Ethical Sourcing in the Global Food System

%THICAL3OURCINGINTHE'LOBAL&OOD3YSTEM 4HISBOOKISDEDICATEDTOOURCHILDREN ,UCY +IMAND2ICARDO WHOREPRESENT THEFUTUREOFETHI...

Author: Stephanie Barrientos | Catherine Dolan

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VIII

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XII


FOCUSESONAGRI FOODSYSTEMS AGRIBUSINESSANDMARKETSTRUCTURE ESPECIALLY REGARDINGTHEACCESSOFSMALL SCALEFARMERSTODYNAMICMARKETS(EHASAN INSIDERSKNOWLEDGEOFAGRIBUSINESSANDHASWRITTENEXTENSIVELYONTHESECTORS RESPONSETOTHECHALLENGEOFSUSTAINABILITY"ILLISONEOFTHECOORDINATORSOFTHE MULTI PARTNER2EGOVERNING-ARKETSPROGRAMMEAND WITH4OM&OX HASALSO BROKEREDAPROCESSWITHCIVILSOCIETYANDMULTIPLERETAILERSAROUNDIMPROVING THESOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFTHE5+SUPERMARKETSECTOR

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XVI


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4RANSFORMATIONOF'LOBAL&OOD

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4RANSFORMATIONOF'LOBAL&OOD

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3OCIALCODESOFPRACTICE!GRICULTURE )NTERNATIONAL&LOWER#ODE)NTERNATIONAL5NIONOF&OOD !GRICULTURAL (OTEL 2ESTAURANT #ATERING 4OBACCOAND!LLIED7ORKERS!SSOCIATIONS )5& WWWIUFORG 4HE'ERMANSECTIONOFTHEINTERNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSORGANIZATION&OOD&IRST )NFORMATIONAND!CTION.ETWORK&)!. ANDTHE&RIEDRICH %BERT 3TIFTUNG &%3 INCOLLABORATIONWITHANUMBEROFOTHER.'/S)TSMODELCODEINCORPO RATESCORE)NTERNATIONAL,ABOUR/RGANIZATION),/ CONVENTIONSANDCOVERS EMPLOYMENTCONDITIONS ANDHEALTHANDSAFETYFORmOWERWORKERS ,IAISON#OMMITTEE%UROPEn!FRICA #ARIBBEAN 0ACIlC#/,%n!#0 (ARMONIZED&RAMEWORK #/,%n!#0ISTHEASSOCIATIONOFEXPORTERS IMPORTERSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERS IN%UROPEAN5NION!#0COUNTRIES4HE(ARMONIZED&RAMEWORKCONTAINSASET OFCORECRITERIATHATCOVERENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATIONANDSOCIALRESPONSIBILITY INCLUDINGSOCIALWELFAREANDWORKERSSAFETY ASWELLASFOODSAFETY FOODHYGIENE ANDTRACEABILITY

3OCIALCODESOFPRACTICE&OOD "ANANA,INK5+ WWWBANANALINKORGUK "ANANA ,INK AIMS TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY AND PREVENT FURTHER ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONINBANANA EXPORTINGCOMMUNITIES ANDTOWORKTOWARDSASUSTAIN ABLEBANANAECONOMY)TAIMSTOACHIEVETHISBYWORKINGCOOPERATIVELYWITH PARTNERSIN,ATIN!MERICA THE#ARIBBEAN 7EST!FRICAANDTHE0HILIPPINES AND WITHANETWORKOF%UROPEANAND.ORTH!MERICANORGANIZATIONS %THICAL4EA0ARTNERSHIPFORMERLY4EA3OURCING0ARTNERSHIP 5+ WWWETHICALTEAPARTNERSHIPORG 4HE%THICAL4EA0ARTNERSHIP FORMEDIN ISANINTERNATIONALORGANIZATION WITHMEMBERSTHROUGHOUT%UROPEAND.ORTH!MERICA WHICHCURRENTLYCOM PRISESTHELARGESTBRANDSOFTEAIN7ESTERN%UROPE/VERTEABRANDSSOLDIN OVERCOUNTRIESARENOWCOVEREDBYTHEINITIATIVE4HE%THICAL4EA0ARTNERSHIP INITIATIVEAIMSTODEMONSTRATETHATPERCENTOFTHETEATHATTHEIRMEMBERS BUYISRESPONSIBLYPRODUCED4WOELEMENTSAREFUNDAMENTALTOTHEINITIATIVE INCLUSIVITYANDINDEPENDENTMONITORING-EMBERSOFTHEPARTNERSHIPFOCUS ON SIX KEY AREAS OF TEA ESTATES EMPLOYMENT INCLUDING MINIMUM AGE AND WAGELEVELS EDUCATIONMATERNITYHEALTHANDSAFETYHOUSINGANDSOMEBASIC RIGHTS (ARKIN %NGEL0ROTOCOLWWWSENATEGOV^HARKINSPECIALS CHOCOLATECFM 4HE(ARKIN %NGEL0ROTOCOLOF/CTOBERSETSAFOUR YEARTIMETABLEFORALL STAGESOFTHECOCOAINDUSTRYTOCOMPLYWITHSTANDARDSSETBYTHE)NTERNATIONAL

'LOSSARYOF3ELECTED&AIRAND%THICAL4RADE/RGANIZATIONS ,ABOUR/RGANIZATIONS),/S #ONVENTION!GAINSTTHE7ORST&ORMSOF#HILD ,ABOUR .O)THASBEENSIGNEDBYLEADINGREPRESENTATIVESOFTHE53COCOA ANDCHOCOLATEINDUSTRYANDWITNESSEDBYTHE)NTERNATIONAL0ROGRAMMEONTHE %LIMINATIONOF#HILD,ABOUR)0%# OFTHE),/ THE)NTERNATIONAL5NIONOF &OODAND!LLIED7ORKERS THE#HILD,ABOUR#OALITION THE.ATIONAL#ONSUMERS ,EAGUEAND&REETHE3LAVES )NTERNATIONAL#OCOA)NITIATIVE7ORKING4OWARDS2ESPONSIBLE,ABOUR 3TANDARDS FOR #OCOA 'ROWING WWWCHOCOLATEANDCOCOAORG.EWS PRESS?RELEASE?HTM 4HE GLOBAL CHOCOLATE AND COCOA INDUSTRY IN PARTNERSHIP WITH ORGANIZED LABOURUNIONSAND.'/S HASESTABLISHEDTHE)NTERNATIONAL#OCOA)NITIATIVETO ELIMINATEABUSIVECHILDLABOURPRACTICESINCOCOACULTIVATIONANDPROCESSING )NTERNATIONAL#OCOA/RGANIZATIONWWWICCOORG 2ESOLUTION ON AGRICULTURAL WORKING PRACTICES4HE INTERNATIONAL #OCOA /RGANIZATION )##/ WAS ESTABLISHED IN TO ADMINISTER THE lRST AND SUBSEQUENT)NTERNATIONAL#OCOA!GREEMENTS4HE!GREEMENT NEGOTIATED ATTHE5.#OCOA#ONFERENCE PUTSEMPHASISONACHIEVINGASUSTAINABLECOCOA ECONOMY )NTERNATIONAL3OCIALAND%NVIRONMENTAL!CCREDITATION,ABELLING )3%!, WWWISEALALLIANCEORG )3%!,MEMBERSARECOLLABORATINGINORDERTOGAININTERNATIONALRECOGNITIONAND LEGITIMACYFORTHEIRPROGRAMMESTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYANDPROFESSIONALISM OF THEIR RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS AND TO DEFEND THE COMMON INTERESTS OF INTERNATIONALACCREDITATIONORGANIZATIONS WHILEDEMONSTRATINGTHEOPENNESS ANDTRANSPARENCYOFOPERATIONSTHAT)3%!,MEMBERSBELIEVEAREFUNDAMENTAL TOTHEIRINTEGRITY4HESTANDARDS CERTIlCATIONPROGRAMMESANDACCREDITATION SYSTEMSDEVELOPEDBY)3%!,MEMBERSREmECTAWORLDWIDECONCERNFORSOCIAL ANDENVIRONMENTALISSUES 2AINFOREST!LLIANCE!GRICULTURE0ROGRAMMEWWWRAINFOREST ALLIANCE ORGPROGRAMSAGRICULTUREINDEXHTML 4HEMISSIONOFTHE2AINFOREST!LLIANCES3USTAINABLE!GRICULTURE0ROGRAMME ISTOINTEGRATEPRODUCTIVEAGRICULTURE BIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONANDHUMAN DEVELOPMENT &ARMERS COMPANIES CO OPERATIVES AND LANDOWNERS WHO PARTICIPATEINTHEPROGRAMMEMEETCOMPREHENSIVEANDRIGOROUSSOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDS 3OCIAL!CCOUNTABILITYIN3USTAINABLE!GRICULTURE3!3! WWWISEAL ALLIANCEORGSASA 4HE 3USTAINABLE!GRICULTURE .ETWORK &AIRTRADE ,ABELLING /RGANIZATIONS )NTERNATIONAL )NTERNATIONAL&EDERATIONOF/RGANIC!GRICULTURE-OVEMENTS AND3OCIAL!CCOUNTABILITY)NTERNATIONALHAVECOMETOGETHERTOINVESTIGATEHOW BESTTOENSUREBROAD BASEDSOCIALACCOUNTABILITYINAGRICULTURE


5+"ANANA'ROUPWWWBANANALINKORGUKFUTUREALT?FHTM )N.OVEMBER THE5+"ANANA'ROUP WHICHINCLUDESALLOFTHEMAJOR BANANA IMPORTING COMPANIES PRODUCED A CODE OF PRACTICE4HE "ANANA 'ROUP#ODEHASBEENLARGELYSUPERSEDEDBYTHE%THICAL4RADING)NITIATIVES "ASE#ODE 7INE)NDUSTRY%THICAL4RADE!SSOCIATION7)%4! 3OUTH!FRICA WWWWIETAORGZA 7)%4!ISANOT FOR PROlTVOLUNTARYASSOCIATIONOFMANYDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERS INTHE3OUTH!FRICANWINEINDUSTRYWHOARECOMMITTEDTOTHEPROMOTIONOF ETHICALTRADEINTHISSECTOR INCLUDINGWINEPRODUCERS RETAILERS TRADEUNIONS .'/SANDGOVERNMENT

/THERRELEVANTINFORMATION -AKE4RADE&AIR#AMPAIGNWWWMAKETRADEFAIRORGENINDEXHTM /XFAM)NTERNATIONALCAMPAIGNINVOLVINGAWORLD WIDEPETITION COORDINATION OFEVENTS RESEARCH INFORMATIONANDBRIElNGSCALLINGFORDECISIONMAKERSTO MAKETRADEFAIR .EW#ONSUMERWWWNEWCONSUMERORG )NTERNATIONALFAIRTRADEMAGAZINEANDORGANIZATIONCOVERINGALLASPECTSOFFAIR TRADE .EW%CONOMICS&OUNDATION.%& WWWNEWECONOMICSORG )NDEPENDENTTHINK AND DOTANKTHATINSPIRESANDDEMONSTRATESREALECONOMIC WELL BEING)TAIMSTOIMPROVEQUALITYOFLIFEBYPROMOTINGINNOVATIVESOLUTIONS THAT CHALLENGE MAINSTREAM THINKING ON ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES 4HE)NSTITUTEOF$EVELOPMENT3TUDIESWWWIDSACUK !LEADINGORGANIZATIONFORRESEARCH TEACHINGANDCOMMUNICATIONSONINTER NATIONALDEVELOPMENT)TCARRIESOUTRESEARCHONWORKERSANDVULNERABILITY ETHICALTRADEANDFAIRTRADE 4RADE*USTICE-OVEMENTWWWTRADEJUSTICEMOVEMENTORGUK 4HE4RADE*USTICE-OVEMENTISAGROUPOFMORETHANORGANIZATIONSINCLUDING TRADEUNIONS AIDAGENCIES ENVIRONMENTANDHUMANRIGHTSCAMPAIGNS FAIRTRADE ORGANIZATIONS FAITHANDCONSUMERGROUPS4OGETHER THEYARECAMPAIGNINGFOR TRADEJUSTICEnNOTFREETRADEnWITHTHERULESWEIGHTEDTOBENElTPOORPEOPLE ANDTHEENVIRONMENT

)NDEX

ABUSEn !%!!:SEE!GRICULTURAL%THICS !SSURANCE!SSOCIATIONOF:IMBABWE !FRICA COFFEECRISIS HORTICULTURE n n PRODUCTION !GRICULTURAL%THICS!SSURANCE !SSOCIATIONOF:IMBABWE!%!!: !GRICULTURAL7AGES"OARD!7" n !,0SEE!SSOCIATIONOF,ABOUR0ROVIDERS ALTERNATIVETRADEORGANIZATION!4/ n n !SIA !SSOCIATIONOF,ABOUR0ROVIDERS!,0 !4/SEEALTERNATIVETRADEORGANIZATION AUDITS BANANAINDUSTRY FAIRTRADECOMPARISONS lRST PARTY 03! n SUPERMARKETSn SUPPLYCHAINS WORKCONDITIONSn SEEALSOVERIlCATION AVOIDANCEMECHANISMS AWARENESS CODESOFCONDUCT GENDER SENSITIVE03! RESPONSIBILITY WORKCONDITIONSn SEEALSOCONSUMERAWARENESS !7"SEE!GRICULTURAL7AGES"OARD

BANANAINDUSTRY n BENElTS POVERTYREDUCTION PRODUCERS STANDARDS WORKERSn n n "OLIVIAn BRANDAPPROACHESn SEEALSOOWN BRANDS BROAD BASEDSTAKEHOLDERENGAGEMENT BULKCOMMODITYCHAINSn BUYER DRIVENCHAINSn CAPACITY BUILDING CAPTIVESUPPLIERS #ARREFOUR CASH AND CARRYWHOLESALERS CASUALWORK SEEALSOINFORMALWORK #ENTRAL!MERICA n CERTIlCATION BANANA COFFEE n FAIRTRADE MAINSTREAMINGn ORGANIC PRODUCTION n WORKPLACESTANDARDSn SEEALSO&AIRTRADE,ABELLING /RGANIZATION)NTERNATIONAL LABELLING CHEMICALEXPOSURE CHILDCARE #HINA #HIQUITA n CHOCOLATESEECOCOA


CIVILSOCIETYORGANIZATIONSn n 4HE#O OPERATIVE'ROUP 5+ n CO OPERATIVES COCOA CODESOFCONDUCTn n CODESOFLABOURPRACTICE !FRICANHORTICULTUREn COMPLIANCE DElNITION EXPANSIONOFn GANGMASTERSYSTEMS INFORMALWORK MAINSTREAMINGCHALLENGESn 03!n SEEALSOETHICALTRADE COFFEEINDUSTRY BULKCOMMODITYCHAINS CERTIlCATION COMPLIANCEn INEQUALITIES LABELLING MARKETEXPANSIONn /XFAMCAMPAIGNn PRODUCTION SALESn COLLABORATIVEAPPROACHESn COLLECTIVEBARGAININGn COMMITMENT n COMPETITION BANANAINDUSTRYn COOPERATIONn INTERNATIONALn POLICYn PRICESn PRODUCTMAINSTREAMING COMPLIANCE CODESOFLABOURPRACTICE GANGMASTERSYSTEMS INDEPENDENTPRODUCERSn 03!n WORKPLACESTANDARDSn CONSUMERAWARENESS COFFEE DEVELOPINGn n @EXOTICFOODSn FAIRTRADEFOODSn ORGANICFOODSn PRESSURE

SUPERMARKETS SEEALSOAWARENESS CONSUMPTIONn n CONTRACTFARMINGn COOPERATION n CORPORATELEVEL SEEALSOMULTINATIONALS CORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY#32 n n #32 SEEALSOCORPORATESOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DElNITIONSn DISCRIMINATIONn DIVERSIlCATIONn $UNKIN$ONUTS ECONOMICLEVEL n n EMPOWERMENT ETHICALPOLICYn ETHICALTRADE !FRICANHORTICULTUREn #O OPERATIVE'ROUPn n DElNITION MAINSTREAMINGn n RISEOF n SEEALSOCODESOFLABOURPRACTICE %THICAL4RADING)NITIATIVE%4) 5+ %4)SEE%THICAL4RADING)NITIATIVE %UROPE EXCLUSIVEPARTNERSHIPS @EXOTICFOODSn FAIRTRADE #O OPERATIVE'ROUPn COFFEE n n DElNITIONn &AIRTRADECONTRASTn MAINSTREAMINGn n n MOVEMENTn n SUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTn &AIRTRADE&OUNDATION n

)NDEX &AIRTRADELABELLING n n n &AIRTRADE,ABELLING/RGANIZATION )NTERNATIONAL&,/ n n n lRST PARTYAUDITING &,/SEE&AIRTRADE,ABELLING /RGANIZATION)NTERNATIONAL FORMALWORK FRAGMENTEDSUPPLYCHAINS FREEDOMOFASSOCIATIONn FRUITANDWINESECTOR

)NTERNATIONAL,ABOUR/RGANIZATION ),/ STANDARDSn INTERNATIONALLEVELn n n n n JUST IN TIMESTRATEGIESn n +ENYA +RAFT +UAPA+OKOOCOCOA

HEALTH n HORTICULTURE n n HUMANRIGHTS

,A'LORIA "OLIVIAn LABELLING n SEEALSO&AIRTRADELABELLING&AIRTRADE ,ABELLING/RGANIZATION LABOUR n SEEALSOCODESOFLABOURPRACTICE ,ATIN!MERICA LEGISLATION n n n SEEALSOREGULATION LIBERALIZATION LIVELIHOODSn LOCALLEVEL n LOGOS

)&!SSEE)NTERNATIONAL&RAMEWORK !GREEMENTS )&/!-SEE)NTERNATIONAL&EDERATIONOF /RGANIC!GRICULTURE-OVEMENTS ILLEGALEMPLOYMENT n ),/SEE)NTERNATIONAL,ABOUR /RGANIZATION IMMIGRANT BASEDGANGMASTERSYSTEMS n IMPACTASSESSMENTSn INDEPENDENTPRODUCERS n )NDIA INFORMALWORK SEEALSOGANGMASTERSYSTEMS INSECURITY INTEGRATEDSUPPLYCHAINSn )NTERNATIONAL&EDERATIONOF/RGANIC!GRI CULTURE-OVEMENTS)&/!- )NTERNATIONAL&RAMEWORK!GREEMENTS )&!S

MANAGEMENTLEVEL n MAPPING MARKETING n MARKETS ACCESS n BANANAINDUSTRY COFFEEINDUSTRY n FAIRTRADEFOOD INVESTMENTn ORGANICFOOD POWERn RESTRUCTURING n SMALLPRODUCERS MATERNITYRIGHTS -AX(AVELAARLABEL MEDIA -ETRO -EXICO MILKSECTOR MONITORING BANANAINDUSTRY n CODESOFLABOURPRACTICE n

GANGMASTERSYSTEMS n GENDER n n n 'ERMANY GLOBALIZATION n n GOODWILLSELLING GOVERNMENTLEVELn GRIEVANCEMECHANISMSn


MARKETRESTRUCTURING ORGANICANDFAIRTRADE POVERTYn MULTI STAKEHOLDERINITIATIVESn n n MULTINATIONALCOMPANIES n n MUTUALLYBENElCIALTRADE NATIONALLEVELn .ATIONAL-INIMUM7AGE.-7 n .ESTLÏ n 4HE.ETHERLANDS SEEALSO-AX(AVELAAR NETWORKSn .'/SSEENON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS .ICARAGUA .-7SEE.ATIONAL-INIMUM7AGE NON GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS .'/S n NON PERMANENTWORKSEEINFORMALWORK .ORTH!MERICA .ORTHn3OUTHDIVIDE .ORTHERNCOUNTRIES n /PERATION'ANGMASTERn ORDERINGPRACTICESn SEEALSOPURCHASINGPRACTICES ORGANICMARKETS n ORGANIZATIONALLEVEL n n SEEALSOALTERNATIVETRADEORGANIZATIONS OVERTIMEn OWN BRANDS OWNERSHIP /XFAM n 0ACIlC2IM PARTICIPATIONn PARTICIPATORYSOCIALAUDITING03! n PARTNERSHIPS PESTICIDEEXPOSURE PLANTATIONS n POLICYLEVELn n n POLITICALLEVELn n POVERTYREDUCTION n

PRE AUDITS n PREFERREDSUPPLIERSCHEMES PREGNANTWORKERS PREMIUMCOFFEES 0RICE7ATERHOUSE#OOPER0W# PRICES BANANAINDUSTRY BULKCOMMODITYCHAINS CERTIlCATIONSCHEMES COFFEE n n FAIRTRADE &AIRTRADE JUST IN TIMESTRATEGIES ORGANICANDFAIRTRADE PRODUCERANDRETAILERCONTRAST SUPERMARKETS n SEEALSOSALES PRIVATEMEMBERBILLS PRIVATERE REGULATIONn PRIVATELYOWNEDCOMPANIES PRIVATIZATION 0ROCTER'AMBLE PRODUCERS BENElTS COFFEEn n FAIRTRADE n IMPACTASSESSMENTSn ORGANICANDFAIRTRADE SEEALSOSMALLPRODUCERSSUPPLYCHAINS PRODUCTION BANANAINDUSTRYn CHALLENGINGMARKETPRINCIPLESn #O OPERATIVE'ROUPn COFFEEn n FAIRTRADE n &AIRTRADEn INCREASINGSCALESOF INFRASTRUCTURE &AIRTRADE ORGANICFOODn SUPERMARKETSANDSUPPLYCHAINS PROlTS PROMOTION 03!SEEPARTICIPATORYSOCIALAUDITING PSYCHOLOGICALEFFECTSn PURCHASINGPRACTICES COFFEE COMMERCIALPRESSUREn n

)NDEX JUST IN TIMEn n WORKCONDITIONS 0W#SEE0RICE7ATERHOUSE#OOPER QUALITY 2AINFOREST!LLIANCE RE REGULATION REGULATIONn n SEEALSOLEGISLATION REMEDIATION REPRODUCTIVEWORKn RESPONSIBILITY n SEEALSOCORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY RETAILERS n SEEALSOSUPERMARKETS REVIEWS n RIGHTSn n ROASTERSn ROLEPLAY RURALAREASn SAFETY n 3!)SEE3OCIAL!CCOUNTABILITY )NTERNATIONAL 3AINSBURYSSUPERMARKET SALES COFFEE FAIRTRADE n ORGANICFOOD SEEALSOPRICES SEASONALLABOUR SEEALSOGANGMASTERSYSTEMSINFORMAL WORK SECOND PARTYAUDITING SECOND STAGEFOODPROCESSING SECTORALLEVELn SECURITY SEXUALHARASSMENT n n SMALLPRODUCERS CONSTRAINTSANDCHALLENGESn n FAIRTRADE FARMERORGANIZATIONSn GLOBALIZATION SUPPLYCHAIN VOLUNTARYINITIATIVESn SEEALSOPRODUCERSSUPPLYCHAINS

SNAPSHOTAPPROACHES n n 3OCIAL!CCOUNTABILITY)NTERNATIONAL3!) SOCIALAUDITS SEEALSOPARTICIPATORYSOCIALAUDITS SOCIALLEVEL BANANAINDUSTRY FAIRTRADEFOOD PRODUCTIONCONCERNS SUPPLYCHAINSn SOLIDARITYTRADEn 3OUTH!FRICA n 3OUTHERNCOUNTRIES n SPECIALTYCOFFEESECTOR SPIDERS SPIRALOFSUPERMARKETGROWTH STANDARDS FAIRTRADEn &AIRTRADE INTERNATIONALn MARKETPOWERn ORGANICn WORKPLACEn 3TARBUCKS SUBCONTRACTING SUPERMARKETS BANANAINDUSTRY #O OPERATIVE'ROUPn CORPORATEDOMINATION n CUSTOMERFOCUSED GANGMASTERSYSTEMSn n OWN BRANDS 5+MARKETSHARE SEEALSORETAILERS SUPERVISORYPOSITIONS SUPPLYCHAINS BANANAINDUSTRYINmUENCE #O OPERATIVE'ROUPn CODESOFLABOURPRACTICESn COFFEEINDUSTRY n MAINSTREAMING MARKETPOWERn PRESSURES n RESPONSIBLEMANAGEMENTn SMALLPRODUCERSn SOCIALRELATIONSn


SUPERMARKETSCONTROLn SEEALSOPRODUCERSPRODUCTIONSMALL PRODUCERS TAXES TEA 4ESCO 4HANDIPROJECT 3OUTH!FRICAn THIRD PARTYAUDITING TIMING TOOLSFORPARTICIPATION TRACEABILITY TRADESEEETHICALTRADEFAIRTRADE 4RADE*USTICE#AMPAIGN TRADEUNIONSn n 4RAIDCRAFT TRAINING TRANSECTWALKS 5NITED+INGDOM5+ BANANAINDUSTRY #O OPERATIVE'ROUP n COFFEEMARKETn COMPETITIONPOLICY ETHICALMARKETS FAIRTRADEn

&AIRTRADEPRODUCTS GANGMASTERSYSTEMS n MILKSECTOR OWN BRANDPRODUCTS SUPERMARKETS 5NITED3TATESOF!MERICA53! n n UPGRADING 5TZ+APEH VERIlCATIONn SEEALSOAUDITSCERTIlCATIONLABELLING WAGES n WHEELDIAGRAMS WINEANDFRUITSECTOR WOMEN n n WORKERS n WORKINGCONDITIONSn n n WORKINGHOURSn WORKPLACESTANDARDSn n WORKSHOPS 7ORLD4RADE/RGANIZATION74/ 74/SEE7ORLD4RADE/RGANIZATION :AMBIA :IMBABWE

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