totatta. 'AXXa ti; µev ieparat ; T(; St W Tots avaytv(iraKety t=at(; t(; St to6 XaoO EIvat EtXriXc ; Ilavtc; yap E(So; Ev Kai iop(pri f abtf idly Cl ii Tt; 6.nOKptOEiS TG)V 6XXWV TO tcpOV Eta0,00t Pfiµa, crTtiaO.Evo; ci; cOxa;, Kai ti; tiXXO; Eic T6V (cp6v p. 480 B. MXOot OKpi(iavta tiaXµoO X(ipty, o6K rjv StaKptatg ToutwV to xai T6JV TOD 15 Xaou. EtXov 89 Tt Haute; 06TOt aEpv6v, Ei Kai G.XXw; XuntipOv- XEXuµavot yap

Ox T65V no& v mute; Ta bno6riµata tu'Sv tob 6y(ou otxou xprpniSwv lyivovto. Exonriti;ov xai ta; LK6ar(ilV Tpoq)a; xai yvwattov b; Ex TCuv auµ(puXet(uv RtV ObK AV 6, tL Kai Xa(iotev, navtwv t Iaou netwbvtwv, TG)v ft Aativwv OXiyot thv ctVc; itXoprjyouv 600Xob; tob; napa a(piaty, 60ev >Tjv yXicXpw; ano20 tfjv, of St; itXE(ou; 5160oXov 6nnKaXOlVtc; TOy Inatto0vta, ToOro Sri TO nap' abcOt; ebXOprjyriTOV, URpct; i`S(SOUV (tbaei Kai rywµ6v, Kai KOv&uXov

61rov In' abrat;. Kai 6 i:Xeo; itv oOtw; r'jv Suasuperoc, S(Xa ye TGSv rrx TOD

Mupo(3Xutou, 6;, xa06 Kai npoauyy&ypantat, navta; Tob; noX(ta; 9Ope_ yrev ei; 6aov IXpfjv. El ft Ti; Kai cbnopriK(b; noOev 106Xot Ttµrjµato; nop(25 aaaBat tO tpe(pov, (ia(3at Tfi; (3ap(iaptxfS; 6nav0pwn(a;. 'IOUSa(yr µtv yap xai 'Apµevicp, of); f ByXtTtpµwv Kpav(a Kai 6 Zeµev(KO; 4PeppouatV, EasµtTpet I; 6aov Te Ka0f icov AV Kai Tt Kai Ei; bnEpµctpov, (:aX(oxOTt U iOX(Tra VXa-

Xtatov, et nou xai i~ntatpag ctri abTOO. 'Apt(Stov yot5v neptrjyµevov (; ci; xp(xov, 6c ov iv avt(Xetp Kai XtXavO; Staypaipatcv, tpt8V XaXxwv aTaTtjpwv 30 anc5t8ou T6 5 97 cctvO noXitrj, i6Xt; Opo.oO

'AXX' aµa 6nexpoua6µ1iv 'Apµeviou; xai C my naOov neptxap&tov, p. 481 B. tvvoliaaµevo; Onota xaKh xai abtob; 6 paaxavo; Sa(itwv f µtv npoai 0eto, j v itpO Tfj; 6)Aaew; v 6vta; tot; noXEµiot; xai OEp iorspou; ?icctvaly gig Ta Ka0' rjµ(hv 6no6e1KV0A9Vou; Kaxa IV O(p66ot;, 9v X6Xot;, Iv npo68ot; 85 tat; e(; Xciav, Iv triXavat;, by IKCpavacat T(thv XavOav6vtwv, (aw 69 Sean64 aKtai. Hom. Od. 10, 495.

10 it ouato; ij nevgy Ps. 48, 3. Cfr. Exsequientium 81 urtexpouadiniv. Cfr. Eust. op.

ordinem. 12 e18o4. Cfr. Eust. Scho!. 1799, 37. 88, 57; 98, S. II i;taty, Aristot. 403m, 31.

23 npouyi:ypanrat. T.S. npoyeypantat B.

25 (taptxrfC pr. m. Pap. supescriptuni.

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111. All of them were clothed in materials of such a kind, and on many of them there gleamed like porphyry the marks of blows empurpled with bloody gore, a sight which was both painful to look upon and hard to describe. On the one hand they seemed like shadows floating up from the nether regions, and on the other hand they no longer had their natural appearance, because their own blood, which made their ruddy colour blossom, had either retreated deep within them or had completely left them. It was not easy to recognise among them even a very dear friend, and each one asked another who he was, since in their pallor they were all alike and did not differ in any respect. 112. One could go into the churches and observe such figures there also, and ask who among them was the rich man, who the poor and so on, and which were the priests, who was. the reader and who happened to be They all had the same appearance and form, of the laity. and if it had not happened that one, separate from the rest, entered the holy chancel* and prepared to pray, and another stepped up to the reader's platform to chant a psalm, there would have been no way of distinguishing them from the laity. But there was one touch of holiness,* albeit a distressing one, which they all shared, for as they stood upon the floor of the sacred building, all of them were set free from the footwear upon their feet. could also survey the food which each person ate, 113. One and see that there was nothing to be got from one's fellow citizens, since all were equally famished. Some of the Latins offered us their small change, which enabled us to live in a meagre fashion, but the majority exercised their bounty only by calling anyone who begged a wretch, and by giving them an insult as their bread and a blow to season it with. So charity was hard to find except in the case of those who came from gave all the citithe Myrobletes* which, as has been written above, zens the nourishment which they-needed. And if anyone who had a good supply from some source wanted to provide food for a price, alas what For a Jew, or for an Armenian, whom barbaric inhumanity followed! nearby Krania and Zemenikos* nurture, he would measure out whatever the proper ration was and more besides, but for a citizen of our vanquished city only the smallest portion, if one did in fact make application to him. Indeed he would give the wretched citizen a tiny loaf only as big as the circle formed by thumb and forefinger for three bronze staters, when it was hardly worth an obol.* 114. But now that I have mentioned the Armenians,* I feel a boiling rage in my heart when I think of the evils which the malicious demon attached to us in connection with them. Before the city fell, when they were outside it, they were as one with the enemy, and were even more eager than our foes to do us harm in the assaults and the ambushes, in the raids to capture booty and the operating of the siege engines, and in the unmasking of spies. And now that they were within

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126

Covtac >i p 8v Kai autou;, anetXouphvou;, 97nT6aaovtaS, anoatepoovta;, TGnTovtaS, ayXovtaS tot; t'uv{ot;. 'Apt{aicov yap naXaii neptXiinT6v, 8v 60oXoO 6v tt; Tlµijaalto, noXXoo autot tataOp(5i vto, Kai XatlvnctS Kai autos Apa; ait tvtyov. Kai anoXebXapev IN tiivtxaota, eI pig Tl v bnlapav Kat' dg5 pov nXtjOlivac 6 Oe6;, tv ai; seas TdS atacpuXdq, ti; i? cov KEKO7ttaK6twv tepol

MPEnov si; tog K6nou; IKe{vwv eiaepXopevot, t:Opetye Kai pa;. Mf yap Eni voov ayttw Tt; MXXo Tt E; tpocpilv Kai tpucpl')v EV8c&awtX.ef I Oat i}µty. 248r MV EKOXlpopevwv pEv oivov etxopev, et Kai nveupat{av tKetvov Kai pp6piov ouv napapu0rittK hTepoV u"SatoS, Kai aXscat ou npoarivfj npo; Uy{EtaV, v 10 Xo{av Se tpocpiiv, vat SE Kai {pattapov r anepnOXilact, Kai et tt Se aXXo S1ov Kai 7rp6XElpov nopiaaaeat. 01 SE EttbXet; 'Appuvtot XEyEtat icat Katapta{vety iipTv ToiS aptouc. 'Hv ft auto o6X IKQVOV touS tt oxoiic IKTptnetV Too npoaieaOat ta, nwXoupeva Setvii yap it &V TKij to KaOIjKOV EKicpo6ca0at Kai povou Too npo; p{av EyKEtthvou y{vea0al. ToioOtov Se nva ptaapov Stap15 poet tpijplj Kai EK tt'Sv Aativwv nacXEty tjpaS. 'EXatov yap ntjcXatS at atEa-

alv EyxataKcpavVUVtc; Iyivovto tots ayaOotS Xptattavot; atttot Too napavopEty Tiiv viiatr;lav, tiiv xata Ta; TctpOSac xai IIapaaxeua;, Tva pi p6vov

20

tT}v TuXTiV fiptV aXXotwawaty oI; r'ipa; xare8ooXcbaavto, aXX& teat Tij ayi¢ Opijaxei¢ Epnapotvriawaty. 'S2, T{; iv avaUXotto 9KEivwv ; Kai &rc fipetS peV Ev T6 TOO icyaxou Mupo3X6tou vat) iipvoo; tepou; ateXooµeV neptlaT(RpcVOt t6V nEptt vojiov EXeriµOVa, o{ S' Iv tat; irXaytatS Too iepoO pijpato; Ta &aut&v LtEXOUV, avtttpwvOOVTES f pty Kai Ta; nOXitt&a; cpwva; unEpcpcovety E8 XovteS poatc Kai amiXEat, noXXait; SE

Kat tat; TCllv xa0' flpa; Oeiu v cbayyEX{wv E`KfpwVijaEat npo; Z ptV Of aXapitwtot 25 avtcnctayopevot teat aU'XEOVTE; OUTw To ei)taKTOV xat TilV icpaV appoviav

Xuovtc;. Kai 9XaXijaa tEv etX.ap(b; Kai nepi tooSs TaS ic6pijtt 'AXSoutvq, ET new; y9vijtat tat;t; Kai pri ycXtSvto to Oeta tij autovogfq T(6v nap' autotS isphov, avi aat SE 6aXOV OUSEV, Et Kai t'tXXw; IKEIVO; Ec)KEt IV OUK 6Xiyot; 9OEXcty Ta f wpaTKet Taaacty cb; pit KaTUX6ej8at. 'O; ye ]Cat SIKatOnpayETV

30 ette npoanotoOpevo; ette xat npo; aXijOelav pouX6pevo; Ev tE tab KpivetV Kai icoX.

ctv tots unattiou; Kai taOtiita StaVEpety Kai ptihXo n Kai Xotnat; at-

xiat;, &XXa Kai acbXotyt TG)V ttva; Kaiot pycov TtpaaOat, Kai tu> Too aytou p. 482 B. tacp(i tipyupov Kai Xpuaov 6XOpijyriae, tOV apKOOVta et; aVanOtilc tv TOO .XXe{tlcavtoc. Kai p{IXou; SE, et Kai pr`s TaS acpripii1Eva; Kai OUSE 1taVU Tt 66-

35 Xpijatouc, aXX' ouv 6aa; e6ijpeanj9ij EcptXottpijaato SoOvar xat injypata SE Kijpwv apyupea petatpopijT& Ev {epat; EiaoSot; X6you EXapiaato Kai Opty Se ttva wapicj Eit vettc a6v ye Kai pipXot;, ti; ot3tt X{av EnoOoopev, 4 Kat' ipµov. Ps. 138, 18.

8 pp6jitov cod. T.B. em. S. µwpstaBat ? B.

8 (lpbµtov. Cfr. Anth. Pal. IX, 409. 11 Xtyovtat T.B.S.

24 dxapt'Wtatot T.B.S.

32 Tt-

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they also lorded it over us, threatening us and giving orders, depriving us of our property and striking us, and engaging in general profiteering. A loaf of bread small enough to fit in the hand, which no one would value at more than an obol,* was sold by them at a great price, and they squeezed us as much as the Latins. We would have died at that time if God had not sent a crop at the end of summer like the sands of the sea, including grapes which one group had laboured upon succeeding to their labours; and so He but others now plucked, nourished us as well. Let no one suppose that any other luxury of We crushed these grapes and made a wine, life was lavished upon us. incompletely fermented and foaming and not conducive to health, but at least more comforting than water, and we were able to use it to obtain other supplies such as clothing by barter, and anything else which was readily obtainable. There was a rumour that the abominable Armenians were defiling our loaves, but even this was not enough to prevent these beggars from accepting what was on sale, for a terrible need brushed aside what was normally proper, and made us concentrate only on the most urgent necessities. A report was also spread abroad that we were suffering a similar pollution at the hands of the Latins. For by mixing lard and suet with the oil they became the cause for good Christians of transgressing the rules of fasting* prescribed for Wednesdays and Fridays; it was as if their purpose was not only to change our fortune by reducing us to slavery, but to make a mockery of our holy religion. Oh who could endure those things! 115. And while we were singing sacred hymns in the church of the great Myrobletes, standing round the famed Eleemon,* they were at the sides of the holy chancel* singing their own songs, competing with our voices and trying to drown the chanting of the citizens with stupid And often these graceless wretches competed and discordant cries. with their shouting in opposition to our reading of the holy Gospels, disturbing good order and destroying holy harmony. I spoke of this cautiously to the Komes Aldouin* in the hope that order might be restored and divine things not mocked at as a result of the lack of restraint of their priests. But I was unable to accomplish anything, although in other respects he seemed willing on a number of occasions so that the affairs of the Greeks did not lapse to arrange matters either from a wish to present into total confusion. At these times, an appearance of being righteous or because he genuinely desired it, he gave judgements, punished the guilty and prescribed sentences; and these were not merely beatings and other punishments, but he condemned some of the wrongdoers to impalement. He also presented silver and gold to the tomb of the saint, sufficient to replace what had been In addition he lavished a gift of books upon us, not those removed. and not of great use, but such as it pleased which had been stolen, him to give. And he presented us with valuable silver holders for To us personally, candles to be carried in our sacred processions. for which we had no great use, he gave some together with the books, it,

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128

Kai ekKOV{a(.IaTa Oeta, d5v Ta 7CE(ppoVTtatEva TOT; tKe{VOU iliac alZOt; e tcgc-

p{aagev, attTiO9vTe; xai g?l Exovte; dtnav>>vacTOau ht 89 xai {epa Enlna.a, if yap xpuiCTtov tb d? r OtS, 94 dV !`7CIKOaInjµaT6s Tt nOX%alS TbV dty(wV t:KKA.Ti5

atf)v Stegotpaaape0a. TOO U x6gTiio; toutou tKetvo ia? tata TO xa%6v, Ft xai 67tXws Elx2 Tt xai Kaxbv augptyts, itapa xai Ka*.4i Kaxbv Ocpbi; t1f (puaew;, xpat1 pa xepaaagkvTis autuZ. EIxc gtv yap Tb AanvLKOV unouXws nepi Tob; u7i 6Sdvtas (i7; avaOepa Tots gf Kata TfiV 1' iE- 248v xai Tb Stn Ti xe(paA.ai Totpay TfiC aX(ilcEw; Unav To 7COXtttKOV

xa0' >ip' ; Kai auxvbv aurot;

I

10 outot; s;ntxa.OTivtat a6paat Kai ott tb toOtwv alga ou notet auyxpaaty npo; T6 fthtcpOV Kai STt napaKXXTiTeuaopcv Tov ffya Kai ncaoovtat gev navtc; OUTOI, avtctaOIKtaO7jaovtat R Katap6vas AaTtVOI, Kai oOtws anavta KaX6 Eaovtat. OOKOOV 6Lic6xou0ot TO6TOIS anetlat xaO' T prZv xai Mintaga Oaat pat p. 483 B. Too xara TbV x6gIlTa Oufloo K 5tapo%8v xai ava(pthv rats t6 v r`v6tapaxx6v15 tow to a5ptov, auiptov, Kai 6 Too OEoo Xaos GCnas cOOus nepi rigas. Kai i'jv avayxli xontav xai a.aa.ELV, xai dnotoogev outw auxva, ItOXUTp6nwS 7tovo6gevot. Kai OEoo xaptroovro; 97CE10ogev, xai Tooto nXEtataxts Sta tb TbV dpxovta ouncly lxctac. Kai ou npcnlly avfixagcv, Ews T6 TEXEUTaiov naVTOtot ( ou ? ycw Ta Et; 6gtx{av 6XXa STigilyop{av ) ycv6icvot xai St xatoxoyrlaagevot 20 Kai ob6 xoa.aKEias anE0`X11j1 VOt Kai xaptEVTtaagEVOI Kai 4gppt0w; St it ) a? iiaavTE; xai (tcgwagevot pEV t1jv t@v auyKA.OSwv Aat(vwv SEtvotTlTa, Enatvov SE twv OEQaaaovtK9wV 7EpocvcyK6VTEs xa(ptov xai oka7; cob; ?Oyou; no? uetSG>s apgoaagevot xai otxovoit c civic; npb; avOpdcnou; aypiou; learn tt aguSpOv &7tf %1iga ypa(ptxfi; IX yl;Ew; xai 17Ctttgficcw; xai napaxXri25 news, O{ Kai Kata xatpbv elpiiv is >tni r lOV Ti1ET6pwV (5.toXµot OVTEs nOIELV Ta

cbayyc) txa Et; dxpatov, tva g7} naaxotpev apoNolTa, tpcpat6cragev TOv livncptiiya'i'oicv Slog6aacOat tj g7'V µTiKEtL (p6pov bnapTTiOfiaeaOat (p6vou {l TIVO^y WpOU xaKOO Tots ta)Lwx6at. Kai T6 Spa Kai eis EgTCESOV

9VTC5OEV avEitau6gcOa ei; baov i'v dyxwpoov. 'Evexwpct Bt gfi Ei; rb 7tav 30 7tapa yc Tot; oi3tw gtaopwgatotS Aarivots. 'AXX' i 1tavuctov ndXty rzx 'r v Too x6gtlrOs tni to 7tp6tepov. Atxi 8tll- p. 484 B. prigevwv T6 5V xaT& p{ov Et; re Ta xa0' ilghpav xai to vuxtepa, ai ghv f pEpat fiiµty VEUSOVTo tb fjµcpov Sta T7iv >tiv Tots Aarivot; 6ypt6T7lta, t7jv agu8p0;

8 trzttcoaµflgatoc. Cfr. Eust. op. 91, 4. 6 papa Kai Kai , Cfr. Hom. Od. 15, 488. Eust. Schol. p. 1789, 13. 17 Oeob xaptroovtoc. Cfr. Eust. op. 248, 27. Eph. 1, 6. 24 1? yl;sroc. Timoth. 2, 4, 2. 28 up8pov tnaprTlOrlaco0at. Cfr. Aeschin. 1, 175. Dem. 18, 324; 23, 140.

2 arzapvrlvaaOat cod. a(capvilaaa0at T.B.S. Cfr. Eust. op. 6,67;39, 94; 96, 61 ; 130, 13 ; 241, 28 et al. 6 xpattf pot T.S. Kpad pa ?B. 9 xa-raagal;(oat pr. m. T.S. 12 xata µ6vac B.

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of the necessities of life together with some sacred images. We distributed the most carefully worked of these to his men, because they asked for them and we could not reject their request. Be also presented us, since the truth must not be hidden, with various sacred vessels, of which we distributed a certain part to adorn a number of the holy churches. 116. But the finest act of this Komes (even if there was a bad side to it, since nature had set evil by the side of good* and had mixed a wine-bowl of this kind for him) was the following. The Latins nourished a festering hatred against us, and curses often passed their teeth against those who on the day of the capture of the city did not slaughter every one of its inhabitants. They said, 'Why do their heads still remain upon their bodies?' and 'Their blood will never mix with ours,' and 'We shall demand from the King that they be all put to and then only the Latins will inhabit the city, and then all death, will be well.' So there were continual threats against us and every hour there were attempts to fan the anger of the Komes by means of slanders, with the slanderers crying out, 'Tomorrow, tomorrow, and straight away the whole people of God will be with us!' It was necessary to labour at keeping talking, and we did this many times, working in every way possible. And by God's grace we succeeded in persuading their leader, because in the majority of cases his inclination was in that direction. We did not relax our efforts until we had tried every avenue, not using a personal approach but engaging in public addresses. We played the advocate, did not refrain from used compliments, and occasionally adopted a most serious flattery, timely tone and criticed the savagery of the Latin mob while uttering praises of the people of Thessaloniki. And altogether we arranged our speeches in varied ways, and suited them to these wild men with a And faint echo of the Biblical 'reproving, rebuking and exhorting'.* although in time of peace we had not been forward in applying the fearing disagreeable precepts of the Gospels among our own people, consequences, we now tried to strengthen the man, and by encouraging him to stand fast we induced him to swear that the defeated should no And from longer be exposed to the fear of death or any other evil. that point onwards we had a respite from these troubles, insofar as it could be achieved, although it was not always possible, because of the extent of the hatred which the Latins felt for the Greeks. 117. But we must return from these matters relating to the Komes and deal with earlier ones, making a distinction between the manner of our life by day and by night. There was no lightness for us during the hours of light because of the savagery of the Latins, to which

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130

uitoXaXrjO£iaaV, of n' XwprrTbv ahTOtc Kai Apty Toy K6a.ov £IVat KptVOUatxcvr 43p£Xov uppctc. EuXvov aUVttVtt3VTeS yoOv KaTE7mTUOV, l 00OV, fjv a6TOtc w; Etc b((056v To dXOe KaXotwavvljc)), µuiTtjp o6TOg, tb; ijphv sv

Tij noXtopxiq yaupoup6vwv ptxpov 6aov Tov PaatXEa 'lw6vvlly WEN ijµiv 5 btixoupov. Et Ss Tts twv auvatXpaX(bT(0V n£t;f} tily X£w(pOpov tpi(3ot (Tic ft 06 TotouTOS Tote, STE Kilt tj lEic rsnaaxoj.tcV oliTw, KardKo7tot Kai T& aKt%ll napa.(popot Kai TETapayµkvot Kai aeaaXEUµt VOt KaTa pcOUOVTac ; ), El TOiVUV oiSTw tic 7t£pi aTevwn(5v 68E6ot Kai Ti)Xot Aactvov napcpXetrOat 9(ptnnov, oux

Iv tKetvoc cpetaatto Katanatljaat Kilt auvtpt l tpal Tov avOpwnov, KEVTpiC, ov 249r 10 Tov inrtov Eic KaTaaK{ptrjpa. OiiTwc EcpiXouv ijpt'ic at avOpwnot, EUXva npbc

navta X6yov Kilt 7tpos nav i pyov npotayoµevot etc Stxaiw6tV to) Kaxoupyeiv T6 and andOrjc i1pac VXety, o6K avOpwrttva XaXobvtec, aXX' Grad Kill XhwV aypav SXc)v W?et Slaandv ai ti v, o67 Sn rt£tvcinl Kai no0o111 aapxac, aXXa 3tKaiw ToO aucyXety abtrjv Svurty. O6K i`jv Ini Toutotc oOSe vno6Tevety rjpac, 15 O6KOUV oust KaT' Oiynv axuOPwnaScty, & Srj Toic 1v KXOSwvt aupcpopbv avetTat p. 486 B.

npoc IKaoXrjv TOO xata tyuXf v axOouc. IIoXu yap abTOtc 9vtaOOa To o8ta3oXe, Ti atevat;etc ; >>. 'EPoVX.ovto yap avata0ijteiv ijpac Kai cppevoI3?.aIEty, we Kai ya{p£tv ecp' oIS KaKtg 6n6ay,O,cv. El SE 7t 3 u nra6v ub&e yc?L4v the pEtbttlV entXOOt ttvt, XOXrj Kai ToOTO SPtpeta 'r xatt&6vtt Aattvtr. 'Ev6ptt c 20 yap, we SotKEV, ii KatayCXav rjpac T65V XattVLK(i5V np( &OV fj ayaOa KapaSoKoOvtac 6 Xatpi`Kaxoc SITE Kai 7enov06Tac aya%%tac9at, 6 TOT; IXOpoTC anE-

vOcpatvE. Kai toivuv SaxtOXouc Etc yp6vOov l:ntuaaov Kai 't V XEtpa yoyyuXtt;ovTcS tppiOOpttOV nut: nXrjTTety, ((Ti ycX¢c, w 5t6f3OXe» pattapicOVTEc, Kilt olitw Tijv atOpiav TOO pet3tapatoS £tc vl',cpoc 8axpu6ev PFTtCFtpECpOV {j, Kai 25 9TEpws £tnety, T6v y£Xbvta Lrjp6xpltov etc, 'HpaKX£Ltov 2ctE7tO{OUV SaKpv-

ovta. 'AvcVTj%acpbvto nap' aOTaV xai to TAv napo3eu6vtwv npox6Xnta Kai 6t;EK£VOOVT0, CI TI iOU Kai E(pEPOV XpljpaTlapoO, Cl Kill (3paX6 it tKeiVO fjv.

IIEptetpyat;ovto Kai prjpouc, pij itou paXaipac napf ptrjvtat. Kai £i nou Eupe30 O£trj tyX£tpi5tov 6notovoOv, at pLty x6paat TOO (p$povcoc £tXov itXtjyac, 6 St

Aattvoc Tijv p6Xatpav. 'ES£t Kilt Stepprjypeva navtac r3pac neptSeSuaOat£i yap TLS {paTt',ETO etc, aKt:patov,

nap' autoTC 6 pr} ?.wnOSUTij-

aas Toy avOpwnov. 'OTe R t&XXa napf GOVatV, 1nEDO6XE0OV taTC K(.iTwV KEq)aXaTC, lnt- p.487 B. 35 arjS ptaOOVTEc TOOL; Te aK£tpEK6pac, TOUc TS f3a8U7t6Jywva;. Kai OOK V t3etV 7 napdgopot. Cfr. But. Hec. 1050. 15 KXOSmvt. Cfr. Soph. Oed.rex, 1527; Aesch. 82 lpat(Ceto. Cfr. Marc. 5, 15; Luc. 8, 35. 85 dKetpeK6µaq. Cfr. Eust.

Pers. 599. op. 254, 65.

I8 MSc cod.

32 efpwri(eto T.H.S.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

131

They had decided that there was no allusion has already been made. place in the world for us and for them at the same time, so when they came across us they spat on us, pushed us, tripped us and poured Again and again their refrain was, insults upon us. 'Come on now, This was a sneer at us, since during the course of handsome John!'* the siege we had boasted that the emperor John was coming to our aid. And if one of our fellow captives was passing along the street on foot (and who would not be doing so when even we ourself were suffering the same fate, weary and unsteady on our legs, confused and reeling as if drunk?) - if, then, someone made his way along some narrow street and met a Latin riding by on horseback, the other would not miss the opportunity of trampling on the man and beating him, spurring on his horse to leap at him. Such was the love which these men showed for us, and by their every word and action they put forward as a justification for their villainy the fact that they had taken us with In saying this they were not behaving like men, but like the sword. the lion which has seized its prey and wishes to tear it apart, not because it is hungry and longs for meat, but because of the right to do so which it has acquired from holding it in its claws. In this situation we could not even moan a little or be of a sad countenance, which is normally allowed to those who are overwhelmed-by a wave of* misfortune, as a means by which they may disburden themselves of their For the enemy used often to cry, 'You wretch, why grief of spirit. are you moaning?' They wished us to be so lacking in feeling, so deranged in our minds, that we should rejoice at our sufferings. And if on the other hand it happened that for some reason someone laughed or smiled, this also inspired fierce rage in any Latin who saw it. For he thought, it seems, that we were mocking the actions of the Latins, or that we were expecting some good fortune, whereas he preferred to rejoice in our misfortune; or that we were exulting in our sufferings, and so he would point this out to our enemies. Then they would clench and raising their hands they would strike their fingers into a fist, us repeated blows and would shout aggressively, 'why are you laughing, you wretch?' And so the fair sky of a smile was changed into a cloud to put it differently, the laughing Demokritos was of tears or, changed into the weeping Herakleitos.* 118. They also examined closely the bosoms of the passers-by, and emptied them if they were carrying anything of value, however slight. And they paid close attention to their thighs, to see if they had any knives hanging there; and if any kind of weapon was found, their temples took blows and the Latin took the knife. And we were all forced to wear torn clothing, for if anyone was dressed in an undamaged garment, they hurled curses at whoever had not robbed him of his clothes. they 119. And even when leaving us alone in other respects, concentrated their schemes against the heads of each of us, showing an equal dislike both for our long hair and for our long beards. It was

132

Eustathios

t v3pa cite Kai natSa toxic Ti' S o(aaobv pil Koup(av Kata KOKXov, bno(a Ttg oTjtat Kai fi napotptat O hvl 6KT6petoq Koupa, ETt' O15V fl KUTa Orlata Tel itp6-

aOta bg t6 ye avriOetov paOctat iiaav at naaat KO iat xata roOS'ApavraS Kai ou Kata rouS AaTivous toutou;, K0K1?WOt Tpoxaxa( Kai, w; [Eig] cin£ty, axpO-

5 xopot. Kai unoupyet 7tp6q taGta Tot; T(5v rptxdbv 6marp6(pots Aat(votq ni; µ6v ?;up6S, ntj St µaxatpa, Tots 86 9ep(1oTtpo1c Kai E((po; Kai autixa Kai 6 7E(bywv ijXa(ppuvcro Tri ovrw Ketpaµ6vw avSpi. Kai ilv navr anavtov iseiv 6v3pa 'Pwpatov fiprtov tfly Kc(pa?.ily. Etxov yap a.vanaxty TOO w; tt Twv Kata axonbv avbaatev. El SE Ttv£; xai aupplotebcty aixita) &rot; ijOEXov, etXE itev tt xai toOTO papo;, cb; of eb nitaXEty SoxotivTc; neptrlYoOvto, AV Se nc0; cptXaX).rjXov abtb xai avOpwntxcbr£pov. Obx iiv ob8e tob; OEiou; vaob; vµvol; aaKbXtw; 7icpt48EaOat t6-re, &X%'

15 Eixe Kai Tb KaX6v Epyov toOto Enlipetav. Kai Ta; µev l pXfl; (Kavai fjµepal xai otilt£ exXetovto oiitc abval t; r'jv fi e06;, Cog bµveta0at O£6v, 6%X' ei nou 250r Cb; eni axemi xai avanabcct aixpa%waia;. oaa xai xat' oixou;. 'OTC Se note p. 490 B. xai O£iot nUXEWVE; EKXEiaOiaaV Kai ((b; µuattxbv aV-lKai Tl; (ISeta cpOll xai i pitdaOrlaav yra%poi xai iepeb; CTEXEt xai Xab; flµetcpo; Eixe aXo20 Xfiv Kata iaXUv, T6TE 6 SalilwV aVTEnpaTTE, T65V cpa0Xwv AatiVwV EtaTp£X6v-

TwV Kai Tat; i£pat; lpwvai; entpou cuOvtwv xai XaXayobvtu

Kai auVritrl

Ei nw; Cyxontouat trjv auvCX£tav TOO xaX.oO. Of S' abtOl Kai tb E,tXOV, 07CEp £5OET6v baTt KipUKO; SIKr1V arjµaiVEly Till Xaq tf v 171' 9KKXllaia; liOpOtatV, KwXllEIV fiOEXOV. 'OT£ yoOv Thv apXi v 25 EKpo aOri TOOTO n£pi Tr}V KaOOXLKfiV npb; SEIXi1v Eancptvi v, l;iCpfip£t; abtixa

eni Tbv Kpobaavta xata jnitf v 6cpOaX ioO ij taro;

of 'pappapot,

xai tbv StapoXov auvriOw; itaacbp£vot xaO' uppty f1iierepav cctt To6TO;» eXEyov

xai i Kd ociav T6Ts Tb tpyov. Kai Moil Tb Tobtwv OCXrlpa xaT& cpbpov Tbv

26 piit v. Cfr. Cor. 1, 52. 19-20 B. axo) v, icatd taxbv tote.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

135

visions ever before his eyes of his property, to which his heart was So because of his longing to see his house he inescapably attached. was bunted down, hung up and subjected to countless blows. Each time that he was hoisted up he disgorged some money, until the total reached a large sum. Then he made an insane error of judgement, and was mad enough to ask that he should be given some of the proceeds, and to threaten that he would report the matter to the Kometes. So he found himself without a head, which was cut off and buried, while the rest of Konstantinos was thrown out as a corpse, with none coming to his aid. 121. This evil took another form also. The barbarians found their profits from the owners of the houses so sweet an experience that they waited in ambush inside the street doors, and whenever they saw anyone passing by who gave the impression of being a man of substance they dragged him indoors, like terrible beasts emerging from their lairs, and they assaulted him and used force upon him, until they had got something of what they desired. And even if some of them were willing together with their captives, this too brought its own to live as those who seemed to be receiving good treatment in this burdens, respect used to relate. But it did at least show some sense of charity and a greater humanity. It was not possible at that time to sing hymns in the holy churches, because this noble action also brought abuse on us. In the beginning, for several days, they were and the customary gathering to sing praises to God did never closed, not take place; or if it did, it was only for the sake of finding as in the houses. But when shelter or an escape from imprisonment, later some licence was granted to us and the holy doors were shut,* and the mystic lamp was illuminated and psalms were sung to music; and when the priest was celebrating his rites and the people bad, so far as each was able, the time to attend, then the devil opposed this and the wicked Latins bust in with the purpose of ruining these sacred intending sounds, babbling and shrieking in their accustomed fashion, to interrupt the progress of the beautiful ritual. 122. The Latins also 'wished to prevent us from using the wooden* semantron which is so well adapted to serve as a herald and announce to the people that they should assemble in church. When it was first struck by the Katholike* in the late afternoon, the barbarians sprang with drawn swords upon the man who had struck it, at the twinkle of an eye* or with the speed of a thunderbolt, and grinding out their usual 'Wretch!' to shame us, asked 'What is this?' and put a stop to it for the moment. This decision, because of the fear that it caused, went

136

Eustathios

It fipbv Kai ELS touS X.otno(S, 8aot oiitwS styaXJlov. MET& S9 ou ItO%?,aS rjp9-

pas, tfj EoptqS fipty Eaauptov ax97iaoµ6v7iS tf}S Ytidx Ewcq toO navt{pov ataupoO, aVqXOOV pEv 01 tcpOKfipUKES E(S Trjy TOO KaO' fipac KaOoX.txo6 icpoO OUSE yap E4fV nX.aTOvat WE to KOputptjV, to auvi Ori TEX,EaOVTES 9V

5 tfjS c6(p7ipfac oUK anp6aKOnTOv. Kai 6)q Eth tavav tb t6X ) Tfiv Eoptrjv Tpav9UTEpov, na?lty of, (3a.p3apot 4(g)ti yupva Kai avoSot autbv 9vtpexetc Kai ava- p. 491

xp{aetS xai Epeuvat tbv KUK?(p xata. Ttva ixvtiX.attiaty, ph Kai Tt; Soxos UrtoKpUrttotto. `QS S9 Kai noX.unpaypovfiaaytES xat xacoXoyfiaavtcS Kai anetX.riaapevot ataOcpo)S 9ppriveutaS toO npaypatOS Eupov TobS nept fipdq, 10 EnpaOvOriaav Kai f icpot Kai ouK9tt 9v6X.riaav ouSaµoO, ota X.eX.up9voU toro 6n6pou apiat np65 aX.tjOElav. T6te S>} xai 9nf5X.Oev fipty ano-

pfjaat Ti StinoTe -ob; µ9v &v o nept t6v toO MupO(3XUtoU vaOv ariµavttxoic toO tyaX.X.ety pcyetkouS K68covas oux unonteuouat, tO SE nEpi Tfiv FniTp6n0Xty

auvOripatl ov l;CX.ov tijv (epdv auva4ty aapk)q (p9pouat. Kai 8tsvoria6pc9a, 15 (SS eix6C prj toig tuxOvTac AattvouC 8uaapccrr7j0 vat, a%X.a Tbv ttvaS Ix tfjS Meyu%on6X.cu S, of Tro iepb napatux6vteS nOX9p(u, Tb 71pOEKtcOEtµ9Vf) Ei5 {aTop{av, Kai jia96vtcC Ev TC4 peyaX,(o vafll tote EOXa totuOta KpoTaX.tt6peva Kai Toy 'Av6p6vtKov 71pOKaXO6pEVa (ilC, Eic 6ntKoupiav tbv EKxX.ti20

a{aS, ephOriaav tcavtaOOa fipac totobr6V tt iltiXavaaOat. Kai toiaOta µ9v tjpty Ta hpEptva Kaxa, It ane(pwv p9Tpta Ta SE tbv vuxtbv, 068' aura xovat ph ou np6S °spty ToutolS avteneE,ay&TOat. Kai T9wS hX[ou xataKX.ua09vtoS eiS Maw, EXpfiv t6v (ppovoOvta Eaw xaX.6at16 etvat, poxX,oTS tas 96paS aa(paXtaapevov, i)s et ye ptj outwS 9notet, o u I SEiS 250v

tiv Eyyuriv .8i8ou neptawOtjaeaOat rOv bivOpwnov. 'AX.X,' STc xai xat' oi- p. 492 B. 25 xov Kpuj3elS obx EXot aKbtov, 6XXit nupi xataXapnotto unoupyb ij xai pwt{, Etepos cOOto K{VSUVOS, neptt6VT(Iv t(DV tapaKriVtV Kai et TtveS SE 6XXot KaT' cttOUS KaKOGpyOt (ltO?X.Ot SE Ot rotoOtOt) Kai aVaKptv6vrwv tt notCSi v 6 otKoSEan6TiiS eiS DirVOV 06 KaTaKEKX.ttat Kai KataKX(i)vTwv TaS Oupas Kai ctanTi-

56)vtwv Ea o xai Splnvtwv Saa iv xai ctev aouXop9votS atTotS. 'EXopev S' ci80 nety xai (SS oux obtot p6vot 9KaKOOVT0 StWt upo(paaty tO nOp Kat t6 p&s, eEkX.a xai of avepnupeutot xai atplilTtatot. 'AVCE9X CyKTa yap 9neta(ppoOvtcS of lcaxot

xai Thv viuxta (bast xai 'At6ou xuv9riv eiS En{Kputyty ap(pt13EQX,rip9vot, yu-

vatxaS to tthv auveuvwv, a(pt9vTEs T6V TOD yapOU Uybv EtEpOK? tVfi r apnayt tjS (avttppOnou) SuvatcwS, f}v bnO r}X.{(p SleuxptvoOvtt Kata14 cuvernµar(Cov. Cfr. Eust. Sch. 700, 13.

88 trepoKktvfi. Cfr. Eust. Sch. 999, 63.

82 'ASou xuv9gv Mom. 11. 5, 845. H.

84 (dvrtppbnou). Cfr. Suda: n4dartyt too

Cuyoo td dvttpportov. Etiam Soph. El. 119 dvt[pponov flxOot; Xenophon. Oec. 3, 15 voplCa) tr}v yuvatKa... dvtipponov etvat TO dv&pf.

10 kv6xXncav T.S. Av6xl.[taav B.

29-80 einohv cod.

81 dvetf),exra cod.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

137

on to affect the rest of those who were accustomed to strike it in But after a few days, when the Feast of the Elevation of this way. the Revered Cross* was about to be held on the next day, the priests whose responsibility it was to give the signal ascended to the highest point of the Katholike to make a brief performance of their usual it being impossible to carry it out at any length because any duty, And when they gave an act of worship was likely to give offence. indication with the semantron of the beginning of the feast, there were the barbarians again with their naked swords rushing at them from below, chasing after them and subjecting all those around them to an inquisition in case some plot was there to be uncovered. But when coupled with abuse and threats, they after making close inquiries, found our priests perfectly consistent in their explanation of the matter, they calmed down and became more relaxed and did not bother us any more, since their doubts had been resolved by their discovery of One question that occurred to us at this time was that we the truth. could not understand why they were not suspicious when the great bells aloft in the church of the Myrobletes rang to give the signal for the singing of psalms, when they were so put out by the semantron when it at the Metropolitan Church for the holy assembly gave the signal We formed the opinion that in all likelihood it was not those there. Latins who happened to be there who were displeased by it, but certain persons from the Great City who had been present at the time of the They had holy war* which has already been described in our history. learned that in the Great Church at that time semantra of this kind aid of had been beaten as an invitation to Andronikos to come to the and thought that we were planning something of that the Church party, kind here also. 123. Such were the evils - and this is only a selection from among countless others - which we suffered during the day. And our sufAt the hour when ferings at night could easily compete with these. the prudent citizen had to shut the sun had sunk towards the west, himself within his dwelling and make.the doors safe with bars, since if he did not do so, there was no one who would give surety for his survival. And if when hidden away in his house he did not remain in darkness* but was illuminated with the aid of a torch or a lamp, there was another danger since the Saracens* and others (and there were many such) who were associated with them in their misdeeds used to roam about, and would investigate the reason why the master of the house was not reclining in sleep; and they would break down the doors and leap inside and commit whatever violence they wished. And it may also be said that not only did those citizens suffer who gave them the excuse of a torch or a lamp, but also those who were without lamps or torches. For the marauders, adding themselves without being detected to the populations of the houses, and casting night around themselves as if it were the helmet of Hades,* dragged wives from their husbands, leaving the yoke of matrimony inclined unevenly after the snatching and thus achieving by night the away of its counterbalancing force,*

Eustathios

138

Kai veavtoaS ttthv yetvapty ov, dtEXetS, KaOd aKEnt6pCVOL voKto; TLS e(pll, Tas TU-YV TEKOVt(V sn' ahTatS c6XaS rtOgpFvot. Et 8 Kai xpljpc ra auvan1lyov Oaa Kai ngOiKas TLVas, EK 7CEp1000iuy TOUTi TO KaKOV. 'Haav St OT Kai £a(patTOVTO Eni TCOV oii tthV TT1VLKalTa, f ).iq apapTUpOV KaKOV naaXOVtEc.

5 Kai To aittov ij vuxtL oxo, pavia ij ort

of KaxoupyoyLEVOt. 'Oaot

SE T(OV G3appapwv 6ltLELKEaTEpot Kai natyvlipovcg, OUTOL SE 6XX' Tjyanwv 86paLs &vaXXOµeVOt Kai KOntOVTE; 06[pbOLC, aurds KQi ij ptntODVTE; Kai Eis T6prov ayovtEs ij aXXa yOGV tolls KUp(OUS TOO TOnou unOatepODVtcy TOD llltvoov. p. 498 it. .

Tai to 6f Kai TOUtwv ETepa r.xeiw, xai puXlata to yU 1VLTEO£tV Kai o Xt-

10 p6;, roil no?XouS TG)v aixpaXwTwv OporOvta Kai Slatapattovta EwS xai eis Oavarov TaS wuXaS, tjpeOtaav xat' ah(i.yr:r v (Kai Ti yap t )Xo ep1xavl crnvro iiv;) unatKaXXety TouS Aativou;, unorp9Xety, KoXaxevety, utilntety, aaiv£ty, SoUXEUety, navra notEty, Et Qlv &v xai Cljaatcv Kai pliSt cp6Rov Exotev. KavTEDOEV EtaiV OT npOaEKOt}(av els nOV OpOOV SpOpOV dKOVT6s. 01 yap µil E1t-

15 cppovES xai KaTeX&Xllaav Kai OT3aaupwv KatEpi(vuaav KpioictS xai ijpnaaav Kai EauXllaav. '1XvTlXatllaav St` xai (puyaSaS, toO ailto0 aipatoc roux noXXoi)S

Kai aypEOaat Toi% xaxotc OilparatS 86Co1Caal Kai noXXa tepa o>'S Tt 9K6vrcS ES Ye T6 nav, aXX' Etncty xaOwptXTlIEVwc, EKOUatoaKOUatOt. T&v Se ye Kai peya)La Kai npOC, aVai6ctaV KateVEXQEVT(ov 'too (pUXETLKOD yE-

20 vou(;, xarriyopouvtat yap Kai T0106tot t KG3flvat rtves, n ! notE µvllaOEili Sta Xet) ov autos o KOptoS. 'EvteOOcv of ain6vogot yapot, evtecOEV yUValxwv dnapvTjaetS, anavllvag6vwv o6S v6po( olSev dv&paS, Evte3Oev napOE'o v TOOpai, TWV jEV oOrt KaO' EKOllatOV TWV apX1 yET(i,)V allTals Too etvat, rthv Se Kai

EKeivwv npoeilvwv authS, evtcoOev aegveta ncnopveupEVa' E(p' ol(; By() noXXa p. 494 B.

25 Kai 7EapaKa.T3tcOaac Kai napp1lataa6pevos anpaKTO; Epciva, pllR Tas naaxouaaS to ttpapaptov i>ntarpgtpat Suva l pevoc, ota yEy£upeva; J1811 -coo 251r yXuxunixpou Ka( nws bno(pwvouaa( pot ws XaX.enov Xop(ou icuva ycOaat. 'EVteOOEV Sait Swv aOX.ot Kai dvaaXia£LS, St' wv oixot naVtcs Onovopeu6vTwV 18V pap(36Lpwv Katd Xayt6cT, ij aanaXaKaS fj Kai Xo(pouS ij

30 uXXo Tt CGSov 04otp6yov yewXapES, etnety ft xai fiXXo;, xara apotp&aS. Iaiv£Tat yap cbS Kai dp6rpotg avEaXtt;ov iIv to ruly oixtthv, e17Cep Extbpet tO

Kat' abraS Eppa66v. 'EvayxoS yap Tot 6anapta xai avljpora SpETyapevot KaTL Tt nenapotptaa3Evov OEpoS XP(YEOv, etta Kai 6(pOT OV otov TOOTOV StE6 natyvrlpovcc. Cfr. Eust. op. 95, 89; 119, 2; 202, 17.

12 dnauc ?i.t:ty. Cfr. Eust.

op. 157, 7. 18 Uouatoaxovatot. Cfr. Eust. op. 346, 3. Hom. Il. 4, 43 (Schol. 443, 36). 27 xaXanbv Theocr. 10, 11. H. Paroem. GC 111, 97 (1376), DV 111 94 (II 51) Ap XVIII, 11 (11719). 82 6anapta. Hom. Od. 9, 109. Eust. Schol. 1617, 50; op. 152, 39; 233, 93 ; 243, 23 ; 339, 49. 83 OEpoc xp(acov. Plut. Reg. er imp. apophth. 18 (p. 183 B) Cfr. Eust. op. 251, 4; 315, 41; 344, 54. Schol. Dion. 160, 23. 18 &OUatUlcO )c tot T.S.

2S BvaaXgact; cod. T.S. cnt. B.

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seizure of what they had inspected by day in the light of the They also snatched young maidens from accurately discerning sun. their parents, rendering vain, as it was said, the vows undertaken on And if they took away with their behalf by those who had borne them. them wealth in addition, as if they were taking dowries, this was an even greater intensification of the evil. There were others too who were slaughtered in their houses at this time, and suffered this without the presence of the sun as witness. The reason for these murders was either the madness that lies in wait by night, or the fact that the victims of their lust cried out aloud. Those of the who were more moderate in their barbarians, on the other hand, behaviour and were fond of a jest, enjoyed hurling themselves against the doors, striking them with clubs, casting objects against them and creating a disturbance, or finding other ways to deprive those who were the masters of each place of their sleep. 124. These things, and many more like them, particularly their state of nakedness and starvation, drove the majority of the captives to a point where their spirits were near to death from such harassment. So of necessity (and what else could they have contrived to do?) they strove to fawn upon the Latins, to flatter them, to cajole and wheedle to cringe before them in a servile manner, and to do everything them, which might keep them alive and allow them to be free from fear. In this situation there were some who stumbled away from the right path without intending to do so. For they thoughtlessly spoke aloud and revealed where treasures were hidden, and they joined in the plundering and pillage. They also tracked down fugitives, many of them their own blood relations, and surrendered them to their pursuers so that they could savage them, and they committed many other sins, not completely of their own free choice but, to use the common expression, willy-nilly.* 125. As for those who brought themselves to commit great and shamecrimes less against their own race (and accusations of such transgressions were indeed levelled against certain persons), may their names be never more remembered by the lips of the Lord! Of this kind were unhallowed marriages, and refusals on the part of women who rejected the husbands whom the law recognised; and there were violations of maidens, sometimes against the will of those who were the first cause of their existence and sometimes because they had abandoned them to their fate; and thus our sacred places were given over to lewdness. I exhorted and harangued them many times on account of their lawlessness, but without success, and I was unable to divert from their course those women who had been seduced into sinful acts, since they had tasted the bitter sweetness, and would only whisper to me, 'You should not let a dog taste guts!'* 126. Then the floors of the houses were disturbed and ripped up, and all of them were excavated in this way. The barbarians tunnelled like hares or moles, and grubbed around like swine or like any other root-eating earth-loving creature or, to use another image, like ploughmen. And to judge from appearances they would indeed have torn up the floors with ploughs, if there had been room to get them inside. In fact, having already, so to speak, reaped the proverbial golden harvest* without sowing and without ploughing,* they now as it

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xetptcovto, et ou autorpufj rd KaXa cKcp6atvov i ppata. Kai tot; dptpf toy ijXtoV pij eEyan(bvTE; nXouTtapot;, 1rt£(3o6),cuov Kai To% Kata yfi;. AOTto' pot Tou; aiutov; KaXeaat Kai ypuawpuxou; Ti)v entaoXriV Kata yE to6q'IvS6OEV pupEtilKaS- tota» Trl; yap tiXil; i`pwtt 7Eapriv6)XXouv ti ytj- tou; S' autou; 5 Kai tuppwpuxou; puptaXoO. Ouse yap ou6e too; v£Kpou; aventaoUXcutov; 7tapetpEXov, W; Se OilaaupotpuXaxotvta; tkbnouv 8tac7KaXe0ovtE; TEXovtoU

Xapty Kai outw tbv 'At3ily flXoutwva xai autoi vo£Tv uncpcpaivovts;. Ti pot nXciw ypdtpety, evOa oISe (ii(3Xot oXat paxpai kKavrilaatcty av is p. 495 11.

Ei; aiitapKcc Staypatpovta tot; TtXl]Koot; onoia ilpiv ouveaEac; At' by byre 10 note airy Kai

EpaOov of Ev ijpty KOpytoi trjv vbilaty Xpijvat tit OEOOcv atlpeta

X£ntOXOyEiV Kai npo; auTOt; StcUKptVOUlteVOt; EX£tV TOV VOGV Kai not£lV Ta

SilXoup£va. Et Se tt; evtaGOa noObv tpafvttat Ttpoatatoprjegvat Kai oia arlgata Tbv IEXXOVwwV 7tpovtp6vrl, aKOUtTw ppaXUXOYIKbc Kai tar)O' ijpbv £i; iaTopiav 9KTtOEpEVWV. 15

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20 a£aOat of autoi 90) Kaat. Kai t)pct; ou aeittaT£uxaiFv. 'S2; yelp 6XXoovTc; of ntatoi np6; entKOUpiav EVEKEIVTO. tiv£xaXuly£v atTO; npoopatixb; Ei; p6Lti1V tupavva SuawnctaOat ou yap dptt, aXX' ij tcTd Tp£t; flpepa; eXcu-

a£aOat. 'Hv Se tetaptri peta ta; Tpct; it ttf; nopOrla£w;. Kai auXva pev eitoTVU6)pc9a «cxOe ci; to abaat ilpat;, pIl ltOTE Einwat Ta f Ovil, noU EaTtV

25 6 noXto6Xo; aotbv;)), b 5' oi)X unaxouwv t

ljpbv eautbv.

'ESdxpuov rxytot eV EtKOVtapaal Kai EXatpov of KEVtX7C1SE; XeyovtE; p. 496 B. SUawn£tV eKFiVOU; i)nep it uuV. 'EXeyop£v rlp£t; avai, aXX' ouK Etaaxouovtat, StO Kai entµhVOVat KXaiOVtc;)) Kai iptiaTOUV rjpty. Kai aUtoi ptv f aav EV e?niaty, 1l1Et; Se Ell &156T£; tOV 6XEOpov i. tbv Kai £wptupcv Kai tXXbyw;

yopev, oux ciXopev 6 tt Kai Spaaop£v, Xeyovcc; I Kai abtot pti it npb; 251v 30 auv, ayaOtu £avai ttvt Tb ptXXov EiScvat, EvOa t4 tppovoilvtt piiSev rl yvbat; Xuat-

TEX£t, Kai KaTa itjv tfj; iatopta; KaadvSpav, OKvb yap EinE'tV to pett;w 8-4 'Iv660cv popµnKas. Cfr. Herod. 3, 102. Str. 2, 9 (p. 70). 10 auv KaK¢ EP Oov. Cfr. Soph. El. 430; Eur. Bacc. 1113 ; Hes. Op. 218 na0tilv St: -cc vnntoc yv o; Aesch. Ag. 187 ndOet u60ot ; Herod. 1, 207 na0rjpata... ga0q,sata ; Plat. Conv. 222 B xatd tr v napotplav... iraO6vta yvbval. 15 6vc(pata. Genes. 35,40. 42; Math. 2, 13. H. 22 topavva. Cfr. Aesch. Prom. 761; Soph. Oed. rex 558. 24 WXOt. Ps. 78, 10; 79, 3. 81 t¢ Wpovo0vtt Soph. Oed. Rex 316. 4 tv860cv T.B.S. 11 napilv6xXouv T.B.S.

1A finttvat St T.B.S.

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were used this ploughing to gain without cultivation these fair gifts of Hermes;* and because they would not be satisfied with the riches they planned to seize those which could be found in the sunlight, which were beneath the earth also. This enterprise of theirs entitles them to be called 'gold-diggers' as much as the ants of India* who rummage through the soil, inspired by their lust for this material; or again we might call them 'tomb-diggers',* because of their activities in myriads of places, because they did not pass by and leave even the dead free from their attentions, but harassed them as if they were guardians of treasure, digging them up for the sake of their wealth, and in this way made it clear that they too believed that Hades is the god of riches.* 127. Why should I continue to write of these things, when not even complete books written at length would be enough for me to describe sufficiently for my eager readers the woes which overtook us? It was through these evils* that those of us who were subtle in our understanding came, although too late, to learn the need to interpret to give attention to them once they had heavenly signs accurately, been correctly recognised, and to act in accordance with what they And if anyone seems to desire to learn more concerning made clear. the omens of future events which appeared, let him-now pay attention as we set them forth briefly in our history. 128. First among these were the dreams of virtuous men,* which even Holy Scripture knows to be an indication of the things that are to come. These began to advise us of the things which we were about to suffer. And we laughed, because we reckoned as nothing the warnings and did not wish to discover any difference in of our dreams, interpretation between the vision and such other things as appear in sleep. These same men actually saw in a vision that the Myrobletes was absent from the city, and that he would return at the very time that it was captured, but we did not believe them. In fact, however, when the faithful pressed on in a mob seeking for succour, he revealed in a vision that it was in vain that they were troubling themselves about the despotic actions* of the enemy, who would come, not at once but after three days. And the day of the sack of the city was the fourth day following the three. Then again and again we cried aloud, 'Come to save us, so that the nations may never say, "Where is the protector of their city?"'* But he did not listen to our prayers, and removed himself from us. 129. The saints wept within their icons,* and those who were filled saying that this was a sign that they were with vain hopes rejoiced, troubled on our behalf. We said, 'Yes indeed, but their mourning goes unheard, and for this reason they weep continually.' But there was And while they were full of hope we, none who would believe us. because from our own observations and from what we could conclude by the exercise of our intelligence we could see the destruction that was coming, did not know what we should do. And we even said that there was nothing to be gained by having knowledge of the future when such knowledge was of no benefit even to a wise man;* and like the Kass(for I do not think it proper to bring in the andra of ancient story*

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oe

TtapetUKUKXTiaac Kai npogn ttxa, aA.TIOtc6pevot p9v, agptEpevot So 1la],eTv £{S aV1jKOOV.

TL TEpaS rote o6K aiatov xai f navayvoq OEOµtjrwp, li nap' rlpty roil 68rlyety enwvupos, SELKVG(7a 64 dnOaTEpyEt Ta KaO' iiµd; Kai OUK Oct

µe0' Tipov eivat. Hpoo6E ouaa yap note rote KaO' tiphpav, ij T6 Kupo; i XEt ToO Toto6tou Kaxo0, Kai ncptcXOo0aa i vOa nIS n6XcwS i 0£ltcp6T7i; iOs).c Kai anoxaOtatapevti auOt; £iS TOV O{KOV aunlc Kai rats eta68otS yyiaaaa, oiitws Oixvet ri v eiao8ov, 6)S ava no6a Xwpcty KpatatGi; Pui c Oat TOV a6T1iV

6pepovta Kai ovtatapevoy Rap6ve00at on papa xai npOS tClt Karanintety yl10 vea0at, xai ou povov EK£tvov, a).Xet Kai li? XouS, iiaot auventM owro. Kai h V pov rile apXtiv 6 l;Keiv11v aveywv iinonto;, 616 oiKoOEv Totatta teyvtilpevoS, onoia noXxoi tepOp£vovtat- 6U; SE Kai i£po{ 6.v5pss, (!yaOoi to i50o; Kai otol p. 497 B.

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S£txOgvto;, eita p6vos 6 Raatat wv a(3apuvto; Kai 6napan68taro; ilyaye x6 6.ytov p6pT(opa evOa t3purat. Kai l36KEl pl;v xai TOilTO tot; ysvva{otS 20 6ppovety kXagppov, Tjpstc Se o{ aa0evcT; E(3apuv6psOa, unovooOvTcS bnou VC6Et to 'rob np61y[tCtTOq.

'Anexpivavto xai Ta iepa X6yta et; opwtiiaew; raS ano(3a.aels t iv ov t65 pMovrt, Ttiv ulwaty, trly tipepav autfs, To KataKolt laEaOat tiprc;. `92 npo6pTlTtxfic, £6Kptv£Ia; KEIVTI., 6 aVe7ElKp6ntTOU ano(paosw; xai p f 6ntaupopE25 vTIS X6tcoaly. Kai Tipet; oKwMp£6opev.

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30 KaO' TipaS Kai SL£y£ipety 6i)S oiov anovuotacovraS, Tva 6paivotto rots pti auv- p. 498 B. teiat Std navtwv tigCov xai npoptiOeataro;. Mgv6ETat yoOv tipty navvuX{Sa; aypunvriT6.ac ontraE,at nepi To b; peyaXou; vao6S, na{cwv IKETVO; KdvtaOOa. Ti yap Kai 98Et npoTptnety EUXEaOat 6nep l:KeivoS ami6XETo, Tily awTilpiav

n6Xe(;; 'Hv Si: o{ i;nivota 6atotaOat T6 Euas 3sty Kai ktKpOntetV TTjv 1 ztapctcmuK? 11aa;. Cfr. Eust. op. 258, 85 ; Schol. 683, 61; 1161, B. 2 hvilKoov Lycophron 1451. 16-16 hvanprlaavrc;. Hom. 11.9, 433. Od. 2, 881. 16 OWroaav Cfr. Judith 16, 11 et al. 11 q, ova; tntnpav Ps. 92, 3. 27 tti tt}; Etd v. Matth. 24; Marc. 13; Luc. 21, 56. H. 84 6ato0a9at. Cfr. Eust. op. 158, 13; Schol. 1376, 29; Tafel, Thessal. 422, S.

14 toil too cod. em. T.

15.16 dVQnpctaavtE; cod. em. T. dvartp06savtcc S.

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names of the Prophets at this point), we did indeed see the truth but we refrained from telling it to those who were deaf to it. 130. At this time the all-hallowed Mother of God, who has among us the appellation of the Hodegetria,* also revealed an unfavourable sign, showing that she had turned away from us and did not wish to support For in the course of a procession, on the day when it is ordained us. that this beautiful ceremony should take place, she had travelled around to those places in the city which the holy brotherhood desired that she should visit. Then, when she was being carried back again to her home and was approaching the entrance, she made such a strong resistance at the doorway that the man who bore her was forced and when he began to exert himself to move forward, backward, he was oppressed by a great weight and came. near to falling; and he was not alone in this, but the same thing happened to the others who were participating in the work of carrying her. In the beginning it was suspected that the bearer of the image had devised this on his own initiative, this being the sort of charlatanry in which many engage. of upright life and incapable of contriving But when holy men also, anything improper, joined in lending their strength to that of the others, and their combined force was unable to overcome the resistance and when it could not be persuaded to enter but of the sacred icon, refused steadfastly to be borne within, then fear overtook all prudent men for what they were about to suffer. They burst into tears* raising a storm of weeping, they lifted up their voices to the most high Son of the all-holy Mother of God, and they did not cease until, now that the sign had been received, the bearer of the sacred image was able without straining and without hindrance to bring it to its appointed place. And this seemed to men of a robust mentality to be a matter of but we, being of a weaker constitution, were heavy small importance; because we understood what the event was intended to at heart, foreshadow. 131. Also the sacred writings replied when questioned* and told us of the outcome which was in store for us, namely the capture of the city, the day on which it would occur, and the destruction which was then to come upon us. Oh, how distinct were these prophecies, how clear their revelations with no ambiguity attached to them! And yet we were all deaf to their message. 132. It was now the time when the siege was drawing to its close, and in the churches those portions of the gospel were being read aloud which describe the sufferings of Sion.* And those who were of a good understanding suspected that their sacred language was directed unfavourably towards the city. Our commander now decided, since he had given up hope of military success, to take over the command of the area of responsibility which belonged to us and to wake us, as it were, from our slumbers, so that he might appear in all respects full to those who did not understand the of forethought for our welfare, situation. He therefore informed us that we were to conduct vigils all through the night in the great churches, making a typical pretence of piety; for why should he ordain prayers for the safety of the city when he himself was praying for the opposite? His intention was to present himself as a model of holiness and to control his true desire, so that it would seem that by desiring prayers to be said for the But rather than city, he was doing everything possible to save it.

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Oct 6pet;ty, tVa 6oi nave neptnOtetaOat Ti}V n6XIV t T' anaaty, et yE EXKai EUXa;, I Ta; bnep ai>tff;' O{pat Se Kai EVSEIKv 1EVO; 06Tw KaTaatjaat T& Tfj; 252r

n6Xcw;, (b; c i v Kai p6v(ov a6t1jv SEEaOat, opotov ()asi Kai iatpo; Katepyaaapevo; Ex two; (pau%6tllTo; E7ti Oav(lt() avOpu tov, elta Entt6Aaet 7lpoa5 1caXetaOat {epea, e(po&laaovta obi[ Ovf tcovta awcJtti aytaapatt. Ouse yap A v entn6Xato;, u) c Kai X{av pa0i>; EutpancXc6ea0at, 6aa ye netpaaaaOat TOG avbpo; TOU; SEIVOI>; yVwpatcacty lie11 T(bv ot; av neptti>Xwat. Ltd Kai OEOKXUTIiaty, (b; oi>K av to OEIov Oepanc6otto. TUOtllV 7tpOOE7tOtctTO 'Onw; S' av ctye td npaypa, 6 pEV E{ney, 01 S- eKKX11ataattKoi enllKOUOv. Kai 10 St) Xpecbv npoXapnetV toO liaXXety toy yXOKi)V pcXcp8Ov Lauib, e,t XOev Quit Katel aiatov tot; Seilaopevot; (1'v ft pa0O; bpOpo; t6Te, o6 XapTOEvto; f[X{w EaX(opev) entXEt;aoOat WUX116V eKEIVOV, ou Katapyet pev to ((6 Oe6;, f XOoaav

EOvll Cl; ti)v KXllpovop(av aoU», e(pEnctat Se to «ep(avav T6v vadv Tov tiytov p. 499 B. aou, EOevtO Ta Ovllatpata tl>v 6oO),wV aouu, Kai T6 E4A;, ROVOV0u Xpilap(y15 SOUVtOS tot npo(pf TOU Kai Oe07r6tOpO; bt' {>n0(pilTEia; TG V 1 OpOtaiEVwV Ei; SEllaty Kai XEyOVTOS ((T( Ow ETt 3eoipe0a npcapet65v ei; Oe6v, EvOa EKE{V(il Ta xaO' i pCuv anone(pavtat;>>

Eiy-Ev outw ta6ta, 7tXEiOaLV ETEpot; napaanti 6gsva auyxpotljµaat tfj; TOil KUKOU 811X6acw;. Kai TO(Wv tb auXv6) ro6Twv finavTE; avE(ppovo(1icv,

20 61((tpov auVayoVTE; voty Kai x6 itpGtlly Opaao; anonotoOpevot, ou yap av eKetvo Oapao; Einotpt, EXX67ws etyopev Kai evootbpev oi>KEO' Ijµty Etvat 1puxTa. OGKOUV EpOq[(cav xatavtJaat ci; nepa; ai TG)v 6KKXllanCuv Selltljptot appov{at Kai o noXepo;, Ert TG>v IyaXjiG>v ciXoupevwv ev Tot; tt>v SEOµev(nv

at6paat, Opf vou; nupEpuae xai ci; yoou; oiKtpoO; Kai a),aXaypoO; "Atbou 25 avttneptEatllae Kai Cl; (puyily aOTov; aOpotcOevtaS EntupE Kai Totauta 6tEOeto wvnep Otw pepvljaEaOat Toi>S t;u'Svta; Ev nep 6vc(pot;, einep 06 to t(SEa povov nponintouat TIf; KaO'iinvov (pavtaaia;,a?X'oOSev ATTOV Kai Td (pO ov evSElt;apeva. Kai oiitco Et; LSia; EXOpa;, Tfj; Te xaca Tov paatXEa 'AvSp6vtxov xai ti(; xata tov SotTxa LautO, KOIV6V K(tK6V Katt6KllWEV tlv6.naXty tj yvw30 pateuaaµevu> noXXA tG)V KOtV V xai@ tlva; ib(a; EXOpa; ?.ayXetvety enav6p- p. 500 B.

Owaty, Kai o6K c0 ppaSl ; f Vtpa, Ij Til; navwXsOpia;, Kateppayll llpty. "Hv f OeXOV ptv Ex T65v 'COD KaXoO evtautoO avanXijpcopatwv ai>t(xa eKKOnljvat,

6noi6v tt XEXumlpevo; xai 6 xaptcptxo; 'I(bp eut;ato, aXX' 6 enttat;a; T(D f Xkp op(ccty to To6 evtauto6 KaO' eippov Tdv air' ai(bvwv et;ouSevcbact navtw; 35 to Tfjg caOtijq,ncnat3euK(b; 6XXw; E6XEcOat, avOpwntx(btepov. TO yap oiiTw yovunetety ev 6EIjacaly 06K av eiti WuXj; pfi naps(pepopevi)S ot; naOai12 6 Oe6S, c eoaav Ps. 78, 1. 2. H. 80 no7.)a rAv xotvG,v. Aeschin. c. Tim. 2. Stob. 83 'Ib>p Ib. 1. H. 84 6p((ety to to6 lvtautob. Gen. 1, 14. H.

Flor. 43, 57.

4-5 npoica) eto0at cod. T. em B. 7Louptvwv pr. m.

28 odtur T.B.S.

S toOtrly cod.

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28 e[-

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I believe, he in fact showed that he had reduced its affairs to such a condition that prayers were now the only possible source of salvation. So he was like a doctor who by some malpractice has brought patient to the point of death, and then gives orders that a priest a should be sent for, to give the viaticum to the expiring man with saving grace. For there was more to him than appeared on the surface; he was in fact a man of unfathomable versatility, if at any rate we may judge from the experience of him which was acquired by those who are skilled at judging the characters of those with whom they happen He therefore made this pretence of calling on to come into contact. heaven to help us, although it was not done in order that God should be worshipped; but whatever the truth of the matter may have been, he and the priests obeyed. And. when that sweet singer, our David, spoke, had to shine forth at the beginning of the chanting, it happened as an evil omen for those who were about to pray (for it was in the twilight of dawn as the sun rose on the day on which we were that he taken), chose that psalm which begins, '0 God, the heathen are come into Thine 'Thy holy temple have they inheritance,'* followed by the words, defiled, the dead bodies of Thy servants have they given,' and so on; a passage in which the prophet and ancestor of our Lord all but directly prophesied, for the enlightenment of those who were gathered and said, 'Why need we make intercession to God any longer, to pray, when all our affairs are known to Him?' allied with many other circumstan133. These then were the things, ces, which foretold this disaster. So numerous were they that all of us began to come to our senses, collecting our wits even at this late stage and putting aside our earlier audacity (for I would not and we realised that not call it bravery). So reason prevailed, The services of rogation which escape was no longer possible for us. were sung in the churches were no longer completed and the war, even while the psalms were coming thick and fast in the mouths of those who were praying for help, gagged these lamentations and changed them into pitiful wailings and cries of Hades. It scared them into a sudden flight, and caused such happenings that I believe that the survivors will remember them even in their dreams, if it is true that not only sweet things appear in our sleeping fantasies, but also those which inspire fear. 134. So, because of the personal hatred which existed between the emperor Andronikos and the Doux David, a general disaster struck us, and this was in direct contrast to the generally accepted maxim that often _a state is advantaged by the rivalries of its citizens:* now a day which was not auspicious but totally destructive burst upon us. I could have wished for this day to have been excised at once from the as Job prayed while he endured his total of days of the fair year, sufferings.* But the One who has assigned the sun to mark off the divisions of the year* in order from everlasting ages will bring this prayer to nothingness, since He has instructed us to pray otherwise, For to bend the knee in prayer in a way more suited to our humanity. in such a manner is appropriate only to a mind which is not carried away by the sufferings which it has experienced; although it would be for only stones and pardonable if we were to speak in this fashion, objects of this kind could remain insensible in such circumstances. this,

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VSTat- Rev Kai auyyvwata, ct xai outw ? a? oDpsv. Moot yap avta(SOa ouK &v naOifvatvto Kai 6aa xaT' a6to65. Ilw; I yap avOpwno;, EvOa Kai rtc5v itoXE- 252V µ[wv of ipatvdpsvot Oc6v ct&evat Kai rt EXEty of ctou Kai 60tipiwtot a8axpuoy pXa7tOVT6; 7t6Xty TOtai tijV oiTw KttTiilctal.leViiV Kai xaf 5 µtwµaviiv KaXot;, anEp, Et StEVeµijOli, n)£(aTi1V &V Tj; O[KOU(LcVrj; el; eUSat-

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;, aXXt µaKupwv yij, 6no(av

b tlaOciiv 06K biv EXot XaOa cOat a6Tif; fil OaMLouaa aaae[ rot; Kata x6aµov

icaXot; atrjvOliaE tote at teXijtot; veicpoig, tiiv xai elaart ahpata axi18ea KELTat aV 7tapaI6c tote, avSpwv, yuvatxhv, viirtiwv, aKpa(ctrv, µeaainoM[wv, 10 yEpOviwv, Efneiv TO aviiXeaarEpov, napctpavwv ij Kai aa.Xo tt alvoS naO6vrwv anotuyi¢ tpuacw;, Kai a)Tdly 6ij rev Oit 3ijptote VOc OKOµouµavwv, ouy OUTS rEIXO; E15eV ON' OiXOV Erptll/E. TOV yoOV aKK?ijataattKOV S,eVOVa Ela- p. 501 B.

5pail vtc; Of SELVOi Kai KaTa aKt6V aVSp(ceaOat, npUStov ef; aOTob; anilaXOA.>laav Ta t;itpii, µet& SE xevov to 7tav a(pfjicav cnv auto; EaTEye, TGSv tE npO;

15 tatpeiav Kai of; of rXrjnaOetg aaxanovto. Kai vGv tO rototStov xaXOv of is f;Xet rtva tevaywyety, 6)LX' of npO; voaoico ifav a7tove6ovteS EpXo tsvot Kai TO xevwµa pkenovtc; xai ro npO; i7y(etav (3oijOriµa 6)aef Kai Oavatou xataywytov aitotporctaCoµevot, TOnrovte; Tag avtC,iv xecpaXa; xai olµGit;ovte; (bS a,nreA.ci rta anavaatpatpouaty oiKa5c xai xetvtat Oavatw antrpaywavte; aau20 T06g. Ouse yap ouSe Ecru oavi8a ij tyfjyµ& n voaij)letov ob&' aXXoO[ nou -Cl; xaO' rjpa; apTjµonOXew; Eupr;cOat, 7tavtwv unO tbv xai aypo(icwv xai anrj-

vear&twv 14i1cpavtaµevwv, of ot&Eg[av y6pty n' 6rt ye xara7cXourobvre;, &X%' oOSe oiµat et8Otc;, &vOpwnot aXapiarepot navtwv, ctv &v einot Tt;, Kai X6yov aXXov anetp6Ka?ot, Ka06rt rQ XuSaicp Tfj; aoXtteuacw; ica?ot$ itaVTO; 25 >?jaav ane[patot xai thv rototitwV &navtwv &yaObv Tijv KaO' i g n6Xty anwptp&vtaav, t`u; µrixatt Oaup6t cc;Oat Tt SijnoTe trutoi xai &vOpGinwv OavaTOt

aut6Xpiiga at;apiiaav, of S[Xa tt5v rotokcov xai &X6ywv egctSet; fjaav xara µaviav Tijv xaO' ijµAy xai &yyetot; avuppttov Cl; icat&icXaaµa, µaXpt xai auv Xayuvwv xai XipKOOwv xai ei Tt tpauX6Tepov. Of St xai &lkXw; et; TOaov &ypotxtx4; etXov, US; grj3 opOa?µot; sore p. 502 B. otaXapaaOat SoKEiv to anou&at6repa. Atvaot; youv anetpaµaat Kai aaxtcfot; xai paxeaty aya0a. xai noXXa xai T[µta ayKcigcVa npo; Epty &va7,ey6µevot, 'r 30

Ta µev Ev5ov atcpp[ntouv avofyovte; ra TGSv ayyeiwv atoµata Kai auvenaTouv, Ta ft aXpeta SoXeta ef; xoXnou; napapuov, opoXtata ch; r& icoXI.a 6v-ca. 35 Kai -rotor rot µev of nXeiou; rd, npGSta av axµit rigg apnayAg' ancX06VTE; Se Of (let' al)TOU; Kai Of get' aKE[VOU; fait atpOpt(UOVTO Td, aKKEXU(i.aVU KUX& Kai

Se Kai al)tot &ycvvet; aypotKOt Kai oO&v aatetOV itXotjtov Xeyov.'Haav auv. 37 aorelov. Cfr. Eust. Schol. 1383, 4. 2 5c ou; T.B.S. II ncth; St dvOpcuno;; H. na; S.

80 tyec ujAva T.S.

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Certainly no man could, when even some of the enemy who seemed to know God and to have some capacity for grief, and who were not bestial in their character, wept and groaned when they saw a city such as ours so wounded and deprived of so many good things which would, if they had been distributed, have provided benefits for most of the inhabited world. For it had been not merely a city but a land of the blessed, which none who had seen it could ever forget, and it had flourished continually with the good things of the world. But now it blossomed with the unburied dead, whose corpses lay uncared for in obscure corners. These were of men and of women, of infants and of persons in the old; and to show how their prime, of the middle-aged and of entirely without mercy the enemy were, of persons reduced to a state of debility or weakened in some other way because of a failure of their powers, or of those who were lying anywhere as invalids, whom no rampart ever saw, no weapon's weight ever wearied. so terrible in their manhood when they had only the The enemy, shadows of men to fight against, rushed into the ecclesiastical hospice* and began by giving their swords work to do upon those whom they found there. Then they stripped the building of everything that it contained, of the things used to heal the sick and even the coverings used by the wretched inhabitants. And now this fine building is unable to harbour anyone; those who bend their way towards it and go there in search of healing see the emptiness that it contains and realise that the help that they sought in order to be healed has now become only a lodging on the way to death. So they turn away from it, beating their heads and groaning as if with their last breath, and then they return to their homes and lie there, resigning themselves to death. For not a drop of medicine, not a single pinch of any healing drug, can be found in our desert of a city, since everything has disrappeared as a result of the pillaging of these savage and cruel brutes, who so far from being endowed with any graces, do not even have the faintest conception of such things. They are the most utterly unpleasing men whom anyone could imagine and, to express it in another way, have no acquaintance with anything good, because the vulgarity of their own society has left them without any experience of any kind of beauty, and they have destroyed every good thing in our city. Nor is it surprising that they were the cause of when apart from these, their rage extended even so many men dying, against dumb animals in their fury against us, and their violence led them to break jars and flasks and oil bottles and anything that they could lay their hands upon, however worthless. So lacking in that they seemed to be unable to civilised ways were they in fact, perceive with their eyes what were the objects of greater value. 135. At all events, they struggled to collect many fine and valuable objects which were stored in wrappings or bags or cloths of linen, and when they opened the mouths of containers they threw away the contents and trampled upon them, while they stuffed the useless containers themselves into their bosoms, most of them worth no more than an obol.* Such at any rate was the behaviour of the majority of those who were present when the looting was at its peak. But those who followed on after them, and those who arrived still later, began to load themselves with what had been scattered around, and managed to amass a

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148

7tenat5evpEvot. Tots yoOv xali Epnopiav napat£ruxrix6at Kai Eire iaxv6- 253r repov i' Wpbs rcicxos 5uvap9vot; xtaa0at Ta EpnoXtpcva apaxb Tt Xapi&vovtc; KaTr XXattov Ta. Tb Rico tipta. Kai Eatt paOEty b; Stn%ou; p9v 6 xpua6;, 6 SE

tipyupos Kai Fig toXXanXotly novtipot; ct; i) Xaypa XaX.xetot; rtpoiero. BipXot 5 ft, a; &noX)XEK6; TLC, S&KVOttO ?iv TriV ViUX>iv SLQ. piOU, Kai cpapea, at; np6

tpv iXXwv cptXri8oOaty of Ef}pes, Kai Xotna Epya [aro0, oTS apaxvubv pito; Epiaet£v (1v, Kai 6aa Sb Ptcav yevt:Yco; (gtpouat aKti)XiiKa Epyatriv tputpepot pripupatos, obS' abTa EtpoXxa rjaav Tot; pri3ty ct&6at KaX6v, &XXa nap£ppt10

ntoOvto Etxaiou ttpriparo;. IIap' at; Kai 6 rptybpwv otvo; WE to ayXcuxe; bt;ouOcv£tro, ota Kai tt p. 608 B, tp&ppaxov obK &yaO6v otou St} oivou Xpeia Kai ptXtata AV T& re &i.XX.a Kai

Stet tob; Ev itXriyats. 'EkEXetto yap to uaXbv tKetvo bypov th; el; notapob; SOev OOTE abro; AV o{StE Tt &K6)louOov paXaypa o5Tc 6 KaO' Eippbv Kara-

SEapo;. AtOnep ob p6vov KuxXw TOO TEixou; TOv v£Kpbv KEtptvwv Kai nepi 15 abpnav ft To toO totoOtOU KUKXOU Eppa3OV 00K 1Tiv 6 Oantwv, &XXa Kai of rev Eno(ouv tb 'AtS Kai npfiypara 7tpou46voov roi; Oa. nXriyp9vot 7Cpoa9fl

ntouaty. 'T yoOv Saa; E4EKtvwaav olK[a; Kai of Tpaupartat Kara 7to?1)p£p noabtrita bKXeinovtes. Kal oCro pbv 6 y(:ptov otvo; `vtatOa pot T61Eo; Opilvwv KatOtpt;;at xai anotpddl;aaOat to Etp' f1paS tcaKO? oiTC 89 yepovtt to totauta npoacunopETTat cat oust` Ocot9 Eniaxonoc TotolltotS X6yotS npenwv ltativ, aXX' ij povatq cUXaptat(alc xai 864T3 trj eic Tov 'Yyrtatov, i( ou Kai 6t ou to tjpetcpa. Tt Se 8i KwX6et Ev yoov TOOto povov cinbvta pc nenaOacaOat, cb; ei tlc pct pil ?iv iSEaOat 20 nw Tov f Xtov o.XXoOt pcit w naOTl, ouK av El;o Xoyou antaXupiaatto. Kai elnep ci ptlaw t6v dVTtneaOllpcVOV, aXX' EvtaOOa o6K at6l;aopat ciq XaXtdv oOte r6 paeu yfjpac outs 'r v hntaKOnrly, aXX' svaTijaopat Kai enaywvtaapcvoc o6K 8.v n6ppw UKOnOb to trjc 011TOpdiaS pt XoS Oiyratpt. Tot6v8' antprl t65c npaypa, CT tt Xpr} Tpaywi'itKfi.)S uUVTEXtaat Tov 25 X6yov, EvOa to naOoc tpaywSia; teat outs X6yw KaO' SXov olOv tc 15

napaaTf'Ivat oute Katd Epyov (pi peaOat. Eirl ft p6Xpt to6Sc Xwtpijaat to nav, pfl Kai aKO6a(OpcV Kai al)Toi ti)c Oi)KEtt 6 toO Ocob )caO' tlpthv Oupoy dncatpatpTJ, &XX' ETt f Xeip at)toO uylTlXrl Kai oia to KatcvcXOctaa naTa?;at p. 60S B. etc OavaTov. O6K &KovaOpccOa ft pkvrty (OvpOv> OcolS KaO' L1ptSV, Elnep 30 StopOwa6pe0a. At6pOwats S6 ilpiv Eatat, ci pctapaX.dupcOa toO neptnovilpou

p(ou, St' Sv Apty TaOTa. Mtlblva yap vooS nXavate) tptXautoS, do o6K Mtxw, ncnotvrlXatllpcOa. 8 t3nonatcty. Str. 7 fr. 8 (c. 329). H. Eust. Schol. ad Dion. 194, 11. 9 A`prlpta Exu06v. Her. 4, 21. H. Paroem. App. IV 75 (I 453), M VII 66 (11 208). Eust. op. 43, 77; 310, 14; Schol. 302, 15 ; 1861, 24. Str. 7, 14. 18 xatkanaxcv. Cfr. Eur. Suppl. 500. 14 dvappotpSflaaaa. Hom. Od. 12,104. 20 &ntaxuptaatro. Cfr. Eust. op. 65, 80 ; 67,46;93,65; 133, 38 et al. 23 t6 tflc pritopctas pOLo; pityatpt. Pind. Pyih.1, 82-86; Nem.7,104 sq. H.

24 totOvb' ienkprl. Eur. Ale. 1163 ; Med. 1419; Andr. 1288; Hel. 1692; Bacc. 1392. H. 27 b TO OcoO Oupds. les. 5, 25; 9,11;10, 4. H.

12 dire T.S.

29 pi vtty (Ou tOv). Cfr. Sal. Sap. 16,5; 18,20.

22 pa9v. T. male legit pr. in. (3apb.

The Capture of Thessaloniki

153

And it was a thing to be marvelled at that they animal behaviour. cared greatly for iron rings, little nails and small knives, tinder boxes and needles as if they were objects of great value, while they allowed other fine objects to be trampled underfoot. But there was no reason to be surprised at this when we considered their inexperience of such things, and their lack of acquaintance with a cultivated and civilised life. to our shame, 140. Then too, there could be applied to our city the Kerkyraian expression,* that there could be found there the abominable freedom that a man might ease himself there in any place that took his And it would not be out of place to say that this great city fancy. was now a desert, not a desert of the Skythians* or of the Latins who had captured it, but because it had been deserted by us ourselves who, frozen in the deepest winter of our sins, let such a city go and left it abandoned, and so brought upon it the Sicilian Skylla.* No,if only it had been a Skylla, since she would have had only a few heads to punish us with; but it is a Charybdis from that direction which has now drawn us down and sucked us under* to our destruction. 141. And it is at this point that I should now begin to lament, and to mourn the evils which have come upon us. But such things are not easy for an old man to provide, nor is a bishop of God suited to such words; he should rather be concerned with giving thanks and glory to the Highest, from Whom and through Whom comes all our life. But nothing prevents me from saying this one thing before I complete this that if anyone says that the sun would never have seen account: greater sufferings in any other place, an affirmation of this kind would not be unreasonable. And if I find anyone who is about to challenge this statement, then neither the depth of my old age nor my respect for my episcopal position will restrain me from speaking, but I shall oppose him, and in contending with him I would hurl the shaft of my oratory very close to the target. 142. 'So this event turned out',* if we must end our story in tragic fashion. The matter was indeed worthy of a tragic drama, and cannot be entirely presented in words, any more than the deeds themselves can be borne in real life. And may the total of it now abate from this time onwards, so that we ourselves may not hear that 'The anger of the Lord is not yet turned away, but His hand is still raised on high and may be brought down to smite us a deadly blow.'* But if we amend our we shall not bear that the anger of God remains with us. And ways, this amendment will take place only if we change our way of living from the wickedness which has caused these things. For no one should be so errant in his thought as to believe that our punishment has been undeserved.

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flpcuto; ouv eyd npo 6(pOaxpcov iatapevou; toi); tiny 06)v KaKUi)v eXsyyou; avaOEwpcS xai notvuopat OeoK).utbv ncpi EX ou; OEOI Kai 'to); k toi5 SlKaiou E(pEatV npo; TO (ptXdVOpwnOV tiOERat, R11 Oxwv u(piataa0at, Einep

avopta; napaTllpct Kuptoc. METapXlltEOV 06V OaOV tax0;. Oi)i tt yap Oi 5 rt).eiouS, w; aysnw, µetapo? ijv tljv xp>1wTOTEpav ijU y tc0 a. MevoOvyE

(ptxoTtpo6pc0a Kai autos 4yciv ai50u Kai rta.)Lty iiµetS tt; f }u5v lc6pt6; ?c tLV;» w; R1)8Eyo; ilpiv ya0).ov cnttyri(ptt aµevou Rllbsv. "S2 ti' 6v f ttv SuaatcOr1aiac, µ1j Rot Si ytvotto Kai avatcOriata; Eincfv, 9v T(( µ1j ta alma [Kai] KaraaKtWaaOat Kai 6K rro5c'Sv notijaacrOat, d.(p' d)v ijµty KateppexOii 10 KEpaulvta KaK&, St' wv eKTE(ppwOE'TE; nX11Ya; 6vetptpljiev, fiarrEp 06K iiv 251.v

o68' Ei; Raxpou; tvtauto1; ana?O la6RE0a. Eiai Sr; taOta, ou yap 6KViiaw Kai ,t ),tv to too k6you XEtptaaJEVOS apotpov avanoM1 at tfly Kat' ERt nvcupaTLKiiv tatitiiv yfjv Kai toy OEtov anbpov, W; EiOtarat, xatapaXciv, of (pOovot, to npcaputatoV KcK6V, to tot) 15 xaa.Xfatou t wou Reya ataxo;, to SELVOV too KaianEa6vto; Ewa pOpou O(etov, p. 509 B. b auvE(pljWato tfj; 6v f xtv xalconoto0 Kepauvt)acw; of avyyepovic; t((b p06vw tt)cpot, Ei; ou; 6, w; einety, tucpoyepcov Satµwv avaptpd.aa; flu; Kai npoaKUvriOEi; (b; Ins paat),£iatS ttaiv, Eita KatepptWE Katw xapa paXd)v tou; noa.Xou;

[xai] El; Taptapov ai 5tapo?.ai, ai ta; Oavaaipou; KaO' f pfiiv anc0uvav po20 xa; to paOO WEOSo;, 06 i VEKEV O T?l; a rIOEiac OEO; artr']pc toll; 6(pOaXpob; It

1j t v to (pt%oxpiilatov, ou xat' aitiuv E6 SEStxatwItvot navtwv xpgp(ETO v ancyutvd)0llµev, 5ixa ye riiV Kai clcctt t(U (pwXEb toOtw KQKctOcv xutaOpaauvothvwv tbv R>1 cp(OXeou; i OvtoV, EvOa KXtvovat ta; xe(pa).a;' of pa.£netwaav R1jnoOcv o(pt;, 6noiou; xpf Sc6tr