ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DICTIONARY 4TH EDITION
C. C. LEE, PH.D.
Environmental Engineering Dictionary 4th Edition
Environmental Engineering Dictionary 4th Edition Written and Edited by
C. C. Lee, Ph.D.
Research Program Manager National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Government Institutes An imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland Toronto Oxford 2005
Government Institutes Published in the United States of America by Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright O 2005 by Government Institutes All rights resewed. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The reader should not rely on this publication to address specific questions that apply to a particular set of facts. The author and the publisher make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the completeness, correctness, or utility of the information in this publication. In addition, the author and the publisher assume no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon the contents of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Lee, C. C. Environmental engineering dictionary / C.C. Lee.- 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-86587-848-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Environmental engineering-Dictionaries. 2. Environmental protectionDictionaries. I. Title. T D 9 . M 2005 6284~22 2004026548 @-The vaver used in this vublication meets the minimum requirements of American National ~ t a n d a 2for Information sciences-~erm&ence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America.
Table of Contents ..
Preface. .................................................................................................................. .wl
About the Author. ...................................................................................................... .ix
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Environmental Engineering Dicbonary.. ........................................................................... ..I ..a70 Appendix A: Example Environmental Calculations. ........................................................... ..a76 Appendix B: Special Environmental Definitions. ............................................................... 899 Appendix C: Definitions of Fuel Cell Technologies.. ............................................................ Appendix D: Environmental Acronyms. ......................................................................... -904 Appendix E: References.. .......................................................................................... -941
Preface With environmental problems uncovered almost daily, new regulations and technologies are continuously developing to meet the challenge of solving them. As a result, many past definitions are revised and new definitions generated every year. This dictionary provides a comprehensive source of environmental engineering delinitions along with their origins. In this fourth edition, existing terms have been updated and new terms as well as three new appendices have been added. Special new features of the dictionary include: 1. An appendix that includes definitions of fuel cell technologies. Fuel cell technology is considered a very attractive alternative energy source of the future. Regarded as not only energy-efficient but also environmentally safe, it has recently received tremendous attention. With the development of this technology, a number of environmentallyrelated terms have evolved and are included. 2. An appendix that includes special environmental definitions such as environmental management systems under the International Organization for Standardization. Its series, for example IS0 14000 and IS0 9000, have been accepted by the United Nations as effective tools to protect the environment from pollution by the numerous sectors of industrial activity. 3. Review and update of terms from the following major environmental laws: 3.1. The Clean Air Act; 3.2. The Clean Water Act; 3.3. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; 3.4. The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act; 3.5. The Federal Facility Compliance Act; 3.6. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; 3.7. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act; 3.8. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments; 3.9. The Occupational Safety and Health Act; 3.10. The Pollution Prevention Act; 3.1 1. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; 3.12. The Safe Drinking Water Act; 3.13. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act; and 3.14. The Toxic Substances Control Act. Many terms have different meanings under the diffaent law applications. Different meanings for those terms have been researched and provided in this book. 4. An appendix that consolidates environmental engineering terms involving basic calculations. 5. An appendix that contains the numerous acronyms and abbreviations that are an essential part of the language of environmental protection. Finally, this dictionary includes a list of reference documents used for the collected terms that will help users locate additional information as needed. The dictionary provides not only the exact official (e.g., U.S. EPA) definition, but also the definition's origin. It is an essential tool that will help ease the complexity of many environmental occupations and the responsibilities of those involved in the environmental protection of air, water, and land resources. C. C. Lee, Ph.D. April 15,2005 vii
About the Author Dr. C. C. Lee is currently a research program manager for the fuel cell environmental impact program at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Cincinnati, Ohio. In his 30 years of experience with the EPA, he has conducted many engineering and regulatory research projects that often involve several environmental issues ranging fi-om clean air and clean water control to solid waste disposal. He was involved in the safe treatment and disposal of hazardous and toxic solid waste before joining EPA's fuel cell program. He is recognized as a worldwide expert in the thermal treatment of hazardous wastes, and had led discussions on medical waste disposal technologies at a meeting conducted by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment. At the initiation of the US. State Department, he served as head of the US. delegation to the Conference on "National Focal Points for Low- and Non-Waste Technology." The conference was sponsored by the United Nations and was held in Geneva, Switzerland. He has been invited to lecture on various issues regarding solid waste disposal at numerous national and international conferences. He has published more than 175 papers and reports and has authored 17 books in various environmental areas. Dr. Lee conceived of and created the International Congress on Toxic Combustion Byproducts in 1989. The purpose of the Congress is to provide a forum for those who are involved in waste incineration andlor coal combustion to discuss problems associated with combustion byproducts and to find solutions to those problems. The Congress has been held in different major cities around the world every two years since its creation. Dr. Lee served as Congress Chairman from 1989 to 1991. Dr. Lee received a B.S. fi-om the National Taiwan University in 1964, and an MS. and Ph.D. fi-om the North Carolina State University in 1968 and 1972, respectively. Before joining the EPA in 1974, he was an assistant professor at the North Carolina State University.
NOTICE This book was written and edited by Dr. C. C. Lee in his private capacity. No official support or endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is intended nor should be inferred.
11-AA: The chemical substance 11-aminoundecanoic acid, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS Number) 2432-997 (4OCFR704.25-1). Abandoned mine: A mine where mining operations have occurred in the past and: (1) The applicable reclamation bond or financial assurance has been released or forfeit&, or (2) If no reclamation bond or other financial assurance has been posted, no mining operations have occurred for five years or more (40CFR434.11-91). Abandoned vehicle: The automobiles, buses, trucks, and trailers that are no longer useful as such and have been left on city streets and other public places. See vehicle for more related terms (EPA83). Abandoned well: A well whose use has been permanently discontinued or which is in a state of disrepair such that it cannot be used for its intended purpose or for observation purposes (4OCFRl46.3-91. See well for more related terms. Abandoned well: A well whose use has been permanently discontinued or which is in a state of such disrepair that it cannot be used for its intended purpose (EPA-97/12). Abandoned: For the purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C, a material that is disposed of, burned, or incinerated (RCRA~hazardous-04). Abatement debris: Waste from remediation activities (EPA97/12). Abatement: Another term for the control of mosquitoes through various methods (FIFRAtWN-04). Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, air, water, or land pollution through waste reuse, process modification, or pollution control (OME-88/12). Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution (EPA-97/12). Abatement: The method of reducing the degree of intensity of noise and the use of such a method (NCAInoise-04).
Abatement: The method of reducing the degree or intensity of pollution, also the use of such a method (LBL-76107-air). Abiotic factor: All nonliving environmental elements, factors or substances, such as climate, geology, soil, water, and atmosphere, which influence living organisms. Abiotic: Nonliving, especially the nonliving elements ecological systems (Course 165.6). Abiotic: Not relating to living things, not alive (NavylEnv-04). Ablation: The process by which ice and snow waste away owing to melting and evaporation (CWAhydrology-04). Ablation: The rapid reduction of soil particles by means of a focused laser (AENmixedW-04). Abnormal occurrence: Any accidental, unplanned, uncontrolled release of radioactivity (DOE-91/04).
or
Aboveground release: Any release to the surface of the land or to surface water. This includes, but is not limited to, releases from the aboveground portion of a UST system and aboveground releases associated with overfills and transfer of operations as the regulated substance moves to or from an underground storage tank (UST) system. See release for more related terms (40CFR280.1291). Aboveground storage facility: A tank or other container, the bottom of which is on a plane not more than 6 inches below the surrounding surface (4OCFRll3.3-91. Aboveground tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR260.10 and that is situated in such a way that the entire surface area of the tank is completely above the plane of the adjacent surrounding surface and the entire surface area of the tank (including the tank bottom) is able to be visually inspected (40CFR260.10-91).See tank for more related terms. Abrasion: The removal of surface material from any solid through the fictional action of another solid, a liquid, or a gas or combination thereof (cf. corrosion or erosion) (EPA-83).
Abrasion: Wearing away of surface materials, such as refractories in an incinerator or parts of solid waste handling equipment, by the scouring action of moving solids, liquids, or gas (SW-108ts). Abrasive blasting respirator: A continuous flow airline respirator constructed so that it will cover the wearer's head, neck, and shoulders to protect him from rebounding abrasive (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abrasive blasting: The forcible application of an abrasive to a surface by pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abrasive machining: A general machining process of using abrasive tools to finish a product, e.g., abrasive belt grinding is to rough andlor finish a work piece by means of a power-driven belt coated with an abrasive, usually in particle form, which removes materials by scratching the surface and which makes the surface a good finish (EPA-83106%see also 29CFR1910.94b-91). Abrasive: A solid substance used in an abrasive blasting operation (29CFR1910.94a-91). Abscission: A process by which a leaf or other part is separated from a plant (EPA-85/10). Absent: The most sensitive analytical procedure in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th edition (or other approve procedure), does not show the presence of the subject constituent (LBL-76107-water). Absolute humidity: See humidity ratio. See also humidity for more related terms. Absolute method: A method in which characterization is based entirely on physical (absolute) defined standards. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Absolute pressure (psia): The total pressure exerted on a surface. It is a measure of pressure referred to a complete vacuum or zero pressure. Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure. Ideal gas law calculations employ absolute pressure term. See pressure for more related terms. Absolute temperature: The temperature measured by either the Kelvin or Rankine scales. It is calculated by taking the temperature in question and adding 273 C to it in the Kelvin scale or 460 F to it in the Rankine scale.
Absolute toxicity: The toxicity of the effluent without considering dilution (EPA-91/03). Absolute zero temperature: (1) Zero points of both absolute temperature scales, namely, Kelvin and Rankine scales (Holman69-p5). (2) If an externally reversible heat engine operates between two energy reservoirs, absorbing a constant heat input from the hotter reservoir, and the temperature of the colder reservoir is successively lowered, the amount of heat rejected decreases. As the amount of heat rejected approaches zero, the temperature of the colder reservoir approaches absolute zero. The thermodynamic second law alone does not lead to the conclusion that it is impossible for the temperature of any system to be absolute zero. This conclusion is in the realm of the third law of thermodynamics (Jones-60-p258). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Absorb: To take up or receive by chemical or molecular action (MWTAImedical-04). Absorbance (A): The logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the initial intensity (I,) of a beam of radiant energy to the intensity (I) of the same beam after passage through a sample at a fixed wavelength. Thus, A = logl(l,/l) (cf. Beer's Law) (4OCFR796.3700-91). Absorbance (A): The logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the transmittance (T), A = loglo(l/T) (LBL-76107-air). Absorbance: A measure of the decrease in incident light passing through a sample into a detector (Navy/Env-04) Absorbate (or solute): (1) A term used to describe the pollutant in absorber studies. It is a dissolved substance, especially the smaller component of a solution (EPA-84/09). (2) The gaseous pollutant being absorbed, such as SO2,H2S, etc. (EPA-84103b). (3) Material that has been retained by the process of absorption (LBL76107-air). Absorbed dose: The amount of a chemical that enters the body of an exposed organism. Equal to intake multiplied by an absorption factor (NavyIEnv-04). Absorbed dose: The amount of chemical that enters the body of an exposed organism. See dose for more related terms (EPA97/12). Absorbed dose: The energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated material at the place of interest in that material. The unit is rad or gray (1 rad = 0.01 gray) (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Absolute temperature: The temperature measured on the thermodynamic scale, designated as degree Kelvin (K) or Rankine (R). It is measured from absolute zero (-273.15 C or -459.76 F) and has the following relationship with degree C and F (EPAAbsorbency: Property of a paper to imbibe liquids (EPA-83). 83/06): (1) Kelvin scale (K): K = C + 273.15; (2) Rankine scale (R): R = F + 459.76; and R = 1.8 K; (c) (T2/T1)Ranldne = (T21T1)Kelvin. Absorbent: (1) Any substance that takes in or absorbs other substances. In air pollution control, the liquid, usually water, into
which the pollutant is absorbed (EPA-84103b). (2) Material in which absorption occurs (cf. adsorbent) (LBL-76107-air).
Absorber: Also known as the wet scrubber. It is a control device for carrying on the process of absorption (EPA-84/09). Absorptiometer: An instrument used to measure the concentration of the absorbing constituents in a gas or liquid. Absorptiometric analysis: The use of absorptiometer to analyze a gas or liquid by measurement of the peak electromagnetic absorption wavelength that is unique to a specific material or element. Absorption barrier: Any of the exchange sites of the body that permit uptake of various substances at different rates (e.g., skin, lung tissue, and gastrointestinal-tract wall) (EPA-97/12). Absorption factor: The fraction of a chemical making contact with an organism that is absorbed by the organism (Course 165.6). Absorption mechanism: In air pollution control, to remove a gaseous pollutant by absorption, the exhaust stream must be passed through (brought in contact with) a liquid. Absorption involves three steps. In the first step, the gaseous pollutant diffuses from the bulk area of the gas phase to the gas-liquid interface. In the second step, the gas moves (transfers) across the interface to the liquid phase. This step occurs extremely rapidly once the gas molecules (pollutant) arrive at the interface area. In the third step, the gas diffuses into the bulk area of the liquid; thus making room for additional gas molecules to be absorbed. The rate of absorption (mass transfer of the pollutant from the gas phase to the liquid phase) depends on the diffision rates of the pollutant in the gas phase (first step) and in the liquid phase (third step). To enhance gas diffusion and, therefore, absorption: (1) Provides a large interfacial contact area between the gas and liquid phases. (2) Provides good mixing of the gas and liquid phases (turbulence). (3) Allows sufficient residence, or contact, time between the phases for absorption to occur (EPA-84/03b, pl-7). Absorption mechanism: The process of dissolving gaseous pollutants in a liquid is referred to as absorption. Absorption is a mass transfer operation. Mass transfer can be compared to heat transfer in that both occur because a system is trying to reach equilibrium conditions. For example, in heat transfer, if a hot slab of metal is placed on top of a cold slab, heat energy will be transferred from the hot slab to the cold slab until both are at the same temperature (equilibrium). In absorption, mass instead of heat is transferred as a result of a concentration difference, rather than a heat-energy difference. Absorption continues as long as a concentration differential exists between the liquid and the gas from which the contaminant is being removed. In absorption, equilibrium depends on the solubility of the pollutant in the liquid. Absorption spectrophotometer:An instrument for measuring the absorption spectral lines and bands in a gas or liquid.
Absorption spectroscopy: The study of the absorption spectral lines and bands in a gas or liquids. Absorption spectrum: The array of absorption lines and absorption bands. See spectrum for more related terms. Absorption toxicokinetics: Refers to the bioavailability, i.e., the rate and extent of absorption of the test substance, and metabolism and excretion rates of the test substance after absorption (40CFR795.235-91). Absorption: (1) The process by which one substance is taken into the body of another substance. (2) The penetration of molecules or ions of one or more substances (gas, liquid, or solid) into the interior of another substance. For example, in hydrated bentonite (a type of clay), the water that is held between the mica-like layers (held within the clay) is the result of absorption (NavyIEnv-04). Absorption: A process in which one material (the absorbent) takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the formation of a homogeneous mixture having the attributes of a solution. Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorption (LBL 76107-air). Absorption: In a chemical process, it is the chemical combination of one substance by another. Absorption: In a physical process, it is the penetration of a substance into or through another, or the phenomena which gas transfers molecules to (dissolved in) a liquid phase. Absorption: (1) In air pollution control, a process by which a liquid material (absorbent) is used to remove one or more soluble gas (absorbate) components from a gaseous mixture, usually without chemical reaction. Typical absorbents are: water, dilute basic or acidic solution, and lean (low molecular weight) hydrocarbon oils (cf. adsorption) (EPA-84/09). (2) A mass transfer in which a gas (gaseous pollutant) is dissolved in a liquid. A contaminant (pollutant) exhaust stream contacts a liquid, and the contaminant diffises from the gas phase into the liquid phase (EPA-8 1/12, pl-5; 84/03b, pl-7). Absorption: In mining, the process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body; also the increase in weight of a porous solid body resulting from the penetration of liquid into its permeable pores (EPA-82/05). Absorption: In radiation, the uptake of radiant energy by a substance. During this process, the radiant energy is irreversibly transformed into some other form of energy, e.g., thermal, mechanical, or electrical energy. It is the process by which the number and energy of particles or photons entering a body of matter are reduced by interaction with the matter (DOE-9 1/04).
Absorption: In risk assessment, the uptake of water or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (Course 165.6). Absorption: The entrance of water into the soil or rocks by all natural processes. It includes the infiltration of precipitation or snowmelt, gravity flow of streams into the valley alluvium (see bank storage) into sinkholes or other large openings, and the movement of atmospheric moisture (CWAkydrology-04). Absorption: The process by which substances in gaseous, liquid, or solid form are assimilated or taken up by other substances (CWNWbasics-04). Absorption: The process of taking in. For a p a o n or an animal, absorption is the process of a substance getting into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs (SFhealth-04). Absorption: The properties of a material composition to convert sound energy into heat, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can be reflected (NCNsound-04). Absorption: The uptake of water or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil) (EPA-97/12). Absorptivity: Absorbance divided by the product of the concentration of the substance and the sample path length (cf. molar absorptivity) (LBL76107-bio). Abstraction (or metathesis): A bimolecular reaction where an atom (or radical) is abstracted (transferred) from the reactant to the other by a radical species, e.g., H abstraction from monochloromethane by radical OH can be expressed as CH$I + OH CHICl + HOH (cf. displacement) (EPA-88/12).
+
Abutment: In coal mining, (1)The weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway; and (2) The weight of the rocks over a long-wall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face (CWNmining-04). Acaricide (or miticide): An agent that destroys mites and ticks (EPA-85/10). ACBM: Asbestos-containingbuilding material Accelacota: A pharmaceutical coating operation which consists of a horizontally rotating perforated drum in which tablets are placed, a coating is applied by spraying, and the coating is dried by the flow of air across the drum through the perforations (40CFR52.741-91). Accelerated depreciation: In pollution abatement, an incentive arrangement to encourage an industry to install pollution
abatement equipment. The industry can deduct from its taxable income the entire cost of such equipment over a shorter period of time (perhaps only one to three years) than in the case of other types of capital investment (DOI-70104).
Accelerated erosion: The erosion of soil materials at a faster than natural rate. It occurs when vegetal cover is destroyed or is affected by some activities of man. See erosion for more related terms (SW-108ts). Accelerated operable unit (AOU): An action which prevents, controls, or responds to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants where prompt action is necessary but a response under removal authorities is not appropriate or desirable. The purpose of an AOU is to allow the remedial action for that Operable Unit to proceed prior to completion of the final Record of Decision (ROD) for the total remedial action. AOUs are particularly appropriate where the size and complexity of the total remedial action would seriously delay implementation of independent parts of the action. AOUs will only proceed after complying with applicable procedures in the NCP. It is not intended that AOUs diminish the requirements for, delay the conduct of, or conflict with the total remedial action (Navy/Env-04). Accelerator pump (diaphragm pump or plunger pump): A device used to provide a supplemental supply of fuel during increasing throttle opening as required (40CFR85.2122(a)(3)(ii)91). Accelerator: In radiation science, a device that speeds up charged particles such as electrons or protons (EPA-89/12). These fast particles can penetrate matters and are known as radiation. Acceptable daily intake: An estimate of the daily exposure dose that is likely to be without deleterious effect even if continued exposure occurs over a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Acceptable of a batch: The number of non-complying compressors in the batch sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptable quality level (AQL): The maximum percentage of failing engines or vehicles (or samples), that for the purposes of a sampling inspection, can be considered satisfactory as a process average (40CFR86.1002.84-91). Acceptance of a batch sequence: That the number of rejected batches in the sequences is less than or equal to the acceptance number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptance of a compressor: The measured noise emissions of the compressor, when emissions measured in accordance with the
applicable procedure conform to the applicable standard. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91). Acceptance of a vehicle: The measured emissions of the vehicle, when measured in accordance with the applicable procedure, conform to the applicable standard. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR205.5 1-91).
federal, state, or local environmental permits, and that creates toxic concentrations in the air that are a potential health threat to the surrounding community (EPA487b). (3) See release for more related terms. Acclimated organism seed: Organisms especially grown to cope with bio-oxidation-resistant organic wastes (LBL-76107-water).
Access: The right and opportunity to examine and copy (29CFR1910.20-91).
Acclimated: Adapted to environmental change (LBL-76107water).
Accessible environment: (1) The atmosphere; (2) Land surfaces; (3) Surface waters; (4) Oceans; and (5) All of the lithosphere that is beyond the controlled area (40CFR191.12-02). See environment for more related terms.
Acclimation (or acclimatization): (1) The physiological or behavioral adaptation of organisms to one or more environmental conditions associated with the test method (e.g., temperature, hardness, pH) (40CFR797.1600). (2) A physiological change occurring within the lifetime of an organism which reduces the strain caused by stressful changes in the natural climate (e.g., seasonal or geographical) (NIOSH-84/10). (3) The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to changes in its environment (EPA-97/12).
Accessible when referring to ACM: That the material is subject to disturbance by school building occupants or custodial or maintenance personnel in the course of their normal activities (40CFR763.83-91). Accession number: An identification number that used to be assigned (for cataloging purposes) to volumes of studies submitted to OPP. This has been replaced by the Master Record Identification (MRID) system, which identifies each individual study. See also Master Record Identification System (FFDCMpesticide-04). Accident site: The location of an unexpected occurrence, failure, or loss, either at a plant or along a transportation route, resulting in a release of hazardous materials (EPA-97/12). Accident: An unexpected, undesirable event, caused by the use or presence of a pesticide, that adversely affects man or the environment (40CFRI 71.2-91). Accidental air ingress (or ingress of secondary or other fluids): The inadvertent admission of air (or a fluid such as water, steam, or other non-primary fluid) to the primary cooling system of a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (DOE-9 1/04). Accidental occurrence: An accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured (40CFR264.141-91). Other accidental occurrence-related terms include (1) Non-sudden accidental occurrence and (2) Sudden accidental occurrence. Accidental release: (1) Any sudden or nonsudden release of petroleum from an underground storage tank that results in a need for corrective action andlor compensation for bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended by the tank owner or operator (40CFR280.92-91). (2) The unintentional spilling, leaking, pumping, purging, emitting, emptying, discharging, escaping, dumping, or disposing of a toxic material into the environment in a manner that is not in compliance with a plant's
Acclimatization: See acclimation. Accredited or accreditation: When refening to a person or laboratory, such person or laboratory is accredited in accordance with section 206 of Title I1 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (40CFR763.83). Accrual date: The date of the incident causing the loss or damage or the date on which the loss or damage should have been discovered by the employee through the exercise of reasonable care (40CFR14.2-9 1). Accumulated speculatively: A material is "accumulated speculatively" if it is accumulated before being recycled. A material is not accumulated speculatively, however, if the person accumulating it can show that the material is potentially recyclable and has a feasible means of being recycled; and that--during the calendar year (commencing on January ])--the amount of material that is recycled, or transferred to a different site for recycling, equals at least 75% by weight or volume of the amount of that material accumulated at the beginning of the period. In calculating the percentage of turnover, the 75% requirement is to be applied to each material of the same type (e.g., slags from a single smelting process) that is recycled in the same way (i.e., ti-om which the same material is recovered or that is used in the same way). Materials accumulating in units that would be exempt from regulation under 40CFR261.4(c) are not to be included in making the calculation. (Materials that are already defined as solid wastes also are not to be included in making the calculation.) Materials are no longer in this category once they are removed from accumulation for recycling, however (40CFR261.I-8-91). Accumulated speculatively: Storage of a material in lieu of expeditious recycling. Materials are usually accumulated speculatively if the waste being stored has no viable market or if a
facility cannot demonstrate that at least 75% of the material has been recycled in a calendar year (RCRAhazardous-04). Accumulation: (1) In air pollution, the increase of concentration levels in a region, due to the combined effect of emissions and meteorological conditions for which the dispersion is poor, e.g., during a stagnation period (NATO-78/10). (2) In a biological system, the concentration of a substance, which collects in a tissue or organism and which does not disappear over time (EPA82111e). Accumulator: The reservoir of a condensing unit receiving the condensate from a surface condenser (40CFR52.741-91). Accuracy: The degree of agreement between a measured value and a true, expected value (NavyIEnv-04). Acequia: Acequias were important forms of imgation in the development of agriculture in the American Southwest. The proliferation of cotton, pecans, and green chiles as major agricultural staples owe their progress to the acequia system (CWAiWscience-04). Acetate fiber: A fiber made from cellulose acetate. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Acetic acid (or named as ethanoic acid, vinegar acid, and methanecarboxylic acid, CH&OOH): Glacial acetic acid is the pure compound (99.8% min.), as distinguished from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid. Vinegar is dilute acetic acid (EPA-83106a). Acetone: A colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet odor. It is considered the least toxic solvent in industry. It can occur naturally. It is used in the production of lubricating oils, chloroform, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, varnishes, and lacquers. If present in water, it is more likely to volatilize or biodegrade before bioaccumulating or adsorbing to sediments. Acetone will also readily volatilize and biodegrade in soil. It is also a common laboratory contaminant, so its presence in a sample does not always indicate its presence in the environment. Synonyms: Dimethylketone and 2-propanone (NavyIEnv-04). Acetylation: A technique to combine an acetyl radical (CH3CO)* onto an organic molecule. Acetylcholine (C7HI7O3N): A substance in the human body having important neurotransmitter effects on various internal systems; oRen used as a bronchoconstrictor (EPA-89/12). Acetylene (C2H2):A gas which can be prepared by the action of water on calcium carbide. The starting material for large-scale synthesis of important organic compounds (EPA-77/07).
Acetylene cylinder filler: An asbestos-containing product which is intended for use as a filler for acetylene cylinders (40CFR763.163-91). ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Determines and publishes Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) (MWTNinfectious-04). ACHP: See Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Acid aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles small enough to become airborne. High concentrations can irritate the lungs and have been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma (EPA97/12). Acid aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles that are small enough to become airborne. High concentrations of acid aerosols can be imtating to the lungs and have been associated with some respiratory diseases, such as asthma (EPA-88109b). Acid base catalysis: The catalytic effects in increasing certain chemical reactions due to the presence of acid and base elements. Acid base titration: A titration in which an acid of known concentration is added to a base of unknown concentration solution until the desired end point is reached, or vice versa. See titration for more related terms. Acid cleaning: Using acid solutions to clean materials. Some methods of acid cleaning are pickling and oxidizing (EPA-83106a). Acid copper: A copper electrode deposited from an acid solution of a copper salt, usually copper sulfate (EPA-82/05). Acid cure: In uranium extraction, sulfation of moist ore before leach (EPA-82/05). Acid deposition (acid precipitation or acid rain): A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and other substances are transformed by chemical processes in the atmosphere, often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in either wet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly called "acid rain," can fall as rain, snow, or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases or particulates (EPA-97/12). Acid deposition or acid rain: Refers loosely to a mixture of wet and dry "deposition" (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than "normal" amount of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors or chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion (CWNmining-04).
Acid dip: An acidic solution for activating the workpiece surface prior to electroplating in an acidic solution, especially after the workpiece has been processed in an alkaline solution (EPA83106a). Acid dye: A type of dye commonly used to color wool and nylon, but may be used on other fibers (EPA-74106b). Acid fast: Describes a cell or bacterium that retains a dye that has a negatively charged molecule (LBL-76107-bio). Acid fog: See acid gas. Acid furnace: A furnace lined with acid brick as contrasted to one lined with basic brick. In this instance, the terms acid and basic are in the same relationship as the acid anhydride and basic anhydride that are found in aqueous chemistry. The most common acid brick is silica brick or chrome brick. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Acid gas (acid fog or acid mist): A gas stream of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO*) that has been separated from sour natural gas by a sweetening unit (40CFR60.641-91). Acid gas: A gas produced in the combustion process. It contains acid components such as sulfides and chlorides (RCRAtmanagement-04). Acid leach: A metallurgical process for extracting metals by means of acid dissolution, e.g., in copper industry, it is a technology employed to recover copper from low grade ores and mine dump materials when oxide mineralization is present, by dissolving the copper minerals with either sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid containing ferric iron (EPA-82/05). Acid mine drainage (or ferruginous mine drainage): (1) The mine drainage that, before any treatment, either has a pH of less than 6.0 or a total iron concentration equal to or greater than 10 mg/L (40CFR434.11-91). (2) Drainage of water from areas that have been mined for coal of other mineral ores. The water has a low pH because of its contact with sulfur-bearing material and is harmful to aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). See mine drainage for more related terms.
Acid neutralizing capacity: A measure of the ability of water or soil to resist changes in pH (NavylEnv-04). Acid neutralizing capacity: Measure of ability of water or soil to resist changes in pH (EPA-97/12). Acid precipitation: See acid deposition. Acid pulp: See sulfite pulp. Acid rain: Air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog, or mist. The "acid" in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels, and from certain industrial processes. The sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are related to two strong acids: sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power plants and other sources, winds blow them far from their source. If the acid chemicals in the air are blown into areas where the weather is wet, the acids can fall to earth in the rain, snow, fog, or mist. In areas where the weather is dry, the acid chemicals may become incorporated into dusts or smokes. Acid rain can damage the environment, human health, and property (CMair-04). Acid rain: See acid deposition (EPA-97/12). Acid recovery: Those sulfuric acid pickling operations that include processes for recovering the unreacted acid from spent pickling acid solutions (40CFR420.91-91). Acid refractory: The refractories containing a substantial amount of silica that may react chemically with basic refractories, basic slags, or basic fluxes at high temperatures. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Acid regeneration: Those hydrochloric acid pickling operations that include processes for regenerating acid from spent pickling acid solutions (40CFR420.91-91). Acid solution: A solution with a pH of less than 7.00 in which the activity of the hydrogen ion is greater than the activity of the hydroxyl ion (EPA-76/03).
Acid mine water: Mine water that contains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites (CWAImining-04).
Acid stabilization: A circumstance where the pH of the waste mixture in an animal manure management system is maintained near 7.0, optimal conditions for methane production (CMC02gas1-04).
Acid mine water: The mine water which contains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites where sulfide minerals break down under the chemical influence of oxygen and water, the mine water becomes acidic and can corrode ironwork. See water for more related terms (EPA-82/05).
Acid washed activated carbon: Carbon which has been contacted with an acid solution with the purpose of dissolving ash in the activated carbon (EPA-82/11f).
Acid mist: See acid gas.
Acid: (1) Any compound that can react (neutralize) with a base to form a salt. (2) A substance which dissolves in water forming hydrogen ions (cf. pH) (EPA-87/10).
Acid: A material with pH of less than 7.0 (MWTNmedical-04). Acid: A substance that has a pH of less than 7, which is neutral. Specifically, an acid has more free hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl ions (OH-) (CWNWscience-04). Acid: Acid-related terms include (1) Bronsted acid; (2) Fatty acid; (3) Inorganic acid; (4) Lewis acid; and (5) Strong acid. Acid: An inorganic or organic compound that (1) Reacts with metals to yield hydrogen; (2) Reacts with a base to form a salt; (3) Dissociates in water to yield hydrogen ions; (4) Has a pH of less than 7.0; (5) Neutralizes bases or alkalis; and (6) Turns litmus paper red. All acids contain hydrogen. They are corrosive to tissue and should be handled with care (NavyIEnv-04). Acid: Has a pH of water less than 5.5; pH modifier used in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) wetland classification system; in common usage, acidic water has a pH less than 7 (CWNWbasics-04). Acidic deposition: The transfer of acidic or acidifying substances from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth or to objects on its surface. Transfer can be either by wet-deposition processes (rain, snow, dew, fog, frost, hail) or by dry deposition (gases, aerosols, or fine to coarse particles) (CWNWbasics-04). Acidic titrant: The use of a standard acid solution (a solution with known concentration) to measure the basicity of another substance by titration. Acidic: Possessing the ability to donate a proton (e.g., HCI) or accept a pair of electrons (e.g., SO2); or having a pH less than 7 (ETI-92). Acidic: The condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0 (EPA-97/12). Acidification: Addition of an acid solution to a solution to increase its hydrogen ions until the solution becomes acidic (pH < 7). Acidimeter: A volumetric analysis meter that is used to measure the amount of acid in a sample. Acidimetry: The study of using an acidimeter to determine the amount of base present in a solution. Acidity: (1) The capacity of a wastewater for neutralizing a base. It is normally associated with the presence of carbon dioxide, mineral and organic acids, and salts of strong acids or weak bases. It is reported as equivalent of CaC03 because many times it is not known just what acids are present (EPA-76/03). (2) The quantitative capacity of aqueous solutions to react with hydroxyl ions. It is measured by titration with a standard solution of a base to a specified end point. Usually expressed as milligrams per liter
of calcium carbonate; that is, the amount of calcium carbonate that would be required to exactly neutralize the sample (LBL76107water).
Acidulate: To make acidic (EPA-76/03). Acknowledgment of consent: Notice sent by EPA to an exporter of hazardous waste, indicating that the importing country has agreed to accept such waste (RCRAlhazardous-04). ACM: Asbestos-containing material; a material with one percent or more asbestos (SDWAhadionuclide-04). Acoustic descriptor: The numeric, symbolic, or narrative information describing a product's acoustic properties as they are determined according to the test methodology that the Agency prescribes (40CFR211.102-91). Acoustical analysis: A review of a space to determine the level of reverberation or reflected sound in the space (in seconds) as influenced by the building materials used to construct the space. Also, a study of the amount of acoustical absorption required to reduce reverberation and noise (NCNsound-04). Acoustical assurance period (AAP): A specified period of time or miles driven after sale to the ultimate purchaser during which a newly manufactured vehicle or exhaust system, properly used and maintained, must continue in compliance with the federal standard (40CFR205.151-91). Acoustical consultant: A professional, usually with an engineering degree, whose primary roll is providing advice on acoustical requirements and noise control in a variety of situations (NCNsound-04). Acoustical environment: The acoustical characteristics of a space or room influenced by the amount of acoustical absorption, or lack of it, in the space (NCNsound-04). Acoustical: The properties of a material to absorb or reflect sound (adjective), acoustically (adverb) (NCAIsound-04). Acoustical: When used with reference to materials utilized in the program that act to deaden or absorb sound; and with reference to the program the actual act of control of and effects of sound (NCNnoise-04). Acoustics: The science of sound. Its production, transmission, and effects (NCNsound-04). Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A fatal disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acquired land: Land originally purchased by the Department of Energy (DOE) or its predecessors. In contrast, see other land and withdrawn land (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Acre-foot (acre-ft): A unit for measuring the volume of water, is equal to the quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot, and is equal to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons. The term is commonly used in measuring volumes of water used or stored (CWNhydrology-04). Acrilan fiber: A trademark of Monsanto for acrylic fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Acrylic fiber: A manufactured synthetic fiber in which the fiberforming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units (40CFR60.601-91). Acrylic resin: A synthetic resin used as sand binders in core making. These resins are formed by the polymerization of acrylic acid or one of its derivatives using benzoyl peroxide or a similar catalyst. The most frequently used starting materials for acrylic resins include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or acrylonitrile. Exposure of these binder materials to hot metal temperatures can cause breakdown of the chemical bonds within the resin molecules and subsequent generation of cyanide. Acrylic resin is also a paint ingredient. See resin for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Acrylic: A manufactured fiber which the fiber-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units. Made in both filament and staple form (EPA-74106b). Acrylonitrile (C3H3N): A colorless liquid used as a pesticide fumigant for stored grain and in the manufacture of acrylic rubbers and fibers. Act of God: (1) Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), an act occasioned by an unanticipated grave natural disaster (CWA31133U.S.C.1321). (2) Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), an unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight (SF1 01-42U.S.C.9601). Act of God: An unanticipated grave natural disaster or other natural phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable, and irresistible character, the effects of which could not have been prevented or avoided by the exercise of due care or foresight (AEAImixedW04). Act or AEA: The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919), including any amendments thereto (other related information is provided in 10CFR20.3; 30.4; 40.4; 70.4). The AEA gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority to establish standards and guidance to regulate radioactive materials from the production of nuclear energy. (http://www.epa.gov/radiation/laws/ laws.htm#aea, 2004)
Act or CAA: The Clean Air Act of 1970 (42U.S.C.7401-7626, Public Law 159, July 14, 1955). The Clean Air Act is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, stationary, and mobile sources. This law authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and the environment. The goal of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975. The setting of maximum pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPS) applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state. The Act was amended in 1977 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act in large part were intended to meet unaddressed or insufficiently addressed problems such as acid rain, ground-level ozone, stratospheric ozone depletion, and 2004) air toxics. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/htm1/caa.htm Act or CERCLA: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42U.S.C.9601-9657). CERCLA commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Over five years, $1.6 billion was collected and the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA: (1) Established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites; (2) Provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; and (3) Established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified. The law authorizes two kinds of response actions: (1) Short-term removals, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response; and (2) Long-term remedial response actions that permanently and significantly reduce the dangers associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances that are serious, but not immediately life threatening. These actions can be conducted only at sites listed on EPA's National Priorities List (NPL). CERCLA also enabled the revision of the National Contingency Plan (NCP). The NCP provided the guidelines and procedures needed to respond to releases and threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The NCP also established the NPL. CERCLA was amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) on October 17, 1986. (http://www.epa.gov/superfund~action/law/cerca.h 2004) Act or CSISSFRRA: The Chemical Safety Information, Site Security, and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act of 1999. The EPA and the Department of Justice (DOJ) are promulgating a rule that provides for access to information concerning the potential offsite consequences of hypothetical accidental chemical releases from industrial facilities. Under section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), facilities handling large quantities of extremely hazardous chemicals are required to include that information in a risk
management plan (RMP) submitted to the EPA. As required by the CSISSFRRA, this rule provides members of the public and government officials with access to that information in ways designed to minimize the likelihood of accidental releases, the risk to national security associated with posting the information on the Internet, and the likelihood of harm to public health and welfare. (http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2OOO/August/Day04/a19785.htm, 2004)
were required to divide their states into Emergency Planning Districts and to name a Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) for each district. Bmad representation by firefighters, health officials, government and media representatives, community groups, industrial facilities, and emergency managers ensures that all necessary elements of the planning process are (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/html/epcra.htm, represented. 2004)
Act or CWA: The Clean Water Act (formerly referred to as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972), Pub. L. 92-500,33U.S.C. 1251 et seq. The CWA is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States. (The CWA does not deal directly with groundwater nor with water quantity issues.) The statute employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to sharply reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. These tools are employed to achieve the broader goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so that they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water." For many years following the passage of CWA in 1972, EPA, states, and Indian tribes focused mainly on the chemical aspects of the "integrity" goal. During the last decade, however, more attention has been given to physical and biological integrity. Also, in the early decades of the Act's implementation, efforts focused on regulating discharges from traditional "point source" facilities, such as municipal sewage plants and industrial facilities, with little attention paid to runoff from streets, construction sites, farms, and other "wet-weather" sources. Starting in the late 1980s, efforts to address polluted runoff have increased significantly. For "nonpoint" runoff, voluntary programs, including cost-sharing with landowners, are the key tool. For "wet weather point sources" such as urban storm sewer systems and construction sites, a regulatory approach is being employed. Evolution of CWA programs over the last decade has also included something of a shift fiom a program-by-program, source-by-source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic watershed-based strategies. Under the watershed approach, equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired ones. A full array of issues are addressed, not just those subject to CWA regulatory authority. Involvement of stakeholder groups in the development and implementation of strategies for achieving and maintaining state water quality and other environmental goals is another hallmark of this approach. (http://www.epa.gov/watertmin/cwa/,2004)
Act or ERDDAA: The Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Authorization Act of 1976 (PL 94-475, 42 U.S.C. 4361-4370 in 1976). The ERDDAA authorized research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas under: 1. TheNoise Control Act of 1972 (42 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.) 2. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.) 3. Section 301 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 241) 4. The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 et seq.) 5. The Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 3251 et seq.) 6. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of (http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/erddaalOl.htm, 1972. 2004)
Act or EPCRA: The Emergency Planning and Community Rightto-Know Act of 1986 (42U.S.C.11001-11050, 42U.S.C. 11001 et seq. (1986). EPCRA is also known as Title 111 of SARA, EPCRA was enacted by Congress as the national legislation on community safety. This law was designated to help local communities protect public health, safety, and the environment from chemical hazards. To implement EPCRA, Congress required each state to appoint a State Emergency Response Commission (SERC). The SERCs
Act or ESA: Endangered Species Act of 1973 (7U.S.C.136; 16U.S.C.460 et seq. 1973). The ESA provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of Interior maintains the list of 632 endangered species (326 are plants) and 190 threatened species (78 are plants). Species include birds, insects, fish, reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses, and trees. Anyone'can petition FWS to include a species on this list. The law prohibits any action, administrative or real, that results in a "taking" of a listed species, or adversely affects habitat. Likewise, import, export, interstate, and foreign commerce of listed species are all prohibited. EPA's decision to register a pesticide is based in part on the risk of adverse effects on endangered species as well as environmental fate (how a pesticide will affect habitat). Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), EPA can issue emergency suspensions of certain pesticides to cancel or restrict their use if an endangered species will be adversely affected. Under a new program, EPA, FWS, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are distributing hundreds of county bulletins that include habitat maps, pesticide use elimitations, and other actions required to protect listed species. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defsihtml/esahtm, 2004). Act or FFCA: The Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 (Pub. L. 102-386, 106 Statutes 1505). FFCA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act to clarify provisions concerning the application of certain requirements and sanctions to Federal Facilities. http://www.epa.gov/swerffn:/documents/f~ ce-act.htm, 2004) Act or FFDCA: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 as amended (21U.S.C.301-392). Other related information is
provided in 40CFR2.308-1160.3; 163.2-a; 177.3; 178.3; 179.3; 710.2. These FDA food labeling web pages address the labeling requirements for foods under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its amendments. Food labeling is required for most prepared foods, such as breads, cereals, canned and frozen foods, snacks, desserts, drinks, etc. Nutrition labeling for raw produce ( h i t s and vegetables) and fish is voluntary. We refer to these products as "conventional" foods. For detailed information on dietary supplements, a special category of products that comes under the general umbrella of foods, but which has separate labeling requirements, refer to http://vm.cfsan.fda.govllabel.html. (http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/2l/ch9.htm2004)
Act or FFRRO: The Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office. To overcome the difficulties posed by contamination at federal facilities, the Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office works with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), Department of Energy (DOE), and other federal entities to develop creative, cost-effective solutions to their environmental problems. FFRRO's overall mission is to facilitate faster, more effective, and less costly cleanup and reuse of federal facilities. By focusing on partnering and public involvement, FFRRO, and its counterpart offices in EPA regions, have made great strides in improving federal facilities cleanup. (http://www.epa.gov/swerffrr/aboutffi~o.htm#goals,2004) Act or FIFRA: The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947, as amended, and its predecessor, 7U.S.C.135 et. seq. (7U.S.C.136 et seq.) The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users (farmers, utility companies, and others) to register when purchasing pesticides. Through later amendments to the law, users also must take exams for certification as applicators of pesticides. All pesticides used in the U.S. must be registered (licensed) by EPA. Registration assures that pesticides will be properly labeled and that if in accordance with specifications, will not cause unreasonable harm to the environment. (http://www.epa.gov/ region5/defs/htmVfifra.htm,2004) Act or FOIA: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, 5U.S.C.sIs 552 (1966). The Freedom of Information Act provides specifically that "any person" can make requests for government information. Citizens who make requests are not required to identify themselves or explain why they want the information they have requested. The position of Congress in passing FOIA was that the workings of government are "for and by the people" and that the benefits of government information should be made available to everyone. All branches of the federal government must adhere to the provisions of FOIA with certain restrictions for work in progress (early drafts), enforcement confidential information, classified documents, and national security information. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defs/htm1/foia.h 2004)
Act or FQPA: Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The FQPA of 1996 amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. These amendments fundamentally changed the way EPA regulates pesticides. The requirements included a new safety standardreasonable certainty of no harm--that must be applied to all pesticides used on foods. This web site provides background information on FQPA's provisions and discusses some of the specific issues raised by FQPA, as well as status of implementation of this important law (http:Nwww.epa.gov/ opppsps l /fqpa/, 2004). Act or FWPCA: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (33U.S.C.1251-1387, October 18, 1972, as amended 19731983,1987,1988,1990-1992,1994,1995, and 1996. The FWPCA, popularly known as the Clean Water Act, is a comprehensive statute aimed at restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Enacted originally in 1948, the FWPCA was amended numerous times until it was reorganized and expanded in 1972. It continues to be amended almost every year. Even prior to the enactment of the 1972 version of the FWPCA, the Act authorized the Public Health Service to prepare comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries, and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. Due regard was to be given to improvements necessary to conserve waters for public water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life, recreational purposes, and agricultural and industrial uses. A number of other provisions found in the current Act were adopted prior to 1972. Primary authority for the implementation and enforcement of the Clean Water Act now rests with the U.S. EPA. In addition to the measures authorized before 1972, the Act authorizes water quality programs, requires federal effluent limitations and state water quality standards, requires permits for the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, provides enforcement mechanisms, and authorizes funding for wastewater treatment works construction grants and state revolving loan programs, as well as funding to states and tribes for their water quality programs. Provisions have also been added to address water quality problems in specific regions and specific waterways. (http:Nipl.unm.edu/cwl/fedbooWfwpca.html,2004) Act or GPRA: Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-62): The law intends to: (1) Improve public confidence in federal agency performance by holding agencies accountable for achieving program results; (2) Initiate management reform with a series of program pilot projects for setting goals, measuring program performance against those goals, and reporting on progress; (3) Improve federal program effectiveness and public accountability by focusing on end results, service quality, and customer satisfaction; (4) Improve Congressional decision-making by clarifying and stating performance expectations "up front"; and (5) Improve the internal management of the federal government. Implementation of GPRA Requirements at EPA-To lay the foundation for an effective system for managing for environmental results, the Agency has
begun to integrate its planning, budgeting, and financial management processes. As part of this approach, the Agency has begun to implement the requirements of GPRA. EPA1s five-year strategic plan includes the new generation of environmental protection, the national Environmental Goals Project, the development of a new performance measurement system, and the ongoing work on environmental indicators, all of which are important components of a managing-for-results system. Shortly after its enactment in 1993, the Administrator designated the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) as lead office for implementing GPRA at EPA. (http://m.epa.gov/ Indicator/gpra.html#law, 1998)
Act or HSWA: The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment of 1984 (42U.S.C.6901 et seq.). The HSWA is the 1984 amendment to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. The Act established the following four major policies: (1) Land disposal restriction policy; (2) Deep-well injection policy; (3) Domestic sewage sludge policy; and (4) Waste minimization policy (OSWER-87). Act or MPRSA: The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, also known as the Ocean Dumping Act (33U.S.C.1401-1434). Unless authorized by a permit, the MPRSA generally prohibits (1) Transportation of material from the U.S. for the purpose of ocean dumping; (2) Transportation of material from anywhere for the purpose of ocean dumping by U.S. agencies or US.-flagged vessels; (3) Dumping of material transported from outside the U.S. into the U.S. territorial sea (MPRSA section 101). Under MPRSA, the standard for permit issuance is whether the dumping will "unreasonably degrade or endanger" human health, welfare, or the marine environment (MPRSA sections 102(a) and 103(a)). The EPA is charged with developing ocean dumping criteria to be used in evaluating permit applications (MPRSA section 102(a)). EPA also is responsible for designating recommended sites for ocean dumping (MPRSA section 102(c)). (http://www.epa.gov/owow/ ocpd/marine.html, 2004) Act or MVICSA: The Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, as amended, 1SU.S.C. 1901 et seq. (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR2.3 11-1; 600.002.85-91). Act or MWTA: The Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988. The MWTA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act to require the Administrator of the EPA to promulgate regulations on the management of infectious waste. These statutes enabled the EPA to make the regulations that were entered into the Federal Register on March 24, 1989. (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/ medical/download.html,2005) Act or NCA: The Noise Control Act of 1972 (42U.S.C.49014918). The NCA establishes a national policy to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. To accomplish this, the Act establishes a means for the coordination of federal research and activities in
noise control, authorizes the establishment of federal noise emissions standards for products distributed in commerce, and provides information to the public respecting the noise emission and noise reduction characteristics of such products (42U.S.C.4901). The Act authorizes and directs that federal agencies, to the fullest extent consistent with their authority under federal laws administered by them, cany out the programs within their control in such a manner as to further the policy declared in 42U.S.C.4901. Each department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government having jurisdiction over any property or facility, or engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result in, the emission of noise shall comply with federal, state, interstate, and local requirements respecting control and abatement of environmental noise. Each federal agency shall, upon request, furnish information to the EPA regarding the nature, scope, and results of the noise research and noise-control programs of that agency, and shall consult with EPA, as required, in prescribing standards or regulations respecting noise. Certified low-noiseemission products shall be acquired for use by the federal government in lieu of other products if the Administrator of General Services determines that reasonably priced, reliable substitutes exist (42U.S.C.4914). The Act includes provision for citizen suits (42U.S.C.4911(a)) whereby any person may commence civil action against the United States or any governmental instrumentality or agency who is alleged to be in violation of any noise control requirement. ( h t t p : / / m . thecre.com/fedlaw/legal17/noise~control~act~of~l972~legal~matt ers.htrn, 2004)
Act or NEPA: The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-190, January 1, 1970; 42U.S.C.4321 et seq.). The purposes of the NEPA are: To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality. (http:Nceq.eh.doe.gov/nepalregslnepa/nepaeqia.htm,2004) Act or OPA: The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33U.S.C.2702 to 2761, Pub. L. 101-380, August 18, 1990). The OPA of 1990 streamlined and strengthened EPA'S ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or unwilling to do so. The OPA requires oil storage facilities and vessels to submit to the federal government plans detailing how they will respond to large discharges. EPA has published regulations for aboveground storage facilities; the Coast Guard has done so for oil tankers. The OPA also requires the development of Area Contingency Plans to prepare and plan for oil spill response on a regional scale. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/defsihtm1/ opa.htm, 2004)
Act or OSHA: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29U.S.C.651 et seq.). Congress passed the Occupational and Safety Health Act to ensure worker and workplace safety. Their goal was to make sure employers provide their workers a place of employment fiee from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. In order to establish standards for workplace health and safety, the Act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the research institution for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that oversees the administration of the Act and enforces standards in all 50 states. (http:Nwww.epa.govlregion5/defslhtrnllosha.h,2004) Act or PHSA: The Public Health Service Act (Pub. L. 93-523; 42U.S.C.300f). The Public Health Service in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare shall be administrated by the Surgeon General under the supervision and direction of the Secretary (Secretary of the Health, Education, and Welfare Department). The service shall consist of (1) Office of the Surgeon General; (2) National Institutes of Health; (3) Bureau of Medical Services; and (4) Bureau of State Services (PHSA201). (http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/phsvc~, 2005) Act or PPA: The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42U.S.C.13101 and 13102, et seq. Public Law 101-508, November 5, 1990). The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment, and disposal. Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste management or pollution control. Pollution prevention also includes other practices that increase efficiency in the use of energy, water, or other natural resources, and protect our resource base through conservation. Practices include recycling, source reduction, and sustainable agriculture. (http://www.epa.govlregion5/defsihtml/ppa.h, 2004) Act or RCRA: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (42U.S.C.6901 et seq. (1976), PL 95-609). RCRA gave EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-tograve." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances. RCRA focuses only on active and future facilities and does not address abandoned or historical sites (see CERCLA). HSWA, the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that required phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste. Some of the other mandates of this strict law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent
hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program. (http://www.epa.gov/region5/ defs/html/rcra.htm, 2004)
Act or SARA: The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. SARA amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act on October 17, 1986. SARA reflected EPA's experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. SARA: (1) Stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites; (2) Required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other state and federal environmental laws and regulations; (3) Provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools; (4) Increased state involvement in every phase of the Superfund program; (5) Increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites; (6) Encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up; and (7) Increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion. SARA also required EPA to revise the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to ensure that it accurately assessed the relative degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by uncontrolled hazardous waste sites that may be placed on the NPL. (http:Nwww.epa.govlsuperfund/actionllawlsara.h,2004) Act or SDWA: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (42U.S.C.300f-300j-9). The SDWA was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S. This law focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe standards of purity and required all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards. State governments, which assume this power from EPA, also encourage attainment of secondary standards (nuisance-related). (http://www.epagov/region5/defs/ html/sdwa.htm, 2004) Act or SWDA: The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (42U.S.C.6901-69913). The federal solid waste law has gone through four major phases. The Solid Waste Disposal Act (passed in 1965 as title I1 of the Clean Air Act of 1965) focused on research, demonstrations, and training. It provided for sharing with the states the costs of making surveys of waste disposal practices and problems, and of developing waste management plans. The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 changed the whole tone of the legislation from efficiency of disposal to concern with the reclamation of energy and materials from solid waste. It authorized grants for demonstrating new resource recovery technology, and required annual reports from the EPA on means of promoting recycling and reducing the generation of waste. In a third phase, the federal government embarked on a more active, regulatory role, embodied in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. RCRA instituted the first federal permit program for hazardous waste and prohibited open dumps. In a fourth phase, embodied in the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, the federal government attempted to prevent future cleanup problems by prohibiting land disposal of untreated hazardous wastes, setting liner and leachate collection requirements for land disposal facilities, setting deadlines for closure of facilities not meeting standards, and establishing a corrective action program. @ttp://www.ncseonline.org/nle/ crsreports/briefingbooks/laws/h.cfm#~lll,2004)
Act or TSCA: The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (l5U.S.C.2601-2629). The TSCA of 1976 was enacted by Congress to give EPA the ability to track the 75,000 industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States. EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human health hazard. EPA can ban the manufacture and import of those chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk. Also, EPA has mechanisms in place to track the thousands of new chemicals that industry develops each year with either unknown or dangerous characteristics. EPA then can control these chemicals as necessary to protect human health and the environment. TSCA supplements other federal statutes, including the Clean Air Act and the Toxic Release Inventory, under EPCRA. @ttp://www.epa.gov/region5/ defs/html/tsca.htm, 2004) Act or UMTRCA: For the purposes of subparts A, B, and C of this part in 40CFR192.00, the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978. Uranium mill tailings are the radioactive sandlike materials that remain after uranium is extracted by milling ore mined from the earth. Tailings are placed in huge mounds called tailings piles which are located close to the mills where the ore is processed. The most important radioactive component of uranium mill tailings is radium, which decays to produce radon. Other potentially hazardous substances in the tailings are selenium, molybdenum, uranium, and thorium. @ttp://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/radw~,2005) Act or WSOSHA: The Williams Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 1590) (29CFR1910.2). The WilliamsSteiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) is a federal law designed to protect the health and safety of industrial workers and also the operators of water supply systems and treatment plants. The Act regulates the design, construction, operation and maintenance of water supply systems and water treatment plants. OSHA also refers to the federal and state agencies which administer the OSHA regulations. (www.owp.csus. edu/dossarv/elossaryo.htm,2005)
branched mycelium. These organisms are responsible for the earthy smell of compost (RCRAImanagement-04).
Actinomycete: A large group of moldlike microorganisms which give off an odor characteristic of rich earth and are the significant organisms involved in the stabilization of solid wastes by composting (SW- 1O8ts). Action level: (1) In asbestos, airborne concentration of asbestos of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter (fkc) of air calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (40CFR763.121-91). (2) Regulatory levels recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to "tolerances," which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage, action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. (3) In the Superfund program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The term is also used in other regulatory programs (see tolerances) (EPA-97/12). Action level: (1) The exposure level at which OSHA regulations to protect employees take effect, e.g., workplace air analysis, employee training, medical monitoring, and recordkeeping. Exposure at or above the action level is termed "occupational exposure." (2) Regulatory level recommenced by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide. As opposed to "tolerances" which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage. Action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination. (3) In the Superfind program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan. The term can be used similarly in other regulatory programs (AENmixedW-04). Action level: For purposes of Subtitle C corrective action, riskbased concentrations of hazardous constituents in groundwater, soil, or sediment that may trigger further investigation into possible contamination at a particular site (RCRAhazardous-04).
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex (LBL-76107-bio).
Action level: The concentration of lead or copper in water specified at Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements that a water system is required to complete (SDWNeducation-04).
Actinium (Ac): A radioactive metal with atomic number 89; atomic weight 227; melting point 1050 C and boiling point 3300 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Action level: The level of lead or copper which, if exceeded in over 10% of the homes tested, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must follow (SDWAIReg-04).
Actinomycete: A group of microorganisms, intermediate between bacteria and true fungi that usually produce a characteristic
Action memorandum: A document authorizing and outlining the cleanup plan that will be followed as part of a short-term cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Activate: In electronics, to treat the cathode or target of an electron tube in order to create or increase the emission of electrons (EPA-83/03). Activated alumina: A form of aluminum oxide that adsorbs moisture readily and is used as a drying agent. Activated carbon adsorption: See adsorption process. Activated carbon filter: A filter used to remove dissolved organic matter from water for taste and odor control. Dissolved gases, liquids, and finely divided solids may also be removed. See filter for more related terms (LBL-76/07-water). Activated carbon regeneration: The regeneration of carbon after its adsorptive capacity has been reached, involving removal of organic matter from the carbon surface by oxidation or steam heating (cf. carbon regeneration) (EPA-8711Oa). Activated carbon: A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions. In (advanced) waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems (EPA-97/12). Activated carbon: Also known as activated charcoal. (1) Carbon which has been treated by high temperature heating with steam or carbon dioxide to produce an internal porous structure (EPA87110a). (2) See carbon for more related terms. Activated charcoal: See activated carbon. Activated complex: Intermediate compounds between reactants and products. Activated metal component: Metal parts (pipes, racks, bracing, valves, pumps, etc.) which have been made radioactive by being inside an operating nuclear reactor (Envirocare-00109). Activated sludge process: See activated sludge treatment. Activated sludge treatment (or activated sludge process): The process of using biologically active sewage sludge to hasten breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage during secondary waste treatment. The activated sludge is subsequently separated from the treated wastewater (mixed liquor) by sedimentation (EPA-74/11). Activated sludge: (1) Sludge that contains living organisms (DOI-70104). (2) A gelatinous matrix imbedded with filamentous and unicellular bacteria which serve as food for protozoa. The bacterial genera which predominate depend on the characteristics
of the wastewater being treated. The activated sludge treatment of wastewater purification is one of the most common secondary waste treatment processes (LBL-76107-water). (3) Product that results when primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and then agitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage undergoing secondary waste treatment (EPA-97/12). (4) See sludge for more related tenns. Activating agent: See activator. Activation energy (or heat of activation): (1) The quantity of heat needed to destabilize molecular bonds and form reactive intermediates so that the reaction will proceed (EPA-81/09). (2) The minimum heat needed for a chemical reaction to take place. Activation over-potedtial: Activation over-potential is also known as over-voltage. It is a charge transfer step at an electrode interface. Activation polarization: A chemical reaction where reacting species must overcome an activation barrier. For a fuel cell, this region is typically a voltage drop ikom the theoretical electromagnetic field (EMF) prior to electron or ion flow. Activation: (1) Notification by telephone or other expeditious manner, or when required, the assembly of some of all appropriate members of the Regional Response Team (RRT) or National Response Team (NRT) (40CFR300.5-91). (2) The process of treating a substance by heat, radiation, or the presence of another substance so that the first mentioned substance will undergo chemical or physical change more rapidly or completely (EPA83106a). Activation: In chemistry, it is a treatment of a substance by heat, radiation, or other means to produce a more complete or rapid chemical or physical change. Activation: In electricity, it is a process of treating a cathode to increase its rate of reaction. Activator (or activating agent): (1) A substance which when added to a mineral pulp promotes flotation in the presence of a collecting agent. It can be used to increase the floatability of a mineral in a froth, or to reflect a depressed (sunk mineral) (EPA82/05). (2) Chemical substance, usually stannous chloride, that triggers the electro less deposition process on a non-conducting surface (EPA-74103d). (3) A chemical added to a pesticide to increase its activity (EPA-97/12). Active alkali: A measure of the strength of alkaline pulping liquor indicating the sum of caustic soda and sodium sulfide expressed as Na20 (EPA-87/10). Active area: In a fuel cell, it is the area of a fuel cell membrane that is able to be supplied with hydrogen and to produce electricity.
Active gas collection: A technique that forcibly removes gas from a landfill by attaching a vacuum or pump to a network of pipelines in the landfill or surrounding soils to remove the gases (RCRA/management-04). Active ingredient (A.I.): The chemical or substance component of a pesticide product that can kill, repel, attract, mitigate, or control a pest or that acts as a plant growth regulator, desiccant, or nitrogen stabilizer. The remainder of a formulated pesticide product consists of one or more "inert ingredients" (such as water, solvents, emulsifiers, surfactants, clay, and propellants), which are there for reasons other than pesticidal activity (FFDCNpesticide04). Active ingredient (A.I.): The material in the pesticide formulation that actually destroys the target pest or performs the desired function (FIFRANN-04). Active ingredient: (1) An ingredient of a pesticide which is intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest (40CFR455.10). (2) In any pesticide product, the component that kills, or otherwise controls, target pests. Pesticides are regulated primarily on the basis of active ingredients (EPA-97/12). Active institutional control: (1) Controlling access to a disposal site by any means other than passive institutional controls. (2) Performing maintenance operations or remedial actions at a site. (3) Controlling or cleaning up releases from a site. (4) Monitoring parameters related to disposal system performance (40CFR191.12-91).
preparation plants, coal preparation plant associated areas, and post-mining areas. (40CFR434.11-91, see also 40CFR440.132-9 1). See mine for more related terms. Active mitigation: Equipment, devices, or technologies that need human, mechanical, or other energy input to capture or control released substances (e.g., interlocks, shutdown systems, pressure relieving devices, flares, emergency isolation systems) (TSCAIchemical-04). Active portion (facility): The portion of a facility where treatment, storage, or disposal operations are being or have been conducted after the effective date of Part 261 of this chapter, and which is not a closed portion. See facility for more related terms, see also closed portion and inactive portion (40CFR260.10-9 1). Active service: A drain is receiving refinery wastewater from a process unit that will continuously maintain a water seal (40CFR60.691-91). Active site: A potentially contaminated site where an investigation or remedial action is currently underway (OMBIReg04). Active transport: An energy-expending mechanism by which a cell moves a chemical across the cell membrane from a point of lower concentration to a point of higher concentration, against the diffusion gradient (Course 165.6). Active use: Refers to an SO2constant control system installed at a smelter before August 7, 1977, and not totally removed from regular service by that date (40CFR57.103-91).
Active life of a facility: The period from the initial receipt of hazardous waste at the facility until the Regional Administrator receives certification of final closure (40CFR260.10-91).
Active waste disposal site: Any disposal site other than an inactive site (40CFR61.141-91).
Active mass or material: The material in an electrochemical cell that participates in a cell reaction. For example, the lead contained in the positive plate of a lead-acid battery.
Active workings: Any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel, and which are ventilated and inspected regularly (CWAImining-04).
Active material utilization: The fraction of an active material that reacts during discharge before a battery can no longer deliver a required current at a useful voltage.
Activity coefficient: An auxiliary thermodynamic function to express the volatile properties of binary systems that exhibit nonideal vapor equilibrium behavior. It may also be regarded as a correction factor that may be applied to ideal conditions to obtain real system properties under proper temperature and pressure conditions (EPA-85/10).
Active material: An electrode material that reacts chemically to produce electrical energy when a cell discharges. Also, such material in its original composition, as applied to make an electrode (EPA-84/08). Active mine: An underground uranium mine which is being ventilated to allow workers to enter the mine for any purpose. See mine for more related terms (40CFR61.21-91; 61.21-91). Active mining area: The area, on and beneath land, used or disturbed in activity related to the extraction, removal, or recovery of coal from its natural deposits. This term excludes coal
Activity median diameter (AMD): The median of the distribution of radioactivity, toxicological, or biological activity with respect to particle size (EPA-90/08). Activity plans: Written procedures in a school's asbestosmanagement plan that detail the steps a Local Education Agency (LEA) will follow in performing the initial and additional cleaning, operation and maintenance program tasks, periodic surveillance,
and reinspections required by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) (EPA-97/12).
period to be more representative of normal source post-change operations (40CFR51.165-xii-91).
Activity: A set of CERCLA-funded tasks that makes up a segment of the sequence of events undertaken in determining, planning, and conducting a response to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance. These include core program, pre-remedial (i.e., preliminary assessments and site inspections), support agency, remedial investigatiodfeasibility studies, remedial design, remedial action, removal, and enforcement activities (40CFR35.6015-91).
Actual knowledge: The knowledge actually possessed by a real person, rather than an entity (USDNwater-04).
Actual cubic feet per minute (acfm): A flow rate unit (cubic feet per minute) measured under actual pressure and temperature. In reference to the standard conditions (i.e., pressure = 1 atm and temperature = 60 F), acfm is the gas flow rate (volumetric flow rate) obtained under the actual operating conditions (cf. scfm). Predicting performance and design calculations for control devices are based on actual flow rates (EPA-84/09). Using the ideal gas equation, acfm and scfm (standards cubic feet per minute) can be related as Qa = Qs x Ta x Ps/(Ts x Pa), where: Qa and Qs = actual and standard flow rate respectively; Ta and Ts = actual and standard temperature respectively. For example, if standard flow rate of a gas = 2000 scfm, standard conditions = 60 F and 1 atm, and actual operating conditions = 700 F and 1 atm, the actual flow rate is Qa = 2000(700 + 460) x 1/[(60 + 460) x 11 = 4462 acfm.
Acute delayed neurotoxicity: A prolonged, delayed-onset locomotor ataxia resulting from single administration of the test substance, repeated once if necessary (40CFR798.6540-91).
Actual emissions: (1) The actual rate of emissions of a pollutant from an emissions unit as determined in accordance with paragraphs (a)(l)(xii) (B) through (D) of this section. (2) In general, actual emissions as of a particular date shall equal the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during a two-year period which precedes the particular date and which is representative of normal source operation. The reviewing authority shall allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation. Actual emissions shall be calculated using the unit's actual operating hours, production rates, and types of materials processed, stored, or combusted during the selected time period. (3) The reviewing authority may presume that the sourcespecific allowable emissions for the unit are equivalent to the actual emissions of the unit. (4) For any emissions unit (other than an electric utility steam generating unit specified in paragraph (a)(l)(xii)(E) of this section) which has not begun normal operations on the particular date, actual emissions shall equal the potential to emit of the unit on that date. (5) For an electric utility steam generating unit (other than a new unit or the replacement of an existing unit) actual emissions of the unit following the physical or operational change shall equal the representative actual annual emissions of the unit, provided the source owner or operator maintains and submits to the reviewing authority, on an annual basis for a period of five years from the date the unit resumes regular operation, information demonstrating that the physical or operational change did not result in an emissions increase. A longer period, not to exceed ten years, may be required by the reviewing authority if it determines such a
Acute chronic ratio (ACR): The ratio of the acute toxicity (expressed as an LC50) of an effluent or a toxicant to its chronic toxicity (expressed as a No Observed Effects Level [NOEL]). It is used as a factor for estimating chronic toxicity on the basis of acute toxicity data (EPA-85/09).
Acute dermal LD50: A statistically derived estimate of the single dermal dose of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute dermal toxicity: The adverse effects occurring within a short time of dermal application of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours (40CFR798.1100-91). Acute dose: See acute exposure. Acute effect: An adverse effect on any living organism in which severe symptoms develop rapidly and often subside after the exposure stops (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Acute effect: An effect that can cause a disease in a short period of time. Other acute effect-related terms include (1) Chronic effect; and (2) Serious acute effect. Acute exposure (or acute dose): (1) A one-time or short-term exposure with a duration of less than or equal to 24 hours (EPA90108). (2) One dose or multiple doses occurring within a short time (24 hours or less) (EPA-92/12). (3) A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time (EPA-97/12). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a hazardous material for a brief length of time (SF/remedy-04). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time (NavyIEnv04). Acute exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which results in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day (AENmixedW-04).
Acute exposure: Contact with a substance that occurs once or for only a short time (up to 14 days) (compare with intermediate duration exposure and chronic exposure) (SFhealth-04). Acute health effect: An immediate (i.e., within hours or days) adverse health effect that may result from exposure to certain drinking water contaminants (e.g., pathogens) (SDWAIReg-04). Acute inhalation LC50: A statistically derived estimate of the concentration of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute inhalation toxicity: The adverse effects caused by a substance following a single uninterrupted exposure by inhalation over a short period of time (24 hours or less) to a substance capable of being inhaled (40CFR798.1150-91). Acute lethal toxicity: The lethal effect produced on an organism within a short period of time of exposure organism within a short period of time (days) of exposure to a chemical (40CFR797.135091). Acute oral LD50: A statistically derived estimate of the single oral dose of a substance that would cause 50% mortality to the test population under specified conditions (40CFR152.3-91). Acute oral toxicity: The adverse effects occumng within a short time of oral administration of a single dose of a substance or multiple doses given within 24 hours (40CFR798.1175-1-91). Acute toxicity endpoints (ATE): Toxicity test results, such as an LCso (96 hours) and ECSO(48 hours), which describe a stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect on aquatic organisms (EPA-91/03). Acute toxicity test: A method used to determine the concentration of a substance that produces a toxic effect on a specified percentage of test organisms in a short period of time (e.g., 96 hours). In this guideline, death is used as the measure of toxicity (40CFR797.1400-91). Acute toxicity: (1) A deleterious response (e.g., mortality, disorientation, immobilization) to a stimulus observed in 96 hours or less (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR300-App/A, 797.1440; 797.1800-91). (2) The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity, toxicity (EPA-97/12). Acute toxicity: Adverse effects that result from a single dose or single exposure of a chemical; any poisonous effect produced within a short period of time, usually less than 96 hours. This term normally is used to describe effects in experimental animals (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Acute toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose, usually within 24 hours. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity, toxicity (NavyJEnv-04). Acute toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance. See chronic toxicity. (MWTNmedical-04). Acute toxicity: The ability of a toxic substance to cause serious adverse health effects shortly after exposure (TSCNchemical-04). Acute toxicity: The poisoning that occurs after a single exposure (effects appear shortly after exposure) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Acute: (1) Acute means short. In a toxicity test, it involves a stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce a response. A response observed in 96 hours or less typically is considered acute. An acute effect is not always measured in terms of lethality; it can measure a variety of effects (EPA-85/09). (2) A stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect; in aquatic toxicity tests, an effect observed in 96 hours or less typically is considered acute. When referring to aquatic toxicology or human health, an acute affect is rot always measured in terms of lethality (EPA-91/03). Acute: A stimulus severe enough to rapidly induce an effect; in aquatic toxicity tests, an effect observed in 96 hours or less is typically considered acute. When referring to aquatic toxicology or human health, an acute effect is not always measured in terms of lethality (CWNwastewater-04). Acute: Occumng over a short period of time; used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure (AENmixedW-04). Acute: Occurring over a short time (compare with chronic) (SFhealth-04). Acutely toxic chemicals: Chemicals which can cause both severe short- and long-term health effects after a single, brief exposure (short duration). These chemicals can cause damage to living tissue, impairment of the central nervous system, severe illness or in extreme cases, death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin (EPA-85/11). Acutely toxic conditions: Those acutely toxic to aquatic organisms following their short-term exposure within an affected area (EPA-91/03). Acutely toxic effects: A chemical substance produces acutely toxic effects if it kills within a short time period (usually 14 days):
(1) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following oral administration of a single dose of the test substance at 25 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight (LD50). (2) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following dermal administration of a single dose of the test substance at 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight (LD50). (3) At least 50% of the exposed mammalian test animals following administration of the test substance for 8 hours or less by continuous inhalation at a steady concentration in air at 0.5 milligrams or less per liter of air (LC50) (40CFR721.3-91). Acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR): The ratio of the acute toxicity of an effluent or a toxicant to its chronic toxicity. It is used as a factor for estimating chronic toxicity on the basis of acute toxicity data, or for estimating acute toxicity on the basis of chronic toxicity data (EPA-91/03). Adaptation: (1) The process by which a substance induces the synthesis of any degradative enzymes necessary to catalyze the transformation of that substance (40CFR796.3100-91). (2) Changes in an organism's structure or habit that help it adjust to its surroundings (EPA-97/12). Add on control device: An air pollution control device such as carbon absorber or incinerator that reduces the pollution in an exhaust gas. The control device usually does not affect the process being controlled and thus is "add-on" technology, as opposed to a scheme to control pollution through altering the basic process itself (EPA-97/12). Added ingredients: The prepared sauces (prepared from items such as dairy products, starches, sugar, tomato sauce and concentrate, spices, and other related pre-processed ingredients) which are added during the canning and freezing of fruits and vegetables (40CFR407.81-91). Added risk: The difference between the cancer incidence under the exposure condition and the background incidence in the absence of exposure; AR = P(d) - P(0) (EPA-92/12). Addict: Any person who habitually uses any habit-forming narcotic drugs so as to endanger the public morals, health, safety, or welfare, or who is or has been so far addicted to the use of such habit-forming narcotic drugs as to have lost the power of selfcontrol with reference to his addiction (PHSA2-k). Addition agent: A substance, usually an organic material, added to an electroplating solution to improve the properties of an electroplate (EPA-74103d). Additional polymerization: The combination of monomers by the direct addition or combination of the monomer molecules with one another to form polymers (EPA-8711Oa).
Additive effect (or additivity): The combined effects of two or more chemicals equal to the sum of their individual effects (cf. synergistic effect) (Course 165.6; EPA-85/09). Additive effect: A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that equals the sum of responses of all the individual substances added together (compare with antagonistic effect and synergistic effect) (SFhealth-04). Additive manufacturer: Any person who produces or manufactures an additive for use as an additive and/or sells an additive under his own name (40CFR79.2-91). Additive: (1) A chemical substance that is intentionally added to another chemical substance to improve its stability or impart some other desirable quality (40CFR790.3-91, see also 40CFR79.2-91). (2) In the plywood industry, any material introduced prior to the final consolidation of a board to improve some property of the final board or to achieve a desired effect in combination with another additive. It includes binders and other materials. Sometimes a specific additive may perform more than one function. Fillers and preservatives are included under this term (EPA-74/04). (3) Materials added to ink in small amounts to alter one or more of its properties. They include driers, anti-skinning agents, dispersing agents, waxes, lubricants, surface active agents, etc. (EPA-79112a). Additivity: The characteristic property of a mixture of toxicants that exhibits a total toxic effect equal to the arithmetic sum of the effects of the individual toxicants (EPA-91/03). Add-on controls: Post-combustion control devices that reduce the amount of unburned volatile organic chemicals (VOC) or other compounds emitted to the atmosphere. Add-on controls can also reduce the percentage of particulate matter, generated by combustion process, emitted to the atmosphere (CMAPC-04). Adenine (C5H5N5):A needle crystal used in research on heredity, virus diseases, and cancer. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (C10H15N5010P2): A coenzyme that is an important intermediate in cellular metabolism. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (C10H16N5013P3): A high energy biochemical intermediary in enzyme catalyzed processes (LBL76107-water). Adequate evidence: The information sufficient to support the reasonable belief that a particular act or emission has occurred (40CFR32.105-91). Adequate SO2 emission limitation: A SIP emission limitation which was approved or promulgated by EPA as adequate to attain and maintain the NAAQS in the areas affected by the stack emissions without the use of any unauthorized dispersion technique (40CFR57.103-91).
Adequate storage: Placing of pesticides in proper containers and in safe areas as per 40CFR165.10 as to minimize the possibility of escape which could result in unreasonable adverse effects on the environment (40CFRI 65.1-91). Adequately wet: Asbestos containing material that is sufficiently mixed or penetrated with liquid to prevent the release of particulates (EPA-97/12). Adequately wetted: Sufficiently mixed or coated with water or an aqueous solution to prevent dust emissions (40CFR61.141-91). Adhesion: Molecular attraction which holds the surfaces of two substances in contact, such as a gaseous pollutant and a solid adsorbent or water and rocks (EPA-84/09; 89/12). Adhesive: (1) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to serve as a joining compound (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A chemical system used in the bonding of geomembranes. The adhesive residue results in an additional element in the seamed area. Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of adhesives used with specific geomembranes) (EPA91/05). Adiabatic flame temperature: The temperature of combustion products under the conditions of no change in heat, work, kinetic energy, and potential energy between the combustion system and its surroundings. The adiabatic flame temperature is the maximum temperature that a combustion system can reach, because any heat transfer from the reacting substances and any incomplete combustion would tend to lower the temperature of the products. For a given fuel and given pressure and temperature of the reactants, the maximum adiabatic flame temperature that can be achieved is with a stoichiometric mixture. See temperature for more related terms.
Adiabatic saturation: A process in which an air or gas stream is saturated with water vapor without adding or subtracting heat from the system (EPA-89/02). Adit: (1) A horizontal or nearly horizontal passage driven from the surface for the working or dewatering of a mine. (2) A passage driven into a mine from the side of a hill (EPA-82/05). Adit: A nearly horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and dewatered. A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance (CWAImining-04). Adjacent property: Either those properties contiguous to the boundaries of the property being surveyed or other nearby properties (NavyIEnv-04). Adjacent: The bordering, contiguous, or neighboring wetlands separated from other waters of the United States by man-made dikes or barriers, natural river berms, beach dunes, and the like are adjacent wetlands (40CFR230.3-91). Adjoining properties: Any real property or properties that have a border which is contiguous, or partially contiguous, with that of the property, or that would be contiguous, or partially contiguous, with that of the property but for a street, road, or other public thoroughfare separating them (USDNwater-04). Adjustable capacitor: A device capable of holding an electrical charge at any one of several discrete values (EPA-83/03). Adjusted configuration: The test configuration after adjustment of engine calibrations to the retrofit specifications, but excluding retrofit hardware installation (40CFR610.11-91). Adjusted loaded vehicle weight: The numerical average of vehicle curb weight and GVWR (40CFR86.094.2-91).
Adiabatic lapse rate: The rate of decrease of temperature with height in the atmosphere when adiabatic upward or downward motions of the air neither enhanced nor suppressed (NATO-78110).
Administrative action: Enforcement action taken by EPA or a state under its own authority, without involving a judicial court process (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Adiabatic process: (1) A process in which no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings. (2) A process during which no heat is extracted from or added to a system. In the atmosphere, an adiabatic upward movement of an air parcel results in cooling through expansion, an adiabatic downward movement results in warming through compression. This process explains the adiabatic lapse rate in a neutral atmosphere (NATO-78/10). (3) See thermodynamic process for more related terms.
Administrative control: Procedures and methods, set up by the employer, that significantly reduce exposure to risk factors by altering the way in which work is performed; examples include employee rotation, job task enlargement, and adjustment of work pace (OSHA/ergonomics-04).
Adiabatic saturation temperature: The temperature which results from adiabatically adding water to a gas-vapor-water mixture in a steady flow until it becomes saturated, the water being supplied at the final temperature of the mixture. See temperature for more related terms.
Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement between EPA and Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) whereby PRPs agree to perform or pay the cost of a site remediation. The agreement describes actions to be taken at a site and may be subject to a public comment period. Unlike a consent decree, an administrative order on consent does not have to be approved by a judge (SF/Env-04).
Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court. Unlike a consent decree, an administrative order on consent does not have to be approved by a judge (SFIreform-04). Administrative order on consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity. It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court (EPA97112). Administrative order types: There are four types of RCRA orders: compliance orders; corrective action orders; monitoring and analysis orders; and imminent hazard orders (cf. civil action) (OSWER-87). (1) Compliance actionlorder means an order or action issued under Section 3008 (a) of RCRA, requires any person who is not complying with a requirement of RCRA to take steps to come into compliance. (2) Corrective actiodorderlpolicy means an order EPA issues that requires corrective action under RCRA Section (h) at a facility when there has been a release of hazardous waste or constituents into the environment. Corrective action may be required beyond the facility boundary and can be required regardless of when the waste was placed at the facility. (3) Imminent hazard order is used by the responsible agency under the authority of RCRA Section 7003 to force any person contributing to an imminent and substantial endangerment to human health or the environment caused by the handling of non-hazardous or hazardous solid waste to take steps to clean up the problem. (4) Monitoring and analysis order is used to evaluate the nature and extent of a substantial hazard to human health or the environment that exists at a TSD (treatment, storage, and disposal). It can be issued to either the current owner or to a past owner or operator if the facility is not currently in operation or the present owner could not be expected to have actual knowledge of the potential release. Administrative order: A legal document signed by EPA directing an individual, business, or other entity to take corrective action or refrain from an activity. It describes the violations and actions to be taken, and can be enforced in court. Such orders may be issued, for example, as a result of an administrative complaint whereby the respondent is ordered to pay a penalty for violations of a statute (EPA-97/12). Administrative Procedures Act (APA): A law that spells out procedures and requirements related to the promulgation of regulations. Administrative Procedures Act: The Act that establishes rulemaking procedures as well as site-specific licensing procedures, access to agency information, and procedures and
standards for judicial review of agency actions. All environmental rulemakings proposed and finalized by EPA include public participation throughout the process (RCRAhazardous-04).
Administrative record (AR): A compilation of information established for all CERCLA sites made available to the public at the start of the Remedial Investigation (RI)for remedial actions, or at the time of Engineering EvaluatiodCost Analysis (EEICA) for removal actions. Information in the Administrative Record supports the selected remedy for remedial actions and removal actions (NavyIEnv-04). Administrative record file (ARP): (1) Refers to documents, as they are being established and maintained density. Until a response action decision has been selected, there is no complete administrative record for that decision. Thus, to avoid creating the impression that the record is complete at any time prior to the final selection decision, the set of documents is referred to as the ARF rather than the AR. (2) A file that contains all information used in order to make decisions on the selection of a response action under CERCLA. Available for public review and comment (NavyEnv-
04). Administrative record: A compilation of documents supporting an administrative action; under Superfund, administrative actions often compel PRPs to undertake or pay for hazardous waste site cleanups (SFIremedy-04). Administrative record: A file that is maintained and contains all information used by the lead agency to make its decision on the selection of a response action under CERCLA. This file is to be available for public review with a copy established at or near the site, usually at one of the information repositories. A duplicate file is held in a central location, such as an EPA Regional Office (SFIEnv-04). Administrative record: All documents which EPA considered or relied on in selecting the response action at a Superfund site, culminating in the record of decision for remedial action or, an action memorandum for removal actions (EPA-97/12). Adsorbate: Material that has been retained (adsorbed) by the process adsorption (LBL-76107-air). Adsorbent: A material which has the ability to cause molecules of gases, liquids, or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the adsorbent physically or chemically. Example adsorbents include activated carbon, alumina, bauxite, bone char, decolorizing carbon, Fuller's earth, magnesia, silica gel, and strontium sulfate (selective adsorbent) (AP-40, p191). Adsorber: A control device or piece of equipment for carrying on the process of adsorption. The unit is usually a vessel or a pipe containing activated carbon or another adsorbent. Generally, it has a means of admitting and exhausting fluids plus whatever other
piping (connections) might be needed for the operation of the unit, including desorption, if involved (cf. absorber) (EPA-84/09).
Adsorption: The adherence of gas molecules, ions, or molecules in solution to the surface of solids (CWAIWbasics-04).
Adsorption isobar: A plot showing adsorption against various parameters, such as temperature, while holding pressure constant.
Adsorption: The adhesion of substance to the surface of a solid (DOE-9 1/04).
Adsorption isotherm: A plot used in evaluating the effectiveness of activated carbon treatment by showing the amount of impurity adsorbed versus the amount remaining. It is determined at a constant temperature by varying the amount of carbon used or the concentration of the impurity in contact with the carbon (EPA8711Oa).
Adsorption: The process by which a gas, vapor, dissolved material, or very small particle adheres to the surface of a solid due to chemical or physical forces; the attraction and adhesion of ions from an aqueous solution to the solid soil or rock surfaces with which they are in contact (NavyEnv-04).
Adsorption process: In waste treatment, there are two basic adsorption processes: (1) Activated carbon adsorption: A process of using activated carbon to adsorb dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Adsorption on activated carbon occurs when a molecule is brought up to its surface and held there by physical andlor chemical forces. This process is reversible, thus allowing activated carbons to be regenerated (and reused) by the proper application of heat and steam, or solvent. (2) Resin adsorption: Resin adsorption uses synthetic polymeric materials as adsorbents, which are hard, insoluble spheres of high surface area, porous polymer. It involves two basic steps: (a) Contacting the liquid wastestream with resins and allowing the resins to adsorb the solutes from the solution; and (b) Subsequently regenerating the resins by removing the adsorbed chemicals, often effected by simply washing with the proper solvent. Adsorption ratio (I&,): The amount of test chemical adsorbed by a sediment or soil (i.e., the solid phase) divided by the amount of test chemical in the solution phase, which is in equilibrium with the solid phase, at a fixed solidlsolution ratio (40CFR796.275091). Adsorption: A mass transfer process that involves removing a gaseous contaminant by adhering it to the surface of a solid. Adsorption can be classified as physical or chemical. In physical adsorption, a gas molecule adheres to the surface of the solid due to an imbalance of natural forces (electron distribution). In chemisorption, once the gas molecule adheres to the surface, it reacts chemically with it. The major distinction is that physical adsorption is readily reversible while chemisorption is not (EPA81/12, p1-6). Adsorption: A process by which a solid material is used to remove one or more components from a liquid or gaseous stream, usually without chemical reaction. The removal takes place through adherence to the surface. Typical adsorbents are activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, and activated alumina (EPA84/09). Adsorption: An advanced method of treating waste in which activated carbon removes organic matter from wastewater (EPA97/12).
Adsorption: For more related terms, see contact adsorption and physical adsorption. Adulterants: Chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food or pesticide (EPA-97/12). Adulterated: (1) Any pesticide whose strength or purity falls below the quality stated on its label and (2) A food, feed, or product that contains illegal pesticide residues (EPA-97/12). Adulterated: Applies to any pesticide if (1) Its strength or purity falls below the professed standard of quality as expressed on its labeling under which it is sold; (2) Any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the pesticide; or (3) Any valuable constituent of the pesticide has been wholly or in part abstracted (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). Adulticide: An agent for killing adult pests (FIFRAIWN-04). Advance: Mining in the same direction, or order of sequence; first mining as distinguished from retreat (CWAImining-04). Advanced air emission control devices: The air pollution control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators and high energy scrubbers, that are used to treat an air discharge which has been treated initially by equipment including knockout chambers and low energy scrubbers (40CFR426.11-91). Advanced electrical reactor (AER): AER is a double wall cylindrical reactor with six carbon resistance heaters located between the two cylindrical walls. An inert gas heated by the heaters flows radially inward through the inner porous reactor wall (a core) carrying high rates of heat to accomplish the heating of the porous carbon wre to incandescence so that the predominant mode of heat transfer is by radiation from the core to the wastestream. During operation, the waste material to be pyrolyzed is finely ground to about a 20 mesh and introduced into the top of the reactor. As the material falls through the tubular space, it is exposed to radiation energy with power densities of over 1200 watts/in2. The finely divided reactants are heated through the direct impingement of electromagnetic radiation and are eventually destroyed (Lee-83/07).
Advanced treatment: A level of wastewater treatment more stringent than secondary treatment; requires an 85% reduction in conventional pollutant concentration or a significant reduction in non-conventional pollutants (EPA-97/12). Advanced waste treatment: (1) Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of suspended solids. See also primary, secondary treatment (EPA-97/12). (2) See wastewater treatment for more related terms. Advection: The process of transport of a property (e.g., pollution or momentum) solely by the velocity field in a fluid. For a turbulent flow, advection refers only to the transport by the mean motion, where mean is defined as the time average. In meteorology, advection refers only to the horizontal or isobaric component of the atmospheric motion. In groundwater, advection refers to the natural state of motion (EPA-87/03; NATO-8711 1). Advection: The transport of dissolved contaminants by the bulk movement of groundwater flow; the main process driving the movement of dissolved contaminants (NavyIEnv-04).
experience of the Federal Class I area. This determination must be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the geographic extent, intensity, duration, frequency, and time of visibility impairments, and how these factors correlate with (1) times of visitor use of the Federal Class I area, and (2) the frequency and timing of natural conditions that reduce visibility. This term does not include effects on integral vistas (40CFR51.301-91, see also 40CFR52.21-91). Advertised engine displacement: The rounded volumetric engine capacity used for marketing purposes by the motorcycle manufacturer (40CFR205.151-91). Advisory Council on Historic Preservation: The federal agency responsible for promulgating regulations for the protection and preservation of historic properties (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Advisory: A non-regulatory document that communicates risk information to those who may have to make risk management decisions (EPA-97/12). AEC: See Atomic Energy Commission (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Advection: Transportation of contaminants by the flow of a current of water or air (SFIremedy-04).
Aerate: To supply air to water, soil, or other media (CWNWbasics-04).
Adversary adjudication: An adjudication required by statute to be held pursuant to 5U.S.C.554 in which the position of the United States is represented by counsel or otherwise, but excludes an adjudication for the purpose of granting or renewing a license (40CFR17.2-9 1).
Aerated aerobic lagoon: See aerated lagoon.
Adverse effect level (AEL): That exposure level at which there are statistically or biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and its appropriate control (EPA-90108). Adverse effects data: FIFRA requires a pesticide registrant to submit data to EPA on any studies or other information regarding unreasonable adverse effects of a pesticide at any time after its registration (EPA-97/12). Adverse environmental effect: Any significant and widespread adverse effect, which may reasonably be anticipated, to wildlife, aquatic life, or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of environmental quality over broad areas (CAM 1242u.s.c.7412-91). Adverse health effect: A change in body function or cell structure that might lead to disease or health problems (SFhealth-04). Adverse impact on visibility: For purposes of section 307, visibility impairment which interferes with the management, protection, preservation, or enjoyment of the visitor's visual
Aerated lagoon (aerated aerobic lagoon or aerated pond): (1) Bacterial stabilization of wastewater in a natural or artificial wastewater treatment pond in which mechanical or diffised air aeration is used to supplement the oxygen supply. See lagoon for more related terms (EPA-87110a). (2) A holding andlor treatment pond that speeds up the natural process of biological decomposition of organic waste by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria that degrade organic waste (EPA-97/12). Aerated pond: See aerated lagoon. Aerated static pile: Forced aeration method of composting in which a free-standing composting pile is aerated by a blower moving air through perforated pipes located beneath the pile (RCRNmanagement-04). Aeration period: (1) The theoretical time, usually expressed in hours, that the mixed liquor is subjected to aeration in an aeration tank undergoing activated-sludge treatment. It is equal to the volume of the tank divided by the volumetric rate of flow of wastes and return sludge. (2) The theoretical time that liquids are subjected to aeration (EPA-87110a). Aeration tank: A chamber used to inject air into water. See tank for more related terms (EPA-97/12).
Aeration: (1) The bringing about of intimate contact between air and water by methods including spraying water into the air over a collecting basin or causing water to flow over baffles (LBL-76107water). (2) The process of exposing bulk materials, such as compost, to air (or of charging a liquid with a gas or a mixture of gases). Forced aeration refers to the use of blowers in compost piles (EPA-89/11; EPA-83). Aeration: A process of supplying or introducing airloxygen into a medium which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water. The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air) (NavyIEnv-04). Aeration: A process which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water. The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air) (EPA-97/12).
Aerobic biological oxidation: See aerobic treatment. Aerobic decomposition: A type of decomposition that requires oxygen (RCWmanagement-04). Aerobic decomposition: The breakdown of a molecule into simpler molecules or atoms by microorganisms under favorable conditions of oxygenation (CAA/C02gas-04). Aerobic digestion: See aerobic treatment. Aerobic lagoon: A pond for aerobic digestion. See lagoon for more related terms. Aerobic organotrophy: Organism which utilizes organic materials under aerobic conditions for its growth (LBL-76107water). Aerobic oxidation: See aerobic treatment.
Aeration: The process of exposing bulk material, like compost, to air. Forced aeration refers to the use of blowers in compost piles (RCRAlmanagement-04). Aeration: For more related terms, see (1) Deaeration; (2) Extended aeration; (3) Mechanical aeration; (4) Post aeration; (5) Pre-aeration; (6) Re-aeration; (7) Stage aeration; (8) Step aeration; (9) Surface aeration; and (10) Tapered aeration. Aerator: A mechanical device that provides turbulence at the air and liquid interface to increase the dissolved oxygen level in wastewater. Other aerator-related terms include Bed cascade aerator; Cascade aerator; Contact aerator; De-aerator; Free fall; cascade aerator; Injection aerator; Surface aerator; and Tray aerator. Aerial photographs: Stereoscopic photographs taken from an airplane or helicopter (from a low enough altitude to allow identification of development and activities through a stereoscope) of areas encompassing the property. Aerial photographs are ofien available from government agencies or private collections unique to a local area (USDMwater-04). Aerobe (or obligate aerobe): Organisms or bacteria which can only live in the environment with the presence of oxygen (cf. facultativeaerobe or anaerobe) (EPA-89112a). Aerobe: Bacteria that use oxygen as an electron acceptor (Navy/Env-04).
Aerobic respiration: Oxidation of organic compounds (foodstuffs) by organisms (EPA-83). The reaction can be summarized by the equation C6HI2o6+ 602 6C02+ 6H20 + energy (the release of chemical energy).
+
Aerobic treatment (aerobic biological oxidation, aerobic digestion or aerobic oxidation): A process in which microorganisms obtain energy by endogenous or auto-oxidation of their cellular protoplasm. The biologically degradable constituents of cellular materials are slowly oxidized to carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia, with the ammonia being further converted into nitrates during the process (EPA-87110a). The two basic systems used in the aerobic biological treatment are activated sludge and trickling filter. Activated sludge is a suspended growth, mixed culture system and trickling filter is a fixed film, attached growth system. See activated sludge and tickling filter for more information. Aerobic treatment: A process by which microbes decompose complex organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and use the liberated energy for reproduction and growth. (Such processes include extended aeration, trickling filtration, and rotating biological contactors) (EPA-97/12). Aerobic: (1) Taking place in the presence of free molecular oxygen (EPA-87110a). (2) A biochemical process or condition occumng in the presence of oxygen (EPA-89/11). (3) Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. See also anaerobic (EPA-97/12).
Aerobic bacteria: Bacteria that require fiee elemental oxygen for their growth. Their metabolic demands can severely deplete the dissolved oxygen (LBL-76107-water).
Aerobic: A biochemical process or condition occurring in the presence of oxygen (RCRAImanagement-04).
Aerobic bacteria: Microorganisms living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Aerobic: Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen. See anaerobic (NavyEnv-04).
Aerobic: Pertaining to, taking place in, or caused by the presence of oxygen (CWAMrbasics-04). Aerobic: Requiring oxygen (compare with anaerobic) (SFkedth04). Aerochlorination: The use of compressed air and chlorine gas to treat wastewater for removing fatty substances. Aerodynamic diameter: (1) Term used to describe particles with common inertial properties to avoid the complications associated with the effects of particle size, shape, and physical density. (EPA92/12). (2) Aerodynamic diameter applies to the size of particles of aerosols. It is the diameter of a sphere of unit density, which behaves aerodynamically as the particle of the test substance. It is used to compare particles of different sizes and densities and to predict where in the respiratory tract such particles may be deposited. This term is used in contrast to measured or geometric diameter, which is representative of actual diameters which in themselves cannot be related to deposition within the respiratory tract (40CFR798.1150-91). (3) In air pollution, it is defined as the diameter of a sphere of a unit density. @m3) having the same falling speed in air as the particle in question (EPA-84/09). It is related to the physical diameter according to the equation below: = d,, ($)I", where: d,= aerodynamic diameter; d,, = physical diameter; p = particle; and C = Cunningham correction factor.
@,a:
Aerodynamic resistance (viscosity) diameter The Lovelace definition for aerodynamic diameter. Characteristic expression based on terms describing a particle in the Stokes' regime. Refer to Raabe (1976) for equation (EPA-90108). Aerodynamic equivalent diameter Pael: Aerodynamic diameter generally used. The diameter of a unit density. sphere (4 = 1 g/cm3) having the same settling velocity (due to gravity) as the particle of interest whatever shape and density. Refer to Raabe (1976) for equation (EPA-90108). Aerodynamics: A branch of dynamics that treats the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and deals with the forces acting on solids in motion relative to such fluids. Aeroflocs: Synthetic water-soluble polymers used as flocculating agents (EPA-82/05). Aeronautics: The science and art of flight (Markes-67). Aerosol monitor: A direct-reading instrument that measures aerosols (suspended solid or liquid particles), e.g., dust, mist, fume, smoke, fog, spray (not a gas). Most of aerosol monitors use a light source and a light sensor that measures the amount of light scattered by the aerosol. Read-outs are in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) (Course 165.5). Aerosol particles: Solid particles from diameter dispersed in a gas (LBL76107-bio).
to lo-' um in
Aerosol propellant: A liquefied or compressed gas in a container where the purpose of the liquefied or compressed gas is to expel from the container liquid or solid material different from the aerosol propellant (40CFR762.3-91). Aerosol: (1) Small droplet or particle suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur. Aerosols are emitted naturally (e.g., in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of human activities (e.g., by burning fossil fuels). There is no connection between particulate aerosols and pressurized products also called aerosols (see below). (2) A product that relies on a pressurized gas to propel substances out of a container. Consumer aerosol products in the US. have not used ozone-depleting substances (ODs) since the late 1970s. because of voluntary switching followed by federal regulation. The Clean Air Act and EPA regulations further restricted the use of ODS for non-consumer products. All consumer products, and most other aerosol products, now use propellants that do not deplete the ozone layer, such as hydrocarbons and compressed gases (CMozone-04). Aerosol: (1) Small droplets or particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur. They are usually emitted naturally (e.g., in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of anthropogenic (human) activities such as burning fossil fuels. (2) The pressurized gas used to propel substances out of a container (EPA-97/12). Aerosol: A finely divided material suspended in air or other gaseous environment (EPA-97/12). Aerosol: A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas (MWTAImedical-04). Aerosols: Airborne particles (CAA/C02gas1-04). Affected landfill: Under the Clean Air Act, landfills that meet criteria for capacity, age, and emissions rates set by the EPA. They are required to collect and combust their gas emissions (EPA97/12). Affected public: The people who live andlor work near a hazardous waste site (EPA-97/12). Affected source: A source that includes one or more affected units. See source for more related terms (CAA40242U.S.C.7651 a-91). Affected unit: A unit that is subject to emission reduction requirements or limitations under this title (CAA40242U.S.C.765 la-91). Affecting: Will or may have an effect on (40CFR1508.3-91). Affiliated entity: A person who directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under
common control with the owner or operator of a source (40CFR66.3-91).
Affinity: A chemical attraction or force that causes the atoms of certain elements or compounds to combine with atoms of another element or compound and remain in the combined state (Navy/Env-04). Affluent: Flowing freely, rich or tributary (DOI-70104).
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's Hazardous Substance ReleaseIHealth Effects Database (ATSDR-HazDat): The scientific and administrative database that provides access to information on both the release of hazardous substances from SuperfUnd sites or from emergency events, and on the effects of hazardous substances on the health of human populations (SFIremedy-04).
Afforestation: Planting of new forests on lands that have not been recently forested (CAAKO2gasl-04).
Agent orange: A toxic herbicide and defoliant used in the Vietnam conflict, containing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with trace amounts of dioxin (EPA-97/12).
Aflatoxin: The toxin produced by fungus which is considered as the most potent carcinogen yet discovered.
Agent: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can be harmful to an organism (synonymous with stressors) (EPA-97/12).
Afterburner: (1) Afterburner is also known as the secondary burner. It is a control device in which materials in gaseous effluent are combusted (40CFR52.741-91). There are two types of afterburners, namely: (a) Direct flame afterburners, which use high temperature flames to bum the combustible materials; and (b) Catalytic afterburners, which use catalysts to oxidize residual combustible materials at an elevated temperature (without a flame) (AP-40, pl7l). (2) See burner for more related terms.
Agglomeration: (1) The process by which precipitation particles grow larger by collision or contact with cloud particles or other precipitation particles (EPA-89/12). (2) The coalescence of dispersed suspended matter into larger flocs or particles which settle more rapidly (EPA-82/10).
Afterburner: In incinerator technology, a burner located so that the combustion gases are made to pass through its flame in order to remove smoke and odors. It may be attached to or be separated from the incinerator proper (EPA-97/12).
Agglutination: The process of uniting solid particles coated with a thin layer of adhesive material or of arresting solid particles by impact on a surface coated with an adhesive (EPA-89/12).
Agar: An extract from certain red seaweeds used as a gelling agent in culture media. Age tank: A tank used to store a chemical solution of known concentration for feed to a chemical feeder. Also called a day tank (EPA-97/12). Aged catalytic converter: A converter that has been installed on a vehicle or engine stand and operated through a cycle specifically designed to chemically age, including exposure to representative lead concentrations, and mechanically stress the catalytic converter in a manner representative of in-use vehicle or engine conditions (cf. catalytic converter) (40CFR85.2122(a)(15)(ii)(F)91).
Agglomeration: The (CAA/C02gas1-04).
clustering
of
disparate
elements
Aggregate costs: The total cost of all research, surveys, studies, modeling, and other technical work completed by a Management Conference during a fiscal year to develop a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the estuary (4OCFR35.9010-91). Aggregate exposure: The sum total of all exposure to pesticides through inhalation, or dermal, oral, or optic contact (FFDCNpesticide-04). Aggregate facility: An individual drain system together with ancillary downstream sewer lines and oil water separators, down to and including the secondary oil water separator, as applicable (40CFR60.691-91). Aggregate: To gather particles into a mass.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): A federal public health agency with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and 10 regional offices in the United States. ATSDR's mission is to serve the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances. ATSDR is not a regulatory agency, unlike the U.S. EPA, which is the federal agency that develops and enforces environmental laws to protect the environment and human health (SFhealth-04).
Aggregation points: Centers that accept used oil only from places owned by the same owner and operator as the aggregation point, or from do-it-yourselfers (RCRAfhazardous-04). Aggressive carbon dioxide: A method to measure the corrosivity and scaling properties of water. The method involves the use of excessive carbon dioxide to precipitate a specified concentration of calcium ions as calcium carbonate.
AGI impinger: An all gas impinger sampling device. Aerosol particles are drawn through an inlet tube and then through a critical orifice into a liquid menstruum (EPA-88109~).
Air analyzer (or air monitor): Typical air analyzers include combustible atmosphere indicator, colorimetric indicator tube, oxygen indicator, and toxic atmosphere monitor.
Aging: (1) In electronics, storing a permanent magnet, capacitor, meter, or other device (sometimes with a voltage applied) until the characteristics of the device become essentially constant (EPA83/03). (2) In metal finishing, changing properties (e.g., increase in tensile strength and hardness) that occur in certain metals at atmospheric temperature after heat treatment (EPA-83106a).
Air assisted airless spray: A spray coating method that combines compressed air with hydraulic pressure to atomize the coating material into finer droplets than is achieved with pure airless spray. Lower hydraulic pressure is used than with airless spray (40CFR52.741-91).
Agitation of parts: The irregular movement given to parts when they have been submerged in a plating or rinse solution (EPA83106a). Agreement State: Any state with which the Atomic Energy Commission or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Act. Non-Agreement State means any other State (10CFR30.4-91). Agricultural pollution: Farming wastes, including runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers, erosion and dust from plowing, improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses, crop residues, and debris. See pollution for more related terms (EPA97/12). Agricultural solid waste (or agricultural waste): The solid waste that is generated by the rearing of animals, and the producing and harvesting of crops or trees. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.10 1-91). Agricultural user sector (or market): Pesticides applied by owner/operators and custom/commercial applicators to farms and facilities involved in production of raw agricultural commodities, principally food, fiber, and tobacco; includes non-crop and postharvest use as well as croplfield applications (FFDCNpesticide-
w.
Agricultural waste: See agricultural solid waste. Agro-ecosystem: Land used for crops, pasture, and livestock; the adjacent uncultivated land that supports other vegetation and wildlife; and the associated atmosphere, the underlying soils, groundwater, and drainage networks (EPA-97/12). AHERA designated person (ADP): A person designated by a Local Education Agency to ensure that the AHERA requirements for asbestos management and abatement are properly implemented (EPA-97/12).
Air avid: To increase by addition of chemicals the affinity of fine particles for air bubbles (EPA-88108a). Air binding: Situation where air enters the filter media and harms both the filtration and backwash processes (EPA-97/12). Air blast: Forced air circulation. Air bleed to intake manifold retrofit: A system or device (such as a modification to the engine's carburetor or positive crankcase ventilation system) that results in engine operation at an increased air-fuel ratio so as to achieve reductions in exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from 1967 and earlier lightduty vehicles of at least 21% and 58%, respectively (40CFR52.2039-91, see also 40CFR52.2490-91). Air calculation: See Appendix A of this book or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Air change per hour (ACH): The movement of a volume of air in a given period of time; if a house has one air change per hour, it means that all of the air in the house will be replaced in a one-hour period (cf. air exchange rate) (EPA-97/12). Air classification: A process in which a stream of air is used to separate mixed materials according to the size, density, and aerodynamic drag of the pieces (EPA-89/11). Air classifier: (1) A system that uses a forced air stream to separate mixed materials according to the size, density, and aerodynamic drag of pieces (OME-88/12). (2) An appliance for approximately sizing crushed minerals or ores employing currents of air (EPA-7511Oc). Air classifier: A device used to separate materials at a facility such as a MRF. Air in the form of a wind is used to blow lighter materials off and away from the heavier materials (RCRAImanagement-04).
AHERA: See Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Air cleaner filter element: A device to remove particulates from the primary air that enters the air induction system of the engine (4OCFRS5.2 122(a)(16)(ii)(A)-91).
Air agitation: The agitation of a medium, e.g., liquid through the use of air pressure injected into the medium (EPA-83106a).
Air cleaning: Indoor air quality control strategy to remove various airborne particulates and/or gases from the air. Most
electrostatic
exposed. According to trade custom, air dry pulps are assumed to contain 10% moisture, and are sold on this basis (EPA-83).
Air compressor: An energy conversion device that converts mechanical work into a stored energy with high pressure.
Air drying: A process of partial drying of the sample to bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with atmosphere in the room in which further reduction, division, and characterization of the sample are to take place. See analytical parameters for laboratory work for more related terms (EPA-83).
common methods are particulate filtration, precipitation, and gas sorption (EPA-97/12).
Air conditioner fever: See humidifier fever. Air contaminant: (1) Any solid, liquid, or gaseous matter; any odor, or any form of energy, that is capable of being released into the atmosphere from an emission source (40CFR52.741-91). (2) Any particulate matter, gas, or combination thereof, other than water vapor (see air pollutant) (EPA-97/12). Air cooled furnace wall: A refractory that has a lane directly behind it through which cool air can flow. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-I 08ts). Air cooled slag: In the steel industry, a slag which is cooled slowly in large pits in the ground. Light water sprays are generally used to accelerate the cooling over that which would occur in air alone. The finished slag is generally gray in color and looks like a sponge. See slag for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Air curtain: A method of containing oil spills. Air bubbling through a perforated pipe causes an upward water flow that slows the spread of oil. It can also be used to stop fish from entering polluted water (EPA-97/12). Air cyclone separator: A cylindrical and conical structure, without moving parts, that utilizes centrifugal force to remove solids entrained in an air stream. See collector for more related terms. Air deficiency: A lack of air, in an air-fuel mixture, to supply the quantity of oxygen stoichiometrically (theoretically) required to completely oxidize the fuel (SW- 108ts).
Air emissions: The release or discharge of a toxic pollutant by an owner or operator into the ambient air either: by means of a stack; or as a fugitive dust, mist, or vapor as a result inherent to the manufacturing or formulating process (40CFR129.2-91). Air erosion: The passage of air over friable ACBM which may result in the release of asbestos fibers (40CFR763.83-91). Air exchange rate: The rate at which outside air replaces indoor air in a given space (EPA-97/12). Air fuel ratio (or air to fuel ratio): See combustion air fuel ratio. Air gap: Open vertical gap or empty space that separates drinking water supply to be protected from another water system in a treatment plant or other location. The open gap protects the drinking water from contamination by backflow or back siphonage (EPA-97/12). Air handling unit: Equipment that includes a fan or blower, heating andlor cooling coils, regulator controls, condensate drain pans, and air filters (EPA-97/12). Air heater (or air preheater): A heat exchanger through which air passes and is heated by a medium of a higher temperature, such as hot combustion gases in metal tubes (SW-108ts). Air jet: A stream of high-velocity air that usually issues from a nozzle (SW-108ts).
Air density: See air. Air dried coating: Any coatings that dry by use of air or forced air at temperatures up to 363.15 K (194 F) (40CFR52.741-91). Air dry loss: That moisture gain or loss from a sample that has been partially dried to bring its moisture content close to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the room in which further reduction and division of the sample are to take place. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Air dry ton (ADT): A measurement of (pulp, paper, and paperboard) production including a moisture content of 10% by weight (EPA-87/10). Air dry: Paper or paperboard is air dry when its moisture content is in equilibrium with atmospheric conditions to which it is
Air knife: A jargon for a blower device intended to separate steel cans from more massive pieces of iron and steel. Experimentation is required to discover the best design and location for application (EPA-83). Air lance: A commonly used nondestructive test method performed with a stream of air forced through a nozzle at the end of a hollow metal tube to determine seam continuity and tightness of relatively thin, flexible geomembranes (EPA-91/05). Air liquid interface: The interface layer between the air and the liquid in which mass transfer is diffusion controlled (EPA-83106a). Air mass: A large volume of air with certain meteorological or polluted characteristics, e.g., a heat inversion or smogginess, while in one location. The characteristics can change as the air mass moves away (EPA-97/12).
Air modeling: A mathematical description of the movement and dispersion of airborne constituents (CRWI-89/05). Air monitor: See air analyzer. Air monitoring: See monitoring (EPA-97/12). Air oxidation reactor recovery train: An individual recovery system receiving the vent stream from at least one air oxidation reactors feeding vent streams into this system (40CFR60.611-91). Air oxidation reactor: Any device or process vessel in which one or more organic reactants are combined with air, or a combination of air and oxygen, to produce one or more organic compounds. Ammoxidation and oxychlorination reactions are included in this definition (40CFR60.611-91).
Air pollutant: Any substance in air that could, in high enough concentration, harm man, other animals, vegetation, or material. Pollutants may include almost any natural or artificial composition of airborne matter capable of being airborne. They may be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or in combination thereof. Generally, they fall into two main groups: (1) Those emitted directly from identifiable sources; and (2) Those produced in the air by interaction between two or more primary pollutants, or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents, with or without photoactivation. Exclusive of pollen, fog, and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100 contaminants have been identified. Air pollutants are often grouped in categories for ease in classification; some of the categories are: solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, particulate matter, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive compounds, and odors (EPA-97/12). Air pollutant: See pollutant for more related terms.
Air oxidation unit process: A unit process, including amrnoxidation and oxychlorination unit process, that uses air, or a combination of air and oxygen, as an oxygen source in combination with one or more organic reactants to produce one or more organic compounds (40CFR60.611-91).
Air permeability: The property that allows passage of air through a mass (EPA-83).
Air pollution control agency: Any of the following: (1) A single state agency designated by the Governor of that state as the official state air pollution control agency for purposes of this Act; (2) An agency established by two or more states and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution; (3) A city, county, or other local government health authority, or in the case of any city, county, or other local government in which there is an agency other than the health authority charged with responsibility for enforcing ordinances or laws relating to the prevention and control of air pollution, such other agency; or (4) An agency of two or more municipalities located in the same state or in different states and having substantial powers or duties pertaining to the prevention and control of air pollution (cf. interstate air pollution control agency) (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91).
Air plenum: Any space used to convey air in a building, furnace, or structure. The space above a suspended ceiling is often used as an air plenum (EPA-97/12).
Air pollution control device: In cement industry, the devices used to remove particulates from the gases of the cement kiln before release to the environment (ETI-92).
Air pollutant type: In general, air pollutants can be grouped into four classes: (1) Organic gases which include Paraffins; Olefins; Aromatics; and Others. (2) Inorganic gases which include Oxides of nitrogen; Oxides of sulfur; and Carbon monoxide. (3) Aerosols (particulate matter) which include Solid particles; Metal oxides and salts; Silicates and mineral dusts; and Metallic fumes from the source of metals industry. (4) Liquid particles which include Acid drops; Oily or tany droplets; Paints and surface coatings. See air pollutant type in Appendix B for more information.
Air pollution control device: Mechanism or equipment that cleans emissions generated by an incinerator by removing pollutants that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Air padding: Pumping dry air into a container to assist with the withdrawal of liquid or to force a liquified gas such as chlorine out of the container (EPA-97/12). Air permeability: Permeability of soil with respect to air. Important to the design of soil-gas surveys. Measured in darcys or centimeters-per-second(EPA-97/12).
Air pollutant: Any air pollutant agent or combination of such agents, including any physical, chemical, biological, radioactive (including source material, special nuclear material, and byproduct material) substance or matter which is emitted into or otherwise enters the ambient air (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91).
Air pollution control equipment: Any equipment or facility of a type intended to eliminate, prevent, reduce or control the emission of specified air contaminants to the atmosphere (40CFR52.74191). See air pollution control equipment in Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related information or calculations. Air pollution emergency: This regulation is designed to prevent the excessive buildup of air pollutants during air pollution episodes, thereby preventing the occurrence of an emergency due to the effects of these pollutants on the health of persons (40CFR51-AppL9 1).
Air pollution emission inventory: An information collection and processing system containing data on emissions of, and sources of, air pollution from both man-made and natural causes (NATO78/10). Air pollution episode criteria: See episode criteria. Air pollution episode: (1) A period of abnormally high concentration of air pollutants, often due to low winds and temperature inversion, that can cause illness and death (see episode, pollution) (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, episode. Air pollution index: (1) In air pollution modeling, a measure of the dispersion conditions in the atmosphere based on a function of meteorological and air pollution parameters. (2) A scheme that transforms the values of individual air pollution related parameters (e.g., concentrations of several pollutants or visibility) into a single number, or set of numbers (NATO-78/10). Air pollution: The presence in the atmosphere of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and duration as to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life, to health, or to property, or to unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life or property (40CFR52.741-91). See pollution for more related terms.
standards. May include nearby locations in the same state or nearby states that share common air pollution problems (EPA97/12).
Air quality criteria: The levels of pollution and lengths of exposure above which adverse health and welfare effects may occur (EPA-97/12). Air quality impact statement: A document, intended for decision making, in which the impact of proposed major activities on air quality in the near and the more distant environment is described (NATO-78110). Air quality index: See pollutant standard index. Air quality restricted operation of a spray tower: An operation utilizing formulations (e.g., those with high non-ionic content) which require a very high rate of wet scrubbing to maintain desirable quality of stack gases, and thus generate much greater quantities of waste water than can be recycled to process (40CFRd417.1 5 1-91). Air quality simulation model: A model usually in the form of a set of mathematical equations, which relates the air quality in an area to emissions (NATO-78/10).
Air pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects (EPA-97/12).
Air quality standards: The level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a given time in a defined area (EPA-97/12).
Air preheater: See air heater (EPA-83).
Air quality: The levels of constituents in the outside air, often in comparison to regulatory standards (DOE-91/04).
Air purification device: Respirators or filtration devices which remove particulate matter, gases, or vapors from the atmosphere. These devices range from full face piece, dual cartridge masks with eye protection, to half-mask face piece, mounted cartridges with no eye protection (NavyIEnv-04). Air purifying respirator (APR): A device which supplies or purifies air or a face piece which covers the nose and mouth and seals out the contaminants (Course 165.5). Air quality assessment: Collection, handling, evaluation, analysis, and presentation of data necessary to understand the air pollution problem of a certain area and its causes. These data normally refer to geography, topography, land use, sources and emissions, ambient air quality, meteorology, climatology, atmospheric chemistry, etc. (NATO-78/10). Air quality control region (AQCR): An interstate area designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as necessary or appropriate or the attainment and maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (DOE-91/04).
Air scrubbing: A method of removing air impurities such as dust or fume by contact with sprayed water or an aqueous chemical solution (EPA-84/08). Air setting binder: The sand binders that harden upon exposure to air. Sodium silicate, Portland cement, and oxychloride are the primary constituents of such binders. Air setting binders that are composed primarily of oxychloride contain up to 10% finely divided metallic copper. The copper is added to offset the effects of such impurities as calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium silicate, which may be introduced during the blending of oxychloride. These impurities otherwise would decrease mold strength and durability (EPA-85110a). Air setting refractory mortar: A finely ground material that, when it dries, develops a strong bond between refractory materials, even when heated to working furnace temperature. Also known as cold setting refractory mortar. See mortar for more related terms (EPA-83). Air shutter: An adjustable device for regulating an air flow rate.
Air quality control region (AQCR): Federally designated area that is required to meet and maintain federal ambient air quality
Air sparging: General term for the technology of introducing gases, usually air, beneath the water table to promote site remediation. Air sparging can be divided into two distinct processes: in-well aeration and air injection (NavyEnv-04). Air sparging: Injecting air or oxygen into an aquifer to strip or flush volatile contaminants as air bubbles up through the groundwater and is captured by a vapor extraction system (EPA97112). Air split: The division of a current of air into two or more parts (CWAImining-04). Air standard volume: See standard volume under standard condition. Air stripping operation: A desorption operation employed to transfer one or more volatile components from a liquid mixture into a gas (air) either with or without the application of heat to the liquid. Packed towers, spray towers, and bubble-cap, sieve, or valve-type plate towers are among the process configurations used for contacting the air and a liquid (40CFR264.1031-91). Air stripping: (1) A treatment system that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated groundwater or surface water by forcing an air stream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate (EPA-97/12). (2) See also definition under stripping. Air stripping: A treatment system that removes, or "strips," volatile organic compounds from contaminated groundwater or surface water by forcing an airstream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate (SFEnv-04). Air suspension coaterldryer: A pharmaceutical coating operation which consists of vertical chambers in which tablets or particles are placed, and a coating is applied and then dried while the tablets or particles are kept in a fluidized state by the passage of air upward through the chambers (40CFR52.741-91). Air sweetening: A method of using air or oxygen to oxidize lead mercaptides to manufacture disulfide. Air to cloth ratio: The ratio of volumetric flow rate of contaminated air to the total filtering area of the filter bags in a baghouse system. It is equivalent to filtering velocity through the bags in Wmin. The usual notation is A/C or G/C (EPA-84/09). Air to fuel ratio: See combustion air fuel ratio (40CFR60App/A(method 28A)-9 1). Air toxics: (1) Any air pollutant for which a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) does not exist (i.e., excluding ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide) that may reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer, developmental effects, reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders,
heritable gene mutations, or other serious or irreversible chronic or acute health effects in humans (EPA-97/12). (2) See also synonym, toxic air pollutant.
Air: A gaseous mixture appearing in the atmosphere. The compositions of air approximately consist of: Nitrogen (78.09% by volume or mole); Oxygen (20.95%); Argon (0.93%); and Others (0.03%) including: C02, krypton, neon, helium, Hz,xenon, and ozone (EPA-84/09). Other air-related terms include Ambient air; Cooling air; Dry air; Infiltration air; Overfire air; Open air; Saturated air; Stable air; Tempering air; and Underfire air. Airborne particulates: Total suspended particulate matter found in the atmosphere as solid particles or liquid droplets. Chemical composition of particulates varies widely, depending on location and time of year. Sources of airborne particulates include dust, emissions from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion products associated with motor vehicle or non-road engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the atmosphere (EPA-97/12). Airborne radioactive material: Any radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases. See radioactive material for more related terms (10CFR20.3-9 1). Airborne release: Release of any chemical into the air (EPA97/12). Aircraft engine: A propulsion engine which is installed in or which is manufactured for installation in an aircraft. See engine for more related terms (40CFR87.1-91). Aircraft gas turbine engine: A turboprop, turbofan, or turbojet aircraft engine (40CFR87.1-91). Aircraft noise: The sound noise associated with aircraft operation. See noise for more related terms.
Aircraft: Any airplane for which a U.S. standard airworthiness certificate or equivalent foreign airworthiness certificate is issued (40CFR87.1-91). Airflow bypass (or thermal bypass): Any openings through the floors between stories of a house (or through the ceiling between the living area and the attic) which facilitates the upward movement of house air under the influence of the stack effect. By facilitating the upward movement, airflow bypasses in effect facilitate exfiltration at the upper levels, which in turn increases infiltration of outdoor air and soil gas (EPA-88/08). Airless spray: A spray coating method in which the coating is atomized by forcing it through a small opening at high pressure. The coating liquid is not mixed with air before exiting from the nozzle (40CFR52.74 1-91).
Airport: The public use airport open to the public without prior permission and without restrictions within the physical capabilities of available facilities (40CFR257.3.8-91). Airshed: An area or region defined by settlement patterns or geology that results in discrete atmospheric conditions (CAA/C02gas-04). Airway: Any passage through which air is carried. Also known as an air course (CWNmining-04). Aitken nuclei: Tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere which serve as condensation nuclei for rain droplet. Alachlor: An herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soybean fields (EPA%'/I 2). Alar: Trade name for daminozide, a pesticide that makes apples redder, firmer, and less likely to drop off trees before growers are ready to pick them. It is also used to a lesser extent on peanuts, tart cherries, concord grapes, and other fruits (EPA-97/12).
ALARA: See as low (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
as
reasonably
achievable
Alaskan north slope: The approximately 69,000 square mile area extending from the Brooks Range to the Arctic Ocean (40CFR60.591; 60.63 1-91). Albedo: The fraction of incident light or electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by a surface or body. See planetary albedo (CAA/C02gas-04). Albuminuria: Presence in urine of albumin, a protein that is a normal constituent of blood (LBL-76107-bio). Alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol, or grain alcohol): A solvent which contains the hydroxyl (OHY radical and whose name ends with (suffix) -01. For example, methanol (CH30H) and ethanol (C2H50H). Other alcohol-related terms include Primary alcohol; Secondary alcohol; and Tertiary alcohol. Alcohol abuse: Any misuse of alcohol which demonstrably interferes with a person's health, interpersonal relations, or working ability (40CFR7.25-91). Alcove: A narrow channel through which molten glass is conveyed (EPA-83). Aldehyde group: A group of various highly reactive compounds typified by actaldehyde and characterized by the group CHO (EPA-83106a). Aldicarb: An insecticide sold under the trade name Temik. It is made from ethyl isocyanate (EPA-97/12).
Aldrinldieldrin ambient water criterion: Ambient water criterion for aldrin/dieldrin in navigable waters is 0.003 pgL (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of either aldrin or dieldrin and inert materials or other diluents, into a product intended for application in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin manufacturer: A manufacturer, excluding any source which is exclusively an aldriddieldrin formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes technical aldrin or dieldrin, or who uses aldrin or dieldrin as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.100-91). Aldrinldieldrin: (1) Aldrin (C12HsC16):The compound aldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,1O-hexachloro1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethanon-aphthalene. (2) Dieldrin: The compound dieldrin as identified by the chemical name, 1,2,3,4,10,1O-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octa-
hydro-1,4-endo-5,8-exo-dimethanonaphthalene(40CFR129.4-91). Alert: Events may occur, are in progress, or have occurred that could lead to a release of radioactive material but that the release is not expected to require a response by offsite response organizations to protect persons offsite (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Alevins: Young trout after the yolk sac has been absorbed but before they emerge from the gravel (SFlremedy-04). Algae: Chlorophyll-bearing nonvascular, primarily aquatic species that have no true roots, stems, or leaves; most algae are microscopic, but some species can be as large as vascular plants (CWA/Wbasics-04). Algae: Simple plants, many microscopic, containing chlorophyll. Freshwater algae are diverse in shape, color, size, and habitat. They are the basic link in the conversion of inorganic constituents in water into organic constituents (LBL-76107-water). Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in proportion to the amount of available nutrients. They can affect water quality adversely by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water. They are food for fish and small aquatic animals (EPA97/12). Algal bloom: Algal blooms are associated with nutrient-rich runoff from composting facilities or landfills (EPA-89/11).
Algal bloom: Sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry (EPA-97/12). Algal bloom: The rapid proliferation of passively floating, simple plant life, such as blue-green algae, in and on a body of water (CWNWbasics-04). Algicidal: Having the property of killing algae (40CFR797.105091). Algicide: A chemical (such as copper sulfate) used to kill or inhibit the growth of algae (phytoplankton) in a water body (DOI70104). Algicide: A pesticide that controls algae in swimming pools and water tanks (FFDCNpesticide-04). Algicide: A specific chemical highly toxic to algae. Algicides are often applied to water to control nuisance algal blooms (LBL 76107-water). Algicide: Substance or chemical used specifically to kill or control algae (EPA-97/12). Algistatic: Having the property of inhibiting algal growth (40CFR797.1050-91). Algorithm: A system of mathematical steps which are to be followed in prescribed order for solving a specific type of problem (EPA-75/10). Aliphatic hydrocarbon: A compound built from carbon and hydrogen atoms joined in a linear chain. Petroleum products are composed primarily of aliphatic hydrocarbons (Navy/Env-04). Aliphatic nitriles: Alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes which contain nitrile(s) substituent, e.g., acrylonitrile (C3H3N)(EPA-88/12). Aliquot: A measured portion of a sample taken for analysis. One or more aliquots make up a sample. See duplicate sample (EPA97/12). Alkali flame ionization detector: See GCIAFID. Alkali metals: Chemical elements of group Ia in the periodical table, e.g., sodium and potassium. Alkali: (1) A water-soluble hydroxide that ionizes strongly (EPA87/10). Any compound with strong basic qualities. (2) A chemical "base" (loosely, the opposite of an acid). Certain types of alkalis (especially potassium hydroxide) have been used as fuel cell electrolytes. Alkali: Any compound having highly basic properties; i.e., one that readily ionizes in aqueous solution to yield OH anions, with a
pH above 7.0, and turns litmus paper blue. Examples are oxides and hydroxides of certain metals belonging to group IA of the periodic table (Li, Na, K., Rb, Cs, Fr). Ammonia and mines may also be alkaline. Alkalis are caustic and dissolve tissue. Treat alkali bums by quickly washing with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Common commercial alkalis are sodium carbonate (soda ash), caustic soda, and caustic potash, lime, lye, waterglass, regular mortar, portland cement, and bicarbonate of soda (Navy/Env-04). Alkaline cleaning bath: A bath consisting of an alkaline cleaning solution through which a workpiece is processed (40CFR468.0291). Alkaline cleaning rinse for forged parts: A rinse following an alkaline cleaning bath through which a forged part is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-91). Alkaline cleaning rinse: A rinse following an alkaline cleaning bath through which a workpiece is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-9 1). Alkaline cleaning: Using a solution (bath), usually detergent, to remove lard, oil, and other such compounds from a metal surface. Alkaline cleaning is usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse may consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of this part, an alkaline cleaning operation is defined as a bath followed by a rinse, regardless of the number of rinse stages. Each alkaline cleaning bath and rinse combination is entitled to a discharge allowance (40CFR471.02-91). Alkaline earth metals: Metal elements in group IIA of the periodic table. The elements include barium, calcium, and strontium. Alkaline fuel cell (AFC): As the name implies, an AFC is characterized by an alkaline electrolyte. See fuel cell technology in Appendix C for more information. Alkaline mine drainage: The mine drainage which, before any treatment, has a pH equal to or greater than 6.0 and total iron concentration of less than 10 mg/L. See mine drainage for more related terms (40CFR434.11-91). Alkaline polyethylene glycol (APEG): This is the chemical class on which a new technology for waste detoxification is based. In this process, potassium hydroxide reacts with polyethylene glycol to form an alkoxide. The alkoxide in turn reacts with one or more of the chlorine atoms of the organic molecule of the contaminant to be destroyed, to produce an ether and alkali (potassium or sodium) metal chloride salt. This process may proceed to complete dechlorination, although replacement of a single chlorine is sufficient to make the reaction products water soluble. In some
APEG reagent formulations, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added as a co-solvent to enhance reaction rate kinetics.
do not readily decompose biologically through bacterial actions (DOI-70104).
Alkaline: Has a pH greater than 7; pH modifier in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wetland classification system; in common usage, a pH of water greater than 7.4 (CWANbasics-04).
Alkyl halide: A compound containing one of alkyl compounds and a halogen, e.g., ethylbromide.
Alkaline: Sometimes water or soils contain an amount of alkali (strongly basic) substances sufficient to raise the pH value above 7.0 and be harmful to the growth of crops (CWNWscience-04). Alkaline: The condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of alkali substance to raise the pH above 7.0 (EPA-97/12). Alkalinity: (1) The measurable ability of solutions or aqueously suspended solids to neutralize an acid (SW-lO8ts). (2) The capacity of water to neutralize acids, a property imparted by the water's content of carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally borates, silicates, and phosphates. Natural waters are generally neutral or slightly alkaline. The alkalinity of water may range from a few milligrams per liter to several hundred. Domestic sewage is usually slightly more alkaline than the water from which it is derived. Alkalinity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate (EPA-82/10). Alkalinity: The capacity of bases to neutralize acids. An example is lime added to lakes to decrease acidity (EPA-97/12). Alkaloids: Basic (alkaline) nitrogenous botanical products which produce a marked physiological action when administered to animals or humans (EPA-83/09). Alkane: (1) One of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having the empirical formula CnH2n+2. (2) A chemical compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms are joined to each other by single bonds (EPA-87107a). Alkene: One of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one or more than one carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Alkyd resin binders: Cold set resins used in the formation of cores. This type of binders is a three component system using alkyd-isocyanate, cobalt naphthenate, and di-penyl methane diisocyanate. Cobalt naphthenate is the drier, and di-phenyl methane di-isocyanate is the catalyst. Exposure of these binders to hot metal temperatures can cause the breakdown of these binder materials, and the resulting degradation products might include naphthalenes, phenols, and cyanides (EPA-85/10a). Alkyd resin: A synthetic resin made from polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids (EPA-79112b). Alkyd resin is a paint ingredient. See resin for more related terms. Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS): A chemical surface-active agent used in synthetic detergents that causes foaming; its compounds
Alkyl: A monovalent radical CnH2n+l, which may be formed when an alkane losses a hydrogen, usually expressed by R Alkylation: A process wherein an alkyl group (-R) is added to a molecule (EPA-87/10). Alkylene: A radical formed from an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, e.g., ethylene radical (C2HJ. Alkyne: An organic compound containing a carbon-to-carbon triple bond. All electric melter: A glass melting furnace in which all the heat required for melting is provided by electric current from electrodes submerged in the molten glass, although some fossil fuel may be charged to the furnace as raw material only (40CFR60.291-91). All sliming: (1) Crushing all the ore in a mill to so fine a state that only a small percentage will fail to pass through a 200-mesh screen. (2) Term used for treatment of gold ore which is ground to a size sufficiently fine for agitation as a cyanide pulp, as opposed to division into coarse sands for static leaching and fine slimes for agitation (EPA-82/05). Allegation: A statement, made without formal proof or regard for evidence, that a chemical substances or mixture has caused significant adverse reaction to health or the environment (4OCFR717.3-91). Allergen: (1) A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction because of an individual's sensitivity to that substance (EPA88109b). (2) A substance that causes an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to it (EPA-97/12). (3) See also definition under toxicant and effect. Allergic contact dermatitis: (40CFR798.4100-91).
See
skin
sensitization
Allethrin C19H2603: An insecticide; toxic symptoms similar to those of the pyrethrin. Alley collection: (1) The collection of solid waste from containers placed adjacent to or in an alley (40CFR243.101-91). (2) The picking up of solid waste from containers placed adjacent to an alley (SW-108ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Allotment: An amount representing a state's share of funds requested in the President's budget or appropriated by Congress for an environmental program, as EPA determines after considering any factors indicated by this regulation. The allotment
is not an entitlement but rather the objective basis for determining the range for a state's planning target (40CFR35.105-91).
Allowable 1985 emissions rate: A federally enforceable emissions limitation for sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen, applicable to the unit in 1985 or the limitation applicable in such other subsequent year as determined by the Administrator if such a limitation for 1985 does not exist. Where the emissions limitation for a unit is not expressed in pounds of emissions per million Btu, or the averaging period of that emissions limitation is not expressed on an annual basis, the Administrator shall calculate the annual equivalent of that emissions limitation in pounds per million Btu to establish the allowable 1985 emissions rate (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a). Allowable costs: Those project costs that are eligible, reasonable, necessary, and allocable to the project; permitted by the appropriate federal cost principles, and approved by EPA in the assistance agreement (40CFR30.200-91). Allowable emissions: The emission rate of a stationary source calculated using the maximum rated capacity of the source (unless the source is subject to federally enforceable limits which restrict the operating rate, or hours of operation, or both) and the most stringent of the following: (1)The applicable standards set forth in 40CFR Part 60 or 61; (2) Any applicable state implementation plan emissions limitation including those with a future compliance date; or (3) The emissions rate specified as a federally enforceable permit condition, including those with a future compliance date (4OCFR51.165-xi-91).
chromium; cobalt; columbium; copper; hydrogen; iron; lead; lithium; magnesium; manganese; molybdenum; nickel; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; potassium; selenium; silicon; sulfur; tantalum; tin; titanium; tungsten; vanadium; zinc; and zirconium (EPA-10185a).
Alloy: A mixture having metallic properties, composed of two or more chemical elements at least one of which is an elemental metal (EPA-85110a). Alluvial aquifer: A water-bearing deposit of unconsolidated material (sand and gravel) left behind by a river or other flowing water (CWAIWbasics-04). Alluvial deposit (or placer deposit): earth, sand, gravel, or other rock or mineral materials transported by and laid down by flowing water. Alluvial deposits generally take the form of surface deposits; river deposits; deep leads; and shore deposits (EPA82/05). Alluvial valley floors: The unconsolidated stream laid deposits holding streams where water availability is sufficient for subirrigation or flood irrigation agricultural activities but does not include upland areas, which are generally overlain by a thin veneer of colluvial deposits composed chiefly of debris from sheet erosion, deposits by unconcentrated runoff or slope wash, together with talus, other mass movement accumulation, and windblown deposits (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Alluvial: Relating to mud andlor sand deposited by flowing water (EPA-97/12).
Allowable pressure change: The allowable amount of decrease in pressure during the static pressure test, within the time period t, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60App/A(method 27)-91).
Alluvium: Deposits of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other particulate rock material left by a river in a streambed, on a flood plain, delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWANquality-04).
Allowable vacuum change: The allowable amount of decrease in vacuum during the static vacuum test, within the time period t, as specified in the appropriate regulation, in mm H20(40CFR60App/A(method 27)-91).
Alluvium: Deposits of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or other particulate material that has been deposited by a stream or other body of running water in a streambed, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWAIWscience-04).
Allowance: An authorization, allocated to an affected unit by the Administrator under this title, to emit, during or after a specified calendar year, one ton of sulfur dioxide (CAA402, see also 40CFR35.2005-9 1).
Alluvium: General term for sediments of gravel, sand, silt, clay, or other particulate rock material deposited by flowing water, usually in the beds of rivers and streams, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base of a mountain (CWA~Wbasics-04).
Alloy steel: Steels with carbon content between 0.1% to 1.1% and containing elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium. (The total of all such alloying elements in these type steels is usually less than 5%) (EPA-83106a).
Allyxycarb (C16H22NZ02): A yellow crystal used in insecticides for fruit orchards, vegetable, rice, and citrus.
Alloy(ing) element: An element added to a metal to affect changes in properties, and which remains within the metal. The following is a list of materials known to be used as alloying materials or additives in foundry metals: aluminum; beryllium; bismuth; boron; cadmium; calcium; carbon; cerium; chloride;
Alpha cellulose: The true cellulose content of a fibrous material (EPA-87/10). Alpha decay: A transformation process of radioactive materials in which an alpha particle is emitted by a nuclide.
Alpha emitter: An emitter of alpha particles, which are the heaviest and most highly ionizing types of radiation. Alpha particles can travel only a few centimeters in air at less than 1/10 the speed of light and can be stopped by a piece of paper or the skin's surface. They give up all their energy when colliding and are the most biologically damaging when inhaled or ingested (SDWNradionuclide-04). Alpha particle: A positively charged particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, that is emitted during radioactive decay from the nucleus of certain nuclides. It is the least penetrating of the three common types of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) (DOE-9 1/04). Alpha particle: A positively charged subatomic particle emitted during decay of certain radioactive elements. For example, an alpha particle is released when radon-222 decays to polonium-21 8. An alpha particle is indistinguishable from a helium atom nucleus and consists of two protons and two neutrons. See particle for more related terms (EPA-88108a). Alpha particle: The least penetrating type of radiation usually not harmful to life (AENmixedW-04). Alpha radiation: (1) A positively charged particle emitted by certain radioactive materials. Alpha particle is identical with the nucleus of helium atom. It is the least penetrating of the three common types of radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) and usually not dangerous to plants, animals, or man (EPA-74/11). (2) The least penetrating type of radiation. An alpha radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper or outer dead layer of skin (EPA88108a). (3) See radiation for more related terms. Alpha ray: A radioactive stream of alpha particle. Alpha TNT: A symmetrical isomer form, 2, 4, 6-TNT, which is the desired isomer for use in explosives manufacturing end products (EPA-76/03). Alphanaphthol test: A test for sucrose concentration in condensate and condenser water. The method is based on a color change which occurs in the reaction of alphanaphthol with sucrose (EPA-75102d). Alpine snow glade: A marshy clearing between slopes above the timberline in mountains (CWNWbasics-04). Altered discharge: Any discharge other than a current discharge or improved discharge, as defined in this regulation (40CFR125.58-91). Alternate method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air pollutant that is not a reference or equivalent method but that has been demonstrated in specific cases--to EPA's satisfaction--to produce results adequate for compliance monitoring (EPA-97/12).
Alternating current (AC) and direct current P C ) : AC and DC are forms of electricity. A fuel cell initially generates direct current. Using an inverter, the direct current is converted to alternating current for practical use. Electrical energy does not exist naturally in any convenient form and it must be converted &om other energy sources. Chemical energy is the most practical source. Fuel can be burned in a heat engine, such as an internal combustion engine, or a gas turbine, which then drives an electrical generator to produce electricity. This process is inherently inefficient and is constrained by the thermodynamic limits of combustion or limitations of the Camot cycle. Unconstrained by the Camot cycle limit, fuel cells can use 40% less fuel than a contemporary power-generation system. Another contributing factor that influences fuel cell efficiency is that, unlike a conventional power plant, the fuel cell has no moving parts and does not require the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft, or lubrication. Alternating current (AC): An electrical current that alternates its directions at a constant frequency (cf. direct current). Alternating double filtration (ADF): Two biological filters are placed in series and are used as the primary filter and the secondary filter alternatively. This arrangement can increase the organic loading and avoid pounding. When the primary filter shows signs of pounding, or after a set time (e.g., one week), the two filters are reversed, with the second filter operating before the first one. See filtration for more related terms (Scott-81). Alternative compliance: A policy that allows facilities to choose among methods for achieving emission reduction or risk reduction instead of command and control regulations that specify standards and how to meet them. Use of a theoretical emissions bubble over a facility to cap the amount of pollution emitted while allowing the company to choose where and how (within the facility) it complies. See bubble, emissions trading (EPA-97/12). Alternative concentration limits: For purposes of TSDF (treatment, storage, and disposal facility) groundwater monitoring, hazardous constituent limits established by the EPA Regional Administrator that are allowed to be present in groundwater (RCRA/hazardous-04). Alternative courses of action: All alternatives and thus is not limited to original project objectives and agency jurisdiction (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). Alternative dispute resolution (ADR): A technique in which a neutral party helps organize negotiations, facilitates deliberations, andlor provides negotiating parties with an impartial opinion (SFIreform-04). Alternative effluent limitations: All eMuent limitations or standards of performance for the control of the thermal component of any discharge which are established under section 316(a) and this subpart (40CFR125.71-91).
Alternative fuel vehicle (AFV): As the name implies, an AFV includes electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), and natural gas powered vehicles (NGVs).
effluent and sludge; aquifer recharge; aquaculture; direct reuse (non-potable); horticulture; revegetation of disturbed land; containment ponds; sludge composting and drying prior to land application; self-sustaining incineration; and methane recovery (40CFR35.2005-91).
Alternative fuel: A substitute for traditional liquid, oil-derived, motor vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. It includes methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and others (EPA-97/12).
Alternative water supply: Includes, but is not limited to, drinking water and household water supplies (SF10142U.S.C.9601-91, see also 40CFR300.5-91).
Alternative fuel: Fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline. Alternative fuels may have particularly desirable energy efficiency and pollution reduction features. Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity. The 1990 Clean Air Act encourages development and sale of alternative fuels (CAAIair-04).
Alternative: A potentially applicable remedial treatment technology or treatment train. Alternatives are developed and screened during scoping of the RIFS (remedial investigationlfeasibility study) and throughout the RIRS process. Alternatives are investigated by performing treatability studies and selected as remedies after a detailed analysis of each alternative is conducted (EPA-89112a).
Alternative method of compliance: A method of compliance in accordance with one or more of the following authorities: (A) A substitution plan submitted and approved in accordance with subsections 404 (b) and (c); (B) A Phase I extension plan approved by the Administrator under section 404(d), using qualifying Phase I technology as determined by the Administrator in accordance with that section; or (C) Repowering with a qualifying clean coal technology under section 409 (CAA40242U.S.C.7651 a-91). Alternative method: Any method of sampling and analyzing for an air pollutant which is not a reference or equivalent method, but which has been demonstrated to the Administrator's satisfaction to, in specific cases, produce results adequate for his determination of compliance. See method for more related terms (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.02-91). Alternative remedial contract strategy contractors: Government contractors who provide project management and technical services to support remedial response activities at National Priorities List sites (EPA-97/12).
Altitude performance adjustments: The adjustments or modifications made to vehicle, engine, or emission control functions in order to improve emission control performance at altitudes other than those for which the vehicles were designed (40CFR86.1602-91). Alum sludge: A wastewater sludge formed when alum is used as coagulant. See sludge for more related terms. Alum: A settling agent (coagulant). It is a chemical substance (usually potassium aluminum sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate), gelatinous when wet, used in water treatment plants for settling out small particles of foreign matter (cf. aluminum sulfate) (EPA-87/10; DOI-70104). Alumina diaspore fireclay brick: A brick consisting mainly of diaspore or nodule clay and having an alumina content of 50, 60 or 70% (plus or minus 2.5%). See brick for more related terms (SW-1 oats). Alumina fiber: A refractory made of alumina AI2O3.
Alternative remedial contract system (ARCS): A strategy in which responsibility for remedial contract management is relegated to the EPA regions. An ARCS contract is a form of costreimbursable contract called a "cost-plus-award-fee contract," under which EPA reimburses the contractor for all allowable costs incurred (SFIEnv-04). Alternative technology: An approach that aims to use resources efficiently or to substitute resources in order to do minimum damage to the environment. This approach permits a large degree of personal user control over the technology (EPA-94/04). Alternative technology: The proven wastewater treatment processes and techniques which provide for the reclaiming and reuse of water, productively recycle wastewater constituents or otherwise eliminate the discharge of pollutants, or recover energy. Specifically, alternative technology includes land application of
Alumina: (1) Any forms of aluminum oxide, AI2o3, occurring naturally as corundum, in a hydrated form in bauxite, and with various impurities as ruby, sapphire, and emery (EPA-74103b). (2) Common name for aluminum oxide (A1203); a necessary ingredient in the manufacture of cement (ETI-92). Aluminizing: Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion (EPA-83106a). Aluminothermic process: The reduction of oxides in an exothermic reaction with finely divided aluminum (EPA-82/05). Aluminum (Al): A light ductile metal that is easy to weld. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. When it is exposed to air, it creates a protective film resistant to corrosion. It is used in alloys with copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium. It is a very
versatile metal and so has a wide variety of uses: packaging materials, utensils, auto-bodies, airplanes, building materials, electrical conductors, explosives, fireworks, abrasives, cosmetics, paints, and even food additives. It is a natural component in soil, water, and air. Inhalation of the fine powder can lead to pulmonary fibrosis (NavyIEnv-04).
Aluminum (Al): A metallic element with atomic number 13; atomic weight 26.98; density 2.70 glcc; melting point 660 C and boiling point 2450 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Major aluminum compounds include aluminum sulfate [A12(S0&-18H20]: A colorless salt used in papermaking, water purification, also know as alum. Aluminum basis material: The aluminum, aluminum alloys, and aluminum coated steels which are processed in coil coating (40CFR465.02-9 1). Aluminum bronze: Copper aluminum alloys, 4 to 11% aluminum. High tensile strength, cast or cold worked, resists corrosion (EPA83). Aluminum casting: The remelting of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to form a cast intermediate or final product by pouring or forcing the molten metal into a mold, except for ingots, pigs, or other cast shapes related to nonferrous (primary and secondary) metals manufacturing (40CFR421) and aluminum forming (40CFR467). Processing operations following the cooling of castings not covered under aluminum forming, except for grinding scrubber operations, which are covered here, are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91). Aluminum equivalent: An amount of aluminum which can be produced from a Mg of anodes produced by an anode bake plant as determined by 40CFR60.195(g) (40CFR60.191-91). Aluminum foil: An aluminum sheet with thickness not exceeding 0.005 inch (EPA-83/03). Aluminum forming: A set of manufacturing operations in which aluminum and aluminum alloys are made into semifinished products by hot or cold working (40CFR467.02-91). Aluminum scrap: See municipal aluminum scrap, Aluminum turnings: Oily aluminum chips produced by machining operations (EPA-83). Alunite: A basic potassium aluminum sulfate, closely resembles kaolinite and occurs in similar locations (EPA-82/05). Amalgamation: The dissolving or blending of a metal (commonly gold and silver) in mercury to separate it from its parent material (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Amalgamation: The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metal to produce amalgam. It was used extensively at one time for the extraction of gold and silver from pulverized ores, now is largely superseded by the cyanide process (EPA-82/05). Ambient air (or open air): (1) The portion of the atmosphere, external to buildings, to which the general public has access (40CFR50.1-91). (2) Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere (EPA-84/09). (3) The surrounding atmosphere, usually the outside air, as it exists around people, plants, and structures. (It is not the air in immediate proximity to emission sources.) (DOE-4/91) (4) Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere: open air, surrounding air (EPA-97/12). (5) See air for more related terms. Ambient air quality criteria: The quantitative relationship between a pollutant dose, concentration, deposition rate or any other quality-related factors, and the related direct and/or indirect effects on receptors, e.g., humans, animals, plants, or materials. The criteria serve as the scientific basis for formulating ambient air quality standards or objectives (NATO-78110). Ambient air quality standards: (1) Those standards designed to protect the public health and welfare codified in 40CFR50 and promulgated from time to time by the U.S. EPA pursuant to authority contained in Section 108 of the Clean Air Act, 42U.S.C.7401 et seq., as amended from time to time (40CFR52.741-91). (2) See criteria pollutants and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (EPA-97/12). Ambient air quality: Refers only to concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the ambient air, unless otherwise specified (40CFR57.103-9 1). Ambient aquatic life advisory concentrations (AALACS): EPA's advisory concentration limit for acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms as established under section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act, as amended (40CFR300-App/A-91). Ambient concentration: The appropriately timeaveraged concentration of a substance at a location to which the general public has access (EPA-8 1/09). Ambient measurement: A measurement of the concentration of a substance or pollutant within the immediate environs of an organism; taken to relate it to the amount of possible exposure (EPA-97/12). Ambient medium: Material surrounding or contacting an organism (e.g., outdoor air, indoor air, water, or soil, through which chemicals or pollutants can reach the organism. See biological medium, environmental medium (EPA-97/12). Ambient noiselsound: Noise level in a space from all sources such as HVAC or extraneous sounds from outside the space. Masking sound or low-level background music can contribute to ambient level of sound or noise (NCAIsound-04).
Ambient standards: Ambient air standards. Ambient temperature range: The range of ambient temperature over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications (LBL-76107-bio).
Ambient: Usual or natural surrounding conditions, e.g., ambient tempaature--the natural, uninfluenced temperature of the surroundings (NavyEnv-04).
Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surrounding air or other medium (EPA-97/12).
Amendment review: Review of any application requiring Agency approval to amend the registration of a currently registered product, or for which an application is pending Agency decision, not entailing a major change to the use pattern of an active ingredient (40CFR152.403-91).
Ambient toxicity: (1) The toxicity manifested by a sample collected from an aquatic receiving system (EPA-85/09). (2) Measured by a toxicity test on a sample collected from a water body (EPA-91/03).
Americium (Am): A radioactive metal with atomic number 95; atomic weight 243; density 11.7 glcc; melting point 994 C and boiling point 2607 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Ambient water criterion for aldrinldieldrin in navigable waters: 0.003 pg/L (40CFRl29.100-3-91).
Ames test (or Bruce Ames test): A bacteria bioassay used to determine the mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity caused by a chemical or physical agent.
Ambient water criterion for benzidine in navigable waters: 0.1 p a (40CFR129.104-3-91). Ambient water criterion for DDT in navigable waters: 0.001 pg/L (40CFR129.101-3-91). Ambient water criterion for endrin in navigable waters: 0.004 pg/L (40CFR129.102-3-91). Ambient water criterion for PCBs in navigable waters: 0.001 pg/L (40CFR129.105-4-91). Ambient water criterion for toxaphene in navigable waters: 0.005 pg/L (40CFR129.103-3-91). Ambient water criterion: That concentration of a toxic pollutant in a navigable water that, based upon available data, will not result in adverse impact on important aquatic life, or on consumers of such aquatic life, after exposure of that aquatic life for periods of time exceeding 96 hours and continuing at least through one reproductive cycle; and will not result in a significant risk of adverse health effects in a large human population based on available information such as mammalian laboratory toxicity data, epidemiological studies of human occupational exposures, or human exposure data, or any other relevant data (40CFR129.2-91). Ambient water quality criteria (AWQC): EPA's maximum acute or chronic toxicity concentrations for protection of aquatic life and its uses as established under section 304(a)(l) of the Clean Water Act, as amended (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Ambient water quality: The existing stream or impoundment water quality (EPA-80108). Ambient: Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere; open air; outside surrounding air (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Amido: Indicating the presence of radicals NH2 and CO simultaneously in one compound. Amine: A class of organic compounds of nitrogen that may be considered as derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic radicals, such as CH3 or CsH5, as in methylamine and aniline. The former is a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, but other amines are liquids or solids. All amines are basic in nature and usually combine readily with hydrochloric or other strong acids to form salts (EPA-83106a). Other amine-related terms include Primary amine; Secondary amine; and Tertiary amine. Amino- (or amin-): A compound with a property of NH2 being attached to a radical. Amino acid: Organic compounds containing one or more than one basic amino groups and one or more than one acidic carboxyl groups. It is an important component of proteins. Ammine: A complex compound formed by coordination of ammonia molecules with metal ions. Ammonia (NH3): A colorless gaseous alkaline compound with pungent odor. It is lighter than air, and is very soluble in water. Ammonia liquor: Ammonia liquor is primarily water condensed from the coke oven gas, an aqueous solution of ammonium salts of which there are two kinds: free and fixed. The free salts are those which are decomposed on boiling to liberate ammonia. The fixed salts are those which require boiling with an alkali such as lime to liberate the ammonia. See liquor for more related terms (EPA74106a). Ammonia nitrogen: (1) All nitrogen in wastewaters existing as the ammonium ion (EPA-74101a). (2) A gas released by the microbiological decay of plant and animal proteins. When
ammonia nitrogen is found in waters, it is indicative of incomplete treatment (EPA-87110a).
Ammonium: (NH4)+Radical.
Ammonia still waste: The treated effluents from an ammonia still (EPA-74106a).
Ammonolysis: The formation of an amino compound using aqueous ammonia (EPA-8711Oa).
Ammonia still: A steam stripping operation where ammonia gas is removed from ammonia liquor. The fixed still is similar except lime is added to the liquor to force the combined ammonia out of its compounds so it can be steam stripped (EPA-74106a).
Ammoxidation: The introduction of a cyanide group into an organic compound via interaction with ammonia and oxygen to form nitriles (EPA-87110a). Amoeba: A microscopic, one-celled animal.
Ammonia stripping: A modification of the aeration process for removing gases in water. Ammonium ions in wastewater exist in equilibrium with ammonia and hydrogen ions. As pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right and above pH 9 ammonia may be liberated as a gas by agitating the wastewater in the presence of air. This is usually done in a packed tower with an air blower (cf. stripping) (EPA-8711Oa).
Amorphous: Without apparent crystalline form (cf. crystalline) (EPA-75/01a). Amortization: The allocation of a cost over a specified period of time by the use of regular payments. The size of the payments is based on the principal, the interest charged, and the length of time over which the cost is allocated (EPA-85110a).
Ammonia water @&OH): A water solution of ammonia. Ammonia: A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH,) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams (CWNWquality-04). Ammonia: A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) that is a common by-product of animal waste. Ammonia readily converts to nitrate in soils and streams (CWAMrbasics-04). Ammonia-N (or ammonia-nitrogen): The value obtained by manual distillation (at pH 9.5) followed by the Nesslerization method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). Ammonification: The process in which ammonium is liberated from organic compounds by microorganisms (EPA-87110a). Ammonium molybdate ((NH&Mo04): A white, crystalline salt which can be used as an analytical reagent and pigment. Ammonium sulfate dryer: A unit or vessel into which ammonium sulfate is charged for the purpose of reducing the moisture content of the product using a heated gas stream. The unit includes foundations, superstructure, material charger systems, exhaust systems, and integral control systems and instrumentation (40CFR60.421-91).
Amount of pesticide or active ingredient: The weight or volume of the pesticide or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide expressed as weight for solid or semi-solid products and as weight or volume of liquid products (40CFR169.1-91). Amount of pesticide product: The quantity, expressed in weight or volume of the product, and is to be reported in pounds for solid or semi-solid pesticides and active ingredients or gallons for liquid pesticides and active ingredients, or number of individual retail units for devices (40CFR167.3-91). Ampere hours: Product of amperes of electricity being used and time of that use (EPA-74103d). Ampere: Unit of electricity, amount of which is the current that will deposit silver at the rate of 0.001 1180 gram per second (EPA74103d). Amperometric titration: (1) A titration by measuring electric current or current change during titration. (2) A way of measuring concentrations of certain substances in water using an electric current that flows during a chemical reaction (EPA-97/12). (3) See titration for more related terms. Ampholytic detergent: A detergent that becomes cationic in acidic solutions and anionic in basic solutions.
Ammonium sulfate feed material streams: The sulfuric acid feed stream to the reactorlcrystallizer for synthetic and coke oven by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plants; and means the total or combined feed streams (the oximation ammonium sulfate stream and the rearrangement reaction ammonium sulfate stream) to the crystallizer stage, prior to any recycle streams (40CFR60.421-91).
Amplitude: The voltage excursion recorded during the process of recording the compound nerve action potential. It is an indirect measure of the number of axons firing (40CFR798.6850-91).
Ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate (40CFR60.42 1-91).
Ampoule: A glass container designed to be sealed by fusion of the glass neck (EPA-83).
Amphoteric (or amphiprotic): Showing both acidic and basic characteristics.
Ampule: A sealed glass or plastic bulb containing solutions for hypodermic injection (EPA-83/09).
organic components by microbial components in the absence of oxygen (cf. aerobic digestion) (EPA-83). Anaerobic fermentation: See anaerobic sludge digestion.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A disease characterized by a hardening of the lateral columns of the spinal cord with muscular atrophy (LBL-76107-bio). Anabolism: The process whereby energy is used to build organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids, that are necessary for life functions (NavyIEnv-04). Anabranch: A diverging branch of a river which reenters the mainstream (CWAhydrology-04). Anadromous fish: Migratory species that are born in freshwater, live mostly in estuaries and ocean water, and return to freshwater to spawn (CWNWbasics-04). Anadromous: Fish that spend their adult life in the sea but swim up river to fresh-water spawning grounds to reproduce (EPA89/12). Anaerobe (or obligate anaerobe): Organisms or bacteria which can only live in the environment without the presence of oxygen (cf. aerobe or facultative anaerobe) (EPA-89112a). Anaerobes: Organisms that live and are active only in the absence of oxygen (CAA/C02gasl-04). Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteria that grow only in the absence of free elemental oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic bacteria: Microorganisms living, active, or occumng only in the absence of oxygen (CAA/COzgasl-04). Anaerobic decomposition: A type of decomposition that does not use oxygen. Anaerobic decomposition creates odor problems; aerobic decomposition does not (RCRAImanagement-04). Anaerobic decomposition: Reduction of the net energy level and change in chemical composition of organic matter caused by microorganisms in an oxygen free environment (EPA-97/12). Anaerobic decomposition: The breakdown of molecules into simpler molecules or atoms by microorganisms that can survive in the partial or complete absence of oxygen (CAA/C02gas-04). Anaerobic digestion process (or anaerobic contact process): (1) A sequential, biological treatment process in which hydrocarbons are converted, in the absence of free oxygen, from complex to simple molecules and ultimately to carbon dioxide and methane. The process involves two stage digestion: the primary digester serves mainly to reduce volatile suspended solids (VSS), while the secondary digester is mainly for solids-liquid separation, sludge thickening, and storage (EPA-87110a). (2) The breakdown of
Anaerobic lagoon: A liquid-based manure management system, characterized by waste residing in water to a depth of at least six feet for a period ranging between 30 and 200 days (CAA/C02gas1-04). Anaerobic lagoon: A waste stabilization pond which is devoid of dissolved oxygen and has few algae. The pond is used to treat high organic load, e.g., 100 g of Biochemical Oxygen Demand as measured in the standard five-day test (BOD5) per m3 of pond per day. Some 50% of the BOD is removed in 24 hours. See lagoon for more related terms (Scott-81). Anaerobic organism: An organism that thrives in the absence of oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic respiration: A type of respiration among some bacteria in which an inorganic oxidant (NO3, SO4) other than oxygen is used (EPA-83). Anaerobic sludge digestion (or anaerobic fermentation): Anaerobic decomposition of sewage sludge (Scott-81). Anaerobic stabilization: Decomposition of waste by an anaerobic microbe population in the continuous absence of oxygen (LBL-76107-water). Anaerobic: (1) Able to live and grow in the absence of free oxygen (SW-108ts). (2) A biological process in which chemically combined oxygen is used for microorganism respiration needs. It is related to biological degradation of waste matter in the absence of dissolved oxygen (EPA-82/11). (3) Anaerobic conditions in bodies of water are often responsible for major fish kills. An anaerobic process is one of wastewater treatment technologies (EPA-74/11). Anaerobic: A life or process that occurs in, or is not destroyed by, the absence of oxygen (EPA-97/12). Anaerobic: Pertaining to, taking place in, or caused by the absence of oxygen (CWNWbasics-04). Anaerobic: Requiring the absence of oxygen (compare with aerobic) (SFkealth-04). Analysis matrix spike: A sample created by spiking target analytes into a prepared portion of a sample just prior to analysis. It only provides information on matrix effects encountered during analysis, i.e., suppression or enhancement of instrument signal levels. (See spike for more related t m s (EPA-84/03).
Analysis sample: Final subsample prepared from the air dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen. (See analytical parameters--laboratoryfor more related terms (EPA-83). Analysis using exposure or medical records: Any compilation of data or any statistical study based at least in part on information collected from individual employee exposure or medical records of information collected from health insurance claims records, provided that either the analysis has been reported to the employer or no further work is currently being done by the person responsible for preparing the analysis (29CFR1910.20-91). Analysis: The ascertainment of the identity andlor concentration, or both, of the constituents or components of a sample (EPA-83). Other analysis-related terms include Cause analysis; Chemical analysis; Dimensional analysis; Directed analysis; Gravimetric analysis; Elemental analysis. See ultimate analysis; Molar analysis; Proximate analysis; Sensitivity analysis; Survey analysis; Ultimate analysis; and Volumetric analysis. Analyte: A chemical substance whose presence andlor concentration in a sample is determined.
Analytical methods for stack gases in RCRA trial burns: Sampling and analytical methods for stack gases in RCRA trial bums (EPA-89/06, p13 & 22). Analytical parameters for fuels: Key parameters of analyzing fuels include As-determined basis; As-received basis; Ash; Ash fluid temperature; Ash hemispherical temperature; Ash initial deformation temperature; Ash softening temperature; Decimal percent; Dry basis; Dry ash free basis; Higher heating value (HHV); Proximate analysis; Ultimate analysis of fuels; and Volatile matter. Analytical parameters for laboratory work: Key parameters include Air dry loss; Air drying; Analysis sample; Bias; Gross sample; Laboratory sample; Precision; Representative sample; Residual moisture; Residual moisture; Sample division; Sample preparation; Sample reduction; Significant loss; Size consistence; and Total moisture. Analytical quantification level: The minimum concentration at which quantification of a specified pollutant can be reliably measured (EPA-83103a).
Analyte: A substance measured in the laboratory. A chemical for which a sample (such as water, air, or blood) is tested in a laboratory. For example, if the analyte is mercury, the laboratory test will determine the amount of mercury in the sample (SFkealth-04).
Analytical sensitivity: The airborne asbestos concentration represented by each fiber counted under the electron microscope. It is determined by the air volume collected and the proportion of the filter examined. This method requires that the analytical sensitivity be no greater than 0.005 structureslcm3 (40CFR763ApplA-9 1).
Analyte: An analyte is the element, compound, or species that is detected and determined through analysis. Analytical methods require calibration for quantitation of specific analytes (SA-04).
Analytical study epidemiology: The study tests a specific hypothesis regarding the etiology of the disease in question. See epidemiology for more related terms (Course 165.6).
Analyte: The chemical for which a sample is analyzed (NavyIEnv-04).
Analyzer (or monitor): A system that senses the concentration of a substance and generates an output proportional to the concentration of the substance. Typical analyzers or monitors include the following groups (See each group for more information): (1) Aerosol monitor. (2) Air analyzer. (3) Continuous emission monitor (CEM). (4) Metal analyzer
Analytic epidemiologic study: A study that evaluates the association between exposure to hazardous substances and disease by testing scientific hypotheses (SFkealth-04). Analytical batch: The basic unit for analytical quality control. It is defined as the samples that are analyzed together with the same method sequence and the same lots of reagents, and with the manipulations common to each sample within the same time period or in continuous sequential time periods. Samples in each batch are of similar composition. Analytical chemistry: A science dealing with various techniques to produce information about a chemical system. Analytical method: Defines the sample preparation and instrumentation procedures or steps that must be performed to estimate the quantity of analyte in a sample (Navy/Env-04).
Analyzer calibration error: The difference between the gas concentration exhibited by the gas analyzer and the known concentration of the calibration gas when the calibration gas is introduced directly to the analyzer (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91). Anchor ice: Ice in the bed of a stream or upon a submerged body or structure (CWA/hydrology-04). Ancillary equipment: Any device including, but not limited to, such devices as piping, fittings, flanges, valves, and pumps, that is used to distribute, meter, or control the flow of hazardous waste from its point of generation to a storage or treatment tank(s) between hazardous waste storage and treatment tanks to a point of
disposal on site, or to a point of shipment for disposal off site (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR280.12-91).
Anderson sampler: An aerosol sampling device consisting of a series of stacked stages and collection surfaces. It determines the particle size distribution of a gas sample containing particulates. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (EPA-84/09).
Anhydride: (1) A product compound after a reactant reacts with H2S04. (2) A product compound water; e.g., SO3 + H20 formed after removal of its water component (cf. hydrate).
+
Anhydrous product: The theoretical product that would result if all water were removed from the actual product (40CFR417.1191). Anhydrous: Containing no water (EPA-83106a).
Anecdotal data: Data based on descriptions of individual cases rather than on controlled studies (EPA-92/12). Anemometer: (1) An instrument for measuring wind velocity (29CFR1910.66-91). (2) The most common type is the cup anemometer and the propeller anemometer (NATO-78110). (3) A gas velocity measuring meter, including the following types: Heated thermocouple anemometer; Hot film anemometer; Hot wire anemometer; and Vane anemometer. See flow velocity meter for more related terms. Angle of dip: The angle at which strata or mineral deposits are inclined to the horizontal plane (CWNmining-04). Angle of draw: In coal mine subsidence, this angle is assumed to bisect the angle between the vertical and the angle of repose of the material and is 20" for flat seams. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8" from the vertical for a 40" dip. The main break occurs over the seam at an angle from the vertical equal to half the dip (CWNmining-04). Angle of projection: The angle that contains all of the radiation projected from the lamp assembly of the analyzer at a level of greater than 2.5% of the peak illuminance (40CFR60-AppB-91). Angle of repose: (1) The maximum acute angle that the inclined surface of a pile of loosely divided material can make with the horizontal (SW-108ts). (2) The angle at which matter will lie or stack in a stationary configuration (EPA-8 1/09). Angle of repose: The maximum angle from horizontal at which a given material will rest on a given surface without sliding or rolling (CWNmining-04). Angle of view: The angle that contains all of the radiation detected by the photodetector assembly of the analyzer at a level greater than 2.5% of the peak detector response (40CFR60-AppB91).
Aniline (C6H7N): A brown color liquid used in perfumes, varnishes and shoe blacks. Animal bedding: Materials, usually organic, that are placed on the floor of livestock quarters for animal comfort and to absorb excreta (SW-108ts). Animal bioassay: See bioassy. Animal dander: Tiny scales of animal skin, a common indoor air pollutant (EPA-97/12). Animal feed: Any crop grown for consumption by animals, such as pasture crops, forage, and grain (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFRl22.23-91). Animal feeding operation (AFO): Lot or facility (other than an aquatic animal production facility) where the following conditions are met: (1) Animals (other than aquatic animals) have been, are, or will be stabled or confined and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period, and (2) Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility (40CFR122.23(b)(l)) (CWNwastewater-04). Animal hair fiber: The fibers obtained from animals for the purposes of weaving, knitting, or felting into fabric. They include goat hair, camel hair, cashmere, fur, etc. (EPA-82/09). Animal size: The gelatinous size from animal hides used in papermaking (EPA-83). Animal studies: Investigations using animals as surrogates for humans with the expectation that the results are pertinent to humans (EPA-97/12).
Anglesite: A mineral occurring in crystalline form or as a compact mass (EPA-83103a).
Animal: Appropriately sensitive animals which carry out respiration by means of a lung structure permitting gaseous exchange between air and the circulatory system (40CFR116.3-91, see also FIFRA2-7USA136-91).
Angstrom: A unit of length equal to 116438.4696 of wavelength of red line of Cd. For practical purposes, it is considered equal to lo-' cm (LBL76107-bio).
Anion exchange capacity: A quantitative measure of surface charge of an anion reported in equivalents of exchangeable ions per unit weight of the solid (Navy/Env-04).
Anion exchange process: A reversible exchange of negative ions between functional groups of the ion exchange medium and the solution in which the solid is immersed. Used as a wastewater treatment process for removal of anions, e.g., carbonate (EPA82/10).
Annual aggregate: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, the total amount of UST financial responsibility coverage required to cover all leaks that might occur in one year (RCRAlhazardous04).
Anion: An anion is also known as an ion. In an electrochemical Annual average: The maximum allowable discharge of BOD5 or reaction, the loss of an electron results in a positive ion (cation or TSS as calculated by multiplying the total mass (kg or 1000 Ib) of positive charge) and is called oxidation, the gain of an electron each raw commodity processed for the entire processing season or results in a negative ion (anion or negative charge). Thus, an anion calendar year by the applicable annual average limitation (cf. h i t is a negatively charged ion such as e- and (OH)-. In fuel cells, for products production or vegetable products production) example, anions of (OH)- in alkaline fuel cells, anions of ( ~ 0 ~ ) ~(40CFR407.61-91, see also 40CFR407.71; 407.8 1-91). in molten carbonate fuel cells, and anions of (012-in solid oxide fuel cells migrate through the electrolyte toward the anode from Annual capacity factor: The ratio between the actual heat input the cathode (cf. ion definition). to a steam generating unit from an individual fuel or combination of fuels during a period of 12 consecutive calendar months and the Anionic polymer: An organic compound characterized by a large potential heat input to the steam generating unit from all fuels had molecular weight and a net negative charge, formed by the union the steam generating unit been operated for 8760 hours during that of two or more polymeric compounds. Certain polymers act as 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In coagulants or coagulant aids. Added to wastewater, they enhance the case of steam generating units that are rented or leased, the settlement of small suspended particles. The large molecules actual heat input shall be determined based on the combined heat attract the suspended matter to form a large floc (EPA-75/10). input from all operations of the affected facility during a period of 12 consecutive calendar months (40CFR60.41c-91). Anionic surfactant: An ionic type of surface-active substance that has been widely used in cleaning products. The hydrophilic Annual coke production: The coke produced in the batteries group of these surfactants carries a negative charge in washing connected to the coke by-product recovery plant over a 12-month solution (EPA-8211 If). period. The first 12-month period concludes on the first December 31 that comes at least 12 months after the effective date or after Anisotropic 1 anisotropy: Having different properties in different the date of initial startup if initial startup is after the effective date directions. See isotropic (NavyEnv-04). (40CFR61.131-91). Anisotropy: In hydrology, the conditions under which one or more hydraulic properties of an aquifer vary from a reference point (EPA-97/12).
Annual document log: The detailed information maintained at the facility on the PCB waste handling at the facility (40CFR761.3-91).
Anneal: To treat metal, alloy, plastics, or glass by a process of heating and slow cooling in order to remove internal stresses and to make the material less brittle (EPA-83/03).
Annual flood series: A list of annual floods (CWAhydrology-04).
Annealing point: The temperature corresponding to a rate of elongation of 0.0136 cmlmin when measured by the method of test for annealing point and strain point of glass (ASTM C 336) (EPA-83). Annealing range: The range of glass temperature in which stresses in glass particles can be relieved at a commercially desirable rate. For purposes of comparing glasses, the annealing range is assumed to correspond with the temperatures between the annealing point and the strain point (EPA-83). Annealing with oil: The use of oil to quench a workpiece as it passes from an annealing furnace (40CFR468.02-91). Annealing with water: The use of a water spray or bath, of which water is the major constituent, to quench a workpiece as it passes from an annealing furnace (40CFR468.02-91).
Annual flood: The highest peak discharge in a water year (CWAhydrology-04). Annual flood: The maximum daily flow during 12 consecutive months, that is, the highest daily flood peak for a year of record. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Annual maximum electric demand: The greatest of all demands of the load under consideration which occurred during a prescribed demand interval in a calendar year. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Annual precipitation and annual evaporation: The mean annual precipitation and mean annual lake evaporation, respectively, as established by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, Environmental Data Services, or equivalent regional rainfall and evaporation data (40CFR440.132.-91).
Annual report: The written document submitted each year by each disposer and commercial storer of PCB waste to the appropriate EPA Regional Administrator. The annual report is a brief summary of the information included in the annual document log (40CFR761.3-91). Annual research period: The time period from August 1 of a previous calendar year to July 31 of the given calendar year, e.g., the 1981 annual research period would be the time period from August 1, '80 to July 31, '81 (40CFR85.402-91). Annual system maximum electric demand: The greatest demand on an electric system during a prescribed demand interval in a calendar year. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Annual work plan: The plan, developed by the Management Conference each year, which documents projects to be undertaken during the upcoming year. The Annual Work Plan is developed within budgetary targets provided by EPA (40CFR35.9010-91).
Anodic polarization: The change in anode potential due to current flow. Anodic stripping voltammetry: An electrochemical method of analysis (LBL76107bio). Anodizing: Producing a protective oxide film (a hard and transparent oxide up to several mils in thickness) on aluminum or other light metals by passing a high voltage electric current through a bath in which the metal is suspended (EPA-83106a). Anolyte: (1) In a two-solution electrolytic cell, the plating solution at the anode that (ions) is relatively exhausted and being replaced by the incoming cell feed. It is usually acidic (cf. catholyte) (EPA-75102a). (2) The electrolytic phase in contact with the anode of a fuel cell. Anomalies: As related to fish, externally visible skin or subcutaneous disorders, including deformities, eroded fins, lesions, and tumors (CWANbasics-04).
Annual: The corporate fiscal year (40CFR704.3-91). Anorexia: Loss of appetite (LBL-76107-bio). Annular space, annulus: The space between two concentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole wall (EPA-97/12). Anode (plate or positive electrode): (1) The collector of electrons in an electron tube (EPA-83/03). (2) The positive pole of a conducting terminal or an electrode in an electrochemical process that takes electrons from the anions in solution and is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current source (cf. cathode) (EPA-74103d; 83106a). (3) A positive or negative electrode used in a battery, generally consisting of active materials deposited on or in a current-collecting support (EPA-84/08). Anode bake plant: A facility that produces carbon anodes for use in a primary aluminum reduction plant (40CFR60.191-91). Anode: A positive electrode, as in a battery, radio tube, etc. (CAA/C02gas-04).
Anoxia: Relative lack of oxygen; may be due to lack of blood carrying normal amounts of oxygen or to normal perfusion of blood carrying reduced amounts of oxygen (LBL-76107-bio). ANSI S3.19-1974: A revision of the ANSI 224.22-1957 measurement procedure using one-third octave band stimuli presented under diffise (reverberant) acoustic field conditions (40CFR211.203-91).
ANSI 224.22-1957: A measurement procedure published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for obtaining hearing protector attenuation values at nine of the one-third octave band center frequencies by using pure tone stimuli presented to ten different test subjects under anechoic conditions (40CFR211.20391). ANSI: The American National Studies Institute, which is the organization that coordinates development of national, voluntary standards for a wide variety of devices and procedures (TSCAkhemical-04).
Anode: In a fuel cell, a negatively charged electrode at which fuels (typically, Hz)are fed and oxidation of the fuels takes place to produce electrons (e-) for external circuit power use. An anode is one of the two conductive electrodes separated by an electrolyte within a fuel cell or battery (the other electrode is the cathode). A fuel cell electrode usually contains catalysts (or electrocatalysts) to accelerate electron production from a fuel. Electrodes are usually seated upon electrode supports, which may be manufactured integral to the electrode itself.
Antagonism: An interaction of two or more chemicals which results in an effect that is less than the sum of their effects taken independently (NavyEnv-04).
Anode: In an electron tube, the collector of electrons. It is the positive pole. of a conducting terminal or electrode in an electrochemical process and is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current source (cf. cathode).
Antagonistic effect: A biologic response to exposure to multiple substances that is less than would be expected if the known effects of the individual substances were added together (compare with additive effect and synergistic effect) (SFhealth-04).
Antagonism: Interference or inhibition of the effect of one chemical by the action of another (EPA-97/12).
Antagonistic effect: The simultaneous action of separate agents mutually opposing each other (EPA-76/03).
Anthropogenic: Occurring because of, or influenced by, human activity (CWA/Wquality-04).
Antarctic (ozone hole): Refers to the seasonal depletion of ozone in a large area over Antarctica (EPA-97/12).
Anthropometry: Anthropometry is the branch of the human sciences that deals with body measurements (OSHNergonomics04).
Antecedent precipitation index: An index of moisture stored within a drainage basin before a storm (CWAk~ydrology-04). Anterior pituitary (syn. anterior hypophysis): Part of the gland of internal secretion at the base of the brain, producing hormones that act on adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, gonads, and skeleton (LBL76107-bio). Anthracene (CI4Hl0): A white crystal used in manufacture of dyes. Anthracite coal: Coal that is classified as anthracite according to the American Society of Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77. It is a hard natural coal of high luster which contains little volatile matter. See coal for more related terms (EPA-8211 lf). Anthracite: The coal that is classified as anthracite according to the American Society of Testing and Materials' (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1). Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15%. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steam electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btu per ton or less (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Anthropomorphic: Ascribing human motivation, characteristics, or behavior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena (NavyEnv-04). Anti-backsliding: A provision in the Federal Regulations (CWA 303(d)(4); CWA 402(c); CFR122.44(1)) that requires a reissued permit to be as stringent as the previous permit with some exceptions (CWNwastewater-04). Antibiosis: An association between organisms that is injurious to one of them. Antibiotic: A substance, such as penicillin, produced by a microorganism which has the power, in dilute solution, to inhibit or destroy other organisms (EPA-83/09). Antibodies: Proteins produced in the body by immune system cells in response to antigens, and capable of combining with antigens (EPA-89/12). It is a protein produced by certain white blood cells in response to the entry of foreign substance into the body in order to render it harmless. Anticatalyst: A substance, e.g., lead, that can slow down the action of a catalyst. Antichlor: A compound used to remove excess chlorine or bleaching solution in the processes such as paper or textile manufacturing. Anticipated operational occurrences: Those conditions of normal operation that are expected to occur one or more times during the life of a nuclear reactor (DOE-91/04). Anticline: A fold in the earth's crust, convex upward, whose core contains stratigraphically older rocks (CWAIWbasics-04).
Anthrax: A non-contagious potentially fatal disease caused by breathing, eating, or absorbing through cuts in the skin bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis (HAS-92).
Anticline: An upward fold or arch of rock strata (CWNmining04).
Anthropogenic: Human made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the result of human activities (CAA/CO*gas-04).
Anticyclone: A circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the South Hemisphere.
Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The term is used in the context of global climate change to refer to gaseous emissions that are the result of human activities, as well as other potentially climate-altering activities, such as deforestation (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Anti-degradation claim (or clause): A provision in air quality and water quality laws that prohibits deterioration of air or water quality in areas where the pollution levels are presently below those allowed (EPA-74/11).
Anti-degradation clause: Part of federal air and water quality requirements prohibiting deterioration where pollution levels are above the legal limit (NavyEnv-04). Anti-degradation clause: Part of federal air quality and water quality requirements prohibiting deterioration where pollution levels are above the legal limit (EPA-97/12). Anti-degradation policies: Part of each state's water quality standards. These policies are designed to protect water quality and provide a method of assessing activities that may impact the integrity of the water body (EPA-91/03). Anti-degradation: Policies which ensure protection of water quality for a particular water body where the water quality exceeds levels necessary to protect fish and wildlife propagation and recreation on and in the water. This also includes special protection of waters designated as outstanding natural resource waters. Antidegradation plans are adopted by each state to minimize adverse effects on water (CWAIwastewater-04). Anti-forming agent: A substance, e.g., silicones and alcohols, that inhibit the bubble formation in a liquid during its agitation by reducing its surface tension.
commonly used include styrene-base resins, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl acetate, etc. (EPA-82/09). Antitack agent: A substance used to prevent materials such as rubber stocks from sticking together during periods of storage (EPA-74/12a). Antonym: A word that means the opposite of another word. For example, empty is an antonym of full. Anvil: In hot wedge seaming of FMLs (flexible membrane liners for containing solids, liquid, and vapor matter of landfill waste), an anvil is the wedge of metal above and below which the sheets (generally, high d density. polyethylene materials) to be joined must pass. The temperature controllers and thermocouples of most hot wedge devices are located within the anvil (EPA-89/09; 91/05). API gravity: American Petroleum Institute ( M I ) measure of specific gravity of crude oil or condensate in degrees. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API; it is calculated as follows: Degrees API = (141.51sp.gr.60 deg.Fl60 deg.F) - 131.5 (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Antifreeze: A substance, e.g., ethylene glyco, that can lower the freezing point of a liquid if the antifreeze substance is added to the liquid.
API separator: (1) A primary physical wastewater treatment process capable of removing free oils and settleable solids from water (EPA-87/10a). (2) A separator used in American Petroleum Industry (API). See separator for more related terms.
Antigen: A substance that causes production of antibodies when introduced into animal or human tissue (EPA-89/12).
Apparent density: The weight per unit volume of activated carbon (EPA-82/11f).
Anti-microbial pesticide: Any chemical substance which can be used to kill microorganisms (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Apparent plateau: See steady state (40CFR797.1560-91).
Anti-microbial: An agent that kills microbes (EPA-97/12). Antimonial lead: An alloy composed of lead and up to 25% antimony (EPA-83/03a). Antimony (Sb): The total antimony present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.651-91). Antimony with atomic number 51; atomic weight 121.75; density 6.62 glcc; melting point 630.5 C, and boiling point 1380 C is a brittle, hexagonal mineral and belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Antioxidant: An organic compound added to materials such as rubber to retard oxidation or deterioration (EPA-74/12a). Antiozonant: A compound added to rubber to retard the ozone deterioration. Antistatic agent: An agent applied to materials such as fabric to overcome deleterious effects of static electricity. Compounds
Appliance flue: A passage within an appliance for conveying combustion gases from the combustion chamber of the appliance to the outlet of the appliance. Appliance: (1) Any device which contains and uses a class I or class I1 substance as a refrigerant and which is used for household or commercial purposes, including any air conditioner, refrigerator, chiller, or freezer (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91).(2) A device that uses energy to generate light, heat, power, refrigeration, or air conditioning. Applicable implementation plan or applicable plan: The portion (or portions) of the implementation plan, or most recent revision thereof, which has been approved under section 110 of the Clean Air Act, 42U.S.C.7410, or promulgated under section 110(c) of the CAA, 42U.S.C.74 10(c) (40CFR51.138-91). Applicable legal requirements: Any of the following: (1) In the case of any major source, any emission limitation, emission standard, or compliance schedule under any EPA-approved state implementation plan (regardless of whether the source is subject to a federal or state consent decree); (2) In the case of any source,
an emission limitation, emission standard, standard of performance, or other requirement (including, but not limited to, work practice standards) established under section 111 or 112 of the Act; (3) In the case of a source that is subject to a federal or federally approved state judicial consent decree or EPA approved extension, order, or suspension, any interim emission control requirement or schedule of compliance under that consent decree, extension, order or suspensions; (4) In the case of a nonferrous smelter which has received a primary nonferrous smelter order issued or approved by EPA under section 119 of the Act, any interim emission control requirement (including a requirement relating to the use of supplemental or intermittent controls) or schedule of compliance under that order (40CFR66.3-c-91). Applicable marine water quality criteria: The criteria given for marine waters in the EPA publication "Quality Criteria for Water" as published in 1976 and amended by subsequent supplements or additions (40CFR227.3 1-91). Applicable or appropriate requirements (ARARS): Any state or federal statute that pertains to protection of human life and the environment in addressing specific conditions or use of a particular cleanup technology at a Superfund site (EPA-97/12). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement (ARAR): Federal or state requirements that are legally applicable to remedial actions at CERCLA sites or, if not legally applicable, the use of which is both relevant and appropriate under the circumstances. ARARs may be chemical-, location-, or actionspecific (EPA-89112a). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement (ARAR): Requirements, including cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection requirements and criteria for hazardous substances as specified under federal and state laws and regulations, that must be met when complying with CERCLA and SARA (NavyEnv-04). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement: Standards, criteria, or limitations under federal or more stringent state environmental laws, including RCRA that may be required during a Superfund remedial action, unless site-specific waivers are obtained (RCIWhazardous-04). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARAR): Applicable requirements are those clean-up standards, standards of control, and other substantive environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal or state law that specifically address a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance at a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) site. Relevant and appropriate requirements are those clean-up standards which, while not applicable at a CERCLA site, address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that
their use is well-suited to the particular site. ARARs can be actionspecific, location-specific, or chemical-specific (EPA-91/ 12). Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs): A CERCLA term for any additional cleanup standards (including state environmental requirements and other federal standards or criteria) which the Environmental Protection Agency or state regulators may impose in selecting the ultimate remedy for a contaminated site (OMB/Reg-04). Applicable plan: The plan, or most recent revision thereof, which has been approved under 40CFR60.27(b) or promulgated under 40CFR60.27(d) (40CFR60.2 1-91). Applicable requirements: Those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal environmental or state environmental or facility siting laws that specifically address a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance found at a CERCLA site. Only those state standards that are identified by a state in a timely manner and that are more stringent than federal requirements may be applicable (40CFR300.5-91). Applicable standards and limitations: All state, interstate, and federal standards and limitations to which a "discharge," a "sewage sludge use or disposal practice," or a related activity is subject under the CWA, including "effluent limitations," water quality standards, standards of performance, toxic effluent standards or prohibitions, "best management practices," pretreatment standards and "standards for sewage sludge use or disposal" under sections 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 403, and 405 of CWA (40CFR122.2-91). Applicable standards: (1) For the purposes of listing waters under 40CFR130.10-(d)(2), means a numeric criterion for a priority pollutant promulgated as part of a state water quality standard. Where a state numeric criterion for a priority pollutant is not promulgated as part of a state water quality standard. (2) For the purposes of listing waters, means the state narrative water quality criterion to control a priority pollutant (e.g., no toxics in toxic amounts) interpreted on a chemical-by-chemical basis by applying a proposed state criterion, an explicit state policy or regulation, or an EPA national water quality criterion, supplement with other relevant information (40CFR130.10-91). Applicable underground injection control program with respect to a state: The program (or most recent amendment thereof): (1) Which has been adopted by the state and which has been approved under subsection (b), or (2) Which has been prescribed by the Administrator under subsection (c) (SDWAI422-42U.S.C.300h.l-91). Applicable water quality standards: The state water quality standards adopted by the state pursuant to section 303 of the Act or promulgated by EPA pursuant to that section (40CFR110.1-91).
Application factor: In risk analysis, the ratio between the safe and lethal concentration. The factor is almost always within the range 0.1 to 0.01 (EPA-89/12). Application: Form utilized to formally request consideration for the program (NCAInoise-04). Applicator: A device used in a coating line to apply coating (40CFR52.741-91). Applied coating solids: The volume of dried or cured coating solids which is deposited and remains on the surface of the automobile or light-duty truck body (40CFR60.391-91). Applied dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance in contact with the primary absorption boundaries of an organism (e.g., skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal track) and available for absorption (EPA-97/12). Approach angle: The smallest angle in a plan side view of an automobile, formed by the level surface on which the automobile is standing and a line tangent to the front tire static loaded radius arc and touching the underside of the automobile forward of the front tire (40CFR86.084.2-91). Approach temperature: The difference between the exit temperature of water from a cooling tower and the wet bulb temperature of the air. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-821119. Appropriate act and regulations: The Clean Air Act and applicable regulations promulgated under it (40CFR124.41-91, see also 40CFR124.2; 144.3-91). Appropriate inquiry: That inquiry constituting "all appropriate inquiry into the previous ownership and uses of the property consistent with good commercial or customary practice" as defined in CERCLA, 42U.S.C.9601(35)(B), that will give a party to a commercial real estate transaction the "innocent landowner defense" to CERCLA liability (42U.S.C.9601(A) and (B) and 9607(b)(3)), assuming compliance with other elements of the defense (USDAIwater-04). Appropriate sensitive benthic marine organisms: At least one species each representing filter feeding, deposit feeding, and burrowing species chosen from among the most sensitive species accepted by EPA as being reliable test organisms to determine the anticipated impact on the site; provided, however, that until sufficient species are adequately tested and documented, interim guidance on appropriate organisms available for use will be provided by the Administrator, Regional Administrator, or the District Engineer, as the case may be (40CFR227.27-91). Appropriate sensitive marine organisms: At least one species each representative of phytoplankton or zooplankton, crustacean
or mollusk, and fish species chosen from among the most sensitive species documented in the scientific literature or accepted by EPA as being reliable test organisms to determine the anticipated impact of the wastes on the ecosystem at the disposal site. Bioassays, except on phytoplankton or zooplankton, shall be run for a minimum of 96 hours under temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen conditions representing the extremes of environmental stress at the disposal site. Bioassays on phytoplankton or zooplankton may be run for shorter periods of time as appropriate for the organisms tested at the discretion of EPA, or EPA and the Corps of Engineers, as the case may be (under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act) (40CFR227.27-d-91). Appropriate treatment of the recycle water: In Subpart J, Section 440.104 includes, but is not limited to pH adjustment settling and pH adjustment, settling, and mixed media filtration (40CFR440.132.-91). Appropriate when used with respect to child-resistant packaging: That the packaging is chemically compatible with the pesticide contained therein (40CFR157.21-91). Appropriated funds: Funds made available, through Congressional appropriations acts or other laws, which permit the government to incur obligations and make payments (OMBReg04). Appropriation doctrine: The system for allocating water to private individuals used in most western states. The doctrine of Prior Appropriation was in common use throughout the arid west as early settlers and miners began to develop the land. The prior apprapriation doctrine is based on the concept of "First in Time, First in Right." The first person to take a quantity of water and put it to beneficial use has a higher priority of right than a subsequent user. Under drought conditions, higher priority users are satisfied before junior users receive water. Appropriative rights can be lost through nonuse; they can also be sold or transferred apart from the land. Contrasts with Riparian Water Rights (CWAMrscience-04). Approval authority: The Director in an NPDES state with an approved state pretreatment program and the appropriate Regional Administrator in a non NPDES state or NPDES state without an approved state pretreatment program (40CFR403.3-91). Approval of the facilities plan: The approval of the facilities plan for a proposed wastewater treatment works pursuant to 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Approval: Formal permission. Other approval-related terms include final approval and interim approval. Approved measure: Refers to one contained in an NSO which is in effect (40CFR57.103-91).
Approved POTW pretreatment program or program or POTW pretreatment program: A program administered by a POTW that meets the criteria established in this regulation (40CFR403.8 and 403.9) and which has been approved by a Regional Administrator or State Director in accordance with 40CFR403.11 of this regulation (40CFR403.3-91). Approved program: A state implementation plan providing for issuance of PSD permits, which has been approved by EPA under the Clean Air Act and 40CFR51. An "approved state" is one administering an "approved program." "State Director" as used in 40CFR124.4 means the person(s) responsible for issuing PSD permits under an approved program, or that person's delegated representative (40CFR124.41-91). Approved Section 120 program: A state program to assess and collect Section 120 penalties, which has been approved by the Administrator (40CFR66.3-91). Approved state primacy program: Consists of those program elements listed in 40CFR142.11(a) that were submitted with the initial state application for primary enforcement authority and approved by the EPA Administrator and all state program revisions thereafter that were approved by the EPA Administrator (40CFR142.2-91). Approximate minimum search distance: The area for which records must be obtained and reviewed. The term approximate minimum search distance may include areas outside the property and shall be measured from the nearest property boundary. The term is used in lieu of radius to include irregularly shaped properties (USDNwater-04). Approximate original contour: That surface configuration achieved by backfilling and grading of the mined area so that the reclaimed area, including any terracing or access roads, closely resembles the general surface configuration of the land prior to mining, and blends into and complements the drainage pattern of the surrounding terrain, with all highwalls and spoil piles eliminated, water impoundments may be permitted where the regulatory authority determines that they are in compliance with section 1265(b)(8) of this title (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291-90). Apron converyer: One or more continuous chains that are supported and moved by a system of sprockets and rollers. They carry overlapping or interlocking plates that move bulk materials on their upper surface. See conveyer for more related terms (SW108ts). Aqua regia (chloroazotic acid, chloronitrous acid, nitrohydrochloric acid, or nitromuriatic acid): A mixture of highly corrosive liquid (1 part concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid), which can dissolve all metals including silver and gold.
Aquaculture project: A defined managed water area which uses discharges of pollutants into that designated area for the maintenance or production of harvestable freshwater, estuarine, or marine plants or animals (40CFR122.25-91). Aquaculture: Farming of plants and animals that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae (CWAIWscience-04). Aquaculture: The science of farming organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae (CWANbasics-04). Aquatic animals: The appropriately sensitive wholly aquatic animals which cany out respiration by means of a gill structure permitting gaseous exchange between the water in the circulatory system (40CFR116.3-91). Aquatic biota: Animal and plant life, or fauna and flora, of a stream or other water (LBL76107-water). Aquatic community: An association of interacting populations of aquatic organisms in a given water body or habitat (EPA-91/03). Aquatic ecosystem: See aquatic environment (40CFR230.3-91). Aquatic environment and aquatic ecosystem: Waters of the United States, including wetlands, that serve as habitat for interrelated and interacting communities and populations of plants and animals (40CFR230.3-91). Aquatic flora: The plant life associated with the aquatic ecosystem including, but not limited to, algae and higher plants (40CFRl16.3-91). Aquatic guidelines: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, may adversely affect aquatic life. These are nonenforceable guidelines issued by a governmental agency or other institution (CWNWbasics-04). Aquatic life: All living forms in natural waters, including plants, fish, shellfish, and lower forms of animal life (EPA-75/11). Aquatic plant: A plant that grows in water either floating on the surface, growing up from the bottom of the body of water, or growing under the surface of the water (EPA-74/11). Aquatic: Living or growing in or on water (CWANbasics-04). Aquatic-life criteria: Water quality guidelines for protection of aquatic life. Commonly refers to criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See also water quality guidelines, water quality criteria, and freshwater chronic criteria (CWANbasics-04). Aqueduct: A pipe, conduit, or channel designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity (CWNWscience-04).
Aqueous solubility: The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a reference temperature (EPA97112).
Aquifer: A water-bearing bed of porous rock, often sandstone (CWNmining-04).
Aqueous solution: A solution in which water is the solvent (EPA8711Oa).
Aquifer: A water-bearing layer of rock (including gravel and sand) that will yield water in usable quantity to a well or spring (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Aqueous: Something made up of, similar to, or containing water; watery (EPA-97/12).
Aquifer: A water-bearing layer of soil, sand, gravel, or rock that will yield usable quantities of water to a well (CWNWquality-04).
Aquiclude: A saturated geologic unit that is incapable of transmitting significant quantities of water under ordinary hydraulic gradients (Navy/Env-04).
Aquifer: An underground geological formation, or group of formations, containing usable amounts of groundwater that can supply wells and springs (EPA-97/12).
Aquifer (confined): Soil or rock below the land surface that is saturated with water. There are layers of impermeable material both above and below it and it is under pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise above the top of the aquifer (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquifer: For more related terms, see (1) Artesian aquifer (See confined aquifer); Confined aquifer; (2) Exempted aquifer; (3) Sole source aquifer; (3) Principal source aquifer (See sole source aquifer); (4) Unconfined aquifer; (5) Water table aquifer (See unconfined aquifer); and (6) Uppermost aquifer.
Aquifer (unconfined): An aquifer whose upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquitard: Geological formation that may contain groundwater but is not capable of transmitting significant quantities of it under normal hydraulic gradients. May function as confining bed (EPA97/12).
Aquifer storativity: The quantity of water an aquifer can release from or take into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head (EPA-87/03). Aquifer test: A test to determine hydraulic properties of an aquifer (EPA-97/12).
Aquitard: The less permeable beds in a stratigraphic sequence; beds may be permeable enough to transmit water in quantities that are significant in the study of regional groundwater flow or environmental contamination, but their permeability is not sufficient to allow completion of production wells within them (NavyEnv-04).
Aquifer transmissivity: See transmissivity. Aquifer: A geologic formation(s) that is water bearing. A geological formation or structure that stores andlor transmits water, such as to wells and springs. Use of the term is usually restricted to those water-bearing formations capable of yielding water in sufficient quantity to constitute a usable supply for people's uses (CWAIWscience-04).
Aquo ion: An ion containing one or more than one water molecules.
Aquifer: A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to springs and wells (CWNWbasics-04).
ARAR: CERCLA section 121 requires cleanups to meet "ARARs": any 'legally applicable or relevant and appropriate standard, requirement, criteria or limitation' that has been promulgated under federal or state environmental laws. The ARARs include such things as the Clean Water Act's water quality criteria, the Solid Waste Disposal Act's land disposal restrictions, and some states' groundwater anti-degradation provisions that require cleanup to background levels. EPA can waive the ARARS in some situations (SFIEnv-04).
Aquifer: A geological formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is capable of yielding a significant amount of water to a well or spring (40CFR144.3-91).
Arbitration: A process for the resolution of disputes. Decisions are made by an impartial arbitrator selected by the parties. These decisions are usually legally binding (cf. mediation) (EPA-94/04).
Aquifer: A natural underground layer, often of sand or gravel, that contains water (SDWAIReg-04).
Arc furnace: A furnace heated by the arc produced between electrodes. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-77/07).
Aquifer: A saturated, permeable geologic formation or structure that is capable of yielding water in usable quantities under ordinary hydraulic gradients (NavyEnv-04).
Archaeological sites (resources): Areas or objects modified or made by humans, either prehistorically or historically, and the data associated with these areas and objects (DOE-91/04).
Arching: Fracture processes around a mine opening, leading to stabilization by an arching effect (CWNmining-04). Architectural acoustics: The control of noise in a building space to adequately support the communications function within the space and its effect on the occupants. The qualities of the building materials used determine its character with respect to distinct hearing (NCAhound-04). Architectural coatings: Coverings such as paint and roof tar that are used on exteriors of buildings (EPA-97/12). Architectural or engineering (AIE) services: The consultation, investigations, reports, or services for design-type projects within the scope of the practice of architectural or professional engineering as defined by the laws of the state or territory in which the recipient is located (40CFR33.005-91, see also 40CFR35.2005; 35.6015-91). Arco: The Potentially Responsible Party, Arco (the Atlantic Richfield Company) will be held responsible for any costs associated with cleanup if required. Arco was recently purchased by BP/Amow, a multi-billion dollar international oil and gas conglomerate headquartered in Great Britain (SFIremedy-04). Area (of an airway): Average width multiplied by average height of airway, expressed in square feet (CWNmining-04). Area coated: The area of basis material covered by each coating of enamel (40CFR466.02-91). Area contingency plan: An Area Contingency Plan prepared under subsection 6)(CWA311-33U.S.C.1321-91). Area effect: Acoustical materials spaced apart can have greater absorption than the same amount of material butted together. The increase in efficiency is due to absorption by soft exposed edges and also to dihction of sound energy around panel perimeters (NCNsound-04). Area fill: A method of landfilling that compacts the refuse in cells and then uses soil cover to separate and cover the cells. This is typically done in layers and in separate phases (RCWmanagement-04). Area method: A method in which the wastes are spread and compacted on the surface of the ground and wver materials are spread and compacted over them. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-81/09; SW- 108ts). Area of concern (AOC): A discrete area of contamination or suspected contamination that is in the PNSI (or RFA) phase and that has not been entered into the DOD RMIS database (NavyIEnv-04).
Area of concern: A geographic area located within the great lakes, in which beneficial uses are impaired and which has been officially designated as such under Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (CWA118-33U.S.C.1268-91). Area of contamination (AOC) policy: EPA interprets RCRA to allow certain discrete areas of generally dispersed contamination to be considered RCRA units. Therefore, consolidation of material within an AOC and treatment of material, in situ, within an AOC does not create a point of hazardous waste generation for purposes of RCRA (RCRAIlandban-04). Area of critical environmental concern: The areas within the public lands where special management attention is required (when such areas are developed or used or where no development is required) to protect and prevent irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or scenic values, fish and wildlife resources or other natural systems or processes, or to protect life and safety from natural hazards (FLPMA103-43U.S.C.1702-90). Area of review: (1) In underground injection, the area surrounding an injection well that is reviewed during the permitting process to determine whether the injection operation will introduce flows between aquifers (40CFR147.3001-91). (2) In the UIC program, the area surrounding an injection well that is reviewed during the permitting process to determine if flow between aquifers will be induced by the injection operation (EPA97/12). Area processed: The area actually exposed to process solutions. Usually this includes both sides of the metal strip (40CFR465.0291). Area source: Any source of air pollution that is released over a relatively small area but which cannot be classified as a point source. Such sources may include vehicles and other small engines, small businesses and household activities, or biogenic sources such as a forest that releases hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). See also CAM 12; 40CFR51.100-91. Area under reclamation: A previously surface mined area where regrading has been completed and revegetation has commenced (EPA-82/10). Area wide agency: An area wide management agency designated under section 208(c)(l) of the Act (40CFR21.2-91, see also 40CFR130.2-91). Area: The vertical projection of the pile upon the Earth's surface (40CFR61.251-9 1). Area-capacity curve: A graph showing the relation between the surface area of the water in a reservoir and the corresponding volume (CWAhydrology-04).
Argon (Ar): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 18; atomic weight 39.998; density 1.4 glee; melting point 189.4 C and boiling point 185.8 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table. Argon oxygen decarburization vessel (AOD vessel): Any closed-bottom, rehctory-lined converter vessel with submerged tuyeres through which gaseous mixtures containing argon and oxygen or nitrogen may be blown into molten steel for further refining (40CFR60.271a-91). Arithmetic mean: In a sample of N units, the sum of the observed values in the sample divided by the number of the units in the sample. It can be expressed as: A = [sum Xi]/N, i = l.....N, where: A = arithmetic mean; N = number of sample; Xi = discrete value of i sample; sum = summation. See mean for more related terms (NATO-78110). Arne1 fiber: A trademark of Celanese for cellulose triacetate fibers. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Aromatic amine: An aromatic compound containing an amine(s) substituent, e.g., aniline (C6H5NH2)(EPA-88/12). Aromatic compound: An organic compound similar in molecular structure to benzene (ETI-92). Aromatic hydrocarbon: An organic compound which contains at least one 6-carbon, benzene ring structure (EPA-75/11). Aromatic: (1) A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (EPA-97/12). (2) Having at least one benzene ring in a compound. Aromatic: A class of hydrocarbons consisting of cyclic conjugate carbon atoms, such as benzene or toluene, commonly added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (NavyJEnv-04). Aromatic: A type of hydrocarbon, such as benzene or toluene, added to gasoline in order to increase octane. Some aromatics are toxic (MWTNmedical-04). Arrest: The restraint of an arrestee's liberty or the equivalent through the service of judicial process compelling such a person to respond to a criminal accusation (40CFR303.11-91). Arrhenius equation: An equation of form, k=Aexp(-ERT), where k = rate constant of a reaction, A = constant for a given reaction, E = activation energy. The equation can be expressed as: ln(k) = ln(A) - EJRT. A graph of In(k) against (1/T) is a straight line with a gradient -ER and an intercept on the ln(k) axis of In(A).
Arrhenius parameters: Parameters which relate rate chemical reaction coefficients to changes in temperature and pressure (EPA88/12). Arroyo: A small, deep, flat-floored channel or gully of an ephemeral or intermittent stream, usually with nearly vertical banks cut into unconsolidated material. A term commonly used in the arid and semiarid regions of the southwestern United States (CWAIWbasics-04). Arsenic (As): A metalloid occurring naturally in the earth's crust and fossil fuels. It can be released into the environment during combustion of fossil fuels containing arsenic. It is used in the production of glass, enamels, ceramics, oil, cloth, linoleum, electrical semiconductors, pigments, fireworks, pesticides, fungicides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, and wood preservatives. Soluble forms of arsenic can be quite mobile, while less soluble forms tend to adsorb to sediments and soils. It is a known human carcinogen, and bioaccumulates to toxic levels (NavyJEnv-04). Arsenic (As): A naturally occumng metalloid that in even small concentrations is carcinogenic to humans. Current drinking water standards for the State of Montana are 20 ppb, surface water standards are 18 ppb. In heavy concentrations arsenic is also extremely poisonous (SFJremedy-04). Arsenic (As): The total arsenic present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.67191). Arsenic is a metalloid element with atomic number 33; atomic weight 74.92; density 2.7 glcc; melting point 660 C and boiling point 2450 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Other arsenic-related terms include Commercial arsenic; Inorganic arsenic; and Uncontrolled total arsenic emission. Arsenic containing compound: A chemical substance containing the arsenic atom, e.g., arsenic trioxide (As203)(EPA-88/12). Arsenic containing glass type: Any glass that is distinguished from other glass solely by the weight percent of arsenic added as a raw material and by the weight percent of arsenic in the glass produced. Any two or more glasses that have the same weight percent of arsenic in the raw materials as well as in the glass produced shall be considered to belong to one arsenic containing glass type, without regard to the recipe used or any other characteristics of the glass or the method of production (40CFR61.161-91). Arsenic kitchen: A baffled brick chamber where inorganic arsenic vapors are cooled, condensed, and removed in a solid form (40CFR61.181-91). Arsenicals: Pesticides containing arsenic (EPA-97/12). Artesian (aquifer or well): Water held under pressure in porous rock or soil confined by impermeable geologic formations (EPA97/12).
Artesian aquifer: A confined aquifer in which groundwater rises in a well above the point at which it is naturally found in the aquifer, due to artesian pressure (NavyIEnv-04). Artesian spring (or artesian well): A spring (well) in which confined groundwater under pressure has a natural outlet (DOI70104). Artesian water: Groundwater that is under pressure when tapped by a well and is able to rise above the level at which it is first encountered. It may or may not flow out at ground level. The pressure in such an aquifer commonly is called artesian pressure, and the formation containing artesian water is an artesian aquifer or confined aquifer. See flowing well (CWA1Wscience04). Artesian well: See artesian spring. Arthropods: Animals that do not have a backbone or spinal cord. Examples are insects with hard shells and spiders (FFDCNpesticide-04). Article: A manufactured item: (1) Which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; (2) Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (3) Which does not release a toxic chemical under normal conditions or processing or use of that item at the facility or establishments (40CFR372.3-91). Articulation (of a water body): The area ratio of inlets and bays to the total area of a water body (DOI-70104). Articulation class: A single number rating used for comparing acoustical ceilings and acoustical screens for speech privacy purposes. AC values increase with increasing privacy and range from approximately 100-250. This classification supersedes Speech Privacy Noise Isolation Class (NIC) rating method (NCNsound-04). Articulation index (AI): A measure of speech intelligibility influenced by acoustical environment rated from 0.01 to 1.00. The higher the number, the higher the intelligibility of words and sentences understood from 0-100% (NCNsound-04). Artifact: An object produced or shaped by human workmanship of archaeological or historical interest (DOE-91/04). Artificial recharge: An process where water is put back into groundwater storage from surface water supplies such as irrigation, or induced infiltration from streams or wells (CWNWscience-04). Artificial recharge: Augmentation of natural replenishment of groundwater storage by some method of construction, spreading of water, or by pumping water directly into an aquifer (CWAIWquality-04).
Artificial recharge: Augmentation of natural replenishment of ground-water storage by some method of construction, spreading of water, or by pumping water directly into an aquifer (CWNWbasics-04). As determined basis: Data representing the numerical values obtained for a particular moisture andlor ash content, in the sample at the time of measurement. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA): A concept applied to the quantity of radioactivity released in routine operation of a nuclear system or facility, including "anticipated operational occurrences." It takes into account the state of technology, economics of improvements in relation to benefits to public health and safety, and other societal and economic considerations in relation to the use of nuclear energy in the public interest (DOE9 1104). As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA): A phrase (acronym) used to describe an approach to radiation protection to control or manage exposures (both individual and collective to the work force and the general public) and releases of radioactive material to the environment as low as social, technical, economic, practical, and public policy considerations permit. ALARA is not a dose limit but rather a process that has as its objective the attainment of dose levels as far below the applicable limits as practicable (SDWNradionuclide-04). As received basis: Analytical data calculated to the moisture condition of the sample as it arrived at the laboratory and before any processing or conditioning. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Asbestiform: A specific type of mineral fibrosity in which the fibers and fibrils possess high tensile strength and flexibility (4OCFR763-AppIA-91). Asbestos abatement project: Any activity involving the removal, enclosure, or encapsulation of friable asbestos material (40CFR763.121-91). Asbestos abatement: Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos-containing materials in a building or to remove them entirely, including removal, encapsulation, repair, enclosure, encasement, and operations and maintenance programs (EPA97/12). Asbestos assessment: In the asbestos-in-schools program, the evaluation of the physical condition and potential for damage of all friable asbestos containing materials and thermal insulation systems (EPA-97/12). Asbestos cement (AIC) corrugated sheet: An asbestoscontaining product made of cement and in the form of a corrugated sheet used as a non-flat-surfaced reinforcing or
insulating material. Major applications of this product include building siding or roofing; linings for waterways; and components in cooling towers (40CFR763.163-91).
Asbestos cement (NC) flat sheet: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and in the form of a flat sheet used primarily as a flat-surfaced reinforcing or insulating material. Major applications of this product include wall linings; partitions; soffit material; electrical barrier boards; bus bar run separators; reactance coil partitions; laboratory work surfaces; and components of vaults, ovens, safes, and broilers (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos cement (NC) pipe: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and intended for use as pipe or fittings for joining pipe. Major applications of this product include pipe used for transmitting water or sewage; conduit pipe for protection of utility or telephone cable; and pipes used for air ducts (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos cement (NC) shingle: An asbestos-containing product made of cement and intended for use as a siding, roofing, or construction shingle serving the purpose of covering and insulating the surface of building walls and roofs (40CFR763.16391). Asbestos clothing: An asbestos-containing product designed to be worn by persons (40CFR763.163-9 1). Asbestos containing building material (ACBM): The surfacing ACM, thermal system insulation ACM, or miscellaneous ACM that is found in or on interior structural members or other parts of a school building (40CFR763.83-91). Asbestos containing material (ACM): Any material or product that wntains more than one percent asbestos (USDNwater-04). Asbestos containing material: Any material which contains more than one percent asbestos by weight (TSCA202). Asbestos containing product: Any product to which asbestos is deliberately added in any concentration or which wntains more than 1.O% asbestos by weight or area (40CFR763.163-91). Asbestos containing waste material: (1) The mill tailings or any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by a source subject to the provisions of this subpart. This term includes filters from control devices, friable asbestos waste material, and bags or other similar packaging contaminated with commercial asbestos. As applied to demolition and renovation operations, this term also includes regulated asbestos-containing material waste and materials contaminated with asbestos including disposable equipment and clothing (40CFR61.141-91). (2) Mill tailings or any waste that contains commercial asbestos and is generated by a source covered by the Clean Air Act Asbestos NESHAPS (EPA97112).
Asbestos debris: The pieces of ACBM that can be identified by color, texture, or composition, or means dust, if the dust is determined by an accredited inspector to be ACM (40CFR763.8391). Asbestos diaphragm: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper and intended for use as a filter in the production of chlorine and other chemicals, and which acts as a mechanical barrier between the cathodic and anodic chambers of an electrolytic cell (40CFR763.163-9 1). Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) of 1986: 15U.S.C.2641 et al. The Toxic Substances Control Act was amended by adding at the end of the AHERA in 1986. Its major contents include (1) Authorized EPA to promulgate regulations requiring inspection for asbestos containing material in the Nation's schools, development of asbestos management plans for such schools, response actions with respect to friable asbestos containing material in such schools, and for other purposes. (2) The standards of ambient interior concentration of asbestos shall not exceed the ambient exterior concentration which is deemed to be (Sec. 204): (a) Less than 0.003 fibers per cubic centimeter, if a scanning electron microscope is used, and (b) Less than 0.005 fibers per cubic centimeter, if a transmission electron microscope is used. Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act: Acted in 1986 by Congress, amending TSCA (see separately), to regulate the inspection of all schools for the presence of asbestos, implementation of response actions, and establishment of operations and maintenance and training programs (SDWNradionuclide-04). Asbestos mill: Any facility engaged in converting, or in any intermediate step in converting, asbestos ore into commercial asbestos. Outside storage of asbestos material is not considered a part of the asbestos mill (40CFR61.141-91). Asbestos minerals: Minerals which have a fibrous structure, are heat resistant, chemically inert, and possessing high electrical insulating qualities. The two main groups are serpentine and amphiboles. Chrysotile is the principal commercial variety. Other commercial varieties are amosite, crocidolite, actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite (EPA-82/05). Asbestos mixture: A mixture which contains bulk asbestos or another asbestos mixture as an intentional component. An asbestos mixture may be either amorphous or a sheet, cloth fabric, or another structure. This term does not include mixtures which contain asbestos as a contaminant or impurity (40CFR763.63-91). Asbestos program manager: A building owner or designated representative who supervises all aspects of the facility asbestos management and control program (EPA-97/12).
Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act: Enacted in 1990 by Congress, amending TSCA (see separately), to extend AHERA (see separately) regulations on training and accreditation to persons performing asbestos work on public and commercial buildings (SDWNradionuclide-04). Asbestos tailings: Any solid waste that contains asbestos and is a product of asbestos mining or milling operations (40CFR61.14191). Asbestos waste from control devices: Any waste material that contains asbestos and is collected by a pollution control device (40CFR61.141-91). Asbestos: A mineral fiber than can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction (MWTNmedical-04). Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when inhaled. EPA has banned or severely restricted its use in manufacturing and construction (EPA-97/12). Asbestiform varieties include Actinolite [Ca2(Mg,Fe)5(Si8022)(OH)2]; Amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite) [Fe5Mg(Si8Oz2)(OH)2]; Anthophyllite [(Mg,Fe)7(Si8022)(0H)2]; Chrysotile (serpentinite) [Mg6(Si4010)(OH)8]; Cmcidolite (riebeckite) [N~~(F~~)~'(F~~)~'(s~~o~~)(oH),~; or Tremolite [Ca2Mg5(Si8OZ2)(OH)2] (TSCA202-15U.S.C.2642-9 1). Other asbestos-related terms include Bulk asbestos; Commercial asbestos; Miner of asbestos; Primary processor of asbestos; Secondary processor of asbestos; Use of asbestos; Regulated asbestos containing material; and Vinyl asbestos floor tile. Asbestos: Six naturally occumng fibrous minerals found in certain types of rock formations. Of the six, the minerals chrysolite, amosite, and crocidolite have been most commonly used in building products. When mined and processed, asbestos is typically separated into very thin fibers. Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, it was used in many commercial products beginning early in this century and peaking in the period from World War 11 into the 1970s. When inhaled in sufficient quantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious health problems (USDNwater-04). Asbestosis: A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal (MWTNmedical-04). Asbestosis: A disease associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease makes breathing progressively more difficult and can be fatal (EPA-97/12). A-scale sound level: A measurement of sound approximating the sensitivity of the human ear, used to note the intensity or annoyance level of sounds (EPA-97/12).
Ascorbic acid (C6H8o6):A crystal used as a vitamin C. Ash combustible: (1) The fraction of combustible organic material remaining in the bottom ash as measured by the loss on combustion technique (EPA-89103b). (2) If an incinerator is operating properly, little material will remain in the ash. The extent of organics combustion is measured by the quantity of combustible materials remaining in the ash. Increases in ash combustible indicate that bed temperatures are too low, that combustion air is not being distributed properly in the bed, or that waste retention time is too short. See combustion indicator for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Ash fluid temperature: The temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height of 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash free basis: The method whereby the weight of ash weight in a fuel sample is subtracted from its total weight and the adjusted weight is used to calculate the percent of certain constituents present, e.g., the percent of fixed carbon on an ash-& basis is computed as follows: percent ash-free fixed carbon = (fixed carbon)/(fuel sample-ash) (SW-108ts). Ash hemispherical temperature: The temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which condition the height is one half the width of the base. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash initial deformation temperature: The temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the triangular pyramid (cone) occurs (the cone is prepared from the ash of a sample). See analytical parameters-fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ash pit: A pit or hopper located below a furnace where residue is accumulated and from which it is removed (SW-lO8ts). Ash quench water: Water that is used to cool the bottom ash when it is removed from an incinerator. Ash removal door: A door through which ash is removed from the primary combustion chamber (EPA-89103b). Ash residues: The left-over material from a combustion process. They may take the form of fly ash or bottom ash (RCRNmanagement-04). Ash sluice: A trench or channel in which water transports ash from an ash pit to a disposal or collection point (SW-108ts). Ash softening temperature: The temperature at which the cone of ash has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is equal to the width at the base. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83).
Ash: (1) The solid residue including both non-combustible inorganic (e.g., metals) and unburned organic (e.g., soot) residue that remains after a material is incinerated (EPA-81/09; EPA89/11). (2) Inorganic residue remaining after ignition of combustible substances. The analyses of ash for commonly determined major elements by prescribed methods for the oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, titanium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and potassium. Other elements such as the heavy metals may be included in these analyses. See analytical parameters for fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). (3) The mineral content of a product remaining after combustion (EPA-97/12). Other ash-related terms include Bottom ash; Combined ash; Economizer ash; Extraneous ash; Fly ash; Fly ash reinjection; Grate sifting (see sifting); Inherent ash; and Sifting. Ash: The mineral content of a product remaining after complete combustion (Navy~Env-04). ASHARA: See Asbestos School Hazard Reauthorization Act (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Abatement
Aspect ration: A ratio of the length to the width of a particle. Minimum aspect ratio as defined by this method is equal to or greater than 5: 1 (40CFR763-App/A-9 1). Asphalt (pitch or tar): The dark brown to black cementitious material (solid, semisolid, or liquid in consistency) of which the main constituents are bitumens, which occur naturally or as a residue of petroleum refining (40CFR52.741-91). Asphalt processing plant: A plant which blows asphalt for use in the manufacture of asphalt products (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt processing: The storage and blowing of asphalt (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt roofing plant: A plant which produces asphalt roofing products (shingles, roll roofing, siding, or saturated felt) (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt storage tank: Any tank used to store asphalt at asphalt roofing plants, petroleum refineries, and asphalt processing plants. Storage tanks containing cutback asphalts (asphalts diluted with solvents to reduce viscosity for low temperature applications) and emulsified asphalts (asphalts dispersed in water with an emulsifying agent) are not subject to this regulation (40CFR60.471-91). Asphalt: A dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Asphyxiant: See toxicant and effect. Aspirator: An apparatus, such as a squeeze bulb, fan, pump, or venturi, that produces a movement of a fluid by suction (EPA83/06). Asplund method: An (wood) attrition mill which combines the steaming and defibering in one unit in a continuous operation (EPA-74/04). Assay: A test for a particular chemical or effect (EPA-97/12). See also synonym, bioassay. Assessment endpoint: Environmental characteristics, which, if they were found to be significantly affected, would indicate a need for remediation (e.g., decrease in sports fisheries) (NavyIEnv-04). Assessment endpoint: In ecological risk assessment, an explicit expression of the environmental value to be protected; includes both an ecological entity and specific attributed thereof entity (e.g., salmon are a valued ecological entity; reproduction and population maintenance--the attribute-form an assessment endpoint) (EPA97/12). Assessment team: A team of technicians, engineers, and architects who will document floor plans, review the electrical and mechanical equipment, examine the structure, make treatment recommendations, and discuss treatments and products with the homeowner (NCAInoise-04). Assessment visit: Visit of the residence by the Assessment Team when existing conditions are documented, homeowner is made aware of pre-work items and chooses products, styles, and colors (NCAInoise-04). Assessment: (1) The process whereby the hazards which have been identified are evaluated in order to provide an estimate for the level of risk (EPA-87/07a). (2) In the asbestos-in-schools program, the evaluation of the physical condition and potential for damage of all friable asbestos containing materials and thermal insulation systems (EPA-97/12). Assessment: Phase Period of time when data is collected for each residence, floor plans are created, mechanical upgrades are designed, pre work items are designated, Historical Preservation Issues are resolved, product selections are made, and the homeowner design package is completed (NCAInoise-04). Assessment: See characterization (OMBIReg-04). Asset: All existing and all probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity (cf. current asset) (40CFR144.61-91,see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141; 280.92-91).
Assimilation capacity: The extent to which a body of water can receive wastes without significant deterioration of beneficial uses. Suitability for a given use is defined in terms of quality criteria, and these are still to some extent arbitrarily designated. The criterion most widely used is dissolved oxygen, although that parameter is by no means always relevant (LBL76107-water).
At the source: At or before the commingling of delacquering scrubber liquor blowdown with other process or nonprocess wastewaters (40CFR421.31-91). Ataxia: Failure of muscular coordination (LBL-76107-bio). Atlatl: A tool used to throw a spear (DOE-91/04).
Assimilation: (1) Removal of dissolved or suspended materials from a water mass by biological, chemical, and physical processes. (2) Conversion or incorporation of absorbed nutrients into body substances (cf. synthesis) (DOD-78/01). (3) The ability of a body of water to purify itself of pollutants (EPA-97/12). Assimilative capacity: The capacity of a natural body of water to receive wastewaters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water (NavyIEnv-04). Assimilative capacity: The capacity of a natural body of water to receive wastewaters or toxic materials without deleterious effects and without damage to aquatic life or humans who consume the water (EPA-97/12). Associated natural gas: See associated-dissolved natural gas and natural gas (CAA/C02gasl-04). Associated-dissolved natural gas: Natural gas that occurs in crude oil reservoirs either as free gas (associated) or as gas in solution with crude oil (dissolved gas). See natural gas (CANC02gasl-04). Association of boards of certification: An international organization representing boards which certify the operators of waterworks and wastewater facilities (EPA-97/12). Association: The organization offering arbitration services selected by EPA to conduct arbitrations pursuant to this part (40CFR304.12-91). Astatine (At): A radioactive halogen element with atomic number 85; atomic weight 210; melting point 302 C; and boiling point 377 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table.
Atmosphere (an): A standard unit of pressure representing the pressure exerted by a 29.92-inch column of mercury at sea level at 45' latitude and equal to 1000 grams per square centimeter (cf. free atmosphere) (EPA-94/04). Atmosphere (the): The whole mass of air surrounding the earth, composed largely of oxygen and nitrogen (EPA-89/12). Atmosphere-supplying devices: Respiratory protection devices coupled to an air source. The two types are Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and supplied air respirators (airline) (Navy/Env-04). Atmospheric crystallizer: An apparatus used to carry out crystallization under ambient pressure (EPA-77/07). Atmospheric deposition: The transfer of substances from the air to the surface of the earth, either in wet form (rain, fog, snow, dew, frost, hail) or in dry form (gases, aerosols, particles) (CWNWbasics-04). Atmospheric dispersion: The process of air pollutants being dispersed in the atmosphere by the wind that carries the pollutants away from their source and by turbulent air motion that results from solar heating of the earth's surface and air movement over rough terrain and surfaces. See dispersion for more related terms (DOE-9 1/04). Atmospheric evaporation: Evaporation at ambient pressure utilizing a tower filled with packing materials. Air is drawn in from the bottom of the tower and evaporated feed materials entering from the top. There is no recovery of the vapors (EPA83106a). Atmospheric moisture: Moisture content in air.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; a private organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that establishes standards (SDWNradionuclide04). ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials, which is a developer and provider of voluntary standards (TSCNchemical04). At retail: The sale by a commercial owner of a wood heater to the ultimate purchaser (40CFR60.53 1-91). At sea incineration: See ocean incineration.
Atmospheric pressure (or barometric pressure): The pressure of the air and the atmosphere at sea level. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-81112, p2-3; 85/09). Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on any surface beneath or within it; equal to 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level (CWNWbasics-04). Atmospheric reaction: A chemical process in the atmosphere resulting in the transformation of the participating species (NATO-78110).
Atmospheric stability: The ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants. The stability classes used in the Gaussian plume models include Extremely unstable; Moderately unstable; Slightly unstable; Neutral; Slightly stable; and Moderately stable (EPA88/09). Atom: A basic chemical particle that can exist. It consists of a dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by moving electrons. Other atom-related terms include Electron; Ion; Neutron; and Proton. Atomic absorption spectrometer: A quantitative chemical instrumentation used for the analysis of elemental constituents (6. definitions under metal analyzer) (EPA-83106a). Atomic absorption spectroscopy: An atomic absorption spectroscopy is performed by electrically stimulating light emissions from a particular element, used to detect the amount of that specific element in samples (MWTNinfectious-04). Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954: See Act or AEA. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC): Created by the Atomic Energy Act, the AEC was a civilian agency responsible for the production of nuclear weapons and research and regulation of atomic energy. In 1975, its weapons production and research activities were transferred to the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and its regulatory authority was transferred to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (AENclosure-04). Atomic energy commission: A predecessor agency to DOE (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Atomic energy: All forms of energy released in the course of nuclear fission or nuclear transformation (10CFR70.4-91). Atomic pile: A nuclear reactor (EPA-74/11). Atomic spectrometry: The term refers to the measurement of the absorption of radiation by atoms (LBL-76107-bio). Atomic weapon: Any device utilizing atomic energy, exclusive of the means for transporting or propelling the device (where such means is a separable and divisible part of the device), the principal purpose of which is for use as, or for development of, a weapon, a weapon prototype, or a weapon test device (10CFR70.4-91). Atomic weight: A number expressing the ratio of the weight of one atom to that of another. Since the atomic weight is nothing more than a relative weight, the numerical value must be obtained with reference to some convenient standard. The modern chemical atomic weight scale uses the oxygen atom as the standard, giving it a weight scale of 16.000. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1.O, of sulfur 32, of iron 56, etc. (cf. molecular weight) (EPA-84/09).
Atomization: (1) The process in which a stream of water or gas impinges upon a molten metal stream, breaking it into droplets which solidify as powder particles (40CFR471.02-91). (2) The reduction of liquid to a fine spray (EPA-89103b). Atomize: To divide a liquid into extremely minute particles, either by impact with a jet of steam or compressed air, or by passage through a mechanical device (EPA-89/12). Attainment area: A geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollutant meet the health-based primary standard (National Ambient Air Quality Standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for one criteria air pollutant, but may have unacceptable levels for others. Thus, an area could be both attainment and nonattainment at the same time. Attainment areas are defined using federal pollutant limits set by EPA (CANAPC-04). Attainment area: A geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollutant meet the health-based primary standard (National Ambient Air Quality Standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for one criteria air pollutant, but may have unacceptable levels for others. Thus, an area could be both attainment and nonattainment at the same time. Attainment areas are defined using federal pollutant limits set by EPA (CAAIair-04). Attainment area: An area considered to have air quality as good as or better than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards as defined in the Clean Air Act. An area may be an attainment area for one pollutant and a non-attainment area for others (EPA-97/12). Attenuation: A process of converting and destroying a chemical compound as it passes through layers of soil or rock (RCWmanagement-04). Attenuation: The process by which a compound is reduced in concentration with distance and time through absorption, adsorption, degradation, dilution, diffusion, dispersion, andlor chemical or biological transformation (NavyIEnv-04). Attenuation: The process by which a compound is reduced in concentration over time, through absorption, adsorption, degradation, dilution, andlor transformation. And also be the decrease with distance of sight caused by attenuation of light by particulate pollution (EPA-97/12). Attenuation: The reduction of sound energy as a function of distance traveled (NCNsound-04). Attractant: A chemical or agent that lures insects or other pests by stimulating their sense of smell (EPA-97/12). Attractant: Attractants are traps containing a pesticide and food to lure insects or rodents inside. However, food is not a pesticide even though it certainly attracts pests like ants at a picnic (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Attributable risk: The difference between risk of exhibiting a certain adverse effect in the presence of a toxic substance and that risk in the absence of the substance (EPA-92/12). Attrition mill: (1) In the plywood industry, a machine which produces particles by forcing coarse material, shavings, or pieces of wood between a stationary and a rotating disk, fitted with slotted or grooved segments (EPA-74/04). (2) A ball mill in which pig lead is ground to a powder and oxidized to make the active material (a mixture of lead and lead oxide called lead oxide) in lead acid batteries (EPA-84/08).
Authority having jurisdiction: An organization, office, or individual who has the authority to approve or disapprove the equipment, an installation, or a procedure. Authorized program or authorized state: A state, territorial, tribal, or interstate NPDES program which has been approved or authorized by EPA under 40CFR Part 123 (CWNwastewater-04). Authorized state: A state that has been delegated the authority by EPA to implement and enforce its own regulations for hazardous waste management under RCRA. The state program must be at least as stringent as the federal standards(RCRAhazardous-04).
Attrition: Wearing or grinding down of a substance by friction. Dust from such processes contributes to air pollution (EPA-97/12).
Autocatalysis: A catalysis process in which one of the products of the reaction is a catalyst for the reaction.
Audiogram: Graph of hearing threshold level as a function of frequency (ANSI S3.20-1995: audiogram) (NCNsound-04).
Autocatalytic: A chemical reaction which is catalyzed by one of the products of the reaction (EPA-87107a).
Audiometer: An instrument for measuring hearing acuity (NCAIsound-04).
Autochthonous: A term applied to rocks of which the dominant constituents have been formed in the natural or original position as opposed to prior erosion and disposition (NavyIEnv-04).
Audit of data quality: An assessment of the methods used to collect, interpret, and report the information required to characterize data quality. The assessment of these data quality indicators requires a detailed review of The recording and transfer of raw data; Data calculations; The documentation of procedures; and The selection and discussion of appropriate data quality indicators (EPA-85/08). Audit: A systematic check to determine the quality of operation of some function or activity. Audits may be of two basic types: (1) Performance audits in which quantitative data are independently obtained for comparison with routinely obtained data in a measurement system; or (2) System audits of a qualitative nature that consist of an on-site review of a laboratory's quality assurance system and physical facilities for sampling, calibration, and measurement (EPA-86110a). Other audit-related terms include Independent audit; Performance audit; and System audit. Auger mining: Spiral boring for additional recovery of a coal seam exposed in a high-wall (EPA-82/10). Auger: A rotary drill that uses a screw device to penetrate, break, and then transport the drilled material (coal) (CWNmining-04). Auger: Any drilling device in which the cuttings are mechanically and continuously removed from the bore-hole without the use of fluids; usually used for shallow drilling or sampling (EPA-82/10). Austempering: A heat treating process to obtain greater toughness and ducticity in certain high carbon steels. The process is characterized by interrupted quenching and results in the formation of bainite grain structure (EPA-83106a).
Autoclave: A heavy vessel with thick walls for conducting chemical reactions under high pressure or for sterilizing equipment using steam under pressure (EPA-83/09). Autogenous (autothermic) combustion: In the burning of organic materials, the heat of combustion of the organic materials is sufficient to maintain the combustion without auxiliary fuel except for startup of the burning. See combustion for more related terms (OME-88/12). Auto-ignition temperature: The auto-ignition temperature of an air- fuel mixture is the (lowest) temperature at which chemical reaction proceeds at a rate sufficient to result eventually in inflammation at ASTM specified test condition. See temperature for more related terms. Autolysis: A process of cell self destruction due to the enzyme action. Automated method or analyzer: A method for measuring concentrations of an ambient air pollutant in which sample collection, analysis, and measurement are performed automatically (40CFR53.1-91). Automated transmission component: An asbestos-containing product used as a friction material in vehicular automatic transmissions (40CFR763.163-91). Automatic gas shut off valve: An automatic valve that will shut off a gas flow in a pipe and remain off, when a temperature or pressure of the flow is heated in excess of some predetermined limits (Waukee-03).
Automatic plating: (1) Full plating: The workpieces are automatically conveyed through successive cleaning and plating tanks. (2) Semi plating: The workpieces are conveyed automatically through only one plating tank (EPA-83106a). (3) See plating for more related terms. Automatic tank gauging: A release detection method for USTs that uses a probe in the tank that is wired to a monitor to provide i n f o d o n on product level and temperature (RCRA/hazardous-04). Automatic temperature compensator: A device that continuously senses the temperature of fluid flowing through a metering device and automatically adjusts the registration of the measured volume to the corrected equivalent volume at a base temperature (40CFR60.43 1-91).
gasoline to be treated with detergents and deposit control additives. More recently, EPA has set standards for low sulfur gasoline and low sulfur diesel which will help ensure the effectiveness of low emission-control technologies in vehicles and reduce harmful air pollution. For more information, see http:Nwww.epa.govlotaq/ fiels.htm and http:l/www.epa.gov/otaq/invntory/overview/ solutions/milestones.htm
Automobile: A motor vehicle capable of carrying no more than 12 passengers (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.391-91). Auto-oxidation: A self-induced or internally catalyzed oxidation process (LBL-76107-water).
Automatic valve: A valve that will automatically perform its function in accordance with the pre-set conditions. See valve for more related terms.
Autothermal reforming: A process that is to extract hydrogen molecules from hydrocarbon fuels through the combination of catalytic partial oxidation and partial s t e m reforming. The steam reforming creates sufficient heat to drive itself and generates more hydrogen than catalytic partial oxidation alone.
Automatic wash water control: Automatic solenoid operated shutoff devices which completely stop the flow of water into the processor when it is not being used; thereby avoiding excessive wash water flows (EPA-80110).
Auto-transformer: A power transformer having one continuous winding that is tapped; part of the winding serves as the primary coil and all of it serves as the secondary coil, or vice versa. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Automatically-lighted burner: A burner that can ignite automatically.
Autotrophic organism: An organism capable of constructing organic matter from inorganic substances (LBL-76107-water).
Automobile and light duty truck body: The exterior surface of an automobile or light duty truck including hoods, fenders, cargo boxes, doors, and grill opening panels (40CFR60.39 1-91).
Autotrophic: An organism that produces food from inorganic substances, e.g., photosynthetic plants (NavyEnv-04).
Automobile or light duty truck assembly plant: A facility where parts are assembled or finished for eventual inclusion into a finished automobile or light duty truck ready for sale to vehicle dealers, but not including customizers, body shops, and other repainters (40CFR52.741-91).
Auxiliary emission control device (AECD): Any element of design which senses temperature, vehicle speed, engine RPM, transmission gear, manifold vacuum, or any other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or deactivating the operation of any part of the emission control system (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Automobile or light duty truck refinishing: The repainting of used automobiles and light duty trucks (40CFR52.741-91).
Auxiliary equipment: Accessory equipment necessary for the operation of a process train (EPA-83).
~utomobiletailpipe emission control: In accordance with the federal Clean Air Act (CAA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes fuel quality standards to help protect public health and the environment from harmful gaseous and particulate emissions from motor vehicles and engines. EPA issued standards in 1973 which called for a gradual phase down of lead to reduce the health risks from lead emissions from gasoline. Beginning in 1989, EPA required gasoline to meet volatility standards (in two phases) to decrease evaporative emissions of gasoline in the summer months. Upon passage of the 1990 CAA amendments, EPA began monitoring the winter oxygenated fuels program implemented by the states to help control emissions of carbon monoxide. It also established the reformulated gasoline (RFG) program, which is designed to reduce emissions of smogforming and toxic pollutants. EPA also set requirements for
Auxiliary fan: A small, portable fan used to supplement the ventilation of an individual working place (CWAImining-04). See also booster fan. Auxiliary fuel burner: A burner in either the primary or secondary chamber fueled by natural gas or fuel oil. It is used to maintain incinerator temperatures if waste has not enough heating value to maintain combustion temperatures. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Auxiliary fuel firing equipment: Equipment used in an incinerator to supply additional heat by burning an auxiliary fuel so that the additional heat: Dry and ignite the waste material; Maintain ignition thereof; and Affect complete combustion of combustible solids, vapors, and gases (SW-108ts).
Auxiliary fuel: The fuel which is used to preheat an incinerator, to start incineration, and to maintain incineration temperature, if waste materials do not contain enough combustible organic contents. See fuel for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Auxiliary operation: All activities supportive of but not contributing directly to mining (CWNmining-04). Auxiliary power or auxiliary power unit: Any power source that is used to augment or to support the performance of a prime power source. Auxiliary ventilation: Portion of main ventilating current directed to face of dead end entry by means of an auxiliary fan and tubing (CWNmining-04). Availability factor: The ratio (percent) of the time that a power source or piece of equipment is ready for service divided by the total time interval under consideration. Availability session: Informal meeting at a public location where interested citizens can talk with EPA and state officials on a oneto-one basis (EPA-97/12). Availability: The ratio (percent) of the actual operating time that a power source is functioning divided by the design time that the power source should have been hctioning. Available chlorine: (1) A term used in rating chlorinated lime and hypochlorites as to their total oxidizing power. Also, a term formerly applied to residual chlorine; now obsolete (EPA-8211If). (2) The oxidizing power of a bleaching agent expressed in terms of elemental chlorine (EPA-87/10). (3) A measure of the amount of chlorine available in chlorinated lime, hypochlorite compounds, and other materials used as a source of chlorine when compared with that of liquid or gaseous chlorine (EPA-97/12). See chlorine for more related terms. Available energy: The portion of energy added to the system which could be converted to work in a series of reversible engines operating between the temperature of the system and the lowest available temperature (Holman-pl76; Jones-p3 13; Wark-p269). Available heat: (1) The quantity of useful energy per unit of fuel available from complete combustion after deducting dry-flue-gas and water vapor losses (EPA-83). (2) The available heat at any temperature is the gross quantity of heat released within a combustion chamber minus: (a) The sensible heat carried away by the dry flue gases; and (b) The latent heat and sensible heat carried away in water vapor contained in the flue gases (EPA-81/12, p310; 84/09). See heat for more related terms. Available oxygen: The quantity of atmospheric oxygen dissolved in the water of a stream; the quantity of dissolved oxygen
available for the oxidation of organic matter in sewage. See oxygen for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa).
Available system capacity: The capacity determined by subtracting the system load and the system emergency reserves from the net system capacity (40CFR60.4 1a-9 1). Aventurine: Glass containing colored, opaque spangles of nonglassy material (EPA-83). Average annual flood: The mean of the annual floods during a period of record. See flood for more related terms (DOI-70104). Average concentration: (1) As it relates to chlorine discharge means the average of analyses made over a single period of chlorine release which does not exceed two hours (40CFR423.1191). (2) The mean value of a measured concentration, e.g., in a chlorine discharge analysis, it means the average of analyses made over a single period of chlorine release (EPA-8211 la). Average discharge: As used by the U.S. Geological Survey, the arithmetic average of all complete water years of record of surface water discharge whether consecutive or not. The term "average" generally is reserved for average of record and "mean" is used for averages of shorter periods, namely, daily, monthly, or annual mean discharges. See also mean (CWAIWbasics-04). Average discharge: In the annual series of the Geological Survey's reports on surface water supply--the arithmetic average of all complete water years of record whether or not they are consecutive. Average discharge is not published for less than five years of record. The term "average" is generally reserved for average of record and "mean" is used for averages of shorter periods, namely, daily mean discharge (CWAIhydrology-04). Average electric demand: The demand on, or the power output of, an electric system or any of its parts over any interval of time, as determined by dividing the total number of kilowatt hours by the number of units of time in the interval. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83). Average fuel economy: The unique fuel economy value as computed under 40CFR600.510 for a specific class of automobiles produced by a manufacturer that is subject to average fuel economy standard (40CFR600.002.85-91). Average losses: The total difference in energy input and output or power input and output (due to losses), averaged over a time interval and expressed either in physical quantities or as a percentage of total input. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). Average monthly discharge limitation: The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during a calendar
month divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during that month (40CFR122.2-91).
Avicron fiber: A trademark of FMC for rayon filament yams. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b).
Average monthly discharge limitations: The highest allowable average of daily discharges over a calendar month, calculated as the sum of all daily discharges measured during that month divided by the number of days on which monitoring was performed (except in the case of fecal colifom) (CWAIwastewater-04).
Avigation easement: Legal document that provides a perpetual right of way to aircraft to fly over a residence in retum for the sound insulation program improvements, that is permanently attached to the property deed (NCAInoise-04).
Average particle diameter: See mean particle diameter. Average particle size: See cut size. Average time: Considering a continuously varying function of time, it is the time period over which the function is given as an average. In dispersion modeling, the time interval of a specific length over which variations in pollutant concentration at a receptor are averaged. Because instantaneous concentrations at receptors exhibit wide temporal variations, time average concentrations provide a more convenient characterization of pollutant levels at a receptor. The averaging times for dispersion models are designed to be consistent with the air quality standards and commonly include the following: I-, 3-, 8-, 24-hour, and annual average (EPA-88/09). Average weekly discharge limitation: The highest allowable average of "daily discharges" over a calendar week, calculated as the sum of all "daily discharges" measured during a calendar week divided by the number of "daily discharges" measured during that week (40CFR122.2-91). Average: See arithmetic mean, ensemble average, geometric mean, or harmonic mean (NATO-78110). Averaging period: The period of time over which the receiving water concentration is averaged for comparison with criteria concentrations. This specification limits the duration of concentrations above the criteria (EPA-91/03). Aviation gasoline (finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D 910 and Military Specification MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline (CAA/COzgas1-04). Aviation gasoline: All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Excludes blending components, which are blended or compounded into finished aviation gasoline (CAA/C02gas-04). Avicide: A lethal agent used to destroy birds but also refers to materials used for repelling birds (EPA-85/10).
Avoided cost: The amount of money saved when another less costly option that yields the same result is selected or used (RCRAImanagernent-04). Avoided cost: The cost a utility would incur to generate the next increment of electric capacity using its own resources; many landfill gas projects' buy back rates are based on avoided costs (EPA-97/12). Avril fiber: A trademark of FMC for staple and filament yarns. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Avulsion: A marked change in the shore of a water body or the course of a stream (which may result from wave erosion) involving extensive removal and redeposition of soil; such changes affect riparian property rights and raise legal questions concerning property lines and ownership of the transported and redeposited material (DOI-70104). A-weighted decibel: A unit of weighted sound pressure level, measured by the use of a metering characteristic and the Aweighting specified in American National Standard ANSI SI.41971(R176).See decibel for more related terms. A-weighting: An electronic filtering system in a sound meter that allows meter to largely ignore lower frequency sounds in a similar fashion to the way our ears do (NCNsound-04). Awkward posture: Posture is the position of the body while performing work activities. Awkward posture is associated with an increased risk for injury. It is generally considered that the more a joint deviates from the neutral (natural) position, the greater the risk of injury. Specific postures have been associated with injury. For example: (1) Wrist: (a) Flexiodextension (bending up and down); (b) Ulnadradial deviation (sidbending). (2) Shoulder: (a) Abductiodflexion (upper arm positioned out to the side or above shoulder level); (b) Hands at or above shoulder height. (3) Neck (cervical spine): (a) Flexiodextension or bending the neck forward and to the back; (b) Side bending as when holding a telephone receiver on the shoulder. (4) Low back: Bending at the waist, twisting (OSHNergonomics-04). Axenic: A culture of Lernna fronds free from other organisms (40CFR797.1160-91). Axle clearance: The vertical distance from the level surface on which an automobile is standing to the lowest point on the ale differential of the automobile (40CFR86.084.2-91).
Axle ratio: All ratios within plus or minus 3% of the ale ratio specified in the configuration in the test order (40CFR86.602.8491, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91).
where the laser beam is pointed. It is measured from an arbitrary fixed reference line in that plane (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91).
Azeotrope: A liquid mixture of two or more substances which behaves like a single substance in that the vapor produced by partial evaporation of liquid has the same composition as the liquid (EPA-83/09).
Azimuth: A surveying term that references the angle measured clockwise from any meridian (the established line of reference). The bearing is used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line (CWAImining-04).
Azide: Compounds containing the N3group. Azimuth angle: The angle in the horizontal plane that designates
Azo compound: A compound containing (-N=N-) to link two other groups.
Back-drafting: A condition where the normal (up) movement of combustion products (a flue gas), resulting from the buoyant forces on the hot gases is reversed, so that the combustion products can enter the house. Back-drafting of combustion appliances (such as fireplaces and furnaces) can occur when depressurization in the house overwhelms the buoyant force on the hot gases. Back-drafting can also be caused by high air pressures at the chimney or flue termination (EPA-88/08). Back-end materials recovery: An engineered system that provides for collection of discrete reusable materials from mixed wastes which have been burned or treated (EPA-83).
Background concentration: A concentration of a substance in a particular environment that is indicative of minimal influence by human (anthropogenic)sources (CWAAVquality-04). Background condition: The biological, chemical, and physical conditions of a water body, upstream from the point or non-point source discharge under consideration. Background sampling location in an enforcement action will be upstream from the point of discharge, but not upstream from other inflows. If several discharges to any water body exist, and an enforcement action is being taken for possible violations to the standards, background sampling will be undertaken immediately upstream from each discharge (40CFR131.35-91).
Back-end system: A combination of system components that changes the chemical properties of the waste andlor converts its components into energy or compost (cf. front-end system) (EPA83).
Background correction: In data analysis, a technique to compensate for variable background contribution to the instrument signal and the determination of trace metals (NavytEnv-04).
Back pressure: (1) A pressure against which a fluid or gas is flowing. It is the pressure resulting from fiction in lines, restrictions in pipes, hydrostatic head, or other impediments that cause resistance to fluid flow. (2) A pressure can cause water to backflow into the water supply when a user's water system is at a higher pressure than the public system (EPA-97/12).
Background level: (1) The concentration of a substance in an environmental media (air, water, or soil) that occurs naturally or is not the result of human activities. (2) In exposure assessment, the concentration of a substance in a defined control area during a fixed period of time before, during, or after a data-gathering operation (EPA-97/12).
Back: The roof or upper part in any underground mining cavity (CWAImining-04).
Background level: An average or expected amount of a substance or radioactive material in a specific environment, or typical amounts of substances that occur naturally in an environment (SFhealth-04).
Backfill: Mine waste or rock used to support the roof after coal removal (CWAImining-04). Backfill: The material used to refill a ditch or other excavation, or the process of doing so (EPA-83). Backfilling: The transfer of previously moved material back into an excavation such as a mine or ditch, or against a constructed object (EPA-82/10). Backflowhack siphonage: A reverse flow condition created by a difference in water pressures that causes water to flow back into the distribution pipes of a drinking water supply from any source other than an intended one (EPA-97/12).
Background radiation: (1) The radioactivity in the environment, including cosmic rays from space and radiation that exists elsewhere--in the air, in the earth, and in man-made materials. In the U.S.,most people receive 100 to 250 millirems of background radiation per year (EPA-88108a). (2) A normal radiation present in the lower atmosphere from cosmic rays and from earth sources (EPA-74/11). (3) Ionizing radiation present in the environment from cosmic rays and natural sources in the earth; background radiation varies considerably with location (cf. radiation, natural) (DOE-91/04). See radiation for more related terms. Background soil pH: The pH of the soil prior to the addition of substances that alter the hydrogen ion concentration (4OCFR257.3.5-91).
Background: Ambient pollutant concentrations due to: (1) Natural sources; (2) Nearby sources other than the one(s) currently under consideration; and (3) Unidentified anthropogenic sources (EPA-88/09).
the stabilization of solid wastes, because they break down organic matter in the air, water, or solid (cf. coliform) (SW-108ts). See also sulfur bacteria.
Bacteria bed: See tickling filter (Scott-81). Backhoe tamping: A process step, often used in direct dump transfer systems, in which a conventional backhoe is used to compact waste contained in an open-top transfer trailer (SW108ts). Backing wind: The counterclockwise rotation of the wind direction. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Backscatter signal: The general term for the lidar return signal which results from laser light being backscattered by atmospheric and smoke plume particulates (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91). Backscatter: The scattering of laser light in a direction opposite to that of the incident laser beam due to reflection from particulates along the beam's atmospheric path which may include a smoke plume (40CFR60-App/A(alt.method 1)-9 1). Backwashing: (1) The process of cleaning a rapid sand or mechanical filter by reversing the flow of water (EPA-87110a). (2) Reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove the entrapped solids (EPA-97/12). Backwashing: Reversing the flow of water back through the filter media to remove the entrapped solids (Navy/Env-04). Backwater: A body of water in which the flow is slowed or turned back by an obstruction such as a bridge or dam, an opposing current, or the movement of the tide (CWANbasics-04). Backwater: Water backed up or retarded in its course as compared with its normal or natural condition of flow. In stream gaging, a rise in stage produced by a temporary obstruction such as ice or weeds, or by the flooding of the stream below. The difference between the observed stage and that indicated by the as backwater stage-discharge relation, is reported (CWAA~ydrology-04). Backyard composting: Diversion of organic food waste and yard timmings from the municipal wastestream by composting hem in one's yard through controlled decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and fungi into a humus-like product. It is considered source reduction, not recycling, because the cornposted materials never enter the municipal wastestream (EPA-97/12). Bacquerel (Bq): See radiation unit. Bacteria (singular: bacterium): Single-cell, microscopic living organisms (single-celled microorganisms), that possess rigid cell walls. They may be aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative; they can cause disease; and some are important in pollution control, e.g.,
Bacteria: Microscopic living organisms that can aid in pollution control by metabolizing organic matter in sewage, oil spills, or other pollutants. However, bacteria in soil, water, or air can also cause human, animal, and plant health problems (EPA-97/12). Bacteria: Single-celled microscopic organisms (CWAIWbasics04). Bacterial growth: All bacteria for wastewater treatment require food for their continued life and growth and all are affected by the conditions of their environment. Like human beings, they consume food, need moisture, require heat, and give off waste products, and they respire. Without an adequate food supply, bacteria will not grow (EPA-76/03). Bacterial metabolism: The chemical change, constructive and destructive, occurring in bacteria (EPA-75/10). Bacterial quantity unit (BQU): One measure of the total load of bacteria passing a given stream location and is particularly useful in comparing relative loads between wastewater treatment stations. The number of BQUs is derived as the product of flow in cfs and coliform density in MPN per 100 ml divided by 100,000 (EPA7410 1a). Bactericide: (1) A bacteria-killing chemical (EPA-85/10). (2) A substance which kills bacteria (LBL-76107-water). Bactericide: A pesticide used to control or destroy bacteria, typically in the home, schools, or on hospital equipment (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Bacteriophage: A type of virus which attacks and destroys bacteria (EPA-83/09). Bacteriostat: An agent which inhibits the growth of bacteria (EPA-75/01a). Baffle chamber: (1) In incinerator design, a chamber designed to promote the settling of fly ash and coarse particulate matter by changing the direction andlor reducing the velocity of the gases produced by the combustion of the refuse or sludge (EPA-97/12). See settling chamber. Baffle mark: A mark or seam on bottle resulting from a mold joint between blank mold and baffle (EPA-83). Baffle: (1) A construction used to close or deflect the delivery of a moving substance (EPA-83). (2) Any deflector devices used to change the direction of a flow or the velocity of water, sewage, or
products of combustion such as fly ash or coarse particulate matter. Also used in deadening sound (EPA-74/11). (3) A device that is used to change the direction of or to retard a gas flow or other flow medium.
Baffle: A flat board or plate, deflector, guide, or similar device constructed or placed in flowing water or slurry systems to cause more uniform flow velocities, to absorb energy, and to divert, guide, or agitate liquids (EPA-97/12).
accumulated dust is removed for disposal (EPA-81/09; AP-40, p106).
Baghouse compartment: Baghouses are usually constructed in modular forms. Each module consists of one or more compartments. Each compartment can contain a few or several thousand bags (EPA-84/09).
Baffle: A free hanging acoustical sound absorbing unit. Normally suspended vertically in a variety of patterns to introduce absorption into a space to reduce reverberation and noise levels (NCNsound-04).
Baghouse filter: Large fabric bag, usually made of glass fibers, used to eliminate intermediate and large (greater than 20 microns in diameter) particles. This device operates in a way similar to the bag of an electric vacuum cleaner, passing the air and smaller particulate matte, while entrapping the larger particulates (AENmixedW-04).
Bag barker: See debarker (EPA-74/04).
Baghouse filter: See baghouse.
Bag blinding: The loading, or accumulation, of filter cake to the point where capacity rate is diminished in a bag house of air pollution control equipment (EPA-89103b).
Baghouse major components: The major components of a fabric filter include (1) Dirty air inlet and a plate (diffuser) with holes in it that uniformly distributes the flue gas. (2) A dirty air chamber or plenum that contains the fabric bags. (3) A tube sheet, with holes for each bag, that supports the bags and separates the dirty air plenum from the clean air plenum. (4) The tubular filter bags with supporting wire frame bag retainers. (4) The bag cups and venturis to which the individual bags are attached and which inject the pulse of cleaning air into the bags. (5) The air compressor that supplies the compressed air for cleaning the bags. (6) The ash hopper that holds the collected particulate after it is cleaned from the bag. (7) A rotary valve air lock that discharges the ash from the hopper.
Bag failure: Filter bags in a baghouse fail with time. There are three basic failure mechanisms that can shorten the life of a bag; these are related to abrasion, thermal degradation, and chemical attack (EPA-84/09). Bag filter (or fabric filter): (1) A filter in which the medium is a fabric cylindrical bag. See collector for more related terms (EPA83). (2) A device designed to remove particles form canier gas or air by passage of the gas through a porous (fabric) medium. See filter for more related terms (EPA-83). See also baghouse. Bagacillo: Fine bagasse particles (EPA-75102d). Bagasse: (1) The fibrous residue that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or sugar beets. It is generally used as boiler fuel, and in some cases, in the manufacture of various byproducts (EPA-75102d). (2) Plant residues used to bind explosives (EPA-76/03). Bagging operation: The mechanical process by which bags are filled with nonmetallic minerals (40CFR60.671-91). Baghouse (or baghouse filter): A type of air pollution control device. A baghouse is also known as a bag filter or a fabric filter. A baghouse uses fabric filters to remove particulates from flue gases (ETI-92). The bag removes solid particulate matter from the flue gas stream by filtering the flue gas through fabric bags, usually made of cloth or glass fibers. Small particles are initially captured and retained on the fibers of the cloth by means of interception, impingement, diffusion, gravitational settling, and electrostatic attraction. Once a mat or cake of dust is accumulated, further collection is accomplished by sieving or other mechanisms. The cloth then serves mainly as a supporting structure for the dust mat responsible for the high collection efficiency. Periodically the
Baghouse: An air pollution abatement device used to trap particulate by filtering gas streams through large fabric bags usually made of glass fibers (AENmixedW-04). Bahco microparticle classifier: The Bahco is a versatile particle classifier used for measuring powders, dust, and other finely divided solid materials. The Bahco's working range is approximately 1 to 60 pm. The Bahco uses a combination of elutriation and centrifugation to separate particles in an air stream. Particles can be collected onto a filter by using an EPA Method 5 sampling train. The collected particles are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. See particle size measurement device for more related terms (Course 413, p4-7; EOA-84/09). A weighed sample, usually 5 grams, is introduced into a spiral-shaped air current to separate the particle fractions. The larger particles overcome the viscous forces of the fluid and migrate to the wall of the chamber, while the smaller particles remain suspended. After the two size fractions are separated, one of them is reintroduced into the device and is fractionated further. A different spin speed is used to give a slightly different centrifugal force. This is repeated as many times as desired to give an adequate size distribution. The measurements are grouped into discrete size ranges (i.e., 40-60 pm, 20-40 pm). The Bahco provides information on the aerodynamic size of particles. This data can be translated into settling velocity information useful in the design of emission control devices.
Several hours are required to complete the fractionation analysis. Once the particles have been fractionated into the discrete range, a chemical analysis can be done on the collected particles.
Bailer: (1) A pipe with a valve at the lower end, used to remove sluny from the bottom or side of a well as it is being drilled, or to collect groundwater samples from wells or open boreholes. (2) A tube of varying length (EPA-97/12). Bailer: A long pipe with a valve at the lower end, used to remove slurry from the bottom or side of a well as it is being drilled or to obtain a water sample from a developed well (NavyIEnv-04). Bait: The tool dipped into molten glass to start any drawing operation (EPA-83). Bake oven: A device which uses heat to dry or cure coatings (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391-91). Baked coatings: Any coating which is cured or dried in an oven where the oven air temperature exceeds 90 C (194 F) (40CFR52.741-9 1). Balance experiments: Experiments on man or other animals that involve quantitative measurements of intake (via respiration and ingestion) and loss (via exhalation and excretion) of a specific element or substance. A positive balance means that more is taken in than is lost over a specified time (LBL-76107-bio). Balanced draft: In a balanced draft system, a forced draft fan is used to push (or blow) combustion air into the incinerator and an induced draft fan (or the natural draft stack) is used to pull the combustion gas through the incinerator and exit from the stack. The draft is balanced so that the incinerator is maintained at a slightly negative pressure. This negative pressure presents emissions from leaking from the combustion chamber. See draft for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Balance-of-plant (BOP): All auxiliary equipment and machinery in a fuel cell power plant that are required to support the operation of the fuel cell plant itself. Balancing item: A measurement of the difference between the reported amount of natural gas produced and the amount consumed (CAA/C02gas-04). Balancing item: Represents differences between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of the components of natural gas disposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects of data reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net result of conversions of flow data metered at varying temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in company accounting and billing practices; differences between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of
data reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Bale: A standard bale of wastepaper is 72 in. long, 32 in. wide, and 28 in. deep, with a content of about 37 cubic feet and weighing 900 to 1000 Ibs. The size and weight may vary with the grade of paper. A bale of pulp varies in weight from 400 to 500 Ibs and is approximately 30x30~13in. size. A bale of rags varies in weight from 700 to 1300 Ibs and will vary in dimensions according to the press used. Typical dimensions are 26x30~72in., 26x42~72in., or 26x52~54in. A bale of bags weighs 61 to 62 Ibs (EPA-87/10). Baler: (1) A machine used to compress solid wastes, primary materials, or recoverable materials, with or without binding, to a density or from which will support handling and transportation as a material unit rather than requiring a disposable or reuseable container. This specifically excludes briquetters and stationary compaction equipment which is used to compact materials into disposable or reuseable containers (40CFR246.101-91). (2) A machine used to compress and bind materials together (EPA-83). Baler: A machine used to compress recyclables into bundles to reduce volume. Balers are often used on newspaper, plastics, and wrmgated cardboard (RCWmanagernent-04). Baling: Compacting solid waste into blocks to reduce volume and to simplify handling (EPA-97/12). Baling: The compaction of solid waste (shredded or non-shredded) or plastic and metal recyclables (flattened or non-flattened) into small rectangular blocks or bales. Baled solid waste is placed in a landfill in a similar fashion as a cell, with cover surrounding a bale or group of bales. Baling recyclable materials makes them easier to handle and transport (RCWmanagement-04). Ball decks: A tray of rubber balls that bounce against the bottom surface of a screen; thus eliminating blinding (EPA-88108a). Ball mill: Pulverizing equipment for the grinding of raw materials. Grinding is done by steel balls, pebbles, or rods (EPA-83103a). Ball powder: Small arms powder made by emulsifying a mixture of propellant and solvent in a liquid in which they are not soluble. Evaporation of the emulsifying liquid and the solvent yields quite uniform round balls of powder (EPA-76/03). Ballast: (1) The flow of waters, from a ship, that is treated along with refinery wastewaters in the main treatment system (40CFR419.11-91). (2) A circuit element that serves to limit an electric current or to provide a starting voltage, as in certain types of lamps, such as in fluorescent ceiling fixtures (EPA-83/03). Balled (or nuggetized): Describes municipal ferrous scrap which has been processed by a machine so that individual particles have been formed into tight, high density balls or nuggets (EPA-83).
Ballistic separator: (1) A device that drops mixed materials having different physical characteristics onto a high speed rotary impeller. They are hurled off at different velocities and land in separate collecting bins (SW-108ts). (2) A machine that sorts organic from inorganic matter for composting (EPA-97/12). See separator for more related terms. Band application: The spreading of chemicals over, or next to, each row of plants in a field (EPA-97/12). Bandwidth: The frequency range of a radio signal. Bank storage: The change in the amount of water stored in an aquifer adjacent to a surface-water body resulting from a change in stage of the surface-water body (CWA/Wbasics-04). Bank storage: The water absorbed into the banks of a stream channel, when the stages rise above the water table in the bank formations, then returned to the channel as effluent seepage when the stages fall below the water table (CWAihydrology-04). Bank: The margins of a channel. Banks are called right or left as viewed facing in the direction of the flow (CWAihydrology-04). Bank: The sloping ground that borders a stream and confines the water in the natural channel when the water level, or flow, is normal (CWAIWquality-04).
Barium (Ba): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 56; atomic weight 137.34; density 3.5 glcc; melting point 725 C; and boiling point 1640 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table. Barium (Ba): The heaviest of the stable alkaline earths, it is a soft, silver-grey metal. It is used in various alloys, paints, soap, paper, rubber, ceramics, glass, insecticides, oil and gas well drilling muds, fireworks, lubricating oil, and steel hardening. It is naturally abundant in nature and is found in plant and animal tissue. Ingestion of barium or some of its compounds can cause muscular problems, and it can accumulate in the skeleton (NavyIEnv-04). Barking: An operation of removing bark (tree skin) from pulpwood prior to processing. This is carried out by means of a barker with knife, and drum, by mechanical abrasion, by hydraulic barker, or by chemical means (EPA-87/10). Baroclinity: State of the atmosphere in which density is no unique function of pressure. The surfaces of constant density (isopycnic) do not coincide with surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric). The main effect of baroclinity is that vorticity can be generated in the atmosphere (cf. barotropy) (NATO-78/10). Barometer: A pressure gauge that measures atmospheric pressure. See pressure gauge for more related terms.
Bankfull stage: Stage at which a stream first overflows its natural banks. (See also flood stage. Bankfull stage is a hydraulic term, whereas flood stage implies damage) (CWAhydrology-04).
Barometric condenser: (1) An apparatus used to condense vapor, in which the vapors are condensed by direct contact with water (EPA-75102~).(2) The cooling water and the vapors are in physical contact; the condensate is mixed in the cooling water (EPA-75/02d, AP-40, P 199). See condenser for more related terms.
Banking: A system for recording qualified air emission reductions for later use in bubble, offset, or netting transactions (see emissions trading) (EPA-97/12).
Barometric condensing operations: Those operations or processes directly associated with or related to the concentration and crystallization of sugar solutions (40CFR409.11-91).
BAP: Benzo(a)pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Bar screen: In wastewater treatment, a device used to remove large solids (EPA-97/12).
Barometric damper: A hinged or pivoted plate that automatically regulates the amount of air entering a duct, breeching, flue connection, or stack. It thereby maintains a constant draft in the incinerator. See damper for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Bar, billet, and bloom: Those acid pickling operations that pickle bar, billet, or bloom products (40CFR420.91-91).
Barometric leg water: Condenser cooling water. See water for more related terms (EPA-75102d).
Bar: A CGS pressure unit, 1 bar = lo6 dynes/(cm2)= lo5 pascals 14.504 psi.
Barometric leg: (1) A pipe drawing water from a decker or similar piece of equipment discharging it below the surface of the water in a receiving tank. A syphon action is created thus drawing a vacuum on the decker (EPA-87/10). (2) A long vertical pipe through which spent condenser water leaves the barometric condenser. It serves as a source of vacuum (EPA-75102d).
= 750 mmHg = 0.987 atmosphere =
Barge haul: The hauling of material by barge (cf. rail haul) (EPA83). Baridex: A quantitative method for determining the amount of BaC03 required to combine the water soluble sulfates in clays of shales (EPA-83).
Barometric pressure: See atmospheric pressure.
Barometric seal: A column of liquid used to hydraulically seal a scrubber, or any component thereof, from the atmosphere or any other part of the system (EPA-89103b). Barotropy: A state of the atmosphere in which the pressure is a unique function of the density. The surfaces of constant density (isopycnic) coincide with the surfaces of constant pressure (isobaric) (cf. baroclinity) (NATO-78110). Barrel finishing: The process of polishing a workpiece using a rotating or vibrating container and abrasive grains or other polishing materials to achieve the desired surface appearance (EPA-83106a). Barrel plating: The electroplating of workpieces in barrels (bulk). See plating for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Barrel sampler: Open-ended steel tube used to collect soil samples (EPA-97/12). Barrel: Forty two (42) United States gallons at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (CWA311; SFlO1; 40CFR195.2; 113.3-91). Barren: Said of rock or vein material containing no minerals of value, and of strata without coal, or containing coal in seams too thin to be workable (CWNmining-04). Barricading: Enclosing part of a mine to prevent inflow of noxious gasses from a mine fire or an explosion (CWNmining04. Barrier bar: An elongate offshore ridge, submerged at least at high tide, built up by the action of waves or currents (CWNWbasics-04). Barrier beach: A narrow, elongate sandy ridge rising slightly above the high-tide level and extending generally parallel with the mainland shore, but separated from it by a lagoon (CWAIWbasics04). Barrier coating@): A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage of something through a surface that is to be protected, e.g., grout, caulk, or various sealing compounds; sometimes used with polyurethane membranes to prevent corrosion or oxidation of metal surfaces, chemical impacts on various materials, or, for example, to prevent radon infiltration through walls, cracks, or joints in a house (NavyIEnv-04). Barrier coating: A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage of something through a surface that is to be protected, e.g., grout, caulk, or various sealing compounds; sometimes used with polyurethane membranes to prevent corrosion or oxidation of metal surfaces, chemical impacts on various materials, or, for example, to prevent radon infiltration through walls, cracks, or joints in a house (EPA-97/12).
Barrier: A material that when placed around a source of noise inhibits the transmission of that noise beyond the barrier. Also, anything physical or an environment that interferes with communication or listening e.g., a poor acoustical environment can be a barrier to good listening and especially so for persons with a hearing impairment (NCNsound-04). Barrier: Any material or structure that prevents or substantially delays movement of water or radionuclides toward the accessible environment. For example, a barrier may be a geologic structure, a canister, a waste form with physical and chemical characteristics that significantly decrease the mobility of radionuclides, or a material placed over and around waste, provided that the material or structure substantially delays movement of water or radionuclides (40CFR191.12-91). Barrier: Something that bars or keeps out. Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire (CWNmining-04). Barton pot: A reactor vessel, used in the Barton process, into which molten lead is fed and vigorously agitated to form fine lead droplets in the presence of air. The resulting mixture of unoxidized lead and lead oxides (lead oxide) comprises an active material in lead acid batteries (EPA-84/08). Barton process: A process for making lead oxide to be used in secondary lead oxide batteries. Molten lead is fed, agitated, and stirred in a pot with the resulting fine droplets oxidized. Materials are collected in a settling chamber where crystalline varieties of lead oxide are formed (EPA-83103a). Basal application: In pesticides, the application of a chemical on plant stems or tree trunks just above the soil line (EPA-97/12). Basal diet: The food or diet as it is prepared or received from the supplier, without the addition of any carrier, diluent, or test substance (40CFR797.2050-91, see also 40CFR797.2 130; 797.2 150-91). Basalt: Consistent year-round energy use of a facility; also refers to the minimum amount of electricity supplied continually to a facility (EPA-97/12). Base board duct: A continuous system of sheet metal or plastic channel ducting that is sealed over the joint between the wall and floor around the entire perimeter of the basement. Holes drilled into hollow blocks in the wall allow suction to be drawn on the walls and joint to remove radon through the ducts to a release point away from the inside of the house (EPA-88/08). Base date period: The 30-day period immediately preceding the base date; "compliance date period" means the 30-day period immediately preceding the compliance date. In situations where the averaging periods are not appropriate, approval of an alternate
period may be requested from the Regional Administrator (40CFR52.2297-91).
Base date: The date set forth in paragraph (d) of this section as of which the base number of single-passenger commuter vehicles at a particular employment facility or educational institution must be determined (40CFR52.1161-91, see also 40CFR52.2297-91). Base discharge (for peak discharge): In the Geological Survey's annual reports on surface-water supply, the discharge above which peak discharge data are published. The base discharge at each station is selected so that an average of about three peaks a year will be presented. See also partial-duration flood series (CWA/hydrology-04). Base film: The substrate that is coated to produce magnetic tape (40CFR60.7 11-91). Base flood: The flood which has a one percent chance of occurrence in any given year (also known as a 100-year flood). This term is used in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to indicate the minimum level of flooding to be used by a community in its floodplain management regulations. See flood for more related terms (40CFR6-App/A-91). Base floodplain: The land area covered by a 100-year flood (one percent chance floodplain). Also see definition of floodplain (40CFR6-AppIA-91). Base flow: Stream flow coming from groundwater seepage into a stream. Base flow: The part of a stream flow contributed by groundwater which seeps into the surface streams (DOI-70104).
power supply by an energy system. A base load level may fluctuate due to changes in power demand. (4) See load for more related terms.
Base neutral acid compound (BNA): See semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) (NavyIEnv-04). Base pair mutagens: The agents which cause a base change in the DNA. In a reversion assay, this change may occur at the site of the original mutation or at a second site in the chromosome (40CFR798.5265-91, see also 40CFR798.5300-91). Base realignment and closure (BRAC) account: The account from which Congress requires the Department of Defense to fund environmental restoration efforts at military installations being closed or realigned. The BRAC environmental program, part of an overall BRAC account, funds more than environmental restoration efforts; it also includes environmental compliance and planning related to the closure of military installations (OMBIReg-04). Base realignment and closure (BRAC): Refers to policy, procedures, authorities, and responsibilities for closing or realigning military installations across the Department of Defense. Includes environmental restoration activities (NavytEnv-04). Base runoff: Sustained or fair weather runoff. In most streams, base runoff is composed largely of groundwater effluent. The term base flow is often used in the same sense as base runoff. However, the distinction is the same as that between streamflow and runoff. When the concept in the terms base flow and base runoff is that of the natural flow in a stream, base runoff is the logical term (CWAIhydrology-04).
Base flow: The sustained low flow of a stream, usually groundwater inflow to the stream channel (CWANbasics-04).
Base temperature: An arbitrary reference temperature for determining liquid densities or adjusting the measured volume of a liquid quantity. See temperature for more related terms (40CFR60.43 1-91).
Base gasoline: The gasoline which meets the specifications specified in CAA241. See gasoline for more related terms (CAA241-42U.S.C.7581-91).
Base vehicle: The lowest priced version of each body style that makes up a car line. See vehicle for more related terms (4OCFR600.002.85-91).
Base level: A unique combination of basic engine inertia weight class and transmission class (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Base: A substance that has a pH of more than 7, which is neutral. A base has less free hydrogen ions (H+)than hydroxyl ions (OH-) (CWAIWscience-04).
Base load station: An electric generating plant which is normally operated to take all or part of the base load of a system and consequently operates at a constant output (EPA-83). Base load unit: An electric generating facility operating continuously at a constant output with little hourly or daily fluctuation (EPA-82/11f). Base load: (1) The load level at which a gas turbine is normally operated (40CFR60.331-91). (2) The minimum load over a given period of time (EPA-83). (3) The minimum power demand on a
Base: In chemistry: (1) A substance that in aqueous solution turns red litmus into blue, furnishes hydroxyl ions, reacts with, and neutralizes an acid to form a salt and water only (EPA-83/09). (2) A substance that can remove hydrogen ions (protons) from an acid and combine with them in a chemical reaction. (3) A substance that dissolves in water forming hydroxyl ions (EPA-87110a). Base: In construction, the lowest frame of a structure. Other baserelated terms include (1)Lewis base and (2) Strong base.
Base: Substances that (usually) liberate OH anions when dissolved in water. Bases (1) React with acids to form salts; (2) Have a pH greater than 7.0; (3) Turn litmus paper blue; and (4) May be corrosive to tissue. A strong base is called alkaline or caustic. Examples are lye and DRANO (NavyIEnv-04). Based flood: A flood that has a one percent or greater chance of recumng in any year or a flood of a magnitude equalled or exceeded over in 100 years on the average over a significantly long period. See flood for more related terms (40CFR257.3.1-91).
quality concentration determination. Emissions of sulfur oxides and particulate matter from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced after January 6, 1975, shall not be included in the baseline and shall be counted against the maximum allowable increases in pollutant concentrations established under this part (CAA169-42U.S.C.7479).
Baseline configuration: The unretrofitted test configuration, tuned in accordance with the automobile manufacturers' specifications (40CFR610.11-91).
Basel Convention: The international treaty that establishes standards for global trade of hazardous waste, municipal waste, and municipal incinerator ash. Because the United States is not a party to the convention, US. businesses can only export waste to those countries with which the U.S. government has negotiated a separate waste trade agreement (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Baseline consumption allowance: The consumption allowances apportioned under 40CFR82.6 (40CFR82.3-91).
Baseline area: (1) Any intrastate area (and every part thereof) designated as attainment or unclassifiable under section 107(d)(l)(D) or (E) of the Act in which the major source or major modification establishing the minor source baseline date would construct or would have an air quality impact equal to or greater than 1 @m3 (annual average) of the pollutant for which the minor source baseline date is established. (2) Area redesignations under section 107(d)(l)(D) or (E) of the Act cannot intersect or be smaller than the area of impact of any major stationary source or major modification which: (a) Establishes a minor source baseline date; or (b) Is subject to 40CFR52.21 or under regulations approved pursuant to 40CFR5 1.166, and would be constructed in the same state as the state proposing the redesignation. (3) Any baseline area established originally for the TSP increments shall remain in effect and shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of available PM-10 increments, except that such baseline area shall not remain in effect if the permit authority rescinds the corresponding minor source baseline date in accordance with paragraph (b)(l4)(iv) of this section (40CFR51.166-15-91).
Baseline gasoline: (1) Summertime: The term baseline gasoline means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the specifications. (2) Wintertime: The administrator shall establish the specifications of baseline gasoline for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period (CAA2ll.k42U.S.C.7545-91). See baseline gasoline in Appendix B for more information.
Baseline audiogram: The audiogram obtained from an audiometric examination administered before employment or within the first 30 days of employment that is preceded by a period of at least 12 hours of quiet. The baseline audiogram is the audiogram against which subsequent audiograms will be compared for the calculation of significant threshold shift (NCNsound-04). Baseline concentration: With respect to a pollutant, the ambient concentration levels which exist at the time of the first application for a permit in an area subject to this part, based on air quality data available in the federal Environmental Protection Agency or a state air pollution control agency and on such monitoring data as the permit applicant is required to submit. Such ambient concentration levels shall take into account all projected emissions in, or which may affect, such area from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced prior to January 6, 1975, but which has not begun operation by the date of the baseline air
Baseline date: Baseline daterelated terms include (1) Major source baseline date and (2) Minor source baseline date (see major source baseline date).
Baseline model year: With respect to any pollutant emitted from any vehicle or engine, or class or category thereof, the model year immediately preceding the model year in which federal standards applicable to such vehicle or engine, or class or category thereof, first applied with respect to such pollutant (CAA202). Baseline or trend assessment survey: The planned sampling or measurement of parameters at set stations or in set areas in and near disposal sites for a period of time sufficient to provide synoptic data for determining water quality, benthic, or biological conditions as a result of ocean disposal operations. The minimum requirements of rush surveys are given in 40CFR228.13 (4OCFR228.2-91). Baseline production allowances: The production allowances apportioned under 40CFR82.5 (40CFR82.3-91). Baseline risk assessment: An analysis of the potential adverse health effects (current or future) caused by contaminant releases from a site in the absence of any actions to control or mitigate these releases. According to EPA, the baseline risk assessment can be used to determine whether: (1) A release or threatened release poses an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment that warrants remedial action; and (2) A site presents an imminent and substantial endangerment. The primary purpose is to provide risk managers with an understanding of the actual and potential
risks to human health and the environment posed by the site and the uncertainties associated with the assessment (NavyIEnv-04).
Baseline tritium production: Tritium production in sufficient quantity to meet any future production requirements based on historical fluctuations and unspecified projections into the next century (DOE-9 1/04). Baseline vehicle: The representative model year 1990 vehicles. See vehicle for more related terms (CAM1 1.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). Baseline: A quantitative expression of conditions, costs, schedule, or technical progress to serve as a base or standard for measurement during the performance of an effort; the established plan against which the status of resources and the progress of a project can be measured. The environmental baseline is the site environmental conditions as they are projected to occur in 1995 (construction) and 2000 (operation). See also CAA40242U.S.C.765 1 a (DOE-91/04). Basement rock: The undifferentiated rocks, commonly igneous and metamorphic, that underlie the rocks of interest in a given area (DOE-91/04). Basement: A type of house construction where the bottom livable level has a slab (or earthen floor) which averages 3 ft or more below grade level on one or more sides of the house and is sufficiently high to stand in (cf. crawl space) (EPA-88/08). Basic brick: A brick made of a material which is a basic anhydride such as MgO or mixed MgO plus CaO. See brick for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Basic component: A reactor structure, system, component, or part thereof that is necessary to ensure the: (1) Integrity of a reactor coolant or moderator pressure boundaries. (2) Capability to shut down a reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition. (3) Capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents that could result in a large release of radiation (DOE-91/04). Basic engine: The unique combination of manufacturer, engine displacement, number of cylinders, fuel system (as distinguished by number of carburetor barrels or use of fuel injection), catalyst usage, and other engine and emission control system characteristics specified by the Administrator. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Basic fured sites: Sites on streams at which streamflow is measured and samples are collected for temperature, salinity, suspended sediment, major ions and metals, nutrients, and organic carbon to assess the broad-scale spatial and temporal character and transport of inorganic constituents of streamwater in relation to hydrologic conditions and environmental settings (CWANquality -04).
Basic furnace: A furnace in which the refractory material is composed of dolomite or magnesite. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74106a). Basic hydrologic data: Includes inventories of features of land and water that vary only from place to place (topographic and geologic maps are examples), and records of processes that vary with both place and time. (Records of precipitation, streamflow, groundwater, and quality-of-water analyses are examples.) Basic hydrologic information is a broader term that includes surveys of the water resources of particular areas and a study of their physical and related economic processes, interrelations, and mechanisms (CWAihydrology-04). Basic oxygen furnace steel making: The production of steel from molten iron, steel scrap, fluxes, and various combinations thereof, in refractory lined fuel-fired furnaces by adding oxygen. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF): Any furnace with a refractory lining in which molten steel is produced by charging scrap metal, molten iron, and flux materials or alloy additions into a vessel and by introducing a high volume of oxygen-rich gas. Open hearth, blast, and reverberatory furnaces are not included in this definition. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141; 60.141a-91). Basic oxygen steel making: The basic oxygen process is carried out in a basic lined furnace which is shaped like a pear. High pressure oxygen is blown vertically downward on the surface of the molten iron through a water cooled lance (EPA-74106a). Basic refractory: The major constituent is lime, magnesia, or both, and may react chemically with acid refractories, acid slags, or acid fluxes at high temperatures. Includes refractories made of chrome ore or combinations of chrome ore and dead burned magnesite. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Basic vehicle frontal area: The area enclosed by the geometric projection of the basic vehicle along the longitudinal axis, which includes tires but excludes mirrors and air deflectors, onto a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle (40CFR86.082.2-91). Basic: The opposite of acidic; water that has a pH of greater than 7 (CWNWbasics-04). Basic-stage flood series: See partial duration flood series (CWAihydrology-04). Basin and range physiography: A region characterized by a series of generally north-trending mountain ranges separated by alluvial valleys (CWANquality-04). Basin: A region in which the strata or layers of rock dip in all directions toward a central point. Thus, it is any hollow or trough
in the earth's crust, whether filled by water or not. A river basin is the total area drained by a river and its tributaries (DOI-70104).
Basis material: (1) The coiled strip which is processed (40CFR465.02-91). (2) The metal part or base onto which porcelain enamel is applied (40CFR466.02-91). (3) The substance of which the workpieces are made and receive the treatments in preparation for coating (EPA-8211 le). Basis weight: The weight of a sheet of paper of a given area. It is effected by the density and thickness of the sheet (EPA-87/10). Basophilic stippling: The characteristic appearance of some erythrocytes that contain cytoplasmic material that stains deeply with basic dyes (LBG76107-bio).
Batch sample: The collection of samples (compressors) that are drawn from a batch. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91). Batch sample: The collection of substances or products of the same category, configuration, or subgroup thereof which are drawn from a batch and from which test samples are drawn (AENmixedW-04). Batch size: The number as designated by the Administrator in the test request, of compressors of the same category or configuration in a batch (40CFR204.5 1-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91).
Batch distillation operation: A noncontinuous distillation operation in which a discrete quantity or batch of liquid feed is charged into a distillation unit and distilled at one time. After the initial charging of the liquid feed, no additional liquid is added during the distillation operation (40CFR60.661-91).
Batch treatment: (1) Any treatment in which the process is completed and the products are discharged before more raw material is charged (Scott-81). (2) A waste treatment method where wastewater is collected over a period of time, and the collected wastewater is treated in a tank or lagoon prior to discharge. Wastewater collection may be continuous when treatment is batch (EPA-85110a). (3) See treatment for more related terms.
Batch fed incinerator: An incinerator that is periodically charged with waste; one charge is allowed to bum out before another is charged. See incinerator for more related terms (SW-1O8ts).
Batch, pipe, and tube: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from pipe and tube products in batch processes (40CFR420.81-91).
Batch house: The place where batch materials are received, handled, weighed, and mixed, for delivery to melting units (EPA83).
Batch, rod, and wire: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from rod and wire products in batch processes (40CFR420.81-91).
Batch loader: A type of enclosed compactor truck equipped with a loading hopper at the rear and a large mechanized panel which sweeps the solid wastes into the body of the unit (EPA-83).
Batch, sheet, and plate: Those descaling operations that remove surface scale from sheet and plate products in batch processes (40CFR420.8 1-91).
Batch lot: A definite quantity of samples collected under conditions that are considered uniform (cf. lot size) (EPA-84/03).
Batch: Any manufacturing or treatment process which accumulates a fixed volume of materials (e.g., wastewater) for processing, treatment, or discharge (cf. continuous) (EPA-79/12b, see also 40CFR160.3; 169.1; 204.51; 205.51; 420.81; 420.91; 420.1 11; 792.3-91).
Batch MWC: A municipal waste combustor (MWC) unit designed such that it cannot combust municipal solid waste (MSW) continuously 24 hours per day because the design does not allow waste to be fed to the unit or ash to be removed while combustion is occumng (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Batch process: A process which has an intermittent flow of raw materials into the process and, consequently, produces an intermittent flow of product and process waste from the process. This is in contrast to a continuous process in which material is continuously processed without interruptions (EPA-8711Oa). Batch sample size: The number of compressors of the same category or configuration which is randomly drawn from the batch sample and which will receive emissions tests. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91).
Batch: The collection of a substance or a product of the same category or configuration, as designated by the Administrator in a test request, from which a batch sample is to be randomly drawn and inspected to determine conformance with acceptability criteria (AENmixedW-04). Bating: A manufacturing step following liming and preceding pickling. The purpose of this operation is to delime the hides, reduce swelling, peptize fibers, and remove protein degradation products from the hide (EPA-82/11). Batt insulation: See blanket insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Battery configuration: The electrochemical type, voltage, capacity (in Watt-hours at the c13 rate), and physical
characteristics of the battery used as the tractive energy storage device (40CFR600.002.85-91). Battery furnace wall: A double or common wall between two combustion chambers in which both faces are exposed to heat. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Battery management: The management of charging and discharging conditions for a battery. Battery manufacturing operation: All of the specific processes used to produce a battery including the manufacture of anodes and cathodes, and associated ancillary operations. These manufacturing operations are excluded from regulation under any other point source category (40CFR461.2-91). Battery separator: An asbestos containing product used as an insulator or separator between the negative and positive terminals in batteries and fuel cells (40CFR763.163-91). Battery: A device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. This term usually applies to two or more cells connected in series, parallel, or a combination of both. Common usage has blurred the distinction between the terms cell and battery and frequently the term battery is applied to any finished entity sold as a single unit, whether it contains one cell, as do most flashlight batteries, or several cells, as do automotive batteries (EPA-84/08). Battery: A modular electric power source where part or all of the fuel is contained within the unit and electric power is generated directly from a chemical reaction rather than indirectly through a heat cycle engine. In this regulation there is no differentiation between a single cell and a battery (40CFR461.2-91). Battery: An electrochemical cell that converts its stored chemical energy to electrical energy. A battery generally consists of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. Battery: For more related terms, see (1) Primary battery; (2) Secondary battery; (3) Secondary cell (see secondary battery); (4) Storage battery; and (5) Trucked battery. Bauxite treating: A catalytic process to convert sulfur compounds in petroleum into hydrogen sulfide by passing vaporized petroleum fraction through bauxite beds.
BCT or BCT effluent limitations: See best conventional pollutant control technology. BCT: Acronyms for: (1) Best Control Technology. (2) Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology under section 304(b)(4) of the Clean Water Act (AENmixedW-04). BDAT: Best Demonstrated Achievable (or Available) Technology (AEAImixedW-04). BDT: Best Demonstrated Technology (AENmixedW-04). Bead cementing operation: The system that is used to apply cement to the bead rubber before or after it is wound into its final circular form. A bead cementing operation consists of a cement application station, such as a dip tank, spray booth and nozzles, cement trough and roller or swab applicator, and all other equipment necessary to apply cement to wound beads or bead rubber and to allow evaporation of solvent from cemented beads (40CFR60.541-91). Bead: (1) Rubber-covered strands of wire, wound into a circular form, which ensure a seal between a tire and the rim of the wheel onto which the tire is mounted (40CFR60.541-91). (2) An enlarged, rounded edge of a tumbler or other glass article, or any raised section extending around the article. (3) A small piece of glass tubing used around a lead wire (EPA-83). Beam building: The creation of a strong, inflexible beam by bolting or otherwise fastening together several weaker layers. In coal mining, this is the intended basis for roof bolting (CWNmining-04). Beam: A bar or straight girder used to support a span of roof between two support props or walls (CWNmining-04). Beamhouse: The portion of the tannery where the hides are washed, limed, fleshed, and unhaired when necessary prior to the tanning process (EPA-82/11). Bean sheet: Common term for a pesticide data package record (EPA-97/12). Bearing capacity: The maximum load that a material can support before failing (SW-108ts).
Bauxite: The ore containing alumina monohydrate or alumina trihydrate which serves as the principal raw material for the production of alumina by the Bayer process or by the combination process (4OCFR421.1 1-91).
Bearing plate: A plate used to distribute a given load. In roof bolting, the plate used between the bolt head and the roof (CWNmining-04).
Bayer process: A process in which impure aluminum in bauxite is dissolved in a hot, strong, alkalai solution (normally NaOH) to form sodium aluminate. Upon dilution and cooling, the solution hydrolyzes and forms a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide (EPA82/05).
Bearing: A surveying term used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. The meridian is an established line of reference. Azimuths are angles measured clockwise from any meridian (CWNmining-04).
Beater-add gasket: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper intended for use as a gasket, and designed to prevent leakage of liquids, solids, or gases, and to seal the space between two sections of a component in circumstances not involving rotary, reciprocating, and helical motions. Major applications of beateradd gaskets include gaskets for internal combustion engines; carburetors; exhaust manifolds; compressors; reactors; distillation columns; and other apparatus. See gasket for more related terms (4OCFR763.163-91). Beater: In the pulp or paper industry, a machine consisting of a tank or tub, usually with a partition or midfeather, and containing a heavy roll revolving against a bedplate. Its function is to separate the wood materials and free the fibers preparatory to further processing. Fillers, dyestuffs, and sizing materials may be added to the beater and thus incorporated with the paper stock. Many modifications in design have been developed without changing the basic principles (cf. refiner) (EPA-87/10). Beccari process: A composting process developed by Dr. Giovanni Beccari in 1922. Anaerobic fermentation is followed by a final stage in which decomposition proceeds under partially aerobic conditions; the process was later modified by Verdier and Bordas (SW-108ts). Becquerel (Bq): A rate of radioactive decay. One becquerel is the quantity of any radioactive nuclide which undergoes one disintegration per second. See radiation unit for more related terms (4OCFR302.4-AppiB-91). Bed depth: In wastewater treatment, the amount of activated carbon expressed in length units which is parallel to the flow of the stream and through which the stream must pass (EPA-8211 If). Bed load: Sediment particles resting on or near the channel bottom that are pushed or rolled along by the flow of water (EPA97/12). Bed material: Sediment (CWNWbasics-04).
composing
the
streambed
Bed sediment and tissue studies: Assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and hydrophobic organic contaminants in streambed sediment and tissues of aquatic organisms to identify potential sources and to assess spatial distribution of those constituents (CWAIWbasics-04). Bed sediment: The material that temporarily is stationary in the bottom of a stream or other watercourse (CWNWbasics-04). Bed: A stratum of coal or other sedimentary deposit (CWNmining-04).
Bed: In mining, the smallest division of a stratified series and marked by a more or less well-defined divisional plane from the materials above and below (cf. fixed bed) (EPA-82/05). Bedding: The arrangement of rocks in layers or strata (DOI70104). Bedload: Sediment that moves on or near the streambed and is in almost continuous contact with the bed (CWA~Wquality-04). Bedrock: A general term used for solid rock that underlies soils or other unconsolidated material (CWNWbasics-04). Bedrock: Any solid rocks exposed at the surface or overlain by unconsolidated materials (NavyJEnv-04). Bedrock: The solid rock beneath the loose material (soil and subsoil) with which most of the land surface of the Earth is covered. It is sometimes several hundred feet beneath the surface, but is usually found at a much smaller depth; in places, especially on steep slopes, it has no soil cover at all (DOI-70104). Bedrock: The solid rock beneath the soil and superficial rock. A general term for solid rock that lies beneath soil, loose sediments, or other unconsolidated material (CWA/Wscience-04). Beehive cokemaking: Those operations in which coal is heated with the admission of air in controlled amounts for the purpose of producing coke. There are no byproduct recovery operations associated with beehive cokemaking operations (40CFR420.1191). Beer Lambert law: The law states that the absorbance of a solution of a given chemical species, at a fixed wavelength, is proportional to the thickness of the solution, or the light pathlength, and the concentration of the absorbing species. See law for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91). Beer's law: The absorbance of a homogeneous sample containing an absorbing substance is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance. The absorbance, A, is given by the expression, A = loglo(I,lI), where I is the radiant power incident on the sample and I is the radiant power transmitted through the sample. See law for more related terms (LBL-76107-air). Beet pulp: The vegetable matter left after sugar is extracted from cossettes. Used, wet, dehydrated, or pelleted as commercial cattle feed. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Begin actual construction: In general, initiation of physical onsite construction activities on an emissions unit which are of a permanent nature. Such activities include, but are not limited to, installation of building supports and foundations, laying of underground pipework, and construction of permanent storage structures. With respect to a change in method of operating this
term refers to those on-site activities other than preparatory activities which mark the initiation of the change (40CFR51.16591, see also 40CFR51.166; 52.21; 52.24-91).
Bench: One of two or more divisions of a coal seam separated by slate or formed by the process of cutting the coal (CWNmining04).
Behavioral toxicity: Motor function (motor activity, coordination strength), sensory function (vision, audition), integrative systems (learning and memory). See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12).
Bench: The surface of an excavated area at some point between the material being mined and the original surface of the ground on which equipment can be set, moved, or operated. A working road or base below a highwall as in contour stripping for coal (EPA82/10).
BEL: A measurement of sound intensity named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell. First used to relate intensity to a level corresponding to hearing sensation (NCNsound-04). Belowground release: Any release to the subsurface of the land and to groundwater. This includes, but is not limited to, releases from the belowground portions of an underground storage tank system and belowground releases associated with overfills and transfer operations as the regulated substances move to or from an underground storage tank. See release for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91). Belowground storage facility: A tank or other container located other than as defined as aboveground (40CFR113.3-91). Belt conveyer: A conveying device that transports material from one location to another by means of an endless belt that is carried on a series of idlers and routed around a pulley at each end. See conveyer for more related terms (40CFR60.671-91). Belt conveyor: A looped belt on which coal or other materials can be carried and which is generally constructed of flame-resistant material or of reinforced rubber or rubber-like substance (CWNmining-04). Belt idler: A roller, usually of cylindrical shape, which is supported on a frame and which, in turn, supports or guides a conveyor belt. Idlers are not powered but turn by contact with the moving belt (CWNmining-04). Belt take-up: A belt pulley, generally under a conveyor belt and by the drive pulley, kept under strong tension parallel to the belt line. Its purpose is to automatically compensate for any slack in the belting created by start-up, etc. (CWNmining-04). BEN: EPA's computer model for analyzing a violator's economic gain from not complying with the law (EPA-97/12). Bench scale testing: A treatability study designed to provide quantitative information for the evaluation of a technology's performance for an operable unit. A bench-scale study serves to verify that the technology can meet the anticipated ROD cleanup goals and provides information in support of remedy evaluation (EPA-89112a).
Benchmark Response (BMR): A designated level or percent of response relative to the control level of response used in calculating a BMD (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bench-scale tests: Laboratory testing of potential cleanup technologies (see treatability studies) (EPA-97/12). Bench-scale tests: Laboratory testing of potential cleanup technologies. Contaminated media from the site are generally used to determine the applicability of a technology to a specific site. See pilot tests and treatability studies (NavyIEnv-04). Bending strength: Ability of a sheet to bend but not crease (EPA83). Beneath the surface of the ground: Beneath the ground surface or otherwise covered with earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91). Beneficial organism: Any pollinating insect, or any pest predator, parasite, pathogen, or other biological control agent which functions naturally or as part of an integrated pest management program to control another pest (40CFR166.3-91). Beneficiation area: The area of land used to stockpile ore immediately before the beneficiation process, the area of land used for the beneficiation process, the area of land used to stockpile the tailings immediately after the beneficiation process, and the area of land from the stockpiled tailings to the treatment system (e.g., holding pond or settling pond, and the area of the treatment system) (40CFR440.141-91). Beneficiation process: The dressing or processing of gold bearing ores for the purpose of (1) Regulating the size of, or recovering, the ore or product; (2) Removing unwanted constituents from the ore; and (3) Improving the quality, purity, or assay grade of a desired product (40CFR440.141-91). Beneficiation: (1) The process of washing the rock to remove impurities or to separate size fractions (40CFR60.401-91). (2) Concentration or other preparation of ore for smelting by drying, flotation, or magnetic separation (EPA-82/05). Beneficiation: The treatment of mined material, making it more concentrated or richer (CWNmining-04).
Benefit cost analysis: The economic analysis of a resource development project, taking into account both known and projected factors with a view to discovering the relative efficiency of the project (DOI-70104). Benefit: In the context of statement, anything of value, including but not limited to any advantage, preference, privilege, license, permit, favorable decision, ruling status, or loan guarantee (40CFR27.2-91). Benefit-cost analysis: An economic method for assessing the benefits and costs of achieving alternative health-based standards at given levels of health protection (EPA-97/12). Benign: Not malignant; remaining localized (EPA-92/12). Bent glass: A flat glass that has been shaped, while hot, into cylindrical or other curved shapes. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Benthic invertebrates: Insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and other organisms without a backbone that live in, on, or near the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans (CWNWbasics-04). Benthic macroorganism: An organism associated with the bottom material of a lake or stream, or with sludge and deposits in a trickling filter, large enough to be retained by a relatively coarse mesh screen (No. 30 sieve, having openings of 0.589 mm) (cf. organism, macro) (DOI-70104). Benthic microorganism: A bottom dwelling organism small enough so that it will be retained only by a relatively fine mesh screen (No. 100, having openings of 0.149 rnm) (cf. organism, micro) (DOI-70104). Benthic organism (benthos): A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, or ocean (EPA-89/12), Benthic organism (benthos): A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake, ocean, or other water body (NavyIEnv-04). Benthic organism: A form of aquatic life that lives on or near the bottom of streams, lakes, or oceans (CWNWbasics-04). Benthic region: The bottom layer of a body of water (EPA-89/12). This region supports the benthos, a type of life that not only lives upon, but contributes to the character of the bottom. Benthic: (1) Relating to the bottom of a water body, e.g., muddwelling mollusks are benthic organisms (DOI-70104). (2) Plants and animals dwelling at the bottom of oceans, lakes, rivers, and other surface waters (DOE-91/04).
Benthic: Refers to plants or animals that live on the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans (CWANquality-04). Benthic: Relating to or occurring at the bottom of a body of water (SFIremedy-04). Benthiocarb (C12H16NOCl):A liquid used as an herbicide to control aquatic weeds in rice crops. Benthos: Organisms such as fauna and flora that live on the bottoms of a water body (EPA-76/03). These include (1) Sessile animals, such as the sponges, barnacles, mussels, oysters, some of the worn, and many attached algae; (2) Creeping forms, such as insects, snails, and certain clan; and (3) Burrowing forms, which include most clams and worms (LBL-76107-water). Bentonite: A colloidal clay, expansible when moist, commonly used to provide a tight seal around a well casing (EPA-97/12). Bentonite: A type of soil that swells greatly in the presence of water. Because bentonite impedes the flow of water, it is used for liners, covers, and various other landfill applications (RCRAImanagement-
04). Bentonite: Clay made of decomposed volcanic ash which is used to seal wells (hole plug) (Navy/Env-04). Bentsen wastes: Geothermal exploration, development, and production waste exempt from RCRA Subtitle C regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04). Benzalkonium chloride: A yellow white powder used as a fungicide and bactericide. Benzene (C6H6): A colourles~liquid used as a solvent (see also 40CFR420.02-91). Benzene concentration: The fraction by weight of benzene in a waste as determined in accordance with the procedures specified in 40CFR1.355 of this subpart (40CFR61.341-91). Benzene storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store refined benzene (40CFR61.13 1-91). Benzenesulfonic acid (C6H603S):A strong organic acid used in detergents. Benzidine-based dye applicator: An owner or operator who uses benzidine-based dyes in the dyeing of textiles, leather, or paper (40CFRl29.104-91). Benzidine manufacturer: A manufacturer who produces benzidine or who produces benzidine as an intermediate product in the manufacture of dyes commonly used for textile, leather, and paper dyeing (40CFR129.104-91).
Benzidine: The compound benzidine and its salts as identified by the chemical name 4,4 diaminobiphenyl(40CFR129.4-91). Benzoic acid (C7H602):An aromatic acid used in preserving foods, fats, and juices. Berkelium (Bk): A radioactive metal with atomic number 97; atomic weight 247. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Berm: A horizontal shelf built for the purpose of strengthening and increasing the stability of a slope or to catch or arrest slope slough material (cf. bench) (EPA-75110~). Berm: A pile or mound of material capable of restraining a vehicle (CWAImining-04). Berm: An elongated pile of soil used to control and direct the flow of surface water runoff. Berms may also be used to block out noise and screen operations h m public view (RCRA/management-04).
Beryllium containing waste: The material contaminated with beryllium andor beryllium compounds used or generated during any process or operation performed by a source subject to this subpart (40CFR61.3 1-91). Beryllium copper alloy: Any copper alloy that is alloyed to contain 0.10% or greater beryllium (40CFR468.02-91). Beryllium ore: Any naturally occumng material mined or gathered for its beryllium content (40CFR61.31-91). Beryllium propellant: Any propellant incorporating beryllium (40CFR61.41-91). Best available control measures (BACM): A term used to refer to the most effective measures (according to EPA guidance) for controlling small or dispersed particulates from sources such as roadway dust, soot, and ash from woodstoves and open burning of rush, timber, grasslands, or trash (EPA-97/12).
Bernoulli equation for an incompressible flow: The basic Best available control technology (BACT): An emission energy equation of a frictionless, incompressible fluid for the case limitation based on the maximum degree of reduction of each of steady flow along a single streamline is expressed as: The sum pollutant subject to regulation under this Act emitted from or of the pressure energy, the kinetic energy, and the potential energy which results from any major emitting facility, which the of a given mass of the fluid is constant. The concept can be permitting authority, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account ) Where static pressure expressed as P/w + ~ ~ / ( +2z ~= constant. energy, environmental, and economic impacts and other costs, head (Plw) = pressure/(specific weight); velocity head ( ~ ~ 1 =2 ~ ) determines is achievable for such facility through application of velocity square/(2x(accelerationdue to gravity, 32.1 7 ft/sec2)); and production processes and available methods, systems, and potential head (z) =height (AP-40, p25). techniques, including fuel cleaning or treatment or innovative fuel combustion techniques for control of each such pollutant. In no Beryllium (Be): (1) The element beryllium. Where weights or event shall application of best available control technology result concentrations are specified, such weights or concentrations apply in emissions of any pollutants which will exceed the emissions to beryllium only, excluding the weight or concentration of any allowed by any applicable standard established pursuant to section associated elements (40CFR61.31-91). (2) An alkaline earth metal 111 or 112 of this Act (CAN 69, see also 40CFR51.166; 52.2 1). with atomic number 4; atomic weight 6.939; density 1.85 glee; melting point 1277 C and boiling point 2770. The element belongs Best available control technology (BACT): An emission to group IIA of the periodic table. (3) A metal hazardous to human limitation based on the maximum degree of emission reduction health when inhaled as an airborne pollutant. It is discharged by (considering energy, environmental, and economic impacts) machine shops, ceramic and propellant plants, and foundries achievable through application of production processes and (EPA-97/12). available methods, systems, and techniques. BACT does not permit emissions in excess of those allowed under any applicable Beryllium (Be): A greyish-white metal occurring naturally in Clean Air Act provisions. Use of the BACT concept is allowable certain rocks, soils, and volcanic dust. A major emission source to on a case-by-case basis for major new or modified emissions the environment is through the fly ash from combustion of coal sources in attainment areas and applies to each regulated pollutant and fuel oil, which can contain the metal. It is used in nuclear (EPA-97/12). reactors, radio and television tubes, fluorescent tubes, and powders. It is discharged by machine shops, ceramic and propellant plants, Best available control technology (BACT): For any specific and foundries. In the environment, it ultimately accumulates in source, the currently available technology producing the greatest sediments. Beryllium can cause severe dermatitis problems and reduction of air pollutant emissions, taking into account energy, can be toxic if inhaled. It is a Group B2, animal carcinogen environmental, economic, and other costs (EPA-97/12). (Navy/Env-04). Best available control technology (BACT): The most stringent Beryllium alloy: Any metal to which beryllium has been added in technology available for controlling emissions; major sources are order to increase its beryllium content and which contains more required to use BACT, unless it can be demonstrated that it is not than 0.1 % beryllium by weight (40CFR61.31-91).
feasible for energy, environmental, or economic reasons (EPA97112).
technologies that are economically achievable within an industrial point source category or subcategory (CWNwastewater-04).
Best available controls: The degree of emission reduction that the Administrator determines, on the basis of technological and economic feasibility, health, environmental, and energy impacts, is achievable through the application of the most effective equipment, measures, processes, methods, systems or techniques, including chemical reformulation, product or feedstock substitution, repackaging, and directions for use, consumption, storage, or disposal (CAA183.e-42U.S.C.751 lb-91).
Best available technology economically achievable (BAT): Under Sec. 301(b)(2)(C) of CWA, BAT is a required level of treatment, technology-based limits, for existing source direct discharges of priority, toxic, and non-conventional pollutants. EPA defined BAT as the very best control and treatment measures that have been or are capable of being achieved. Although EPA is required to consider the cost of achieving the required reduction in determining whether a BAT limitation is economically achievable, it is not required to balance cost against effluent reduction benefit as required to the case of the Best Practicable Technology (BPT) standards. The engineering factors required to be considered--age of equipment and facility, process employed, process changes, non-water quality environmental impacts and so forth--are the same for BAT as for BPT. In general, this technology level represents the best economically achievable performance in any industry category or subcategory. Moreover as a result of 1977 CWA, the emphasis has shifted from control of classical pollutants to the control of toxic substances (EPA-82/05, 10185a; Arbuckle89).
Best available demonstrated technology (BADT): Under Sec. 306 of CWA, BADT or BADCT (Best Available Demonstrated Control Technology) is a required level of treatment, technologybased limits, for new source direct discharges. New source direct discharges are governed by technology-based limits requiring zero discharge, if possible, by use of BADT. New source is defined as any facility or major modification, the construction of which is commenced after the publication of the proposed regulation (EPA87110a; Arbuckle-89). Best available retrofit technology (BART): An emission limitation based on the degree of reduction achievable through the application of the best system of continuous emission reduction for each pollutant which is emitted by an existing stationary facility. The emission limitation must be established, on a case-bycase basis, taking into consideration the technology available, the costs of compliance, the energy and nonair quality environmental impacts of compliance, any pollution control equipment in use or in existence at the source, the remaining useful life of the source, and the degree of improvement in visibility which may reasonably be anticipated to result from the use of such technology (40CFR51.301-91). Best available technology (BAT): The best technology treatment techniques, or other means which are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon (SDWNeducation-04). Best available technology (BAT): The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, area available (taking cost into consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated carbon (40CFR141.2, see also 40CFR141.61 .b93). Best available technology economically achievable (BAT): Technology-based standard established by the Clean Water Act as the most appropriate means available on a national basis for controlling the direct discharge of toxic and nonconventional pollutants to navigable waters. BAT effluent limitations guidelines, in general, represent the best existing performance of treatment
Best available technology: The water treatment(s) that the EPA certifies to be the most effective for removing a contaminant (SDWAIReg-04). Best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT): Defined under section 304@)(4) of the Act (40CFR430.223-91, see also 40CFR467.02-91; EPA-85110a; Arbuckle-89). Best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT): Technology-based standard for the discharge from existing industrial point sources of conventional pollutants including BOD, TSS, fecal coliform, pH, oil, and grease. The BCT is established in light of a two-part "cost reasonableness" test which compares the cost for an industry to reduce its pollutant discharge with the cost to a POTW for similar levels of reduction of a pollutant loading. The second test examines the cost-effectiveness of additional industrial treatment beyond BPT. EPA must find limits which are reasonable under both tests before establishing them as BCT (CWNwastewater-04). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): As identified by EPA, the most effective commercially available means of treating specific types of hazardous waste. The BDATs may change with advances in treatment technologies (EPA-97/12). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): The technology that best minimizes the mobility or toxicity (or both) of the hazardous constituents for a particular waste (RCRAIhazardous-
04). Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): The treatment technology that best minimizes the mobility or toxicity (or both)
of the hazardous (RCRAIlandban-04).
constituents for
a
particular
waste
Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT): Under the Superfund program, EPA defines BDAT in the following manner: (1) Best: Refers to the highest treatment value reflecting well designed and operated treatment technologies. (2) Demonstrated: Refers to a full-scale facility known to be in operation for a waste or wastes with similar treatment characteristics. (3) Available: Refers to the criteria: (a) The technology does not present a greater total risk than land disposal; (b) If the technology is a proprietary or patented process, whether it can be purchased or licensed from the proprietor; and (c) The technology provides substantial treatment (EPA- 11/86). Best demonstrated technology (BDT): Under Sec. 11 of CAA, EPA must identify BDT. BDT is defined as the best system of continuous emission reduction that has been adequately demonstrated, taking into account costs and other environmental and energy impacts (Johnston, 6/90). Best management practice (BMP): An agricultural practice that has been determined to be an effective, practical means of preventing or reducing nonpoint-source pollution (CWA/Wbasics04). Best management practice (BMP): Methods that have been determined to be the most effective, practical means of preventing or reducing pollution from nonpoint sources (EPA-97/12). Best management practice (BMP): Procedures or controls other than effluent limitations to prevent or reduce pollution of surface water (includes runoff control, spill prevention, and operating procedures) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Best management practice (BMP): Schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and other management practices to prevent or reduce the discharge of pollutants to waters of the United States. BMPs also include treatment requirements, operating procedures, and practice to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, or drainage from raw material storage (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWAIwastewater-04). Best management practice (BMP): The methods, measures, or practices selected by an agency to meet its nonpoint source control needs. BMPs include but are not limited to structural and nonstructural controls and operation and maintenance procedures. BMPs can be applied before, during, and after pollution-producing activities to reduce or eliminate the introduction of pollutants into receiving waters (40CFR130.2-91, see also 40CFR122.2; 232.291). Best performance treatment technology (BPTT): Those treatment technologies selected by EPA and currently in use in the
pesticide industry. They are biological oxidation, activated carbon, hydrolysis, metals separation, chemical oxidation, resin adsorption, and steam stripping (EPA-85/10). Best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): Is defined under section 304(b)(l) of the Act (40CFR430.222-91, see also 40CFR467.02-91). BPT is a required level of treatment, technology-based limits, for existing source direct discharges required by Section 301(b) of the 1972 FWPCA. The Act provided for the establishment of nationally applicable technology-based effluent limitations on an industry-by-industry basis. For existing industrial discharges, Section 301 directs the achievement: "by July 1, 1977, of effluent limitations which will require application of the best practicable control technology (BPT) currently available, and by July 1, 1983, of effluent limitations which will require application of the best available technology (BAT) economically achievable." EPA defined BPT as an average of the best existing performance by well-operated plants within each industrial category or subcategory. In establishing the 1977 effluent guidelines for BPT, EPA emphasized end-of-pipe treatment rather than in-plant control measures. In establishing the 1983 effluent limitations for BAT, EPA considered both in-plant process changes and end-of-pipe treatment measures. As the time for achievement of Best Practicable Technology (BPT) is long past, its primary relevance now is a basis for setting subsequent standards. BPT effluent limitations are established based on the degree of effluent reduction that this technology can attain. In general, this technology level represents the existing performances of well-known technologies for control of familiar pollutants associated with industry. The BPT definition was essentially unchanged by the 1977 amendments (EPA-82/05; 10/85a; Arbuckle-89). Best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): The first level of technology-based standards established by the CWA to control pollutants discharged to waters of the U.S. BPT effluent limitations guidelines are generally based on the average of the best existing performance by plants within an industrial category or subcategory (CWNwastewater-04). Best practicable waste treatment technology (BPWTT): The cost-effective technology that can treat wastewater, combined sewer overflows, and nonexcessive infiltration and inflow in publicly owned or individual wastewater treatment works, to meet the applicable provisions of (1) 40CFR133--secondary treatment of wastewater; (2) 40CFR125, Subpart G--marine discharge waivers; (3) 40CFR122.44(d)--more stringent water quality standards and state standards; or (4) 41 FR 610 (February 11, 1976)--Alternative Waste Management Techniques for Best Practicable Waste Treatment (treatment and discharge, land application techniques and utilization practices, and reuse) (40CFR35.2005-91). Best professional judgment (BPJ): The method used by permit writers to develop technology-based NPDES permit conditions on
a case-by-case basis using all reasonably available and relevant data (CWNwastewater-04). Beta attenuation monitor: An instrument that measures the absorption of beta radiation as it traverses a small area onto which aerosol particles are collected by means of inertial impaction (EPA-81/09). Beta emitter: An emitter of beta particles. Beta particles are much lighter than alpha particles and less ionizing but can travel several meters in air at about one half the speed of light. They can pass through a sheet of paper but may be stopped by glass. Beta radiation can cause skin burns but is more harmful when deposited internally from inhalation or ingestion (SDWNradionuclide-04). Beta particle: (1) An elementary particle emitted by radioactive decay, that may cause skin bums. It is halted by a thin sheet of paper (EPA-89/12). (2) A negatively charged subatomic particle emitted during decay of certain radioactive elements. A beta particle is identical to an electron (cf. radiation, beta) (EPA88/08a). (3) An elementary particle emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay; it is negatively charged, identical to an electron, and easily stopped, as by a thin sheet of metal (DOE-91/04). (4) See particle for more related terms.
Biennial report: In RCRA, a report (EPA Form 8700-13A) submitted by generators of hazardous waste to the Regional Administrator due March 1 of each even numbered year. The report includes information on the activities during the previous calendar. The owner or operator of a treatment, storage, and disposal facility must also prepare and submit a biennial report using EPA Form 8700-13 13 (EPA-86/01). BIER V (Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation V): Referring to the fifth in a series of committee reports from the National Research Council (National Research Council 1990) (DOE-91/04). Bifurcation: A phenomenon where a stack plume divides, sometimes visibly, into separate plumes (NATO-78/10). Billet: A long, round slender cast product used as a raw material in subsequent forming operations (EPA-83/03a). Billet: Uranium metal mass that results from cropping ingots. Billets were further machined to produce a final uranium product (AENclosure-04).
Beta particle: An elementary particle emitted by radioactive decay that may cause skin burns. It is halted by a thin sheet of metal (AENmixedW-04).
Billing electric demand: The demand upon which billing to a customer is based, as specified in a rate schedule or contract. It may be based on the contract year, a contract minimum, or a previous maximum and, therefore, does not necessarily coincide with the actual measured demand of the billing period. See electric demand for more related terms (EPA-83).
Beta radiation: (1) Emitted from a nucleus during fission. Beta radiation can be stopped by an inch of wood or a thin sheet of aluminum (cf. particle, beta) (EPA-88108a). (2) Electrons emitted from the decay of some radioactive elements. The beta particles that may cause skin bums can be stopped by a thin metal sheet (EPA-88109a). (3) See radiation for more related terms.
Bimetals: Beverage containers with steel bodies and aluminum tops; handled differently from pure aluminum in recycling (EPA97/12).
Bevill wastes: Fossil fuel combustion wastes, mining and mineral processing wastes, and cement kiln dust wastes exempt from RCRA Subtitle C regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Bimetals: Typically refers to beverage containers with steel bodies and aluminum tops. Steel companies do recycle bimetal cans, but they are handled differently in the recycling stream from aluminum cans (RCRA/municipal-04). Bimolecular pathway: See bimolecular reaction.
Bias: A systematic error that is consistently negative or consistently positive. The mean of errors resulting from a series of observations that does not tend toward zero. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). See also definition under uncertainty.
Bimolecular reaction (or bimolecular pathway): A chemical transformation where two species collide and change chemical identity. It is a function of temperature, pressure, reaction atmosphere, and concentration of reaction species (EPA-88/12).
Bias: Consistent deviation of measured values from the true value, caused by systematic errors in a procedure (Navy/Env-04).
Bin vent filter: Used on Minergy storage silos to minimize emission of particulate matter (CANAPC-04).
Bicarbonates: Metal + HC03, e.g., NaHC03. Can raise the pH to a high concentration which may be corrosive (NavyIEnv-04).
Bind: To exert a strong chemical attraction (CWA~Wbasics-04).
Biennial report: A report submitted by hazardous waste LQGs and TSDFs to enable EPA and the states to track the quantities of hazardous waste generated and the movements of those hazardous wastes (RCRAfhazardous-04).
Binder: (1) Organic materials and resins which do not contain Volatile Organic Materials (VOMs) (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A material used to promote cohesion between particles of carbon or graphite to produce solid carbon and graphite rods of pieces (EPA83/03). (3) The film-forming ingredient in paint that binds the
pigment particles together (EPA-79/12b). (4) A polymeric or cementitious material added to an active mass to promote its cohesion for increasing its mechanical strength.
Binder: A streak of impurity in a coal seam (CWNmining-04). Binding commitment: A legal obligation by the state to a local recipient that defines the terms for assistance under the SRF (40CFR35.3105-91). Bioaccumulants: Substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted (see biological magnification) (EPA-97/12). Bioaccumulation factor (BAF): The ratio of a substance's concentration in tissue versus its concentration in ambient water, in situations where the organism and the food chain are exposed (EPA-91/03). Bioaccumulation/biomagnification:A process where chemicals are retained in fatty body tissue and increase in concentration over time. Biomagnification is the increase of tissue accumulation in species higher in the natural food chain as contaminated food species are eaten (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bioaccumulation: The biological sequestering of a substance at a higher concentration than that at which it occurs in the surrounding environment or medium. Also, the process whereby a substance enters organisms through the gills, epithelial tissues, dietary, or other sources (CWA/Wquality-04).
Bioassay: A method of testing a material's effects on living organisms (FFDCNpesticide-04). Bioassay: A test to determine the relative strength of a substance by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation (EPA-97/12). Bioassay: A test used to evaluate the relative potency of a chemical or a mixture of chemicals by comparing its effect on a living organism with the effect of a standard preparation on the same type of organism (CWNwastewater-04). Bioassay: Study of living organisms to measure the effect of a substance, factor, or condition by comparing before-and-after exposure or other data (NavyEnv-04). Bioaugmentation: The addition of microbe cultures to groundwater or soil to enhance biodegradation (Navy/Env-04). Bioavailabiliity: Degree of ability to be absorbed and ready to interact in organism metabolism (EPA-97/12). Bioavailability: A general term to describe the accessibility of contaminants to ecological populations. Bioavailability consists of: (1) a physical aspect related to phase distribution and mass transfer, and (2) a physiological aspect related to the suitability of the contaminant as a substrate (NavyIEnv-04). Bioavailability: The capacity of a chemical constituent to be taken up by living organisms either through physical contact or by ingestion (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Bioaccumulation: The retaining and accumulation over time of certain chemical wmpounds in organic matter such as the tissues of plants and animals used as food sources (RCRAImanagernent-04).
Biobarrier: An in-situ remediation technology consisting of a trench filled with biological medium to encourage the growth of bacteria capable of degrading contaminants (NavyJEnv-04).
Bioaccumulation: The storage and buildup of chemicals in wildlife and plants. This process can take place in one of two ways: through direct consumption of chemicals, or when one organism consumes another that has already consumed these chemicals. The second method contributes to the level of these substances in the organism that is higher on the food chain (SF/remedy-04).
Biochemical oxidation: This usually refers to the biological treatment.
Bioaccumulative: Capable of increasing in concentration in living organisms (that are very slowly metabolized or excreted) as they breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated water, or eat contaminated food (cf. biological magnification) (EPA-89/12). Bioaerosol: An aerosol that contains microorganisms (cf. see aerosol) (EPA-88109a). Bioassay (assay or animal bioassay): A test to determine the relative strength of a substance by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation (EPA-97/12).
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (biological oxygen demand or oxygen depleting effect): A measure of the amount of oxygen consumed in the biological processes that break down organic matter in water. The greater the BOD, the greater the degree of pollution (EPA-97/12). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen, measured in milligrams per liter that is removed from aquatic environments by the life processes of microorganisms (CWNWquality-04). Biochemical oxygen demand 5 (BOD5): Quantity of dissolved oxygen utilized (consumed) in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a specified time (e.g., for five days quantity, BOD is then expressed as BODS) and at a specified temperature. It is not related to the oxygen requirements in chemical combustion; it is determined entirely by the biodegradability of
the material and by the amount of oxygen utilized by the microorganisms during oxidation (EPA-87/10). See oxygen for more related terms.
Biochemical process: A process characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms (CWMWbasics-04). Biochemical specific locus mutation: A genetic change resulting from a DNA lesion causing alterations in proteins that can be detected by electrophoretic methods (40CFR798.5 195-91). Biochemical: Concerned with life including growth and other activities. Biochemical: Refers to chemical processes that occur inside or are mediated by living organisms (CWANbasics-04). Biochemical-oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen, expressed in milligrams per liter, that is removed from aquatic environments by the life processes of microorganisms (CWANbasics-04). Biochemicals: Chemicals that are either naturally occurring or identical to naturally occurring substances. Examples include hormones, pheromones, and enzymes. Biochemicals function as pesticides through non-toxic, non-lethal modes of action, such as disrupting the mating pattern of insects, regulating growth, or acting as repellants. Biochemicals tend to be environmentally compatible and are thus important to integrated pest management programs (FFDCMpesticide-04).
organisms (unitless) (40CFR300-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1560; 797.1830-91).
Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The ratio of the concentration of a chemical in aquatic organisms (pg chemicallg organism) to the amount in water at equilibrium ( ~ chemicaVg g water) (EPA10185). BCF = [Concentration of chemical at equilibrium in organism (net weight)]/(mean concentration of chemical in water). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The ratio of a substance's concentration in tissue versus its concentration in water in situations where the food chain is not exposed or contaminated. For non-metabolized substances, it represents equilibrium partitioning between water and organisms (EPA-91/03). Bioconcentration: The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of a fish or other organism to levels greater than in the surrounding medium (EPA-97/12). Bioconcentration: The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of an organism (such as a fish) to levels greater than in the surrounding medium in which the organism lives (NavyIEnv-04). Bioconversion: The biological conversion of wastes. Also known as biological treatment. Biocriteria: See biological criteria Biodegradability: The susceptibility of substance to decomposition by microorganisms; specifically, the rate at which compounds may be chemically broken down by bacterial andlor natural environmental factors (EPA-83106a).
Biochemistry: The chemistry of living beings. Biocide: (1) A chemical toxic to a biological life (EPA-75/07). (2) A compound that has the ability to inactivate microorganisms. In a general term, biocide refers to compounds that can be used as an algicide (inactivate algae), bactericide (inactivate bacteria), fungicide (inactivate fungi), and viricide (inactivate viruses), or some combination of the above. It is equivalent to disinfectant (EPA-88109a). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): Provides a measure of the extent of chemical partitioning at equilibrium between biological medium such as fish tissue or plant tissue and an external medium such as water. The higher the BCF, the greater the accumulation in living tissue is likely to be (NavyIEnv-04). Bioconcentration factor (BCF): The measure of the tendency for a substance to accumulate in the tissue of an aquatic organism. BCF is determined by the extent of partitioning of a substance, at equilibrium, between the tissue of an aquatic organism and water. As the ratio of concentration of a substance in the organism divided by the concentration in water, higher BCF values reflect a tendency for substances to accumulate in the tissue of aquatic
Biodegradable detergent: One that decomposes quickly as a result of the action of organisms, eliminating form in wastewater. Biodegradable is defined as having at least 90% surfactant reduction, or as having surfactant concentration no higher than 0.5 mg/l. See detergent for more related terms (DOI-70104). Biodegradable materials: Materials that can be broken down by microorganisms into simple, stable compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. Most organic materials, such as food scraps and paper, are biodegradable (RCRVmanagement-04). Biodegradable plastic: A plastic that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi; as generally used, the term does not necessarily mean complete degradation into carbon dioxide and water (OTA-89/10). Biodegradable: (1) Degradable (breaking down of the physical andlor chemical structure of a compound) by microbial (microorganism) actions (SW-108ts). (2) Capable of decomposing rapidly under natural conditions (EPA-97/12). Biodegradable: Capable of decomposing under natural conditions (NavyIEnv-04).
Biodegradation rate: The mass of contaminant metabolized by microorganisms per unit time. In soil contamination this is normalized to the mass of soil and usually is expressed as mg contaminant degradedkg soillday (mgkglday) (NavyEnv-04). Biodegradation: (1) The chemical reaction of a substance induced by enzymatic activity of microorganisms (cf. photodegradation) (40CFR300-App/A-91). (2) Decomposition or breakdown of an organic substrate in the environment by microbial actions. It is the decay caused by the environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and microorganisms. Concentration prediction of a compound over time due to biodegradation is L, = Lo x e -'. Where: Lo = Load (or concentration) at time 0; L, = Load remaining at time t; k = biodegradation constant for a specific compound; and e = exponent (natural log system) (Course 165.6). Biodegradation: (1)The reduction in concentration of a chemical or physical agent through naturally occurring microbial activity. (2) The process of an organic molecule becoming transformed by biological means (NavyIEnv-04). Biodegradation: Decomposition or breakdown of a substance through the action of microorganisms (such as bacteria or fungi) or other natural physical processes (such as sunlight) (SFhealth04).
Biogenic: Produced by the actions of living organisms (CAA/COzgasl-04). Biogeochemical cycle: The chemical interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Biologic indicators of exposure study: A study that uses biomedical testing or the measurement of a substance [an analyte], its metabolite, or another marker of exposure in human body fluids or tissues to confirm human exposure to a hazardous substance. See also exposure investigation (SFhealth-04). Biologic monitoring: Measuring hazardous substances in biologic materials (such as blood, hair, urine, or breath) to determine whether exposure has occurred. A blood test for lead is an example of biologic monitoring (SFhealth-04). Biologic uptake: The transfer of substances from the environment to plants, animals, and humans (SFhealth-04). Biological additive: The microbiological cultures, enzymes, or nutrient additives that are deliberately introduced into an oil discharge for the specific purpose of encouraging biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge (40CFR300.5-91). Biological assessment: An evaluation of the biological condition of a water body using biological surveys and other direct measurements of resident biota in surface waters (EPA-91/03).
Biodegradation: Transformation of a substance into new compounds through biochemical reactions or the actions of microorganisms such as bacteria (CWNWbasics-04).
Biological attack: The deliberate release of germs or other biological substances that can make you sick (HAS-92).
Biodisc: The trade name of a rotating biological contactor.
Biological concentration factor: See concentration factor.
Biodiversity: Refers to the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Diversity can be defined as the number of different items and their relative frequencies. For biological diversity, these items are organized at many levels, ranging from complete ecosystems to the biochemical structures that are the molecular basis of heredity. Thus, the term encompasses different ecosystem, species, and genes (EPA-97/12).
Biological contaminants: Living organisms or deviates (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that can cause harmful health effects when inhaled, swallowed, or otherwise taken into the body (EPA-97/12). Biological control agent: Any living organism applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a pesticide against another organism declared to be a pest by the Administrator (40CFR152.3-91).
Biofilter: See tickling filter. Biofiltration: The action of a fixed film reactor.
Biological control: In pest control, the use of animals and organisms that eat or otherwise kill or out-compete pests (EPA97/12).
Biofuels: Wood, waste, and alcohol fuels (CAA/C02gas-04). Biogas: The gas produced from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in a landfill (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Biological cooling tower: A cooling tower which is seeded with microorganisms and fed with nutrients in which biological degradation of organics occurs (EPA-74104~).
Biogasification: A resource recovery process for the extraction of methane resulting from anaerobic decomposition of organic material (EPA-83).
Biological criteria (or biocriteria): Narrative expressions or numeric values of the biological characteristics of aquatic communities based on appropriate reference conditions.
Biological criteria serve as an index of aquatic community health (EPA-91/03).
can be stored or transformed. See ambient medium, environmental medium (EPA-97/12).
Biological factor: See biotic factor.
Biological monitoring (or biomonitoring): The determination of the effects on aquatic life, including accumulation of pollutants in tissue, in receiving waters due to the discharge of pollutants: (a) By techniques and procedures, including sampling of organisms representative of appropriate levels of the food chain appropriate to the volume and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the effluent, and (b) At appropriate frequencies and locations (CWA502-33U.S.C. 1362-91).
Biological film (or microbial film): A film of slime formed in biological treatment reactors such as a rotating biological contactor. Biological filter: See trickling filter. Biological filtration: The process of passing a liquid through a biological filter containing media on the surfaces of which zoogleal films develop which absorb fine suspended, colloidal, and dissolved solids, and release end products of biochemical action (EPA-7410 1a). Biological indicator (index of pollution or index organism): Various classifications of organisms indicating levels of organic pollution, e.g., river classifications as follows: (1) Clean water with BOD5 below 3 mglliter, well oxygenated and without evidence of pollution. (2) Slightly de-oxygenated and known to receive some pollution. (3) Less than 50% saturated with dissolved oxygen or with substances believed to be at toxic concentrations. (4) Grossly polluted water, offensive in smell or appearance or with a BODS of 12 mglliter or more, or completely de-oxygenated in any reach, or with toxic substances, incapable of supporting fish life (cf. pollution indicator organism). Biological inhibitor: A chemical that inhibits or disrupts biological processes (EPA-75/07). Biological integrity: The ability to support and maintain balanced, integrated, functionality in the natural habitat of a given region. Concept is applied primarily in drinking water management (EPA97/12). Biological integrity: The condition of the aquatic community inhabiting unimpaired water bodies of a specified habitat as measured by community structure and function (EPA-91/03). Biological magnification: Refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain, work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals, or humans. The substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain (see bioaccumulative) (EPA-97/12). Biological measurement: A measurement taken in a biological medium. For exposure assessment, it is related to the measurement is taken to related it to the established internal dose of a compound (EPA-97/12). Biological medium: One of the major component of an organism; e.g., blood, fatty tissue, lymph nodes or breath, in which chemicals
Biological monitoring: Analysis of blood, urine, tissues, etc., to measure chemical exposure in humans (EPA-89/12). Biological monitoring: Living organisms in water quality surveillance used to indicate compliance with water quality standards or effluent limits and to document water quality trends. Methods of biological monitoring may include, but are not limited to, toxicity testing such as ambient toxicity testing or whole effluent toxicity testing (EPA-91/03). Biological monitoring: The use of living organisms to test the suitability of effluent for discharge into receiving waters and to test the quality of such waters downstream from the discharge. Biological oxidation: Decomposition of complex organic materials by microorganisms. Occurs in self-purification of water bodies and in activated sludge wastewater treatment (EPA-97/12). Biological oxidation: The way bacteria and microorganisms feed on and decompose complex organic materials. Used in selfpurification of water bodies and in activated sludge wastewater treatment, such as activated sludge, trickling filter and aerated stabilization depends on this principle (EPA-87/10). Biological oxygen demand (BOD): An indirect measure of the concentration of biologically degradable material present in organic wastes. It usually reflects the amount of oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down organic waste (EPA-94/04) (cf. biochemical oxygen demand). Biological pesticide: A chemical which is derived from plants, fungi, bacteria, or other non-man-made synthesis and which can be used for pest control (FFDCNpesticide-04). Biological pesticide: Certain microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa that are effective in controlling target pests. These agents usually do not have toxic effects on animals and people and do not leave toxic or persistent chemical residues in the environment (FFDCNpesticide-04). Biological product: In pharmaceutical industry, a medicinal product derived from animals or humans (e.g., vaccines, toxoids, antisera, and human blood fractions) (EPA-83/09).
Biological slime: Biological film (Scott-81). Biological stabilization (or cell stabilization): (1) Reduction in the net energy level of organic matter as a result of the metabolic activity of organisms (EPA-74104~).(2) Occurs when the initially available substrate has been utilized by the bacteria in a biosystem to produce relatively stable, oxidation-resistantcellular end products. At this point the BOD curve approaches zero slope (in the absence of nitrification) (LBL76107-water).
adverse effect occurs, or where the chemical interacts with a membrane (EPA-97/12).
Biologically refractive: A substance which is partially or totally non-biodegradable in biological waste treatment processes (EPA87/10). Bioluminescence: The emission of light from living organisms. Biomagnification:See biota.
Biological stressors: Organisms accidentally or intentionally dropped into habitats in which they do not evolve naturally; e.g., gypsy moths, Dutch elm disease, certain types of algae, and bacteria (EPA-97/12). Biological survey (or biosurvey): The collecting, processing, and analyzing of a representative portion of the resident aquatic community to determine its structural andor functional characteristics (EPA-91/03). Biological treatment (or biological wastewater treatment): A treatment process that uses microorganisms to break down toxic organic waste contaminants into simple, less-toxic compounds (EPA-89112a). Biological treatment: A treatment technology that uses bacteria to consume organic waste (EPA-97/12). Biological treatment: A waste treatment process by placing an aqueous wastestream in contact with a mixture of microorganisms which decompose the organic compounds in the wastestream. The organics may be either solvent or solid in the influent wastestream to be amenable to biodegradation. The microorganisms rely on enzymes to catalyze organic decomposition reactions, and the enzymes require water to remain active. Biological treatment processes do not alter or destroy inorganics. In fact, concentrations of soluble inorganics should be kept low so that enzymatic activity is not inhibited (cf. significant biological treatment) (EPA-83/03).
Biomass (or biota): All of the living material in a given area; often refers to vegetation (EPA-97/12). Biomass converter: A device that converts organic feedstock (biomass) into a usable energy form. Biomass energy: Energy that is derived from biomass feedstock. Biomass: All of the living material in a given area; often refers to vegetation (Navy/Env-04). Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source (CAA/C02gasl-04). Biomass: The amount of living matter, in the form of organisms, present in a particular habitat, usually expressed as weight-per-unit area (CWAIWbasics-04). Biomass: The total dry organic matter or stored energy content of living organisms that is present at a specific time in a defined unit of the earth's surface (CAA/C02gas-04). Biome: Entire community of living organisms in a single major ecological area (see biotic community) (EPA-97/12). Biomedical testing: Testing of persons to find out whether a change in a body function might have occurred because of exposure to a hazardous substance (SFhealth-04).
Biological wastewater treatment: See biological treatment. Biological: The preparations made from living organisms and their products, including vaccines, cultures, etc., intended for use in diagnosing, immunizing or treating humans or animals or in research pertaining thereto (40CFR259.10-91). Biological: Vaccines, cultures, and other preparations made from living organisms and their products, intended for use in diagnosing, immunizing, or treating humans or animals, or in related research (EPA-94/04). Biologically available: Utilizable as a nutrient by the biota in the environment (LBL-76107-water). Biologically effective dose: The amount of a deposited or absorbed compound reaching the cells or target sites where the
Biomedical waste: All wastestreams that require special handling including pathological waste, infectious waste, hazardous waste, and other waste generated in health care facilities and laboratories. See medical waste for more related terms (OME-87/05). Biomonitoring: (1) The use of living organisms to test the suitability of effluents for discharge into receiving waters and to test the quality of such waters downstream from the discharge. (2) Analysis of blood, urine, tissues, etc. to measure chemical exposure in humans (EPA-97/12). Biopile: Soil pile constructed to allow aerobic bioremediation by aeration, possibly supplemented with water and nutrients (NavyIEnv-04).
Biopolymer: A polymer directly produced by living or once living cells or cellular components (40CFR723.250-91). Bioreactor: A container or area in which a biological reaction or biological activity takes place (NavyEnv-04). Bioreclamation: The process of making a contaminated site usable again through biological processes (NavyEnv-04). Bioremediation: (1) Use of living organisms to clean up oil spills or remove other pollutants from soil, groundwater, or wastewater. (2) Use of organisms such as non-harmful insects to remove agricultural pests or counteract diseases of trees, plants, and garden soil (NavyIEnv-04). Bioremediation: A treatment method that utilizes microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants and convert them into nonhazardous constituents (SFEnv-04). Bioremediation: Techniques using biological processes to treat contaminated soil or groundwater. Bioremediation can occur either in situ (i.e., on site) or in bioreactors where contaminated media are placed in contact with organisms to degrade the contaminants in a controlled environment. Generally, the technique involves stimulating organisms by adding materials such as nutrients or oxygen to increase the rate of biodegradation (OMBIReg-04). Bioremediation: Use of living organisms to clean up oil spills or remove other pollutants from soil, water, or wastewater; use of organisms such as non-harmful insects to remove agricultural pests or counteract diseases of trees, plants, and garden soil (EPA97/12). Bioretention: See biota. Biosensor: Analytical device comprising a biological recognition element (e.g., enzyme, receptor, DNA, antibody, or microorganism) in intimate contact with an electrochemical, optical, thermal, or acoustic signal transducer that together permit analyses of chemical properties or quantities. Shows potential development in some areas, including environmental monitoring (EPA-97/12). Bioslurping: A technology application that teams vacuumassisted free-product recovery with bioventing to simultaneously recover free product and remediate the vadose zone (NavyIEnv04). Biosolids: Sewage sludge that is used or disposed through land application, surface disposal, incineration, or disposal in a municipal solid waste landfill. Sewage sludge is defined as solid, semi-solid, or liquid untreated residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment facility (CWNwastewater-04).
Biosorption: A contact stabilization method. The organic pollutants in the sewage are adsorbed on to the activated sludge in the contact tank and then metabolized by the bacteria during the re-aeration (stabilization) stage (Scott-81). Biosphere: The part of the earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere where living organisms can subsist (LBL-76107-bio). Biosphere: The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life (EPA-97/12). Biosphere: The portion of the earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms and biogenic organic matter (CAA/C02gas-04). Biosphere: The portions of the earth and its atmosphere where living things exist (DOE-91/04). Biostabilizer: A machine that converts solid waste into compost by grinding and aeration (EPA-97/12). Biostat: A substance which inhibits the biological activity (growth) of bacteria (LBL-76107-water). Biostimulation: A general term used to describe the complex set of factors involved in the growth of algae (and other organisms) in a receiving waterway due to the addition of nutrients (DOD-78/01). Biota behavior: Behavior of chemicals in biota include (1) Bioaccumulation (or bioretention). (2) Bioconcentration. (3) Biomagnification. (4) Biotransformation (Course 165.6). Biota behavior-bioaccumulation (or bioretention): (1) The uptake and, at least temporary, storage of a chemical by an exposed animal. The chemical can be retained in its original form and/or as modified by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions in the body (40CFR798.7100-91). (2) The retention and concentration of a substance by an organism. Accumulation of a large amount of a substance in the body by ingesting small amounts of the substance over an extended time (Course 165.6). (3) The process by which a compound is taken up by an aquatic organism, both from water and through food (EPA-91/03). Biota behavior-bioconcentration: (1) The net accumulation of a substance directly from water into and onto aquatic organisms (see also biota) (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1560; 797.1830-91). (2) The process by which a compound is absorbed from water through gills or epithelial tissues and is concentrated in the body (EPA-91/03). (3) The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of an organism (such as fish) to levels that are greater than the level in the medium (such as water) in which the organism resides (Course 165.6). Biota behavior-biomagnification: (1) Processes by which tissue levels of the material increase via bioaccumulation as the material is transported through two or more trophic levels (cf. biological
magnification) (Course 165.6). (2) The process by which the concentration of a compound increases in species occupying successive trophic levels (EPA-91/03).
current collector and is not considered bipolar. For example, a separator plate is used as the end plate in a fuel cell stack or the two end plates in a single cell.
Biota behavior-biotransformation: Conversion of a substance into compounds by organisms; including biodegradation (Course 165.6).
Bird hazard: An increase in the likelihood of birdlaircraft collisions that may cause damage to the aircraft or injury to its occupants (40CFR257.3.8-91).
Biota: All living organisms of an area (CWNWbasics-04).
Bis-: A prefix indicating double or twice.
Biota: Plants and animals in an environment. Some of these plants and animals might be sources of food, clothing, or medicines for people (SFhealth-04).
Bisexual: See hermaphrodite.
Biota: The animal and plant life of a given region (EPA-97/12). Biotechnology: Techniques that use living organisms or parts of organisms to produce a variety of products (from medicines to industrial enzymes) to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms to remove toxics from bodies of water, or act as pesticides (EPA-97/12). Biotic community: A naturally occumng assemblage of plants and animals that live in the same environment and are mutually sustaining and interdependent (see biome) (EPA-97/12). Biotic environment: The environment of living organisms. Biotic factor (or biological factor): In ecology, those environmental factors, e.g., competition, predation, which are the result of living organisms and their activities (DOD-78/01). Biotic potential: The growth rate of living organisms under ideal conditions. Biotoxicity: Toxic to flora and fauna (EPA-89112a). Biotransfer: The process by which living organisms, such as bacteria, can convert a chemical compound into another (LBL76107-bio). Biotransformation: Conversion of a substance into other compounds by organisms; includes biodegradation (EPA-97/12). Bioventing: The process of aerating vadose zone soils by means of installed vents to stimulate in-situ biological activity and optimize biodegradation of organic compounds with some volatilization occumng (Navy/Env-04). Biphenyl (C12H10):A white crystal used as a heat-transfer medium. Bipolar plate: A conductive plate that has dual functions in a fuel cell stack. The plate functions as an anode for one cell on one side and as a cathode of the next cell on the other side. When the plate functions on one side only, the plate is called a separator plate or
Bismuth (Bi): A metallic element with atomic number 83; atomic weight 208.98; density 9.8 glcc; melting point 271 C and boiling point 1560 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. Bisulfate: See hydrogen sulphate. Bit: The hardened and strengthened device at the end of a drill rod that transmits the energy of breakage to the rock. The size of the bit determines the size of the hole. A bit may be either detachable from or integral with its supporting drill rod (CWNmining-04). Bitterns: The saturated brine solution remaining after precipitation of sodium chloride in the solar evaporation process (40CFR415.161-91). Bituminous coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke. Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture content usually is less than 20%. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineralmatter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 24 million Btu per ton, on the asreceived basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) (CAA/C02gas1-04). Bituminous coal: A middle rank coal (between subbituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite. Usually has a high Btu value and may be referred to as "soft coal" (CWNmining-04). Bituminous coal: Solid fossil fuel classified as bituminous coal by ASTM Designation D38877 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.251-91). It is intermediate hardness containing between 50 and 92% fixed carbon. See coal for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Bituminous coatings: The black or brownish coating materials which are soluble in carbon disulfide, which consist mainly of hydrocarbons, and which are obtained from natural deposits or as
residues from the distillation of crude oils or of low grades of coal (40CFR52.741-91). Black and white film: A film consisting of a support, usually a plastic film which is coated with a light sensitive emulsion and an outer protective layer. The emulsion is adhered to the supporting base with a special layer called a sub. The emulsion contains: gelatin, silver salts of bromide, iodide, chloride, sensitizers, hardeners, and emulsion plasticizers (EPA- 10180). Black body: A hypothetical body that absorbs all incident radiation and reflects none. Black core (or blackheart): Most fireclays and brick clays contain carbonaceous matter; if a brick shaped from such clays is fired too rapidly, this carbonaceous matter will not be burned out before vitrification begins. The presence of carbon and the consequent reduced state of any iron compounds in the center of the fired brick result in a black core or black heart (EPA-83). Black damp: A term generally applied to carbon dioxide. Strictly speaking, it is a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It is also applied to an atmosphere depleted of oxygen, rather than having an excess of carbon dioxide (CWAImining-04). Black liquor oxidation system: The vessels used to oxidize, with air or oxygen, the black liquor, and associated storage tank(s) (40CFR60.28 1-91). Black liquor solids: The dry weight of the solids which enter the recovery furnace in the black liquor (40CFR60.281-91). Black liquor: The used cooking liquor recovered from a (wood pulp processing) digester. It may also be referred to as spent cooking liquor. Strong black liquor refers to the liquor after it has been concentrated by an evaporator to a level suitable for combustion. prior to evaporation, it is referred to as weak black liquor. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Black lung: A disease of the lungs caused by habitual inhalation of coal dust (EPA-89/12). Black start: The ability to start a power source from its cold shutdown condition to its fully operational strength. This ability is generally achieved through an auxiliary power source that is totally independent of external conditions. Black water: The water that contains animal, human, or food waste (cf. night soil and see water for more related terms (EPA97/12). Blackbeart: See black core. Blackout: Complete loss of electrical power due to unexpected interruptions such as excessive demand.
Blade: The broad flat or concave part of a machine. Other bladerelated terms include (1) Earth blade; (2) Landfill blade; and (3) U-blade. Blank mold (or parison mold): The metal mold which first shapes the glass in the manufacture of hollow ware (EPA-83). Blank: (1) A sample analyzed for the purpose of determining and assessing background contaminants in the field or laboratory. There are many types of blanks for selection depending on sampling applications, e.g., deionized water is one of blanks which is used to rinse automatic sampler prior to collection of samples (EPA-79/12). (2) Optical glass formed by pressing into the rough shape and size required in the finished article. Also known as pressing (EPA-83). Other blank-related terms include (1) Calibration blank; (2) Equipment blank; (3) Field blank (see equipment blank); (4) Trip blank (see equipment blank); (5) Laboratory blank, (6) Reagent blank; and (7) Site blank. Blank: A blank is a quality control sample used to detect and identify contaminants introduced to samples during the measurement process. A laboratory blank is an analyte-free matrix that is camed through all or part of the analytical process for the purpose of identifying contamination introduced during analysis. Types of laboratory blanks include method blanks (carried through the entire preparation and analysis sequence), calibration blanks (matrix-matched reagent water used for calibration), and storage blanks (placed in sample storage areas). In the field, an analytefree matrix is carried through a portion of the field process to identify contamination introduced during field or transportation operations. Types of blanks associated with the field are trip blanks (these accompany samples through the transportation process), equipment rinsates (collected after decontamination), and field blanks (collected on-site during the sampling event) (SA04). Blank: An artificial sample designed to monitor the introduction of artifacts into the sampling and analytical process. For aqueous samples, reagent water is used as a blank matrix; however, a universal blank matrix does not exist for solid samples, but sometimes clean sand is used as a blank matrix. The blank is taken through all appropriate steps of the process. A reagent blank is an aliquot of analyte-free water or solvent analyzed with the analytical batch. Field blanks are aliquots of analyte-free water or solvents brought to the field in sealed containers and transported back to the laboratory with the sample containers. Trip blanks and equipment blanks are two specific types of field blanks. Trip blanks are not opened in the field. They are used to monitor sample contamination originating from transport, shipping, and site conditions. Equipment blanks are opened in the field and the contents poured over or through the sampling equipment, collected in a sample container, and returned to the laboratory as a sample. Equipment blanks monitor sampling device cleanliness and decontamination effectiveness O\Tavy/Env-04).
Blanket assembly: In a heavy-water reactor, lithium-aluminum alloy clad tubes positioned in a ring surrounding the radial reflector zone. They prevent neutron damage to the reactor vessel's metal wall by absorbing neutrons from the reflector zone, and they produce tritium (DOE-91/04). Blanket feed: A method for charging to produce an even distribution of batch material across the width of the furnace (EPA-83). Blanket insulation: The relatively flat and flexible insulation in coherent sheet form, furnished in units of substantial area. Batt insulation is included in this term (40CFR248.4-91). Blanking: Any cutting desired shapes out of sheet metal by means of dies (EPA-6183a). Blast cleaning barrel: A complete enclosure which rotates on an axis, or which has an internal moving tread to tumble the parts, in order to expose various surfaces of the parts to the action of an automatic blast spray (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blast cleaning room: A complete enclosure in which blasting operations are performed and where the operator works inside of the room to operate the blasting nozzle and direct the flow of the abrasive material (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blast furnace slag: The slag produced in iron blast-furnaces. It may be cooled slowly in air or more rapidly by quenching in water resulting in granulation or fitting. The structure and properties of the slag can be changed markedly by the method of cooling (EPA83). Blast furnace: Any furnace used to recover metal from slag. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.131-91, see also 4OCFR60.18 1-91). Blast gate: A slide metal damper in a duct, usually used to regulate the flow of forced air (SW-108ts). Blasting agent: Any material consisting of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizer (CWNmining-04). Blasting cabinet: An enclosure where the operator stands outside and operates the blasting nozzle through an opening or openings in the enclosure (29CFR1910.94a-91). Blasting cap: A detonator containing a charge of detonating compound, which is ignited by electric current or the spark of a fuse. Used for detonating explosives (CWNmining-04). Blasting circuit: Electric circuits used to fire electric detonators or to ignite an igniter cord by means of an electric starter (CWNmining-04).
Bleach fix or blix: A solution used in some color processing that functions both as a bleach and as a fix (EPA-80110). Bleach: (1) A step in color film processing whereby the silver image is converted back to silver halides (EPA-80110). (2) Treating pulp so as to remove any coloring. See also bleeding (EPA-83). Bleached paper: The paper made of pulp that has been treated with bleaching agents. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Bleaching agent: A chemical compound with an oxidizing or reducing characteristics, e.g., sodium hypochlorite, sulfur dioxide, sodium acid sulfite, or hydrogen peroxide. Bleaching: (1) Removing colored components from a textile. Common bleaches are hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochloride, and sodium chlorite (EPA-74106b). (2) The brightening and delignification of pulp by the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as chlorine or reducing chemicals such as sodium hypo-chloride (EPA-87/10). Bleed: See blowdown. Bleeder or bleeder entries: Special air courses developed and maintained as part of the mine ventilation system and designed to continuously move air-methane mixtures emitted by the gob or at the active face away from the active workings and into minereturn air courses. Alt: Exhaust ventilation lateral (CWNmining04). Bleeding: Dissolving a color from paper or pulp. See brown stock (EPA-83). Blend fertilizer: A mixture of dry, straight, and mixed fertilizer materials (cf. mixed fertilizer) (40CFR418.71-91). Blights: Diseases that hurt and sometimes destroy plants. Blights will cause a plant to wither, stop growing, or cause all or parts of it to die (FFDCNpesticide-04). Blinding: Plugging of the screen apertures with slightly oversized particles (EPA-88108a). Blister copper: Copper with 96 to 99% purity and appearing blistered, made by forcing air through molten copper matte (EPA83103a). Blister: An imperfection in glass; a relatively large bubble or gaseous inclusion (EPA-83). Bloach: An imperfection resulting from incompletely grinding plate glass, caused by a low place in the plate which retains part of the original rough surface (EPA-83).
Block reek: A scratch imperfection caused by cullet lodged in the felt in the polishing operation (EPA-83).
Blow and blow process: The process of forming hollow ware in which both the preliminary and final shapes are formed by air pressure (EPA-83).
Block void: See top void. Blood brain barrier: The barrier created by semipermeable cell walls and membranes to passage of some molecules from the blood to the cells of the central nervous system (LBL-76107-bio). Blood fractionation: The separation of human blood into its various protein fractions (EPA-83/09). Blood products: Any product derived from human blood, including but not limited to blood plasma, platelets, red or white blood corpuscles, and other derived licensed products, such as interferon, etc. (40CFR259.10-91). Blood products: Any product derived from human blood, including but not limited to blood plasma, platelets, red or white corpuscles, and derived licensed products such as interferon (EPA97/12). Blood: Human blood, human blood components and products made from human blood (regulated under the Medical Waste Tracking Act) (FR-89/05). Bloodborne pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) (29CFR1910). Bloodborne pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause diseases in humans. These pathogens include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) (NavyIEnv-04). Blood-to-air partition coefficient: Ratio of concentrations for a given chemical achieved between blood and air at equilibrium (EPA-92/12). Bloom: (1) An excessive growth of algae in a body of water due to an oversupply of dissolved nutrients (pollutants). It may impart a disagreeable odor to the water, cause fish to die, and impair the use of the water for drinking or recreation (cf. eutrophication) (DOI-70104). (2) Large, readily visible masses of microscopic and macroscopic plant life, such as green algae, occurring in bodies of water (LBL76107-water). (3) A surface film on glass resulting from attack by the atmosphere or from the deposition of smoke or other vapors (EPA-83). (4) A proliferation of algae and/or higher aquatic plants in a body of water; often related to pollution, especially when pollutants accelerate growth (EPA-97/12). Bloom: A proliferation of algae andlor higher aquatic plants in a body of water; often related to pollution, especially when pollutants accelerate growth (NavyIEnv-04).
Blow mold: The metal mold in which a blown glass article is finally shaped (EPA-83). Blow pit: A large tank under a (wood processing) digester which receives the discharged chips and liquor from the digester. A constructed stainless steel plate within the blow pit acts to break up the chip structure into individual fibers of pulp upon impact (EPA-87/10). Blowby: Leakage of liquid or gas between cylinder and piston during operation. Blowdown (bleed or purge): (1) The minimum discharge of recirculating water for the purpose of discharging materials contained in the water, the further buildup of which would cause concentration in amounts exceeding limits established by best engineering practice (40CFR401.1 1-91, see also 40CFR423.1191). (2) The amount of concentrated liquor wasted (ejected) in a recycle system in order to maintain an acceptable equilibrium of contaminants in any process liquor (EPA-82/11). (3) The pressure difference between the opening and closing of a relieflsafety valve in an incinerator or a chemical plant situation. Blower (or air blower): (1) A fan used to force air or gas under pressure (SW-108ts). (2) A fan used to force air and/or gas under pressure. Blower door: A device consisting of an instrumented fan which can be mounted in an existing doorway of a house. By determining the air flows through this fan required to achieve different degrees of house pressurization and depressurization, the blower door permits determination of the tightness of the house shell, and an estimation of the natural infiltration rate (EPA-88/08). Blower: A unit of rotating mechanical equipment used to increase the pressure in a gas stream and providing a total pressure rise of more than 4 inches of water and less than 14.7 psi (NavyIEnv-04). Blowing still: The equipment in which air is blown through asphalt flux to change the softening point and penetration rate (40CFR60.471-91). Blowing tap: Any tap in which an evolution of gas forces or projects jets of flame or metal sparks beyond the ladle, runner, or collection hood (40CFR60.261-91). Blowing tower: See spray drylng tower. Blowing: The injection of air or oxygen-enriched air into a molten converter bath (40CFR61.17 1-91).
Blowout: A small saucer- or trough-shaped hollow or depression formed by wind erosion on a pre-existing dune or other sand deposit (CWNWbasics-04).
BOD5: The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking down organic matter (EPA97/12).
Blue flame: See flame combustion.
BOD5 The biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater during decomposition occumng over a five-day period. A measure of the organic content of wastewater (CAAJC02gas1-04).
Blue green algae: One of major unicellular algae. It can use atmospheric nitrogen as a nutrient in developing its cells and can give water an unpleasant taste and smell. Blue stain: A biological reaction caused by a stain producing fungi which causes a blue discoloration of sapwood, if not dried within a short time after cutting (EPA-74/04). Blue: In leather industry, the state or condition of hides subsequent to chromium tanning and prior to retanning. Hides in this stage of processing are characteristically blue in color (EPA8211 1). Blue-baby syndrome: A condition that can be caused by ingestion of high amounts of nitrate resulting in the blood losing its ability to effectively carry oxygen. It is most common in young infants and certain elderly people (CWA/Wquality-04).
BOD7: The biochemical oxygen demand as determined by incubation at 20 degrees C for a period of seven days using an acclimated seed. Agitation employing a magnetic stirrer set at 200 to 500 rpm may be used (40CFR417.151-91, see also 40CFR417.161; 417.171; 417.181-91). Bodied chemical fusion agent: A chemical fluid containing portion of the parent geomembrane that, after the application of pressure and after the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the chemical fusion of two essentially similar geomembrane sheets, leaving behind only that portion of the parent material. (Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of chemical fluids used with specific geomembranes in order to inform workers and inspectors.) (EPA-91/05).
BMD10: Benchmark Dose associated with a 10% response adjusted for background (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Body burden: The amount of a chemical stored in the body at a given time, especially a potential toxin in the body as the result of exposure (EPA-97/12).
Board insulation: The semirigid insulation preformed into rectangular units having a degree of suppleness, particularly related to their geometrical dimensions (40CFR248.4-91).
Body burden: The total amount of a substance in the body. Some substances build up in the body because they are stored in fat or bone or because they leave the body very slowly (SFhealth-04). ,
Bobbin: An assembly of the positive current collector and cathode material, usually molded into a cylinder (EPA-84/08).
Body fluid: The liquid emanating or derived from humans and limited to blood: cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluids; and semen and vaginal secretions (40CFR259.10-91).
BOD exertion: Oxygen requirement of a bio-system; biochemical oxygen demand equivalent (LBL-76107-water). BOD5 input: The biochemical oxygen demand of the materials entered into process. It can be calculated by multiplying the fats, proteins, and carbohydrates by factors of 0.890, 1.031, and 0.691 respectively. Organic acids (e.g., lactic acids) should be included as carbohydrates. Composition of input materials may be based on either direct analyses or generally accepted published values (40CFR405.11-91, see also 40CFR405.21; 405.3 1; 405.41; 405.5 1; 405.61; 405.71; 405.81; 405.91; 405.101; 405.1 11; 405.121-91). BOD5: A measure of biological decomposition of organic matter in a water sample. It is determined by measuring the oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize the organic contaminants of a water sample under standard laboratory conditions. The standard conditions include incubation for five days at temperature 20 C (EPA-74/04). BOD5: Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (40CFR401.11-91).
Body resistance: The sum total of body mechanisms which glace barriers to the progress of invasion of pathogenic organisms (EPA-83). Body style: The level of commonality in vehicle construction as defined by number of doors and roof treatment (e.g., sedan, convertible, fastback, hatchback) (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Body type: The name denoting a group of vehicles that are either in the same car line or in different car lines provided the only reason the vehicles qualify to be considered in different car lines is that they are produced by a separate division of a single manufacturer (40CFR86.082.2-91). Bog: A nutrient-poor, acidic wetland dominated by a waterlogged, spongy mat of sphagum moss that ultimately forms a thick layer of acidic peat; generally has no inflow or outflow; fed primarily by rain water (CWNWbasics-04).
Bog: A type of wetland that accumulates appreciable peat deposits. Bogs depend primarily on precipitation for their water source, and are usually acidic and rich in plant residue with a conspicuous mat of living green moss (EPA-97/12). Boil out: A procedure, usually utilizing heat and chemicals, to clean equipment such as evaporators, heat-exchangers, and pipelines (EPA-87/10). Boiler and Industrial Furnaces Rule (BIF): Regulations passed by the U.S. EPA in 1991 that govern the actual burning of hazardous waste boilers and industrial furnaces including cement kilns (ETI-92). Boiler blowdown: Wastewater resulting from purging of solid and waste materials from the boiler system. A solids build up in concentration as a result of water evaporation (steam generation) in the boiler (cf. blowdown) (EPA-76/03).
Boiler: A vessel in which a liquid is vaporized, usually at constant pressure, as a result of the controlled application of heat (EPA-83). Boiler: An enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion to recover and deliver energy in the f m of steam, heated fluid, or heated gases (RCRAihazardous-04). Boiler: You will find more related terms at the following: (1) Packaged boiler. (2) Wall fired boiler. (3) Waste heat boiler. Boiling point (BP): The temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor or gas. This is the temperature at which a liquid's vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure, so the liquid rapidly volatilizes (Navy/Env-04).
Boiler feedwater: Water supplied to a boiler (EPA-8211 If).
Boiling point temperature: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor. It is the temperature where the pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. The opposite change in phases is the condensation point temperature. See temperature for more related terms (Course 165.5).
Boiler major components: Fire wall or water wall; Superheater; Convection tubes and steam drum, Economizer; and Preheater (EPA-81/12, p7-6).
Boiling: The transition of a substance from the liquid to the gaseous phase usually at constant pressure and temperature (EPA83).
Boiler operating day: A 24-hour period during which fossil fuel is combusted in a steam generating unit for the entire 24 hours (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIG-91).
Bolson: An extensive, flat, saucer-shaped, alluvium-floored basin or depression, almost or completely surrounded by mountains and from which drainage has no surface outlet; a term used in the desert regions of the Southwestern United States (CWMWbasics04).
Boiler scale: An incrustation of salts deposited on the waterside of a boiler as a result of the evaporation of water (EPA-8211 If). Boiler tube: Tubes contained in a boiler. For a water tube boiler, water passes through the tubes during its conversion into steam. For a fire tube boiler, flames pass the tubes and transfer the heat to the water outside the tubes (EPA-8211 If). Boiler water tube: A tube in a boiler having the water and steam on the inside and heat applied to the outside (EPA-83). Boiler water: The circulating water in a boiler after the generated steam has been separated and before the incoming feedwater or added chemical becomes mixed with it. See water for more related terms (EPA-83). Boiler: A solid fuel burning appliance used primarily for heating spaces, other than the space where the appliance is located, by the distribution through pipes of a gas or fluid heated in the appliance. The appliance must be tested and listed as a boiler under accepted American or Canadian safety testing codes. A manufacturer may request an exemption in writing from the Administrator by stating why the testing and listing requirement is not practicable and by demonstrating that his appliance is otherwise a boiler (40CFR60.531-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661; 260.10-91).
Bolt torque: The turning force in foot-pounds applied to a roof bolt to achieve an installed tension (CWMmining-04). Boltzmann's constant (k): k = the ratio of the universal gas constant to the Avogadro number = 1.380658 x JK. Bond fission (or bond homolysis): A unimolecular reaction cleavage of a chemical bond (typically the lowest energy bond in a molecule) between two atoms, a molecule and an atom, or two molecules produces two radical species (EPA-88/12). Bond homolysis: See bond fission. Bond paper: (1) A generic category of paper used in a variety of end use applications such as forms (see form bond), offset printing, copy paper, stationery, etc. In the paper industry, the term was originally very specific but is now very general (40CFR250.4-91). (2) The term originally meant paper used for printing bonds and stocks, now generally refers to high grade papers used for letters and high quality printed work. It is surface-sized for better writing and printing quality (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. Bond release: The time at which the appropriate regulatory authority returns a reclamation or performance bond based upon
its determination that reclamation work (including, in the case of underground mines, mine sealing and abandonment procedures) has been satisfactorily completed (40CFR434.11-91). Bond rupture: Same as bond fission (EPA-88/12). Bond: See chemical bond. Bonding: The process of uniting using an adhesive or fusible ingredient (EPA-83106a). Book paper: (1) A generic category of papers produced in a variety of forms, weights, and finishes for use in books and other graphic arts applications, and related grades such as tablet, envelope, and converting papers (40CFR250.4-91). (2) A general term for a group of papers of suitable quality for the printing trade, excluding newsprint (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. Boom: A floating device used to contain oil on a body of water (NavyIEnv-04). Boom: A piece of equipment used to apply pesticides from ground equipment such as a tractor or truck (see sonic boom) (EPA97/12). Boominess: Low frequency reflections. In small rooms, acoustical panels with air space behind can better help control low frequency reflectivity (NCNsound-04). Boost regulator: A voltage conversion device used to increase the voltage in a direct current power application. Booster charge: A charge that is ignited by the electric match and, in turn, initiates combustion or detonation in the propellant (EPA76/03). Booster cycle: The period during which additional hydraulic pressure is exerted to push the last charge of solid waste into a transfer trailer or a container attached to a stationary compactor (SW-10%~). Booster pump: A pump which is used to increase the pressure of liquid or gas in a pipe. Bore: Inside diameter of a cylinder. Boreal life zone: The living organisms in the zone of northern geographic regions. Boreal: A climatic zone having a definite winter with snow and a short summer that is generally hot, and which is characterized by a large annual range of temperature (CWAWbasics-04). Borehole: Any deep or long drill-hole, usually associated with a diamond drill (CWNmining-04).
Borehole: Hole made with drilling equipment (EPA-97/12). Boric acid (H3B03): A white or colorless solid used for weatherproofing wood and fireproofing fabrics. Boride: A class of boron-containing compounds, primarily calcium boride, used as a constituent in refractory materials. Metallic impurities that often accompany the use of these materials include titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium, and uranium (EPA-85110a). Boring and turning: Scrap metals from machining of casting, rods, bars, and forgings (EPA-76/12). Boring: Enlarging a hole by removing metals with a single or occasionally a multiple point cutting tool moving parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or tool. Types of boring includes: (1) Single point boring: Cutting with a single point tool. (2) Precision boring: Cutting to tolerances held within narrow limits. (3) Gun boring: Cutting of deep holes. (4) Jig boring: Cutting of high precision and accurate location holes. (5) Groove boring: Cutting accurate recesses in hole walls (EPA-83106a). Boron (B): A nonmetallic element with atomic number 5; atomic weight 10.81; density 2.34 glcc; melting point 2030 C and boiling point 2550 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Borosilicate recipe: The glass product composition of the following approximate ranges of weight proportions: 60 to 80% silicon dioxide, 4 to 10% total R20 (eg, Na20 and K20), 5 to 35% boric oxides, and 0 to 13% other oxides (40CFR60.291-91). Borosilicate vial: Glass vial used to store organic samples (EPA88/12). Bosque: A dense growth of trees and underbrush (CWAWbasics04). Boss: Any member of the managerial ranks who is directly in charge of miners (e.g., "shift-boss," "face-boss," and "fire-boss") (CWNmining-04). Botanical pesticide: (1) A pesticide produced from naturally occurring chemicals found in some plants. Examples include nicotine, pyrethrum, strychnine, and rotenone (EPA-85/10). (2) A pesticide whose active ingredient is a plant-produced chemical such as nicotine or strychnine. Also called a plant-derived pesticide (EPA-97/12). (3) See pesticide for more related terms. Botanical: Drugs made from a part of a plant, such as roots, bark, or leaves (EPA-83/09).
Bottle bill: A law requiring deposits on beverage containers (see container deposit legislation).
Botulinus organism: Those organisms that cause acute food poisoning. See organism for more related terms (EPA-74/06).
Bottle bill: Proposed or enacted legislation which requires a returnable deposit on beer or soda containers and provides for retail store or other redemption. Such legislation is designed to discourage use of throwaway containers (EPA-97/12).
Bounce: The unscheduled point contact opening(s) after initial closure and before scheduled reopening (40CFR85.2122(5)(ii)(B)91).
Bottom ash: Ash that collects at the bottom of a combustion chamber (RCRA/hazardous-04). Bottom ash: In fossil fuel combustion, the solid residue remaining from combustion of fuel in a boiler furnace (EPA-75102d). Economizer ash is included when it is collected with bottom ash (EPA-8211 la). Bottom ash: In waste incineration, the solid material that remains on a hearth or falls off the grate after thermal processing is complete (40CFR240.101-91).
Bound water: The water that is held by a system such as water in tissues or in soil. See water for more related terms. Boundary condition: A set of mathematical conditions which must be satisfied by the solutions of a differential equation on the boundaries of the region in which the solution is sought (NATO78/10). Boundary layer model: A mathematical model, mostly in the form of a set of partial differential equations, which describes the structure of the boundary layer as a function of time and space (NATO-78110).
Bottom ash: The ash that drops out of the furnace gas stream in the furnace and in the economizer sections. Economizer ash is included when it is collected with bottom ash (40CFR423.11-9 1).
Boundary layer: When a fluid passes a surface, the fluid tangential velocity at the immediate vicinity of the surface is zero. The velocity increases from zero to the velocity of the stream. The transition region between zero velocity and stream velocity is the boundary layer.
Bottom ash: The non-airborne combustion residue from burning pulverized coal in a boiler; the material which falls to the bottom of the boiler and is removed mechanically; a concentration of the non-combustible materials, which may include toxics (EPA97/12).
Bounding accident: A postulated accident that is defined to encompass the range of anticipated accidents and used to evaluate the consequences of accidents at facilities for fuel and target fabrication and processing, waste management, and hazardous materials handling (DOE-91/04).
Bottom blown furnace: Any basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF) in which oxygen and other combustion gases are introduced to the bath of molten iron through tuyeres in the bottom of the vessel or through tuyeres in the bottom and sides of the vessel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141a-91).
Bounding estimate: An estimate of exposure, dose, or risk that is higher than that incurred by the person in the population with the currently highest exposure, dose, or risk. Bounding estimates are useful in developing statements that exposures, doses, or risks are not greater than an estimated value (EPA-97/12).
Bottom land hardwood: Forested freshwater wetlands adjacent to rivers in the southeastern United States, especially valuable for wildlife breeding, nesting, and habitat (EPA-97/12).
Bourdon gage: A device for measuring the gas pressure in a system. The unit is usually denoted by psig (pound force per square inch gage) (Jones-60, p15).
Bottom land: See flood plain (CWNWbasics-04).
Boussinesq approximation: The assumption that a fluid, in which density variations are caused by temperature variations, can be considered as incompressible. The density variations are only taken into account when producing buoyancy forces (NATO78/10).
Bottom ash: See ash for more related terms.
Bottom receiver: A container or tank used to receive and collect the heavier bottoms fractions of the distillation feed stream that remain in the liquid phase (40CFR264.1031-91). Bottom: Floor or underlying surface of an underground excavation (CWNmining-04). Bottom-land forest: Low-lying forested wetland found along streams and rivers, usually on alluvial flood plains (CWANbasics-04).
Box model: A simulation model of atmospheric dispersion for which it is assumed that the concentration is uniformly distributed over a specified volume or a box. The height of the box is determined by the mixing height. The horizontal dimensions are determined by the size of the area in which the emissions take place. Across the sides of the box, transport of the air pollution takes place. For steady conditions, the concentration c in the box
becomes: c=Q/F, where Q is the total emission strength and F the ventilation factor (NATO-78/10).
Boxboard cuttings: The term consists of baled new cuttings of paperboard such as are used in the manufacture of folding paper cartons, set-up boxes, and similar boxboard products (EPA-83). Box-type magazine: A small, portable magazine used to store limited quantities of explosives or detonators for short periods of time at locations in the mine which are convenient to the blasting sites at which they will be used (CWNmining-04). Boyle's law: Boyle's law states that, when the temperature (T) is held constant, the volume (V) of a given mass of a perfect gas of a given composition varies inversely as the absolute pressure varies. See law for more related terms (EPA-81/12, p2-7). Brackish water: Water with a salinity intermediate between seawater and freshwater (containing from 1,000 to 10,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) (CWAiWbasics-04). Brackish: Mixed fresh and salt water (EPA-97/12). Braided stream: A stream characterized by an interlacing or tangled network of several small branching and reuniting shallow channels (CWNWbasics-04). Braiding of river channels: Successive division and rejoining (of riverflow ) with accompanying islands is the important characteristic denoted by the synonymous terms, braided or anastomosing stream. A braided stream is composed of anabranches (CWA/hydrology-04). Braille paper: The paper designed to emboss well so that blind can read by touch. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Brake block: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a friction material in drum systems for vehicles rated at 26,001 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or more (40CFR763.163-91). Brake horsepower: The fan power the user pays for. It is the power to operate the unit. The term, gas horsepower, is used to describe the power delivered by the fan to the polluted gas stream. The efficiency of the fan is given by the ratio of the gas horsepower to the brake horsepower (EPA-84/09).
Brass aluminum: The brass to which aluminum has been added to improve resistance to corrosion (EPA-83). Brattice or brattice cloth: Fire-resistant fabric or plastic partition used in a mine passage to confine the air and force it into the working place. Also termed: Line brattice; Line canvas; or Line curtain (CWNmining-04). Brazing: Joining metals by flowing a thin layer, capillary thickness, of non-ferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term brazing is used where the temperature exceeds 425C (EPA-83106a). Breach of containment: The loss of containment through accidental means, deliberate means, or equipment failure causing the escape of recombinant organisms from containment barriers (EPA-88109a). Break line: The line that roughly follows the rear edges of coal pillars that are being mined. The line along which the roof of a coal mine is expected to break (CWNmining-04). Break point of chlorination (or chlorination break point): (1) The process in which chlorine is added to the media (water, sewage, or industrial wastes) in amounts large enough to cause all of the nitrogen in ammonia and ammonia-derivativespresent to be reduced to elemental nitrogen such that a free chlorine residual is available. See chlorination for more related terms (EPA-88109a). (2) Addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied (EPA-97/12). Break through point: The point at which impurities first appear in the effluent of a granular activated carbon adsorption bed (EPA8711Oa). Break through time: The elapsed time between initial contact of the hazardous liquid chemical with the outside surface of a protective clothing material and the time at which the chemical can be detected at the inside surface of the material by means of the chosen analytical technique (NIOSH-84/10). Break through: A crack or break in a filter bed that allows the passage of floc or particulate matter through a filter; will cause an increase in filter effluent turbidity (EPA-97/12).
Branched chain: See chain. Brass (or bronze): (1) Any metal alloy containing copper as its predominant constituent, and lesser amounts of zinc, tin, lead, or other metals (40CFR60.131-91). (2) Primarily an alloy of about 88% copper and 8 to 10% tin, plus zinc. The name is now used to describe other alloys such as aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze (EPA-83). Other brass-related terms include (1)Red brass and (2) Yellow brass.
Break water: A natural or artificial barrier that serves to break the force of waves and thereby shelters craft in a harbor or protects a beach from erosion. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Breakdown product: A compound derived by chemical, biological, or physical action upon a pesticide. The breakdown is a natural process that may result in a more toxic or a less toxic
compound and a more persistent or less persistent compound (CWNWbasics-04).
(3) Firebrick; (4) High duty fireclay brick; (5) Insulating brick; (6) Intermediate duty fireclay brick; and (7) Super duty fireclay brick.
Breakdown voltage: (1) The voltage level at which the capacitor fails (40CFR85.2122(a)-(6)(ii)(C)-91). (2) The voltage at which a discharge occurs between two electrodes (EPA-83/03).
Bridge carrier: A rubber-tiremounted mobile conveyor, about 10 meters long, used as an intermediate unit to create a system of articulated conveyors between a mining machine and a room or entry conveyor (CWNmining-04).
Breaker point: The mechanical switch operated by the distributor cam to establish and interrupt the primary ignition coil current (40CFR85.2 122(a)(5)(ii)(A)-91). Breakout tank: A tank used to: (1) Relieve surges in a hazardous liquid pipeline system, or (2) Receive and store hazardous liquid transported by a pipeline, for (3) Re-injection and continued transportation by pipeline (40CFR195.2-91). (4) See tank for more related terms. Breakover angle: The supplement of the largest angle, in the plan side view of an automobile, that can be formed by two lines tangent to the front and rear static loaded radii arcs and intersecting at a point on the underside the automobile (40CFR86.084.2-91). Breakthrough capacity: The adsorption capacity of a packed bed where traces of pollutants begin to appear in the exit gas stream. The same units as equilibrium capacity (ratio of the weight of the adsorbate retained to the weight of adsorbent) are employed for breakthrough capacity (EPA-84/09).
Bridge conveyor: A short conveyor hung from the boom of mining or lading machine or haulage system with the other end attached to a receiving bin that dollies along a frame supported by the room or entry conveyor, tailpiece. Thus, as the machine boom moves, the bridge conveyor keeps it in constant connection with the tailpiece (CWNmining-04). Bridge furnace wall: A partial partition between combustion chambers over which pass the products of combustion. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Bridge wall cover: Refractory blocks spanning the space between the bridge walls (EPA-83). Bright dipping: The immersion of all or part of a (metal) work piece in a medium designed to clean or brighten the surface and leave a protective surface coating on the work piece (EPA-83106a).
Breakthrough: A passage for ventilation that is cut through the pillars between rooms (CWNmining-04).
Brightness (or whiteness): The degree of whiteness of a pulp. The standard used is magnesium oxide with a reflectance of 100%. Pulp brightness is expressed as a percentage of the MgO reflectance measured at a dominant wave length of 458 millimicrons (EPA-83).
Breathing zone: Area of air in which an organism inhales (EPA97/12).
Brightness unit: An increment of measurement to assess the brightness of paper (EPA-87/10).
Breeching bypass: An arrangement whereby breechings and dampers permit the intermittent use of two or more passages to direct or divert the flow of the products of combustion (SW-108ts).
Brine mud: Waste material, often associated with well-drilling or mining, composed of mineral salts or other inorganic compounds (EPA-97/12).
Breeching: A passage that conducts the products of combustion to a stack or chimney (SW-108ts).
Brine: Water saturated with a salt (cf. brackish water) (EPA821110.
Breeder: A nuclear reactor that produces more fuel than it consumes (EPA-74/11).
Brine: Water that contains more than 35,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids (CWNWbasics-04).
Breeze: Breeze-related terms include (1) Land breeze and (2) Sea breeze.
Briquetter: A machine that compresses a material, such as metal turnings or coal dust, into small pellets (SW-108ts).
Brick veneer: A single layer or tier of masonry or similar materials securely attached to a wall for the purposes of providing ornamentation, protection, or insulation, but not bonded or attached to intentionally exert common action under load. See veneer for more related terms (EPA-88/08).
Bristols: Heavier papers, 0.006-inch or more in thickness (EPA83).
Brick: A rehctory brick made from fireclay. Other brick-related terms include (1) Alumina diaspore fireclay brick; (2) Basic brick;
British thermal unit: Unit of heat energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at sea level (EPA-97/12). Brittleness: Point of breaking when bent (EPA-83).
Brix: A hydrometer scale calibrated to read percent sugar by weight in pure sugar (juice) solutions. Originated by Balling, improved and corrected by Brix (EPA-74101a; 74/03). Broadcast application: The spreading of pesticides over an entire area (EPA-97/12). Broker: An individual or group of individuals who act as agents or intermediaries between the sellers and buyers of recyclable materials or waste services (RCRAImanagement-04). Bromine (Br): A halogen element with atomic number 35; atomic weight 79.909; density 3.12 g/cc; melting point -7.2 C; and boiling point 58 C. The element belongs to group VIIA of the periodic table. Bromine (Br): A halogen that can substitute for hydrogen in many organic compounds, generally making the resultant compound more toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Brown mud lake: The diked reservoir (tailing pond) used to impound brown mud (EPA-74103b). Brown mud: The final solid waste remaining after the alumina is leached (EPA-74103b). Brown oxide (UO*):Uranium dioxide, an intermediate product in the conversion of orange oxide to green salt (AENclosure-04). Brown paper: The paper usually made from unbleached kraft pulp and used for bags, sacks, wrapping paper, and so forth. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Brown stock washer system: The brown stock washers and associated knotters, vacuum pumps, and filtrate tanks used to wash the pulp following the digestion system. Diffusion washers are excluded from this definition (40CFR60.281-91). Brown stock: Unbleached pulp obtained from the digesters (EPA83, see also EPA-87/10).
Bromine water: A nonmetallic halogen liquid, normally deep red, corrosive and toxic, which is used as an oxidizing agent. See water for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Brownian motion: Continuous random motion of microscopic particles in a gas or liquid medium.
Bromofenoxim (Cl3H7N3O6BrZ): A powder used as a herbicide to control weeds.
Brownout: A drop of electrical voltage for a short period of time due to an unexpected interference.
Bromofluorocarbons (halons): Inert, nontoxic chemicals that have at least one bromine atom in their chemical makeup. They evaporate without leaving a residue and are used in fire extinguishing systems, especially for large computer installations (CAA/C02gas-04).
Bruce Ames test: See Ames test.
Bronsted acid: A chemical substance which can act as a proton source. See acid for more related terms.
Brush or wipe coating: A manual method of applying a coating using a brush, cloth, or similar object (40CFR52.741-91). Brushing: Digging up the bottom or taking down the top to give more headroom in roadways (CWNmining-04). Btu: See British thermal unit.
Bronze: See brass. Brood stock: The animals which are cultured to produce test organisms through reproduction (40CFR797.1300-9 1, see also 40CFR797.1330-91). Brow: A low place in the roof of a mine, giving insufficient headroom (CWNmining-04). Brown earth: A type of soil which is rich in organic matter derived from the annual leaf fall of trees and shrubs. Brown fields: Abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities/sites where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination. They can be in urban, suburban, or rural areas. EPA's Brown fields initiative helps communities mitigate potential health risks and restore the economic viability of such areas or properties (EPA97/12).
BTX storage tank: Any tank, reservoir, or container used to collect or store benzenstoluene-xylene or other light-oil fractions (40CFR61.131-91). Bubble policy: An EPA policy that allows a plant complex with several facilities to decrease pollution from some facilities while increasing it from others, so long as total results are equal to or better than previous limits. Facilities where this is done are treated as if they exist in a bubble in which total emissions are averaged out. Complexes that reduce emissions substantially may bank their credits or sell them to other industries (cf. emission trading) (EPA97/12). Bubble: A system under which existing emissions sources can propose alternate means to comply with a set of emissions limitations; under the bubble concept, sources can control more than required at one emission point where control costs are
relatively low in return for a comparable relaxation of controls at a second emission point where costs are higher (EPA-97/12).
Bubbler: An absorber in which the sample gas is introduced below the surface of a liquid absorbent. For increased efficiency, the gas stream may be broken up into small bubbles by being forced through restricted openings as in the fritted gas tip (LBG 76107-air). Bubbling fluidized bed combustor: A fluidized bed combustor in which the majority of the bed material remains in a fluidized state in the primary combustion zone. See fluidized bed combustion for more related terms (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Bucket elevator: A conveying device for metallic minerals consisting of a head and foot assembly that supports and drives an endless single or double strand chain or belt to which buckets are attached (40CFR60.38 1-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). Bucket: An open container affixed to the movable arms of a wheeled or tracked vehicle to spread solid waste and cover material, and to excavate soil; also a type of grapple used with an overhead crane (EPA-83). Budget request: The amount of funding the President requests the Congress appropriate in a given fiscal year. In formulating the President's budget request, the Administration identifies its major fimding themes and crosscutting issues and then makes decisions on agency budget requests, based on Presidential priorities, program performance, and budget constraints (OMBIReg-04). Budget target: The amount of a given fiscal year's discretionary funding apportioned to each federal agency, based on anticipated levels of appropriations. Agencies are expected to adhere to this target in their budget request to the Administration (OMBIReg-04). Budget, actual: The amount of funding Congress actually appropriates for spending in a given fiscal year (OMBIReg-04). Budget, enacted: This is the same as the "actual budget1'--the amount of funding Congress actually enacts through appropriations laws for spending in a given fiscal year (OMBIReg-04). Budget: The financial plan for the spending of all federal and matching funds (including in kind contributions) for a technical assistance grant project as proposed by the applicant, and negotiated with and approved by the Award Official (40CFR35.4010-91). Buffer strips: Strips of grass or other erosion-resisting vegetation between or below cultivated strips or fields (EPA-97/12). Buffer zone: Neutral area serving as a protective barrier separating two conflicting forces. An area that minimizes the impact of pollutants on the environment or public welfare. For
example, a buffer zone is established between a composting facility and neighboring residents to minimize odor problems (RCRAlmanagernent-04).
Buffer: A solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt which thereby resists changes in acidity or basicity, i.e., resists changes in pH (stabilizes the pH values, acidity, or alkalinity) (EPA-87110a). Buffer: A solution or liquid whose chemical makeup neutralizes acids or bases without a great change in pH (EPA-97/12). Buffer: A substance that reduces the change in pH that would otherwise be produced by adding acids or bases to a solution. A pH stabilizer (NavyIEnv-04). Bufing dust: Small pieces of leather removed in the buffing operation. Buffing dust also includes small particles of abrasive used in the operation and is of a coarse powder consistency (EPA82111). Buffing: (1) In metal finishing, an operation to provide a high luster to a surface. The operation, which is not intended to remove much materials, usually follows polishing (EPA-83106a). (2) In leather finishing, a light sanding operation applied to the grain or underside of leather and also to splits. Buffing smoothes the grain surface and improves the nap of the underside of the leather (EPA82111). (3) In constructing a landfill liner, an inaccurate term often used to describe the grinding of polyethylene flexible membrane liners to remove surface oxides and waxes in preparation of extrusion seaming (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Bug dust: The fine particles of coal or other material resulting form the boring or cutting of the coal face by drill or machine (CWAImining-04). Building block technique: A method of allocating effluent limitations guidelines to multi-subcategory plants where the effluent limitations guidelines for that given plant would represent a production-weighted sum of effluent limitations guidelines which apply to each specific subcategory (EPA-76/03). Building completion: The date when all but minor components of a project have been built, all equipment is operational and the project is capable of functioning as designed (40CFR35.2005-91). Building cooling load: The hourly amount of heat that must be removed from a building to maintain indoor comfort (measured in British thermal units [Btus]) (EPA-97/12). Building department records: Those records of the local government in whose jurisdiction the property is located indicating permission of the local government to construct, alter, or demolish improvements on the property. Often building permits are located in the building department of a municipality or county (USDNwater-04).
Building effects on dispersion: The influence by the flow patterns and turbulence around buildings on the dispersion of emissions from or in the neighborhood of these buildings. For instance, pollution can get trapped inside the flow separation region behind a building (NATO-78110). Building envelope: The exterior surface of a building's construction--the walls, windows, floors, roof, and floor. Also called building shell (EPA-97/12). Building insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed between the conditioned volume of a building and adjacent unconditioned volumes or the outside. This term includes but is not limited to insulation products such as blanket, board, spray-in-place, and loose-fill that are used as ceiling, floor, foundation, and wall insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Building related illness: A discrete, identifiable disease or illness. It can be traced to a specific pollutant or source within a building (contrast with sick building syndrome) (EPA-88/09b). Building related illness: Diagnosable illness whose cause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specific pollutant source within a building (e.g., Legionnaire's disease, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis). See sick building syndrome (EPA-97/12). Building, structure, facility, or installation: All of the pollutantemitting activities which belong to the same industrial grouping, are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties, and are under the control of the same person (or persons under common control) except the activities of any vessel. Pollutantemitting activities shall be considered as part of the same industrial grouping if they belong to the same Major Group (i.e., which have the same two-digit code) as described in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972, as amended by the 1977 Supplement (U.S. Government Printing Office stock numbers 4 101-0065 and 003-005-00176-0, respectively) (40CFR51.165491). Building: The erection, acquisition, alteration, remodeling, improvement, or extension of treatment works (40CFR35.2005-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). Bulb: A glass envelope which encloses an incandescent lamp or an electronic tube (EPA-83/03).
while being sprayed by water or another scrubbing liquor (EPA85/10a).
Bulk container: A large container that can either be pulled or lifted mechanically onto a service vehicle or emptied mechanically into a service vehicle (40CFR246.101-91). Bulk density: The mass of bulky materials per unit volume. See density for more related terms (EPA-84/09). Bulk gasoline plant: A gasoline storage and distribution facility with an average throughput of 76,000 liters (20,000 gal) or less on a 30-day rolling average that distributes gasoline to gasoline dispensing facilities (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111b91). Bulk gasoline terminal: Any gasoline facility which receives gasoline by pipeline, ship or barge, and has a gasoline throughput greater than 75,700 liters per day. Gasoline throughput shall be the maximum calculated design throughput as may be limited by compliance with an enforceable condition under federal, state, or local law and discoverable by the Administrator and any other person (40CFR60.501-91). Bulk resin: A resin which is produced by a polymerization process in which no water is used. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.61-91). Bulk sample: A small portion (usually thumbnail size) of a suspect asbestos containing building material collected by an asbestos inspector for laboratory analysis to determine asbestos content (EPA-97/12). Bulk terminal: Any facility which receives liquid product containing benzene by pipelines, marine vessels, tank trucks, or railcars, and loads the product for further distribution into tank trucks, railcars, or marine vessels (40CFR61.301-91). Bulk: The term denotes thickness of a sheet of paper (EPA-83). Bulkhead: An air-restraining barrier constructed for a long-term control of radon-222 and radon-222 decay products. Bulking agent: A material used to add volume to another material to make it more porous to air flow. For example, municipal solid waste may act as a bulking agent when mixed with water treatment sludge (EPA-89/11).
Bulk asbestos: Any quantity of asbestos fiber of any type or grade, or combination of types or grades, that is mined or milled with the purpose of obtaining asbestos. This term does not include asbestos that is produced or processed as a contaminant or an impurity. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91).
Bulking agent: A material used to add volume to another material to make the second material more porous, which increases airflow. For example, municipal solid waste may act as a bulking agent when mixed with water treatment sludge (RCWmanagement-04).
Bulk bed washer: A type of wet dust collector consisting of a bed of lightweight spheres through which the dust-laden air must pass
Bulking sludge: The sludge produced due to the inability of an activated sludge to settle. It is thus difficult to separate from the
effluent and affect the quality of wastewater treatment. See sludge for more related terms.
Bulky items: Large items of refuse including, but not limited to, appliances, furniture, large auto parts, nonhazardous construction and demolition materials, trees, branches, and stumps that cannot be handled by normal solid waste processing, collection, or disposal methods (RCWmanagement-04). Bulky waste (or oversize waste): (1) Large items of solid waste such as household appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, branches, stumps, and other oversize wastes whose large size precludes or complicates their handling by normal solid wastes collection, processing, or disposal methods. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91). (2) Large items of waste materials, such as appliances, furniture, large auto parts, trees, stumps (EPA-97/12). Bulldozer: A tracked vehicle equipped with an earth blade (SW108ts). Bump (or burst): A violent dislocation of the mine workings which is attributed to severe stresses in the rock surrounding the workings (CWAImining-04). Bundle: A structure composed of three or more fibers in a parallel arrangement with each fiber closer than one fiber diameter (40CFR763-AppIA-91). Bunker C oil: A general term used to indicate a heavy viscous fuel oil (OME-88/12). Bunker fuel: Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft in international transportation, irrespective of the flag of the carrier, consisting primarily of residual fuel oil for ships and distillate and jet fuel oils for aircraft (CAA/C02gas-04). Bunker fuel: Fuel supplied to ships and airmR, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships and kerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term "intemational bunker fuels" is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, data on emissions from combustion of intemational bunker fuels are subtracted from national emissions totals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel. See vessel bunkering (CAA/C02gasl-04). Buoyancy: (1) The ability or tendency to float or rise in liquid or air. (2) An upward force upon a parcel of a fluid in a gravitational field due to a density difference between the parcel and surrounding fluid (NATO-78110). (3) The (buoyant) force exerted on a particle suspended in an air stream. The magnitude of the force is given by the weight of the fluid displaced by the particle. In air pollution calculations, this force is generally neglected (EPA-84/09).
Buret: A marked glass used to deliver variable volumes of liquid. Burial ground (graveyard): A disposal site for radioactive waste materials that uses earth or water as a shield (EPA-97/12). Burial operation: See trenching (40CFR257.3.6-91). Burn down period: The period of time in an incinerator's operating cycle during which no additional waste is charged to the incinerator and the primary combustion chamber temperature is maintained above a minimum temperature (using auxiliary burners as necessary) to facilitate the solid phase combustion of the waste bed (cf. cooldown period) (EPA-89103b). Burn off: The process of severing an unwanted portion of a glass article by fusing the glass (EPA-83). Burn rate (burning rate or combustion rate): (1) The rate at which test fuel is consumed in a wood heater. Measured in kilogram of wood (dry basis) per hour (kghr) (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91). (2) The quantity of solid waste incinerated or the amount of heat released during incineration. The rate is usually expressed in pounds of solid waste per square foot of burning area per hour or in Btus per square foot of burning area per hour (SW-108ts, see also EPA-89103b). Burn: (1) Combustion or incineration of substances. (2) Connection of terminals, posts, or connectors in a lead acid battery by welding (EPA-84/08). (3) In brick manufacturing, the degree of heat treatment to which refractory bricks are subjected when manufactured (SW-108ts). Burner block: A refractory block with one or more orifices through which fuel is admitted to a furnace (EPA-83). Burner component: The main components of a burner system include a forced air blower, a fuel train, pilot and main burners, and most importantly a flame safeguard system (EPA-89103b). Burner valve: A valve that is used to control the air or fuel flow rate for a burner. It is operated either manually or mechanically. Burner: A device that ignites a fuel or a mixture of fuels and air inside of combustion chambers. Burner: A triggering mechanism used to ignite and oxidize hydrocarbon fuels (AP-40). Burners: Handlers who bum used oil for energy m v e r y in boilers, industrial fbnaces, or hazardous waste incinerators (RCRAlhazardous-04). Burning agent: Those additives that, through physical or chemical means, improve the combustibility of the materials to which they are applied (40CFR300.5-91).
Burning area: The horizontal projection of a grate, a hearth, or both (SW-108ts). Burning for energy recovery: Burning hazardous waste for its heating value as a fuel, and using wastes to produce fuels or as ingredients in fuels (RCRA/hazardous-04). Burning hearth: A solid surface to support the solid fuel or solid waste in a furnace during drying, ignition, or combustion, without air openings in it. The surface upon which materials are placed for combustion. See hearth for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Butt entry: A coal mining term that has different meanings in different locations. It can be synonymous with panel entry, submain entry, or in its older sense it refers to an entry that is "butt" onto the coal cleavage (that is, at right angles to the face) (CWAImining-04). Butterfly damper: A plate or blade installed in a duct, breeching, flue connection, or stack that rotates on an axis to regulate the gas flow. See damper for more related terms (OME-88/12). Button cell: A tiny, circular battery made for a watch or for other microelectronic applications (EPA-84/08).
Burning rate: See bum rate. Burnishing: A surface finishing process in which minute surface irregularities are displaced rather than removed (40CFR471.02-91).
Butyl rubber: A synthetic rubber made by the solution polymerization of isobutylene and isoprene. See rubber for more related terms (EPA-74112a).
Burnout: A measure of ash quality; it is the percentage of the ash that is inorganic materials (EPA-89103b).
Buy-back center: A facility to which individuals bring recyclables in exchange for payment (RCFWmanagement-04).
Burnt lime: Calcined limestone (CaO), MgO (dolomitie), or a mixture of these (cf. dolomite or limestone) (EPA-83).
Buy-back center: Facility where individuals or groups bring reyclables in return for payment (EPA-97/12).
Bursting strength: A measure of the ability of a paper sheet to resist rupture when pressure is applied to one of its sides. Bursting strength is tested by a specified instrument, under specified conditions--the Mullen or pop test (EPA-83).
By compound: By individual stream components, not carbon equivalents (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661-91).
Busbar: A heavy rigid, metallic conductor, usually uninsulated, used to carry a large current or to make a common connection between several circuits (EPA-83/03). Bushing: An insulating structure including a central conductor with provision for mounting on a barrier (conducting or otherwise), for the purpose of insulating the conductor from the barrier and conducting current from one side of the barrier to the other (EPA83/03). Business machine: A device that uses electronic or mechanical methods to process information, perform calculations, print or copy information, or convert sound into electrical impulses for transmission, such as: (1)Products classified as typewriters under SIC Code 3572; (2) Products classified as uilculating and accounting machines under SIC Code 3574; (3) Products classified as calculating and accounting machines under SIC Code 3574; (4) Products classified as telephone and telegraph equipment under SIC Code 3661; (5) Products classified as office machines, not elsewhere classified, under SIC Code 3579; and (6) Photocopy machines, a subcategory of products classified as photographic equipment under SIC Code 3861 (40CFR60.721-91). Butt cleat: A short, poorly defined vertical cleavage plane in a coal seam, usually at right angles to the long face cleat (CWAImining-04).
Bypass stack: The stack that vents exhaust gases to the atmosphere from the bypass control device. See stack for more related terms (40CFR60.61-91). Bypass the control device: To operate the glass melting furnace without operating the control device to which that furnace's emissions are directed routinely (40CFR61.161-91). Bypass: (1) Any system that prevents all or a portion of the kiln or clinker cooler exhaust gases from entering the main control device and ducts the gases through a separate control device. This does not include emergency systems designed to duct exhaust gases directly to the atmosphere in the event of a malfunction of any control device controlling kiln or clinker cooler emissions (40CFR60.61-91, see also 40CFR122.41; 403.1 7-91). (2) An act of intentional noncompliance during which waste treatment facilities are circumvented in emergency situations (EPA-85/10). Bypass: The intentional diversion of wastestreams from any portion of a treatment (or pretreatment) facility (CWAIwastewater-04). By-product coke process: A process in which coal is carbonized in the absence of air to permit recovery of the volatile compounds and to produce coke (EPA-74106a). By-product cokemaking: Those cokemaking operations in which coal is heated in the absence of air to produce coke. In this process, by-products may be recovered from the gases and liquids driven from the coal during cokemaking (40CFR420.11-91).
By-product material: (1) Any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material (10CFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4-91). (2) Byproduct material, which is any radioactive material that is made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or using special nuclear material (DOE-91/04). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms. By-product/waste: Any liquid or gaseous substance produced at chemical manufacturing plants or petroleum refineries (except natural gas, distillate oil, or residual oil) and combusted in a steam
generating unit for heat recovery or for disposal. Gaseous substances with carbon dioxide levels greater than 50% or carbon monoxide levels greater than 10% are not by-product/waste for the purposes of this subpart (40CFR60.41b-91). By-product: Material, other than the principal product, generated. as a consequence of an industrial process or as a breakdown product in a living system (EPA-97/12). By-products: Materials that are not one of the intended products of a production process and includes most wastes that are not spent materials or sludges (RCRAIhazardous-04).
CAA: Clean Air Act. See Act or CAA. Cab over axle or cab over engine: The cab which contains the operator-passenger compartment is directly above the engine and front axle and the entire cab can be tilted forward to permit access to the engine compartment (40CFR205.51-91).
Calandria evaporator: An evaporator using a calandria; the standard evaporator in current use in the sugar industry (EPA75/02d). Calandria vacuum pan: A vacuum pan using a calandria; the standard vacuum pan in current use in the sugar industry (EPA75102d).
Cab over engine: See cab over axle. Cable pullout unloading method: A procedure in which a landfill tractor empties a transfer trailer by pulling a cable network from the front to the rear within the vehicle (EPA-83). Cadmium (Cd): (1) The total cadmium present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater. treatment system (40CFR415.451-91, see also 40CFR415.63 1-91). (2) cadmium is a soft metallic element with atomic number 48; atomic weight 112.40; density 8.65 glee; melting point 320.9 C and boiling point 765 C and belongs to group IIB of the periodic table. (3) A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment (EPA-97/12). Cadmium (Cd): A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment (MWTNmedical-04).
Calandria: The steam belt or heating element in an evaporator or vacuum pan, consisting of vertical tube sheets constituting the heating surface (EPA-75/02d). Calcareous: A rock or substance formed of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate by biological deposition or inorganic precipitation, or containing those minerals in sufficient quantities to effervesce when treated with cold hydrochloric acid (CWA/Wbasics-04). Calcination: (1) The formation of solid materials (e.g., calcium carbinate from hard water). (2) The conversion of wastes into solid materials at elevated temperature (800-2000 C) and atmospheric pressure, without any interactions with the gaseous phase (such as air oxidation which occurs during incineration). (3) FO; an aqueous waste, the first reaction that can occur during calcination is vaporization of the water, leaving the solid materials as the granular and free flowing or a compact solid. A similar process occurs in the initial treatment of a de-watered sludge (i.e., after filtration and centrifugation). In many instances, it is possible to proceed further with the calcination to drive off volatile materials from the partially calcined solid, e.g., a salt, to form an oxide that will be more stable or reusable.
Cadmium (Cd): A soft metal used in electroplating, pigments, plastic stabilizers, batteries, fusible alloys, soft solder, and solder for aluminum. Pollution sources include smelter fumes and dust, some incineration products, fertilizer, municipal wastewater, and sludge discharges. It is also an industrial by-product of the manufacturing of zinc, copper, and lead. Its mobility depends on the pH and redox state of the local environment. It can be adsorbed to sediments and soils or relatively soluble in surface water or groundwater depending on the conditions. Bioaccumulation in the environment is a concern. Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal problems, and inhalation can cause lung problems (NavyIEnv-04).
Calcination: A process in which a material is heated to a high temperature without fusing, so that hydrates, carbonates, or other compounds are decomposed and the volatile material is expelled (CAA1CO2gas-04).
Cage: In a mine shaft, the device, similar to an elevator car, that is used for hoisting personnel and materials (CWAImining-04).
Calcine: A chemical process where materials are roasted to change the chemical composition (AENclosure-04).
Cake: The solids discharged from a dewatering apparatus (cf. filter cake).
Calcine: The solid materials produced (40CFR60.161-91).
by
a
roaster
Calcined pozzolan: The materials that are produced by calcination of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths for the
purpose of activation of pozzolanic properties. See pozzolan for more related terms. (EPA-83).
from the incursion of surface runoff from areas outside of the outer perimeter of the seepage ditch (40CFR418.11-91).
Calciner or nodulizing kiln: A unit in which phosphate rock is heated to high temperatures to remove organic material andlor to convert it to a nodular form. For the purpose of this subpart, calciners and nodulizing kilns are considered to be similar units (40CFR6 1.121-91).
Calcium sulfate: A white crystalline salt, insoluble in water. Used in Keene's cement, in pigments, as a paper filler, and as a drying agent (CAA/C02gas-04).
Calciner: A unit in which the moisture and organic matter of phosphate rock is reduced within a combustion chamber (40CFR60.401-91). Calcining zone: The thermal zone in the cement kiln in which carbon dioxide is liberated from carbonate species such as calcium carbonate (ETI-92). Calcining: Heating to a high temperature without melting or fusing, e.g., to heat unformed ceramic materials in a kiln, or to heat ores, precipitates, concentrates, or residues so that hydrates, carbonates, or other compounds are decomposed and volatile material is expelled, e.g., to heat limestone to make lime (EPA83/03). Calcium (Ca): An alkaline earth metal that is very abundant in the environment. Readily forms salts with various metals and halogens. When present in water, it can indicate salinity and alkalinity. Contributes to hard water when present in high concentrations. It is an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Not generally considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04).
Calcium sulfite: A white powder, soluble in dilute sulfuric acid. Used in the sulfite process for the manufacture of wood pulp (CAA/C02gas-04). Calculated level: The level of production, exports or imports of controlled substances determined for each Group of controlled substances by: (1) Multiplying the amount (in kilograms) of production, exports or imports of each controlled substance by that substance's ozone depletion weight listed in Appendix A to this Part; and (2) Adding together the resulting products for the controlled substances within each Group (40CFR82.3-91). Caldera: A large, more or less circular, basin-shaped volcanic depression whose diameter is many times greater than the volcanic vent (CWA/Wbasics-04). Calendar quarter: Not less than 12 consecutive weeks nor more than 14 consecutive weeks. The first calendar quarter of each year shall begin in January and subsequent calendar quarters shall be such that no day is included in more than one calendar quarter or omitted from inclusion within a calendar quarter. No licensee shall change the method observed by him of determining calendar quarters except at the beginning of a calendar year (10CFR20.391).
Calcium (Ca): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 20; atomic weight 40.08; density 1.55 gkc; melting point 838 C and boiling point 1440 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Calendering: Forming a continuous sheet by squeezing the material between two or more parallel rolls to impart the desired finish or to ensure uniform thickness (EPA-83106a).
Calcium carbide: The material containing 70 to 85% calcium carbide by weight (40CFR60.261-91).
Calgon (NaPO3),$ A corrosion inhibitor used as a water softening agent.
Calcium carbonate (CaC03): The major ingredient needed to manufacture cement (ETI-92).
Calibrated accuracy: The calibrated accuracy is the difference between the indicated parameter value and its actual value. It is determined by calibrating the measuring system with an uncontaminated sensor (cf. system calibration (LBL76107-water).
Calcium hypo-chlorite: A chemical commonly used in the paper industry for bleaching pulp, and in water treatment as a germicide (EPA-87/10). Calcium silicon: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A495-76 (incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17, see also 40CFR-60.261-91). Calcium sulfate storage pile runoff: The calcium sulfate transport water runoff from or through the calcium sulfate pile, and the precipitation which falls directly on the storage pile and which may be collected in a seepage ditch at the base of the outer slopes of the storage pile, provided such seepage ditch is protected
Calibration blank: A volume of deionized, distilled water acidified with HN03 and HCI (40CFR136-AppIC-91). A blank of known concentration which is used to establish the adequacy of samples taken. Examples of the calibration blank include a volume of Type I1 water acidified with the same amounts of acids as were the standards and samples. See blank for more related terms. Calibration blank: Usually an organic or aqueous solution that is as free of analyte as possible and prepared with the same volume of chemical reagents used in the preparation of calibration standards and diluted to the appropriate volume with the same solvent (water or organic). The calibration blank is used to give
the null reading for the instrument response versus concentration calibration curve. One calibration blank should be analyzed with each analytical batch or every method-specified number of samples, whichever is more frequent (NavyiEnv-04). Calibration check: Verification of the ratio of instrument response to analyte amount, a calibration check is done by analyzing for analyte standards in an appropriate solvent. Calibration check solutions are made from a stock solution which is different from the stock used to prepare standards (NavyJEnv04). Calibration curve: A graph or other systematic method of establishing the relationship between the analyzer response and the actual gas concentration introduced to the analyzer (40CFR60App/A(method 6C)-91). Calibration drift (deviation): (1) The difference in the measurement system output reading from the initial calibration response at a mid-range calibration value after a stated period of operation during which no unscheduled maintenance, repair, or adjustment took place (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also 40CFR60-ApplA(method 25A); AppiB; AppIF-91). (2) The change in response or output of an instrument from a reference value over a period of time. Drift is measured by comparing the responses to a reference standard over a period of time with no adjustment of instrument settings (EPA-90104). (3) See calibration for more related terms. Calibration drift test period: A monitoring system should be operated for some time before attempting drift checks, because most systems need a period of equilibration and adjustment before the performance is reasonably stable. At least one week (168 hours) of continuous operation is recommended before attempting drift tests. While a facility is operating at normal conditions, calibration drift test can be performed once each day. See calibration for more related terms. (EPA-90104). Calibration drift: The change in measurement system output over a stated period of time of normal continuous operation when the pollutant concentration at the time of the measurement is the same known upscale value (AENmixedW-04). Calibration equipment: Equipment used for calibration of instruments (EPA-83106a). Calibration error: (1) The difference between the gas concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of the calibration gas (40CFR60App/A(method 25A)-91, see also 40CFRAppiB-91). (2) A measure of the deviation of a measured value at the analyzer mid range from a reference value. (3) The difference between the gas concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of thk calibration gas (EPA-90104).
Calibration error: The difference between the pollutant concentration indicated by the measurement system and the known concentration of the test gas mixture (AENmixedW-04). Calibration gas: (1) A gas of known concentration which is used to establish the response curve of an analyzer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 6C and 7E); method 21; method 25A-91). (2) A known concentration of a gas in an appropriate diluent gas. For total hydrocarbon (THC) measurement, the concentration is expressed in terms of propane (EPA-90104): (3) The calibration gas for THC measurement includes: fuel; zero gas; and low-, mid-, and high-level calibration gas. Calibration of air flow: The basic equipment required for calibrating air flow measuring instruments. The instruments include a standard meter, an air mover, and often a source of constant power. Air flow calibration methods include Primary standard; Intermediate standard; and Secondary standard (EPA83106). Calibration of equipment: The measurement of dispersal or output of application equipment and adjustment of such equipment to control the rate of dispersal, and droplet or particle size of pesticide dispersed by the equipment (40CFR171.2-91). Calibration precision: The degree of agreement between measurements of the same known value, expressed as the relative percentage of the average difference between the meter readings and the known concentration to the known concentration (40CFR60-App/A(method21)-91). Calibration reference: A standard for comparison with the measured values to determine the degree of accuracy of the measurement. Calibration standards: (1) A series of known standard solutions used by the analyst for calibration of the instrument (i.e., preparation of the analytical curve) (40CFR136-ApplC-91). (2) A standard used to quantitate the relationship between the output of a sensor and a property to be measured. Calibration standards should be traceable to Standard Reference Materials or primary standard (LBL-7176-air). (3) See standard for more related terms. Calibration standards: A series of known standard solutions used by the analyst for calibration of the instrument (i.e., preparation of the analytical curve) (NavyIEnv-04). Calibration valve assembly: A heated three-way assembly to direct the zero gas and calibration gases to the analyzers is recommended. Other methods, such as quick-connect lines, to route calibration gas to the analyzers are applicable. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms. (EPA-90104).
Calibration: The establishment of an analytical curve based on the absorbance, emission intensity, or other measured characteristics of known standards. The calibration standards must be prepared using the same type of acid or concentration of acids as used in the sample preparation, i.e., the same matrix (Navy/Env-04).
Calomel electrode (saturated calomel electrode or standard calomel electrode): An electrode of known potential in a halfcell. The electrode is mercury and the electrolyte is a solution of potassium chloride and saturated mercury chloride (calomel). It is used as a standard or reference electrode to measure pH and electromotive force. See electrode for more related terms.
Calibration: The process of adjusting the instrument read-out so that it corresponds to the actual concentration. It involves checking the instrument with a known concentration of a gas or vapor to see that the instrument gives the proper response (Course 165.5). The process includes: (1) Initial calibration verification standard: A certified or independently prepared material or mixture used to verify the accuracy of the initial calibration. (2) Continuing calibration verification: Used to assure calibration accuracy during each analysis run. It must be run for each analyte at a frequency of 10% or every two hours during the run, whichever is more frequent. It must also be analyzed at the beginning of the run and after the last analytical sample. Its concentration must be at or near the mid-range levels of the calibration curve.
Calorific value: The quantity of heat that can be liberated from one pound of coal or oil measured in Btus (CWNmining-04). See also heat of combustion.
Calibration: Calibration-related terms include (1) Dynamic calibration and (2) Static calibration. Calibration: The set of specifications, including tolerances, unique to particular design, version, or application of a component or components assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Calibration: The set of specifications, including tolerances, unique to a particular design, version, or application of a component or component assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range (AENmixedW-04). California list: Interim LDR treatment standards that ensured adequate protection of human health and the environment during the time EPA was promulgating final LDR treatment standards (RCRA/hazardous-04). California list waste: See California List Waste in Appendix B for complete list chemicals (52 Federal Register 25760, July 8, 1987). Californium (Cf): A radioactive metal with atomic number 98; atomic weight 249. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Calm: In meteorology, the absence of apparent motion of the air. It usually refers to wind speeds less than two knots. In the meteorological data used in air pollution modeling, the periods of calm are frequently determined by the threshold value of the anemometer (NATO-78110).
Calorimeter: (1) Any of several apparatuses used for measuring quantities of absorbed or evolved heat from a specific quantity of material (EPA-83). (2) A device for measuring heat quantities, such as combustion heat and specific heat. Can coating facility: A facility that includes one or more can coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-9 1). Can coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto the surface of cans or can components (40CFR52.741-91). Can coating: Any coating applied on a single walled container that is manufactured from metal sheets thinner than 29 gauge (0.0141 in.) (40CFR52.741-91). Can: Any metal container, with or without a top, cover, spout, or handles, into which solid or liquid materials are packaged (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR465.02-91). Canal: An artificial watercourse cut to facilitate transportation, drainage, or irrigation (cf. ship canal) (DOI-70104). Cancellation: Refers to Section 6 (b) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which authorizes cancellation of a pesticide registration if unreasonable adverse effects to the environment and public health develop when a product is used according to widespread and commonly recognized practice, or if its labeling or other material required to be submitted does not comply with FIFRA provisions (EPA97112). Cancer potency slope factor (ql*): An indication of a chemical's human cancer-causing potential derived using animal studies or epidemiological data on human exposure. It is based on extrapolating high-dose levels over short periods of time to lowdose levels and a lifetime exposure period through the use of a linear model (EPA-9 1/03). Cancer risk: A theoretical risk for getting cancer if exposed to a substance every day for 70 years (a lifetime exposure). The true risk might be lower (SFhealth-04).
Cancer risk: Incremental probability of an individual's developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to a potential carcinogen (EPA-91/12). Cancer: (1) A disease characterized by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of aberrant cells into malignant tumors (Course 165.6). (2) The name given to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth (DOE-91/04). Cancer: Any one of a group of diseases that occur when cells in the body become abnormal and grow or multiply out of control (SFlhealth-04). Cancer: The development of a malignant tumor or abnormal formation of tissue (Navy/Env-04). Candidate method: A method of sampling and analyzing the ambient air for an air pollutant for which an application for a reference method determination or an equivalent method determination is submitted in accordance with 40CFR53.4, or a method tested at the initiative of the Administrator in accordance with 40CFR53.7. See method for more related terms (40CFR53.191). Canmaking: The manufacturing process or processes used to manufacture a can from a basic metal (40CFR465.02-91). Canned meat processor: An operation which prepares and cans meats (such as stew, sandwich spreads, or similar products) alone or in combination with other finished products at rates greater than 2730 kg (6000 Ib.) per day (40CFR432.91-91). Cannel coal: A massive, non-caking block coal with a fine, even grain and a conchoidal fracture which has a high percentage of hydrogen, bums with a long, yellow flame, and is extremely easy to ignite (CWNmining-04). Canopy angle: Generally, a measure of the openness of a stream to sunlight. Specifically, the angle formed by an imaginary line from the highest structure (for example, tree, shrub, or bluff) on one bank to eye level at midchannel to the highest structure on the other bank (CWA~Wbasics-04). Canopy: A protective covering of a cab on a mining machine (CWNmining-04). Canyon fill: A method of landfilling that is similar to area filling but is used primarily in mountainous terrain. Canyon fill landfills are typically much deeper than other types of landfills (RCRAlmanagement-04). Canyon technique: An area method in a depression where cover material is obtained within the depression. See sanitary landfill for more related terms. (EPA-83). CAO: Corrective Action Order (AENmixedW-04).
Cap block: A flat piece of wood inserted between the top of the prop and the roof to provide bearing support (CWNmining-04). Cap: A layer of clay, or other impermeable material installed over the top of a closed landfill to prevent entry of rainwater and minimize leachate (EPA-97/12). Cap: A miner's safety helmet. Also, a highly sensitive, encapsulated explosive that is used to detonate larger but less sensitive explosives (CWNmining-04). Cap: An impermeable earthen or concrete barrier used in environmental restoration. A cap is placed over a contaminated site to prevent further spread of contaminants through groundwater movement (OMBIReg-04). Cap: An impermeable layer that seals the top of a hazardous waste site (SF/Env-04). CAP: See Community Assistance Panel (SFlhealth-04). Capability margin: The difference between net system capability and system maximum load requirements (peak load). It is the margin of capability available to provide for scheduled maintenance, emergency outages, system operating requirements, and unforeseen loads. On a regional or national basis, it is the difference between aggregate net system capability of the various systems in the region or nation and the sum of system maximum (peak) loads without allowance for time diversity between the loads of the several systems. However, within a region, account is taken of diversity between peak loads of systems that are operated as a closely coordinated group (EPA-83). Capability: The maximum load which a generating unit, generating station, or other apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a given period of time, without exceeding approved limits of temperature and stress (EPA-83). Capacitance: (1) The property of a device which permits storage of electrically-separated charges when differences in electrical potential exist between the conductors and measured as the ratio of stored charge to the difference in electrical potential between conductors (40CFR85.2122(a)(6)(ii)(A)-91). (2) The ratio of the charge on one of the plates of a capacitor to the potential difference between the plates (EPA-83/03). Capacitorlcondenser: A device for the storage of electrical energy consisting of no oppositely charged conducting plates separated by a dielectric and which resists the flow of direct current (40CFR85.2 122(a)(6)(ii)(D)-91). Capacitor: A device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity and consisting of conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric. Other capacitor-related terms include (1) Small capacitor; (2) Large high voltage capacitor; (3) Large low voltage
capacitor; (4) Variable capacitor; and (5) Wet capacitor (40CFR761.3).
Capacity assurance plan: A statewide plan which supports a state's ability to manage the hazardous waste generated within its boundaries over a twenty-year period (EPA-97/12). Capacity assurance plan: A written statement which ensures that a state has hazardous waste treatment and disposal capacity. This capacity must be for facilities that are in compliance with RCRA Subtitle C requirements and must be adequate to manage hazardous wastes projected to be generated within the state over 20 years (RCRA/hazardous-04). Capacity factor or plant factor: (1) The ratio between the actual electric output from a unit and the potential electric output from that unit (CAA402, see also 40CFR40CFR5 1.100-91). (2) The ratio of energy actually produced to that which would have been produced in the same period, if the unit had been operated continuously at rated capacity (EPA-8211 If). (3) (Net energy produced in megawatts)/(design power in megawatts)x(calendar year) (DOE-91/04). (4) The ratio (percent) of the average power output of an electric power source divided by its designed (rated) capacity over a selected period of time. Capacity: The cumulative rated capacity of all initial crushers that are part of the plant (40CFR60.671-91). Capillary action: Movement of water through very small spaces due to molecular forces called capillary forces (EPA-97/12). Capillary action: The means by which liquid moves through the porous spaces in a solid, such as soil, plant roots, and the capillary blood vessels in our bodies due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. Capillary action is essential in carrying substances and nutrients from one place to another in plants and animals (~~A/Wscience-04). Capillary action: Upward movement of water through very small spaces due to molecular forces and surface tension, called capillary forces (NavyIEnv-04). Capillary flow reactor: A tubular flow reactor with internal diameter of 1.0 mm like a capillary tube. It was used by the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) to test the thermal stability index (incinerability ranking) of Appendix VIII compounds in 40CFR261 (EPA-88/12). Capillary fringe: A zone of porous material lying between the unsaturated and saturated zone, just above the water table, which may hold water by capillary action in the smaller void spaces (NavyEnv-04). Capillary fringe: The porous material just above the water table which may hold water by capillarity (a property of surface tension that draws water upwards) in the smaller void spaces (EPA-97/12).
Capillary fringe: The zone above the water table in which water is held by surface tension. Water in the capillary fringe is under a pressure less than atmospheric (CWAfWbasics-04). Capillary fringe: The zone above the water table within which the porous medium is saturated by water under less than atmospheric pressure (EPA-97/12). Capillary gas chromatography: An analytical method in which sample gases pass through a capillary tube (approximately 0.2-0.5 millimeter ID and 100 meter length), adsorption occurs on a medium that is spread on the inner wall of the tube. See chromatography for more related terms. Capillary pressure: The pressure difference due to capillary actions. Capillary water: Underground water that is held above the water table by capillary attraction (cf. zone of capillarity) (SW-108ts). Capillary: A small diameter tube. Capital cost: (1) An expenditure that results in the acquisition of, or the addition to, capital or fixed assets. Costs associated with the installation of such assets are included in capital costs (EPA79/12b). (2) The purchase price of a power plant or a fuel cell system, etc. Capital expenditure: An expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility which exceeds the product of the applicable annual asset guideline repair allowance percentage specified in the latest edition of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Publication 534 and the existing facility's basis, as defined by section 1012 of the Internal Revenue Code. However, the total expenditure for a physical or operational change to an existing facility must not be reduced by any excluded additions as defined in IRS Publication 534, as would be done for tax purposes (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR60.481; 60.561; 61.02-91). Capital recovery factor: Time factor in the analysis of various investment approaches. It is the time needed to recover the capital investment of a system such as a fuel cell system. Capital stock: Property, plant, and equipment used in the production, processing, and distribution of energy resources (CAA/C02gasl-04). Capitalization grant: The assistance agreement by which the EPA obligates and awards funds allotted to a state for purposes of capitalizing that state's revolving fund (40CFR35.3 105-91). Caprolactam by-product ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate as a byproduct from process streams generated during caprolactam manufacture (40CFR60.421-91).
Capsule: A gelatinous shell used to contain medicinal chemicals (EPA-83/09). Captive manufacturing site (or captive operation): A plant which only manufacturers items for internal use or use by other divisions of a parent organization (EPA-79112b). Captive scrap (or runaround scrap): Aluminum scrap metals retained by fabricator and remelted (EPA-74103f). Capture device: A hood, enclosed room floor sweep, or other means of collecting solvent or other pollutants into a duct. The pollutant can then be directed to a pollution control device such as an afterburner or carbon adsorber. Sometimes the term is used loosely to include the control device (40CFR52.741-91). Capture efficiency: (1) The fraction of all VOM generated by a process that are directed to an abatement or recovery device (40CFR52.741-91). (2) The fraction of organic vapors generated by a process that are directed to an abatement or recovery device (EPA-97/12). Capture rate: The tonnage of recyclables collected divided by total tonnage of MSW (municipal solid waste) generated by participating households or commercial establishments (OTA89110). Capture system: All equipment (including, but not limited to, hoods, ducts, fans, ovens, dryers, etc.) used to contain, collect, and transport an air pollutant to a control device (40CFR52.741-91). Capture: The containment or recovery of emissions from a process for direction into a duct which may be exhausted through a stack of sent to a control device. The overall abatement of emissions from a process with an add-on control device is a function both of the capture eficiency and of the control device (4OCFR52.741-91). Car coupling sound: A sound which is heard and identified by the observer as that of car coupling impact, and that causes a sound level meter indicator (FAST) to register an increase of at least ten decibels above the level observed immediately before hearing the sound (40CFR201.1-91). Car line: A name denoting a group of vehicles within a make or car division which has a degree of commonality in construction (e.g., body, chassis). Car line does not consider any level of decor or opulence and is not generally distinguished by characteristics as roof line, number of doors, seats, or windows, except for station wagons or light-duty trucks. Station wagons and light-duty trucks are considered to be different car lines than passenger cars (40CFR86.082.2). Car sealed: For purposes of these standards, a seal that is placed on the device used to change the position of a valve (e.g., from
opened to closed) such that the position of the valve cannot be changed without breaking the seal and requiring the replacement of the old seal once broken with a new seal (40CFR60.561-91, see also 40CFR6 1.301-91).
Car: A railway wagon, especially any of the wagons adapted to carrying coal, ore, and waste underground (CWNmining-04). Carbamate: A group of insecticides which act on the nervous system by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at the nerve synapse (EPA-85/10). Carbaryl (CloH700CNHCH3): A insecticide.
colorless,
crystalline
Carbide bit: More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide. A cutting or drilling bit for rock or coal, made by fusing an insert of molded tungsten carbide to the cutting edge of a steel bit shank (CWNmining-04). Carbide: A general class of pressed and sintered tungsten carbide cutting tools which contain tungsten carbide plus smaller amounts of titanium and tantalum carbides along with cobalt which acts as a binder. (It is also used to describe hard compounds in steels and cast irons) (EPA-83106a). Carbohydrate: A compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in which the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is usually two to one (EPA83/09). Carbon (C): A nonmetallic, chiefly tetravalent element found native or as a constituent of coal, petroleum, asphalt, limestone, etc. (see also carbon hot forming operation) (EPA-83/03). The element with atomic number 6; atomic weight 12.01; density 2.26 glcc; melting point 3727 C and boiling point 4830 C belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Other carbon-related terms include (1) Activated carbon; (2) Fixed carbon; (3) Fly carbon; and (4) Total organic carbon (TOC). Carbon (C): An element, the presence of which can be used to separate organic from inorganic compounds (NavytEnv-04). Carbon absorber: An add-on control device that uses activated carbon to absorb volatile organic compounds from a gas stream. (The VOCs are later recovered from the carbon) (EPA-97/12). Carbon adsorption (or .carbon sorption): (1) A process used to remove pollutants from wastewater by contacting the wastewater with activated carbon (EPA-87110a). Carbon can adsorb but cannot absorb. (2) The process in which a substance (the sorbate) is brought into contact with a solid (the sorbent), usually activated carbon that can remove one or more of the gaseous contaminants (cf. activated carbon adsorption under adsorption). (3) A treatment system that removes contaminants from groundwater or surface water by forcing it through tanks containing activated carbon treated to attract the contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Carbon adsorption: A treatment system that removes contaminants from groundwater or surface water by forcing it through tanks containing activated carbon treated to attract the contaminants (NavyIEnv-04). Carbon bed catalytic destruction: A non-electrolytic process for the catalytic oxidation of cyanide wastes using filters filled with low-temperature coke (EPA-83106a). Carbon black: An amorphous form of carbon, produced commercially by thermal or oxidative decomposition of hydrocarbons and used principally in rubber goods, pigments, and printer's ink (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon black: An intensely black, finely divided pigment obtained by burning natural gas or oil with a restricted air supply (cf. soot) (EPA-79112a). Carbon budget: The balance of the exchanges (incomes and losses) of carbon between carbon reservoirs (e.g., atmosphere and biosphere) in the carbon cycle (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon chloroform extract (CCE): An organic compound removal method in which an organic compound in water is adsorbed on activated carbon and then extracted by the solvent chlorofonn. Carbon column A: A column filled with granular activated carbon whose primary function is the preferential adsorption of a particular type or types of molecules (EPA-8211If). Carbon cycle: All carbon reservoirs and exchanges of carbon from reservoir to reservoir by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. Usually thought of as a series of the four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The four reservoirs, regions of the earth in which carbon behaves in a systematic manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). Each of these global reservoirs may be subdivided into smaller pools, ranging in size from individual communities or ecosystems to the total of all living organisms (biota) (CAA/C02gas-04). Carbon cycle: All carbon sinks and exchanges of carbon from one sink to another by various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. See carbon sink and carbon budget (CMC02gas1-04). Carbon cycle: The cycle of carbon (as carbon dioxide) in the biosphere system. Plants convert carbon dioxide to organic compounds by the photosynthesis. The organic compounds are then consumed by animals or other plants. By respiration of animals or decay of plants, the carbon dioxide is returned to the biosphere. Combustion of fossil fuel (e.g., oil) also releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide (COz): A colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas that is a normal part of earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion as well as other processes. It is considered a greenhouse gas as it traps heat (infrared energy) radiated by the earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to the potential for global warming. The global warming potential (GWP) of other greenhouse gases is measured in relation to that of carbon dioxide, which by international scientific convention is assigned a value of one (1). See global warming potential and greenhouse gases (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon dioxide (COz): A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas, which results from fossil fuel combustion, (thermal degradation and microbial decomposition of wastes) and is normally a part of the ambient air (EPA-89/12). Some researchers have theorized that excess C02raises atmospheric temperatures (SW-108ts). Carbon dioxide absorption tube: The procedure in which an absorbent packed tube is used to capture C02 formed during the determination of carbon-hydrogen quantities. Carbon dioxide equivalent: The amount of carbon dioxide by weight emitted into the atmosphere that would produce the same estimated radiative forcing as a given weight of another radiatively active gas. Carbon dioxide equivalents are computed by multiplying the weight of the gas being measured (for example, methane) by its estimated global warming potential (which is 21 for methane). "Carbon equivalent units" are defined as carbon dioxide equivalents multiplied by the carbon content of carbon dioxide (i.e., 12/44) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon dioxide recorder: An instrument that continuously monitors the volume concentration (in percent) of carbon dioxide in a flue gas (SW-108ts). Carbon flux: See carbon budget (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon hot forming operation (or carbon): Those hot forming operations which produce a majority, on a tonnage basis, of carbon steel products (40CFR420.71-91). Carbon intensity: The amount of carbon by weight emitted per unit of energy consumed. A common measure of carbon intensity is weight of carbon per British thermal unit (Btu) of energy. When there is only one fossil fuel under consideration, the carbon intensity and the emissions coefficient are identical. When there are several fuels, carbon intensity is based on their combined emissions coefficients weighted by their energy consumption levels. See emissions coefficient and carbon output rate (CAA/C02gas1-04). Carbon monoxide (CO): (1) The gas has density 1.25 g/m3, melting point 199 C and boiling point 192 C. (2) A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil fuel combustion (EPA-97/12).
Carbon monoxide (CO): A colorless, odorless, poisonous gas, produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including gasoline, oil, and wood. Carbon monoxide is also produced from incomplete combustion of many natural and synthetic products. For instance, cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. When carbon monoxide gets into the body, the carbon monoxide combines with chemicals in the blood and prevents the blood from bringing oxygen to cells, tissues, and organs. The body's parts need oxygen for energy, so high-level exposures to carbon monoxide can cause serious health effects, with death possible from massive exposures. Symptoms of exposure to carbon monoxide can include vision problems, reduced alertness, and general reduction in mental and physical functions. Carbon monoxide exposures are especially h m f u l to people with heart, lung, and circulatory system diseases (CMair-04). Carbon monoxide hourly rolling average calculations: Under the Omnibus Authority of HSWA, EPA has issued guidance to incinerator permit writers for the control of metals, HCI, and products of incomplete combustion (PICs) (see Omnibus Authority). CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) have been selected as surrogates to control PICs. The CO and THC controls are based on two-timed approach (EPA-90104). See hourly rolling average calculations in Appendix A for permitting procedures. Carbon Monoxide National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CO NAAQS): The standards for carbon monoxide promulgated by the Administrator under section 109, 42U.S.C.7409, of the Clean Air Act and found in 40CFR50.8 (40CFR51.138-91). Carbon nitrogen phosphorus ratio (CNP ratio): The average CNP ratio in a living matter is 106:10:1. In biological treatment, the ratio is usually expressed by BODS. Nitrogen or phosphorus deficiency can be corrected by adding ammonium salts or phosphates respectively. Carbon nitrogen ratio (CN) ratio: The ratio of the weight of carbon to the weight of nitrogen present in a compost or in materials that are being composted (SW-108ts). Carbon output rate: The amount of carbon by weight per kilowatthour of electricity produced (CMC02gas1-04). Carbon reduction: The process of using coke carbon as a reducing agent in a blast furnace (EPA-85110a). Carbon regeneration unit: Any enclosed thermal treatment device used to regenerate spent activated carbon (40CFR260.1091). Carbon regeneration: The process of reactivating exhausted or spent carbon by thermal means (cf. activated carbon regeneration) (EPA-85110).
Carbon sequestration: The fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in a carbon sink through biological or physical processes (CAA/COZgas1-04). Carbon sink: A pool (reservoir) that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle (CMC02gas-04). Carbon sink: A reservoir that absorbs or takes up released carbon from another part of the carbon cycle. The four sinks, which are regions of the earth within which carbon behaves in a systematic manner, are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually including freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (including fossil fuels) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Carbon sorption: See carbon adsorption. Carbon steel: (1) Those steel products other than specialty steel products (40CFR420.71-91). (2) A steel which owes it properties chiefly to various percentage of carbon without substantial amounts of other alloying elements (EPA-83106a). Carbon tetrachloride (CCC): A compound consisting of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms. Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a raw material in many industrial uses, including the production of CFCs, and as a solvent. Solvent use ended when it was discovered to be carcinogenic. It is also used as a catalyst to deliver chlorine ions to certain processes. Its ozone depletion potential is 1.2 (CMozone-04 and EPA-97/12). Carbonaceous matter: Pure carbon or a compound containing or composed of carbon (SW-lO8ts). Carbonaceous oxygen demand (carbonaceous OD): Oxygen demand exerted by organic carbon compounds present; oxygen required to convert organic carbon to C02(LBL-76107-water). Carbonate hardness: (1) Hardness of water caused by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium (EPA-8211If). (2) Hardness caused by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water. Such hardness may be removed to the limit of solubility by boiling the water. When the hardness in numerically greater than the sum of the carbonate alkalinity and the bicarbonate alkalinity, that amount of hardness which is equivalent to the total alkalinity is called carbonate hardness. See hardness (LBL-76107-water). Carbonate rocks: Rocks (such as limestone or dolostone) that are composed primarily of minerals (such as calcite and dolomite) containing the carbonate ion (C032-) (CWAANbasics-04). Carbonate: A compound containing the anion radical of carbonic acid (C03- group) (EPA-83106a). Carbonation: The process of treatment with carbon dioxide gas (EPA-74/01a).
Carbonic acid (H2C03): The weak acid formed when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. Carbonyl: (O==C 7, i.e., H+ acceptors. (5) Neutral: pH = 7. pH shows hydrogen ion concentration which reflects the balance between acids and alkalis. The pH of most natural waters falls within the range 4 to 9. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutral water. A 6.5 reading is slightly acid; and 8.5 reading is alkaline. Slight decrease in pH may greatly increase the toxicity of substances such as cyanides, sulfides, and most metals. Slight increase in pH may greatly increase the toxicity of pollutants such as ammonia. Alkaline water will tend to form a scale; acid water is corrosive; good water should be nearly neutral (DOI-70104).
pH: A measure of the acidity (less than 7) or alkalinity (greater than 7) of a solution; a pH of 7 is considered neutral (CWAlWbasics-04). pH: A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of water. Water with a pH of 7 is neutral; lower pH levels indicate increasing acidity, while pH levels higher than 7 indicate increasingly basic solutions. (CWAfWscience-04). pH: An expression of the intensity of the basic or acid condition of a liquid; may range from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acid and 7 is neutral. Natural waters usually have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 (EPA-97/12). pH: The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a chemical solution, from 0 to 14. Anything neutral, for example, has a pH of 7. Acids have a pH less than 7, bases (alkaline) greater than 7 (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Petroleum: The crude oil removed from the earth and the oils derived from tar sands, shale, and coal (40CFR52.741-91, see also RCRA9001; 40CFR60.101; 60.1 11; 60.1 1la; 60.1 11b; 60.591; 60.691; 61.341-91).
Pharmaceutical coating operation: A device in which a coating is applied to a pharmaceutical, including air drying or curing of the coating (40CFR52.741-91).
pH adjustment: A means of maintaining the optimum pH through the use of chemical additives. Can be manual, automatic, or automatic with flow corrections (EPA-83/03).
Pharmaceutical: Any compound or mixture, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment, or cure of disease in man and animal (40CFR52.741-91).
pH buffer: A substance used to stabilize the acidity or alkalinity in a solution (EPA-83106a).
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the rates of absorption, tissue distribution, biotransformation, and excretion (40CFR795.228-91, see also 4OCFR795.231; 795.232-91).
pH electrode: Similar to the glass electrode structure, the pH electrode is used as the hydrogen-ion sensor of most pH meters. See electrode for more related terms.
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the way that drugs move through the body after they are swallowed or injected (EPA-97/12).
pH modifier: An agent to control pH for proper functioning of a cationic or anionic flotation. Modifying agents used include soda ash, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium phosphates, lime, sulfuric acid, and hydrofluoric acid (EPA-82/02).
Pharmacology: The science of medicine and drugs. Phase assembly: The coil-core assembly of a single phase of a transformer (EPA-83/03).
pH: (1) The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (40CFR131.35-91, see also 40CFR257.3.5; 420.02; 796.2750-91; EPA-89/12). (2) A measure of the acidity (0, most acid) or alkalinity (14, most alkaline) of a liquid or solid on a scale of 0 to
Phase diagram: A diagram (or series or diagrams) used to show chronological order in a project. The diagram should show key transition points and contain enough detail to move smoothly from phase to phase (RCRAImanagement-04).
Phase diagram: A projection of a pressure-specific volumetemperature surface upon the pressure-temperature plane. The diagram shows more than one of the saturation lines (liquid-vapor, liquid-solid, etc.) of a pure substance (Jones-pl 15; Wark-p60). Phase equilibria: The equilibrium relationships among various phases, e.g., gas, liquid, or solid of substances under different conditions such as temperature or pressure.
Phenol 4AAP (or phenolic compound): The value obtained by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (cf. four (4)-AAP colorimeteric method) (40CFR420.02-91). Phenol coefficient: A device for indicating the efficiency of antiseptics. Phenol formaldehyde resin: See phenolic resin. Phenolic compound: See phenol 4AAP.
Phase I environmental site assessment (SA): This is a professional inquiry into the property in which conditions found in the TSQ are further studied. Phase assessments delve more deeply into the history and use of the property (USDNwater-04). Phase I RCRA facility investigations: Also known as release assessments, these are used to confirm reduce uncertainty about areas of concern or potential releases identified during a RCRA Subtitle C corrective action RCRA facility assessment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Phase of super saturation: The metastable phase in which existing sugar crystals grow but new crystals do not form; the intermediate phase in which existing crystals grow and new crystals do form; and the labile phase in which new crystals form spontaneously without the presence of others (EPA-75102d). Phase: In electronics, one of the separate circuits or windings of a poly-phase system, machine, or other apparatus (EPA-83/03). Phase: In physical chemistry, the uniform appearance of substances. Three phases, gas, liquid, and solid, usually can be identified from the appearance. A substance may exist in several phases: (1) A pure solid phase known as ice. (2) A pure liquid phase. (3) A pure vapor phase known as steam. (4) An equilibrium mixture of liquid and vapor phases. (5) An equilibrium mixture of liquid and solid phases. (6) An equilibrium mixture of solid and vapor phases. Phased disposal: A method of tailings management and disposal which uses lined impoundments which are filled and then immediately dried and covered to meet all applicable federal standards. See disposal for more related terms (40CFR61.251-91). Phasing: A system of running a project in more than one step (phase). Each phase is generally independent of the others, which offers more flexibility in management and operation (RCRAImanagement-04). Phenol (C6H50H): (1) Total phenols as measured by the procedure listed in 40CFR136 (40CFR410.01-91). (2) Organic compounds that are by-products of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans (EPA-89/12). (3) cf. total phenol.
Phenolic insulation: The insulation made with phenolic plastics which are plastics based on resins made by the condensation of phenols, such as phenol or cresol, with aldehydes (40CFR248.491). Phenolic resin (or phenol formaldehyde resin): A group of varied and versatile synthetic resins. They are made by reacting almost any phenolic and an aldehyde. In some cases, hexamethylenetetramine is added to increase the aldehyde content. Both types of materials are used separately or in combination in the blending of commercial molding materials. Due to the thermal degradation of phenolic resins that may occur during metal pouring, phenol and formaldehyde may be generated. See resin for more related terms (EPA-8511Oa). Phenolphthalein alkalinity: The alkalinity in a water sample measured by the amount of standard acid needed to lower the pH to a level of 8.3 as indicated by the change of color of the phenolphthalein from pink to clear (EPA-97/12). Phenols: A class of organic compounds containing phenol (C6H50H) and its derivatives. Used to make resins, weed killers, and as a solvent, disinfectant, and chemical intermediate. Some phenols occur naturally in the environment (CWAhVbasics-04). Phenols: Organic compounds that are by-products of petroleum refining, tanning, and textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Low concentrations cause taste and odor problems in water; higher concentrations can kill aquatic life and humans (EPA-97/12). Phenotype: The manifest characteristics of an organism collectively, including anatomical, psychological, etc. (SFIremedy-04). Phenotypic expression time: A period during which unaltered gene products are depleted from newly mutated cells (40CFR798.5300-91). Pheromone: Hormonal chemical produced by female of a species to attract a mate (EPA-89/12). Pheromones: Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of insects (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Phon: Loudness contours. A subjective impression of equal loudness by listeners as a function of frequency and sound level (dB). An increase in low frequency sound will be perceived as being much louder than an equivalent high frequency increase (NCMsound-04). Phosphate coating: A process of forming a conversion coating on iron or steel by immersing in a hot solution of manganese, iron, or zinc phosphate. Often used on a metal part prior to painting or porcelainizing (EPA-83106a). Phosphate glass: A glass in which the essential glass former is phosphorus pentoxide instead of silica. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Phosphate rock feed: All material entering the process unit including moisture and extraneous material as well as the following ore minerals: fluorapatite, hydroxylapatite, chlorapatite, and carbonateapatite(40CFR60.401-91). Phosphate rock plant: Any plant which produces or prepares phosphate rock product by any or all of the following processes: mining, beneficiation, crushing, screening, cleaning, drying, calcining, and grinding (40CFR60.401-91). Phosphates: Certain chemical compounds containing phosphorus (EPA-97/12). Phosphatizing: A process of forming rust-resistant coating on iron or steel by immersing in a hot solution of acid manganese, iron, or zinc phosphates (EPA-83106a). Phosphodiester bond: In nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), the phosphorus bond between the 5 position of one sugar unit of a nucleotide and the 3 position of a sugar of a second nucleotide. Thus, phosphodiester bonds are the bonds that form a single strand of nucleic acid (EPA-88109a). Phosphogypsum piles (stacks): Principal by-product generated in production of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock. These piles may generate radioactive radon gas (EPA-97/12). Phosphogypsum stacks or stacks: (1) Piles of waste from phosphorus fertilizer production containing phosphogypsum. Stacks shall also include phosphate mines that are used for the disposal of phosphogypsum; or (2) Piles of waste or other form of by-product which results from wet acid phosphorus production containing phosphogypsum. Stacks shall also include phosphate mines that are used for the disposal of phosphogypsum (4OCFR61.201-91). Phosphogypsum: The waste or other form of by-product which results from the process of wet acid phosphorus production and which contains greater than (up to 10) pCi/g radium (40CFR61.201-91).
Phosphor: A crystalline inorganic compound that produces light when excited by ultraviolet radiation (EPA-83/03). Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC): As the name implies, a PAFC uses concentrated phosphoric acid (&Po4) as its electrolyte. See Appendix C for more details. Phosphoric acid: A solution of the elements phosphorus, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as the electrolyte for one type of fuel cell, the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC). Chemically, it is H3PO4. Phosphorus (P): A nonmetallic element with atomic number 15; atomic weight 30.9738; density 1.82 glcc; melting point 44.2 C and boiling point 280 C. The element belongs to group VA of the periodic table. It is an essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters (EPA-89/12). Phosphorus (P): An essential chemical food element that can contribute to nutrient loading of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters, like fertilizers (NavyIEnv-04). Phosphorus plants: Facilities using electric furnaces to produce elemental phosphorous for commercial use, such as high grade phosphoric acid, phosphate-based detergent, and organic chemicals use (EPA-97/12). Phosphorus precipitation: The addition of the multivalent metallic ions of calcium, iron, and aluminium to wastewater to form insoluble precipitates with phosphorus (EPA-8711Oa). Phosphorus: A nutrient essential for growth that can play a key role in stimulating aquatic growth in lakes and streams (CWMWbasics-04). Phosphorus: An essential chemical food element that can contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and other water bodies. Increased phosphorus levels result from discharge of phosphoruscontaining materials into surface waters (EPA-97/12). Phosphorylation: Introduction of the phosphoryl group into an organic compound (LBL-76107-bio). Photic zone: The upper zone of a water body in which sufficient light is available for photosynthesis (cf. profundal zone) (DOI70104). Photo resist: (1) A light-sensitive coating that is applied to a substrate or board, exposed, and developed prior to chemical etching, the exposed areas serve as a mask for selective etching (EPA-83/03). (2) Thin coatings produced from organic solutions which when exposed to light of the proper wave length are
chemically changed in their solubility to certain solvents (developers). This substance is placed over a surface which is to be protected during processing such as in the etching of printer circuit boards (EPA-83106a). Photobiological process: The use of photosynthesis to produce hydrogen. There are different biological processes that liberate hydrogen or where hydrogen is produced as an intermediate product. Photobiological processes (e.g., photosynthesis uses solar radiation as the source of energy, while fermentation processes take place in the absence of light) take advantage of the energy stored in the feedstock (e.g., glucose). Photochemical oxidants: Air pollutants formed by the action of sunlight on oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). Photochemical smog: A mixture of secondary air pollutants including ozone, organic nitrates, etc., which are produced from primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, etc. by photochemical reactions (NATO-78110). Photochemical smog: A type of air pollution resulting from photochemical reactions (LBL-76107-air). Photochemical smog: Air pollution caused by chemical reactions of various pollutants emitted from different sources. See photochemical oxidants (EPA-97/12). Photochemically reactive solvent: (1) Any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20% of its total volume composed of the chemical compounds classified below or which exceeds any of the following individual percentage composition limitations, as applied to the total volume of solvent. (2) A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, or ketones having an olefinic or cycloolefinic type of unsaturation: 5%. (3) A combination of aromatic compounds with 8 or more carbon atoms to the molecule except ethylbenyene: 8%. (4) A combination of ethylbenyene or ketones having branched hydrocarbon structures, trichloroethylene, or toluene: 20% (40CFR52.1088-91, see also 40CFR52.1107; 52.2440-91). (5) See solvent for more related terms.
Photoelectric colorimetry: A device that uses a phototube or a photocell for the determination of color. Photoelectric effect: The liberation of electric charges from a substance due to the irradiation of electromagnetic energy. Other phenomena related to the photoelectric effect include photoconductive effect and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectron spectroscopy: A method for measuring the ionization potentials of molecules. See spectroscopy for more related terms. Photographic article: Any article which will become a component of an instant photographic or peel apart film article (40CFR723.175-91). Photographic paper: See sensitized paper (EPA-83). Photoionization detector (PID): See GCIFID. Photoionization: Ionization of an atom or molecule due to the absorption of a photon of light. Photolithography: The process by which a microscopic pattern is transferred from a photomask to a material layer (e.g., SiO) in an actual circuit (EPA-83/03). Photoluminescence (or flame photometric analyzer): One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or luminescence analyzer for various types). Flame photometry is a branch of spectrochemical analysis in which a sample is excited to luminescence by introduction into a flame. It is primarily used in ambient air sampling, but has been applied to stationary source sampling by using sample dilution techniques (EPA-84103a).
Photochemistry: A science studying the light effects on chemical reactions.
Photolysis: The chemical reaction of a substance caused by direct absorption of solar energy (direct photolysis) or caused by other substances that absorb solar energy (indirect photolysis) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). It is a process which chemical bonds are broken under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light. Products of photo-degradation vary according to the matrix in which the process occurs, but the complete conversion of an organic contaminant to C02, H20, etc., is not probable (cf. direct photolysis).
Photoconductive effect: An increase in electrical conductivity of a semiconductor due to the incident of photons (cf. photoelectric effect).
Photomask: A film or glass negative that has many highresolution images, used in the production of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits (EPA-83/03).
Photodegradable plastic: A plastic that breaks down in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light (OTA-89/10).
Photometer: (1) A device having the capability of converting radiant energy into electrical energy (LBL-76107-air). (2) An instrument that measures the intensity of light or the degree of light absorption (LBL-76107-water).
Photodegradation: Decomposition or break-down of a chemical compound by photo (radiant) energy (cf. biodegradation).
Photon: A quantum of electromagneticenergy (EPA-83/03).
Photoperiod: The light and dark periods in a 24-hour day. This is usually expressed in a form such as 17 hours light17 hours dark or 17LI7D (40CFR797.2130-91, see also 40CFR797.2150-91).
Physical and thermal integrity: The ability of the material of the cap and/or rotor to resist physical and thermal breakdown (40CFR85.2 122(a)(7)(ii)(C)-91).
Photoperiodism: The response of an organism to the light and dark periods of a day.
Physical chemical treatment system: Those full scale wke plant wastewater treatment systems incorporating full scale granular activated carbon adsorption units which were in operation prior to January 7, 1981, the date of proposal of this regulation (40CFR420.11-9 1).
Photosensitive coating: A chemical layer that is receptive to the action of radiant energy (EPA-83106a). Photosynthesis: Synthesis of chemical compounds by organisms with the aid of light. Carbon dioxide is used as raw material for photosynthesis and oxygen is a product (CWAIWquality-04).
Physical chemistry: A science dealing with the effects of physical properties on chemical phenomena.
Photosynthesis: The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide mediated by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight (EPA-97/12).
Physical coal cleaning: One of SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Physical coal cleaning depends on the differences in density of both coal and the impurities. Coal is crushed, washed, and then separated by settling processes using cyclones, air classifiers, or magnetic separators. Approximately 40 to 90% of the pyritic sulfur content can be removed by physical coal cleaning. Its effectiveness depends on the size of pyritic sulfur particles and the amount of pyritic sulfur contained in the coal (EPA-81/12, p8-4).
Photosynthesis: The metabolic process by which simple sugars are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water by plant cells using light as an energy source (DOD-78/01).
Physical construction: The excavation, movement of earth, erection of forms or structures, or similar activity to prepare an HWM facility to accept hazardous waste (40CFR270.2-91).
Photovoltaic effect: The generation of a voltage between two different contact materials due to the incident of photons of light (cf. photoelectric effect).
Physical model: The simulation of a real process by a physical experiment which models the important features of the original process that are the object of study, e.g., the simulation of dispersion problem in a wind tunnel (NATO-78/10).
Photosynthesis: The manufacture by plants of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, with sunlight as the energy source. Oxygen and water vapor are released in the process (CAA/C02gas-04).
Photovoltaics: The generation of a voltage between two different contact materials due to the incidence of photons of light. Photovoltaic cells are devices that are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. A photovoltaic cell is also known as a solar cell. Phthalates: A class of organic compounds containing phthalic acid esters (C6H4(COOR)2) and derivatives. Used as plasticizers in plastics. Also used in many other products (such as detergents, cosmetics) and industrial processes (such as defoaming agents in paper and paperboard manufacture, and dielectrics in capacitors) (CWAiWbasics-04).
Physical or mental impairment: See handicapped person (40CFR7.25-91). Physical setting sources: Sources that provide information about the geologic, hydrogeologic, hydrologic, or topographic characteristics of a property (USDAIwater-04). Physical treatment: A treatment process that alters the physical structure of a toxic waste contaminant to reduce the waste's toxicity, mobility, or volume. See treatment for more related terms (EPA-89112a).
Physical adsorption: An adsorption process in which the adsorbate is held together by weak physical forces. See adsorption for more related terms.
Physiographic province: A region in which the landforms are distinctive and differ significantly from those of adjacent regions (CWAIWbasics-04).
Physical and chemical treatment: Processes generally used in large-scale wastewater treatment facilities. Physical processes may include air-stripping or filtration. Chemical treatment includes coagulation, chlorination, or ozonation. The term can also refer to treatment of toxic materials in surface and groundwaters, oil spills, and some methods of dealing with hazardous materials on or in the ground (EPA-97/12).
Physiography: A description of the surface features of the earth, with an emphasis on the origin of landforms (CWAiWbasics-04). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model: Physiologically based compartmental model used to quantitatively describe pharmacokinetic behavior (EPA-92/12).
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK model): A computer model that describes what happens to a chemical in the body. This model describes how the chemical gets into the body, where it goes in the body, how it is changed by the body, and how it leaves the body (SFIhealth-04). Phytoplankton: See plankton. Phytoplankton: That portion of the plankton community comprised of tiny plants; e.g., algae, diatoms (EPA-97/12). Phytoremediation: Low-cost remediation option for sites with widely dispersed contamination at low concentrations (EPA97/12).
pickling bath by entraining the pollutants in water (40CFR468.0291).
Pickling rinse for forged parts: A rinse, other than an alkaline cleaning rinse, through which forged parts are processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.02-91). Pickling rinse: A rinse, other than an alkaline cleaning rinse, through which a workpiece is processed. A rinse consisting of a series of rinse tanks is considered as a single rinse (40CFR468.0291).
Phytotoxic: Harmful to plants (EPA-97/12).
Pickling: (1) An immersion of all or part of a workpiece in a corrosive media such as acid to remove scale and related surface coatings (EPA-83106a). (2) The process of immersing hot steel in a bath of hot dilute acid to prepare it for being cold-rolled and finished by galvanizing and tin-plating (DOI-70104). (3) The process that follows bating whereby the hide is immersed in a brine and acid solution to bring the skin or hide to an acid condition; prevents precipitation of chromium salts on the hide (EPA-82/11).
Phytotoxic: Something that harms plants (EPA-89/12).
pico-: A prefix denoting 10-l2
Phytotreatment: The cultivation of specialized plants that absorb specific contaminants from the soil through their roots or foliage. This reduces the concentration of contaminants in the soil, but incorporates them into biomasses that may be released back into the environment when the plant dies or is harvested (EPA-97/12).
Picocurie @Ci): One trillionth (10-12) of the amount of radioactivity represented by a curie (Ci). A curie is the amount of radioactivity that yields 3.7 x 1010 radioactive disintegrations per second (dps). A picocurie yields 2.22 disintegrations per minute (dpm) or 0.037 dps (CWAiWbasics-04).
pi: 3.141592. It is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Picocurie (pCi): The quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute (40CFR141.2-91). 1 pCi = ( 1 0 ~ ~ ~ ) ~ ( 3 7 ~ 1 0=~ 2.22 ) ~ ( 6transformations 0) per minute. See radiation unit for more related terms.
Phytoremediation: The emerging science of planting specific crops which draw into their root systems comparatively large quantities of contaminants from soils or water and, over time and successive plantings, can remediate the environmental impact of contaminants (OMB/Reg-04).
Pica: A craving to eat nonfood items, such as dirt, paint chips, and clay. Some children exhibit pica-related behavior (SFhealth-04). Pica: Ingestion of nonfood items (LBL76107-bio). Pick interval: The time or range intervals in the lidar backscatter signal whose minimum average amplitude is used to calculate opacity. Two pick intervals are required, one in the near region and one in the far region (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Picking table or belt: A table or belt on which solid waste is manually sorted and certain items are removed. It is normally used in composting and salvage operations (SW-108ts). Pickle liquor: In steel manufacture, a dilute acid solution used to clean steel. See liquor for more related terms (DOI-70104). Pickling bath: Any chemical bath (other than alkaline cleaning) through which a workpiece is processed (40CFR468.02-91). Pickling fume scrubber: The process of using an air pollution control device to remove particulates and fumes from air above a
Picocurie per liter (pCi1L): A common unit of measurement of the concentration of radioactivity in a gas or liquid. A picocurie per liter corresponds to 0.03 radioactive disintegrations per second in every liter. See radiation unit for more related terms (EPA88/08a, see also EPA-88/08). Picocuries per liter (pCi/L): A unit of measure for levels of radon gas; becquerels per cubic meter is metric equivalent (EPA97/12). Picoplankton: Plankton in the size range of 0.2 to 2.0 mm (NavyIEnv-04). Picric acid [C6H2(N02)3]: 2,4,6-tinitrophenol, a yellow explosive compound used for making matches, batteries, etc. Pieces: The floor tile measured in the standard size of 12 X 12 X 3/32 (40CFR427.71-91).
Piezoelectric monitor: A type of particle monitor which measures mass concentration by utilization of a vibrating piezoelectric crystal driven by a standard oscillation circuit (EPA-8 1/09). Piezometer tube: An open topped tube used to measure the pressure of confined groundwater. The lower end of the tube is submerged into the confined groundwater, the pressure is indicated by the risen water level.
Pilkington process: A process for making flat glass in which the glass continuously pours from a tank onto a spout and thence between forming rolls and is subsequently annealed as one continuous sheet (EPA-83). Pillar robbing: The systematic removal of the coal pillars between rooms or chambers to regulate the subsidence of the roof. Also termed "bridging back" the pillar, "drawing" the pillar, or "pulling" the pillar (CWNmining-04).
Piezometer: A gage for measuring liquid pressure. Piezometer: A nonpumping well, generally of small diameter, for measuring the elevation of a water table (EPA-97/12). Piezometer: A well with a screen length that is only 1-5% of an aquifer's saturated thickness. Generally used to measure the total potential or head at a point in an aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Piezometric surface: An imaginary surface that everywhere coincides with the static water level in a confined aquifer (NavyIEnv-04). Piezometric surface: The surface of standing water level shown by a piezometer tube. Pig iron: Crude, high-carbon iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace (CAA/C02gas-04). Pig iron: Crude, high-carbon iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pig: (1) A container, usually lead, used to ship or store radioactive materials (EPA-89/12). (2) In metallurgy, an ingot of aluminum alloy weighing 15 to 50 pounds (EPA-76/12).
Pillar: An area of coal left to support the overlying strata in a mine; sometimes left permanently to support surface structures (CWNmining-04). Pilot and main burner: One of main bumer components. The pilot is lit first, and, once a flame is detected, the fuel supply to the main burner is opened allowing the pilot to light the main burner. See burner component for more related terms (EPA-89/03b). Pilot program: A test phase consisting of a cross section of homes in a new area utilizing standard noise abatement techniques and procedures along with rigorous acoustical testing. This provides an opportunity to test the techniques and products being used to determine if changes will be necessary to deliver the best sound insulation product available (NCNnoise-04). Pilot program: A trial run of the planned program conducted on a small scale to forecast the workability of the planned program. Changes may be made to the program depending on the results of the pilot study (RCRAImanagement-04). Pilot scale testing: A treatability study designed to provide the detailed cost and design data required to optimize a treatment technology's performance and to provide information in support of remedy implementation (EPA-89112a).
Piggy-back: A bridge conveyor (CWNmining-04). Pigment: (1) A general term used to describe any of a wide variety of organic, inorganic, natural, or synthetic insoluble material which are added to coatings to produce a desired color, viscosity, solids level, or gloss (EPA-79112b). (2) The colorant used to give printing inks the desired hue and color (EPA-79/12a).
Pilot tests: Testing a cleanup technology under actual site conditions to identify potential problems prior to full-scale implementation (EPA-97/12).
Pigmented coatings: The opaque coatings containing binders and colored pigments which are formulated to conceal the wood surface either as an undercoat or topcoat (40CFR52.741-91).
Pilot: (1) A burner that is used to ignite waste and auxiliary fuel during startup. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89103b). (2) A small fuel flame used to ignite the fuel at the main burner. It is continuously fired A pilot that bums without turndown throughout the entire time the burner is in service, whether the main burner is firing or not.
Pile: (1) Any non-containerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing hazardous waste that is used for treatment or storage (40CFR260.10-91). (2) (a) The fuel element in a nuclear reactor. (b) A heap of waste (EPA-89/12).
Pilot: Approved tests of a new initiative or idea to identify potential problems prior to full-scale implementation. Many of the Superfund reforms have used pilot sites to test new technologies and processes (SF/reform-04).
Pili (singular, pilus): A proteinaceous surface structure of some bacteria (EPA-88109a).
Pinch: A compression of the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal (CWNmining-04).
Pinch: A compression of the walls of a vein or the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal (CWNmining-04). Pine rosin: See natural rosin. Pinholes: (1) In constructing a landfill liner, a small imperfections in sheet or seamed flexible membrane liners which allow for escape of the contained materials, i.e., leaks (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). (2) Imperfections in paper which appear as very small holes (EPA-83). Pink water: After loading TNT into munitions, the loading bays are washed. TNT particles in concentrations of 100-150 mgll produce in sunlight an orange or light rust colored effluent termed "pink water." See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Pinning: Roof bolting (CWNmining-04). Pioneer plant: Herbaceous annual and perennial seedling plants that colonize bare areas as a first stage in secondary succession (CWNWbasics-04). Pipe and tube mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce butt welded or seamless tubular steel products (40CFR420.71-91). Pipe flow: The flow of liquid is full in a pipe. See flow for more related terms (M&E-72). Pipe or line pipe: A tube, usually cylindrical, through which a hazardous liquid flows from one point to another (40CFR195.291). Pipe or piping: A hollow cylinder or tubular conduit that is constructed of non-earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91). Pipe schedule: Standard method for designating the wall thickness of pipe O\Tavy/Env-04).
Pipeline or pipeline system: All parts of a pipeline facility through which a hazardous liquid moves in transportation, including, but not limited to, piping, valves, and other appurtenances connected to, pumping units, fabricated assemblies associated with pumping units, metering and delivery stations and fabricated assemblies therein, and breakout tanks (40CFR195.291). Pipeline wrap: An asbestos-containingproduct made of paper felt intended for use in wrapping or coating pipes for insulation purposes (40CFR763.163-91). Pipeline, distribution: A pipeline that conveys gas from a transmission pipeline to its ultimate consumer (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pipeline, gathering: A pipeline that conveys gas from a production well/field to a gas processing plant or transmission pipeline for eventual delivery to end-use consumers (CAA/C02gas1-04). Pipeline, transmission: A pipeline that conveys gas from a region where it is produced to a region where it is to be distributed (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pipeline: All parts of those physical facilities through which gas moves in transportation, including pipe, valves, and other appurtenance attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated assemblies (40CFRl92.3-91). Piping: A hollow cylinder or tubular conduit that is constructed of non-earthen materials (40CFR280.12-91) (40CFR280.12-91). Piping: Erosion by percolating water in a layer of subsoil, resulting in caving and in the formation of narrow conduits, tunnels, or "pipes" through which soluble or granular soil material is removed (CWNWbasics-04). Piscicide: Chemicals used to kill fish (EPA-85/10).
Pipe, tube, and other: Those acid pickling operations that pickle pipes, tubes, or any steel product other than those included in paragraphs (k), (I), and (m) of this section (40CFR420.91-91). Pipe: (1) Any pipe or tubing used in the transportation of gas, including pipe-type holders (40CFR192.3-91). (2) In energy transportation, a tube, usually cylindrical, through which gas or oil (or any pumpable liquid) flows from one point to another. Pipeline facility: The new and existing pipelines, rights-of-way, and any equipment, facility, or building used in the transportation of gas or in the treatment of gas during the course of transportation (40CFR192.3-91, see also 40CFR195.2-91). Pipeline gas: Gaseous fuels travel through pipelines from location to location.
Pit crucible furnace: Pit crucible furnace derives its name from its location. The top of the furnace is near floor level, which facilitates charging of the metal to the furnace and removing of the crucible for pouring. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238). Pitch binder: Thermosetting binders used in core making. Baking of the sand-binder mixture is required for evaporation-oxidation and polymerization to take place (EPA-8511Oa). Pitch coke: The coke formed by the destructive distillation of petroleum pitch. Used in foundry operations as sand binders. See coke for more related terms (EPA-85110a). Pitch polishing: Polishing operation in which pitch rather than felt is the resilient carrier for the polishing agent (EPA-83).
Pitch: (1) In chemistry, synonymous with asphalt. (2) In physics, a cycle (or frequency) of a sound. Pitch: The inclination of a seam; the rise of a seam (CWAlmining-04). Pitch: The perceived auditory sensation of sounds expressed in terms of high or low frequency stimulus of the sound (NCAlsound-04). Pitot tube: A device for measuring the velocity of a flowing fluid by using the velocity head of the stream as an index velocity (AP40, p72; OME-88/12). Pitot tube: An instrument which will sense the total pressure and static pressure in a gas stream. Used to determine gas velocity (EPA-83). Pits, ponds, or lagoons: Man-made or natural depressions in a ground surface that are likely to hold liquids or sludge containing hazardous substances or petroleum products. The likelihood of such liquids or sludge being present is determined by evidence of factors associated with the pit, pond, or lagoon, including, but not limited to, discolored water, distressed vegetation, or the presence of an obvious wastewater discharge (USDAIwater-04). Pituita-adrenal axis: The interrelation of the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands whereby the activity of one is stimulated or inhibited by a hormone of the other, e.g., regulation of ACTH secretion by the concentrations of adrenal corticoids in the blood (LBL-76107-bio). Pituitary gonadotropic hormones: Hormones secreted in the anterior pituitary that control the gonads (LBL-76107-bio). Pituitary thyroid axis: The interrelated activities of the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland (LBL-76107-bio). PK value: PK=loglo(l/K), where K is the acid dissociation constant. The term is used to measure the strength of an acid on a logarithmic scale. Placer mine: (1) A deposit of sand, gravel, or talus from which some valuable mineral is extracted. (2) To mine gold, platinum, tin, or other valuable minerals by washing the sand, gravel, etc. (EPA-82/05). Placer mining: The extraction of heavy mineral from a placer deposit by concentration in running water. It includes ground sluicing, panning, shoveling gravel into a sluice, scraping by power scraper, excavation by dragline, or extraction by means of various types of dredging activities (EPA-82/05).
Placer: A surficial mineral deposit formed by mechanical concentration of mineral particles from weathered debris (CWAlWbasics-04). Plain sedimentation: The sedimentation of suspended matter in a liquid unaided by chemicals or other special means and without any provision for the decomposition of the deposited solids in contact with the sewage. The term plain settling is preferred (EPA76/03). Plain: Relatively free from bubbles and seed during the melting (EPA-83). Plan: A map showing features such as mine workings or geological structures on a horizontal plane (CWAlmining-04). Planck's constant (h): 6.62620 x
joule second.
Planetary albedo: The fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the earth-atmosphere system and returned to space, mostly by backscatter from clouds in the atmosphere (CAA/C02gas-04). Planetary boundary layer: The layer in the atmosphere near the Earth's surface, where the influence of the surface is present primarily through fictional forces. It is usually subdivided into two sections; the surface layer and the Ekman layer (NATO78/10). Plankton: Floating or weakly swimming organisms at the mercy of the waves and currents. Animals of the group are called zooplankton and the plants are called phytoplankton (CWAIWbasics-04). Plankton: Tiny plants and animals that live in water (EPA-97/12). Planned renovation operation: A renovation operation, or a number of such operations, in which some RACM will be removed or stripped within a given period of time and that can be predicted. Individual nonscheduled operations are included if a number of such operations can be predicted to occur during a given period of time based on operating experience (40CFR61.141-91). Planning documents: Project planning documents describe project plans for field activities, and are submitted to the responsible Navy RPM for approval. Examples include Site Specific Work Plan, Sampling and Analysis Plan, and Quality Assurance Project Plan (SA-04). Plant blending records: Those records which document the weight fkaction of organic solvents and solids used in the formulation or preparation of inks at the vinyl or urethane printing plant where they are used (40CFR60.581-91).
Plant effluent or discharge after treatment: The wastewater discharged from the industrial plant. In this definition, any waste treatment device (pond, trickling filter, etc.) is considered part of the industrial plant (EPA-83106a). Plant factor: See capacity factor. Plant footprint: A blueprint that shows the ground area needed for a plant. Plant heat rate: The measurement of a power plant efficiency typically expressed in Btus per Kilowatt-hour (Btuikwh). 100 percent efficiency would equal a heat rate of 3413 Btu/kwh. Calculation of power plant heat rate can be based on either the lower heating value (LHV) or the higher heating value (HI-IV) of the fuel used. For natural gas, the difference is approximately 11%. Efficiencies based on the LHV of the fuel will be approximately 11% greater than those based on HHV, because LHV does not include the water vapor factor during the calculation. Plant regulator: Any substance or mixture of substances intended, through physiological action, for accelerating or retarding the rate of growth or rate of maturation, or for otherwise altering the behavior of plants or the produce thereof, but shall not include substances to the extent that they are intended as plant nutrients, trace elements, nutritional chemicals, plant inoculants, and soil amendments. Also, the term plant regulator shall not be required to include any of such of those nutrient mixtures or soil amendments as are commonly known as vitamin-hormone horticultural products, intended for improvement, maintenance, survival, health, and propagation of plants, and as are not for pest destruction and are non-toxic, nonpoisonous in the undiluted packaged concentration (FIFRA2-7U.S.C.136-91). Plant sanitation: The aspects of plant housekeeping which reduce the incidence of water contamination resulting from equipment leaks, spillage of preservative, etc. (EPA-74/04). Plant site: All contiguous or adjoining property that is under common control, including properties that are separated only by a road or other public right-of-way. Common control includes properties that are owned, leased, or operated by the same entity, parent entity, subsidiary, or any combination thereof (40CFR63.101-91). Plant site: The area occupied by the mine, necessary haulage ways from the mine to the beneficiation process, the beneficiation area, the area occupied by the wastewater treatment facilities and the storage areas for waste materials and solids removed from the wastewaters during treatment (40CFR440.141-15-91). Plant waste: Dunnage, shipping, packaging, storage, and general office waste. Not production or process wastes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Plant: (1) Any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots, and other parts thereof (ESA3-16U.S.C. 1531-90). (2) One or more facilities at the same location owned by or under common control of the same person (40CFR82.3-91, see also 40CFR52.741-91). (3) A location at which a process or set of processes are used to produce, refine, or repackage chemicals (EPA-87107a). Plaque: A porous body of sintered metal on a metal grid used as a current collector and holder of electrode active materials, especially for nickel-cadmium batteries (EPA-84/08). Plasma arc incinerator: Any enclosed device using a high intensity electrical discharge or arc as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace (40CFR260.10-91). The plasma arc has been referred to as the fourth state of matter since the arc does not always behave as a solid, liquid, or gas. A plasma may be defined as a conductive gas flow consisting of charged and neutral particles, having an overall charge of approximately zero, and all exhibiting collective behavior. The plasma, when applied to waste disposal, can best be understood by thinking of it as an energy conversion and energy transfer device. The electrical energy input is transformed into a plasma with a temperature equivalent of up to 18,000 F at the centerline of the reactor. As the activated components of the plasma decay, their energy is transferred to waste materials exposed to the plasma. The wastes are then broken into atoms, ionized, pyrolyzed, and finally destroyed as they interact with the decaying plasma species. The heart of this technology is that the breakdown of the wastes into atoms occurs virtually instantaneously and no large molecular intermediary compounds are produced during the kinetic recombination. See incinerator for more related terms (Lee83107). Plasma arc machining: The process of material removal or shaping of a workpiece by a high velocity jet of high temperature ionized gas (cf. incinerator, plasma arc) (EPA-83106a). Plasma arc: Plasma arc-related terms include (1) Microwave discharge; (2) Microwave plasma (See microwave discharge); (3) Transferred plasma arc; and (4) Nontransferred plasma arc. Plasma: The fluid part of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended (EPA-83/09). Plasma-arc reactor: An incinerator that operates at extremely high temperatures; treats highly toxic wastes that do not bum easily (EPA-97/12). Plasmid: A circular piece of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome and replicates independently of it. Bacterial plasmids cany information that renders the bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Plasmids are often used in genetic engineering to carry desired genes into organisms (EPA-97/12).
Plastic body component: Any component of an automobile or light-duty truck exterior surface constructed of synthetic organic material (40CFR60.391-91).
Plastics: Non-metallic chemoreactive compounds molded into rigid or pliable construction materials, fabrics, etc. (EPA-97/12). Plate column: See tray column.
Plastic body: An automobile or light-duty truck body constructed of synthetic organic material (40CFR60.391-91). Plastic insulation: An insulation that is plastic enough when mixed with water that it can adhere to outer fumace walls or be placed over fumace arches (SW-108ts). Plastic material: A synthetic organic polymer (i.e., a thermoset polymer, a thermoplastic polymer, or a combination of a natural polymer and a thermoset or thermoplastic polymer) that is solid in its final form and that was shaped by flow. The material can either be a homogeneous polymer and a polymer combined with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, stabilizers, or other additives (40CFR463.291). Plastic molding and forming: A manufacturing process in which materials are blended, molded, formed, or otherwise processed into intermediate or final products (40CFR463.2-91). Plastic part: The panels, housings, bases, covers, and other business machine components formed of synthetic polymers (40CFR60.721-91). Plastic refractory: A blend of ground fireclay materials in a plastic form, that is suitable for ramming into place to form monolithic linings or special shapes. It may be air setting or heat setting and is available in different qualities of heat resistance. See refractory for more related terms (EPA-83). Plastic rigid foam: The cellular polyurethane insulation, cellular poly-isocyanurate insulation, glass fiber reinforced polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foam insulation, cellular polystyrene insulation, phenolic foam insulation, spray-in-place foam and foam-in-place insulation (40CFR248.4-91). Plastic: Non-metallic compounds that result from a chemical reaction, and are molded or formed into rigid or pliable construction materials or fabrics (EPA-89/12). Other plasticrelated terms include Biodegradable plastic. Plasticity soil: The property of soil which allows it to be deformed without appreciable volume change or cracking. See soil for more related terms (EPA-83). Plasticizer: (1) A material, generally an organic liquid, incorporated in a plastic or rubber formulation to soften the resin polymer and improve flexibility, ductility, and extensibility (EPA91/05). (2) A substance added to printing ink to impart flexibility (EPA-79112a). (3) A high boiling liquid which is used in the formulation of a propellant to help make it plastic (EPA-76/03).
Plate glass (or polished plate glass): A flat glass formed by a rolling process, ground and polished on both sides, with surfaces essentially plane and parallel. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Plate mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce flat hot-rolled products which are (1) between 8 and 48 inches wide and over 0.23 inches thick; or (2) greater than 48 inches wide and over 0.18 inches thick (40CFR420.71-91). Plate scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. A plate scrubber is a scrubber that relies on a gas absorption process for the removal of contaminants. The basic design is a vertical cylindrical column with a number of plates or trays inside. The scrubbing liquid is introduced at the top plate and flows successively across each plate as it moves downward to the liquid outlet at the tower bottom. Flue gas comes in at the bottom of the tower and passes through openings in each plate before leaving through the top. Gas absorption is promoted by the breaking up of the gas phase into bubbles which pass through the volume of liquid in each plate. See scrubber for more related terms (Calvert84). Plate soak: The process operation of soaking or reacting lead subcategory battery plates that are more than 2.5 .mm (0.100 in) thick, in sulhric acid (40CFR461.2-91). Plate tower scrubber: An air pollution control device that neutralizes hydrogen chloride gas by bubbling alkaline water through holes in a series of metal plates (EPA-97/12). Plate: See anode. Plated area: A surface upon which an adherent layer of metal is deposited (EPA-83106a). Platformlpit noncompaction station: A type of transfer station that has a waste storage capacity of several days or more. While the waste is in temporary storage, recyclable materials may be removed (RCRAlmanagement-04). Plating barrel: A container in which parts are placed loosely, so they can tumble as the barrel rotates in the plating or processing solution (EPA-74103d). Plating rack: A fixture that permits moving one or more workpieces in and out of a treating or plating tank and transferring electric current to the workpieces when in the tank (EPA-74103d). Plating: Forming an adherent layer of metal upon an object (EPA83106a).
Plating: The finishing operation where the skin or hide is pressed in order to make it smoother. Plating may be done with an embossing plate which imprints textured effects into the leather surface (EPA-82/11). Plating: For more related terms, see (1) Automatic plating; (2) Barrel plating; (3) Mechanical plating; and (4) Vapor plating. Platinum (Pt): A transition metal with atomic number 78; atomic weight 195.09; density 21.4 gkc; melting point 1769 C and boiling point 4530 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Platinum electrode: An electrode made from a platinum wire. The electrode is used in the voltammetric analysis of electrolytes. See electrode for more related terms. Platinum mineral: Platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium are members of a group characterized by high specific gravity, unusual resistance to oxidizing and acidic attack and high melting point (EPA-82/02). Playa lake: A shallow, temporary lake in an arid or semiarid region, covering or occupying a playa in the wet season but drying up in summer; temporary lake that upon evaporation leaves or forms a playa (CWNWbasics-04). Playa: A dry, flat area at the lowest part of an undrained desert basin in which water accumulates and is quickly evaporated; underlain by stratified clay, silt, or sand and commonly by soluble salts; a term used in the southwestern United States (CWNWbasics-04). Playa: Level area at the bottom of a desert basin that at times is temporarily covered with water; a dry lake bed (DOE-91/04). Pleistocene: Geologic epic beginning approximately 3 to 5 million years ago (DOE-91/04). Pliocene: Geologic period between the Miocene and the Pleistocene periods (DOE-91/04). Plug flow reactor (PFR): A chemical reactor having a characteristicplug fluid-flow pattern (EPA-88109a). Plug flow sampling: A monitoring procedure that follows the same slug of wastewater throughout its transport in the receiving water. Water quality samples are collected at receiving water stations, tributary inflows, and point source discharges only when a dye slug or tracer passes that point (EPA-85/09). Plug flow: Type of flow that occurs in tanks, basins, or reactors when a slug of water moves through without ever dispersing or mixing with the rest of the water flowing through (EPA-97/12).
Plugging and abandonment plan: The plan for plugging and abandonment prepared in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR144.28 and 40CFR144.5 1 (40CFR144.61-91). Plugging record: A systematic listing of permanent or temporary abandonment of water, oil, gas, test, exploration, and waste injection wells, and may contain a well log, description of amounts and types of plugging material used, the method employed for plugging, a description of formations which are sealed and a graphic log of the well showing formation location, formation thickness, and location of plugging structures (4OCFRI46.3-91). Plugging: Act or process of stopping the flow of water, oil, or gas into or out of a formation through a borehole or well penetrating that formation (EPA-97/12). Plugging: The act or process of stopping the flow of water, oil, or gas into or out of a formation through a borehole or well penetrating that formation (40CFR144.3; 146.3; 147.2902-91). Plume path: The curve along which the plume moves in the atmosphere. The form and direction of this curve is determined by the buoyancy of the plume, its exit speed, the wind profile, the stability of the atmosphere, and the turbulence in the atmosphere (NATO-78110). Plume rise: The upward motion of a plume after its emission from the source due to its exit velocity andor its buoyancy. This buoyancy is caused by the higher temperature of the plume with respect to its surroundings (NATO-78/10). Plume signal: The backscatter signal resulting from the laser light pulse passing through a plume (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)91). Plume: (1) A visible or measurable discharge of a contaminant from a given point of origin. Can be visible or thermal in water, or visible in the air as, for example, a plume of smoke. (2) The area of radiation leaking from a damaged reactor. (3) Area downwind within which a release could be dangerous for those exposed to leaking fumes (EPA-97/12). Plume: A discharge of substances from a given point of origin. It can be visible such as combustion gases exhausted from the stack or invisible such as thermal plume in water (EPA-89103b). Plume: A volume of a substance that moves from its source to places farther away from the source. Plumes can be described by the volume of air or water they occupy and the direction they move. For example, a plume can be a column of smoke from a chimney or a substance moving with groundwater (SFhealth-04). Plume: The plume being measured by lidar (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Plunger pump: See accelerator pump. Plutonium (Pu): (1) A transuranic, heavy, silvery metal with 15 isotopes that is produced by the neutron irradiation of natural uranium. The isotope plutonium-239 is the most important isotope, used both in nuclear weapons and commercial nuclear power applications (DOE-91/04). (2) A radioactive metal with atomic number 94; atomic weight 242; density 19.84 glcc; melting point 640 C and boiling point 3235 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Plutonium (Pu): A radioactive metallic element chemically similar to uranium (Navy/Env-04). Plutonium processing and fuel fabrication plant: A plant in which the following operations or activities are conducted: (1) Operations for manufacture of reactor fuel containing plutonium including any of the following: (a) Preparation of fuel material; (b) Formation of fuel material into desired shapes; (c) Application of protective cladding; (d) Recovery of scrap material; and (e) Storage associated with such operations; or (2) Research and development activities involving any of the operations described in paragraph (r)(l) of this section, except for research and development activities utilizing unsubstantial amount of plutonium (10CFR70.4-91). Plutonium target processing facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to extract plutonium from plutonium targets after they have been irradiated in a reactor and to purify the plutonium. The facility may also be used to treat the remaining uranium for recycling and to treat other remaining materials for transfer to waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (DOE-91/04). Plutonium: A manmade fissile element. Pure plutonium is a silvery metal that is heavier than lead. Material rich in the Plutonium 239 isotope is preferred for manufacturing nuclear weapons, although any plutonium can be used. Plutonium 239 has a half-life of 24,000 years (OMBIReg-04). Plutonium: A man-made radioactive element that is used in the production of nuclear weapons (AEA/closure-04). Plutonium: A radioactive metallic element chemically similar to uranium (EPA-97/12). Plywood core: The innermost segment of a plywood panel (EPA74/04). Plywood: An assembly of a number of layers of wood, or veneers, joined together by means of an adhesive. Plywood consists of two main types (EPA-74/04): It includes: (1) Hardwood plywood: Plywood which has a face ply of hardwood and is generally used for decorative purposes. (2) Softwood plywood: The veneers typically are of softwood and the usage is generally for construction and structural purposes.
PM (or particulate matter): Any airborne finely divided solid or liquid material with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 100 micrometers (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.5 1a; 61.171-91). PM emission (or particulate matter emission): Any airborne finely divided solid or liquid material with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 100 micrometers (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.51a; 61.171-91). PM emissions: Fine solid matter suspended in combustion gases carried to the atmosphere. The emission rate is usually expressed as a concentration such as grains per dry standard cubic feet (gddscf) conected to a common base, usually 12% CO (EPA89103b). PMlO emissions: The finely divided solid or liquid material, with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 micrometers emitted to the ambient air as measured by an applicable reference method, or an equivalent or alternative method, specified in this chapter or by a test method specified in an approved state implementation plan (40CFR51.100-91). PMlO sampler: A device, associated with a manual method for measuring PMI 0, designed to collect PMlO from an ambient air sample, but lacking the ability to automatically analyze or measure the collected sample to determine the mass concentration of PM 10 in the sampled air (40CFR53.1-91). PMlOlPM2.5: PMlO is measure of particles in the atmosphere with a diameter of less than ten or equal to a nominal 10 micrometers. PM2.5 is a measure of smaller particles in the air. PM-I0 has been the pollutant particulate level standard against which EPA has been measuring Clean Air Act compliance. On the basis of newer scientific findings, the Agency is considering regulations that will make PM-2.5 the new "standard" (EPA97112). PM10: The particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal ten micrometers, as measured by such method as the Administrator may determine (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR58.1-u) (CAA30242U.S.C.7602). Pneumatic ash handling: A system of pipes and cyclone separators that conveys fly ash or floor dust to bin via an air stream (SW-108ts). Pneumatic coal-cleaning equipment: Any facility which classifies bituminous coal by size or separates bituminous coal from refuse by application of air stream(s) (40CFR60.251-91). Pneumatic device: A device moved or worked by air pressure (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Pneumoconiosis: A chronic disease of the lung arising from breathing coal dust (CWNmining-04).
subject to recontamination by surface water runoff (40CFR141.291).
Pneumoconiosis: Health conditions characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs and by the tissue reaction to its presence; can range from relatively harmless forms of sclerosis to the destructive fibrotic effect of silicosis (EPA-97/12).
Point of entry treatment device: A treatment device applied to the drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building (40CFR141.2-91).
Poaching process: A process of boiling nitrocellulose (NC) in soda ash at 96 C for four hours followed by fresh water at 96 C for two hours. The NC will then settle and the water is drained off (EPA-76/03).
Point of exposure: The place where someone can come into contact with a substance present in the environment (see exposure pathway) (SFhealth-04).
Pocket plate: A type of battery construction where the electrode is a perforated metal envelope containing the active material (EPA-84/08).
Point of generation (POG) of a hazardous waste: The point at which a waste is first determined to be hazardous. For listed wastes this is the point at which the waste first meets the listing description, and for characteristic wastes it is the point the waste first exhibits the characteristic (RCRAIlandban-04).
Pocosin: A local term along the Atlantic coastal plain, from Virginia south, for a shrub-scrub wetland located on a relatively flat terrain, commonly between streams (CWAIWbasics-04).
Point of use treatment device: A treatment device applied to single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap (40CFR141.2-91).
POHC-PIC surrogate soup: A homogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic compounds used to evaluate combustion efficiency of an incinerator (EPA-88/12).
Point of waste generation: The location where samples of a wastestream are collected for the purpose of determining the waste flow rate, water content, or benzene concentration in accordance with procedures specified in 40CFR1.355 of this subpart. For a chemical manufacturing plant or petroleum refinery, the point of waste generation is a location after the wastestream exits the process unit component, product tank, or waste management unit generating the waste, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere or mixed with other wastes. For a coke by-product recovery plant subject to and complying with the control requirements of 40CFR61.132, 61.133, or 61.134 of this part, the point of waste generation is a location after the wastestream exits the process unit component or waste management unit controlled by that subpart, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere. For other facilities subject to this subpart, the point of waste generation is a location after the waste enters the facility, and before the waste is exposed to the atmosphere or placed in a facility waste management unit (40CFR61.341-91).
Point design: A design for the NPR that comprises a collection of design and component information representing a concept without the benefit of integration criteria, supporting analyses, and optimization studies: design that represents a point on the performance curve (DOE-91/04). Point function: A thermodynamic function whose results depend only on the values of two end states. For example, temperature is a point function, therefore, the temperature change from state 1 (TI) to state 2 (T2) can be expressed as T2 - TI, regardless what processes the temperature change follows between the two states. Contrary to the point function, heat and work are path functions. See thermodynamicprocess for more related terms (Wark-p6). Point of compliance: For purposes of RCRA TSDF groundwater monitoring, the vertical point where TSDF owner and operator must monitor the uppermost aquifer to determine if the leak exceeds the groundwater protection standard (RCFWhazardous04). Point of departure (POD):A dose that can be considered to be in the range of observed responses, without significant extrapolation. A POD can be a data point or an estimated point that is derived from observed dose-response data. A POD is used to mark the beginning of extrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally relevant human exposures (FFDCA/pesticide-04). Point of disinfectant application: The point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not
Point source discharges: Discharges of treated wastewater directly into a lake, river, stream, or other water body. Point source discharges are regulated under CWA (RCRA/hazardous04). Point source: A source at a discrete location such as a discharge pipe, drainage ditch, tunnel, well, concentrated livestock operation, or floating craft (CWNWquality-04). Point source: A stationary location or fixed facility from which pollutants are discharged, any single identifiable source of pollution; e.g., a pipe, ditch, ship, ore pit, factory smokestack (EPA-97/12).
Point source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock concentrated animal feeding operation, landfill leachate collection system, vessel or other floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture or agricultural stormwater runoff (CWMwastewater-04). Point source: Originating at any discrete source (CWMWbasics04). Point(s) of compliance: A location(s) selected between the source area(s) and the potential point(s) of exposure where concentrations of chemicals of concern must be at or below the determined target levels in media (for example, groundwater, soil, or air) (NavyIEnv-04). Point@) of exposure: The point(s) at which an individual or population may come in contact with a chemical(s) of concern originating from a site (NavyIEnv-04). Point: Thickness of a sheet of paper measured in thousandths of an inch (EPA-83). Point-of-contact measurement of exposure: Estimating exposure by measuring concentrations over time (while the exposure is taking place) at or near the place where it is occurring (EPA-97/12). Point-of-disinfectant application: The point where disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff (EPA-97/12).
Polar molecules ionize in solution and impart electrical conductivity. Water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid are polar. Most hydrocarbon liquids are nonpolar. Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups often exhibit an electric charge. The formation of emulsions and the action of detergents are dependent on this behavior (NavyIEnv-04).
Polarization curve: A measurement of fuel cell performance. It is a plot of fuel cell voltage as a function of current density (voltage vs. amperes/cm2 or similar units). The curve is obtained under standard conditions so that fuel cell performance can be compared between different cell designs, and may be obtained by either a single cell or a stack test. Polarographic analyzer (voltametric analyzer or electrochemical transducer): One of electroanalytical methods for continuous emission monitoring (see continuous emission monitor for various types). With the proper choice of electrodes and electrolytes, the analyzer utilizes the principles of polarography to monitor CO, C02, H2S, NO2, SO2, and other gases. The transducer in these instruments is generally a selfcontained electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction takes place involving the pollutant molecule. Two basic techniques are used in the transducers: (1) The utilization of a selective semipermeable membrane that allows the pollutant molecule to diffuse to an electrolytic solution; and (2) The measurement of the current change produced at an electrode by the oxidation or reduction of the dissolved gas at the electrode (EPA-8 1/09; 84103a). Pole type transformer: A transformer suitable for mounting on a pole or similar structure. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Policy (must do): See law-related terms.
Point-of-use treatment device: Treatment device applied to a single tap to reduce contaminants in the drinking water at the one faucet (EPA-97/12). Point-source contaminant: Any substance that degrades water quality and originates from discrete locations such as discharge pipes, drainage ditches, wells, concentrated livestock operations, or floating craft (CWMWbasics-04). Point-source pollution: Water pollution coming from a single point, such as a sewage-outflow pipe (CWAIWscience04). Poison: A substance which is harmful to living organisms (cf. economic poison). Polar capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor having an oxide film on only one foil or electrode which forms the anode or positive terminal (EPA-83/03). Polar: Describing a substance or molecule in which the positive and negative electrical charges are permanently separated, as opposed to nonpolar molecules in which the charges coincide.
Poling: A step in the production of ceramic piezoelectric bodies which orients the oxes of the crystallites in the preferred direction (EPA-83/03). Polished plate glass: See plate glass. Polished wire glass: A wire glass, ground and polished on both sides. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Polishing and buffing wheels: All power-driven rotatable wheels composed all or in part of textile fabrics, wood, felt, leather, paper, and may be coated with abrasives on the periphery of the wheel for purposes of polishing, buffing, and light grinding (29CFR1910.94b-91). Polishing compounds: Fluid or grease stick lubricants composed of animal tallows, fatty acids, and waxes. Selection depends on surface finish desired (EPA-83/06a).
Polishing pond: A stabilization lagoon used as a final treatment step to remove any remaining organics. See pond for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Polishing: (1) A final water treatment step used to remove any remaining organics from the water (EPA-87110a). (2) The process of removing stock from a workpiece by the action of loose or loosely held abrasive grains carried to the workpiece by a flexible support. Usually, the amount of stock removed in a polishing operation is only incidental to achieving a desired surface finish or appearance (EPA-83106a). Pollen: A fine dust produced by plants; a natural or background air pollutant (LBL-76107-air). Pollen: The fertilizing element of flowering plants; background air pollutant (EPA-97/12). Pollutant loading: The ratio of the total daily mass discharge of a particular pollutant to the total daily production expressed in terms of (g pollutant)l(Kg production). See loading for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Pollutant or contaminant: Includes, but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound, or mixture, including diseasecausing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring; except that the term pollutant or contaminant shall not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or desipated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (A) through (F) of paragraph (14) and shall not include natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas) (SFlO1, see also 40CFR300.5; 310.11-91). Pollutant parameter: The constituents of wastewater determined to be detrimental to human health or the environment, thus requiring control (EPA-85110a). Pollutant pathways: Avenues for distribution of pollutants. In most buildings, for example, HVAC systems are the primary pathways although all building components can interact to affect how air movement distributes pollutants (EPA-97/12). Pollutant prevention: The active process of identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste by-products for the purpose of substitution, alternation, or elimination of the process to prevent waste generation (MWTNinfectious-04). Pollutant standard index (PSI): A measure of adverse health effects of air pollution levels in major cities (EPA-89/12, see also
40CFR58-AppIG-91). In general, PSI values and their air quality levels are as follows: 0-50, good conditions; 50-100, acceptable conditions; 100-200, unacceptable conditions; 200-300, hazardous conditions. PSI is also known as air quality standard.
Pollutant standard index (PSI): Indicator of one or more pollutants that may be used to inform the public about the potential for adverse health effects from air pollution in major cities (EPA-97/12). Pollutant transport: An array of mechanisms by which a substance may migrate outside the immediate location of the release or discharge of the substance. e.g., pollution of groundwater by the migration of hazardous wastes from landfill (Course 165.5). Pollutant, conservative: Pollutants that do not readily degrade in the environment, and which are mitigated primarily by natural stream dilution after entering receiving bodies of waters. Included are pollutants such as metals (CWNwastewater-04). Pollutant, non-conservative: Pollutants that are mitigated by natural biodegradation or other environmental decay or removal processes in the receiving stream after in-stream mixing and dilution have occurred (CWNwastewater-04). Pollutant: (1) As defined by section lOl(33) of CERCLA, shall include but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound, or mixture, including diseasecausing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfinctions (including malfunctions in reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring. Shall not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance and shall not include natural gas, liquified natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas). (2) For purposes of the NCP, the term pollutant or contaminant means any pollutant or contaminant that may present an imminent and substantial danger to public health or welfare. (3) Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource (NavyiEnv-04). Pollutant: Any introduced gas, liquid, or solid that makes a resource unfit for a specific purpose (LBL76107-air). See also CWA502; 40CFR21.2; 122.2; 230.3; 257.3.3; 401.1 1-91. Pollutant: Any substance that, when present in a hydrologic system at sufficient concentration, degrades water quality in ways that are or could become harmful to human andor ecological health or that impair the use of water for recreation, agriculture, industry, commerce, or domestic purposes (CWNWbasics-04).
Pollutant: Dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials (except those regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [42U.S.C.2011 et seq.]), heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water (40CFR122.2) (CWAIwastewater-04). Pollutant: Generally, any substance introduced into the environment that adversely affects the usefulness of a resource or the health of humans, animals, or ecosystems (EPA-97/12). Pollutant: In CERCLA, any elements, substances, compounds, or mixtures, including disease-causing agents, which after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingesting through food chains, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformation in such organisms or their offspring. The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil any or fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under section 101(14)(A) through (F) of CERCLA, nor does it include natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and synthetic gas) (CERCLA Sec. 101 & 40CFR300.6). Pollutant: In CWA, dredged spoils, solid wastes, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive material (except those regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42U.S.C.2011 et seq.), heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. It does not mean (40CFR233.3): (1) Sewage from vessels; or (2) Water, gas, or other materials which are injected into a well to facilitate production of oil or gas, or water derived in association with oil and gas production and disposed of in a well, if the well used either to facilitate production or for disposal purposes is approved by authority of the state in which the well is located, and if the state determines that injection or disposal will not result in the degradation of ground or surface water resource. Pollutant: For more related terms, see (1) Air pollutant; (2) Compatible pollutant; (3) Conservative pollutant; (4) Conventional pollutant; (5) Criteria pollutant; (6) Critical pollutant; (7) Designated pollutant; (8) Hazardous air pollutant; (9) Incompatible pollutant; (10) No discharge of pollutant; (11) Noncontact cooling water pollutant; (12) Non-conventional pollutant; (13) Non-conventional pesticide pollutant; (14) Non-criteria pollutant; (15) Non-pass through pollutant; (16) Pass-through pollutant; (17) Persistent pollutant; (18) Primary pollutant; (19) Primary significance pollutant; (20) Priority pollutant; (21) Process wastewater pollutant; (22) Refractory pollutant; (23)
Secondary pollutant; (24) Secondary significance pollutant; (25) Toxic pollutant; (26) Toxic air pollutant; and (27) Traditional pollutant parameter.
Pollutants (pollution): Unwanted chemicals or other materials found in the air. Pollutants can harm health, the environment, and property. Many air pollutants occur as gases or vapors, but some are very tiny solid particles: dust, smoke, or soot (CAAIair-04). Pollutants or contaminants: Any element, substance, compound, or mixture that, after release into the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, will or may reasonably be anticipated to cause illness, death, or deformation in any organism. The definition of pollutant or contaminant specifically excludes petroleum and natural gas (RCRAfhazardous-04). Pollution indicator organism: A plant or animal form, such as the rat-tailed maggot or blue-green algae, that thrives in polluted water (cf. biological indicator) (DOI-70104). Pollution liability: The liability for injuries arising from the release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (SF401-42U.S.C.9671-91). Pollution load: A measure of the unit mass of a wastewater in terms of its solids or oxygen demanding characteristics, or in terms of harm to receiving water. See load for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Pollution prevention (P2): The active process of identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste byproducts for the purpose of substitution, alteration, or elimination of the process to prevent waste generation (NavyIEnv-04). Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990: See Act or PPA. Pollution prevention: (1) Identifying areas, processes, and activities which create excessive waste products or pollutants in order to reduce or prevent them through, alteration, or eliminating a process. Such activities, consistent with the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, are conducted across all EPA programs and can involve cooperative efforts with such agencies as the Departments of Agriculture and Energy. (2) EPA has initiated a number of voluntary programs in which industrial or commercial "partners" join with EPA in promoting activities that conserve energy, conserve and protect water supply, reduce emissions or find ways of utilizing them as energy resources, and reduce the wastestream. Among these are: (1) Agstar, to reduce methane emissions through manure management. Climate Wise, to lower industrial greenhouse-gas emissions and energy costs. (2) Coalbed Methane Outreach, to boost methane recovery at coal mines. (3) Design for the Environment, to foster including environmental considerations in product design and processes. (4) Energy Star programs, to promote energy efficiency in commercial and residential buildings, office equipment, transformers, computers, and home appliances.
(5) Environmental Accounting, to help businesses identify environmental costs and factor them into management decision making. (6) Green Chemistry, to promote and recognize costeffective breakthroughs in chemistry that prevent pollution. (7) Green Lights, to spread the use of energy-efficient lighting technologies. (8) Indoor Environments, to reduce risks from indoor-air pollution. (9) Landfill Methane Outreach, to develop landfill gas-to-energy projects. (10) Natural Gas Star, to reduce methane emissions from the natural gas industry. (11) Ruminant Livestock Methane, to reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock. (12) Transportation Partners, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector. (13) Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership, to reduce perfluorocarbon emissions from the primary aluminum industry. (14) WAVE, to promote efficient water use in the lodging industry. (15) Wastewi$e, to reduce business-generated solid waste through prevention, reuse, and recycling. See Common Sense Initiative and Project XL (EPA-97/12). Pollution prevention: (1) The use of materials, processes, or practices that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants or wastes. It includes practices that reduce the use of hazardous materials, energy, water or other resources, and practices that protect natural resources through conservation or more efficient uses (EPA-91/10, p4). (2) A preventive action or a measure taken to minimize waste generation or waste toxicity, if waste generation is inevitable. In a broad sense, it incorporates clean technology, low-waste technology, non-waste technology, prevention, quantity reduction, recycling, reduction, resource conservation, resource recovery, source reduction, toxicity reduction, waste minimization, etc. (EPA-89/12; OTA-89/10). (3) cf. industrial pollution prevention. Pollution prevention: Actively identifjmg equipment, processes, and activities which generate excessive wastes or use toxic chemicals and then making substitutions, alterations, or product improvements. Conserving energy and minimizing wastes are pollution prevention concepts used in manufacturing, sustainable agriculture, recycling, and clean air/clean water technologies (FFDCNpesticide-04). Pollution source: Generators of various pollutants. See source for more related terms. Pollution/pollutant: The terms pollution and pollutants refer to all nonproduct outputs, irrespective of and recycling or treatment that may prevent or mitigate releases to the environment (EPA91/10, p. 6). See also CWA502; 40CFR130.2; 401.1 1; 230.3-91; SW-108ts). Pollution: Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard. The usefulness of the natural resource is usually impaired by the presence of pollutants and contaminants (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Pollution: Generally, the presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health effects. Under the Clean Water Act, for example, the term has been defined as the manmade or man-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water and other media (EPA-97/12). Pollution: For more related terms, see (1) Agricultural pollution; (2) Air pollution; (3) Indoor air pollution; (4) Industrial waste pollution; (5) Manmade air pollution; (6) Natural pollution; (7) Noise pollution; (8) Oil pollution; (9) Sewage pollution; (10) Soil pollution; (11) Thermal pollution; (12) Water pollution; and (13) Wood burning stove pollution. Polonium (Po): A radioactive metal with atomic number 84; atomic weight 210; density 9.2 g/cc; melting point 254 C and boiling point 962 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Polonium: A radioactive element that occurs in pitchblende and other uranium-containing ores (EPA-97/12). Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using dimethyl terephthalate: The manufacturing of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) based on the esterification of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol to form the intermediate monomer bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate polymerized to form PET (40CFR60.561-9 1). Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) manufacture using terephthalic acid: The manufacturing of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) based on the esterification reaction of terephthalic acid (TPA) with ethylene glycol to form the intermediate monomer bis-(2-hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate (BHET) that is subsequently polymerized to form PET (40CFR60.561-91). Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET): A polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% bis-(2- hydroxyethy1)-terephthalate (BHET) by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polybrominated dibenzofurans: Refers to any member of a class of dibenzofurans with two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxin (PBDD): Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polybutadiene rubber: A synthetic rubber made by solution polymerization of butadiene. See rubber for more related terms (EPA-74112a). Polychaete: A marine worm with paired, flattened, bristle-tipped organs of locomotion (NavyIEnv-04).
Polychlorinated biphenyl: See PCB. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A group of commercially produced organic chemicals used extensively since the 1940s in industrial applications at federal facilities. Most notably, PCBs are found in gaskets, large electrical transformers, and capacitors. PCBs have been proven to be toxic to both humans and laboratory animals (OMBmeg-04). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): A group of synthetic, toxic industrial chemical compounds once used in making paint and electrical transformers, which are chemically inert and not biodegradable. PCBs were frequently found in industrial wastes, and subsequently found their way into surface and groundwaters. As a result of their persistence, they tend to accumulate in the environment. In terms of streams and rivers, PCBs are drawn to sediment, to which they attach and can remain virtually indefinitely. Although virtually banned in 1979 with the passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act, they continue to appear in the flesh of fish and other animals (CWAIWscience-04). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): A mixture of chlorinated derivatives of biphenyl, marketed under the trade name Aroclor with a number designating the chlorine content (such as Aroclor 1260). PCBs were used in transformers and capacitors for insulating purposes and in gas pipeline systems as a lubricant. Further sale for new use was banned by law in 1979 (CWMWbasics-04). Polychlorinated dibenzofuran: Any member of a class of dibenzofimns with two to eight chlorine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD): Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins with two to eight chlorine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil. PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene (CWM Wquality-04). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A class of organic compounds with a fused-ring aromatic structure. PAHs result from incomplete combustion of organic carbon (including wood), municipal solid waste, and fossil fuels, as well as from natural or anthropogenic introduction of uncombusted coal and oil (CWAIWbasics-04). PAHs include benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): A group of organic compounds. Some are known to be potent human carcinogens (EPA-88109b). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH): Hydrocarbons with multiple benzene rings. PAHs are typical components of asphalt, fuel, oils, and greases. Examples of PAHs include naphthalene, the benzo pyrenes, fluoranthene, and chrysene. Synonym: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (Navy/Env-04). Polycyclic organic matter (POM): Same as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Polyelectrolytes: (1) Synthetic chemicals that help solids to clump during sewage treatment (EPA-89/12). (2) A high polymer substance, either natural or synthetic, containing ionic constituents; they may be either cationic or anionic (EPA-83106a). Polyelectrolytes such as A12(SO)3,FeCI3, etc. form AL-' and SO4ions in a solution. These ions are called coagulants. Polyelectrolytes: Synthetic chemicals that help solids to clump during sewage treatment (EPA-97/12). Polyester fiber: The fiber in which the fiber forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-74106b). Polyester: A chemical substance that meets the definition of polymer and whose polymer molecules contain at least two carboxylic acid ester linkages, at least one of which links internal subunits together (40CFR723.250-91). Polyethylene: A semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer made largely of ethylene, often incorporating lesser amounts of one or more co-monomers. PE has the following classifications in accordance with its density variations (EPA-89/09, see also EPA91/05): (1) Type 0, density under 0.910 (glee). (2) Type I, low density (LDPE and LLDPE): 0.910-0.925. (3) Type 11, medium density: 0.926-0.940. (4) Type 111, High density (copolymer): 0.941-0.959. (5) Type IV, High density (homopolymer): 0.960 & higher. Polyethylene: A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% ethylene by weight; see low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene (40CFR60.561-91). Polyethylene: For more related terms, see (1) Low density polyethylene; (2) High density polyethylene; (3) Medium density polyethylene; and (4) Very low density polyethylene. Polyhalogenated dibenzofuran or PHDF: Any member of a class of dibenzofurans containing two to eight chlorine, bromine, or a combination of chlorine and bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91).
Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin or PHDD: Any member of a class of dibenzo-p-dioxins containing two to eight chlorine substituents or two to eight bromine substituents (40CFR766.3-91). Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC): The PEMFC is also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cell. See Appendix C for details. Polymer molecule: A molecule which includes at least four covalently linked subunits, at least two of which are internal subunits (40CFR704.25-9 1, see also 40CFR72 1.350; 723.250-91). Polymer: (1) Any of the natural or synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight that consist of many repeated links, each link being a relatively light and simple molecule (40CFR60.601-91, see also 40CFR704.25; 721.350; 723.250-91). (2) A carbon-based organic chemical material formed by the chemical reaction of monomers having either the same or different chemical structures. Plastics, rubbers, and textile fibers are all relatively high molecular weight polymers (EPA-91/05). (3) A chemical compound or a mixture of compounds formed by polymerization. The compound consists essentially of repeating structural units. In other words, it is a natural or synthetic compound composed of repeated links of simple molecules. Polymer: A natural or synthetic chemical structure where two or more like molecules are joined to form a more complex molecular structure (e.g., polyethylene in plastic) (EPA-97/12). Polymer: Basic molecular ingredients in plastic (Navy/Env-04). Polymer: For more related terms, see (1) Thermoplastic polymer and (2) Thermoset polymer. Polymeric coating of supporting substrates: A web coating process that applies elastomers, polymers, or prepolymers to a supporting web other than paper, plastic film, metallic foil, or metal coil (40CFR60.741-91). Polymeric flocculants: (1) High molecular weight compounds which, due to their polar charges, aid in particle binding and agglomeration (EPA-851lOa). (2) A polar polymers which catches the particles due to polarity of polymers and also the physical meshes. Polymerization reaction section: The equipment designed to cause monomer(s) to react to form polymers, including equipment designed primarily to cause the formation of short polymer chains (oligomers or low polymers), but not including equipment designed to prepare raw materials for polymerization, e.g., esterification vessels. For the purposes of these standards, the polymerization reaction section begins with the equipment used to transfer the materials from the raw materials preparation section and ends with the last vessel in which polymerization occurs. Equipment used for the on-site recovery of ethylene glycol from poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) plants, however, are included in this
process section, rather than in the material recovery process section (40CFR60.561-91).
Polymerization: A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to form large molecules whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substance. When two or more monomers are involved, the process is called co-polymerization (EPA-75/01a). Polynuclear aromatic compound (PNA): A class of organic materials with characteristic multiple ring molecular structure (e.g., naphthalene) which is suspected of causing genetic damage (OME-88/12). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA): Hydrocarbons with multiple benzene rings. PNAs are typical components of asphalt, fuel, oils, and greases. Examples of PNAs include naphthalene, the benzo pyrenes, fluoranthene, and chrysene. Synonym: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NavyEnv-04). Polypropylene (PP): A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 50% propylene by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polystyrene (PS): A thermoplastic polymer or copolymer comprised of at least 80% styrene or para-methylstyrene by weight (40CFR60.561-91). Polystyrene: A polymer of styrene that is a rigid, transparent thermoplastic with good physical and electrical insulating properties, used in molded products, foams, and sheet materials (CMC02gasl-04). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A polymer of vinyl chloride. Tasteless. odorless, insoluble in most organic solvents. A member of the family vinyl resin, used in soft flexible films for food packaging and in molded rigid products, such as pipes, fibers, upholstery, and bristles (CMC02gasl-04). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): A tough, environmentally indestructible plastic that releases hydrochloric acid when burned (EPA-97/12). Polyvinyl chloride ((CH2CHC1)J: A common plastic material (CH2= CHCI) which is tasteless, odorless, and generally insoluble; can release hydrochloric acid (HCL) when burned (EPA-83, see also EPA-89/12; 91/05). Polyvinyl chloride plant: Includes any plant where vinyl chloride alone or in combination with other materials is polymerized (40CFR61.61-91). Pond lime: A lime cake after being run into waste ponds (EPA7410 1a). Pond water surface area: For the purpose of calculating the volume of wastewater, shall mean the area within the
impoundment for rainfall and the actual water surface area for evaporation (40CFR421.11-91, see also 40CFR421.61-91).
includes metal preparation and coating operations (40CFR466.0291).
Pond: A natural or man-made water body, generally, smaller than a lake. Other pond-related terms include (1) Cooling pond; (2) Evaporation pond; (3) Holding pond; (4) Oxidation pond; (5) Polishing pond; and (6) Tailing pond.
Pore space: The void space and minute passages in a solid material (NavyIEnv-04).
Pondage: Small-scale storage at a waterpower plant to equalize daily or weekly fluctuations in riverflow or to permit irregular hourly use of the water for power generation to accord with fluctuations in load (CWA/hydrology-04). Pondage: The amount of water stored behind a dam of relatively small storage capacity used to control the flow of a river (DOI70104). Pool: A deep reach of a stream. The reach of a stream between two riffles. Natural streams often consist of a succession of pools and riffles (CWA/hydrology-04). Pool: A small part of a stream reach with little velocity, commonly with water deeper than surrounding areas (CWA/Wbasics-04). Population at risk: A population subgroup that is more likely to be exposed to a chemical, or is more sensitive to the chemical, than is the general population (EPA-97/12). Population equivalent (PE): An expression of the relative strength of a waste (usually industrial) in terms of its equivalent in domestic waste, expressed as the population that would produce the equivalent domestic waste. A population equivalent of 160 million persons means the pollution effect equivalent to raw sewage from 160 million persons; 0.17 pounds BOD (the oxygen demand of untreated wastes from one person) = 1 PE (DOI-70104). Population stock or stock: A group of marine mammals of the same species or smaller taxa in a common spatial arrangement, that interbreed when mature (MMPA3-16U.S.C. 1362-90). Population: A collection of individuals of one species or mixed species making up the residents of a prescribed area (CWA/Wbasics-04). Population: A group of interbreeding organisms occupying a particular space; the number of humans or other living creatures in a designated area (EPA-97/12). Population: A group or number of people living within a specified area or sharing similar characteristics (such as occupation or age) (SFhealth-04). Porcelain enameling: The entire process of applying a fused vitreous enamel coating to a metal basis material. Usually this
Pore water: The water that is filled in the soil cavities. See water for more related terms. Porosity: A measure of the water-bearing capacity of subsurface rock. With respect to water movement, it is not just the total magnitude of porosity that is important, but the size of the voids and the extent to which they are interconnected, as the pores in a formation may be open, or interconnected, or closed and isolated. For example, clay may have a very high porosity with respect to potential water content, but it constitutes a poor medium as an aquifer because the pores are usually so small (CWAIWscience04). Porosity: A ratio of a volume in any porous material that is not filled with solid matter to the total volume occupied. See void ratio (SW-108ts). Porosity: Degree to which soil, gravel, sediment, or rock is permeated with pores or cavities through which water or air can move (EPA-97/12). Porosity: In air application, a measure of time required for 100 cm3 of air to flow through a sample area. Also termed "air resistance" (in seconds per 100 an3)(EPA-87/10). Porosity: In groundwater application, the ratio of the volume of pores of a material to the volume of its mass. In groundwater, it defines the amount of water a saturated rock volume can contain. If a unit volume of saturated rock is allowed to drain by gravity, not all of the water it contains will be released. The volume drained is the specific yield, a percentage, and the volume retained is the specific retention. It is the specific yield that is available to wells. Therefore, porosity is equal to specific yield plus specific retention (EPA-87/03). Porosity: In soil application, the capacity of rock or soil to contain water. The amount of water that rock can contain depends on the open spaces between the grains or cracks that can fill with water. Well-sorted soil is more porous than poorly sorted soil. Soil is well sorted if the grains are all about the same size (as in the case of gravel or sand); spaces account for a large proportion of the total volume. Soil is poorly sorted if the grains are not all the same size; spaces between larger grains will fill with small grains instead of with water. Poorly sorted rock thus holds less water than well sorted (DOI-4/72). Porosity: The ratio of the volume of voids in a rock or soil to the total volume (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Porphyria: A disturbance of porphyrin metabolism characterized by marked increase in formation and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors (LBG76107-bio). Port: Any opening in a furnace through which fuel or flame enters or exhaust gases escape (EPA-83). Other port-related terms include (1) Overfire air port and (2) View port. Portable air compressor or compressor: Any wheel, skid, truck, or railroad car mounted, but not self-propelled, equipment designed to activate pneumatic tools. This consists of an air compressor (air end), and a reciprocating rotary or turbine engine rigidly connected in permanent alignment and mounted on a common frame. Also included are all cooling, lubricating, regulating, starting, and fuel systems, and all equipment necessary to constitute a complete, self-contained unit with a rated capacity of 75 cfm or greater which delivers air at pressures greater than 50 psig, but does not include any pneumatic tools themselves (40CFR204.5 1-a-91). Portable fueling system: A mobile system that is used for delivering fuels to an end user or a fueling station. Portable grinder: Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such manner that it may be manually manipulated (29CFR19 10.94b-91). Portable plant: Any nonmetallic mineral processing plant that is mounted on any chassis or skids and may be moved by the application of a lifting or pulling force. In addition, there shall be no cable, chain, turn buckle, bolt, or other means (except electrical connections) by which any piece of equipment is attached or clamped to any anchor, slab, or structure, including bedrock that must be removed prior to the application of a lifting or pulling force for the purpose of transporting the unit (40CFR60.671-91). Portable power plant: A mobile plant that can be readily transported to an end user location to provide electricity. Portal bus: Track-mounted, self-propelled personnel carrier that holds 8 to 12 people (CWNmining-04). Portal of entry effect: A local effect produced at the tissue or organ of first contact between the biological system and the toxicant (EPA-90108). Portal: The structure surrounding the immediate entrance to a mine; the mouth of an adit or tunnel (CWNmining-04). Portal-of-entry effect: A local effect produced in the tissue or organ of first contact between a toxicant and the biological system (EPA-97/12). Portland cement plant: Any facility manufacturing portland cement by either the wet or dry process (40CFR60.61-91).
Portland cement: (1) The most common variety of cement (ETI92). (2) The product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, to which no additions have been made subsequent to calcination other than water and/or untreated calcium sulphate (EPA-74101b). (3) cf. cement. Posing an exposure risk to food or feed: Being in any location where human food or animal feed products could be exposed to PCBs released from a PCB item. A PCB item poses an exposure risk to food or feed if PCBs released in any way from the PCB item have a potential pathway to human food or animal feed. EPA considers human food or animal feed to include items regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Food and Drug Administration as human food or animal feed; this includes direct additives. Food or feed is excluded from this definition if it is used or stored in private homes (40CFR761.3-91). Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve: A device to control the flow of blow-by gasses and fresh air from the crankcase to the fuel induction system of the engine (40CFR85.2122(a)(4)(ii)-91). Positive displacement meter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This type of flowmeter is more applicable than other types for use with higher viscosity fluids. However, accuracy is highest when used with a clean, moderately viscous fluid. It cannot be used with multiphase liquids, gases, or slunies of varying density. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06). Positive electrode: See anode. Positive ion: See ion. Positive pressure fabric filter: A fabric filter with the fans on the upstream side of the filter bags. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.271a; 60.341-91). Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) type choke heater: A positive temperature coefficient resistant ceramic disc capable of providing heat to the thermostatic coil when electrically energized (40CFR85.2 122(a)(2)(iii)(I)-91). Positive test result: (1) Any resolvable gas chromatographic peak for any 2,3,7,8-HDD or HDF which exceeds the LOQ listed under 40CFR766.27 for that congener; or (2) Exceeds LOQs approved by EPA under 40CFR766.28 (40CFR766.3-91). Possession or control: In the possession or control of any person, or of any subsidiary, partnership in which the person is a general partner, parent company, or any company or partnership which the parent company owns or controls, if the subsidiary, parent company, or other company or partnership is associated with the person in the research, development, test marketing, or commercial marketing or the substance in question. Information is in the possession or control of a person if it is: (1) In the person's own files including files maintained by employees of the person in the course of their employment. (2) In commercially available
databases to which the person has purchased access. (3) Maintained in the files in the course of employment by other agents of the person who are associated with research, development, test marketing or commercial marketing of the chemical substance in question (40CFR704.3-91).
Post aeration: Adding air into a treated effluent to increase the content of dissolved oxygen. See aeration for more related terms. Post chlorination: Adding chlorine into a treated effluent to further disinfect or to prevent microbial growth in the effluent (cf. pre-chlorination). Post closure plan: The plan for post-closure care prepared in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR264.117 through 40CFR264.120. See closure for more related terms (40CFR264.141; 265.141-91). Post closure: The time period following the shutdown of a waste management or manufacturing facility. For monitoring purposes, this is often considered to be 30 years. See closure for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Post consumer recovered paper: (1) Paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have passed through their end-usage as a consumer item including: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines; mixed waste papa, tabulating cards and used cordage; and (2) All paper, paperboard and fibrous wastes that enter and are collected from municipal solid waste (40CFR248.491). (3) See paper for more related terms. Post consumer recycling: The reuse of materials generated from residential and commercial waste, excluding recycling of material from industrial processes that has not reached the consumer, such as glass broken in the manufacturing process (EPA-89/11). Post consumer waste (or old scrap): A material or product that has served its intended use and has been discarded for disposal or recovery after passing through the hands of a final consumer. See waste for more related terms (40CFR246.101-91, see also 4OCFR247.10 1-91). Post exposure period: The portion of the test that begins with the test birds being returned from a treated diet to the basal diet. This period is typically three days in duration, but may be extended if birds continue to die or demonstrate other toxic effects (40CFR797.2050-91). Post flame zone: A three-dimensional space in an incinerator where high temperature oxidation occurs in absence of emission of visible radiation and large exothermic chemical reactions, temperature gradients, radical concentrations, and reaction rate substantially lower than flame zone (EPA-88/12).
Post impregnation suspension process: A manufacturing process in which polystyrene beads are first formed in a suspension process, washed, dried, or otherwise finished and then added with a blowing agent to another reactor in which the beads and blowing agent are reacted to produce expandable polystyrene (40CFR60.561-91). Post mining area: (1) A reclamation area; or (2) The underground workings of an underground coal mine after the extraction, removal, or recovery of coal from its natural deposit has ceased and prior to bond release (40CFR434.11-91). Post removal site control: Those activates that are necessary to sustain the integrity of a fund-financed removal action following its conclusion. Post-removal site control may be a removal or remedial action under CERCLA. The term includes, without being limited to, activities such as relighting gas flares, replacing filters, and collecting leachate (40CFR300.5-91). Post translation modification: An alteration of a polypeptide that occurs after translation of the mRNA (e.g., glycosylation) (EPA88/09a). Post treatment: Treatment of treated water or wastewater to improve the water quality. Post: The vertical member of a timber set (CWAImining-04). Post-chlorination: Addition of chlorine to plant effluent for disinfectant purposes after the effluent has been treated (EPA97/12). Post-closure care: A procedure of maintaining the environmental controls and appearance of a landfill after it has ceased to accept waste (RCRAImanagement-04). Post-closure: Period after closure during which owners and operators of solid or hazardous waste disposal units conduct monitoring and maintenance activities in order to preserve the integrity of the disposal system (RCRA/hazardous-04). Post-closure: The time period following the shutdown of a waste management or manufacturing facility; for monitoring purposes, often considered to be 30 years (EPA-97/12). Post-consumer materialslwaste: Recovered materials that are diverted from municipal solid waste for the purpose of collection, recycling, and disposition (EPA-97/12). Post-consumer materials: Recovered materials from a consumeroriented recycling collection system or drop-off center (RCRAImunicipal-04). Post-consumer recycling: Use of materials generated from residential and consumer waste for new or similar purposes; e.g.,
converting wastepaper from offices into corrugated boxes or newsprint (EPA-97/12).
Postemergence herbicide: Herbicide applied to foliage after the crop has sprouted to kill or significantly retard the growth of weeds (CWA/Wbasics-04). Postictally: After a stroke or seizure, such as an acute epileptic attack (LBL-76107-bio). Post-mining emissions: Emissions of methane from coal occumng after the coal has been mined, during transport, or pulverization (CAA/C02gasl-04). Pot furnace: A glass melting furnace that contains one or more refractory vessels in which glass is melted by indirect heating. The openings of the vessels are in the outside wall of the furnace and are covered with refractory stoppers during melting. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR61.161-91; AP-40, p238). Potable water (or drinking water): The water that is safe for drinking and cooking. See water for more related terms (EPA89/12). Potable water: Raw or treated water that is considered safe to drink (FFDCNpesticide-04). Potable water: Water of a quality suitable for drinking (CWAIWscience-04). Potable water: Water that is safe and palatable for human consumption (CWAIWbasics-04). Potable water: Water that is safe for drinking and cooking (EPA97/12). Potash: Potassium oxide (K20). A carbonate of potassium (EPA83). Potassium carbonate can be obtained from wood ashes. The mineral potash is usually a muriate (chloride). Caustic potash is its hydrated form (EPA-83/09). Potassium (K): A alkali metal with atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.098; density 0.86 glcc; melting point 63.7 C and boiling point 760 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Potassium (K): An alkali metal that forms various salts with halogens and other metals. It is an essential nutrient, and among other uses, it is used in electrical impulses in the nervous system. It is abundant naturally, and is generally not considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04). Potassium (K): Major potassium compounds include (1) Potassium cyanide (KCN): Toxic crystals used for insecticide, electroplating, etc. (2) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr207):Toxic crystals used for electroplating, matches, etc. (3) Potassium manganate (K2Mn04):Water soluble crystals used for disinfectant,
photography, printing, and water purification. (4) Potassium permanganate (KMn04): Water soluble crystals used for disinfectant, dyes, bleaches, etc.
Potassium hydroxide: A solution of the elements potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as the electrolyte for alkaline fuel cells (AFC). Chemically, it is KOH. Potassium iodide: Potassium iodide has been approved by the FDA as a nonprescription drug for use as a "blocking agent" to prevent the human thyroid gland to' m absorbing radioactive iodine (HAS-92). Potency: The toxicity of a chemical that is the ability of a chemical to do systematic damage to an organism (TSCNchemical-04). Potential combustion concentration: The theoretical emissions (ng/J, Ib/million Btu heat input) that would result from combustion of a fuel in an uncleaned state (without emission control systems) and: (1) For particulate matter is: (a) 3000 ng/J (7.0 Ib/million Btu) heat input for solid fuel; and (b) 75 ng/J (0.17 Ib/million Btu) heat input for liquid fuels. (2) For sulfur dioxide is determined under 40CFR60.48a(b). (3) For nitrogen oxides is: (a) 290 ng/J (0.67 Ib/million Btu) heat input for gaseous fuels; (b) 310 nglJ (0.72 Ib/million Btu) heat input for liquid fuels; and (c) 990 ng/J (2.30 Ib/million Btu) heat input for solid fuels (40CFR60.41a-91). Potential damage: The circumstances in which: (1) Friable ACBM is in an area regularly used by building occupants, including maintenance personnel, in the course of their normal activities. (2) There are indications that there is a reasonable likelihood that the material or its covering will become damaged, deteriorated, or delaminated due to factors such as changes in building use, changes in operations and maintenance practices, changes in occupancy, or recurrent damage (40CFR763.83-91). Potential dose: The amount of a compound contained in material swallowed, breathed, or applied to the skin (EPA-97/12). Potential electrical output capacity: Is defined as 33% of the maximum design heat input capacity of the steam generating unit (e.g., a steam generating unit with a lOOMW (340 million Btukr) fossil-fuel heat input capacity would have a 33MW potential electrical output capacity). For electric utility combined cycle gas turbines the potential electrical output capacity is determined on the basis of the fossil-fuel firing capacity of the steam generator exclusive of the heat input and electrical power contribution by the gas turbine (40CFR60.41a-91). Potential energy: The energy which is possessed by a body as a consequence of its position, shape, or configuration. See energy for more related terms. Potential evapotranspiration: The amount of moisture which, if available, would be removed from a given land area by
evapotranspiration; expressed (CWAIWbasics-04).
in
units
of
water
depth
Potential for industry-wide application: That an innovative technology can be applied in two or more facilities which are in one or more industrial categories (40CFR125.22-91). Potential hydrogen chloride emission rate: The hydrogen chloride emission rate that would occur from combustion of MSW in the absence of any hydrogen chloride emissions control (40CFR60.51a-91). Potential natural water loss: The water loss during years when the annual precipitation greatly exceeds the average water loss. It represents the approximate upper limit to water loss under the type and density of vegetation native to a basin, actual conditions of moisture supply, and other basin characteristics, whereas potential evapotranspiration represents the hypothetical condition of no deficiency of water in the soil at any time for use of the type and density of vegetation that would develop (CWAIhydrology-04). Potential production allowances: The production allowances obtained under 40CFR82.9(a) (40CFR82.3-9 1). Potential rate of evaporation: See evaporativity (CWN hydrology-04). Potential receptor: Any living organism or environmental medium which is in the pathway of contamination from a discharge (NavyIEnv-04). Potential release site: A site from which there is a potential for release of contaminants to the environment--for example, a hazardous waste storage tank (OMB/Reg-04). Potential significant damage: The circumstances in which: (1) Friable ACBM is in an area regularly used by building occupants, including maintenance personnel, in the course of their normal activities. (2) There are indications that there is a reasonable likelihood that the material or its covering will become damaged, deteriorated, or delaminated due to factors such as changes in building use, changes in operations and maintenance practices, changes in occupancy, or recurrent damage. (3) The material is subject to major or continuing disturbance, due to factors including, but not limited to, accessibility or, under certain circumstances, vibration or air erosion (40CFR763.83-91). Potential sulfur dioxide emission rate: The theoretical sulfur dioxide emissions (ng/J, Ib/million Btu heat input) that would result from combusting fuel in an uncleaned state and without using emission control systems (40CFR60.41b-91, see also 40CFR60.41~;60.51a-91). Potential to emit: The maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to
emit a pollutant including air pollution control equipment and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable. Secondary emissions do not count in determining the potential to emit of a stationary source (40CFR51.166-91, see also 40CFR5 1.165; 51-App/S; 5 1.301; 52.21; 52.24; 66.3-91).
Potentially responsible party (PRP) site: Sites where the DOD has no current or past ownership interest and where DOD has a responsibility for cleanup of the site under CERCLA (NavyIEnv04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): A company, government, or person legally responsible for cleaning up the pollution at a hazardous waste site under Superfund. There may be more than one PRP for a particular site (SFlhealth-04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): An individual or company (e.g., an owner, operator, transporter, or generator of hazardous waste) that is potentially responsible for the contamination problems at a Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires PRPs to clean up hazardous waste sites they have contaminated (SFIreform-04). Potentially Responsible Party (PRP): Any individual or company that may have contributed to contamination at a Superfund site. Under CERCLA, PRPs are expected to conduct or pay for site cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Potentially responsible party (PRP): Any individual or company--including owners, operators, transporters or generators-potentially responsible for, or contributing to a spill or other contamination at a Superfund site. Whenever possible, through administrative and legal actions, EPA requires PRPs to clean up hazardous sites they have contaminated (EPA-97/12). Potentially responsible party (PRP): Any individual(s) or company(ies) (such as owner, operators, transporters, or generators) potentially responsible under sections 106 or 107 of CERCLA for the contamination problems at a SuperfUnd site (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 304.12-91). Potentiation: The ability of one chemical to increase the effect of another chemical (EPA-97/12). Potentiometer: An instrument used to measure or to divide small voltage. Potentiometric surface map: A water-level map which is a graphical representation of a water gradient and can be prepared by plotting water-level measurements on a base map and then drawing contours (EPA-87/03).
Potentiometric surface: (1) An imaginary surface representing the static head of groundwater, of which the water table is one type (Course 165.7). (2) Contoured water-level elevations for wells completed in an unconfined aquifer (DOE-91/04). Potentiometric surface: (1) An imaginary surface that everywhere coincides with the static water level in a confined aquifer. (2) The level to which water will rise in cased wells or other cased excavations into confined aquifers (NavyIEnv-04). Potentiometric surface: An imaginary surface that represents the total head in an aquifer. It represents the height above a datum plane at which the water level stands in tightly cased wells that penetrate the aquifer (CWAIWbasics-04). Potentiometric surface: The surface to which water in an aquifer can rise by hydrostatic pressure (EPA-97/12). Potentiometric titration: A solution titration in which the end point is determined by measuring the potential on an electrode immersed in the solution. See titration for more related terms. Potentiometry: A technique of using a potentiometer to measure electromotive forces. Potroom group: An uncontrolled potroom, a potroom which is controlled individually, or a group of potrooms or potroom segments ducted to a common control system (40CFR60.191-91). Potroom: A building unit which houses a group of electrolytic cells in which aluminum is produced (40CFR60.191-91). POTW pretreatment pretreatment program.
program:
See
approved
POTW
POTW treatment plant: That portion of the POTW which is designed to provide treatment (including recycling and reclamation) of municipal sewage and industrial waste (4OCFR403.3-91). Pound atomic weight: The atomic weight of an element expressed in pounds (cf. gram atomic weight). Pour point temperature: The lowest temperature at which an oil will flow or can be poured under specified conditions of tests. See temperature for more related terms (OME-88/12). Pouring: The removal of blister copper from the copper converter bath (40CFR61.171-91). Powder coating: Any surface coating which is applied as a dry powder and is fused into a continuous coating film through the use of heat (40CFR60.3 11; 60.45 1-91).
Powder forming: Includes forming and compressing powder into a fully dense finished shape, and is usually done within closed dies (40CFR471.02-91). Powder or dry solid form: A state where all or part of the substance would have the potential to become fine, loose, solid particles (40CFR721.3-91). Power conditioning: In fuel cells, it is a process of converting a direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). This is because a fuel cell provides a direct current (DC) output whereas most grid systems operate on alternating current (AC). Power conditioning is thus needed. Power cycle: A device such as a heat engine which is used to produce power continuously (Holman-p397). Power density: In he1 cells, it is the power produced by a fuel cell divided by the active area or volume of the cell. The unit is wattdunit area or wattdunit volume. Power factor: The ratio of the total active power in watts divided by the total apparent power in volt-amperes (the product of rootmean-square [rms] voltage and rms current). Power lagging: A designation of the relative instantaneous direction of the currents to the voltages (angle is 0 to +90 degree). Power law wind profile: The empirical equation describing the variation of the wind speed (u) with height (z) in the following form: u = ul (Z./Z,)~, where: zl = reference height with the reference wind speed ul; and p = constant. In general, the exponent p is a hnction of stability, roughness, and also height. See wind for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Power leading: A designation of the relative instantaneous direction of the currents to the voltages (angle is 0 to -90 degree). Power plant: Equipment that produces electrical energy generally by conversion from heat energy produced by chemical or nuclear reaction (EPA-8211 l f). Power regulator: A transformer used to maintain constant output current for changes in temperature output load, line current, and time (EPA-83/03). Power setting: The power or thrust output of an engine in terms of kilonewtons thrust for turbojet and turbofan engines and shaft power in terms of kilowatts for turboprop engines (40CFR87.191). Power train: A mechanical system that convert from one form of energy to the other. For example, a power train may convert power from an engine to an wheel axle; or convert electrical energy from a fuel cell or a battery to mechanical energy at the wheels of a vehicle.
Power transformer: A transformer used at a generating station to step up the initial voltage to high levels for transmission. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Power: Ability to produce an effect. In engineering, it includes mechanical power, electrical power, hydraulic power, etc. Powered spray module: See spray module. Pozzolan: A finely divided inorganic material which will react with lime and water to give a hardened product. Pozzolans are frequently used as ingredients of Portland cement concrete. Certain fly ashes have useful pozzolanic properties (EPA-83). Pozzolan: For more related terms, see: (1) Calcined pozzolan and (2) Natural pozzolan.
in states west of the Great Lakes from Wisconsin to eastern Montana (CWAIWbasics-04).
Praseodymium (Pr): A rare earth metal with atomic number 59; atomic weight 140.907; density 6.77 g/cc; melting point 935 C and boiling point 3127 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Pre-aeration: A preparatory treatment of sewage consisting of aeration to remove gases and add oxygen or to promote the flotation of grease and aid coagulation. See aeration for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Pre-application: The phase of the Grants Program where the Grantee-frequently with the assistance of a consulting engineer-prepares an application for Step 1 grant funds (EPA-80108).
PPE: Personal protective equipment. Includes goggles, gloves, etc. (MWTNinfectious-04).
Precalciner kiln: Identical to a preheater kiln except for a secondary firing in the tower of heat-exchanging cyclones which nearly completes the calcination of the feed material (ETI-92).
Practical quantification limit (PQL): The lowest level that can be reliably achieved within specified limits of precision and accuracy during routine laboratory operating conditions (CWNwastewater-04).
Precautionary principle: When information about potential risks is incomplete, basing decisions about the best ways to manage or reduce risks on a preference for avoiding unnecessary health risks instead of on unnecessary economic expenditures (EPA-97/12).
Practical quantitation limit (PQL): A correction factor, sometimes arbitrarily defined, used to account for uncertainty in measurement precision (EPA-9 1/03).
Pre-certification vehicle engine: An uncertified heavy-duty engine owned by a manufacturer and used in a manner not involving lease or sale in a vehicle employed from year to year in the ordinary course of business for product development, production method assessment, and market promotion purposes (40CFR85.1702-91).
Practical quantitation limits (PQL): The minimum concentration of an analyte required to be measured and allowed to be reported without qualification as an estimated quantity for samples without substantial interferences (for technical representation see SW-846) (NavyIEnv-04). Practically reviewable: Information that is practically reviewable means that the information is provided by the source in a manner and in a form that, upon examination, yields information relevant to the property without the need for extraordinary analysis of irrelevant data. The form of the information shall be such that the user can review the records for a limited geographic area. Records that cannot be feasibly retrieved by reference to the location of the property or a geographic area in which the property is located are not generally practically reviewable. Most databases of public records are practically reviewable if they can be obtained from the source agency by the county, city, zip code, or other geographic designation of the facilities listed in the record system. Records that are sorted, filed, organized, or maintained by the source agency only chronologically are not generally practically reviewable (USDNwater-04). Prairie pothole: A shallow depression, generally containing wetlands, occurring in an outwash plain, a recessional moraine, or a till plain; usually the result of melted blocks of covered glacial ice; occur most commonly in the North-Central United States and
Pre-certification vehicle: An uncertified vehicle which a manufacturer employs in fleets from year to year in the ordinary course of business for product development, production method assessment, and market promotion purposes, but in a manner not involving lease or sale (40CFR85.1702-91). Pre-chlorination: (1) Chlorination of water (adding chlorine into water) prior to filtration. (2) Chlorination of sewage prior to treatment to restrict microbial growths in the sand filter (cf. post chlorination) (EPA-83/03). Prechlorination: The addition of chlorine at the headworks of a treatment plant prior to other treatment processes. Done mainly for disinfection and control of tastes, odors, and aquatic growths, and to aid in coagulation and settling (EPA-97/12). Precious metals reclamation: The recycling and recovery of precious metals (i.e., gold., silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium) from hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Precious metals: Gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. See metal for more related terms (40CFR421.261-91, see also 40CFR466.02; 471.02; 468.02-91). Precipitate: A solid that separates from a solution because of some chemical or physical change (EPA-89/12). Precipitate: A substance separated from a solution or suspension by chemical or physical change (EPA-97/12). Precipitation bath: The water, solvent, or other chemical bath into which the polymer or prepolymer (partially reacted material) solution is extruded, and that causes physical or chemical changes to occur in the extruded solution to result in a semihardened polymeric fiber (40CFR60.601-91). Precipitation hardening metals: Certain metal compositions which respond to precipitation hardening or aging treatment (EPA-83106a). Precipitation supernatant: A liquid or fluid forming a layer above precipitated solids (EPA-83103a). Precipitation: (1) The formation of solids out of constituents that were once dissolved. Precipitation is caused by a change in conditions, such as temperature, chemical concentration, or the presence of seed particles to begin the process. (2) Water droplets or ice particles, as rain or snow, condensed from atmospheric water vapor and massive enough to fall to the Earth's surface. (3) Removal of hazardous solids from liquid waste to permit safe disposal. (4) Removal of particles from airborne emissions (NavyEnv-04). Precipitation: Any or all forms of water particles that fall from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, hail, and sleet. The act or process of producing a solid phase within a liquid medium (CWANbasics-04). Precipitation: In air pollution control, the process of charging, collecting, and removing of particles. See also electrostatic precipitator (EPA-84/09). Precipitation: In meteorology, any form of water, whether liquid or solid, that falls to the ground from the atmosphere; it includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and bail; the amount of precipitation is usually expressed in inches of equivalent liquid water depth at a given point over a specified period of time (DOI-70104). Precipitation: In wastewater treatment, a physicochemical process whereby some or all of substance in solution is transformed into a solid phase and is subsequently removed from the solution, e.g., zinc chloride is highly soluble in water, as is sodium sulfide. Zinc sulfide, however, has an extremely low solubility in water. Thus if an aqueous solution of zinc chloride is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium sulfide, zinc ions and
sulfide ions will rapidly combine to form solid zinc sulfide particles. Precipitation, flocculation, and sedimentation are discussed together because in waste treatment they are most commonly used together, as consecutive treatments to the same stream. Precipitation removes a substance in solution and transforms it into a second phase, often in the form of solid particles that may be small or even colloidal. Flocculation transforms small suspended particles into larger suspended particles so that they can be more easily removed. Sedimentation removes the suspended particles from the liquid. Precipitation: Rain, (CWAIWscience-04).
snow, hail,
sleet, dew,
and frost
Precipitation: Removal of hazardous solids from liquid waste to permit safe disposal; removal of particles from airborne emissions as in rain (e.g., acid precipitation) (EPA-97/12). Precipitation: For more related terms, see (1) Meteorological precipitation; (2) Thermal precipitation; and (3) Ultrasonic precipitation. Precipitator: Pollution control device that collects particles from an air stream (EPA-97/12). Precision: (1) The capability of a person, an instrument, or a method to obtain reproducible results; specifically, a measure of the random error as expressed by the variance, the standard error or a multiple of the standard error. See analytical parameters-laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). (2) See also definition under uncertainty. Precision: A measure of mutual agreement among individual measurements of the same property, usually under prescribed similar conditions. Precision is usually expressed in terms of standard deviation (NavyEnv-04). Precoat filter: A type of filter in which the media is applied to an existing surface prior to filtration. See filter for more related terms (EPA-75102d). Precoat: A coating operation in which a coating other than an adhesive or release is applied to a surface during the production of a pressure sensitive tape or label product (40CFR60.441-91). Preconditioning: The operation of an automobile through one (1) EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, described in 40CFR86 (40CFR610.11-91). Pre-consumer materialdwaste: Materials generated in manufacturing and converting processes such as manufacturing scrap and trimmings and cuttings. Includes print overruns, overissue publications, and obsolete inventories (EPA-97/12). Pre-consumer materials: Recovered materials obtained from manufacturers (RCWmunicipal-04).
Pre-consumer waste: The waste generated in processing materials or manufacturing them into final products. See waste for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Precontrolled vehicle: The light duty vehicles sold nationally (except in California) prior to the 1968 model year and light duty vehicles sold in California prior to the 1966 model year. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR51-App/N-91). Precook: Prehydrolysis (EPA-87/10). Precursor: A chemical substance which is not contaminated due to the process conditions under which it is manufactured, but because of its molecular structure, and under favorable process conditions, it may cause or aid the formation of HDDsIHDFs in other chemicals in which it is used as a feedstock or intermediate (40CFR766.3-91). Precursor: In photochemistry, a compound antecedent to a pollutant. For example, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitric oxides of nitrogen react in sunlight to form ozone or other photochemical oxidants. As such, VOCs and oxides of nitrogen are precursors (EPA-97/12). Precycling: The decision-making process consumers use to judge a purchase based on its waste implications. Criteria include whether a product is reusable, durable, and repairable; made h renewable or nonrenewable resources;over-packaged; or in a reusable container (RWmanagement-04). Preemergence herbicide: Herbicide applied to bare ground after planting the crop but prior to the crop sprouting above ground to kill or significantly retard the growth of weed seedlings (CWA/Wbasics-04). Pre-existing discharge: Any discharge at the time of permit application under this subsection (CWA301.p-33U.S.C.1311-91). Preferential oxidation or selective oxidation: The oxidation takes place only with one selected compound at certain conditions. For example, in fuel cells, the reaction is used to preferentially oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide from the reformate stream after the water-gas shift reactor and before the fuel cell. Preganglionic transmission block: Blocking of nerve impulse transmission at the synapse before the nerve enters the ganglion (LBL-76107-bio). Pregnant liquor: A solution containing the metal values prior to their removal and recovery. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-75/02b). Pregnant solution: A value bearing hydrometallurgical operation (EPA-82/05).
solution
in
a
Pregnant solvent: In solvent extraction, the value-bearing solvent produced in the solvent extraction circuit (EPA-82/05). Pre-harvest interval: The time between the last pesticide application and harvest of the treated crops (EPA-97/12). Preheater kiln: A cement kiln equipped with a tower of heatexchanging cyclones which preheat and partially calcine the feed material (ETI-92). Preheater: In air preheating, a unit used to heat the air needed for combustion of absorbing heat from the products of combustion (EPA-82111f). Prehydrolysis: The presteaming of wood chips in the digester prior to cooking; usually associated with improved bleaching of kraft pulps (EPA-87/10). Preliminary analysis: The engineering analysis performed by EPA prior to testing prescribed by the Administrator based on data and information submitted by a manufacturer or available from other sources (40CFR610.11-91). Preliminary Assessment (PA) and Site Inspection (SI): EPA uses the Preliminary Assessment (PA) and Site Inspection (SI) to evaluate the potential for a release of hazardous substances from a site. Information collected during the PA and SI is used to calculate a Hazardous Ranking System (HRS) score. Sites with an HRS score of 28.50 or greater are eligible for listing on the National Priorities List (NPL) and require the preparation of an HRS scoring package (SFIremedy-04) Preliminary assessment (PA): A review of all readily available site information such as maps, deeds, and other records to determine if further CERCLA response action is necessary. During the PA, EPA tries to determine what type of substances may have been released and the potential impacts to human health and the environment (RCRA/hazardous-04). Preliminary assessment (PA): Review of existing information and an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, to determine if a release may require additional investigation or action. A PA may include an on-site reconnaissance, if appropriate (40CFR300.5-91). Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PAISI): The PA is the process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected hazardous disposal site or release to determine if the site requires further study. If so, the more extensive site inspection is undertaken to gather technical information and laboratory samples. The information is used to swre the site using the hazard ranking system to determine whether the site will be placed on the National Priorities List (SF/Env-04). Preliminary assessment: A phase of the CERCLA remediation process used to determine whether a site has contaminated, or has the potential to contaminate, the environment (OMBIReg-04).
Preliminary assessment: The process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected waste site or release (EPA-97/12). Preliminary filter: The use of quick gravity filters or microstainers for raw wastewater prior to the slow sand filters to increase the length of their run. See filter for more related terms. Preliminary natural resource survey (PNRS): A simple screening study of a site by a trustee to determine whether trustee resources may have been affected and whether W h e r attention is warranted (Navy/Env-04). Preliminary remediation goals (PRGs): Initial clean-up goals that: (1) Are protective of human health and he environment and (2) Comply with ARARs. They are developed early in the process based on readily available information and are modified to reflect results of the baseline risk assessment. They also are used during analysis of remedial alternatives in the remedial investigatiodfeasibilitystudy (RIRS) (EPA-91/12). Preliminary remediation goals: Initial clean-up goals that (1) Are protective of human health and (PRGs) the environment; and (2) Comply with ARARs. They are developed early in the remedy selection process based on readily available information and are modified to reflect results of the baseline risk assessment. They also are used during analysis of remedial alternatives in the remedial investigatiodfeasibility study (RIIFS) (SFIriskA-04). Preliminary treatment: See pretreatment. Premanufacture notice or PMN: Any notice submitted to EPA pursuant to 40CFR720 of this chapter or 40CFR723.250 of this chapter (40CFR700.43-91). Under Section 5(a) of TSCA, a manufacturer must notify EPA 90 days before producing a new chemical substance. Within five days of receiving the notice, EPA must publish in the Federal Register an item identifying the chemical substance, listing its intended uses, and a description of the toxicological tests required to demonstrate that there will no unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment (Arbuckle-89). Premature dementia: Premature organic brain deterioration (LBL-76107-bio). Premises: A tract or parcel of land with or without habitable buildings (EPA-83). Premixed flame: A flame produced by a combustion process in which the fuel and air are mixed prior to entering the combustion zone. Premixed flame combustion is largely applied to relatively small devices such as automobile engines and laboratory burners, and is usually limited to fuels that are gaseous at ambient temperature or to those that vaporize at relatively low temperatures. See flame for more related terms.
Premixing burner: A burner in which air for combustion is mixed with fuel gas prior to entering the combustion zone. Preparation plant: A place where coal is cleaned, sized, and prepared for market (CWNmining-04). Preparer: The person preparing the TSQ who may be either the user or the person to whom the user has delegated the preparation (USDAIwater-04). Preplating treatment waste: The waste contributed by preplating treatments. The waste is affected by the basis materials, any surface soil on the workpieces, formulation of solutions used for cleaning or activating the materials, solution temperatures, and cycling times. See waste for more related terms (EPA-74103d). Preponderance of evidence: Proof by information that, compared with that opposing it, leads to the conclusion that the fact at issue is more probably true than not (40CFR32.105-91). Presbycusis: The loss of hearing due primarily to the aging process. High frequency loss is frequently a result of early hearing loss (NCNsound-04). Prescriptive: Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with specified procedures; e.g., filing a request with a state agency to use unused water in a stream, river, or lake (EPA-97/12). Present worth: An estimate of the amount of money which would now equal all future costs of the wastewater system. It is the sum of all construction and O&M costs for the design period, discounted to the present (EPA-80108). Preservative: Chemicals used to preserve the quality of materials, e.g., the chemicals added to water-thinned paints to prevent the growth of bacteria or yeast in the can during paint storage (EPA79112b). Preserve: To prevent modification to the natural floodplain environment or to maintain it as closely as possible to its natural state (40CFR6-App/A-91). Press and blow process: A process of glass manufacture in which the finish and parison are pressed and the parison is subsequently blown to form the final shape (EPA-83). Press liquor: (1) Stick water resulting from the compaction of recovered fish solids (EPA-74/06). (2) The liquor obtained when citrus peel is chopped, treated with lime, and pressed or squeezed (EPA-74/03). (3) See liquor for more related terms. Pressed and blown glass: A glass which is pressed, blown, or both, including textile fiberglass, noncontinuous flat glass, noncontainer glass, and other products listed in SIC 3229. It is
separated into: (1) Glass of borosilicate recipe. (2) Glass of sodalime and lead recipes. (3) Glass of opal, fluoride, and other recipes (40CFR60.291-91).
Pressed and blown glass: See glass for more related terms. Pressed and blown glass: The glass includes the broad classifications of kitchen and tableware, art objects, novelty items and the like, lighting and electronic glassware, and insulation glassware, insulation, and manufactured products using glass fibre (EPA-83). Pressed glass: A glassware formed by pressure between a mold and a plunger. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Pressed powder: A method of making an electrode by pressing powdered active material into a metal grid (EPA-84/08). Pressed wood product: A group of materials used in building and furniture construction that is made from wood veneers, particles, or fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure (EPA-88/09b)., Pressed wood produet: Materials used in building and furniture construction that are made from wood veneers, particles, or fibers bonded together with an adhesive under heat and pressure (EPA97/12). Pressure burner: For a premixing burner, the pressure of the air fuel mixture exceeds the fuel supply line pressure for combustion, usually from 0.3 to 15.0 inches water column. Pressure check: An imperfection; a check or crack in a glass article resulting from too much pressure in forming (EPA-83). Pressure deformation: The process of applying force, (other than impact force), to permanently deform or shape a workpiece. Pressure deformation operations may include operations such as rolling, drawing, bending, embossing, coining, swaging, sizing, extruding, squeezing, spinning, seaming, piercing, necking, reducing, forming, crimping, coiling, twisting, winding, flaring, or weaving (EPA-83106a). Pressure demand type apparatus: An apparatus in which the pressure inside the facepiece in relation to the immediate environment is positive during both inhalation and exhalation (NIOSH-84/10). Pressure drop (or gas-side pressure drop): (1) A measure, in kilopascals, of the difference in static pressure measured immediately upstream and downstream of the air filter element (40CFR85.2122(a)(16)(ii)(B)-91). (2) The difference in static pressure between two points due to energy losses in a gas stream (EPA-89103b).
Pressure drop (or gas-side pressure drop): In wet scrubbing, the pressure difference, or pressure drop that occurs as the exhaust gases pushed or pulled through the scrubber, disregarding the pressure that would be used for pumping or spraying the liquid into the scrubber. The terms pressure drop and gas-side pressure drop are used interchangeably (EPA-84103-p119). Pressure field extension: A spatial extension of a variation in pressure as occurs under a slab when a fan ventilates at one or a few distinct points (EPA-88/08). Pressure filter: A filter in which the pressure on the input side of the filter medium is greater than atmospheric pressure. See filter for more related terms (DOI-70104). Pressure filtration: The process of solidJliquid phase separation effected by passing the more permeable liquid phase through a mesh which is impenetrable the solid phase. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-8211le). Pressure gauge: A gauge that measures the pressure difference between a given fluid and that of the atmosphere. Other pressure gauge-related terms include (1) Barometer and (2) Manometer. Pressure head: The height of a column of a fluid required to produce a given pressure at its base. The relationship between pressure and pressure head is: p = dhglg,. Where: p = pressure (forcehrea); d = density of fluid (mass/volume); g = local acceleration due to gravity, length/time2; g, = dimensional constant; and h = pressure head in terms of length. Pressure head may be expressed in terms of any fluid that is convenient, e.g., Hg or H20. Effective head = pressure head - head due to friction, etc. Pressure process: A process in which wood preservatives and fire retardants are forced into wood using air or hydrostatic pressure (EPA-74/04). Pressure regulator: An automatic control device that is used to maintain a desired level of a pre-selected gas pressure. Pressure release: The emission of materials resulting from system pressure being greater than set pressure of the pressure relief device (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR6 1.241;264.103 191). Pressure relief valve: An automatic device that opens or closes a relief vent, depending on whether the pressure is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee03). Pressure roller: In seaming a landfill liner, rollers accompanying a seaming technique which apply pressure to the opposing FML (flexible membrane liner) sheets to be joined. They closely follow the actual melting process and are self-contained within the seaming device (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05).
Pressure sewers: A system of pipes in which water, wastewater, or other liquid is pumped to a higher elevation (EPA-97/12). Pressure vessel: A vessel designed for containing substances, reactions, etc., at pressures above atmospheric pressure (cf. vessel). Pressure, static: In flowing air, the total pressure minus velocity pressure, pushing equally in all directions (EPA-97/12). Pressure, total: In flowing air, the sum of the static and velocity pressures (EPA-97/12). Pressure, velocity: In flowing air, the pressure due to velocity and density of air (EPA-97/12). Pressure: In engineering, the total load or force per unit area acting on a surface (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 147.2902; 147.2902-91). See Appendix B for more information. Pressure: For more related terms, see (1) Absolute pressure; (2) Atmospheric pressure; (3) Barometric pressure (see atmospheric pressure); (4) Critical pressure; (5) Dew point pressure; (6) Gauge (gage) pressure; (7) Partial pressure; (8) Saturated pressure (see saturation pressure); (9) Saturation pressure; (10) Standard atmospheric pressure; (11) Static pressure; (12) Surge pressure; (13) Total pressure; (14) Vacuum pressure; and (15) Velocity pressure. Pressurized solid oxide fuel cell (PSOFC): The PSOFC is used in a hybrid system. A solid oxide fuel cell is operated under high pressures such that its hot, pressurized exhaust gases are used to drive a microturbine generator for more power generation. For more information, see http://fuelcells.si.edu/so/sox3.htm, 2004. See Appendix C for more he1 cell technologies. Presumptive remedy: A remedial action alternative selected based on the remedy's successful use on similar past cleanups, in order to expedite the CERCLA remedial investigation process (OMB/Reg-04). Pretreatment (or preliminary treatment): (1) The reduction of the amount of pollutants, the elimination of pollutants, or the alteration of the nature of pollutant properties in wastewater prior to or in lieu of discharging or otherwise introducing such pollutants into a POTW (for complete definition, see 40CFR403.3-91). (2) Processes used to reduce, eliminate, or alter the nature of wastewater pollutants from non-domestic sources before they are discharged into publicly owned treatment works (EPA-89/12). Pretreatment (or preliminary treatment): (1) The reduction of the amount of pollutants, the elimination of pollutants, or the alteration of the nature of pollutant properties in wastewater prior to or in lieu of discharging or otherwise introducing such pollutants into a POTW. The reduction or alteration may be obtained by physical, chemical, or biological processes, process
changes or by other means, except as prohibited by 40CFR403.6(d). Appropriate pretreatment technology includes control equipment, such as equalization tanks or facilities, for protection against surges or slug loadings that might interfere with or otherwise be incompatible with the POTW. However, where wastewater from a regulated process is mixed in an equalization facility with unregulated wastewater or with wastewater from another regulated process, the effluent from the equalization facility must meet an adjusted pretreatment limit calculated in accordance with 40CFR403.6(e) (40CFR403.3-q-91).
Pretreatment control authority: (1) The POTW if the P O W s submission for its pretreatment program has been approved in accordance with the requirements of 40CFR403.11; or (2) The Approval Authority if the submission has not been approved (40CFR414.10-91). Pretreatment requirements: Any substantive or procedural requirement related to pretreatment, other than a national pretreatment standard, imposed on an industrial user (40CFR403.3-91). Pretreatment standards: See national pretreatment standard. Pretreatment: Processes used to reduce, eliminate, or alter the nature of wastewater pollutants firom non-domestic sources before they are discharged into publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) (EPA-97/12). Prevalence study: An epidemiological study which examines the relationships between diseases and exposures as they exist in a defined population at a particular point in time (Course 165.6). Prevalence survey: The measure of the current level of disease(s) or symptoms and exposures through a questionnaire that collects self-reported information from a defined population (SFihealth04). Prevalence: The number of existing disease cases in a defined population during a specific time period (contrast with incidence) (SFihealth-04). Prevalent level samples: Air samples taken under normal conditions (also known as ambient background samples) (EPA97/12). Prevalent levels: Levels of airborne contaminant occurring under normal conditions (EPA-97/12). Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD): (1) EPA program in which state andor federal permits are required that are intended to restrict emissions for new or modified sources in places where air quality is already better than required to meet primary and secondary ambient air quality standards (EPA-89/12). (2) PSD means that sources in "clean air" areas do not have the right to pollute the air even if the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
would not be violated. Sources must meet permit standards that ensure that there is no significant deterioration of air quality in a region. PSD requirements must be part of all SIPS (state implementation plans) (Winthrop89/09).
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD): EPA program in which state andlor federal permits are required in order to restrict emissions from new or modified sources in places where air quality already meets or exceeds primary and secondary ambient air quality standards (EPA-97/12). Prevention: (1) Measures taken to minimize the release of wastes to the environment (cf. waste minimization) (EPA-89/12). (2) Design and operating measures applied to a process to ensure that primary containment of toxic chemicals is maintained. Primary containment means confinement of toxic chemicals within the equipment intended for normal operating conditions (EPA-87107a). Prevention: Actions that reduce exposure or other risks, keep people from getting sick, or keep disease from getting worse (SFhealth-04). Preventive measures: The actions taken to reduce disturbance of ACBM or otherwise eliminate the reasonable likelihood of the material's becoming damaged or significantly damaged (40CFR763.83-91). Pre-work items: Special conditions involving building codes, structural conditions, or existing building conditions that will affect proper installation of sound insulation improvements. The property owner is responsible for addressing the designated prework items prior to the start of construction (NCA/noise-04). Prey: Fish food organisms (SFIremedy-04). Price analysis: The process of evaluating a prospective price without regard to the contractor's separate cost elements and proposed profit. Price analysis determines the reasonableness of the proposed subagreement price based on adequate price competition, previous experience with similar work, established catalog or market price, law, or regulation (40CFR33.005-91, see also 40CFR35.6015-91). Primacy: Having the primary responsibility for administering and enforcing regulations (EPA-97/12). Primacy: Primary enforcement authority for the drinking water program. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, states, U.S. territories, and Indian tribes that meet certain requirements, including setting regulations that are at least as stringent as U.S. EPA's, may apply for, and receive, primary enforcement authority, or primacy (SDWAReg-04). Primary air fan: A fan for transport, ignition, and combustion stabilization air. See fan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Primary air: See primary combustion air. Primary alcohol: An alcohol whose OH attached carbon joins at least with two hydrogen atoms. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RCH20H, e.g., methanol (HCH20H).See alcohol for more related terms. Primary aluminium reduction plant: Any facility manufacturing aluminum by electrolytic reduction (40CFR60.19191). Primary amine: An m i n e whose molecular structure can be expressed as RNH2, e.g., methylamine. See amine for more related terms (CH3NH2). Primary battery: A battery which must usually be replaced after one discharge; i.e., the battery cannot be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Primary burner (or primary combustion chamber burner): A fuel burner for preheating combustion chamber, igniting waste, and maintaining temperature in the primary chamber. See burner for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary chamber: See primary combustion chamber. Primary clarifier (primary settling tank or primary sedimentation tank): The settling tank into which the wastewater (sewage) first enters and from which the solids are removed as raw sludge. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Primary combustion air (or primary air): (1) Air admitted to a combustion system at the point where the fuel is first oxidized (SW-108ts). (2) Air for combustion supplied to combustion devices such as furnaces and incinerators to atomize fuel liquid droplets. (3) See combustion air for more related terms. Primary combustion chamber (or primary chamber): (1) A combustion chamber where waste is fed and combustion begins. It is the first chamber of multi-combustion chamber incinerators, e.g., a rotary kiln is the primary combustion chamber of an incineration system (EPA-89/03b). (2) Chamber wherein primary ignition and burning occurs (EPA-83). (3) See combustion chamber for more related terms. Primary combustion chamber air blower: A forced air blower for providing underfire combustion air to the primary combustion chamber. See blower for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary combustion chamber burner: See primary burner. Primary combustion chamber underfire steam injection: A steam injection system to inject steam into ash to assist in temperature control. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Primary combustion chamber water spray: A spray system to inject a fine water mist into the primary chamber to assist in temperature control. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Primary containment: The containment provided by the piping, vessels, and machinery used in a facility for handling chemicals under normal operating conditions. See containment for more related terms (EPA-87107a). Primary control system: An air pollution control system designed to remove gaseous and particulate flourides from exhaust gases which are captured at the cell (40CFR60.191-91). Primary coolant system boundary: In a modular hightemperature gas-cooled reactor, those systems and components that contain the primary coolant. The primary coolant system boundary includes the reactor vessel, circulators, steam generators, heat exchangers, associated primary coolant system piping and valves, and any other system that connects with the primary coolant system to the second isolation valve (DOE-91/04). Primary copper smelter: Any installation or any intermediate process engaged in the production of copper from copper sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91, see also 40CFR61.171-91). Primary drinking water regulation: A regulation which: (1) Applies to public water systems; (2) Specifies contaminants which, in the judgement of the Administrator, may have any adverse effect on the health of persons; (3) Specifies for each such contaminant either: (3a) A maximum contaminant level, if, in the judgment of the Administrator, it is economically and technologically feasible to ascertain the level of such contaminant in water in public water systems; or (3b) If, in the judgment of the Administrator, it is not economically or technologically feasible to so ascertain the level of such contaminant, each treatment technique known to the Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 1412; and (4) Contains criteria and procedures to assure a supply of drinking water which dependably complies with such maximum contaminant levels; including quality control and testing procedures to insure compliance with such levels and to insure proper operation and maintenance of the system, and requirements as to: (4a) The minimum quality of water which may be taken into the system; and (4b) Siting for new facilities for public water systems (cf secondary drinking water regulation) (40CFR141; SDWA1401-42U.S.C.300f). (5) See Act or SDWA for more related terms. Primary drinking water regulation: Applies to public water systems and specifies a contaminant level, which, in the judgment of the EPA Administrator, will not adversely affect human health (EPA-97/12).
Primary effect: An effect where the stressor acts directly on the ecological component of interest, not on other parts of the ecosystem. See secondary effect (EPA-97/12). Primary effluent: The effluent from the primary clarifiers. See effluent for more related terms. Primary emission control system: The combination of equipment used for the capture and collection of primary emissions (e.g., an open hood capture system used in conjunction with a particulate matter cleaning device such as an electrostatic precipitator or a closed hood capture used in conjunction with matter cleaning device such as a scrubber) (40CFR60.141a-91,see also40CFR61.171; 61.181-91). Primary emissions: (1) Particulate matter emissions from the BOPF generated during the steel production cycle and captured by the BOPF primary control system (40CFR60.141-91, see also 40CFR60.141a-91). (2) The material that is released into the air by a discrete source (SW-108ts). (3) See emission for more related terms. Primary feeder circuit (substation) transformer: A transformer used to reduce the voltage from the subtransmission level to the primary feeder level. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Primary gout: A condition characterized by abnormal purine metabolism producing an excess of uric acid in the blood, chalky deposits (chiefly urates) in the joints, and attacks of acute arthritis (LBL76107-bio). Primary industry category: Any industry category listed in the NRDC settlement agreement (Natural Resources Defense Council et al. v. Train, 8 E.R.C. 2120 [D.D.C. 19761, modified 12 E.R.C. 1833 [D.D.C. 19791); also listed in Appendix A of Part 122 (cf secondary industry category) (40CFR122.2-91). Primary leachate: When waste enters a landfill, it contains some amount of liquid, which leaches out of the refuse as primary leachate (RCRAImanagement-04). Primary lead smelter: Any installation or any intermediate process engaged in the production of lead from lead sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.181-91). Primary manufacturing residues: Sawdust, chips, slabs, and the like created from the basic conversion of roundwood into a lumber product. Sawmills and plywood and veneer mills are the principal operations creating primary manufacturing residues from their processing operations (EPA-83). Primary material: The virgin or new materials used for manufacturing basic products. Examples include wood pulp, iron ore, and silica sand. See material for more related terms (EPA-83).
Primary maximum contaminant levels: The levels of water quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health. See the term of Act or SDWA for more related terms. See40CFR141.11-141.16for standards. Primary metal cast: The metal that is poured in the greatest quantity at an individual plant (40CFR464.31-91). Primary mill: Whose steel hot forming operations at reduce ingots to blooms or slabs by passing the ingots between rotating steel rolls. The first hot forming operation performed on solidified steel after it is removed from the ingot molds is carried out on a primary mill (40CFR420.71-91). Primary oxygen blow: The period in the steel production cycle of a BOPF during which a high volume of oxygen-rich gas is introduced to the bath of molten iron by means of a lance inserted from the top of the vessel or though tuyeres in the bottom or through the bottom and sides of the vessel. This definition does not include any additional or secondary oxygen blows made after the primary blow or the introduction of nitrogen or other inert gas through tuyeres in the bottom or bottom and the sides of the vessel (40CFR60.141-91, see also 40CFR60.14 1a-9 1). Primary panel: The surface that is considered to be the front surface or that surface which is intended for initial viewing at the point of ultimate sale or the point of distribution for use (40CFR211.203-91). Primary physical containment: The set of operating practices and equipment characteristics that prevent the escape of viable recombinant organisms from a bioprocess (EPA-88109a). Primary pollutant: (1) Pollutants emitted directly from a polluting stack. (2) Pollutants remaining in the form as they are when emitted from the source (NATO-78/10). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Primary processor of asbestos: A person who processes for commercial purposes bulk asbestos. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91). Primary recycling: The return of a secondary material to the same industry from which it came and processing of the secondary material so that it will yield the same or similar product which it was as a secondary material. Examples are the return of broken glass containers to glass container manufacturing plants for making new containers and the recycling of sheet steel scrap to steel furnaces for the manufacture of new sheet steel (EPA-83). Primary resistor: A device used in the primary circuit of an inductive ignition system to limit the flow of current
Primary roof: The main roof above the immediate top. Its thickness may vary from a few to several thousand feet (CWA/mining-04). Primary sedimentation tank: See primary clarifier. Primary settling tank: See primary clarifier. Primary settling: The first settling unit for the removal of settleable solids through which wastewater is passed in a treatment works. See settling for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Primary significance pollutant: The pollutants that are of primary significance if they are recommended for regulation due to their deleterious effects on humans and the environment. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/10). Primary sludge: The sludge from the primary clarifiers. See sludge for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Primary standard attainment date: The date specified in the applicable implementation plan for the attainment of a national primary ambient air quality standard for any air pollutant (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91). Primary standards: A national primary ambient air quality standard promulgated pursuant to section 109 of the Act. See standard for more related terms (40CFR51.100-91). Primary standards: A pollution limit based on health effects. Primary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CAAIair-04). Primary standards: For calibration application, those whose volumes can be calibrated simply by measuring dimensions alone. The measured internal dimensions are regular, and accuracies better than +/- 0.30% can be reached. See calibration of air flow for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Primary standards: National Ambient Air Quality Standards designed to protect human health with an adequate margin for safety. See national ambient air quality standards, secondary standards (EPA-97/12). Primary substrate: Substrate which provides the majority of the growth and energy requirements for cells (Navy/Env-04). Primary treatment: The practice of removing some portion of the suspended solids and organic matter in a wastewater through sedimentation. Common usage of this term also includes preliminary treatment to remove wastewater constituents that may cause maintenance or operational problems in the system (i.e., grit removal, screening for rags and debris, oil and grease removal, etc.) (CWA/wastewater-04).
(4OCFR85.2122(a)(lO)(ii)-91). Primary waste treatment: First steps in wastewater treatment; screens and sedimentation tanks are used to remove most
materials that float or will settle. Primary treatment removes about 30% of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand from domestic sewage (EPA-97/12).
Primary wastewater treatment (or primary treatment): The first steps in wastewater treatment; screens and sedimentation tanks are used to remove most materials that floats or will settle. Primary treatment results in the removal of about 30% of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand from domestic sewage. See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Primary wastewater treatment: The first stage of the wastewater-treatment process where mechanical methods, such as filters and scrapers, are used to remove pollutants. Solid material in sewage also settles out in this process (CWNWscience-04). Primary winding: The winding on the supply (i.e., input) side of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Primary zinc smelter: Any installation engaged in the production, or any intermediate process in the production, of zinc or zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ore concentrates through the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.171-91). Prime coat operation: The prime coat spray booth or dip tank, flash-off area, and bake oven(s) which are used to apply and dry or cure the initial coating on components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91, see also 40CFR60.46 1-91). Prime coat: The first of two or more coatings applied to a surface (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.721-91). Prime contractor: Any person holding a contract, and for the purposes of subpart B (General Enforcement, Compliance Review, and Complaint Procedure) of the rules, regulations, and relevant orders of the Secretary of Labor, any person who has held a contract subject to the order (cf. contractor) (40CFR8.2-91). Prime farmland: The same meaning as that previously prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture on the basis of such factors as moisture availability, temperature regime, chemical balance, permeability, surface layer composition, susceptibility to flooding, and erosion characteristics, and which historically have been used for intensive agricultural purposes, and as published in the Federal Register (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90).
panels, bottom of doors and fenders, and leading edge of roof) is a prime surfacer coat (40CFR52.741-91).
Primer (booster): A package or cartridge of explosive which is designed specifically to transmit detonation to other explosives and which does not contain a detonator (CWNmining-04). Primers: Any coatings formulated and applied to substrates to provide a firm bond between the substrate and subsequent coats (4OCFR52.741-91). Principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs): (1) Organic compounds chosen to determine the DRE of a combustion device in a trial bum. POHCs are representative of the compounds in the wastestream that are the most abundant and the most difficult to destroy (ETI-92). (2) Specific hazardous waste compounds in Appendix 8 of 40CFR261 selected for monitoring during the trial bum of a hazardous waste incinerator. They must represent the broad range of physical and chemical characteristics of the incinerator's normal waste feed. At least one of the POHCs must be recognized as being equally or more difficult to incinerate than any waste constituent which will be burned during normal operations. Principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs): Hazardous compounds monitored during an incinerator's trial bum, selected for high concentration in the waste feed and difficulty of combustion (EPA-97/12). Principal organic hazardous constituents: Selected organic constituents, which are high in concentration and difficult to bum, that are monitored to ensure a hazardous waste combustion unit's destruction and removal efficiency (RCRAIhazardous-04). Principal source aquifer: See sole source aquifer. Principal study: The study that contributes most significantly to the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment (EPA-92/12). Principle of (instrument) operation: The technique used to detect and measure the pollutant or parameter, andlor a description of the major components of the instrument (LBL-76107-bio). Printability: The ability of a paper surface to accept printing ink (EPA-87/10).
Prime mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine which drives an electric generator (EPA-83).
Printed circuit board: A circuit in which the interconnecting wires have been replaced by conductive strips printed, etched, etc., onto an insulating board. Methods of fabrication include etched circuit, electroplating, and stamping (EPA-83106a).
Prime surfacer coat: A coating used to touch up areas on the surface of automobile or light-duty truck bodies not adequately covered by the prime coat before application of the top coat. The prime surfacer coat is applied between the prime coat and topcoat. An anti-chip coating applied to main body parts (e.g., rocker
Printing ink: Ink used in printing, impressing, stamping, or transferring on paper or paper-like substances, wood, fabrics, plastics, films, or metals, by the recognized mechanical reproductive processes employed in printing, publishing, and related services. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a).
Printing line: An operation consisting of a series of one or more roll printers and any associated roll coaters, drying areas, and ovens wherein one or more coatings are applied, dried, andor cured (40CFR52.741-9 1).
Private applicator: A category of applicator certification for farmers andor employees such that they can legally apply restricted use pesticides or supervise others doing so who are not certified (FFDCMpesticide-04).
Printing paper: The paper designed for printing, other than newsprint, such as offset and book paper. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91).
Private applicator: A certified applicator who uses or supervises the use of any pesticide which is classified for restricted use for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by him or his employer or (if applied without compensation other than trading of personal services between producers of agricultural commodities) on the property of another person (40CFR171.2-91).
Printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate using ink (40CFR52.741-91). Prior appropriation doctrine: The system for allocating water to private individuals used in most Western states. The doctrine of Prior Appropriation was in common use throughout the arid West as early settlers and miners began to develop the land. The prior appropriation doctrine is based on the concept of "First in Time, First in Right." The first person to take a quantity of water and put it to beneficial use has a higher priority of right than a subsequent user. The rights can be lost through nonuse; they can also be sold or transferred apart from the land (CWAWscience-04). Contrasts with riparian water rights. Prior appropriation: A doctrine of water law that allocates the rights to use water on a first-come, first-served basis (EPA-97/12). Priority list for chemical testing: Under TSCA, a list of chemicals selected by a committee of eight members for testing if unreasonable risk to health or the environment is suspected. The priority list is supposed to be updated every six months under Section 4(e)(2) of TSCA. Forty two compounds were selected by the committee as of 1985 (Arbuckle-89). Priority pollutant: (1) In CWA, priority pollutants means the 126 pollutants listed in 40CFR423 Appendix A (40CFR-AppIA-92). (2) Those pollutants listed by the Administrator under CWA Section 307(a) (EPA-91/03). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Priority pollutants: Those pollutants considered to be of principal importance for control under the CWA based on the NRDC consent decree settlement (NRDC et al. v. Train, 8 E.R.C. 2120 [D.D.C. 19761, modified 12 E.R.C. 1833 [D.D.C. 19791); a list of these pollutants is provided as Appendix A to 40CFR Part 423 (CWNwastewater-04). Priority water quality areas: For the purposes of Section 35.2015, specific stream segments or bodies of water, as determined by the state, where municipal discharges has resulted in the impairment of a designated use or significant public health risks, and where the reduction of pollution from such discharges will substantially restore surface or groundwater uses (4OCFR35.2005-91). Pristine: The earliest condition of the quality of a water body; unaffected by human activities (CWMWbasics-04).
Private collection: (1) The collecting of solid wastes for which citizens or firms, individually or in limited groups, pay collectors or private operating agencies. Also known as private disposal (EPA-83). (2) The collection of solid waste by individuals or companies from residential, commercial, or industrial premises. The arrangements for the service are made directly between the owner or occupier of the premises and the collector (SW-108ts). (3) See waste collection for more related terms. Private solid waste utility: A private business that collects, processes, and disposes of solid waste under a government license or monopoly franchise (EPA-83). Privately owned treatment works: Any device or system which is (1) used to treat wastes from any facility whose operator is not the operator of the treatment works and (2) not a POTW (cf. publicly owned treatment works) (40CFR122.2-91). Privatization: The conversion of a government-performed activity to private non-government performance, either to eliminate an activity which is not a valid government function or to cut the cost or improve the efficiency of performing the activity by introducing competition (OMBIReg-04). Probabilistic analysis: Calculation and expression of health risks using multiple risk descriptors to provide the likelihood of various risk levels. Probabilistic risk results approximate a full range of possible outcomes and the likelihood of each, which often is presented as a frequency distribution graph, thus allowing uncertainty or variability to be expressed quantitatively (SFIriskA04). Probabilistic variable: A variable which uses the value, between 0 and 1, to express its occurrence distribution. See variable for more related terms. Probability distribution: A mathematical representation of the probabilities that a given variable will have various values (EPA85/09; 91/03).
Probability of detection: The likelihood, expressed as a percentage, that a test method will correctly identify a leaking tank (EPA-97/12). Probabilitylpotential: A measure, either qualitative or quantitative, that an event will occur within some unit of time (EPA-87107a). Probability: A number expressing the likelihood of occurrence of a specific event, such as the ratio of the number of outcomes that will produce a given event to the total number of possible outcomes (EPA-85/09; 91/03). Probable maximum flood: Maximum flood predicted for a scenario having hydrological conditions that maximize the flow of surface waters (DOE-9 1/04). Probe: (1) A tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures at a distance from the actual collection or measuring apparatus. It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and ducts (EPA-83/06). (2) One of several devices which are driven into the ground and which allow soil gas to be collected and subsequently analyzed (Course 165.7). (3) A tube used for sampling or for measuring pressures at a distance from the actual collection or measuring apparatus. It is commonly used for reaching inside stacks and ducts (LBL-76107-air). Probit model: A dose-response model of the form: P(d) = 0.4(integral from minus infinity to [log(d - u)]/s of [exp(y**2)/2]dy); where P(d) is the probability of cancer from a continuous dose rate d, and u and s are constants (EPA-92/12). Problem waste: Bulky wastes, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, construction and demolition wastes, industrial refuse, tree debris, mining spoils, fly ash, etc. See waste for more related terms (EPA83).
Process configuration: A numerical measurement of a refinery's process complexity, developed for use in calculating BPT guidelines for this industry (EPA-79112~). Process controls: Modifications to the fuel, process or equipment to maximize the combustion efficiency; these are forms of pollution prevention. Process controls are essentially modifications or substitutions of the raw materials, fuels, equipment or process to minimize the formation of particulate matter (CMAPC-04). Process emissions: The particulate matter which is collected by a capture system. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.301-91, see also 40CFR61.171; 61.I 81; 704.3-91). Process for commercial purposes: To process: (1) For distribution in commerce, including for test marketing purposes, or (2) For use as an intermediate (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR712.3; 716.3; 717.3; 721.3; 763.63-91). Process fugitive emissions: The particulate matter emissions from an affected facility that are not collected by a capture system. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60.381-91). Process gas: Any gas generated by a petroleum refinery process unit, except fuel gas and process upset gas as defined in this section (40CFR60.101-91). Process generated wastewater: Water directly or indirectly used in the operation of a feedlot for any or all of the following: Spillage or overflow from animal or poultry watering systems; washing, cleaning or flushing pens, barns, manure pits or other feedlot facilities; direct contact swimming, washing or spray cooling of animals; and dust control. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR412.11-91).
Procaryotic cell: The simple cell type, characterized by the lack of a nuclear membrane, the absence of mitochondria, and a haploid state at all times (EPA-88109a).
Process heater: A device that is primarily used to heat a material to initiate or promote a chemical reaction in which the material participates as a reactant or catalyst (40CFR60.41b, see also 40CFR60.41~;60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661; 61.301; 264.1031-91).
Proceeding: Any rulemaking, adjudication, or licensing conducted by EPA under the Act or under regulations which implement the Act, except for determinations under this part (40CFR2.302-91, see also 40CFR2.304; 2.305; 2.310; 2.301; 2.303; 2.306; 17.2-91).
Process improvement: The routine changes made for safety and occupational health requirements, for energy savings, for better utility, for ease of maintenance and operation, for correction of design deficiencies, for bottleneck removal, for changing product requirements, or for environmental control (40CFR60.48 1-91).
Process and size factor: (1) The process factor is a factor, based upon process configuration, for calculating a petroleum refinery's BPT limitations. (2) The size factor is a factor, based upon a petroleum refinery's size, for calculating a petroleum refinery's BPT limitations (EPA-79112~).
Process line: A group of equipment assembled that can operate independently if supplied with sufficient raw materials to produce polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene (general purpose, crystal, or expandable) or poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) or one of their copolymers. A process line consists of the equipment in the following process sections (to the extent that these process sections are present at a plant): raw materials preparation, polymerization reaction, product finishing, product storage, and material recovery (40CFR60.561-91).
Process area: The dimensional area directly involved in a particular processing step (expressed in terms of square feet and square meters) (EPA-82111e).
Process machinery: Process equipment, such as pumps, compressors, heaters, or agitators, that would not be categorized as piping and vessels (EPA-87107a). Process modification: The reduction of water pollution through process modification (in-plant technology) (EPA-83106a). Process section: The equipment designed to accomplish a general but well-defined task in polymer production. Process sections include raw materials preparation, polymerization reaction, material recovery, product finishing, and product storage and may be dedicated to a single process line or common to more than one process line (40CFR60.561-91). Process stream: All reasonably anticipated transfer, flow, or disposal of a chemical substance, regardless of physical state or concentration, through all intended operations of processing, including the cleaning of equipment (40CFR721.3-91). Process unit shutdown: A work practice or operational procedure that stops production from a process unit or part of a process unit. An unscheduled work practice or operational procedure that stops production from a process unit or part of a process unit for less than 24 hours is not a process unit shutdown. The use of spare equipment and technically feasible bypassing of equipment without stopping production are not process unit shutdowns (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR61.241-91). Process unit: The components assembled to produce, as intermediate or final products, one or more of the chemicals listed in 40CFR60.489 of this part. A process unit can operate independently if supplied with sufficient feed or raw materials and sufficient storage facilities for the product (40CFR60.481-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.591; 60.611; 60.631; 60.661; 61.24l; 61.341-91). Process upset gas: Any gas generated by a petroleum refinery process unit as a result of start-up, shut-down, upset, or malfunction (40CFR60.101-91). Process variable: A physical or chemical quantity which is usually measured and controlled in the operation of a water treatment plant or industrial plant (EPA-97/12). Process vent: Any open-ended pipe or stack that is vented to the atmosphere either directly, through a vacuum-producing system, or through a tank (e.g., distillate receiver, condenser, bottoms receiver, surge control tank, separator tank, or hot well) associated with hazardous waste distillation, fractionation, thin-film evaporation, solvent extraction, or air or steam stripping operations (4OCFR264.1031-91). Process verification: Verifying that process raw materials, water usage, waste treatment processes, production rate, and other facts relative to quantity and quality of pollutants contained in
discharges are substantially described in the permit application and the issued permit (EPA-97/12).
Process vessel: Each tar decanter, flushing-liquor circulation tank, light-oil condenser, light-oil decanter, wash-oil decanter, or washoil circulation tank (40CFR61.13 1-91). Process waste: The waste material from an industrial process. Examples of process wastes are flue gas scrubber sludges, cement kiln dusts, sawmill dust and powder, spent solvents, contaminated oils, etc. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83, see also 40CFR129.2-91). Process wastewater cooling tower: The water used for cooling purposes which may become contaminated through contact with process raw materials, intermediates, or final products. See cooling water for more related terms (EPA-8711Oa). Process wastewater pollutant: The pollutants present in process wastewater. See pollutant for more related terms (40CFR401.1191). Process wastewater stream: A wastestream that contains only process wastewater (40CFR61.341-91). Process wastewater: Any water that comes into contact with any raw material, product, by-product, or waste (EPA-97/12). Process wastewater: Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product. See wastewater for more related terms (40CFR117.1-91. Process wastewater: Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into direct contact with, or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product (CWA/wastewater04). Process water: Any raw, service, recycled, or reused water that contracts the plastic product or contacts the shaping equipment surfaces such as molds and mandrels that are, or have been, in contact with the plastic product. See water for more related terms (40CFR463.2-91). Process weight: Total weight of all materials, including fuel, used in a manufacturing process; used to calculate the allowable particulate emission rate (EPA-97/12). Process: A preparation of a chemical substance or mixture, after its manufacture, for distribution in commerce: (1) In the same form or physical state as, or in a different form or physical state from, that in which it was received by the person so preparing such substance or mixture; or (2) As part of an article containing the chemical substance or mixture (TSCA3, see also
Processors and refiners: Facilities that process used oil so that it can be burned for energy recovery or reused (RCMazardous04). Process: A sequence of physical and chemical operations for the production, refining, repackaging, or storage of chemicals (EPA87107a). See thermodynamicprocess. Process: Under the PSM Standard and the RMP Rule, any industrial activity involving a regulated substance, including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling, or on-site movement. Includes any group of vessels that are connected and separate vessels located where they could also become involved in a release (TSCAIchemical-04). Process: For more related terms, see (1) Dry process; (2) Semidry process; and (3) Wet process. Processing activities: All those activities which include (1) Preparation of a substance identified in Subpart D of this Part after its manufacture to make another substance for sale or use; (2) Repackaging of the identified substance; or (3) Purchasing and preparing the identified substance for use or distribution in commerce (40CFR704.203-91). Processing site: (1) Any site, including the mill, containing residual radioactive materials at which all or substantially all of the uranium was produced for sale to any federal agency prior to January 1, 1971, under a contract with any federal agency, except in the case of a site at or near Slick Rock, Colorado, unless: (a) Such site was owned or controlled as of January 1, 1978, or is thereafter owned or controlled, by any federal agency, or (b) A license (issued by the (Nuclear Regulatory) Commission or its predecessor agency under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 or by a state as permitted under section 274 of such Act) for the production at site of any uranium or thorium product derived from ores is in effect on January 1, 1978, or is issued or renewed after such date; and (2) Any other real property or improvement thereon which: (a) Is in the vicinity of such site, and (b) Is determined by the Secretary, in consultation with the Commission, to be contaminated with residual radioactive materials derived from such site (40CFR192.10-91). Processing site: Any site, including the mill, containing residual radioactive materials at which all or substantially all of the uranium was produced for sale to any federal agency prior to January 1, 1971, under a contract with any federal agency (for complete definition, see 40CFR192.10-91). Processing: Any method, system, or other treatment designed to change the physical form or chemical content of solid waste (SW108ts). Processor: Any person who processes a chemical substance or mixture (40CFR704.3-91, see also TSCA3; 40CFR710.2; 720.3; 762.3; 747.1 15; 747.195; 747.200; 763.163-91).
Procurement: The process through which the federal government contracts for goods or services from outside sources (OMBBeg04). Procuring agency: Agencies that purchase $10,000 or more worth of an item designated under the federal procurement program during the course of a fiscal year. Procuring agencies include federal government departments or agencies, state government agencies that use appropriated federal funds for procurement of a designated item, local government agencies that use appropriated federal funds for procurement of a designated item, and government contractors that work on a project funded by appropriated federal fimds with respect to work performed under the contract (RCMazardous-04). Prodromal manifestations: Premonitory signs, indicating the approach of a disease or other morbid state (LBL76107-bio). Produce, produced, and production: The manufacture of a substance from any raw material or feedstock chemical, but such terms do not include (1) The manufacture of a substance that is used and entirely consumed (except for trace quantities) in the manufacture of other chemicals; or (2) The reuse or recycling of a substance (CAA601-42U.S.C.7671-91). Produce: (1) When used in relation to special nuclear material, (a) To manufacture, make, produce, or refine special nuclear material; (b) To separate special nuclear material from other substances in which such material may be contained, or (c) To make or to produce new special nuclear material (10CFR70.4-91). (2) Manufacture, prepare, propagate, compound, or process any pesticide, including any pesticide produced pursuant to section 5 of the Act, any active ingredient or device, or to package, repackage, label, relabel, or otherwise change the container of any pesticide or device (40CFR167.3-91). Producer and produce: (1) The term producer means the person who manufacturers, prepares, compounds, propagates, or processes any pesticide or device or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide. (2) The term produce means to manufacture, prepare, compound, propagate, or process any pesticide or device, or active ingredient used in producing a pesticide. The dilution by individuals of formulated pesticides for their own use and according to the directions on registered labels shall not of itself result in such individuals being included in the definition of this Act (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Producers: Plants that perform photosynthesis and provide food to consumers (EPA-97/12). Product accumulator vessel: Any distillate receiver, bottoms receiver, surge control vessel, or product separator in VHAP
service that is vented to atmosphere either directly or through a vacuum-producing system. A product accumulator vessel is in VHAP service if the liquid or the vapor in the vessel is at least 10% by weight VHAP (40CFR61.24l -91).
Product change: Any change in the composition of the furnace charge that would cause the electric submerged arc furnace to become subject to a different mass standard applicable under this subpart (40CFR60.261-91). Product fee: A tax or fee on materials or products that can be designed to add the cost of their disposal to the purchase price. See fee for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Product frosted: That portion of the furnace pull associated with the fraction of finished incandescent lamp envelopes which is frosted, this quantity shall be calculated by multiplying furnace pull by the fraction of finished incandescent lamp envelopes which is frosted (40CFR426.121-91). Product level: The level of a product in a storage tank (EPA97/12). Product of combustion: The gases, vapors, and solids that result from the combustion of a material (EPA-83). Product of complete combustion: A terminal product of chemical oxidation of a combustible constituent that is formed in a combustion unit, e.g., carbon dioxide, water, and HCI (CRWI89/05). Product of incomplete combustion (PIC): (1) An ideal waste incineration process is all carbon, hydrogen, and halogen elements in the waste convert to carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen halide (HBr, HCI, and HF) or halogen (Br2, CI2 and F2), respectively. Any other organic compounds emitted from an incinerator are PICs which include carbon monoxide and thermal decomposition products of the original compounds (~uffman-91)lo). (2) "Unburned organic compounds that were present in the waste, thermal decomposition products resulting from organic constituents in the waste, or compounds synthesized during or immediately after combustion" (ETI-92). Product of incomplete combustion (PIC): Organic compounds formed by combustion. Usually generated in small amounts and sometimes toxic, PICs are heat-altered versions of the original material fed into the incinerator (e.g., charcoal is a PIC from burning wood) (EPA-97/12). Product tank drawdown: Any material or mixture of materials discharged from a product tank for the purpose of removing water or other contaminants from the product tank (40CFR61.341-91). Product tank: A stationary unit that is designed to contain an accumulation of materials that are fed to or produced by a process unit, and is constructed primarily of non-earthen materials (e.g.,
wood, concrete, steel, plastic) which provide structural support. See tank for more related terms (40CFR61.341-91).
Product water: Water that has passed through a water treatment plant and is ready to be delivered to consumers (EPA-97/12). Production equipment exhaust system: A system for collecting and directing into the atmosphere emissions of volatile organic material fiom reactors, centrifuges, and other process emission sources (40CFR52.741-91). Production normalizing mass (Ikkg) for each core or ancillary operation: The mass (off-kkg or off-lb) processed through that operation. Off-kilogram (off-kkg) or off-pound shall mean the mass of aluminium or aluminium alloy removed from a forming or ancillary operation at the end of a process cycle for transfer to a different machine or process (40CFR467.02-02). Production normalizing parameter (PNP): The unit of production specified in the regulations used to determine the mass of pollution a production facility may discharge (EPA-83103a). Production weighted average: The manufacturer's productionweighted average particulate emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its diesel engine families included in the particulate averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family particulate emission limit by its respective production, summing these terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately from those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.085.2-91). Production weighted NO, average: The manufacturer's production-weighted average NO, emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its light-duty truck engine families included in the NO, averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family NO, emission limit by its respective production, summing those terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately from those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.088.2-91). Production weighted particulate average: The manufacturer's production-weighted average particulate emission level, for certification purposes, of all of its diesel engine families included in the light-duty particulate averaging program. It is calculated at the end of the model year by multiplying each family particulate emission limit by its respective production, summing those terms, and dividing the sum by the total production of the effected families. Those vehicles produced for sale in California or at high altitude shall each be averaged separately fiom those produced for sale in any other area (40CFR86.090.2-91).
Production well: A well of sufficient production so it can be used for public use, either as a water supply, or for industrial purposes (NavyIEnv-04). Production-based standards: A discharge standard expressed in terms of pollutant mass allowed in a discharge per unit of product manufactured (CWNwastewater-04). Productive (reactive) rubber stock: A compounded rubber which contains curing agents and which can be vulcanized (EPA74112a). Professional market: Sales of pesticides for application to industrial/commercial/governmental sectors, homes, and gardens by certified/commercial applicators (FFDCNpesticide-04). Profundal zone: The deep region of a water body that lies below the light-controlled limit of plant growth (cf. photic zone) (DOI70104). Program secretarial officer: A senior DOE outlay program official, including the Assistant Secretaries for Defense Programs, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Environmental Management, Fossil Energy, and Nuclear Energy; and the Directors of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and Energy Research (SDWNradionuclide-04). Prohibit specification: To prevent the designation of an area as a present or future disposal site. See specification for more related terms (40CFR231.2-91). Prohibited wastes: Wastes that have to meet their treatment standards before land disposal (RCRA~landban-04). Prohibitive material: Any materials which by their presence in a packing of paper stock, in excess of the amount allowed, will make the packing unusable as the grade specified. Any materials that may be damaging to equipment (EPA-83).
Promethium (Pm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 61; atomic weight 147; density 7.26 glcc; melting point 1042 C and boiling point 3000 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Promoter: (1) A reagent used in froth-flotation process, usually called the collector (EPA-82/05). (2) In studies of skin cancer in mice, an agent which results in an increase in cancer induction when administered after the animal has been exposed to an initiator, which is generally given at a dose which would not result in tumor induction if given alone. A co-carcinogen differs from a promoter in that it is administered at the same time as the initiator. Co-carcinogens and promoters do not usually induce tumors when administered separately. Complete carcinogens act as both initiator and promoter. Some known promoters also have weak tumorigenic activity, and some also are initiators. Carcinogens may act as promoters in some tissue sites and as initiators in others (EPA-92/12). Prompt industrial scrap: (1) Scrap that is left over from the fabrication of iron and steel products (SW-108ts). (2) Waste produced in an intermediate stage of processing and returned to the basic production facility for reuse (OTA-89/10). (3) See scrap for more related terms. Proof press: Any device used only to check the quality of the image formation of newly engraved or etched gravure cylinders and prints only non-saleable items (40CFR60.43 1-91). Prop: Coal mining term for any single post used as roof support. Props may be timber or steel; if steel-screwed, yieldable, or hydraulic (CWNmining-04). Propagation rate: Speed of flame fi-ont or pressure wave progress (cf. deflagration) (EPA-83). Propane: A heavy flammable gaseous paraffin hydrocarbons (C3Hs)found in crude petroleum and natural gas.
Project file: Records which document activities, decisions, or directions regarding work on a specific Navy project (SA-04).
Propellant plant: Any facility engaged in the mixing, casting, or machining of propellant (40CFR61.3 1-91).
Project performance standards: The performance and operations requirements applicable to a project including the enforceable requirements of the Act and the specifications, including the quantity of excessive infiltration and inflow proposed to be eliminated, which the project is planned and designed to meet (40CFR35.2005-91).
Propellant: A fuel and oxidizer physically or chemically combined which undergoes combustion to provide rocket propulsion (40CFR61.3 1-91).
Project XL: An EPA initiative to give states and the regulated community the flexibility to develop comprehensive strategies as alternatives to multiple current regulatory requirements in order to exceed compliance and increase overall environmental benefits (EPA-97/12).
Proper ventilation: For safe disposal of vent gases (fumes, vapors, or combustion products), the gases must be maintained such that their flammable constituents are below their lower explosive limit (LEL). In general, sufficient or adequate supply of fresh air is added to the vent gases to maintain the LEL below 25% of the LEL at all times.
Propellant: Liquid in a self-pressurized pesticide product that expels the active ingredient from its container (EPA-97/12).
Property (or thermodynamic property): A parameter which is used to define the state, or condition, of a substance in a system. Examples of thermodynamic properties include temperature, pressure, mass, volume, density, etc. Other property-related terms include (1) Extensive property; (2) Intensive property; and (3) Specific property. Property damage: Shall have the meaning given this term by applicable state law. This term shall not include those liabilities which, consistent with standard insurance industry 'practices, are excluded from coverage in liability insurance policies for property damage. However, such exclusions for property damage shall not include corrective action associated with releases from tanks which are covered by the policy (40CFR280.92-91). Property of gas mixture: See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Property of ideal gas mixture: See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. Property tax files: The files kept for property tax purposes by the local jurisdiction where the property is located including records of past ownership, appraisals, maps, sketches, photos, or other information that is reasonably ascertainable and pertains to the property (USDNwater-04). Property: Real property that is the subject of the Environmental Site Assessment. Real property includes buildings and other fixtures and improvements located on the property and affixed to the land (USDNwater-04).
Propulsion system: A system including a power train that converts stored electrical energy into mechanical energy in a vehicle. Prospective purchaser agreement (PPA): A legal agreement that protects the prospective buyer of a hazardous waste site from the liability associated with pre-existing contamination at the site. In return for liability protection, the buyer must advance environmental and/or community benefits (i.e., performing cleanup activities, reimbursing EPA for a portion of their cleanup costs, creating jobs, rehabilitating the property, participating in community revitalization). PPAs often enable redevelopment plans to be integrated into the cleanup activities at the site and ensure the long-term maintenance and operation of the cleanup (SF/reform-04). Prospective study: A study in which subjects are followed forward in time from initiation of the study. This is often called a longitudinal or cohort study (EPA-92/12). Protactinium (Pa): A radioactive metal with atomic number 91; atomic weight 231; density 15.4 g/cc and melting point 1230 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Protect health and the environment: The protection against any unreasonable adverse effects on the environment (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91). Protection factors: The respirator protection factor indicates how much protection a respirator provides. It is the ratio of the contaminant concentrations outside and inside the respirator (NIOSH-84/10).
Property: See thermodynamicproperty. Proportional sampling: The sampling at a rate that produces a constant ration of sampling rate to stack gas flow rate (40CFR60.2-91). Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR): The number of deaths from a specific cause in a specific period of time per 100 deaths from all causes in the same time period (EPA-97/12). Proposed permit: A state NPDES permit prepared after the close of the public comment period (and, when applicable, any public hearing and administrative appeals) which is sent to EPA for review before final issuance by the state. A proposed permit is not a draft permit. See permit for more related terms (40CFR122.2-91). Proposed permit: A state NPDES permit prepared after the close of the public comment period (and when applicable, any public hearing and administrative appeal) which is sent to EPA for review before final issuance by the state (CWNwastewater-04).
Protection: The measures taken to capture or destroy a toxic chemical that has breached primary containment, but before an uncontrolled release to the environment has occurred (EPA87107a). Protective clothing: At least a hat or other suitable head covering, a long sleeved shirt and long legged trousers or a coverall type garment (all of closely woven fabric covering the body, including arms and legs), shoes and socks (40CFR170.2-91). Protective equipment: The clothing or any other materials or devices that shield against unintended exposure to pesticides (40CFR171.2-91). Proteins: Complex nitrogenous organic compounds of high molecular weight made of amino acids; essential for growth and repair of animal tissue. Many, but not all, proteins are enzymes (EPA-97/12). Protista: The kingdom of all simple biological organisms.
Proposed plan: A plan for a site cleanup that is available to the public for comment (EPA-97/12).
Protocol: A series of formal steps for conducting a test (EPA97/l 2).
Protocol: The plan and procedures which are to be followed in conducting a test (cf. method) (40CFR790.3-91, see also TSCAAIA1-91). Proton: A positively charged particle and has a mass of 1.673 x lo-*' kg which is about 1836 times of an electron. See atom for more related terms. Protoplasm: The colloidal materials that consist of the living contents of a cell. Protoplast: A membrane-bound cell from which the outer wall has been partially or completely removed. The term often is applied to plant cells (EPA-97/12). Protozoa: One-celled animals that are larger and more complex than bacteria. May cause disease (EPA-97/12). Proven emission control systems: The emission control components or systems (and fuel metering systems) that have completed full durability testing evaluation over a vehicle's useful life in some other certified engine family, or have completed bench or road testing demonstrated to be equal or more severe than certification mileage accumulation requirements. Alternatively, proven components or systems are those that are determined by EPA to be of comparable functional quality and manufactured using comparable materials and production techniques as components or systems which have been durability demonstrated in some other certified engine family. In addition, the components or systems must be employed in an operating environment (e.g., temperature, exhaust flow) similar to that experienced by the original or comparable components or systems in the original certified engine family (40CFR86.092.2-a-91). Proximate analysis: A physical, or non-chemical, test of the constitution of coal. Not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value. Using the same sample (1 gram) under controlled heating at fixed temperatures and time periods, moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content are successfully determined. Sulfur and Btu content are also generally reported with a proximate analysis (CWAImining-04). Proximate analysis: The determination by prescribed methods of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (by difference), ash and usually heating value. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Proximate analysis: The proximate analysis is to provide data relating to the physical form (parameters) of the waste (such as moisture content, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and heat content) and to provide an approximate mass balance as to the composition of the waste. See analysis for more related terms (EPA-82/02).
PRP: Potentially responsible party pursuant to CERCLA 42U.S.C.9607(a) (USDNwater-04). PRP: Potentially responsible party. Any individual or company that may have contributed to contamination at a S u p d n d site. Examples of PRPs include waste generators, waste transporters, current or former landowners, and site operators. One who may be liable for site cleanup costs under CERCLA (SF/Env-04). PSD station: Any station operated for the purpose of establishing the effect on air quality of the emissions from a proposed source for purposes of prevention of significant deterioration as required by 5 1.24(n) of Part 51 of this chapter (40CFR58.1-91). Pseudo diffusion: The extra diffusion which in the numerical solution of the diffusion equation results from the truncation error related to the finite difference of the advection terms. Its magnitude is dependent on the particular finite difference scheme that is used. It may sometimes completely mask the influence of the other diffusion terms in the equation (NATO-78/10). Pseudo spectral method: A numerical solution method related to the Galerkin method. The solution is represented by a truncated Fourier series. In the pseudo spectral method the Fourier series are only used to evaluate the space derivatives in the problem, so that these derivatives are calculated in Fourier space, while the time derivatives and the local products are evaluated in real space on grid points (NATO-78/10). PSM Standards: OSHA's 1992 Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard (29CFR1910.119) is intended to prevent or minimize the employee consequences of a catastrophic release of toxic, reactive, flammable, or highly explosive chemicals h m a process. It served as a model for the RMP Rule prevention program requirements (TSCNchemical-04). Psychiatric disorders: Includes diseases of the nervous system which affect mental health (PHSA2-I). Psychrometer: An instrument for measuring relative humidities by means of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures. Psychrometric chart: A chart that graphically displays the relationship between air-water-vapor mixtures and their properties (EPA-8211 If). An important conversion factor used with the chart is 1 lb, = 7000 grains. See humidity for more related terms. Psychrophiles: Grow best at colder temperatures, below 20 C. See thermophile for more related terms (EPA-83). Public availability session: An informal, drop-by meeting at which community members can meet one-on-one with ATSDR staff members to discuss health and site-related concerns (SFhealth-04).
Public comment period: The time allowed for the public to express its views and concerns regarding an action by EPA (e.g., a Federal Register Notice of proposed rule-making, a public notice of a draft permit, or a Notice of Intent to Deny) (EPA-97/12). Public domain land: Land that the United States acquired from another nation by treaty, conquest, or purchase, ownership of which has never left the Unit@ States. These lands are generally administered by the Department of the Interior. See also withdrawn land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Public fueling station: Fueling stations such as a gasoline station. The public is accessible to the station. Public health action: A list of steps to protect public health (SFhealth-04). Public health advisory: A statement made by ATSDR to EPA or a state regulatory agency that a release of hazardous substances poses an immediate threat to human health. The advisory includes recommended measures to reduce exposure and reduce the threat to human health (SFhealth-04). Public health approach: Regulatory and voluntary focus on effective and feasible risk management actions at the national and community level to reduce human exposures and risks, with priority given to reducing exposures with the biggest impacts in terms of the number affected and severity of effect (EPA-97/12). Public health assessment (PHA): An ATSDR document that examines hazardous substances, health outcomes, and community concerns at a hazardous waste site to determine whether people could be harmed from coming into contact with those substances. The PHA also lists actions that need to be taken to protect public health (compare with health consultation) (SFhealth-04). Public health context: The incidence, prevalence, and severity of diseases in communities or populations and the factors that account for them, including infections, exposure to pollutants, and other exposures or activities (EPA-97/12). Public health hazard categories: Public health hazard categories are statements about whether people could be harmed by conditions present at the site in the past, present, or future. One or more hazard categories might be appropriate for each site. The five public health hazard categories are no public health hazard, no apparent public health hazard, indeterminate public health hazard, public health hazard, and urgent public health hazard (SFhealth04). Public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessments for sites that pose a public health hazard because of long-term exposures (greater than 1 year) to sufficiently high levels of hazardous substances or radionuclides that could result in harmful health effects (SFhealth-04).
Public Health Service Act (PHSA): See Act or PHSA. Public health statement: The first chapter of an ATSDR toxicological profile. The public health statement is a summary written in words that are easy to understand. The public health statement explains how people might be exposed to a specific substance and describes the known health effects of that substance (SFhealth-04). Public health surveillance: The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data. This activity also involves timely dissemination of the data and use for public health programs (SFhealth-04). Public hearing: A formal meeting wherein EPA officials hear the public's views and concerns about an EPA action or proposal. EPA is required to consider such comments when evaluating its actions. Public hearings must be held upon request during the public comment period (EPA-97/12). Public lands: Any land and interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the Bureau of Land Management, without regard to how the United States acquired ownership, except: (1) Lands located on the Outer Continental Shelf; and (2) Lands held for the benefit of Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos (FLPMA103-43U.S.C. 1702-90). Public meeting: A public forum with community members for communication about a site (SFhealth-04). Public notice: (1) Notification by EPA informing the public of Agency actions such as the issuance of a draft permit or scheduling of a hearing. EPA is required to ensure proper public notice, including publication in newspapers and broadcast over radio and television stations. (2) In the safe drinking water program, water suppliers are required to publish and broadcast notices when pollution problems are discovered (EPA-97/12). Public notification: An advisory that U.S. EPA or the state requires a water system to distribute to affected consumers when the system has violated maximum contaminant levels or other regulations. The notice advises consumers what precautions, if any, they should take to protect their health (SDWAIReg-04). Public participation: See community relations. Public receptor: Off-site residences; institutions (e.g., schools, hospitals); industrial, commercial, and office buildings; parks; or recreational areas inhabited or occupied by the public (TSCNchemical-04). Public record: The NPDES permit application or the NPDES permit itself and the "record for final permit" as defined in 40CFR124.122 (40CFRl17.1-91).
Public supply: Water withdrawn by public governments and agencies, such as a county water department, and by private companies that is then delivered to users. Public suppliers provide water for domestic, commercial, thermoelectric power, industrial, and public water users. Most people's household water is delivered by a public water supplier. The systems have at least 15 service connections (such as households, businesses, or schools) or regularly serve at least 25 individuals daily for at least 60 days out of the year (CWA~Wscience-04). Public vessel: A vessel owned or bareboat chartered and operated by the United States, or by a state or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign nation, except when such vessel is engaged in commerce (40CFR110.1-91, see also CWA311; OPA1001; 40CFR116.3; 300.5-91). Public water supplies: The water distributed from a public water system (4OCFRl25.58-91. Public water supply: In Virginia, as defined by the Virginia Department of Health, a water system serving at least 25 individuals or more than 15 residential connections (NavyEnv04). Public water system (PWS): Any water system which provides water to at least 15 service connections or 25 people for at least 60 days annually. There are more than 170,000 PWSs providing water from wells, rivers, and other sources to about 250 million Americans. The others drink water from private wells. There are differing standards for PWSs of different sizes and types (SDWAIReg-04). Public water system supervision program: A program for the adoption and enforcement of drinking water regulations (with such variances and exemptions from such regulations under conditions and in a manner which is not less stringent than the conditions under, and the manner in, which variances and exemptions may be granted under sections 1415 and 1416) which are no less stringent than the national primary drinking water regulations under section 1412, and for keeping records and making reports required by section 1413(a)(3) (SDWA1443-42U.S.C.30Oj.2). Public water system: A system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption, if such system has at least fifteen service connections or supplies water on a regular basis for at least 60 days out of the year. Such term includes: (1) Any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such system, and (2) Any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. A public water system is either a "community water system" or a "noncommunity water system" (SDWNeducation-04). Public water system: A system that provides piped water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or regularly
serves 25 individuals (EPA-89/12, see also SDWA1401; 40CFR125.58; 141.2; 142.2; 143.2-91).
Public water system: A system that provides piped water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or regularly serves 25 individuals (EPA-97/12). Public water use: Water supplied from a public-water supply and used for such purposes as firefighting, street washing, and municipal parks and swimming pools (CWAIWscience-04). Public water: All navigable waters of the United States and the tributaries thereof; all interstate waters and tributaries thereof; and all intrastate lakes, rivers, streams, and tributaries thereof not privately owned. See water for more related terms (EPA-79/12a). Public: As defined by the NCP includes citizens directly affected by a site, other interested citizens or parties, organized groups, elected officials, and potentially responsible parties (NavyEnv04). Publication rotogravure printing line: A rotogravure printing line in which coatings are applied to paper which is subsequently formed into books, magazines, catalogues, brochures, directories, newspaper supplements, or other types of printed material (40CFR52.741-91). Publication rotogravure printing press: Any number of rotogravure printing units capable of printing simultaneously on the same continuous web or substrate and includes any associated device for continuously cutting and folding the printed web, where the following saleable paper products are printed: (1) Catalogues, including mail order and premium. (2) Direct mail advertisements, including circulars, letters, pamphlets, cards, and printed envelopes. (3) Display advertisements, including general posters, outdoor advertisements, car cards, window posters; counter and floor displays; point-of-purchase, and other printed display material. (4) Magazines. (5) Miscellaneous advertisements, including brochures, pamphlets, catalogue sheets, circular folders, announcements, package inserts, book jackets, market circulars, magazine inserts, and shopping news. (6) Newspapers, magazine and comic supplements for newspapers, and preprinted newspaper inserts, including hi-fi and spectacolor rolls and sections, periodicals. (7) Telephone and other directories, including business reference services (40CFR60.431-91). Publicly available: Information that is available by anyone upon request (USDNwater-04). Publicly owned freshwater lake: A iieshwater lake that offers public access to the lake through publicly owned contiguous land so that any person has the same opportunity to enjoy nonconsumptive privileges and benefits of the lake as any other person. See lake for more related terms (for complete definition, see 40CFR35.1605.3-91).
Publicly owned freshwater lake: A freshwater lake that offers public access to the lake through publicly owned contiguous land so that any person has the same opportunity to enjoy nonconsumptive privileges and benefits of the lake as any other person. If user fees are charged for public use and access through state or substate operated facilities, the fees must be used for maintaining the public access and recreational facilities of this lake or other publicly owned freshwater lakes in the state, or for improving the quality of these lakes (40CFR35.1605-3-91). Publicly owned treatment works (POTW) (or municiple wastewater treatment): The treatment works treating domestic sewage that is owned by a municipality or state (40CFR501.2-91, see also 40CFR117.1; 122.2; 125.58; 260.10; 270.2; 403.3-91; EPA89112).
material is transported by the wind field and dispersed by turbulent diffusion (NATO-78110).
Pull on container: Detachable container system in a large container (around 20-30 cubic yards) is pulled onto a service vehicle or tilt frame or hoist truck by mechanical or hydraulic means and carried to disposal site for emptying (EPA-83). Pull: The quantity of glass delivered by a furnace in 24 hours (EPA-83). Pullery: A plant where sheepskin is processed by removing the wool and then pickling before shipment to a tannery (EPA-82/11). Pulp physicals: Strength properties of the pulp (EPA-83).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A municipal or public service district sewage treatment system (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Pulp press: A mechanical pressure device which squeezes the exhausted cossetted (pulp) to remove a portion of the inherent water (EPA-74/01a).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A treatment works, as defined by Section 212 of the CWA, that is owned by the state or municipality. This definition includes any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also includes sewers, pipes, and other conveyances only if they convey wastewater to a POTW treatment plant (40CFR403.3). Privately owned treatment works, federally owned treatment works, and other treatment plants not owned by municipalities are not considered POTWs (CWAIwastewater-04).
Pulp screen water: The water which is drained from the wet insoluble pulp after the diffusion process but before the pulp is pressed to remove extraneous water and sugar. See water for more related terms (EPA-74101a).
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW): A waste treatment works owned by a state, unit of local government, or Indian tribe, usually designed to treat domestic wastewaters (EPA-97/12). Public-supply withdrawals: Water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers for use within a general community. Water is used for a variety of purposes such as domestic, commercial, industrial, and public water use (CWAlWbasics-04). Pucker: An uneven quality in a paper due to improper drying (EPA-83). Puckering: In seaming a landfill liner: (1) The thermal distortion of the seamed region after completion and cooling of the seam. it is often observed on the under side of the seam (EPA-89/09). (2) A heat-related sign of localized strain caused by improper seaming using extrusion or fusion methods. It often occurs on the bottom of the lower geomembrane and in the shape of a shallow inverted V (EPA-9 1/05). Puff model: A mathematical model which describes the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere from a source by releasing a quantity of pollutant at each time step (in the case of an instantaneous source one release is sufficient). This quantity of
Pulp silo drainage: Drainage water resulting from discharge of pulp from the diffuser with screenings to a silo equipped with channels for drainage water collection (EPA-74101a). Pulp: In leather industry, pulp is a method of unhairing in which depilatory agents are used to dissolve hair entirely in a few hours (EPA-82/11). Pulp: In paper industry, pulp is cellulosic fibers after conversion from wood chips (EPA-87/10). Pulp: For more related terms, see: (1) Acid pulp (see sulfite pulp); (2) Beet pulp; (3) Chemi-mechanical pulp; (4) Chemical wood pulp; (5) Dissolving pulp; (6) Groundwood pulp; (7) Kraft pulp (see sulfate pulp); (8) Mechanical pulp; (9) Sulfate pulp; and (10) Sulfite pulp; (11) Wood pulp. Pulper: (1) A mechanical device used to separate fiber bundles in the presence of water prior to papermaking (EPA-87/10). (2) Machine which converts a mixture of dry pulp or paper and water into a fibre slurry by violent agitation. Also called hydrapulper (EPA-83). Pulping: The operation of reducing a cellulosic raw material, such as pulpwood, rags, straw, reclaimed paper, etc., into a pulp suitable for further processing into paper or paperboard or for chemical conversion (into rayon, cellophane, etc.). Pulping may vary from simple mechanical action to rather complex digesting sequences and may be conducted in batch or in continuous process equipment (EPA-83, see also EPA-87/10).
Pulpwood: The wood which is suitable for the manufacture of chemical or mechanical wood pulp. The wood may be in the form of logs as they come from the forest or cut into shorter lengths suitable for the chipper or the grinder (EPA-87/10). Pulse range: Difference in decibels between the peak level of an impulsive signal and the root-mean-square level of a continuous noise (NCNsound-04). Pulverization: The crushing or grinding of material into very fine particle size. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83). Pulverized coal fired steam generating unit: A steam generating unit in which pulverized coal is introduced into an air stream that carries the coal to the combustion chamber of the steam generating unit where it is fired in suspension. This includes both conventional pulverized coal fired and micropulverized coal fired steam generating units (40CFR60.41b-91). Pulverized coal: A coal that has been ground to a powder, usually of a size where 80% passes through a #200 U.S.S. sieve. See coal for more related terms (EPA-82111f). Pump and treat technology: Treatment method in which contaminated water is pumped out of the ground and then treated before being discharged (NavyIEnv-04).
Pumping test: Pumping of a well at a constant rate in order to obtain information about the performance of the well or to provide data from which the principal factors of aquifer performance can be calculated. A test for the latter purpose is also called an aquifer test (NavyIEnv-04). Punch list: A list of unsatisfactory or incomplete work items that are identified by the construction manager during an inspection of the work. The contractor must complete all punch list work items satisfactorily before the home will receive final acceptance (NCNnoise-04). Punch ware: Handmade, thin, blown glassware, especially tumblers (EPA-83). Puncture test: The resistance of paper to puncture as measured by special uniform tests (EPA-83). Punk stick: A small tube used to generate smoke from smoldering materials (EPA-88/08). Pure substance: A substance which is chemically homogeneous and has the same chemical composition in all phases. Water is a pure substance, because its chemical composition is the same in all phases, even for a mixture of liquid and vapor (Holman-p63; Jones-p 143).
Pump and treat: Groundwater remediation technique involving the extraction of contaminated groundwater from the subsurface to remove contaminants and subsequent return of the treated water to its source (OMBIReg-04).
Purge or line purge: The coating material expelled from the spray system when clearing it (40CFR60.391-91).
Pump-and-treat: A treatment process that involves removal of contaminated groundwater through pumping or other processes, followed by treatment of the water and either reinjection of the water into the ground or discharge of the water to a stream or lake (SFIEnv-04).
Purging: Removing stagnant air or water from sampling zone or equipment prior to sample collection (EPA-97/12).
Pumped storage: Water pumped into a storage reservoir during periods of low electric-power demand to be used to generate power during peak demand periods (DOI-70104). Pumping level: Depth to water in a well when the well is being pumped (Navy/Env-04). Pumping station (or lifting station): Mechanical devices installed in sewer or water systems or other liquid-carrying pipelines that move the liquids to a higher level (EPA-89/12). Pumping station: Mechanical device installed in sewer or water system or other liquid-carrying pipelines to move the liquids to a higher level (EPA-97/12). Pumping test: A test conducted to determine aquifer or well characteristics (EPA-97/12).
Purge: To remove undesirable substances from a pipe.
Purity: A measure of a pure substance, e.g., the actual sugar content in relation to the total dry substance in sugar beets. Specifically, the percentage of surcrose in total solids (EPA7410 1a). Push pit: A storage system sometimes used in stationary compactor transfer systems. It is a hydraulically powered bulkhead that traverses the length of the pit periodically pushes the stored waste into the hopper of a compactor (SW-108ts). Putrefaction: (1) The decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms and oxidation, resulting in odors (SW-108ts). (2) The biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul-smelling products associated with anaerobic conditions (EPA-76/03). Putrefaction: Biological decomposition of organic matter; associated with anaerobic conditions (EPA-97/12).
Putrescible material: Capable of being decomposed by microorganisms with sufficient rapidity as to cause nuisances from odors and gases. Kitchen wastes, offal, and dead animals are examples (EPA-83). Putrescible waste: The solid waste which contains organic matter capable of being decomposed by microorganisms and of such a character and proportion as to be capable of attracting or providing food for birds. See waste for more related terms (40CFR257.3.891). Putrescible: Able to rot quickly enough to cause odors and attract flies (EPA-97/12). Putrescine: In biochemistry, a wlorless, ill-smelling ptomaine (C4H2N) resulting from the bacterial decomposition of animal tissues in the presence of moisture and heat, but in the absence of air (EPA-83).
Pyrolysis: (1) The thermal/chemical decomposition of a compound by heat in an oxygen deficient manner (SW-108ts). (2) Chemical change caused by heat (DOE-91/04). Pyrolysis: Decomposition of a chemical by extreme heat (EPA97/12). Pyrolytic gas and oil: The gas or liquid products that possess usable heating value that is recovered from the heating of organic material (such as that found in solid waste), usually in an essentially oxygen-free atmosphere (40CFR245.101-91). Pyrolytic incinerator: See starved air incinerator. Pyrolytic thermal decomposition: The thermal decomposition of an organic compound in the complete or partial absence of oxygen (EPA-88/12).
Putty: A white polishing compound (EPA-83).
Pyrometallurgical: The use of high-temperature processes to treat metals (EPA-83103a).
Pyrazolone colorimetric: A standard method of measuring cyanides in aqueous solutions (EPA-83106a).
Pyrometer: An instrument to measure high temperature. There are two types: (1) Optical pyrometer. (2) Radiation pyrometer.
Pyrimidine dimer: Covalent bonding of adjacent pyrimidine residues in a nucleic acid exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A pyrimidine dimer distorts a nucleic acid double helix structure and must be excised so replication and gene expression can proceed (EPA-88/09a).
Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE): An index to the refractoriness of a material. It is obtained by a test that provides the number of a standard pyrometric cone that is closest in its bending behavior to that of a pyrometric cone made of the material when both are heated in accordance with ASTM Standard Method of Test for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent of Refractory Materials (SW-108ts).
Pyrite: A combination of iron and sulfur found in wal as FeS2 (EPA-82/ 1If). Pyrite: A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, FeS2 or iron disulfide, generally in cubic crystals. Also called iron pyrites, fool's gold, sulfur balls. Iron pyrite is the most common sulfide found in coal mines (CWNmining-04). Pyrogenic lipopolysaccharides: Complex molecules found in the cell walls (see endotoxins) of microorganisms that cause inflammatory reactions in the body (EPA-88109a).
Pyrophoric: A substance that spontaneously ignites in air at or below room temperature without supply of heat, friction, or shock (EPA-87/07a). Pyrophoric: Capable of ignition spontanwusly (EPA-8 1/09).
7410: Seven-day, consecutive low flow with a ten-year return frequency; the lowest stream flow for seven consecutive days that would be expected to occur once in ten years (EPA-97/12).
Qualitative risk analysis: A nonnumeric evaluation of a site to determine potential exposure pathways and receptors based on known or readily available information (Navy/Env-04).
ql*: Upper bound on the slope of the low-dose linearized multistage procedure (EPA-92/12).
Qualitative use assessment: Report summarizing the major uses of a pesticide including percentage of crop treated, and amount of pesticide used on a site (EPA-97/12).
Quad: Quadrillion or 10". Quadrat: A ground area for sampling all biological species of interest. Qualified incinerator: One of the following: (1) An incinerator approved under the provisions of 40CFR761.70. Any level of PCB concentration can be destroyed in an incinerator approved under 40CFR761.70. (2) A high efficiency boiler which complies with the criteria of 40CFR761.60(a)(2)(iii)(A), and for which the operator has given written notice to the appropriate EPA Regional Administrator in accordance with the notification requirements for the burning of mineral oil dielectric fluid under 40CFR761.60(a)(2)(iii)(B). (3) An incinerator approved under section 3005(c) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42U.S.C.6925(~))(RCRA). (4) Industrial furnaces and boilers which are identified in 40CFR260.10 and 40CFR279.61(a)(l) and (2) when operating at their normal operating temperatures (this prohibits feeding fluids, above the level of detection, during either startup or shutdown operations) ( 4 0 ~ ~ ~ 7 6 1 ' .(5) 3 ) See . incinerator for more related terms. Qualified individual (QI): A term used by the U. S. Coast Guard for the designated individual who is trained in oil and hazardous substance facility response and acts as liaison with the federal OSC in spill response activities (NavyIEnv-04). Qualifying phase I technology: A technological system of continuous emission reduction which achieves a 90% reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide from the emissions that would have resulted from the use of fuels which were not subject to treatment prior to combustion (CAA402-42U.S.C.765la-91). Qualitative evaluation: Assessing the risk of an accidental release at a facility in relative terms; the end result of the assessment being a verbal description of the risk (EPA-87107a).
Qualitative: An analysis in which some or all of the components of a sample are identified (cf. quantitative) (EPA-89112a). Qualitative: Analysis without regard to quantity or specific numeric values (NavyIEnv-04). Quality assessment: The overall system of activities whose purpose is to provide assurance that the overall quality control job is being done effectively. It involves a continuing evaluation of the products produced and the performance of the production system (ACS-87/11). Quality assurance (QA): (1) The total integrated program for assuring the reliability of monitoring and measurement data. A system for integrating the quality planning, quality assessment, and quality improvement efforts to meet user requirements (EPA86110a). (2) A system of activities whose purpose is to provide to the producer or user of a product or service the assurance that it meets defined standards of quality with a stated level of confidence. QA is understanding the measurement process, what needs to be measured, what needs to done, doing what needs to be done, evaluating what was done, reporting evaluated data which is technically sound and legally defensible (ACS-87/11). Quality assurance (QA): The total integrated program put in place to assure the reliability of data generated in the laboratory (NavyIEnv-04). Quality assurance and quality control (QAIQC): A system of procedures, checks, audits, and corrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities are of the highest achievable quality (EPA-89/12). Quality assurance and quality control (QNQC): QNQCrelated terms include (1) Method: An assemblage of techniques. It implies reduction to practice. (2) Procedure: A detailed instruction
to permit replication of a method, e.g., ASTh4-D2914. (3) Protocol: A methodology specified in regulatory, authoritative, or contractual situations, e.g., EPA method 5. (4) Technique: A physical or chemical principle for characterizing materials of chemical systems. A standardization of a method can be expressed as "technique 3 method 3 procedure protocol" (EPA-89/12a, see also ACS-87/11).
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Quality assurance narrative statement: A description of how precision, accuracy, representativeness, completeness, and compatibility will be assessed, and which is sufficiently detailed to allow an unambiguous determination of the quality assurance practices to be followed throughout a research project (40CFR30.200-91). Quality assurance officer: As used in this document, the quality assurance officer is the individual responsible for development, documentation, and assessment of a laboratory's quality assurance program (SA-04). Quality assurance plan: A document that contains or references the quality assurance elements established for an activity, group of activities, scientific investigation, or a project, and describes how conformance with such requirements is to be assured for structures, systems, computer software, components, and their operation commensurate with: (1) The scope, complexity, duration, and importance to satisfactory performance; (2) The potential impact on environment, safety, and health, and (3) Requirements for reliability and continuity of operations (DOE-91/04). Quality assurance program plan: A formal document which describes an orderly assembly of management policies, objectives, principles, organizational responsibilities, and procedures by which an agency or laboratory specifies how it intends to: (1) Produce data of documented quality; and (2) Provide for the preparation of quality assurance project plans and standard operating procedures (40CFR30.200-91, see also EPA-91/02). Quality assurance project plan (QAPP): An EPA organization's written procedures which delineate how it produces quality data for a specific project or measurement method (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 300.5-91). There are four categories in its QA program as follows: (1) Category I Projects require the most rigorous and detailed QA, since the resulting data must be both legally and scientifically defensible. Category I projects include enforcement actions and projects of significant national or congressional visibility. Such projects are typically monitored by the Administrator. Category I projects must produce results that are autonomous; that is, results that can prove or disprove a hypothesis without reference to complementary projects. (2) Category I1 Projects are those producing results that complement other inputs. These projects are of sufficient scope and substance that their results could be combined with those from other projects of similar scope to produce information for making rules, regulations, or policies. In addition, projects that do not fit this pattern, but have high visibility, would also be included in this
category. (3) Category I11 Projects are those producing results used to evaluate and select basic options, or to perform feasibility studies or preliminary assessments of unexplored areas which might lead to further work. (4) Category IV Projects are those producing results for the purpose of assessing suppositions (EPA9 1102).
Quality assurance unit: Any person or organizational element, except the study director, designated by testing facility management to perform the duties relating to quality assurance of the studies (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3-91). Quality assurance/quality control: A system of procedures, checks, audits, and corrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance, environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical and reporting activities are of the highest achievable quality (EPA-97/12). Quality assurance: Evaluation of quality-control data to allow quantitative determination of the quality of chemical data collected during a study. Techniques used to collect, process, and analyze water samples are evaluated (CWA/Wbasics-04). Quality control (QC): (1) The routine application of procedures for obtaining prescribed standards of performance in the monitoring and measurement process (EPA-86110a). (2) The overall system of activities whose purpose is to control the quality of a product or service, so that it meets the needs of users. The aim is to provide quality that is satisfactory, adequate, dependable, and economic (ACS-87/11). (3) Duplication of a portion of the analytical tests performed to estimate the overall quality of the results and to determine what, if any, changes must be made to achieve or maintain the required level of quality (EPA-89112a). (4) cf. construction quality control. Quality control (QC): The routine application of specific, welldefined procedures which ensure the generation of data which fulfill the objectives of the QA program (NavyJEnv-04). Quality control sample: A solution obtained from an outside source having known, concentration values to be used to verify the calibration standards (40CFR136-AppIC-91). Quality indicator: Includes: (1) Comparability: In quality control, the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another (ACS-87/11; EPA-85/08). (2) Completeness: In QA, a quality indicator. It is a measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount of valid data that were intended to be obtained under correct normal conditions (or compared to the amount of data collected that was expected, usually expressed as percent) (ACS-87/11; EPA-85/08; 89/03). (3) Representativeness: The degree to which the data accuratively and precisely represent a characteristic of a population parameter, variation of a property, a process characteristic, or an operational condition (ACS-87/11; EPA8611Oa).
Quality of wet vapor: See quality definition under thermodynamics. Quality: In quality control, quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs (EPA-84/03). It includes: (1) Design quality: The design developed to meet a need, and (2) Conformance quality: The actual production that meets the need (ACS-87/11). Quality: In thermodynamics, the fraction of vapor mass in a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. For example, x = mg/(mf + m,); where: x = quality; m, = vapor mass in a mixture; and mf = liquid mass in a mixture.
Quarter: A three-month period; the first quarter concludes on the last day of the last full month during the 180 days following initial startup (40CFR60.481-91). Quartz glass: A term applied to silica glass made by fusing vein quartz. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Quasi-static process: See reversible process. Quaternary ammonium salt: Chemical compound having a chlorine or bromine ion attached to a nitrogen atom with four carbon-nitrogen bonds. May be used as algicides, bactericides, piscicides, etc. (EPA-85/10).
Quality: Quality is the absence of defects. In contrast, deficiency means general inadequacy.
Quench station: That portion of the metal coil surface coating operation where the coated metal coil is cooled, usually by a water spray, after baking or curing (40CFR60.461-91).
Quality: For more related terms, see (1) Quality data and (2) Data quality objective.
Quench tank: A water-filled tank used to cool incinerator residues or hot materials during industrial processes (EPA-97/12).
Quantifiable IeveVlevel of detection: 2 micrograms per gram from any resolvable gas chromatographic peak, i.e., 2 ppm (40CFR761.3-91).
Quench trough: A water-filled trough into which burning residue drops from an incinerator furnace (SW-108ts).
Quantitation limit (QL): The lowest level at which a chemical can be accurately and reproducibly quantitated. Usually equal to the method detection limit multiplied by a factor of three to five, but varies for different chemicals and different samples (EPA91/12). Quantitative evaluation: Assessing the risk of an accidental release at a facility in numerical terms; the end result of the assessment being some type of number reflects risk, such as faults per year or mean time between failures (EPA-87107a). Quantitative: An analysis in which the amount of one or more components of a sample is determined (cf qualitative) (EPA89/12a). Quantitative: Analysis with regard to quantities or specific numeric values (NavyIEnv-04). Quantity reduction: In municipal waste, changing the design of a product so that less municipal waste is generated when the product or its residuals are discarded, or so that the product is more durable or repairable (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA-89/10). Quantum chemistry: A science of using quantum mechanics to interpret chemical phenomena. Quarry method: A variation of the area method in which the wastes are spread and compacted in a depression and cover materials are generally obtained elsewhere. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Quench: (1) To cool rapidly (EPA-81/09). (2) Cooling of hot gases by rapid evaporation of water (EPA-89103b). Quenching oil: The medium to heavy grade mineral oils used in the cooling of metals. Standard weight or grade of oils would be similar to standard SAE 60. See oil for more related terms (EPA8511Oa). Quenching: Shock cooling by immersion of liquid or molten material in a cooling medium (liquid or gas). Used in metallurgy, plastics forming, and petroleum refining (EPA-83/03). Quick setting ink: An ink for letterpress and offset dry by either filtration, coagulation, selective absorption, or often a combination of these with some of the other drying methods. The vehicles are generally special resin-oil combinations which, after the ink has been printed, separate into a solid material which remains on the surface as a dry film and an oily material which penetrates rapidly into the stock. This rapid separation gives the effect of very quick setting or drytng. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Quicklime: See calcium. Quinhydrone electrode: A half cell with an electrode made from a platinum wire in an equal molar solution of quinone and hydroquinone. The electrode is used as a reversible electrode standard in pH determinations. See electrode for more related terms. Quinone (or cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, CO(CHCH)2CO): A yellow crystal used to make dyes and hydroquinone.
1/R2 correction: The correction made for the systematic decrease in lidar backscatter signal amplitude with range (40CFR60App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Radiation cooling: In meteorology, usually employed with respect to the cooling of the earth's surface, particularly during the night caused by radiation heat losses by the surface (NATO-78/10).
Rack dryer: Any equipment used to reduce the moisture content of grain in which the grain flows from the top to the bottom in a cascading flow around rows of baffles (racks) (40CFR60.301-91).
Radiation emission-absorption instrumentation: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). All organic compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation because all contain valence electrons that can be excited to higher energy levels. Absorption measurements in the visible and ultraviolet wavelength regions are useful for detecting the presence of certain functional groups that contain valence electrons with relatively low excitation energies. Absorption measurements in the infrared wavelength regions are useful for identifying specific compounds since no two organic compounds (except for optical isomers) have identical infrared absorption curves. The applicability of absorption measurements to characterize incinerator effluents involves the choice of the appropriate energies and wavelength. Types of radiation emissionabsorption instrumentation include (1) I n h e d absorption. (2) Ultraviolet absorption.
Rack: A bar screen used to remove large suspended solids. RAD: Radiation Absorbed Dose. (1) The special unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. A dose of one RAD equals the absorption of 100 ergs of radiation energy per gram of absorbing material. (2) One RAD of absorbed dose is equal to .O1 joules per kilogram (AEAImixedW-04).
Radiant energy or radiation: The energy traveling as a wave unaccompanied by transfer of matter. Examples include x-rays, visible light, ultraviolet light, radio waves, etc. (40CFR796.370091). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): See radiation unit for more related terms. Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The basic concept in radiation dosimetry. It is the absorption of energy in living tissue and is defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU): 1 RAD = absorbed energy of 100 ergs per gram of tissue, (0.01 Joules per kilogram of tissue) (LBL-76107-rad, see also EPA-89/12). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The basic unit of absorbed dose equal to the absorption of 0.01 joule per kilogram of absorbing material (DOE-9 1/04). Radiation absorbed dose (RAD): The unit of measurement for the physical absorption of radiation (SDWA/radionuclide-04). Radiation biochemistry: A science dealing with the response of living organisms to radiation. Radiation catalysis: A catalysis process in which radiation is used to activate or speed up chemical or physical change. See catalysis for more related terms.
Radiation inversion: The inversion which develops during the night over a land surface, caused by the strong cooling of the surface due to radiative losses. A favorable condition for the formation of a radiation inversion is a virtually cloudless sky during the night. See inversion for more related terms (NATO78110). Radiation pyrometer: (1) A device that determines temperature by measuring the intensity of radiation at all wavelengths emitted by a material having a high temperature (SW-lO8ts). (2) A device that determines temperature by measuring the intensity of radiation from a heat-generating body (EPA-83). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Radiation shield: A panel that is used to reduce heat losses through radiation. For example, it is normally located between the engine and cooling water jackets of automobile engines. Radiation standards: Regulations that set maximum exposure limits for protection of the public from radioactive materials (EPA-97/12). Radiation threat: The use of common explosives to spread radioactive materials over a targeted area. Also known as a "dirty
bomb," a radiation threat is not a nuclear blast, but rather an explosion with localized radioactive contamination (HAS-92).
Radiation unit: Radiation unit-related terms include (1) Becquerel (Bq); (2) Curie (Ci); (3) Kerma (K); (4) RAD (radiation absorbed dose); (5) REM (roentgen equivalent man); (6) Rep; and (7) Roentgen (R). Radiation: Any form of energy propagated as rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. The term is 'equently used in relation to the emission of rays from the nucleus of an atom (cf. radiation under heat transfer) (EPA-88108a). Radiation: Any or all of the following: alpha, beta, gamma, or Xrays; neutrons; and high energy electrons, protons, or other atomic particles; but not sound or radio waves, nor visible, infrared, or ultra-violet light (40CFR190.02-91, see also 10CFR20.3; 300App/A, 796.3700-91). Radiation: Energy transferred through space or other media in the form of particles or waves. Certain radiation types are capable of breaking up atoms or molecules. The splitting, or decay, of unstable atoms emits ionizing radiation (AEAIclosure-04). Radiation: The emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. All bodies above absolute zero temperature radiate. Radiation incident on a body may be absorbed, reflected, and transmitted (NATO-10178). Radiation: Transmission of energy though space or any medium. Also known as radiant energy (EPA-97/12). Radiation: For more related terms, see (1) Alpha radiation; (2) Background radiation; (3) Beta radiation; (4) External radiation; (5) Gamma radiation; (6) Gamma ray (see gamma radiation); (7) Global radiation; (8) I n h e d radiation; (9) Internal radiation; (10) Ionization radiation; (11) Ionizing radiation; (12) Natural radiation; (13) Non-ionization radiation; (14) Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation; (15) Nuclear radiation; (16) Solar radiation; and (17) Ultraviolet radiation. Radiative forcing: A change in average net radiation at the top of the troposphere (known as the tropopause) because of a change in either incoming solar or exiting infrared radiation. A positive radiative forcing tends on average to warm the Earth's surface; a negative radiative forcing on average tends to cool the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gases, when emitted into the atmosphere, trap infrared energy radiated from the Earth's surface and therefore tend to produce positive radiative forcing. See greenhouse gases (CAA/C02gas1-04). Radiatively active gases: Gases that absorb incoming solar radiation or outgoing infrared radiation, affecting the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. See radiative forcing (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Radical attack: Generally a bimolecular reaction between a stable molecule and a radical species; e.g., H atom metathesis or C1 atom displacement (EPA-88/12). Radical: See free radical. Radicle: That portion of the plant embryo which develops into the primary root (40CFR797.2750-91). Radio frequency heat: Heat generated by the application of an alternating electric current, oscillating in the radio frequency range, to a dielectric material. In recent years this method has been used to cure synthetic resin glues (EPA-74/04). Radio frequency radiation: See non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EPA-97/12). Radioactive decay: Spontaneous change in an atom by emission of charged particles and/or gamma rays; also known as radioactive disintegration and radioactivity (EPA-97/12). Radioactive decay: The process of spontaneous nuclear transformation, whereby an isotope of one element is transformed into an isotope of another element, releasing excess energy in the form of radiation (40CFR300-App/A-91). Radioactive half life: The time required for one half the atoms in a given quantity of a specific radionuclide to undergo radioactive decay (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1). Radioactive material: Any material which spontaneously emits radiation (40CFR190.02-91, see also 10CFR20.3-91). Other radioactive material-related terms include (1) Airborne radioactive material; (2) Naturally occurring or accelerator produced radioactive material; and (3) Residual radioactive material. Radioactive substance: (1) Solid, liquid, or gas containing atoms of a single radionuclide or multiple radionuclides (40CFR300AppIA-91; EPA-88/03). Radioactive substances: Substances that emit ionizing radiation (EPA-97/12). Radioactive waste (or radwaste): Any waste which contains radioactive material in concentrations which exceed those listed in 10CFR20, Appendix B, Table 11, Column 2 (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3-91). Radioactive waste: Materials from nuclear operations that are radioactive or are contaminated with radioactive materials, and for which use, reuse, or recovery are impractical (DOE-91/04). Radioactive waste: Solid, liquid, or gaseous material resulting from weapons production that contains radionuclides in excess of threshold quantities. This may include high level, low level, or
transuranic wastes, spent fuels, or highly enriched uranium (OMBIReg-04).
Radioisotope: Chemical variants of radioactive elements with potentially oncogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on the human body (EPA-97/12).
Radioactive waste: The high level and transuranic radioactive waste covered by this part (40CFR191.OM]).
Radiometer: An instrument used to measure radiant power.
Radioactive waste: For more related terms, see (1) High level radioactive waste; (2) Low level radioactive waste; and (3) Transuranic radioactive waste. See waste for more related terms.
Radionuclide/radioisotope:The isotope of an element exhibiting radioactivity. For HRS purposes, radionuclide and radioisotope are used synonymously (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1).
Radioactivity: (1) The property of those isotopes of elements that exhibit radioactive decay and emit radiation (40CFR300-AppIA91). (2) A property possessed by some elements, such as uranium, whereby alpha, beta, or gamma rays are spontaneously emitted (EPA-88108a). Radioactivity occurs when an unstable nucleus undergoes atomic disintegration by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation (Markes-67). (3) The spontaneous decay or disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei, accompanied by the emission of radiation (DOE-91/04).
Radionuclide: A radioactive nuclide (DOE-91/04).
Radioassay: A technique to measure the effect of radiation intensity of a radioactive sample (cf. radioisotope assay). Radiobiology: The study of radiation effects on living things (EPA-89/ 12). Radiochemistry: The study of the chemistry of radioactive substances. Radioecology: The study of the effects of radiation on species of plants and animals in natural communities (EPA-74/11). Radiograph: Images made on film by ionizing radiation (DOE9 1/04). Radiography: A non-destructive method of internal examination in which metal or other objects are exposed to a beam of x-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density, or absorption, caused by internal discontinuities, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind the object (EPA-83106%see also 10CFR30.4-91). Radioisotope assay: A technique to separate and to measure a radioactive tracer (cf. radioassay). Radioisotope: A naturally occurring or artificially created radioactive isotope of a chemical element. Some radioisotopes such as cobalt40 can be used in medical therapy, biological research, etc. Radioisotope: An unstable or radioactive isotope (form) of an element that can change into another element by giving off radiation (SFhealth-04).
Radionuclide: A radioactive species of an atom. For example, tritium, strontium 90, and uranium 235 are all radionuclides (OMBIReg-04). Radionuclide: A type of atom which spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay (40CFR61.91-91, see also 40CFR61.101-91). Radionuclide: An unstable form of a chemical element that radioactively decays, resulting in the emission of nuclear radiation. Prolonged exposure to radionuclides increases the risk of cancer. All of the radionuclides known to occur in drinking water are currently regulated, except for radon and naturally occurring uranium, both of which were proposed for regulation in October 1999 (SDWAIReg-04). Radionuclide: Any nuclide that emits radiation (AENmixedW04). Radionuclide: Any radioactive isotope (form) of any element (SFhealth-04). Radionuclide: Radioactive isotopes of various elements are collectively referred to as radionuclides (EPA-87/03). Radionuclide: Radioactive particle, man-made (anthropogenic) or natural, with a distinct atomic weight number. Can have a long life as soil or water pollutant (EPA-97/12). Radiosonde: (1) An instrument which rises through the atmosphere by means of a balloon and which measures and simultaneously transmits meteorological data, usually pressure, temperature, and humidity (NATO-78/10). (2) A miniature radio transmitter with instruments that is carried aloft (as by an unmanned balloon) for broadcasting by means of precise tone signals or other suitable method the humidity, temperature, pressure, or other parameter every few seconds (LBL76107-air). Radium (Ra): An alkaline earth, radioactive metal with atomic number 88; atomic weight 226; density 5.0 glcc; melting point 700 C and boiling point 1140 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Radius of influence: The maximum distance from the extraction or injection well where vacuum or pressure (soil gas or groundwater movement) occurs (NavyIEnv-04). Radius of influence: The radial distance from the center of a wellbore to the point where there is no lowering of the water table or potentiometric surface (the edge of the cone of depression); (2) the radial distance from an extraction well that has adequate air flow for effective removal of contaminants when a vacuum is applied to the extraction well (EPA-97/12).
218, Pb-214, Bi-214, and Po-214, which have an average combined half-life of about 30 minutes (EPA-97/12).
Radon progeny integrated sampling unit: A radon decay product measurement system consisting of a low flow-rate air pump that pulls air continuously through a detector assembly containing a thermoluminescent dosimeter. The unit is operated for 100 hours or longer and then the detector assembly is returned to the laboratory for analysis (EPA-88/08). Radon progeny: See radon decay product.
Radius of oxygen influence: The radius to which oxygen has to be supplied to sustain maximal biodegradation; a function of both air flowrates and oxygen utilization rates, and therefore depends on site geology, well design, and microbial activity (NavyIEnv-04). Radius of vulnerability zone: The maximum distance from the point of release of a hazardous substance in which the airborne concentration could reach the level of concern under specified weather conditions (EPA-97/12). Radon (Rn): A colorless naturally occurring, radioactive, inert gas formed by radioactive decay of radium atoms in soil or rocks (EPA-97/12). Radon (Rn): A naturally occurring, colorless, odorless, radioactive gas formed by the disintegration of the element radium; damaging to human lungs when inhaled (CWAIWbasics-
Radwaste: See radioactive waste. Rafthate: In the petroleum industry, the portion of the oil which remains undissolved and is not removed by solvent extraction (EPA-74104b). The less soluble residue that remains after extraction. Rag paper: A paper product manufactured by use of such materials as cotton or linen threads, flax and hemp, raw cotton, and other textile fibers and cotton linters, as well as rags. See paper for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Rail car: A non-self-propelled vehicle designed for and used on railroad tracks (40CFR201.1-91, see also 40CFR60.301-91).
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Rail haul: The hauling of material by rail (cf. barge haul) (EPA83).
Radon (Rn): A radioactive gaseous element with atomic number 86; atomic weight 222; density 9.73 glcc; melting point 71 C and boiling point -61.8 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table.
Railcar loading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic minerals or metallic mineral concentrates are loaded by a conveying system into railcars (40CFR60.381-91).
Radon (Rn-222): The radioactive gaseous element and its shortlived decay products produced by the disintegration of the element radium occurring in the air, water, soil, or other media (TSCA302, see also EPA-89/12; 88/08a; 88/08).
Railcar unloading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic ore is unloaded from a railcar into a hopper, screen, or crusher (40CFR60.38 1-91).
Radon daughter: See radon decay product. Radon daughterslradon progeny: Short-lived radioactive decay products of radon that decay into longer-lived lead isotopes that can attach themselves to airborne dust and other particles and, if inhaled, damage the linings of the lungs (EPA-97/12). Radon decay product (radon daughter or radon progeny): The products are ultrafine solids which tend to adhere to other solids, including dust particles in the air and solid surfaces in a room and can be breathed into the lung where they continue to release radiation as they further decay (EPA-88/09b, see also EPA88108a). Radon decay products: A term used to refer collectively to the immediate products of the radon decay chain. These include Po-
Railroad: All the roads in use by any common carrier operating a railroad, whether owned or operated under a contract, agreement, or lease (40CFR201.1-91). Rain shadow: A dry region on the lee side of a topographic obstacle, usually a mountain range, where rainfall is noticeably less than on the windward side (CWAIWbasics-04). Rain shadow: An area that has a relatively light average rainfall due to its situation on the lee side of a range of mountains or hills where it is sheltered 6-om the prevailing rain-bearing winds. On the windward side the rainfall is heavy, owing to the forced ascent of the moisture-laden air; as the air descends on the lee side it is warmed and dried, so that little rain is deposited there (DOI70104).
Rain: Water drops resulting from the precipitation in the atmosphere. Rainbow report: Comprehensive document giving the status of all pesticides now or ever in registration or special reviews. Known as the "rainbow report" because chapters are printed on different colors of paper (EPA-97/12). Rainfall excess: The volume of rainfall available for direct runoff. It is equal to the total rainfall minus interception, depression storage, and absorption (CWAhydrology-04). Rainfall, excessive: Rainfall in which the rate of fall is greater than certain adopted limits, chosen with regard to the normal precipitation (excluding snow) of a given place or area. In the U.S. Weather Bureau, it is defined, for states along the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf coast, as rainfall in which the depth of precipitation is 0.90 inch at the end of 30 minutes and 1S O inches at the end of an hour, and for the rest of the country as rainfall in which the depth of precipitation at the end of each of the same periods is 0.50 and 0.80 inch, respectively (CWAhydrology-04). Rainfall: The quantity of water that falls as rain only. Not synonymous with precipitation (CWAhydrology-04). Rainout: The scavenging of air pollutants in clouds by liquid or solid particles (NATO-78110). Rainwash: A thin sheet of water flowing evenly downslope, quickly concentrated by converging slopes into the shortest and steepest routes downward. This is the first step in the formation of a stream (DOI-70104). Raise: A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, vertical or nearvertical opening driven upward form a level to connect with the level above, or to explore the ground for a limited distance above one level (CWMmining-04). Rake classifier: A mechanical classifier utilizing reciprocal rakes on an inclined plane to separate coarse from fine material contained in a water pulp (EPA-75110~). Ramp method: A variation of area method in which cover materials are obtained by excavating in front of the working face. A variation of this method is known as the progressive slope sanitary landfilling method. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Ramp: A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, driven to connect levels, usually driven in a downward direction, and used for haulage (CWMmining-04). Ramsbottom carbon residue: The carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil. See ASTM D254 (EPA-83).
Random incident field: A sound field in which the angle of anival of sound at a given point in space is random in time (40CFR211.203-91). Random monitoring: Monitoring with time intervals determined on a random basis between consecutive observation. See monitoring for more related terms. Random process: A procedure which varies according to some probability function (EPA-79112~). Random variable: A variable whose values occur according to the distribution of some probability function. See variable for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Range of concentration: The highest concentration, the lowest concentration, and the average concentration of an additive in a fuel (40CFR79.2-91). Range: (1) Nominal minimum and maximum concentration which a method is capable of measuring (40CFR53.23-91). (2) In statistics, the difference between the largest and smallest numbers in a set of numbers (EPA-84/03). (3) The lower and upper detectable limits of concentration, absorbance, percentage transmittance, etc. The lower limit should not be reported as 0.0 ppm unless it is the true lower detectable limit (LBL76107-bio). (4) cf. relative range. Rank of coal: A classification of coal based upon the fixed carbon as a dry weight basis and the heat value (EPA-8211If). Rankine cycle: A thermodynamic cycle which is the basis of the steam electric generating process (EPA-82111f). Rankine: See absolute temperature. Ranks of coal: The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture, and heat content. "Anthracite" is hard coal, almost pure carbon, used mainly for heating homes. "Bituminous" is soft coal. It is the most common coal found in the United States and is used to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry. "Subbituminous" is a coal with a heating value between bituminous and lignite. It has low fixed carbon and high percentages of volatile matter and moisture. "Lignite" is the softest coal and has the highest moisture content. It is used for generating electricity and for conversion into synthetic gas. In terms of Btu or "heating" content, anthracite has the highest value, followed by bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite (CWNmining-04). Raoult's law: A physical-chemical law which states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent multiplied by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent (Navy~Env04). Raoult's law: For concentrated solutions where the components do not interact, the resulting vapor pressure (p) of component "A"
in equilibrium with other components can be expressed as: p = xAPA;where: x = mole fraction of component "A" in solution; PA = vapor pressure of pure component "A" at the same temperature and pressure as the solution. In comparing with Raoult's law, Henry's law is for dilute solutions. See gas absorption for more related terms (Hesketh-79, p144).
Rapid sand filter: A filter for the purification of water which has been previously treated, usually by coagulation and sedimentation. The water passes downward through a filtering medium consisting of a layer of sand, prepared anthracite coal or other suitable material, usually from 24 to 30 inches thick and resting on a supporting bed of gravel or other porous medium. The filtrate is removed by an under-drain system. The filter is cleaned periodically by reversing the flow of the water upward through the filtering medium; sometimes supplemented by mechanical or air agitation during backwashing to remove mud and other impurities that are lodged in the sand. See filter for more related terms (EPA82110). Rapping: A process to rap the dust off a electrostatic precipitator. Rare earth deposit: The source of cerium, terbium, yttrium, and related elements of the rare-earth's group, as well as thorium (EPA-82/05). Rare earth metals: Refers to the elements scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum to lutetium, inclusive. See metal for more related terms (40CFR421.271-91).
Rated capacity: In general, the quantity of material that a system can process under demonstrated test conditions (EPA-83). See capacity for more related terms. Rated capacity: In wastewater, the rate of a wastewater flow that a treatment plant is considered capable of treating on a continuous basis with proper disposal of sludge and no loss in efficiency (DOI-70104). Rated incinerator capacity: The number of tons of solid waste that can be processed in an incinerator per 24-hour period when specified criteria prevail. See capacity for more related terms (OME-88/12). Rated load: The maximum load that a piece of equipment is designed to handle safely. See load for more related terms (EPA83). Rated output (RO): The maximum powerlthrust available for takeoff at standard day conditions as approved for the engine by the Federal Aviation Administration, including reheat contribution where applicable, but excluding any contribution due to water injection (40CFR87.1-91). Rated power: Maximum power that a power plant is designed to produce safely. Rated pressure ratio (rPR): The ratio between the combustor inlet pressure and the engine inlet pressure achieved by an engine operating at rated output (40CFR87.1-91).
Rare gas: See inert gas. Rare species: See endangered species. Rasp (or rasper): (1) A grinding machine in the form of a large vertical drum containing heavy hinged arms that rotate horizontally over a rasp-and-sieve floor (SW-lO8ts). (2) See size reduction machine for more related terms. Rasp: A machine that grinds waste into a manageable material and helps prevent odor (EPA-97/12). Rasping system: A procedure in which refuse is ground through a screen partly covered with steel pins that have the effect of a rasp (EPA-83). Rate coefficient: A parameter which relates reaction rate of a given molecule(s) to their concentration(s) (EPA-88/12). Rate constant: The constant in an equation for the rate (concentration change per unit time) of a chemical reaction. Rate determining step: The slowest step of all reaction steps involved in a chemical reaction system. The slowest step determines the overall rate of the reaction.
Rated speed: The speed at which the manufacturer specifies the maximum rated horsepower of an engine (40CFR86.082.2-91). Rating curve: A drawn curve showing the relation between gage height and discharge of a stream at a given gaging station (CWA/Wscience-04). Rational method: A method of estimating the amount of rainfall runoff. Ratoon crop: A crop cultivated from the shoots of a perennial plant (CAA/C02gasl-04). Rattle: Crackling sound produced by shaking a sheet of paper. It indicates rigidity or stiffness of the paper (EPA-83). Raw agricultural commodity: An unprocessed human food or animal feed crop (e.g., raw carrots, apples, corn, or eggs) (EPA97/12). Raw batch: A glass charge without cullet (cf. raw batch) (EPA83). Raw cullet: A glass charge made totally of cullet. See cullet for more related terms (EPA-83).
Raw data: Any laboratory worksheets, records, memoranda notes, or exact copies thereof, that are the result of original observations and activities of a study and are necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the report of that study. In the event that exact transcripts of raw data have been prepared (e.g., tapes which have been transcribed verbatim, dated, and verified accurate by signature), the exact copy or exact transcript may be substituted for the original source as raw data. Raw data may include photographs, microfilm or microfiche copies, computer printouts, magnetic media, including dictated observations, and recorded data from automated instruments (40CFR160.3-91). Raw ink: All purchased ink (40CFR60.431-91). Raw material equivalent: Equal to the raw material usage multiplied by the volume of air scrubbed via wet scrubbers divided by the total volume of air scrubbed (40CFR428.51-91, see also 40CFR428.61; 428.71-91). Raw material: All natural and synthetic rubber, carbon black, oils, chemical compounds, fabric, and wire used in the manufacture of pneumatic tires and inner tubes or components thereof (40CFR428.11-91, see also 40CFR425.02; 428.51; 428.61; 428.71; 428.101; 428.1 11; 432.101-91). Raw mine drainage: Untreated or unprocessed water drained, pumped, or siphoned from a mine (EPA-82/05). Raw sewage sludge: The solids concentrated by various methods in wastewater treatment plants, usually contain 90 to 96% water. See sewage for more related terms (EPA-83). Raw sewage: (1) The untreated sewage (EPA-76/03). (2) See sewage for more related terms. Raw sewage: Untreated wastewater and its contents (EPA-97/12). Raw sludge: The sludge that has not been treated by either aerobic or anaerobic digestion. See sludge for more related terms. Raw sugar juice: The liquid product remaining after extraction of sugar from the sliced beets (cossetees) during the diffusion process. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74101a). Raw sugar: An intermediate sugar product consisting of crystals of high purity covered with a film of low quality syrup. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Raw waste load: The quantity of pollutant in wastewater prior to treatment. See load for more related terms (EPA-87110a). Raw wastewater: The wastewater prior to any treatment. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Raw water: Intake water prior to any treatment or use (EPA97/12). Raw water: The plant intake water prior to any treatment or use. See water for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Raw water: Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking. See finished water (SDWNReg-04). Rayon fiber: (1) A manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups (40CFR60.601-91). (2) A generic name for man made fibers, monofilaments, and continuous filaments, made from regenerated cellulose. Fibers produced by both viscose and cuprammonium process are lassified as rayon (EPA-74106b). (3) See fiber for more related terms. RCRA facility assessment (RFA): Step in the RCRA Subtitle C corrective action process where owners and operators compile existing information on environmental conditions at a given facility, including information on actual and potential releases (RCRA/hazardous-04). RCRA facility assessment (RFA): The initial process to determine whether corrective action at a site is warranted or to define what additional data must be gathered to make this determination. Equivalent to a CERCLA Preliminary Assessment (PA). RFAs are performed as part of the RCRA permitting process (NavyIEnv-04). RCRA facility investigation (RFI): Site characterization used to ascertain the nature and extent of contamination of releases identified during a Subtitle C RCRA facility assessment or the Phase I RCRA facility investigation (RCRAIhazardous-04). RCRA facility investigation (RFI): The process of determining the extent of hazardous waste contamination. Equivalent to the CERCLA Remedial Investigation (RI) (NavyIEnv-04). RCRA generators list: List kept by EPA of those persons or entities which generate hazardous wastes as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDNwater-04). RCRA generators: Those persons or entities that generate hazardous wastes as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDNwater-04). RCRA Part A permit: Identifies treatment, storage, and disposal units within a to-be-permitted facility (NavyEnv-04). RCRA Part B permit: Describes the wastes managed, the quantities, and the facilities. Allows the management of a treatment, storage, and disposal facility (NavyIEnv-04).
RCRA TSD facilities list: List kept by EPA of those facilities on which treatment, storage, and/or disposal of hazardous wastes take place, as defined and regulated by RCRA.
Reaction temperature: A temperature at which oxidation occurs in a combustion system. See temperature for more related terms (EPA-84109).
RCRA TSD facilities: Those facilities on which treatment, storage, and/or disposal of hazardous wastes take place, as defined and regulated by RCRA (USDAIwater-04).
Reaction turbine: A type of water wheel in which water turns the blades of a rotor, which then drives an electrical generator or other machine (DOI-70104).
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. See Act or RCRA.
Reaction: The force from a body that is equal and opposite in direction against outside forces exerted on the body. Other reaction-related terms include (1) Bimolecular reaction and (2) Uni-molecular reaction.
RDIRA: Remedial designhemedial action. The final stage of a site cleanup, when the remedy is conceived and put into effect (SFIEnv-04). RDF stoker: A steam generating unit that combusts RDF (refusederived fuel) in a semi-suspension firing mode using air-fed distributors (40CFR60.5 1a-91). Reach: (1) The length of channel uniform with respect to discharge, depth, area, and slope. (2) The length of a channel for which a single gage affords a satisfactory measure of the stage and discharge. (3) The length of a river between two gaging stations. (4) More generally, any length of a river (CWAhydrology-04). Reach: A continuous part of a stream between two specified points (CWAIWbasics-04). Reactant: A chemical substance that is used intentionally in the manufacture of a polymer to become chemically a part of the polymer composition (cf. chemical reaction) (40CFR723.250-91). Reaction cell: A chamber in which the chemical reactant is rapidly recirculated to prevent chemical depletion, facilitate sludge removal, and automatically provide chemical replenishment control (EPA-82111e). Reaction quantum yield for an excited state process: The fraction of absorbed light that results in photoreaction at a fixed wavelength. It is the ratio of the number of molecules that photoreact to the number of quanta of light absorbed or the ratio of the number of moles that photoreact to the number of Einsteins of light absorbed at a fixed wavelength (40CFR796.3700-91). Reaction rate: A measurement of chemical reaction speed. The reaction rate depends on several variables such as temperature, pressure, rate constants, and the number of reactants and their concentration. Catalysts may be needed in order to increase the speed of reaction. Reaction spinning process: The fiber-forming process where a prepolymer is extruded into a fluid medium and solidification takes place by chemical reaction to form the final polymeric material (40CFR60.601-91).
Reactive functional group: An atom or associated group of atoms in a chemical substance that is intended or can reasonably be anticipated to undergo facile chemical reaction (40CFR723.250-91). Reactive site: A chemical configuration on a molecule with which a bond is made by other specific molecules (LBL-76107-bio). Reactive wastes: Reactive wastes are nomally unstable, react violently with air or water, or form potentially explosive mixtures with water. This category also includes wastes that emit toxic fumes when mixed with water, and materials capable of detonation. Reactive wastes are classified as EPA Hazardous Waste No. DO03 (MWTAImedical-04). Reactive: One of four categories of hazardous waste; substances capable of changing into something else in the presence of other chemicals, usually violently or producing a hazardous by-product (SFIremedy-04). Reactivity characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that readily explode or undergo violent reactions (RCRA/hazardous-04). Reactivity: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). (2) The ability of one chemical to undergo a chemical reaction with another chemical. Reactivity of one chemical is always measured in reference to the potential for reaction with itself or with another chemical. A chemical is sometimes said to be reactive, or have high reactivity, without reference to another chemical. Usually this means that the chemical has the ability to react with common materials such as water, or common materials of construction such as carbon steel (see also hazardous waste characteristics) (EPA-87107a). (3) The waste which is extremely unstable and has a tendency to react violently or explode during stages of their management. (4) See hazardous waste characteristics for more related terms. Reactivity: The ability of a material to undergo a chemical reaction with the release of energy. It could be initiated by mixing or reacting with other materials, application of heat, physical shock, etc. (NavyIEnv-04).
Reactor coolant pressure boundary: In a heavy-water reactor, those systems and components that contain the reactor coolant. The pressure boundary includes the reactor vessel, pressure tubes, inlet and effluent plenums, pressurizer, reactor coolant pumps, heat exchanger tubes and plenums, associated reactor coolant system piping and valves, and any other system that connects with the reactor coolant system up to the second isolation valve. The moderator and control rod coolant system are considered part of the reactor coolant boundary (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor core: (1) In a heavy-water reactor: the fuel assemblies, including the fuel and target tubes, control assemblies, blanket assemblies, safety rods, and coolant/moderator. (2) In a light-water reactor: the fuel assemblies, including the fuel and target rods, control rods, and coolant/moderator. (3) In a modular hightemperature gas-cooled reactor: the graphite elements, including the fuel and target elements, control rods, any other reactor shutdown mechanisms, and the graphite reflectors (DOE-91/04). (4) The uranium-containing heart of a nuclear reactor, where energy is released (EPA-89/12). Reactor facility: Unless it is modified by words such as containment, vessel, or core, the term reactor facility includes the housing, equipment, and associated areas devoted to the operation and maintenance of one or more reactor cores. Any apparatus that is designed or used to sustain nuclear chain reactions in a controlled manner, including critical and pulsed assemblies and research, test, and power reactors, is defined as a reactor. All assemblies designed to perform subcritical experiments that could potentially reach criticality are also to be considered reactors. Critical assemblies are special nuclear devices designed and used to sustain nuclear reactions. Critical assemblies may be subject to frequent changes in core and lattice configuration, and they may be used frequently as mockups of reactor configurations. Therefore, requirements for modifications do not apply unless the overall assembly room is modified, a new assembly room is proposed, or a new configuration is not covered in previous safety evaluations (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor opening loss: The emissions of vinyl chloride occurring when a reactor is vented to the atmosphere for any purpose other than an emergency relief discharge as defined in 40CFR61.65(a) (40CFR61.61-91). Reactor operations: All activities involved in operating and using a reactor, beginning with the initial loading of fuel in the reactor vessel and ending with the removal of fuel to officially decommission the reactor or place it in a standby status (DOE9 1/04). Reactor year: A unit of time by which accident frequency and core damage frequency are measured, it assumes that more than one reactor can operate during the year (a calendar year during which three reactors operated would be the experience equivalent of three reactor years) and it assumes that a reactor might not operate continuously for the entire year (a reactor operating only
60% of the calendar year would be the equivalent of 0.6 reactor year) (DOE-9 1/04). Reactor: A vat, vessel, or other device in which chemical reactions take place (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR61.61-91). Readily water soluble substances: The chemicals which are soluble in water at a concentration equal to or greater than 1,000 mg/L (cf. limited water-soluble substances) (40CFR797.1060-91). Ready biodegradability: An expression used to describe those substances which, in certain biodegradation test procedures, produce positive results that are unequivocal and which lead to the reasonable assumption that the substance will undergo rapid and ultimate biodegradation in aerobic aquatic environments (40CFR796.3100-91). Reaeration: (1) The addition of air to return activated sludge in a second aeration tank. (2) See aeration for more related terms. Reaeration: Introduction of air into the lower layers of a reservoir. As the air bubbles form and rise through the water, the oxygen dissolves into the water and replenishes the dissolved oxygen. The rising bubbles also cause the lower waters to rise to the surface where they take on oxygen from the atmosphere (EPA97/12). Reaeration: The replenishment of oxygen in water from which oxygen has been removed (CWA/Wbasics-04). Reagent blank: (1) An aliquot of analyte-free water or solvent analyzed with the analytical batch. (2) A volume of deionized, distilled water containing the same acid matrix as the calibration standards carried through the entire analytical scheme (40CFR136. App. C). (3) See blank for more related terms. Reagent blank: Usually an organic aqueous solution that is as free of analyte as possible and contains all the reagents in the same volume as used in the processing of samples. The reagent blank must be carried through the complete sample preparation procedure and contains the same reagent concentrations in the final solution as in the sample solution used for analysis. The reagent blank is used to correct for possible contamination resulting from the preparation or processing of the sample. One reagent blank should be prepared for every analytical batch or for every 20 samples, whichever is more frequent (NavyIEnv-04). Reagent grade: An analytical reagent grade, ACS (American Chemical Society) reagent grade, and reagent grade are synonymous terms for reagents which conform to the current specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the ACS. Reagent: (1) A reactive material used to remove acid gases from the combustion gases (EPA-89103b). (2) A chemical or solution
used to produce a desired chemical reaction, a substance used in assaying or in flotation (EPA-82/05).
variables results in an estimate of the reasonable maximum exposure for that pathway (NavyIEnv-04).
Real ear protection at threshold: The mean value in decibels of the occluded threshold of audibility (hearing protector in place) minus the open threshold of audibility (ears open and uncovered) for all listeners on all trials under otherwise identical test conditions (40CFR211.203-91).
Reasonable maximum exposure: The maximum exposure reasonably expected to occur in a population (EPA-97/12).
Real property or real estate: Land plus anything permanently affixed to the land, including buildings, fences, and the infrastructure and fixtures attached to the building (e.g., plumbing, installed cabinets). Fixtures not attached to the building are known as personal property (e.g., furniture, computers) (SDWN radionuclide-04). Real property: The land, including land improvements, and structures and appurtenances, excluding movable machinery and equipment (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR3 1.3; 35.6015; 247.101-91). Real time mode: The use of an air quality simulation model for immediate application taking into account current input data (NATO-78/10). Real-time data: Data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitored system (CWAIWbasics-04). Real-time monitoring: Monitoring and measuring environmental developments with technology and communications systems that provide time-relevant information to the public in an easily understood format people can use in day-to-day decision making about their health and the environment (EPA-97/12). Ream weight: The weight of one ream of paper. Also called basis weight (EPA-83). Ream: (1) Quantity of paper, generally 500 sheets. (2) An imperfection; nonhomogeneous layers in flat glass (EPA-83). Reasonable available control technology (RACT): Reductions on a source category basis as reasonable further progress toward attaining ambient air quality standards (CMAPC-04). Reasonable further progress: Annual incremental reductions in air pollutant emissions as reflected in a state implementation plan that EPA deems sufficient to provide for the attainment of the applicable national ambient air quality standards by the statutory deadline (EPA-97/12). Reasonable maximum exposure (RME): The maximum exposure reasonably expected to occur at a site. The RME is estimated for both the current and future land-use conditions. For Superfund exposure assessments, intake values for a given pathway should be selected so that the combination of all intake
Reasonable potential exposure scenario: A situation with a credible chance of occurrence where a receptor may become directly or indirectly exposed to the chemical(s) of concern without considering extreme or essentially impossible circumstances (NavyIEnv-04). Reasonable potential: Where an effluent is projected or calculated to cause an excursion above a water quality standard based on a number of factors including, as a minimum, the four factors listed in 40CFR122.44(d)(l)(ii) (EPA-91/03). Reasonable worst case: An estimate of the individual dose, exposure, or risk level received by an individual in a defined population that is greater than the 90th percentile but less than that received by anyone in the 98th percentile in the same population (EPA-97/12). Reasonably anticipated future use: Future use of a site or facility that can be predicted with a high degree of certainty given current use, local government planning, and zoning (NavyIEnv04). Reasonably ascertainable: Information that is publicly available, obtainable from its source within reasonable time and cost constraints, and practically reviewable (USDAIwater-04). Reasonably available control measures (RACM): A broadly defined term referring to technological and other measures for pollution control (EPA-97/12). Reasonably available control technology (RACT): Control technology that is reasonably available, and both technologically and economically feasible. Usually applied to existing sources in nonattainment areas; in most cases is less stringent than new source performance standards (EPA-97/12). Reasonably available control technology (RACT): Devices, systems process modifications, or other apparatus or techniques that are reasonably available taking into account: (1)The necessity of imposing such controls in order to attain and maintain a national ambient air quality standard; (2) The social, environmental, and economic impact of such controls; and (3) Alternative means of providing for attainment and maintenance of such standard. This provision defines RACT for the purposes of 40CFR5 1.110(c)(2) and 5 1.341(b) only (40CFR51.100-91). Reboil: Reappearance of bubbles in molten glass after it previously appeared plain (EPA-83).
Rebricking: The cold replacement of damaged or worn refractory parts of the glass melting furnace. Rebricking includes replacement of the refractories comprising the bottom, sidewalls, or roof of the melting vessel; replacement of refractory work in the heat exchanger; replacement of refractory portions of the glass conditioning and distribution system (40CFR60.291-91, see also 40CFR61.161-91). Rebuttable presumption: An objective test that focuses on the halogen level in used oil to determine whether the used oil has been mixed with a listed hazardous waste (RCRNhazardous-04). Recarbonation: Recharge of carbon dioxide to lower the pH value of a fluid. Recarbonization: Process in which carbon dioxide is bubbled into water being treated to lower the pH (EPA-97/12). Receiving qaters: A river, lake, ocean, stream, or other watercourse into which wastewater or treated effluent is discharged (NavyIEnv-04). Receiving water concentration (RWC): The concentration of a toxicant or the parameter toxicity in the receiving water after mixing (formerly termed instream waste concentration [IWC]) (EPA-9 1/03). Receiving waters: A river, lake, ocean, stream, or other watercourse into which wastewater or treated effluent is discharged (EPA-97/12). Receptor age: The description of the exposed individual as defined by the EPA region or dictated by the site (SFIriskA-04).
elevation (if terrain is being considered in the modeling analysis) (EPA-88/09). Receptor: Ecological entity exposed to a stressor (EPA-97/12). Recession curve: A hydrograph showing the decreasing rate of runoff following a period of rain or snowmelt. Since direct runoff and base runoff recede at different rates, separate curves, called direct runoff recession curves or base runoff recession curves, are generally drawn. The term "depletion curve" in the sense of base runoff recession is not recommended (CWAIhydrology-04). Recessional moraine: An end moraine built during a temporary but significant pause in the final retreat of a glacier (CWA/Wbasics-04). Recessive mutation: A change in the genome which is expressed in the homozygous or homozygous condition (40CFR798.527591). Recharge (groundwater): The process involved in the absorption and addition of water to the zone of saturation; also, the amount of water added (CWAIWbasics-04). Recharge area (groundwater): An area within which water infiltrates the ground and reaches the zone of saturation (CWAIWbasics-04). Recharge area: A land area in which water reaches the zone of saturation from surface infiltration, e.g., where rainwater soaks through the earth to reach an aquifer (EPA-97/12).
Receptor factor (RF): An indication of the potential for human or ecological contact with site contaminants (NavyEnv-04).
Recharge area: An area in which water reaches the zone of saturation (groundwater) by surface infiltration; in addition, a major recharge area is an area where a major part of the recharge to an aquifer occurs (40CFR149.2-91).
Receptor point: The geographical point where an air pollutant concentration is measured or is calculated by means of an air pollution dispersion model (NATO-78/10).
Recharge area: An area of land where there is a net annual transfer of water from the surface to groundwater; where rainwater soaks through the earth to reach an aquifer (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Receptor population: People who could come into contact with hazardous substances (see exposure pathway) (SFhealth-04).
Recharge area: Area in which an aquifer is replenished with water by the downward percolation of precipitation through soil and rock (SFIremedy-04).
Receptor population: The exposed individual relative to the exposure pathway considered (SFIriskA-04). Receptor: (1) In biochemistry, a specialized molecule in a cell that binds a specific chemical with high specificity and high affinity. (2) In exposure assessment, an organism that receives, may receive, or has received environmental exposure to a chemical (Course 165.6). (3) In dispersion modeling, a point in space at which the ambient air quality is being estimated. For a given receptor, the data required as input to a dispersion model are its coordinate location relative to that of the pollutant source and
Recharge rate: The quantity of water per unit of time that replenishes or refills an aquifer (EPA-97/12). Recharge zone: The area through which water enters the Edwards Underground Reservoir as defined in the December 16, 1975, Notice of Determination (40CFR149.101-91). Recharge: A process, natural or artificial, by which water is added to the saturated zone of an aquifer (40CFR149.2-91). Recharge: Replenishment of water to an aquifer (DOE-91/04).
Recharge: The addition of water to an aquifer by natural infiltration or artificial means. Injection of water into an aquifer through wells is one form or artificial recharge (NavyEnv-04). Recharge: The process by which water is added to a zone of saturation, usually by percolation from the soil surface; e.g., the recharge of an aquifer (EPA-97/12). Recharge: Water added to an aquifer. For instance, rainfall that seeps into the ground. Recharge: Water that infiltrates the ground and reaches the saturated zone (CWAIWquality-04). Reciprocal translocation: The chromosomal translocations resulting from reciprocal exchanges between two or more chromosomes (40CFR798.5955-91). Reciprocating compressor: A piece of equipment that increases the pressure of a process gas by positive displacement, employing linear movement of the driveshaft. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR60.631-91). Reciprocating grate stoker: A stoker with a bed of bars or plates arranged so that alternate pieces, or rows of pieces, reciprocate slowly in a horizontal sliding mode and act to push the solid waste along the stoker surface. See stoker for more related terms (SW108ts). Reciprocating grate: A stoker grate surface having alternate lateral stationary and moving rows which reciprocate continuously and slowly, forward and backward, for the purpose of stimng the combustible bed of material while conveying it and the resulting residue from the feeding end to the discharge end of the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Recirculated cooling water: The water which is passed through the main condensers for the purpose of removing waste heat, passed through a cooling device for the purpose of removing such heat from the water and then passed again, except for blowdown, through the main condenser. See cooling water for more related terms (40CFR423.11-91, see also EPA-8211 la). Recirculating cooling system: In a manufacturing or processing plant, a system that reduces the temperature of used water in a cooling tower by evaporating a small percent of the recirculating stream; although the evaporated water is permanently removed from the supply, overall water withdrawal is reduced to a small percent of what it would otherwise be; discharge of contaminated water may be reduced to as little as one percent (DOI-70104). Recirculating spray: A spray rinse in which the drainage is pumped up to the spray and is continually recirculated (EPA83106a).
Recirculation system: A system which is specifically designed to divert the major portion of the cooling water discharge back for reuse (EPA-82/11f). Recirculation: Those cold rolling operations which include recirculation of rolling solutions at all mill stands (40CFR420.101-91). Reclaim rinse: The first step following a plating process to retain as much of the chemicals as possible and to allow return of the dragout solution to the plating tank (EPA-74103d). Reclaimed wastewater: Treated wastewater that can be used for beneficial purposes, such as imgating certain plants (CWA/Wscience-04). Reclaimed: A material is reclaimed if it is processed to recover a usable product, or if it is regenerated. Examples are recovery of lead values from spent batteries and regeneration of spent solvents (40CFR261.1-91). Reclaimed: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, a material is reclaimed if it is processed to recover a usable product, or regenerated by processing it in a way that restores it to usable condition (RCRA/hazardous-04). Reclamation area: The surface area of a coal mine which has been returned to required contour and on which revegetation (specifically, seeding or planting) work has commenced (40CFR434.11-91). Reclamation plan: A plan submitted by an applicant for a permit under a state program or federal program which sets forth a plan for reclamation of the proposed surface coal mining operations pursuant to section 1258 of this title (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.129190). Reclamation: In recycling, restoration of materials found in the wastestream to a beneficial use which may be for purposes other than the original use (EPA-97/12). Reclamation: A procedure by which a disturbed area can be reworked to make it productive, useful, or aesthetically pleasing (cf. extraction, recovery, or recycle) (EPA-82/05). Reclamation: The process of deriving usable materials from waste, by-products, etc., through physical or chemical treatment (EPA-80/10). Reclamation: The restoration of land and environmental values to a surface mine site after the coal is extracted. Reclamation operations are usually underway as soon as the coal has been removed from a mine site. The process includes restoring the land to its approximate original appearance by restoring topsoil and planting native grasses and ground covers (CWNmining-04).
Reclamation: The restoration to a better or more useful state, such as land reclamation by sanitary landfilling, or the obtaining of useful materials from solid waste (EPA-83). Recognized environmental conditions: The presence, or likely presence, of any hazardous substances or petroleum products on a property under conditions that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any hazardous substances or petroleum products into structures on the property or into the ground, groundwater, or surface water of the property (USDNwater-04). Recombinant bacteria: A microorganism whose genetic makeup has been altered by deliberate introduction of new genetic elements. The offspring of these altered bacteria also contain these new genetic elements; i.e. they "breed true" (EPA-97/12).
capital cost of a comparable entirely new source. Any final decision as to whether reconstruction has occurred must be made in accordance with the provisions of 60.15 ( f ) (1) through (3) of this title (40CFR51.301-91).
Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternative(s) will be used at National Piiorities List sites where, under CERCLA, Trust Funds pay for the cleanup (EPA-97/12). Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternatives will be used to clean up a Superfund site. The ROD for sites listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) is created from information generated during the Remedial Investigation/FeasibilityStudy (RIIFS) (SF/remedy-04).
Recombinant DNA: The new DNA that is formed by combining pieces of DNA from different organisms or cells (EPA-97/12).
Record of decision (ROD): A remedial action plan document that describes the remedy selected for a Superfund site (RCRAkazardous-04).
Recombination: The rearrangement of genes that differs from those of the parents as a result of independent assortment, linkage, and crossing over.
Record of decision (ROD): The primary legal document at a site, which sets forth EPA's selected remedy as well as the factors that led to its selection (SFIreform-04).
Recommencing discharger: A source which recommences discharge after terminating operations. Regional Administrator means the Regional Administrator of the appropriate Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency or the authorized representative of the Regional Administrator (4OCFRl22.2-91.
Record of decision (ROD): A public document that explains which cleanup alternatives will be used to clean up a Superfund site. The ROD for sites listed on the NPL is created from information generated during the Remedial Investigation1 Feasibility Study (SFIremedy-04).
Recommended maximum contaminant level (RMCL): The maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur, and that includes an adequate margin of safety. Recommended levels are nonenforceable health goals. See maximum contaminant level (EPA-97/12).
Record: Any item, collection, or grouping of information regardless of the form or process by which it is maintained (e.g., paper, document, microfiche, microfilm, X-ray film, or automated data processing) (cf. EPA record) (29CFR1910.20-91, see also 40CFR16.2; 1516.2-9 1).
Reconfigured emission data vehicle: An emission data vehicle obtained by modifying a previously used emission data vehicle to represent another emission data vehicle. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR86.082.2-91). Reconstructed source: Facility in which components are replaced to such an extent that the fixed capital cost of the new components exceeds 50% of the capital cost of constructing a comparable brand-new facility. New-source performance standards may be applied to sources reconstructed after the proposal of the standard if it is technologically and economically feasible to meet the standards (EPA-97/12).
Recorded land title records: Records of fee ownership, leases, land contracts, easements, liens, and other encumbrances on or of the property recorded in the place where land title records are, by law or custom, recorded for the local jurisdiction in which the property is located. (Often such records are kept by a municipal or county recorder or clerk.) Such records may be obtained from title companies or directly from the local government agency. Information about title to the property that is recorded in a U.S. District Court, or any place other than where land title records are, by law or custom, recorded for the local jurisdiction in which the property is located, are not considered part of recorded land title records (USDAIwater-04).
Reconstruction of dose: Estimating exposure after it has occurred by using evidence within an organism such as chemical levels in tissue or fluids (EPA-97/12).
Recorded: The written or otherwise registered in some form for preserving information, including such forms as drawings, photographs, videotape, sound recordings, punched cards, and computer tape or disk (40CFR2.201-91).
Reconstruction: Will be presumed to have taken place where the fixed capital cost of the new component exceeds 50% of the fixed
Records of Emergency Release Notifications (SARA 304): Reports by operators of facilities notifying their Local Emergency
Planning Committee (as defined in EPCRA) and State Emergency Response Commission (as defined in EPCRA) of any release beyond the facility's boundary of any reportable quantity of an extremely hazardous substance. Often the local fire department is the Local Emergency Planning Committee (USDNwater-04).
Records review: The process of reviewing historical and other records indicated in the Transaction Screen Process (USDNwater04).
(2) The process of retrieving materials or energy resources from wastes. Also referred to as extraction, reclamation, recycling, salvage (EPA-83). (3) cf. salvage. Recovery device: An individual unit of equipment, such as an absorber, condenser, and carbon adsorber, capable of and used to recover chemicals for use, reuse, or sale (40CFR60.611-91, see also 40CFR60.661-91).
Recoverable resources: The materials that still have useful physical, chemical, or biological properties after serving their original purpose and can, therefore, be reused or recycled for the same or other purposes (40CFR245.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91).
Recovery furnace (or recovery boiler): (1) Either a straight kraft recovery furnace or a cross recovery furnace, and includes the direct-contact evaporator for a direct-contact furnace (40CFR60.281-91). (2) A boiler which burns the high heat content materials recovered from waste or processes such as strong black liquor (EPA-87/10).
Recoverable: Refers to the capability and likelihood of being recovered from solid waste for a commercial or industrial use (RCMlOO4-42U.S.C.6903-91).
Recovery rate: Percentage of usable recycled materials that have been removed from the total amount of municipal solid waste generated in a specific area or by a specific business (EPA-97/12).
Recoverable: The capability and likelihood of being recovered from solid waste for commercial or industrial use (NavyIEnv-04).
Recovery system: An individual unit or series of material recovery units, such as absorbers, condensers, and carbon adsorbers, used for recovering volatile organic compounds (40CFR60.561-91, see also 40CFR60.611; 60.661-91).
Recovered material: Waste materials and by-products which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste (NavyEnv-04). Recovered materials advisory notice: A notice that provides a suggested recycled content levels and other purchasing information for each item designated in the CPG (comprehensive procurement guideline). Procuring agencies can use these levels as guidelines, but are encouraged to exceed EPA's recommendations (RCRAhazardous-04). Recovered materials content standards: The minimum amount of recovered material that designated items under the federal procurement program should contain (RCRAkazardous-04). Recovered materials: The waste material and by-products which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste, but such term does not include those materials and by-products generated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufacturing process (40CFR248.4-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR249.04; 250.4-91). Recovered resources: Material or energy recovered from solid waste (NavyIEnv-04). Recovered resources: The material or energy recovered from solid waste (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Recovered solvent: The solvent captured from liquid and gaseous process streams that is concentrated in a control device and that may be purified for reuse. See solvent for more related terms (40CFR60.601-91). Recovery (or salvage): (1) The process of obtaining materials or energy resources from solid waste (40CFR245.101; 246.101-91).
Recovery time: Recovery time is the length of rest between exertions. Short work pauses can reduce discomfort. Inadequate rest periods between exertions can decrease performance. As the duration of the uninterrupted work increases, so does the amount of recovery time needed (OSHNergonomics-04). Recovery: The proportion or percentage of coal or ore mined from the original seam or deposit (CWNmining-04). Recovery: The residual drawdown after pumping has stopped (NavyEnv-04). Recrystallization: (1) Formation of new crystals from previously melted sugar liquor. Recrystallization is encouraged by evaporators and accomplished in vacuum pans (EPA-75102d). (2) A process of repeated crystallization to purify a product. Rectangular weir: A weir having a notch that is rectangular in shape (cf. weir) (EPA-8211 le). Rectifier: (1) A device for converting alternating currents into direct currents. (2) A nonlinear circuit component that, ideally, allows current to flow in one direction unimpeded but allows no current to flow in the other direction (EPA-83/03). (3) A distillation unit. Recuperator: (1) A steel or refractory chamber used to reclaim heat from waste gases (EPA-85110a). (2) A continuous heat exchanger in which heat is conducted from the products of combustion to incoming air through flue walls (EPA-83).
Recurrence interval (return period): The average interval of time within which the given flood will be equaled or exceeded once (CWNhydrology-04). Recurrence interval: The average interval of time within which the magnitude of a given event, such as a storm or flood, will be equaled or exceeded once (CWA/Wbasics-04). Recurrent expenditure: Those expenses associated with the activities of a continuing environmental program. All expenditures, except those for equipment purchases with a unit acquisition cost of $5000 or more, are considered recurrent unless justified by the applicant as unique and approved as such by the Regional Administrator in the assistance award (40CFR35.105-91). Recyclable paper: Any paper separated at its point of discard or fiom the solid wastestream for utilization as a raw material in the manufacture of a new product. It is often called waste paper or paper stock. Not all paper in the wastestream is recyclable. It may be heavily contaminated or otherwise unusable. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Recyclable: Products or materials that can be collected, separated, and processed to be used as raw materials in the manufacture of new products (RCRAImunicipal-04). Recycle lagoon: A pond that collects treated wastewater, most of which is recycled as process water. See lagoon for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Recycle or recycling (or reuse): The process by which waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity (cf. extraction, reclamation, recovery, and reuse) (SW- 108ts). Recyclelreuse: Minimizing waste generation by recovering and reprocessing usable products that might otherwise become waste (i.e., recycling of aluminum cans, paper, and bottles, etc.) (EPA97/12). Recycled content: The portion of a product or package's weight that is composed of materials that have been recovered fiom waste; this may include pre-consumer or post-consumer materials (RCWmunicipal-04). Recycled material: A material that is utilized in place of a primary, raw, or virgin material in manufacturing a product (40CFR245.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101; 247.101-91). Recycled oil: Any used oil which is reused, following its original use, for any purpose (including the purpose for which the oil was originally used). Such term includes oil which is re-refined, reclaimed, burned, or reprocessed. See oil for more related terms (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91).
Recycled PCBs: Processes which recycle PCBs must meet the following requirements: (1) There are no detectable concentrations of PCBs in asphalt roofing material products leaving the processing site. (2) The concentration of PCBs in paper products leaving any manufacturing site processing paper products, or in paper products imported into the United States, must have an annual average of less than 25 ppm with a 50 ppm maximum. (3) The release of PCBs at the point at which emissions are vented to ambient air must be less than 10 ppm. (4) The amount of Aroclor PCBs added to water discharged fiom an asphalt roofing processing site must at all times be less than 3 micrograms per liter (@L) for total Aroclors (roughly 3 parts per billion [3 ppb]). Water discharges f b m the processing of paper products must at all times be less than 3 micrograms per liter (&l) for total Aroclors (roughly 3 ppb), or comply with the equivalent mass-based limitation. (5) Disposal of any other process wastes at concentrations of 50 ppm or greater must be in accordance with subpart D of this part (40CFR761.3-91). Recycled water: The process wastewater or treatment facility effluent which is recirculated to the same process. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Recycled water: Water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural hydrologic system (CWAIWscience04). Recycled: A material is recycled if it is used, reused, or reclaimed (40CFR261.1-91). Recycled: For purposes of defining a material as a solid waste under RCRA Subtitle C, a material is recycled if it is used or reused, or reclaimed (RCRAmazardous-04). Recycling and reuse business assistance centers: Located in state solid waste or economic development agencies, these centers provide recycling businesses with customized and targeted assistance (EPA-97/12). Recycling economic development advocates: Individuals hired by state or tribal economic development offices to focus financial, marketing, and permitting resources on creating recycling businesses (EPA-97/12). Recycling mill: Facility where recovered materials are remanufactured into new products (EPA-97/12). Recycling presumption: The assumption that all used oil that is generated will be recycled. Recycling technical assistance partnership national network: A national information-sharing resource designed to help businesses and manufacturers increase their use of recovered materials (EPA-97/12).
Recycling: Reusing materials and objects in original or changed forms rather than discarding them as wastes (FFDCNpesticide04). Recycling: Separating, collecting, processing, marketing, and ultimately using a material that would have been thrown away (RCWmunicipal-04). Recycling: The process by which materials otherwise destined for disposal are collected, reprocessed, or remanufactured, and are reused (RCWmanagement-04). Recycling: The process by which recovered materials are transformed into new products (40CFR244.101-91, see also 40CFR245.101; 246.101-91). Recycling: The separation and collection of wastes, their subsequent transformation or remanufacture into usable or marketable products or materials, and the purchase of products made from recyclable materials (RCRAhazardous-04). Red bag waste: Refers to infectious waste; the name comes from the use of red plastic bags to contain the waste and to clearly identify that the waste should be handled as infectious. See waste for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Red bag waste: See infectious waste (EPA-97/12). Red border: An EPA document undergoing review before being submitted for final management decision-making (EPA-97/12). Red brass: An alloy 83% copper, 17% zinc, used for valves, bearings, castings. See brass for more related terms (EPA-83). Red dog: A nonvolatile combustion product of the oxidation of coal or coal refuse. Most commonly applied to material resulting from in-situ, uncontrolled burning of coal or coal refuse piles. It is similar to coal ash (CWNmining-04). Red edge: Numerous rouge pits located around the edges of a large sheet of polished plate glass (EPA-83). Red stock: Sulfite pulp after the pulping process, prior to other treatments, such as bleaching (EPA-87/10). Red tide: A proliferation of a marine plankton toxic and often fatal to fish, perhaps stimulated by the addition of nutrients. A tide can be red, green, or brown, depending on the coloration of the plankton (EPA-97/12). Red water: The effluent coming from the sellite wash of crude TNT. Sellite has a selective affinity for the unsymmetrical, unwanted isomers of TNT. The result is a blood red effluent high in sulfate concentration. A red waste liquid resulting from the purification of TNT, normally incinerated or sold to the paper industry. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03).
Redd: The depression created in the bed of a stream by a female fish during spawning in which the eggs are deposited for incubation (SFIremedy-04) Redemption program: Program in which consumers are monetarily compensated for the collection of recyclable materials, generally through prepaid deposits or taxes on beverage containers. In some states or localities legislation has enacted redemption programs to help prevent roadside litter. See bottle bill (EPA97/12). Redox potential (Eh): A measure of the relative tendency of groundwater to accept or transfer electrons (volts) (NavyEnv-04). Redox potential: A measurement of the state of oxidation of a system (CAA/C02gasl-04). Redox potentiometry: The measurement of a solution potential (voltage) between a neutral electrode probe after the solution is developed by a reduction or oxidation process. Redox state: Describes the oxidation-reduction potential of a sample or area, whether the environment is reducing or oxidizing (NavytEnv-04). Redox titration: A titration by using the process of transferring electrons from one substance to another (reduction to oxidation). The titration end point is determined by the color comparison or potential measurement. See titration for more related terms. Redox: Reduction-oxidationreaction. Reduced air preheat and load reduction: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). These techniques are used sparingly in large boilers due to the energy penalty involved and the relatively low emission reduction occumng (EPA-81/12, p7-13). Reduced sulfur compounds: The hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS2) (40CFR60.101-91, see also 40CFR60.641-91). Reduced-risk pesticides: These are pesticides which: (1) Reduce pesticide risks to human health, (2) Reduce pesticide risks to non-target organisms; (3) Reduce the potential for contamination of valued, environmental resources, or (4) Broaden adoption of IPM or make it more effective (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Reducing agent: A chemical that lowers the state of oxidation of other chemicals (EPA-83, see also EPA-75/02). Reducing salt bath descaling: The removal of scale from semifinished steel products by the action of molten salt baths containing sodium hydride. See salt bath descaling for more related terms (40CFR420.81-91).
Reducing slag: Reducing slag is used in the electric furnace following the slagging off of an oxidizing slag to minimize the loss of alloys by oxidation. See slag for more related terms (EPA74106a). Reductant: A reducing agent that is used to remove oxygen in a reaction system. Reduction (in chemical application): (1) Also known as chemical reduction. It is a process in which an atom (or group of atoms) gains electrons (EPA-87110a). (2) Chemical reduction can reduce a metal to its elemental form for potential recycle or can convert it to less toxic oxidation states. One such metal is chromium, which, when present as chromium (VI), is a very toxic material. In the reduced state, chromium (111), the hazards are lessened and the chromium can be precipitated for removal. At the present time, chemical reduction is applied primarily to the control of hexavalent chromium in the plating and tanning industries and the removal of mercury from caustic/chlorine electrolysis cell effluents. An example of reduction-oxidation, or "Redox" is as Cr2(S04), + 5H20. The follows: 2H2Cr04 + 3S02 + 3H20 oxidation state of Cr changes from 6+ to 3+ (Cr is reduced); the oxidation state of S increases from 2+ to 3+ (S is oxidized). This change of oxidation state implies that an electron was transferred from S to Cr(V1). The decrease in the positive valence (or increase in the negative valence) with reduction takes place simultaneously with oxidation in chemically equivalent ratios. Reduction is used to treat wastes in such a way that the reducing agent lowers the oxidation state of a substance in order to reduce its toxicity, reduce its solubility, or transform it into a form that can be more easily handled.
+
Reduction (in waste application): An activity by manufacturers (e.g., modifying products) and consumers (e.g., modifying purchasing decisions) that reduces toxicity or quantity of products before they are purchased (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA-89/10). Other reduction-related terms include (1) Quantity reduction and (2) Toxicity reduction. Reduction cell: A vessel for conducting reduction processes. Reduction control system: An emission control system which reduces emissions from sulfur recovery plants by converting these emissions to hydrogen sulfide (40CFR60.101-91). Reduction plant: A mill or a treatment place for the extraction of values from ore (EPA-82/05). Reduction potential: The potential to reduce an ion from a positive charge form to neutral form or from a neutral form to a negative charge form. Reduction reaction: A process in which an atom (or group of atoms) gains electrons. An example of reduction-oxidation, or "Redox," is as follows: 2H2Cr04+ 3S02 + 3H20 Cr2(S04)3+
+
5H20. The oxidation state of Cr changes from 6+ to 3+ (Cr is reduced); the oxidation state of S increases from 2+ to 3+ (S is oxidized). This change of oxidation state implies that an electron was transferred from S to Cr(V1). The decrease in the positive valence (or increase in the negative valence) with reduction takes place simultaneously with the oxidation state. Reduction is used to treat wastes in such a way that the reducing agent lowers the oxidation state of a substance in order to reduce its toxicity, reduce its solubility, or transform it into a form that can be more easily handled.
Reduction: The addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or addition of electrons to an element or compound (EPA-97/12). Reduction: The chemical process where green salt is heated with magnesium to produce uranium metal (AEA/closure-04). Reductive dechlorination: Removal of chlorine from a substance by chemically replacing it with hydrogen or hydroxide ions in order to detoxify the substance. The substance is reduced in the process (Navy/Env-04). Redundancy: For control systems, redundancy is the presence of a second piece of control equipment where only one would be required. The second piece of equipment is installed to act as a backup in the event that the primary piece of equipment fails. Redundant equipment can be installed to backup all or selected portions of a control system (EPA-87107a). Reentry interval: The period of time immediately following the application of a pesticide during which unprotected workers should not enter a field (EPA-97/12). Reentry: In indoor air program, refers to air exhausted from a building that is immediately brought back into the system through the air intake and other openings (EPA-97/12). Reentry: The period of time immediately following the application of a pesticide to a field when unprotected workers should not enter as provided for in 40CFR170.3(b) (40CFR170.291). Reference air concentration: See risk specific dose. Reference ambient concentration (RAC): The concentration of a chemical in water that will not cause adverse impacts to human health. RAC is expressed in units of mg/L (EPA-91/03). Reference compound: The VOC (volatile organic compound) species selected as an instrument calibration basis for specification of the leak definition concentration. (For example: If a leak definition concentration is 10,000 ppmv as methane, then any source emission that results in a local concentration that yields a meter reading of 10,000 on an instrument calibrated with methane would be classified as a leak. In this example, the leak definition is
10,000 ppmv, and the reference compound is methane (40CFR60AA (method 21-2.2)). Reference concentration (RfC): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Reference concentration (RfC): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. The inhalation reference dose is for continuous inhalation exposures and is appropriately expressed in units of mg/m3. It may be expressed as m a d d a y , in order to compare with oral RfD units, utilizing specified conversion assumptions (EPA-90108). Reference dose (RfD): An EPA estimate, with uncertainty or safety factors built in, of the daily lifetime dose of a substance that is unlikely to cause harm in humans (SFfhealth-04). Reference dose (RfD): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime (EPA-92/12). Reference dose (RfD): The estimate of a daily exposure level of a substance to a human population below which adverse noncancer health effects are not anticipated. (milligrams toxicant per kilogram body weight per day [mag-day]) (40CFR300-AppIA91). Reference dose (RfD): The particular concentration of a chemical that is known to cause health problems. A standard that also may be referred to as the acceptable daily intake (FFDCNpesticide-04). Reference dose (RfD): The RfD is a numerical estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups such as children, that is not likely to cause harmful effects during a lifetime. RfDs are generally used for health effects that are thought to have a threshold or low dose limit for producing effects (EPA-97/12). Reference dose, chronic: An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude or greater) of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Chronic RfDs are specifically developed to be protective for long-term exposure to a compound (as a Superfund program guideline, seven years to lifetime). Reference doses are calculated by dividing a quantitative indicator of toxicity (NOAEL or LOAEL) by an uncertainty factor (NavyIEnv-04).
Reference dose, developmental: An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude or greater) of an exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of developmental effects. Developmental RfDs are specifically developed to be protective for long-term exposure to a compound (as a Supehnd program guideline, seven years to lifetime). Reference doses are calculated by dividing a quantitative indicator of toxicity (NOAEL or LOAEL) by an uncertainty factor (NavyEnv-04). Reference electrode: See standard electrode. Reference files system (REFS): An OPP database that provides data on pesticide active ingredients, registrants, and products (including product types, formulations, transfers, etc.) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Reference level: The based level used for the comparison of measurements. Reference material (RM): A material of known or established concentration that is used to calibrate or to assess the bias of a measurement system (EPA-84/03). It includes: (1) Internal reference material: A reference material developed by a laboratory for its own internal use (ACS-87/11). (2) External reference material: A reference material provided by someone other than the end-user laboratory (ACS-87/11). (3) Certified reference material: A reference material accompanied by a certificate issued by an organization generally accepted as technically capable to do so (ACS-87/11). (4) Standard reference material: (a) A National Bureau of Standard certified reference material. (b) A material produced in quantity, of which certain properties have been certified by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) or other agencies to the extent possible to satisfy its intended use. The material should be in a matrix similar to actual samples to be measured by a measurement system or be used directly in preparing such a matrix. Intended uses include Standardization of solutions; Calibration of equipment; and Monitoring the accuracy and precision of measurement systems (LBL-76107-air). Reference method (or sampling and analyzing methods in Appendixes A-N to 40CFR50): A list of test methods was provided in Appendixes A-N to 40CFR50. See reference method in Appendix B for detailed listing. Reference method: A method of sampling and analyzing the ambient air for an air pollutant that is specified as a reference method in an appendix to this part, or a method that has been designated as a reference method in accordance with Part 53 of this chapter; it does not include a method for which a reference method designation has been canceled in accordance with 40CFR53.11 or 40CFR53.16 of this chapter (40CFR50.1-91, see also 53.1-91).
Reference method: A reference method is the published method that serves as the basis for a laboratory's sampling andlor analysis procedure (SA-04). Reference signal: The backscatter signal resulting from the laser light pulse passing through ambient air (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Reference site: A NAWQA sampling site selected for its relatively undisturbed conditions (CWNWbasics-04). Reference standards: Guides or standards that DOE and its contractors should consider for guidance, as applicable, in addition to mandatory standards (DOE-91/04). Reference substance: Any chemical substance or mixture or analytical standard, or material other than a test substance, feed, or water, that is administered to or used in analyzing the test system in the course of a study for the purposes of establishing a basis for comparison with the test substance for known chemical or biological measurements (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3; 797.1350-91). Reference tissue concentration (RTC): The concentration of a chemical in edible fish or shellfish tissue that will not cause adverse impacts to human health when ingested. RTC is expressed in units of mgkg (EPA-91/03). Reference: Published or unpublished information pertaining to instrument specifications and performance characteristics (LBG 76107-bio). Refined sugar: A high purity sugar normally used for human consumption. See sugar for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Refiner: (1) Any person who owns, leases, operates, controls, or supervises a refinery (40CFR52.137-91, see also 40CFR52.741; 80.2-91). (2) A machine used to rub, macerate, bruise, and cut fibrous material, usually cellulose, in a water suspension to convert the raw fiber into a form suitable for formation into a web of desired characteristics on a paper-machine (cf. deflaker or disk refiner) (EPA-87/10). (3) A compartment of a glass tank furnace, for the purpose of conditioning the glass (EPA-83). Refinery process unit: Any segment of the petroleum refinery in which a specific processing operation is conducted (40CFR60.101-91). Refinery unit, process unit or unit: A set of components which are a part of a basic process operation such as distillation, hydrotreating, cracking, or reforming of hydrocarbons (40CFR52.741-91). Refinery: A plant at which gasoline is produced (40CFR80.2-91).
Refining: (1) That phase of the steel production cycle during which undesirable elements are removed from the molten steel and alloys are added to reach the final metal chemistry (40CFR60.271a-91). (2) In the paper industry, a general term applied to several operations, all of which involve the mechanical treatment of pulp in a water suspension to develop the necessary papermaking properties of the fibers and to cut the fibers to the desired length distribution (EPA-87/10). Reflection: In air pollution modeling, used when due to the presence of a physical banier to the diffusion, the pollutant is assumed to be reflected by this boundary. Mathematically this is performed by assumed an image source symmetrically with respect to the boundary (NATO-78/10). Reflection: The amount of sound wave energy (sound) that is reflected off a surface. Hard non-porous surfaces reflect more sound than soft porous surfaces. Some sound reflection can enhance quality of signal of speech and music (NCNsound-04). Reflectivity: The ratio of the energy carried by a wave after reflection from a surface to its energy before reflection (CAA/C02gasl-04). Reflectometer: A photoelectric device that is used to measure the light that is reflected from a surface. Reflux: A condensation of a vapor and retum of the liquid to the zone from which it was removed (EPA-75101a). Reforestation: Replanting of forests on lands that have recently been harvested or otherwise cleared of trees (CMC02gasl-04). Reformate or reformate gas: A reformate gas is the output of a fuel processor (reformer) in a fuel cell system. Such a gas stream often contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The reformate gas stream eventually passes to a fuel cell stack, sometimes after some further cleaning to lower the CO/C02 values. Reformer: (1) A reactor within which fuel and other gaseous recycle stream(s) (if present) are reacted with water vapor and heat, usually in the presence of a catalyst, to produce hydrogen rich gas for use within the fuel cell power plant. (2) A device that extracts pure hydrogen from hydrocarbon compounds via catalysis. Reforming: (1) A process wherein heat and pressure are used for the rearrangement of the molecular structure of hydrocarbons or low-octane petroleum fractions (EPA-87110a). (2) The thermal or catalytic conversion of a hydrocarbon fuel into a hydrogen-rich gas stream for eventual use in a fuel cell or in a refinery. Reformulated gasoline: (1) Any gasoline which is certified by the Administrator under this section as complying with this subsection (CAM1 l.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). (2) See gasoline for more related terms.
Reformulated gasoline: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles, the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 2 1l (k) of the Clean Air Act. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) (CAAICO2gas1-04). Reformulated gasoline: Gasoline with a different composition from conventional gasoline (e.g., lower aromatics content) that cuts air pollutants (EPA-97/12). Reformulated gasoline: Specially refined gasoline with low levels of smog-forming volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and low levels of hazardous air pollutants. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires sale of reformulated gasoline in the nine smoggiest areas. Reformulated gasolines were sold in several smoggy areas even before the 1990 Clean Air Act was passed (CAAIair-04). Refractive index: The ratio of the speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum space to that in a specified medium. Refractometer: An instrument that is used to measure the refractory index of a substance. Refractometry: The measurement of the refractive index. Refractory (or refractory material): Materials, usually ceramic like substances used to line furnaces because they can endure high temperatures. In addition, they normally resist one or more of the following destructive influences: abrasion, pressure, chemical attack, and rapid changes in temperature (EPA-83). Refractory (or refractory material): For more related terms, see (1) Acid refractory; (2) Basic refractory; (3) Castable refractory; (4) High alumina refractory; (5) Neutral refractory; and (6) Plastic refractory.
Refractory furnace wall: A wall made of heat resistant ceramic material. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Refractory furnace wall: See furnace wall. Refractory material: See refractory. Refractory metals: Includes the metals of columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, and vanadium and their alloys (40CFR471.02-91). These metals all have a very high melting point and high hardness. See metal for more related terms. Refractory organics (refractory BODS): Organic materials that are only partially degraded or entirely non-biodegradable in biological waste treatment processes. Refractory organics include detergents, pesticides, color- and odor-causing agents, tannins, lignins, ethers, olefins, alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, etc. (EPA-76/03). Refractory pollutant: The pollutants that resist treatment. See pollutant for more related terms (DOI-70104). Refractory: A material that can withstand dramatic heat variations. Used in conventional combustion chambers in incinerators (RCRAImanagement-04). Refrigerant property: Important properties for a refrigerant include (1) Boiling temperature and pressure. (2) Freezing temperature. (3) Critical temperature and pressure. (4) Condenser and evaporator pressure. (5) Specific volume. (6) Latent heat. (7) Specific heat of liquid. (8) Molecular weight. (9) Theoretical horsepower per ton. (10) Discharge temperature. (11) Miscibility. (12) Safety aspect. Refrigerant: A substance used as an agent in cooling or refrigeration. A number of refrigerants have been developed for application. Factors that are important include (1) Chemical, thermodynamic, and physical properties. (2) System capacity required. (3) Compressor type. (4) Desired temperature level. (5) Safety consideration.
Refractory BODS: See refractory organics. Refractory erosion: The wearing away of refractory surfaces by the washing action of moving liquids, such as molten slags or metals, or the action of moving gases. See erosion for more related terms (SW-108ts). Refractory expansion joint: An open joint left open so that refractories can expand thermally or permanently. Also, small spaces or gaps built into a refractory structure to permit sections of masonry to expand and contract freely and to prevent the distortion or buckling of furnace structures under excessive expansion stresses. These joints are built in such a way that the masonry can move but that little or no air or gas can leak through it (SW- 108ts).
Refrigerated condenser: A surface condenser in which the coolant supplied to the condenser has been cooled by a mechanical device, other than by a cooling tower or evaporative spray cooling, such as refrigeration unit or steam chiller unit (40CFR52.741-91). Refrigeration: A process to keep cool. A ton of reiiigeration is the refrigeration produced by melting one ton of ice at a temperature of 32 F in 24 hours. It is a rate of removing heat equivalent to the removal of 12000 Btuhr or 200 Btdmin. Refrigerator (or heat pump): (1) A device which receives heat from a low temperature part of its surroundings and discharges heat to a higher temperature of its surroundings while executing a cycle (Jones-p93). (2) A Carnot heat engine which is operated in a reversed direction of its cycle (Wark-p276).
Refueling emissions: Emissions released during vehicle refueling (EPA-97/12). Refund: The sum, equal to the deposit, that is given to the consumer or the dealer or both in exchange for empty returnable beverage containers (40CFR244.101-91). Refurbishment: With reference to a vapor processing system, replacement of components of, or addition of components to, the system within any two-year period such that the fixed capital cost of the new components required for such component replacement or addition exceeds 50% of the cost of a comparable entirely new system (40CFR60.501-91). Refuse burner: A device for either central or on-site volume reduction of solid waste by burning. It is of simple construction and all the factors of combustion can not be controlled (cf. municipal waste incinerator or see burner for more related terms (SW-10%~). Refuse chute: A pipe, duct, or trough through which solid waste is conveyed pneumatically or by gravity to a central storage area (SW-108s). Refuse derived fuel (RDF) form: Forms of refuse fuel derived from municipal solid waste. It includes: (1) Rdf-1: Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form with only bulky wastes removed. (2) Rdf-2: Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or without ferrous metal separation. (3) Rdf-3: Combustible waste fraction processed to particle sizes--95% passing 2-inch square screening. (4) Rdf-4: Combustible waste fraction processed into powder form--95% passing 10 mesh screening. (5) Rdf-5: Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed) into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes. (6) Rdf-6: Combustible waste fraction processed into liquid fuel. RDF--combustible waste fraction processed into gaseous fuel. (7) Refuse derived fuel (RDF-2, RDF-3): Shredded refuse fuel, used principally as a supplement in utility or industrial boilers which have ash handling capabilities. Using a separation system, much of metal, glass, and other inorganics are first removed. RDF is the remaining organic fraction which has been processed to relatively uniform size particles. (8) Refuse derived fuel three (RDF-3): A shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) that has been processed so as to remove metal, glass, and other entrained inorganics. The material has a particle size such that 95 weight percent passes through a 2-inch (50 mm) square mesh screen. RDF-3 used as a primary or supplementary fuel in existing or new industrial or utility boilers (EPA-83). (9) See fuel for more related terms. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) incinerator: An incinerator which bums refuse derived fuel (RDF). RDF is a homogeneous fuel derived from MSW by a mechanical means. RDF can be coarse, fluff, powder, and densified pellets, briquettes, or similar forms. RDF can be burned in two types of boilers. It can be used as the
sole or primary fuel in dedicated boilers, or it can be co-fired with conventional fossil fuels (e.g., coal and oil) or even wood in existing industrial or utility boilers. Boilers using RDF can recover energy. In addition, materials such as steel and glass recovered during the initial processing can be sold. See incinerator for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Refuse derived fuel (RDF): (1) A type of MSW through shredding and size classification. This includes all classes of RDF including low density fluff RDF through densified RDF and RDF fuel pellets (40CFR60.51a-91). (2) Fuel extracted from solid waste to be used for combustion processes or as feedstock to other process systems. Refuse feeder: The mechanism in which refuse is fed into an incinerator. Refuse generation: Refuse generation means the act or process of producing solid waste (EPA-83). Refuse handling: What is done to prepare refuse for disposal or for processing which is conversion of wastes into something useful (EPA-83). Refuse reclamation: Conversion of solid waste into useful products; e.g., composting organic wastes to make soil conditioners or separating aluminum and other metals for recycling (EPA-97/12). Refuse reduction: A process of salvaging fats and oils from animal discards by cooking, followed by extraction with solvents, and separation from the solvents by distillation (cf. rendering) (EPA-83). Refuse shed: A region or area which for reasons of typography, contiguous population or other common features includes refuse sources which may be considered collectively in general planning. Usually synonymous with a general populated or metropolitan area, and not necessarily limited by lines of political jurisdiction or divisions (EPA-83). Refuse sorting: Classification of refuse for reuse, combustible, non-combustible, etc. Refuse train: See container train. Refuse: Putrescible and non-putrescible solid wastes, except body wastes and including kitchen discards, rubbish, ashes, incinerator ash, incinerator residue, street cleanings, and market, commercial, office, and industrial wastes (EPA-83). Refuse: See solid waste (EPA-97/12). Refuse: For more related terms, see (1) Commercial refuse; (2) Domestic garbage (see domestic refuse); (3) Domestic refuse; (4)
Milled refuse; (5) Residential refuse; (6) Shredded refuse; and (7) Street refuse. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF): Product of a mixed waste processing system in which certain recyclable and non-combustible materials are removed, with the remaining combustible material converted for use as a fuel to create energy (RCRAImanagernent-04). Regenerant: An agent that is used to restore the activities of an ion-exchange resin. Regenerated water: See return flow. Regeneration: Manipulation of cells to cause them to develop into whole plants (EPA-97/12). Regenerative cycle gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine that recovers thermal energy from the exhaust gases and utilizes the thermal energy to preheat air prior to entering the combustor. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91, see also 40CFR60.331-91). Regenerative fuel cell or reversible fuel cell: This type of fuel cell is capable of producing electricity from Hz and O2 and use electricity in the reverse direction (e.g., via electrolysis) to create the Hzand 0 2 in the first place. Regenerator: A cyclic heat interchanger that alternately receives heat from gaseous combustion products and transfers heat to air or gas before combustion (cf. recuperator) (EPA-83). Regime: "Regime theory" is a theory of the forming of channels in material canied by the streams. As used in this sense, the word "regime" applies only to streams that make at least part of their boundaries from their transported load and part of their transported load from their boundaries, carrying out the process at different places and times in any one stream in a balanced or alternating manner that prevents unlimited growth or removal of boundaries. A stream, river, or canal of this type is called a "regime stream, river, or canal." A regime channel is said to be "in regime" when it has achieved average equilibrium; that is, the average values of the quantities that constitute regime do not show a definite trend over a considerable period-generally of the order of a decade. In unspecialized use "regime" and "regimen" are synonyms (CWAhydrology-04). Regimen of a stream: The system or order characteristic of a stream; in other words, its habits with respect to velocity and volume, form of and changes in channel, capacity to transport sediment, and amount of material supplied for transportation. The term is also applied to a stream which has reached an equilibrium between corrosion and deposition or, in other words, to a graded stream (CWAhydrology-04).
Region: An area designated as an air quality control region (AQCR) under section 1O7(c) of the Act (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.21-91). Regional deposited dose (RDD): (1)The deposited dose (mg/cm2 of lung region surface area per minute) calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect (i.e., calculated for the tracheobronchial region for an effect concerning the conducting airways) (EPA-90108). (2) The deposited dose of particles calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect. For respiratory effects of particles, the deposited dose is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and the surface area of the respiratory region effected (mg/min-sq.cm). For extra respiratory effects of particles, the deposited dose in the total respiratory system is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and body weight (mg/min-kg) (EPA-92/12). Regional deposited dose ratio (RDDR): (1) The ratio of the regional deposited dose calculated for a given exposure in the animal species of interest to the regional deposited dose of the same exposure in a human. This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for inter-species dosimetric differences to derive a human equivalent concentration for particles (EPA-92/12). (2) The ratio of the regional deposited dose in the animal species of interest (RDDA) to that of humans (RDDH). This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for inter-species dosimetric differences (EPA-90108). Regional gas dose (RGD): The gas dose calculated for the region of interest as related to the observed effect for respiratory effects. The deposited dose is adjusted for ventilatory volumes and the surface area of the respiratory region effected (mg/min-sq.cm) (EPA-92/12). Regional gas dose ratio (RGDR): The ratio of the regional gas dose calculated for a given exposure in the animal species of interest to the regional gas dose of the same exposure in humans. This ratio is used to adjust the exposure effect level for interspecies dosimetric differences to derive a human equivalent concentration for gases with respiratory effects (EPA-92/12). Regional response team (RRT): Representatives of federal, local, and state agencies who may assist in coordination of activities at the request of the On-Scene Coordinator before and during a significant pollution incident such as an oil spill, major chemical release, or Superfund response (EPA-97/12). Regional response team (RRT): RRT is composed of representatives of federal agencies and a representative from each state in the federal region. During a response to a major hazardous materials incident involving transportation or a fixed facility, the OSC may request that the RRT be convened to provide advice or recommendations in specific issues requiring resolution. Under the NCP, RRTs may be convened by the chairman when a hazardous materials discharge or release exceeds the response capability available to the OSC in the place where it occurs; crosses regional
boundaries; or may pose a substantial threat to the public health, welfare, or environment, or to regionally significant amounts of property. Regional contingency plans specify detailed criteria for activation of RRTs. RRTs may review plans developed in compliance with Title 111, if the local emergency planning committee so requests (NRT-87/03).
Regional response team: Representatives of federal, state, and local agencies who may assist in coordination of activities at the request of the On-Scene Coordinator or Remedial Project Manager before and during response actions (SF/Env-04). Regional scale: In air pollution modeling, a length scale of the order of a hundred kilometers. Usually applied to an area encompassing urban andlor industrial areas (NATO-78110). Register paper: The type of paper for multiple form use. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Registered pesticides: Pesticide products that have been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for the uses listed on the label ( F I F W - 0 4 ) .
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA is responsible for registration (pre-market licensing) of pesticides on the basis of data demonstrating no unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment when applied according to approved label directions (EPA-97/12).
Registration: The formal listing with EPA of a new pesticide before it can be sold or distributed in intra- or inter-state commerce. The product must be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. EPA is responsible for registration (pre-market licensing) of pesticides on the basis of data demonstrating that they will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment when used according to approved label directions (FIFRA2-7U.S.C. 136-91). Registry: A systematic collection of information on persons exposed to a specific substance or having specific diseases (see exposure registry and disease registry) (SFhealth-04). Regolith: The layer or mantle of fragmented and unconsolidated rock material, residual or transported, that nearly everywhere forms the surface of the land and overlies or covers the bedrock (CWAIWbasics-04).
Registrant: A person who has registered any pesticide pursuant to the provisions of this Act (FIFRA2; 40CFR2.307; 153.62; 164.291).
Regression coefficient: A quantity that describes the slope and intercept of a regression line (EPA-84/03).
Registrant: A pesticide manufacturer that has registered a pesticide product (FFDCAIpesticide-04).
Regression line or equation: The function that indicates the regression relationship (EPA-84/03).
Registrant: Any manufacturer or formulator who obtains registration for a pesticide active ingredient or product (EPA97/12).
Regression model: A mathematical model, usually a single equation, developed through the use of a least squares linear regression analysis (EPA-82/10).
Registrant: Any manufacturer or formulator who obtains registration for a pesticide active ingredient or product (FIFRAIWN-04).
Regression statistics: Values generated during a regression analysis which identify the significance, or reliability, of the regression generated figures (EPA-79112~).
Registration (of a pesticide): Under FIFRA and its amendments, new pesticide products cannot be sold unless they are registered with the U.S. EPA. Registration involves a comprehensive evaluation of risks and benefits based on all relevant data (EPA92/12).
Regression: A relationship of y and x in a function of y = f(x), where: y is the expected value of an independent random variable x. The parameters in the function f(x) are determined by the method of least squares. When f(x) is a linear function of x, the term linear regression is used (NATO-78/10). Other regressionrelated terms include (1) Forward stepping multiple linear regression; (2) Linear regression; and (3) Multiple linear regression.
Registration jacket: Also registration file. A file of documents supporting registration for each pesticide product. These files contain product labels, OPP and registrant correspondence, OPP science reviews, and other information (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Registration standards: Published documents which include summary reviews of the data available on a pesticide's active ingredient, data gaps, and the Agency's existing regulatory position on the pesticide (EPA-97/12). Registration: Formal listing with EPA of a new pesticide before it can be sold or distributed. Under the Federal Insecticide,
Regulated area: An area established by the employer to demarcate areas where airborne concentrations of asbestos exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible exposure limit. The regulated area may take the form of: (1) A temporary enclosure, as required by paragraph (e)(6) of this section; or (2) An area demarcated in any manner that minimizes the number of employees exposed to asbestos (40CFR763.121-91).
Regulated asbestos containing material (RACM): (1) Friable asbestos material; (2) Category I nonfiiable ACM that has become friable; (3) Category I nonfriable ACM that will be or has been subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting, or abrading; or (4) Category I1 nonfriable ACM that has a high probability of becoming or has become crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by the forces expected to act on the material in the course of demolition or renovation operations regulated by this subpart (40CFR61.141-91). (5) See asbestos for more related terms. Regulated asbestos-containing material (RACM): Friable asbestos material or nonfriable ACM that will be or has been subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting, or abrading or has crumbled, or been pulverized or reduced to powder in the course of demolition or renovation operations (EPA-97/12). Regulated chemical: Any chemical substance or mixture for which export notice is required under 40CFR707.60 (40CFR707.63-9 1). Regulated community: The group of organizations, people, industries, businesses, and agencies that, because they perfom certain activities, fall under the purview of RCRA (RCRAkazardous-04). Regulated entity: (1) Manufacturers, processors, wholesale distributors, or importers of consumer or commercial products for sale or distribution in interstate commerce in the United States; or (2) Manufacturers, processors, wholesale distributors, or importers that supply the entities listed under clause (1) with such products for sale or distribution in interstate commerce in the United States (CAM 83.e42U.S.C.751 lb-91). Regulated material: A substance or material that is subject to regulations set forth by federal agencies (Course 165.5). Regulated medical waste: (1) Those medical wastes that have been listed in 40CFR259.30(a) of this part and that must be managed in accordance with the requirements of this part (40CFR259.10-91). (2) Regulated medical waste is any solid waste, defined in 40CFR259.10(a) of this part, generated in the diagnosis, treatment, (e.g., provision of medical services), or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals, that is not excluded or exempted under paragraph (b) of this section. (For detailed definition, see 40CFR259.30-91). NOTE to paragraph (a): The term solid waste includes solid, semisolid, or liquid materials, but does not include domestic sewage materials identified in 40CFR261.4(a)(l) of this subchapter. See medical waste or waste for more related terms. Regulated medical waste: Under the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988, any solid waste generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals. Included are cultures and stocks of infectious agents; human blood
and blood products; human pathological body wastes from surgery and autopsy; contaminated animal carcasses from medical research; waste from patients with communicable diseases; and all used sharp implements, such as needles and scalpels, and certain unused sharps. See treated medical waste; untreated medical waste; destroyed medical waste (EPA-97/12).
Regulated pest: A specific organism considered by a state or federal agency to be a pest requiring regulatory restrictions, regulations or control procedures in order to protect the host, man, andor his environment (40CFR171.2-91). Regulated substance: (1) Any substance defined in section 10l(l4) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 (but not including any substance regulated as a hazardous waste under subtitle C), and (2) Petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is liquid at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (60 F and 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute). The term "regulated substance" includes but is not limited to petroleum and petroleum-based substances comprised of a complex blend of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil though processes of separation, conversion, upgrading, and finishing, such as motor fuels, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils (40CFR280.12). Regulated substance: For purposes of UST regulation, any hazardous substance defined under CERCLA $101 (14), and petroleum (RCRA/hazardous-04). Regulation (of a stream): Artificial manipulation of the flow of a stream (CWA/Wbasics-04). Regulations: Rules issued by an agency, such as EPA, that translate the general mandate of a statute into a set of requirements that the regulated community and the agency must work within (RCRAkazardous-04). Regulator: Device (wall, door) used to control the volume of air in an air split (CWAImining-04). Regulatory dose (RgD): The daily exposure to the human population reflected in the final risk management decision; it is entirely possible and appropriate that a chemical with a specific RfD may be regulated under different statutes and situations through the use of different RgDs (EPA-92/12). Reheater: (1) A heat exchange device for adding superheat to steam which has been partially expanded in the turbine (EPA8211If). (2) Heat transfer apparatus for heating steam after it has given up some of its original heat in doing work (EPA-83). Reid vapor pressure: The absolute vapor pressure of volatile crude oil and volatile nonviscous petroleum liquids, except liquified petroleum gases, as determined by ASTM D323-82
(incorporated by reference-see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.111; 60.111a; 60.111b-91).
Relative humidity range: The range of ambient relative humidity over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications (LBL76107-bio).
Reimbursement period: The period that begins when the data from the last test to be completed under this part for a specific chemical substance listed in 766.25 is submitted to EPA, and ends after an amount of time equal to that which had been required to develop that data or five years, whichever is later (40CFR766.3-91, see also 40CFR790.3; 791.3; 763.163-91).
Relative percent difference (RPD): To compare two values, the relative percent difference is based on the mean of the two values, and is reported as an absolute value, i.e., always expressed as a positive number or zero (NavyEnv-04).
Reinjection: Reintroduction of fly ash into a fumace to bum out all the combustibles (cf. fly ash reinjection under ash) (SW-108ts).
Relative percent of percutaneous absorption: 100 times the ratio between total urinary excretion of compound following topical administration and total urinary excretion of compound following intravenous injection (40CFR795.223-91).
Reinventing government (REGO): A continuation of federal agency initiatives begun under the National Performance Review (OMBIReg-04). Rejection of a batch sequence: That the number of rejected batches in a sequence is greater than or equal to the sequence rejection number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.51-9 1, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91). Rejection of a batch: That the number of non-complying compressors in the batch sample is greater than or equal to the rejection number as determined by the appropriate sampling plan (40CFR204.51-91, see also 40CFR205.51-91). Related coatings: All non-ink purchased liquids and liquid-solid mixtures containing VOC solvent, usually referred to as extenders or varnishes, that are used at publication rotogravure printing presses (40CFR60.43 1-91). Relative abundance: The number of organisms of a particular kind present in a sample relative to the total number of organisms in the sample (CWNWbasics-04). Relative accuracy (RA): The absolute mean difference between the gas concentration or emission rate determined by the CEMS (continuous emission monitoring system) and the value determined by the RMs (reference methods) plus the 2.5% error confidence coefficient of a series of tests divided by the mean of the RM tests or the applicable emission limit (40CFR60-App/F-91, see also EPA-90104). Relative diffusion: The dispersion of a cluster of particles considered with respect to each other (NATO-78/10). Relative ecological sustainability: Ability of an ecosystem to maintain relative ecological integrity indefinitely (EPA-97/12). Relative humidity (RH):The ratio of the actual amount of water vapor present in the air to the amount which could exist at saturation. See relative humidity in Appendix B for defined equations.
Relative permeability: The permeability of a rock to gas, NAIL, or water, when any two or more are present (EPA-97/12). Relative potency factor (RPF): The ratio of the toxic potency of a given chemical to that of an index chemical in the CAG. Relative potency factors are used to convert exposures of all chemicals in the CAG into their exposure equivalents of the index chemical (FFDCNpesticide-04). Relative range: The range divided by the mean of a particular set of numbers. See range for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Relative risk (or risk ratio): (1) A comparison of the disease rate in an exposed group to that in an unexposed group (EPA-165.5). (2) The ratio of incidence or risk among exposed individuals to incidence or risk among non-exposed individuals (EPA-92/12). Relative risk assessment: Estimating the risks associated with different stressors or management actions (EPA-97/12). Relative risk: The grouping of sites or AOCs into High, Medium, or Low categories based on an evaluation of site information using the factors of contamination hazard, migration pathway, and receptors (Navy/Env-04). Relative stability test: A color test in which methylene blue is used to indicate the dissolved oxygen level in the polluted water. Relative toxicity: The toxicity of the effluent when it is mixed with the receiving water, or a dilution water of similar composition for toxicity testing (EPA-91/03). Relative utilization factor: The ratio of the utilization efficiency of the fuel under consideration to the utilization efficiency of the base (comparative) fuel provides realistic assessment of equivalency (EPA-83). Release detection: Determining whether a release of a regulated substance has occurred form the UST system into the environment or into the interstitial space between the UST system and its secondary barrier or secondary containment around it (40CFR280.12-9 1).
Release that is stable in quantity and rate: A release that is predictable and regular in amount and rate of emission (40CFR302.3-91). Release volume: A real or hypothetical volume surrounding a source of airborne contaminants (EPA-88109a). Release zone: The area swept out by the locus of points constantly 100 meters from the perimeter of the conveyance engaged in dumping activities, beginning at the first moment in which dumping is scheduled to occur and ending at the last moment in which dumping is scheduled to occur. No release zone shall exceed the total surface area of the dumpsite (40CFR227.2891). Release: Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous substance (EPA-97/12).
address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well suited to the particular site. Only those state standards that are identified in a timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be relevant and appropriate (40CFR300.5-91). Reliability: The ability of providing the same results on repeated trials. Relief valve discharge: Any nonleak discharge through a relief valve (40CFR61.61-91). Relief valve: Each pressure relief device including pressure relief valves, rupture disks, and other pressure relief systems used to protect process components from overpressure conditions. Relief valve does not include polymerization shortstop systems, refrigerated water systems, or control valves or other devices used to control flow to an incinerator or other air pollution control device (40CFR61.61-91).
REM:See roentgen equivalent man (REM). Release: As defined by section lOl(22) of CERCLA, means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injection, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant), but excludes: any release which results in exposure to persons solely within a workplace, with respect to a claim which such persons may assert against the employer of such persons; emissions from the engine exhaust of a motor vehicle, rolling stock, aircraft, vessel, or pipeline pumping station engine; release of source, by-product or special nuclear material from a nuclear incident, as those terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, if such release is subject to requirements with respect to financial protection established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under section 170 of such Act, or, for the purpose of section 104 of CERCLA or any other response action, any release of source, by-product, or special nuclear material from any processing site designated under section 102(a)(l) or 302(a) of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978; and the normal application of fertilizer. For the purpose of the NCP, release also means substantial threat of release (40CFR300.5-91). Release: For more related terms, see (1)Aboveground release; (2) Accidental release; (3) Belowground release; (4) Continuous release; (5) Federally permitted release; (6) Normal range of a release; (7) Overfill release; (8) Routine release; and (9) Statistically significant increase in a release. Relevant and appropriate requirements: Those cleanup standards, standards of control, and other substantive requirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal environmental or state environmental or facility siting laws that, while not "applicable" to a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other circumstance at a CERCLA site,
Remedial action (RA): The actual construction or implementation phase of a Superfund site cleanup that follows remedial design (cf. remedy action) (40CFR192.01-91; EPA97/12). Remedial action plan: A written document which embodies a systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and protecting the beneficial uses of areas of concern, in accordance with article VI and Annex 2 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (CWA118-33U.S.C. 1268-91). Remedial action plan: Special form of RCRA pennit that a facility may obtain to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous remediation waste at a remediation waste management site (RCRAIhazardous-04). Remedial action process: Provides a careful progression through the four phases of identification, investigation, cleanup, and closure (NavyIEnv-04). Remedial design (RD): The technical analysis and procedures which follow the selection of remedy for a site and result in a detailed set of plans and specifications for implementation of the remedial action (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89112a). Remedial designlremedial action: Remedial design is a phase in the CERCLA response process in which technical drawings are developed for the chosen remedy, costs for implementing the remedy are estimated, and roles and responsibilities of U.S. EPA, states, and contractors are determined. During the remedial action phase, the remedy is implemented generally by a contractor, with oversight and inspection conducted by EPA or the state (or both) (RCRAIhazardous-04).
Remedial design: A phase of remedial action that follows the remedial investigationlfeasibility study and includes development of engineering drawings and specifications for a site cleanup (EPA-97/12). Remedial design: An engineering phase that follows the record of decision when technical drawings and specifications are developed for the subsequent remedial action at a site on the National Priorities List (SFEnv-04). Remedial investigation (RI): A detailed study that includes media sampling to determine the nature and extent of contamination at a site. The RI emphasizes data collection and site characterization including sampling and monitoring as necessary to gather sufficient information to determine the necessity for remedial action and to support the evaluation of remedial alternatives. The RI includes a health assessment which estimates risks to human health and the environment as a result of the contamination. The RI also provides site-specific information for the FS (NavyIEnv-04). Remedial investigation (RI): A process undertaken by the lead agency to determine the nature and extent of the problem presented by the release. The RI emphasizes data collection and site characterization, and is generally performed concurrently and in an interactive fashion with the feasibility study. The RI includes sampling and monitoring, as necessary, and includes the gathering of sufficient information to determine the necessity for remedial action and to support the evaluation of remedial alternatives (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89112a). Remedial investigation (RI): An in-depth study designed to gather data needed to determine the nature and extent of contamination at a Superfund site; establish site cleanup criteria; identify preliminary alternatives for remedial action; and support technical and cost analyses of alternatives. The remedial investigation is usually done with the feasibility study. Together they are usually referred to as the "RIIFS" (EPA-97/12). Remedial investigation/feasibility study (RUFS): After a site is listed on the NPL, a remedial investigationlfeasibility study (RIPS) is performed at the site. The RI serves as the mechanism for collecting data, while the FS is the mechanism for developing, screening, and evaluating alternative remedial actions. The RI and FS are conducted concurrently. Data collected in the RI influence the development of remedial alternatives in the FS, which in turn affect the data needs and scope of treatability studies and additional field investigations (SFIremedy-04). Remedial investigation/feasibility study (RUFS): Stage of cleanup that involves a remedial investigation and a feasibility study. The remedial investigation is an in-depth study to: (1) Determine the nature and extent of contamination at a Superfund site, (2) Establish site cleanup criteria, (3) Identify preliminary alternatives for remedial action, and (4) Support technical and cost analyses of alternatives. The feasibility study is an analysis of the
practicability of a proposal (e.g., a description and analysis of potential cleanup alternatives), which usually recommends selection of a cost-effective alternative. It usually starts as soon as the remedial investigation is underway. Together they are called an "RI/FSV(SFIreform-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): Primary point of contact involved in the cleanup of IR sites. RPMs are responsible for taking all response actions to address the release of contaminants. The RPM is the prime contact for remedial actions being taken at sites on the NPL, and for sites not on the NPL but under the jurisdiction of a federal agency. The RPM coordinates, directs, and reviews the work of other agencies, responsible parties, and contractors to ensure compliance with appropriate regulatory requirements (Navy/Env-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): The EPA or state official responsible for overseeing on-site remedial action (EPA-97/12). Remedial project manager (RPM): The federal official designated by EPA (or the USCG for vessels) to coordinate, monitor, and direct response activities under the National Contingency Plan; or the federal official the Department of Defense (DOD) designates to coordinate and direct federal response actions resulting from releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants from DOD facilities or vessels (40CFR300.5) (SFEnv-04). Remedial project manager (RPM): The official designated by the lead agency to coordinate, monitor, or direct remedial or other response actions under Subpart E of the NCP (40CFR300.5-91). Remedial response: A long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release of a hazardous substance that could affect public health or the environment. The term remediation, or cleanup, is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, remedy, or corrective action (SFIEnv-04). Remedial response: Long-term action that stops or substantially reduces a release or threat of a release of hazardous substances that is serious but not an immediate threat to public health (EPA97112). Remediation waste: All solid and hazardous wastes, and all media (including groundwater, surface water, soils, and sediments) and debris that are managed for implementing cleanup (RCRAI hazardous-04). Remediation: (1) Cleanup or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materials from a Superfund site; (2) For the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response program, abatement methods including evaluation, repair, enclosure, encapsulation, or removal of greater than 3 linear feet or square feet of asbestos-containing materials from a building (EPA-97/12).
Remedy in place (RIP): Indicates that a final remedial action has been constructed, implemented, and is operating according to the Remedial Design (RD). An example of this would be a pump and treat system that is installed, operating as designed, and will continue to operate until cleanup levels have been attained. Since operation is on-going, the site cannot be considered as Response Complete (RC) (NavyIEnv-04). Remedy or remedial action: Those actions consistent with permanent remedy taken instead of or in addition to removal actions in the event of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance into the environment, to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances so that they do not migrate to cause substantial danger to present or future public health or welfare or the environment. The term includes, but is not limited to, such actions at the location of the release as storage, confinement, perimeter protection using dikes, trenches, or ditches, clay cover, neutralization, cleanup of released hazardous substances and associated contaminated materials, recycling or reuse, diversion, destruction, segregation of reactive wastes, dredging or excavations, repair or replacement of leaking containers, collection of leachate and runoff, on-site treatment or incineration, provision of alternative water supplies, and any monitoring reasonably required to assure that such actions protect the public health and welfare and the environment. The term includes the costs of permanent relocation of residents and businesses and community facilities where the President determines that, alone or in combination with other measures, such relocation is more cost effective than and environmentally preferable to the transportation, storage, treatment, destruction, or secure disposition offsite of hazardous substances, or may otherwise be necessary to protect the public health or welfare; the term includes offsite transport and offsite storage, treatment, destruction, or secure disposition of hazardous substances and associated contaminated materials (SP 101SP101-42U.S.C.9601).
Remote sensing: A quantitative or qualitative determination of air pollutants or of meteorological parameters by means of instruments not in physical contact with the sample being examined (NATO-78110). Remote sensing: The collection and interpretation of information about an object without physical contact with the object; e.g., satellite imaging, aerial photography, and open path measurements (EPA-97/12). Removal action: An action taken under CERCLA to abate an immediate threat to human health and the environment (AEAIclosure-04). Removal action: An action that removes hazardous substances from the site for proper disposal or destruction in a facility permitted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act or the Toxic Substances Control Act or by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Removal action: Short-term immediate actions taken to address releases of hazardous substances that require expedited response. See cleanup (EPA-97/12). Removal costs: The costs of removal that are incurred aRer a discharge of oil has occurred or, in any case in which there is a substantial threat of a discharge of oil, the costs to prevent, minimize, or mitigate oil pollution from such an incident (OPA1001-91). Removal efficiency: The ratio of the mass flow rate of the contaminants going into a control device minus the mass flow rate of the contaminants going out of the control device to the mass flow rate of the contaminants going into the control device (EPA8 1/09).
Remedy selection: The remedial alternative(s) identified in the ROD for CERCLA site cleanup (EPA-89112a).
Removal flux: Mass or number of aerosol particles being retained by unit deposition area per unit time (EPA-88109a).
Remedy: The method selected to clean up a Superfund site (SFIremedy-04).
Removal, or emergency removal: An action taken by the EPA under the emergency removal provisions of CERCLA, that enables the agency to take preliminary steps to clean up a site or reduce its danger when there is an imminent and substantial threat to public health or the environment. A removal cannot exceed $2 million or one year for any one action at any one site (SF/Env-04).
Remelt: A solution of low grade sugar in clarified juice or water (EPA-75102d). Remined area: Only that area of any coal remining operation on which coal mining was conducted before the effective date of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (CWA301.p-33U.S.C.1311-91). Rem-jet: A coating on the back of certain films for the reduction of light reflections during exposure. The rem-jet backing is removed during processing by washing or by washing and mechanical buffing (EPA-80110).
Removal: A reduction in the amount of a pollutant in the P O W s effluent or alteration of the nature of a pollutant during treatment at the POTW. The reduction or alteration can be obtained by physical, chemical, or biological means and may be the result of specifically designed P O W capabilities or may be incidental to the operation of the treatment system. Removal as used in this subpart shall not mean dilution of a pollutant in the P O W (40CFR403.7-91).
Removal: The taking out or the stripping of substantially all ACBM from a damaged area, a functional space, or a homogeneous area in a school building (40CFR763.83-91, see also 40CFR763.121-91). Remove or removal: Refers to the removal of the oil from the water and shorelines or the taking of such other actions as may be necessary to minimize or mitigate damage to the public health or welfare, including, but not limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, and public and private property, shorelines, and beaches (4OCFRl 09.2-c). Remove: To take out RACM or facility components that contain or are covered with RACM from any facility (40CFR61.141-91). Renal toxicity: Urinalysis, function tests (clearance, glomerular filtration rate), gross and microscopic examinations organ weight. See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). Renderer: An independent or off-site rendering operation, conducted separate from a slaughterhouse, packinghouse, or poultry dressing or processing plant, which manufactures at rates greater than 75,000 pounds of raw material per day of meat meal, tankage, animal fats or oils, grease, and tallow, and may cure cattle hides, but excluding marine oils, fish meal, and fish oils (40CFR432.101-91). Rendering: (1) A process of recovering fatty substances from animal parts by heat treatment, extraction, and distillation (SW108ts). (2) The separation of fats and water from poultry offal (inedible parts of poultry) by heat or physical energy. The process includes feather hydrolysis and blood processing for animal feeds (EPA-75/04). Rendering: For more related terms, see (1) Low temperature rendering and (2) Wet rendering. Renewable energy production incentive (REPI): Incentive established by the Energy Policy Act available to renewable energy power projects owned by a state or local government or nonprofit electric cooperative(EPA-97/12). Renewable energy resources: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action (CAA/C02gas1-04). Renewable energy: (1) The energy that can be renewed by nature. This type of energy includes wind power, hydroelectric power, geothermal power, and solar energy. These types of energy sources can often be used to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells. (2) The energy from photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy production technologies (CAA80842u.s.c.7171-91).
Renewable energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy (CAA/C02gas-04). Renewable operating permit program: A facility-wide permit required by Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. It clarifies the requirements that apply to a facility that emits air contaminants as a 'Major Source." It is mewed every five years (CMAPC-04). Renewal system: The technique in which test organisms are periodically transferred to fresh test solution of the same composition (4OCFR797.1330-91). Renewal test: A test without continuous flow of solution, but with occasional renewal of test solutions after prolonged periods, e.g., 24 hours (40CFR797.1350-91). Renovation: The modifying of any existing structure, or portion thereof, where exposure to airborne asbestos may result (40CFR763.121-91, see also 40CFR61.141-91). Reopener: A clause, usually included in Superfund consent decrees at government insistence, which allows the government to reopen a case and proceed legally against a responsible party who has already settled with the government, if certain contingencies occur, such as discovery of additional unexpected waste, or failure of a remedy (SFIEnv-04). Reoxygenation: Addition of air or oxygen to water from any sources (cf. deoxygenation). Rep: A unit of measurement of any kind of radiation absorbed by man. See radiation unit for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Repackager: A person who buys a substance identified in Subpart D of this part or mixture, removes the substance or mixture from the container in which it was bought, and transfers this substance, as is, to another container for sale (40CFR704.203-91). Repair coatings: The coatings used to correct imperfections or damage to furniture surface (40CFR52.741-91). Repeat compliance period: Any subsequent compliance period after the initial complianceperiod (40CFR141.2-91). Repeat compliance period: Any subsequent compliance period after the initial one (EPA-97/12). Repeatability: (1) The degree of variation between repeated measurements of the same concentration (LBL-76107-bio). (2) The precision of a method expressed as the agreement attainable between independent determinations performed by a single analyst.
See ASTM E180, also reproducibility and analysis parameters: laboratory (EPA-83).
Repellant: Any chemical which can be used to drive away insects, bears, dogs, or other pests (FFDCNpesticide-04). Repellency: Capability to repel water. Repellent: A substance used to repel ticks, chiggers, gnats, flies, mosquitoes, and fleas (EPA-85/10). Repetition: Repetition is the number of a similar exertions performed during a task. A warehouse worker may lift three boxes per minute from the floor to a countertop; an assembly worker may make 20 units per hour. Repetitive motion has been associated with injury and worker discomfort. Generally, the greater the number of repetitions, the greater the degree of risk. However, there is no specific repetition limit or threshold value (cycles/unit of time, movements/unit of time) associated with injury (OSHNergonomics-04).
Report: The written record of a Transaction Screen Process or the written report prepared by the environmental professional and constituting part of a Phase I environmental site assessment. Reportable quantity (RQ): Quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers reports under CERCLA. If a substance exceeds its RQ, the release must be reported to the National Response Center, the SERC, and community emergency coordinators for areas likely to be affected (EPA-97/12). Reportable quantity: (1) That quantity, as set forth in this part, the release of which requires notification pursuant to this part (40CFR302.3-91, see also 40CFR117.1; 355.20-91). (2) The quantity of a hazardous substance that is considered reportable under CERCLA. Reportable quantities are: (a) One pound; or (b) For selected substances, an amount established by regulation either under CERCLA or under Section 3 11 of the Clean Water Act. Quantities are measured over a 24-hour period (EPA-92/12).
Replacement cost: The capital needed to purchase all the depreciable components in a facility (40CFR60.48 1-91).
Reportable quantity: A threshold quantity, specified in 40CFR302.4 Table 302.4, which if released, spilled, or disposed of, triggers CERCLA reporting requirements (SDWN radionuclide-04).
Replacement: As used in this title means those expenditures for obtaining and installing equipment, accessories, or appurtenances during the useful life of the treatment works necessary to maintain the capacity and performance for which such works are designed and constructed (CWA212, see also 40CFR35.905; 35.2005-91).
Reporting limit: The reporting limit is the analyte concentration below which a laboratory will not report the analyte as having been detected. A laboratory's reporting limit for any given analyte in a specific matrix must be greater than or equal to the experimentally determined MDL for the same matrix (SA-04).
Replicate sample (or duplicate sample): A sample that has been divided into two or more portions at a step in the measurement process. Each portion is then camed through the remaining steps in the measurement process (EPA-84/03). Duplicate samples are considered to be two replicates. See sample for more related terms.
Reporting year: The most recent complete corporate fiscal year during which a person manufactures, imports, or processes the listed substance, and which falls within a coverage period identified with a substance in Subpart D of this Part (40CFR704.203-91).
Replicate sample: A sample prepared by dividing a sample into two or more aliquots. Duplicate samples are considered to be two replicates. In cases where aliquoting is impossible, as in the case of volatiles, duplicate samples must be taken for the replicate analysis (NavyEnv-04).
Repowering: Rebuilding and replacing major components of a power plant instead of building a new one (EPA-97/12).
Replicate: Repeated operation occumng within an analytical procedure. Two or more analyses for the same constituent in an extract of a single sample constitutes replicate extract analyses (Navy/Env-04). Replicate: Two or more duplicate tests, samples, organisms, concentrations, or exposure chambers (40CFR797.1600-91). Replicon: A unit of replication that possesses the genetic locus for the initiator (protein) and the locus where replication of genetic material is to begin (EPA-88109a).
Repowering: The replacement of an existing coal-fired boiler with one of the following clean coal technologies: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coalfired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, a derivative of one or more of these technologies, and any other technology capable of controlling multiple combustion emissions simultaneously with improved boiler or generation efficiency and with significantly greater waste reduction relative to the performance of technology in widespread commercial use as of the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 409(a), for the purpose of this title, the term "repowering" shall also include any oil and/or gas-fired unit which has been awarded clean coal technology demonstration funding as of January 1, 1991, by the Department of Energy (CAA402-42U.S.C.765 1a).
Representative important species: The species which are representative, in terms of their biological needs, of a balanced, indigenous community of shellfish, fish, and wildlife in the body of water into which a discharge of heat is made (40CFR125.7191). Representative sample: (1) A sample of a universe or whole (e.g., waste pile, lagoon, groundwater) which can be expected to exhibit the average properties of the universe or whole. See sample for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91, see also EPA-86/01; LBL 76107-water). (2) A sample collected in such a manner that it has characteristics equivalent to the lot sample. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Representative sample: A portion of material or water that is as nearly identical in content and consistency as possible to that in the larger body of material or water being sampled (EPA-97/12). Representativeness: The degree to which data accurately and precisely represents a characteristic of a population, parameter variations at a sampling point, or an environmental condition. It is a qualitative parameter that is most concerned with the proper design of the sampling program (Navy/Env-04). Reprocessing: Changing the character of secondary materials i.e., minor, such as crushing or shredding; major--such as biochemical conversion of cellulose into yeast (EPA-83). Reproducibility: The precision of determinations by different analysts in different laboratories (cf. repeatability or ASTM El 80) (EPA-83). Reproductive toxicity: Fertility, litter size and survival, gestation survival, postnatal body weight. See endpoint for more related terms (Course 165.6; EPA-92/12). Repulping: The operation of rewetting and fiberizing pulp or paper for subsequent sheet formation (EPA-87/10). Request for proposal: A request for an offer by one party to another of terms and conditions with references to some work or undertaking; the initial overture or preliminary statement for consideration by the other party to a proposed agreement (40CFR248.4-91). Request identification number @IN): A number assigned by EPA to identify your Freedom of Information Act request (e.g., 1234-99). Refer to the RIN when contacting EPA concerning your request (FFDCNpesticide-04). Requirements and standards: (1) Requirements as used in this policy refers to both the procedural responses and numerical decontamination levels set forth in this policy as constituting adequate cleanup of PCBs. (2) Standards refers to the numerical decontamination levels set forth in this policy (40CFR761.123-91).
Re-refined oil: The used oil from which the physical and chemical contaminants acquired through previous use have been removed through a refining process. See oil for more related terms (RCRAI004, see also 40CFR252.4-91). Reregistration: The reevaluation and relicensing of existing pesticides originally registered prior to current scientific and regulatory standards. EPA reregisters pesticides through its Registration Standards Program (EPA-97/12). Re-regulating reservoirs: A reservoir for reducing diurnal fluctuations resulting from the operation of an upstream reservoir for power production (CWAIhydrology-04). Research and development: (1) Theoretical analysis, exploration, or experimentation; or (2) The extension of investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature into practical application for experimental and demonstration purposes, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes. Research and development as used in this part and Parts 31 through 35 does not include the internal or external administration of by-product material, or the radiation therefrom, to human beings (10CFR30.491, see also 10CFR70.4-91). Research: A systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Activities which meet this definition constitute research for purposes of this policy, whether or not they are conducted or supported under a program which is considered research for other purposes. For example, some demonstration and service programs may include research activities (40CFR26.102-91). Reserve capacity: Extra treatment capacity built into solid waste and wastewater treatment plants and interceptor sewers to accommodate flow increases due to future population growth (EPA-97/12). Reserve cell: A class of cells which is designated as a reserve cell, because it is supplied to the user in a non-activated state. Typical of this class of cells is the carbon-zinc air reserve cell, which is produced with all the components in a dry or non-activated state, and is activated with water when it is ready to be used (EPA84/08). Reserve volume: Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration (EPA-90108). Reserve: That portion of the identified coal resource that can be economically mined at the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a recovery factor to that component of the identified coal resource designated as the reserve base (CWNmining-04).
Reservoir of infection: Man, animal, plants, soil, or inanimate organic matter in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies and depends primarily for survival, reproducing itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to man. Man himself is the most frequent reservoir of infectious agents pathogenic for man (EPA83).
Residential refuse: All those types of solid wastes that normally originate in the private home or apartment house. Also called domestic or household refuse. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Residential solid waste: See residential waste.
Reservoir route method: A method in which several crews are used to pick up on a centrally located route after having collected on peripheral routes. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Residential tank: A tank located on property used primarily for dwelling purposes. See tank for more related terms (40CFR280.12-91).
Reservoir sediment storage: The natural accumulation of sediment in a reservoir that must be taken into account when calculating reservoir capacity (DOI-70104).
Residential use: Pesticide application in and around houses, office buildings, apartment buildings, motels, and other living or working areas (EPA-97/12).
Reservoir: A pond, lake, or basin, either natural or artificial, for the storage, regulation, and control of water (CWNWscience-04).
Residential use: The use of a pesticide directly: (1) On humans or pets; (2) In, on, or around any structure, vehicle, article, surface, or area associated with the household, including but not limited to areas such as nonagricultural outbuildings, non-commercial greenhouses, pleasure boats and recreational vehicles; or (3) In any preschool or day care facility (40CFR152.3-91, see also 40CFR157.21-91).
Reservoir: Any natural or artificial holding area used to store, regulate, or control water (EPA-97/12). Reservoir: In risk assessment, a tissue in an organism or a place in the environment where a chemical accumulates, from which it may be released at a later time (Course 165.6). Reservoir: In wastewater treatment, a pond, lake, tank, or basin, natural or man-made, used for the storage, regulation, and control of water (EPA-74/11). Resetting or self-closing type valve: An automatic device that opens and closes a relief vent, depending on whether the temperature is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee-03). Residence time: (1) The amount of time that a gas spends in a particular location or at a particular temperature (ETI-92). (2) The length of time that the combustion gas is exposed to the combustion temperature in an incinerator. It can be expressed as: t = V/q, where: t = residence time; V = combustion chamber volume; q = combustion gas flow rate (EPA-81/09, p4-98). (3) The characteristic time during which a substance remains in the atmosphere after its emission, taking into account all the possible sinks of this substance (NATO-78/10). (4) See time for more related terms. Residential burner: A device used to bum the solid wastes generated in an individual dwelling (cf. incinerator, municipal waste). See burner for more related terms (SW-108ts). Residential incinerator: Residential incinerator is a predesigned, shop fabricated, and assembled unit, shipped as a package, for individual dwellings. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA83). Residential power plant: A power plant that is designed for residential (home) applications.
Residential waste (domestic municipal waste, household waste, or residential solid waste): The wastes generated by the normal activities of households, including, but not limited to, food wastes, rubbish, ashes, and bulky wastes. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR245.101; 246.101-9 1). Residential waste: Waste generated in single and multi-family homes, including newspapers, clothing, disposable tableware, food packaging, cans, bottles, food scraps, and yard trimmings other than those that are diverted to backyard composting. See household hazardous waste (EPA-97/12). Residential waste: Waste generated in single- and multiplefamily homes (RCRA/management-04). Residential water use: See domestic withdrawals (CWN Wbasics-04). Residual chlorine: The amount of chlorine left in the treated water that is available to oxidize contaminants if they enter the stream. It is usually in the form of hypochlorous acid of hypochlorite ion or of one of the chloramines. Hypochlorite concentration alone is called free chlorine residual while together with the chloramine concentration their sum is called combined chlorine residual. See chlorine for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Residual contamination: Amount of a pollutant remaining in the environment after a natural or technological process has taken place (e.g., the level of chemical remaining in soil after it has been treated) (SF/remedy-04).
Residual disinfectant concentration (C in CT calculations): The concentration of disinfectant measured in mgL in a representative sample of water (40CFR141.2-91).
remediation under Title I of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, as amended (10CFR40.4-91). (3) See radioactive material for more related terms.
Residual fuel oil: A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D 396 and D 975 and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MILF-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes (CAA/C02gas1-04).
Residual risk: The extent of health risk from air pollutants remaining after application of the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) (EPA-97/12).
Residual fuel oil: The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations and that conform to ASTM Specifications D396 and D975. Included are No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity; Navy Special, for use in steam-powered vessels in government service and in shore power plants; and No. 6, which includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for commercial and industrial heating, electricity generation, and to power ships. Imports of residual fuel oil include imported crude oil burned as fuel (CAA/C02gas-04).
Residual: (1) The product or by-product of a treatment process (EPA-89112a). (2) In statistics, the differences between the expected and actual values in a regression analysis (EPA-79112~).
Residual moisture: (1) That moisture remaining in the sample after determining air-dry loss (EPA-83). (2) The moisture content remaining in the sample after it has been milled down to an analysis sample. Prior to milling, the sample should have been subjected to either a total moisture determination (single stage) or an air drying procedure (EPA-83). (3) See analytical parameters-laboratory for more related terms. Residual noise level: The residual level represents a low-level limit value to which the ambient environmental noise level frequently drops, but below which it seldom goes (DOE-91/04). Residual oil: (1) A general term used to indicate a heavy viscous fuel oil (OME-88/12). (2) Crude oil, fuel oil numbers 1 and 2 that have a nitrogen content greater than 0.05 weight percent, and all fuel oil numbers 4, 5, and 6, as defined by the American Society of Testing and Materials in ASTM D396-78, Standard Specifications for Fuel Oils IBR. See 40CFR60.17,40CFR60.41b91, see also 40CFR60.41c-91. See also oil for more related terms. Residual radioactive material: (1) Waste (which the Secretary of Energy determines to be radioactive) in the form of tailings resulting from the processing of ores for the extraction of uranium and other valuable constituents of the ores; and (2) Other waste (which the Secretary of Energy determines to be radioactive) at a processing site which relates to such processing, including any residual stock of unprocessed ores or low-grade materials. This term is used only with respect to materials at sites subject to
Residual saturation: Saturation level below which fluid drainage will not occur (EPA-97/12). Residual waste: Those materials (solid or liquid) which still require disposal after the completion of a resource recovery activity, e.g., slag and liquid effluents following a pyrolysis operation, plus the discards from front-end separation systems. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Residual: Amount of a pollutant remaining in the environment after a natural or technological process has taken place; e.g., the sludge remaining after initial wastewater treatment, or particulates remaining in air after it passes through a scrubbing or other process (EPA-97/12). Residual-mass curve: A graph of the cumulative departures from a given reference such as the arithmetic average, generally as ordinate, plotted against time or date, as abscissa (CWA/hydrology-04). Residue conveyer: A conveyer, usually a drag- or flight-type, used to remove incinerator residue from a quench trough to a discharge point. See conveyer for more related terms (OME-88/12; SW-l08ts). Residue studies: Research which examines the recalcitrance, bioavailability, toxicity, solubility, etc., of pesticide residues. More information on this topic can be found at the FDA site for residual pesticides monitoring (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Residue: (1) All the solids that remain after completion of thermal processing, including bottom ash, fly ash, and grate siftings (40CFR240.101; 241.101 -91). (2) The unusable remainder from any processing system (EPA-83). (3) cf. unreclaimable residue. Residue: In metallurgy, dross, skimmings, and slag recovered from alloy and metal smelting operations of both the primary and secondary smelters and from foundries (EPA-76/12). Residue: The dry solids remaining after the evaporation of a sample of water or sludge (EPA-97/12). Resin acid: A naturally occurring organic compound in wood (EPA-87/10).
Resin adsorption: See adsorption process. Resin bolting: A method of permanent roof support in which steel rods are grouted with resin (CWNmining-04). Resin: There are two types of resins, namely, natural, and synthetic. The natural resins are obtained directly from sources such as fossil remains and tree saps. Synthetic resins can be classified by physical properties as thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic resins undergo no permanent change upon heating. They can be softened, melted, and molded without change in their physical properties. The thermosetting resins, on the other hand, can be softened, melted, and molded, but with continued heating, they harden or set to a permanent, rigid state and cannot be remolded (AP-40). Resin is the main ingredient of paint and ink which binds the various other ingredients together. It also aids adhesion to the surface (EPA-79/12b; 79112a). Resin: For more related terms, see (1) Acrylic resin; (2) Alkyd resin; (3) Bulk resin; (4) Cold set resin; (5) Dispersion resin; (6) Epoxy resin; (7) Furan resin; (8) Grade of resin; (9) Ion exchange resin; (10) Latex resin; (11) Phenol formaldehyde resin (see phenolic resin); (12) Phenolic resin; (13) Synthetic resin; (14) Thermoset resin; and (15) Thermosetting resin (see synthetic resin). Resistance furnace: An electric furnace which is essentially refractory-lined chamber with electrodes, movable or fixed, buried in the charge. The charge itself acts as an electrical resistance that generates heat. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p236). Resistance: For plants and animals, the ability to withstand poor environmental conditions or attacks by chemicals or disease. May be inborn or acquired (EPA-97/12). Resistor: A device designed to provide a definite amount of resistance, used in circuits to limit current flow or to provide a voltage drop (EPA-83/03). Resolution: The separation between peaks on a chromatogram, calculated by dividing the depth of the valley between the peaks by the peak height of the smaller peak being resolved, multiplied by 100. Also termed separation or percent resolution (NavyIEnv04). Resonance hybrid: The intermediate molecule between two or more valence bond structure. Resonance: The emphasis of sound of a particular frequency (NCNsound-04). Resonant frequency: The frequency at which the maximum vibration of a system takes place.
Resorcinol test: A color indicator test used for the determination of the concentration of sucrose in condensate and condenser waters (EPA-75102d). Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976: See Act or RCRA. Resource conservation: The reduction of the amounts of solid waste that are generated, reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of recovered resources (RCRA100442U.S.C.6903-91). Resource recovery facility: Any facility at which solid waste is processed for the purpose of extracting, converting to energy, or otherwise separating and preparing solid waste for reuse (RCRAI 004, see also 40CFR5 1-App/S; 245.101-91). Resource recovery system: A solid waste management system which provides for collection, separation, recycling, and recovery of solid wastes, including disposal of nonrecoverable waste residues (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Resource recovery unit: A facility that combusts more than 75% non-fossil fuel on a quarterly (calendar) heat input basis (40CFR60.41a-91). Resource recovery: (1) The recovery of material or energy from solid waste (RCRA1004). (2) A general term used to describe the extraction of materials or energy from wastes (cf. recovery, recycle, reuse, or salvage) (EPA-83). Resource recovery: A term describing the extraction and use of materials and energy from the wastestream. The term is sometimes used synonymously with energy recovery (RCWmanagement-04). Resource recovery: The process of obtaining matter or energy from materials formerly discarded (EPA-97/12). Resource: A person, thing, or action needed for living or to improve the quality of life (EPA-89/12). Resources: Concentrations of coal in such forms that economic extraction is currently or may become feasible. Coal resources broken down by identified and undiscovered resources. Identified coal resources are classified as demonstrated and inferred. Demonstrated resources are further broken down as measured and indicated. Undiscovered resources are broken down as hypothetical and speculative (CWNmining-04). Respirable dust sample: A sample collected with an approved coal mine dust sampler unit attached to a miner, or so positioned as to measure the concentration of respirable dust to which the miner is exposed, and operated continuously over an entire work shift of such miner (CWNmining-04).
Respirable dust: Dust particles 5 microns or less in size (CWNmining-04). Respirable dust: The airborne dust in sizes capable of passing through the upper respirato~ysystem to reach the lower lung passages (29CFR1910.94a-9 1). Respiration rate: Rate of reduction of oxygen concentration due to biological action (NavyIEnv-04). Respiration test: Test used to provide rapid field measurement of biodegradation rates to determine the potential applicability of aerobic bioremediation at a contaminated site and to provide information for a full-scale treatment system design (NavyIEnv04). Respiration: Biological oxidation within a life form; the most likely energy source for animals (the reverse of photosynthesis) (EPA-76/03). Respiration: Oxidation of compounds to provide energy for cells (NavyIEnv-04). Respiratory bronchiole: Non-cartilagenous airway with lumen open along one side to alveoli; when walls are completely alveolarized it is usually referred to as an alveolar duct. Essentially absent in rats (EPA-90108). Respond or response: The remove, removal, remedy, and remedial action, all such terms (including the terms removal and remedial action) include enforcement activities related thereto (SFlOl, see also 40CFR300.5-91). Respondent: Any person proceeded against in the complaint (40CFR22.03-91, see also 40CFR8.33; 32.105; 164.2; 209.3-91). Response action: (1) Generic term for actions taken in response to actual or potential health-threatening environmental events such as spills, sudden releases, and asbestos abatement/management problems. (2) A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to: removing hazardous materials from a site to an EPA-approved hazardous waste facility for treatment, containment, or treating the waste on-site; identifying and removing the sources of groundwater contamination; and halting further migration of contaminants. Response action: (1) Generic term for actions taken in response to actual or potential health-threatening environmental events such as spills, sudden releases, and asbestos abatementlmanagement problems. (2) A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to: removing hazardous materials from a site to an EPA-approved hazardous waste facility for treatment, containment, or treating the waste on-site; identifjmg and removing the sources of groundwater contamination; and
halting further migration of contaminants. (3) Any of the following actions taken in school buildings in response to AHERA to reduce the risk of exposure to asbestos: removal, encapsulation, enclosure, repair, and operations and maintenance. See cleanup (EPA-97/12).
Response action: (1) Methods that protect humans' health and the environment from asbestos-containing material. Such methods include methods described in chapters 3 and 5 of the Environmental Protection Agency's Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings (TSCA20215U.S.C.2642-91). (2) All activities undertaken to address the problems created by hazardous substances at a National Priorities List site (40CFR35.4010-91, see also 40CFR304.12; 763.83-91; EPA-89/12). Response action: A CERCLA-authorized action involving either a short-term removal action or a long-term removal response. This may include but is not limited to removing hazardous materials, containing or treating the waste on-site, and identifying and removing the sources of groundwater contamination and halting further migration of contaminants (SFIreform-04). Response action: An action taken by EPA or another federal, state, or local agency to address the risks posed by the release or threatened release of hazardous substances--generally categorized as emergency response, short-term cleanup and long-term cleanup (SFIremedy-04). Response complete (RC): The IRP actions are complete and the site is not a threat to the public health or the environment. It also can mean that the DOD is satisfied that the IRP activities at the site are complete and the proper authorities have been or are being notified, where necessary, of this decision (NavyIEnv-04). Response cost: All costs of removal or remedial action incurred and to be incurred by the United States at a facility pursuant to section 104 of CERCLA, 42U.S.C.9604, including, but not limited to, all costs of investigation and information gathering, planning and implementing a response action, administration, enforcement, litigation, interest, and indirect costs. See cost for more related terms (40CFR304.12-91). Response factor: The ratio of the known concentration of a VOC compound to the observed meter reading when measured using an instrument calibrated with the reference compound specified in the application regulation (40CFR60-App/A(method 21)-91, see also 40CFR796.1720; 796.1860-91). Response time test: A test that introduces a zero gas into the measurement system at the calibration valve assembly. When the system output has stabilized, switch quickly to the high-level calibration gas. Record the time from the concentration change to the measurement system response, equivalent to 95% of the step change (final value). Repeat the test three times and average the results (EPA-90104).
Response time: The amount of time required for the measurement system to display 95% of a step change in gas concentration on the data recorder. See time for more related terms (40CFR60App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method 2 1); 60-App/A(method 25A); 40CFR60-App/B-9 1; LBL-76107water). Response: Any investigation, evaluation, decision-making, or implementation step (NavyIEnv-04). Response: Purposeful human actions to address observed or predicted ecological, human health, or welfare changes or impacts that are considered undesirable; i.e., societal responses (EPA95/04). Response: The efforts to minimize the risks created in an emergency by protecting the people, the environment and property, and returning the scene to normal pre-emergency conditions (see also 40CFR300.5-91) (EPA-85/11). Responsible party (RP): A paon(s) or company(ies) that the EPA has determined to be responsible for, or to have contributed to, the contamination at a site (EPA-89/12a, see also OPA1001; 40CFR761.123-91). Responsiveness summary: A summary of oral andlor written public comments received by EPA during a comment period on key EPA documents, and EPA's response to those comments (EPA-97/12).
Restricted entry interval: The time after a pesticide application during which entry into the treated area is restricted (EPA-97/12). Restricted use pesticide retail dealer: Any person who makes available for use any restricted use pesticide, or who offers to make available for use any such pesticide (40CFR171.2-91). Restricted use pesticide: A pesticide that is classified for restricted use under the provisions of section 3(d)(l)(C) of the Act. See pesticide for more related terms (40CFR171.2-91). Restricted use: A pesticide may be classified (under FIFRA regulations) for restricted use if it requires special handling because of its toxicity, and, if so, it may be applied only by trained, certified applicators or those under their direct supervision (EPA97/12). Restricted use: A pesticide may be classified (under FIFRA regulations) for restricted use if it requires special handling because of its toxicity, and, if so, it may be applied only by trained, certified applicator or those under their direct supervision (MWTAIinfectious-04). Restricted wastes: Wastes that have LDR treatment standards, but can be land disposed without treatment because of an exemption (e.g., a capacity variance) (RCRMandban-04). Restriction enzymes: Enzymes that recognize specific regions of a long DNA molecule and cut it at those points (EPA-97/12). Resurgence: Reappearance of underground water at the surface.
Restoration advisory board (RAB): The mechanism through which the Department of Defense involves its local stakeholders in federal cleanup decisions (OMBIReg-04). Restoration management information system (RMIS): A DOD database used to track information on the status and progress of activities at sites in the DEW. It is used to support the Annual Report to Congress (Navy/Env-04). Restoration: Measures taken to return a site to pre-violation conditions (EPA-97/12). Restoration: See environmental restoration (OMBIReg-04). Restore: To re-establish a setting or environment in which the natural functions of the floodplain can again operate (40CFR6AppIA-9 1). Restricted area: Any area access to which is controlled by the licensee for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials. Restricted area shall not include any areas used as residential quarters, although a separate room or rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area (I OCFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR70.4-91).
Retail facility: A facility at which more than one-half of the income is obtained from direct sales to end users or at which more than one-half of the fuel sold, by volume, is sold through a cylinder exchange program (TSCAIchemical-04). Retan wet finish: The final processing steps performed on a tanned hide including, but not limited to, the following wet processes: retan, bleach, color, and fatliquor (40CFR425.02-91). Retanning: A second tanning process utilizing either the natural tanning materials (chromium or vegetable extracts) or synthetic tanning agents. Retanning imparts specialized properties to the leather (EPA-82/11). Retardation: Preferential retention of contaminants in the subsurface by one or more physical, chemical, or biological factors (NavyIEnv-04). Retarder (active): A device or system for decelerating rolling rail cars and controlling the degree of deceleration on a car by car basis (40CFR201.1-91). Retarder sound: A sound which is heard and identified by the observer as that of a retarder, and that causes a sound level meter
indicator at fast meter response 40CFR201.1(1) to register an increase of at least ten decibels above the level observed immediately before hearing the sound (40CFR201.1-91).
Retarding reservoir: Ungated reservoir for temporary storage of flood water. Sometimes called detention reservoir (CWA/hydrology-04). Retention basin: An area designed to retain precipitation runoff and prevent erosion and pollution (RCWmanagement-04). Retention basin: An area designed to retain runoff and prevent erosion and pollution (EPA-89/11). Retention chamber: A structure within a flow-through test chamber which confines the test organisms, facilitating observation of test organisms and eliminating loss of organisms in outflow water (40CFR797.1930-91, see also 40CFR797.1950-91). Retention factor: A fraction of aerosol particles removed from a flowing air by a stationary boundary (EPA-88109a). Retention index: An index used in the gas chromatography to indicate the retention volume phenomena during analyses. Retention period: See detention time. Retention pond: A man-made pond used for temporarily holding the wastewater (cf. detention tank). Retention time: In incineration, the length of time that solid materials remain in the primary chamber during incineration (EPA-89103b). It can be expressed as: t = 0.19 (WD)/SN, where: t = retention time in minute; L = kiln length in ft; D = kiln diameter in ft; S = slope of kiln ft/ft; N = rotation velocity in rpm (EPA8 1/09, p4-104). See time for more related terms. Retention time: In monitoring, the time interval from a step decrease in the input concentration at the instrument inlet to the first corresponding change in the instrument output (LBL76107water). Retention time: The length of time the material is held in the system. How long from beginning to end (CAAIAPC-04). Retention volume: Retention volume = flow rate x retention time. Retort incinerator: See excess air incinerator. Retort: (1) A system in which substances are distilled, e.g., a vessel in which ore is heated to extract a metal, or coal is heated to produce gas. (2) A steel vessel in which wood products are impregnated with chemicals that protect the wood from biological deterioration or that impart fire resistance. Also called treating cylinder (EPA-74/04). (3) Sterilization of food by cooking, usually
with steam under pressure (cf. retort incinerator under incinerator, excess-air) (EPA-75/10).
Retread tire: A worn automobile, truck, or other motor vehicle tire whose tread has been replaced (40CFR253.4-91). Retreat mining: A system of robbing pillars in which the robbing line, or line through the faces of the pillars being extracted, retreats from the boundary toward the shaft or mine mouth (CWNmining-04). Retroactive liability: Parties can be held liable for releases resulting from actions prior to when Congress enacted CERCLA in 1980 (SFIEnv-04). Retrofill: To remove PCB or PCB-contaminated dielectric fluid and to replace it with either PCB, PCB- contaminated, or non-PCB dielectric fluid (40CFR761.3-91). Retrofit device or device: (1) Any component, equipment, or other device (except a flow measuring instrument or other driving aid, or lubricant or lubricant additive) which is designed to be installed in or on an automobile as an addition to, as a replacement for, or through alteration or modification of, any original component, or other devices; or (2) Any fuel additive which is to be added to the fuel supply of an automobile by means other than fuel dispenser pumps; and (3) Which any manufacturer, dealer, or distributor of such device represents will provide higher fuel economy than would have resulted with the automobile as originally equipped, as determined under rules of the Administrator (40CFR610.1 1- 1-91). Retrofit: Addition of a pollution control device on an existing facility without making major changes to the generating plant. Also called backfit (EPA-97/12). Retrofit: The addition or removal of an item of equipment, or a required adjustment, connection, or disconnection of an existing item of equipment, for the purpose of reducing emissions (40CFR51-App/N-9 1, see also 40CFR6 10.1 1-91). Retrofitted configuration: The test configuration after adjustment of engine calibrations to the retrofit specifications and after all retrofit hardware has been installed (40CFR610.11-91). Retrospective analysis: Review and analysis of existing data in order to address NAWQA objectives, to the extent possible, and to aid in the design of NAWQA studies (CWAtWbasics-04). Retrospective study: An epidemiological study which compares diseased persons with non-diseased persons and works back in time to determine exposures (Course 165.6). Return flow (irrigation): Imgation water that is applied to an area and which is not consumed in evaporation or transpiration and returns to a surface stream or aquifer (CWNWscience-04).
Return flow (or regenerated water): The part of imgation water that is not consumed by evapotranspiration and returns to its source or runs off into another body of water (DOI-70104). Return flow: (1) That part of a diverted flow that is not consumptively used and returned to its original source or another body of water. (2) Irrigation: Drainage water from imgated farmlands that re-enters the water system to be used further downstream (CWNWscience-04). Return flow: That part of imgation water that is not consumed by evapotranspiration and that returns to its source or another body of water (CWNWbasics-04). Return idler: The idler or roller underneath the cover or cover plates on which the conveyor belt rides after the load which it was carrying has been dumped at the head section and starts the return trip toward the foot section (CWNmining-04). Return on assets (ROA): A measure of potential or realized profit as a percent of the assets (or fixed assets) used to generate the profit (EPA-75/04). Return on investment (ROI): A measure of potential or realized profit as a percentage of the investment required to generate the profit (EPA-75/04). Return sludge rate: The ratio between the return sludge to the influent sewage. Return sludge is the sludge that is returned to the aeration tank to mix with the influent sewage. Return: The air or ventilation that has passed through all the working faces of a split (CWNmining-04). Returnable beverage container: A beverage container for which a deposit is paid upon purchase and for which a refund of equal value is payable upon return (40CFR244.101-91). Reuse: The use of a product more than once in its same form for the same purpose; e.g., a soft drink bottle is reused when it is returned to the bottling company for refilling (RCRNmanagement04). Reuse: Using a product or component of municipal solid waste in its original form more than once; e.g., refilling a glass bottle that has been returned or using a coffee can to hold nuts and bolts (EPA-97/12). Reused or used: A material is used or reused if it is either: (1) Employed as an ingredient (including use as an intermediate) in an industrial process to make a product (for example, distillation bottoms from one process used as feedstock in another process). However, a material will not satisfy this condition if distinct components of the material are recovered as separate end products (as when metals are recovered from metal-containing secondary
materials); or (2) Employed in a particular function or application as an effective substitute for a commercial product (for example, spent pickle liquor used as phosphorous precipitant and sludge conditioner in wastewater treatment) (40CFR261.1-91).
Reused water: The process wastewater or treatment facility effluent which is further used in a different manufacturing process. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Reverberation time: The time taken for sound to decay 60 dB to 1/1,000,000 of its original sound level after the sound source has stopped. Sound after it has ended will continue to reflect off surfaces until the wave loses enough energy by absorption to eventually die out. Reverberation time is the basic acoustical property of a room, which depends only on its dimensions and the absorptive properties of its surfaces and contents. Reverberation has an important impact on speech intelligibility (NCNsound-04). Reverberation time: The time that would be required for the mean-square sound pressure level, originally in a steady state, to fall 60 dB after the source is stopped (40CFR211.203-91). 60 dB is the threshold of audibility. See time for more related terms. Reverberation: Sound after it is ended at the source will continue to reflect off surfaces until the sound wave loses energy by absorption to eventually die out (NCNsound-04). Reverberation: The persistence of sound in an enclosed space after the sound source has stopped (EPA-74/11). Reverberatory furnace: (1) A furnace in which the fuel is not in direct contact with the charge (waste or metals) but the heating effect is basically generated by reflection down from a refractory roof (OME-88/12); (2) A furnace operates by radiating heat from its burner flame, roof, and walls onto the material heated. It can be used to produce aluminum alloy from aluminum scraps (AP-40, p233; EPA-76/12). Reverberatory furnace: Includes the following types of reverberatory furnaces: stationary, rotating, rocking, and tilting. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.121; 60.13 1-91). Reverberatory smelting furnace: Any vessel in which the smelting of copper sulfide ore concentrates or calcines is performed and in which the heat necessary for smelting is provided primarily by combustion of a fossil fuel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91). Reverse deionization: A technique in which the negative ion exchange unit and positive ion exchange unit are used in sequence to remove all residual ions from a solution. Reverse incentive: A penalty connected with water use, such as a user charge (based on the amount of water withdrawn from the municipal supply) or an effluent charge (based on the quantity and
quality of wastes discharged into a watercourse) to cover damages caused by a user's pollutants (DOI-70104).
contaminants. Also used in wastewater treatment. Large-scale reverse osmosis plants are being developed (EPA-97/12).
Reverse mutation assay in E. coli: Detects mutation in a gene of tryptophan requiring strain to produce a tryptophan independent strain of this organism (cf. forward mutation) (40CFR798.510091).
Reverse well injection: Process in which solutes are injected into an underlying geologic formation through wells (DOE-91/04).
Reverse mutation assay in salmonella typhimurium: Detects mutation in a gene of histidine requiring strain to produce a histidine independent strain of this organism (40CFR798.5265-91). Reverse osmosis (RO): A treatment process used in water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, but containing contaminants. Reverse osmosis removes most drinking water contaminants. Also used in wastewater treatment. Large-scale reverse osmosis plants are being developed (NavyIEnv-04). Reverse osmosis (RO): RO is a process in which, if pressure is put on the concentrated side of a liquid system in which liquids with different concentrations of mineral salts are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, molecules of pure water pass out of the concentrated solution to the weak or fresh-water side (contrary to the case of normal osmosis) (DOI-70104). The RO membrane is permeable to the solvent but impermeable to most dissolved species, both organic and inorganic. The driving force for its separation is an applied pressure gradient. Conventional forward osmosis transfers solvent through a semi-permeable separator from more dilute to more concentrated solution, driven by the difference in solvent vapor pressure on either side of the separator. RO differs from the conventional filtration in that the flow of the feed is not normal to the membrane surface but tangential to it in an effort to keep it clean of debris and to reduce surface concentration efforts. RO membranes do not become plugged but they may become fouled by film-forming organics or by insoluble salts and scaling. Reverse osmosis: (1) Desalination: The process of removing salts from water using a membrane. With reverse osmosis, the product water passes through a fine membrane that the salts are unable to pass through, while the salt waste (brine) is removed and disposed. This process differs from electrodialysis, where the salts are extracted from the feedwater by using a membrane with an electrical current to separate the ions. The positive ions go through one membrane, while the negative ions flow through a different membrane, leaving the end product of freshwater. (2) Water Quality: An advanced method of water or wastewater treatment that relies on a semi-permeablemembrane to separate waters from pollutants. An external force is used to reverse the normal osmotic process resulting in the solvent moving from a solution of higher concentration to one of lower concentration (CWAPNscience-04). Reverse osmosis: A treatment process used in water systems by adding pressure to force water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis removes most drinking water
Reverse: To reverse the direction of flow of gas and air in a regenerative furnace (EPA-83). Reversible effect: An effect which is not permanent; especially adverse effects which diminish when exposure to a to& chemical stops (EPA-97/12). Reversible fuel cell: See regenerative fuel cell. Reversible process (or quasi-static process): A process is reversible, if the process progresses in a series of equilibrium states. Reversible reaction: A chemical reaction capable of proceeding in either direction depending upon the conditions (cf. chemical equilibrium) (EPA-84/08). Reversing exchanger: A heat-exchanger unit which serves to purify compressed air by the removal of carbon dioxide and water vapor (EPA-77/07). Revert scrap: See home scrap. Revolving screen: A screen with a surface that revolves around an axis; the screen surface may be inclined or vertical. See screen for more related terms (EPA-88108a). Rewinder: Winder used to salvage unsalable paper rolls and for inspection of offgrade paper; e.g., dished rolls, rolls containing wet streaks, etc., in a salvage operation (EPA-83). Reynold stress: The apparent stress on the mean flow caused by turbulent velocity fluctuations which transport momentum. It is calculated as the correlation of this turbulent velocity fluctuations (NATO-78110). Reynolds analogy: The assumption that the turbulent difksivities for heat and momentum are equal (NATO-78/10). Reynolds number (Re): Re = inertial force/viscous force = (characteristic length)(velocity)(gas density)/viscosity. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the nature of a fluid flow in a tube or duct. A laminar (smooth) flow (in a tube) is usually encountered at Re number below 2100. Under ordinary conditions of a flow, the flow is turbulent at Re above about 4000. Between 2100 and 4000 a transition region is found, where the type of flow may be either laminar or turbulent (cf. flow regime) (EPA-84/09). Example: Determine Re. Data: Duct diameter = 1.5 ft, gas velocity throughAtheduct = 25 Wsec., gas viscosity = 1.16 E-05 Iblft-sec., gas density = 0.075 lb/ft3.
Solution: Re = (1.5 x 25 x 0.075)/1.16 E-05 = 2.42 E+05. Re is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent.
Ridge and furrow irrigation: A method of irrigation of which water is allowed to flow along surface of fields (EPA-75102d).
Rf: The furthest distance traveled by a test material on a thin layer chromatography plate divided by the distance traveled by a solvent front (arbitrarily set at 10.0 cm in soil TLC studies) (40CFR796.2700-91).
Riffle: A rapid in a stream (CWAlhydrology-04).
RFA: RCRA Facility Assessment. An assessment required by RCRA to identify potential and actual releases of hazardous chemicals (SFhealth-04).
Riffle: A shallow part of the stream where water flows swiftly over completely or partially submerged obstructions to produce surface agitation (CWAAVbasics-04). Right-of-way: Includes an easement, lease, permit, or license to occupy, use, or traverse public lands granted for the purpose listed in subchapter V of this chapter (FLPMA103-43U.S.C. 1702-90).
RfD: See reference dose (SFihealth-04). Rhenium (Re): A transition metal with atomic number 75; atomic weight 186.2; density 21.0 glee; melting point 3 180 C and boiling point 5900 C. The element belongs to group VIIB of the periodic table. Rhodium (Rh): A hard transition metal with atomic number 45; atomic weight 102.905; density 12.4 glee; melting point 1966 C and boiling point 4500 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. RUFS: Remedial investigationlfeasibility study. The remedial investigation is an engineering study that assesses the geographical, geological, and hydrological properties of a site, and the nature and extent of the hazardous waste contained therein. It is usually combined with the feasibility study, which identifies the various cleanup alternatives and specifies their costs and benefits (SF/Env-04).
Rib: The side of a pillar or the wall of an entry. The solid coal on the side of any underground passage. Same as rib pillar (CWNmining-04).
Rill: A small channel eroded into the soil by surface runoff; can be easily smoothed out or obliterated by normal tillage (EPA97/12). Rime: A white, opaque granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled water drops as they impinge on an exposed object (DOE-9 1/04). Ringlemann chart: A series of shaded illustrations used to measure the opacity of air pollution emissions, ranging from light gray through black; used to set and enforce emissions standards (EPA-97/12). Ringlemann chart: The shades of gray simulate various smoke densities and are assigned numbers ranging from one to five. A clear stack is recorded as 0, and 100% black smoke as 5. Ringelmann No. 1 has 20% density, and 2 through 4 are progressively 20% more dense. Ringelmann charts are used in the setting and enforcement of emission standards (SW-lO8ts; EPA7411 1).
Ribbon process: A process whereby molten glass is delivered to a forming unit in a ribbon form (EPA-83).
Rinse: Remove foreign materials from the surface of an object by flow or impingement of a liquid (usually water) on the surface. In the battery industry, rinse may be used interchangeably with wash (EPA-84/08).
Ribonucleic acid (RNA): A molecule that carries the genetic message from DNA to a cellular protein-producing mechanism (EPA-97/12).
Riparian habitat: Areas adjacent to rivers and streams with a differing density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species relative to nearby uplands (EPA-97/12).
Rich combustion: A combustion condition that a combustible mixture contains insufficient oxidant (oxygen or combustion air) for the complete combustion of the mixture. See combustion for more related terms.
Riparian rights: A concept of water law under which authorization to use water in a stream is based on ownership of the land adjacent to the stream (CWAAVbasics-04). See also water rights.
Richardson number: A dimensionless number expressing the ratio of the production of turbulent energy by buoyancy forces to the production of turbulent energy by shear forces (NATO-78/10).
Riparian water rights: The rights of an owner whose land abuts water. They differ from state to state and often depend on whether the water is a river, lake, or ocean. The doctrine of riparian rights is an old one, having its origins in English common law. Specifically, persons who own land adjacent to a stream have the right to make reasonable use of the stream. Riparian users of a stream share the stream flow among themselves, and the concept of priority of use (Prior Appropriation Doctrine) is not applicable.
Rider: A thin seam of coal overlying a thicker one (CWNmining04).
Riparian rights cannot be sold or transferred for use on nonriparian land (CWMWscience-04).
Riparian zone: Pertaining to or located on the bank of a body of water, especially a stream (CWMWbasics-04). Riparian: Areas adjacent to rivers and streams with a high density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species relative to nearby uplands (CWAIWquality-04). Riparian: Pertaining to or situated on the bank of a natural body of flowing water (CWAlWbasics-04). Riparian: The area adjacent to a stream or river (SFIremedy-04). Ripper: A coal extraction machine that works by tearing the coal from the face (CWMmining-04). Ripple current: A small undesirable flow such as an AC (ripple) component in a pulsating DC current produced by a rectifier. Riprap: (1) Rough stones of various sizes placed compactly irregularly to prevent erosion (EPA-82/10). (2) A loose assemblage of stones used in water or soft ground as a foundation (DOE-9 1/04). Rise time: (1) The time required for the spark voltage to increase from 10% to 90% of its maximum value (40CFR85.2122(a)(9)(ii)(D)-91). (2) Rise time means interval between initial response and 95% of final response after a step decrease in input concentration (40CFR53.23-91). (3) The time interval between the initial response and a 90% response (unless otherwise specified) after a step increase in the inlet concentration (LBL-76107-water). (4) See time for more related terms. Riser compounds: Extra strength binders used to reduce the extent of riser erosion. Such materials generally contain lignin, furfury1 alcohol, and phosphoric acid (EPA-8511Oa). Riser: A reservoir of a molten metal connected to the casting to provide an additional metal to the casting. An additional metal is required as the result of shrinkage that occurs before and during solidification (EPA-85/lOa). Rising current separator: A unit housing a flowing current of water to carry off or wash away organic materials such as food wastes, heavy plastics, and wood from a heavy fraction. The water is pumped upwards causing many materials, which normally would sink, to float and be removed. See separator for more related terms (EPA-83). Rising head test: A type of Slug Test where a solid or known volume of water is quickly removed from an aquifer so that the rising head (water level in the well) can be monitored to determine the hydraulic conductivity. Values are often greater than those obtained from a falling head test for the same well (NavyIEnv-04).
Risk (adverse) for endangered species: Risk to aquatic species if anticipated pesticide residue levels equal one-fifth of LDlO or one-tenth of LC50; risk to terntrial species if anticipated pesticide residue levels equal one-fifth of LC10 or one-tenth of LC50 (EPA-97/12). Risk analysis of incineration emissions: An estimate of potential impact on human health and the environment from the emission of incinerator(s). Major factors in making the analysis include carcinogenic potency and threshold toxicity values for organic or heavy metal compounds. Risk assessment author: The risk assessor responsible for preparing the risk assessment. This individual may be an EPA employee or contractor, a state employee, a PRP employee or contractor, or some other party, as appropriate for an individual site (SFIriskA-04). Risk assessment elements: Including: (1) Description of potential adverse health effects based on an evaluation of results of epidemiologic, clinical, toxicologic, and environmental research; (2) Extrapolation from those results to predict the type and estimate the extent of health effects in humans under given conditions of exposure; (3) Judgments as to the number and characteristics of persons exposed at various intensities and durations; (4) Summary judgments on the existence and overall magnitude of the public-health problem; and (5) Characterization of the uncertainties in the process of inferring risk (NAC-83). Risk assessment steps: Including some or all of the following four steps: (1) Hazard identification (the determination of whether a particular chemical is or is not causally linked to particular health effects). (2) Dose-response assessment (the determination of the relation between the magnitude of exposure and the probability of occurrence of the health effects in question). (3) Exposure assessment (the determination of the extent of human exposure before or after application of regulatory controls). (4) Risk characterization (the description of the nature and often the magnitude of human risk, including attendant uncertainty) (NAC83). Risk assessment: (1) The qualitative and quantitative evaluation performed in an effort to define the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by the presence or potential presence and/or use of specific pollutants (EPA-89/12, see also NAC-83). (2) The determination of the kind and degree of hazard posed by an agent, the extent to which a particular group of people has been or may be exposed to the agent, and the present or potential health risk that exists due to the agent (EPA-92/12). (3) A decision making process that entails considerations of political, social, economic, and engineering information with risk-related information to develop, analyze, and compare regulatory options and to select the appropriate regulatory response to a potential chronic health hazard (EPA-92/12).
Risk assessment: A methodology to evaluate the extent of human exposure to environmental contaminants with potential health effects. Risk assessments may be quantitative (calculated from exposure to a contaminant and its known chemical characteristics) or qualitative (taking into account cultural, social, and economic factors, including environmental justice considerations) (OMBIReg-04). Risk assessment: A methodology used to examine all possible risks involved with a particular product or organism. Risk assessment can be divided into four parts: identification of hazards, dose response (how much exposure causes particular problems (i.., cancer, convulsions, death), exposure assessment (determining how much exposure will be received by people during particular activities), and risk characterization (determining a probability that a risk will occur) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Risk assessment: Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and/or the environment by the actual or potential presence andlor use of specific pollutants (EPA-97/12). Risk based concentration (RBC): Formulated by EPA Region 111, RBCs are chemical concentrations corresponding to fixed levels of risk (i.e., a hazard quotient of 1 or lifetime cancer risk of 10-6) in water, air, fish tissue, and soil. RBCs are often used to screen sites not yet on the NPL, respond rapidly to citizen inquiries, and spotcheck formal baseline risk assessments. However, RBCs have several limitations. Calculation of RBCs do not include consideration of: (1)Transfers from soil to air and groundwater, and (2) Cumulative risk from multiple contaminants or media. Therefore, for a single contaminant in a single medium, under standard default exposure assumptions, the RBC corresponds to the target risk or hazard quotient (NavyEnv-04). Risk characterization: (1) For non-carcinogenic risk, the risk is expressed as a hazard index (HI). For a single compound, HI = E l m , Where: E = expected exposure that has been obtained through monitoring, sampling or modeling procedures; and AL = Acceptable level. For a chemical mixture, HI = E1/AL1+ E2/AL2 + ...... (2) For carcinogenic risk, the risk is expressed as a carcinogenic potency factor (CPF) or unit cancer risk (UCR). CPF represents the slope of the doseresponse curve. The equation to convert estimated intake directly to incremental cancer risk (P) from a single compound is P = exposure level (m,/Kg-day) x CPF (Kg-daylm,), where m, = milligram (Course 165.6, or Federal Register, Volume 5 1,912411986, pp. 34014-34025). Risk characterization: The last phase of the risk assessment process that estimates the potential for adverse health or ecological effects to occur from exposure to a stressor and evaluates the uncertainty involved (EPA-97/12). Risk communication: The exchange of information about health or environmental risks among risk assessors and managers, the general public, news media, interest groups, etc. (EPA-97/12).
Risk communication: The process of exchanging information about levels or significance of health or environmental risk (FFDCNpesticide-04). Risk estimate: A description of the probability that organisms exposed to a specific dose of a chemical or other pollutant will develop an adverse response, e.g., cancer (EPA-97/12). Risk factor: A characteristic (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variable (e.g., smoking, exposure) associated with increased chance of toxic effects. Some standard risk factors used in general risk assessment calculations include average breathing rates, average weight, and average human life span (FFDCAIpesticide04). Risk factor: A correlation of characteristics (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variables (e.g., smoking, occupational exposure level) with increased probability of a toxic effect (Course 165.6). Risk factor: Actions in the workplace, workplace conditions, or a combination thereof, that may cause or aggravate a Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders; examples include forceful exertion, awkward postures, repetitive exertion, and environmental factors such as temperature (OSHNergonomics-04). Risk factor: Characteristics (e.g., race, sex, age, obesity) or variables (e.g., smoking, occupational exposure level) associated with increased probability of a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Risk for non-endangered species: Risk to species if anticipated pesticide residue levels are equal to or greater than LC50 (EPA97/12). Risk level: The population size on which it is estimated that one additional case of cancer will be reported due to the daily consumption of water and edible aquatic organisms (EPA-85/10). Risk management concept: Ensures that higher relative risk sites receive higher priority in the cleanup process; focuses on risk while also evaluating all relevant factors at a particular cleanup site (NavyIEnv-04). Risk management priorities: Relative risk, legal agreements, military readiness, stakeholder's concerns, innovative technologies, and cost effective contracting procedures help determine the priority of sites for cleanup within funding limits (NavyEnv-04). Risk management programs (RMP): The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires covered facilities (referred to as stationary sources) to develop risk management programs (RMP) to prevent accidental releases of dangerous chemicals. Covered stationary sources are those that have certain regulated substances present in excess of applicable thresholds (SFIremedy-04). Risk management: The process of evaluating and selecting alternative regulatory and non-regulatory responses to risk. The
selection process necessarily requires the consideration of legal, economic, and behavioral factors (EPA-97/12).
Risk ratio: See relative risk. Risk reduction: Actions that can decrease the likelihood that individuals, groups, or communities will experience disease or other health conditions (SFhealth-04). Risk reduction: The lowering or elimination of the level of risk posed to human health or the environment through interim remedial action, remedial action, or institutional or engineering controls (NavyIEnv-04). Risk regulating agencies: The agencies that have been given primary authority to regulate activities and substances that pose chronic health risks include (1) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a component of the Department of Health and Human Services. (3) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a part of the Department of Labor. (4) Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) WAC-83). Risk retention group: Any corporation or other limited liability association taxable as a corporation, or as an insurance company, formed under the laws of any state: (1) Whose primary activity consists of assuming and spreading all, or any portion, of the pollution liability of its group members; (2) Which is organized for the primary purpose of conducting the activity described under subparagraph (1); (3) Which is chartered or licensed as an insurance company and authorized to engage in the business of insurance under the laws of any state; and (4) Which does not exclude any person from membership in the group solely to provide for members of such a group a competitive advantage over such a person (SF401-42U.S.C.9671-91). Risk retention group: Any corporation or other limited liability association taxable as a corporation, or as an insurance company, formed under the laws of any state (CERCLA Sec. 401). Risk retention groups: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, entities formed by businesses or individuals with similar risks to provide insurance coverage for those risks (RCRA~hazardous-04). Risk specific dose (RSD): (1) An ambient concentration corresponding to a specified risk. In risk analysis, EPA recommends the health-based levels (known as RSDs) for carcinogens and Reference Air Concentrations (RACs) for noncarcinogens. Risk from carcinogens is additive. (2) See dose for more related terms.
It may be expressed in quantitative terms, taking values from zero (certainty that harm will not occur) to one (certainty that it will). In many cases, risk can only be described qualitatively, as high, low, or trivial. The lifetime risk was estimated on the basis of 70year lifetime and 45-year work exposure (Course 165.6). (2) A quantitative or qualitative expression of possible loss that considers both the probability that a hazard will cause harm and the consequences of that event (DOE-91/04). (3) The probability of injury, disease, or death under specific circumstances. In quantitative terms, risk is expressed in values ranging from zero (representing the certainty that harm will not occur) to one (representing the certainty that harm will occur). The following are examples showing the manner in which risk is expressed in IRIS: E-4 = a risk of 1110,000; E-5 = a risk of 11100,000; E-6 = a risk of 111,000,000. Similarly, 1.3E-3 = a risk of 1.3/1000 = 11770; 8E-3 = a risk of 11125; and 1.2E-5 = a risk of 1183,000 (EPA92112).
Risk: A measure of the chance that damage to life, health, property, or the environment will occur (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Risk: A measure of the probability that damage to life, health, property, and/or the environment will occur as a result of a given hazard (EPA-97/12). Risk: The probability that something will cause injury or harm (SFhealth-04). Risk: For more related terms, see: (1) Undue risk and (2) Unit risk. Risk-based decision-making: A process that uses risk and exposure assessment concepts to help UST implementing agencies establish enforcement priorities (RCRA/hazardous-04). Risk-based screening level (RBSL): Risk-based, site-specific corrective action target levels for chemicals of concern (NavyIEnv-04). Risk-based targeting: The direction of resources to those areas that have been identified as having the highest potential or actual adverse effect on human health and/or the environment (EPA97/12). Risk-specific dose: The dose associated with a specified risk level (EPA-97/12).
Risk specific dose: The dose associated with a specified risk level (NavyEnv-04).
River basin concept: The notion that each river system, from its head-waters to its mouth, is a single unit and should be treated as such. This concept recognizes the inter-relationship of resource elements in a single basin, and assumes that multiple-purpose development can take this interrelationship into account. It extends the principle of ecological balance to the whole of the area and its occupants (EPA-74/11).
Risk: (1) The probability or a range of probabilities that a specific adverse effect may occur under the conditions of human exposure.
River basin: The land area drained by a river and its tributaries (EPA-97/12).
River load: The solid matter carried along by a river, including dissolved material, suspended material (mainly mud, silt, and sand), and the larger, heavier material carried along the river bed. The maximum or full load of a river depends on its velocity and volume, and on the size of the particles constituting the load. When the limit of the possible load has been reached, any further addition involves the dropping of an equivalent portion of the original load. See load for more related terms (DOI-70104). River profile: A section or curve showing the slope of a river from its source to its mouth (DOI-70104). River: A natural stream of water of considerable volume, larger than a brook or creek (CWNWscience04). Riverine wetlands: Wetlands within river and stream channels; ocean-derived salinity is less than 0.5 part per thousand (CWNWbasics-04). Rmi: Repetitive Motion Injury (OSHAIergonomics-04). RMP Rule: The Risk Management Program Rule is a set of regulations established under Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act that provide guidance for the prevention and detection of accidental releases of regulated hazardous substances and preparation of RMPs (TSCNchemical-04). RMP*SubmitTM: Software, available free from EPA, that facilities can use to submit RMPs (TSCNchemical-04).
RMP: The risk management plan is a summary of a facility's risk management program, as required under the RMP Rule (TSCNchemical-04). Roadways: The surfaces on which vehicles travel. This term includes public and private highways, roads, streets, parking areas, and driveways (40CFR61.141-91). Roaster: Any facility in which a copper sulfide ore concentrate charge is heated in the presence of air to eliminate a significant portion (5% or more) of the sulfur contained in the charge (40CFR60.161-91, see also 40CFR60.171-91). Roasting: The use of a furnace to heat arsenic plant feed material for the purpose of eliminating a significant portion of the volatile materials contained in the feed (40CFR61.18 1-91). Rob: To extract pillars of coal previously left for support (CWNmining-04). Robbed out area: Describes that part of a mine from which the pillars have been removed (CWNmining-04). Rochelle salt: Sodium potassium tartrate, KNaC4H406.4H20 (EPA-74103d).
Rock crushing and gravel washing facilities: The facilities which process crushed and broken stone, gravel, and riprap. See 40CFR436, Subpart B, including the effluent limitations guidelines (40CFRI 22.27-91). Rock crystal: Transparent quartz; highly polished blown glassware, handcut or engraved (EPA-83). Rock wool insulation: The insulation which is composed principally from fibers manufactured from slag or natural rock, with or without binders (40CFR248.4-91). Rock: Any naturally formed, consolidated, or unconsolidated material (but not soil) consisting of two or more minerals (CWNWbasics-04). Rocker: An imperfection; a bottle with bottom deformed so it does not stand solidly (rocks) (EPA-83). Rocket motor test site: Any building, structure, facility, or installation where the static test firing of a beryllium rocket motor and/or the disposal of beryllium propellant is conducted (40CFR61.41-91). Rocking grate stoker: A stoker with a bed of bars or plates on axles; when the axles are rocking in a coordinated manner, solid waste is lifted and advance along the surface of the grate. See stoker for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Rocking grate: An incinerator stoker with moving and stationary grate bars which are trunnion supported. In operation, the moving bars oscillate on the trunnions, imparting a rocking motion to the bars, thus agitating and conveying the solid fuel and resulting residue through the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Rod proof: A test specimen taken from the melt on an iron rod (EPA-83). ROD: Record of decision. A public document that explains which cleanup alternative(s) will be used at a National Priorities List site. The record of decision is based on information and technical analysis generated during the remedial investigatiodfeasibility study and consideration of public comments and community concerns (AENmixedW-04). Rodenticide: A chemical or agent used to destroy rats or other rodent pests, or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, etc. (EPA-97/12). Rodenticide: A pesticide or other agent used to kill rats and other rodents or to prevent them from damaging food, crops, or forage (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Roentgen (R): A measure of external exposures to ionizing radiation. One roentgen equals that amount of x-ray or gamma radiation required to produce ions carrying a charge of 1 electrostatic unit (esu) in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions. One microroentgen (uR) equals R (40CFR300-App/A-91).The roentgen (R) is also defined as: 1 R = 2 . 5 8 ~ 1 0coulombs ~ per kilogram of air. Using the facts that the average energy required to produce one ion pair in air is 34 eV ( 5 . 5 ~ 1 ~ergs, " and that a unit charge is 1.6~10-19coulomb, one finds that 1 R = 87.6 ergs per gram of air. See radiation unit for more related terms (LBL-76107-rad). Roentgen equivalent man (REM): The unit of dosage equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A millirem (mrem) is 1/1000 of a rem (40CFR141.2-91, see also EPA-89/12; DOE-91/04). (1)Microrem (pR): A unit of radiation "dose equivalent" that is equal to one one-millionth of a rem (EPA-88/08a). (2) Mimrem per hour (pRhr): A unit of measure of the rate at which "dose equivalent" is being incurred as a result of exposure to radiation (EPA-88108a). (3) Millirem (mrem): A unit of radiation "dose equivalent" that is equal to one one-thousandth of a rem (EPA-88108a). (4) See radiation unit for more related terms. Roentgen equivalent man (Rem): the unit of measurement of the absorbed dose (see separately) from radiation based on biological effects. It is related to the total energy absorbed per unit quantity of tissue or RAD (see separately) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Roentgen: The unit of (SDWNradionuclide-04).
radiation
exposure
in
air
Roll back model: A simple empirical model which directly relates air quality to emissions. In this model, the contribution to the background concentration by the local sources is considered directly proportional to the total emission. The constant of proportionality is assumed to be independent of the emission changes (NATO-78110). Roll bar: Steel protection over the cab of a tractor or any vehicle to prevent injury to the operator (EPA-83). Roll bonding: The process by which a permanent bond is created between two metals by rolling under high pressure in a bonding mill (co-rolling) (40CFR471.02-91). Roll coater: An apparatus in which a uniform layer of coating is applied by means of one or more rolls across the entire width of a moving substrate (40CFR52.741-91). Roll coating: The process in which the coating is applied by rolls and the coated surface smoothed by means of reverse rolls (EPA83). Roll crusher: A reduction crusher consisting of a heavy frame on which two rolls are mounted; the rolls are driven so that they
rotate toward one another. Coal is fed in from above and nipped between the moving rolls, crushed, and discharged below. See crusher for more related terms (EPA-82/10). Roll off container: A large waste container that fits onto a tractor trailer that can be dropped off and picked up hydraulically (EPA89111). Roll on/roll off container: A large container (20 to 40 cubic yards) that can be pulled onto a service vehicle mechanically and carried to a disposal site for emptying. See container for more related terms (SW-108ts). Roll printer: An apparatus used in the application of words, designs, or pictures to a substrate, usually by means of one or more rolls each with only partial coverage (40CFR52.741-91). Roll printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate usually by means of a series of hard rubber or metal rolls each with only partial coverage (40CFR52.741-91). Roll protection: A framework, safety canopy, or similar protection for the operator when equipment overturns (CWNmining-04). Roll: (1)A high place in the bottom or a low place in the top of a mine passage, (2) a local thickening of roof or floor strata, causing thinning of a coal seam (CWNmining-04). Rollboard: An asbestos-containing product made of paper that is produced in a continuous sheet, is flexible, and is rolled to achieve a desired thickness. Asbestos rollboard consists of two sheets of asbestos paper laminated together. Major applications of this product include office partitioning; garage paneling; linings for stoves and electric switch boxes and fire-proofing agent for security boxes, safes, and files (40CFR763.163-91). Rolled glass: An optical glass formed by rolling into plates at time of manufacture, as distinguished from transfer glass; flat glass formed by rolling. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Rolled power: A propellant which is formed by forcing a nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin composition between two large steel rolls to form a sheet (EPA-76/03). Roller coating: A method of applying a coating to a sheet or strip in which the coating is transferred by a roller or series of rollers (40CFR52.741-91). Roller crusher: A machine whose function is to crush material between two opposing steel rollers that rotate slowly on horizontal axes. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83). Rolling average: The arithmetic mean value over a period of time. The hourly rolling average (HRA) is the arithmetic mean of sixty (60) most recent I-minute average values recorded by the
continuous monitoring system. See carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits and permit formats for example (EPA-90104).
Roof support: Posts, jacks, roof bolts, and beams used to support the rock overlying a coal seam in an underground mine. A good roof support plan is part of mine safety and coal extraction (CWNmining-04).
Rolling blackout: The shift of power losses from one area to another. In cases such as blackout, brownout, or rolling blackout, a company or residence possessing a primary or backup fuel cell for power would have an alternative power supply to make up for such power losses.
Roof trusses: A combination of steel rods anchored into the roof to create zones of compression and tension forces and provide better support for weak roof and roof over wide areas (CWNmining-04).
Rolling milestones provision: Calls for annual updates to agreement milestones based on yearly appropriations; milestones are displayed in a Site Management Plan (NavyIEnv-04).
Roof: The stratum of rock or other material above a coal seam; the overhead surface of a coal working place. Same as "back" or "top" (CWNmining-04).
Rolling terrain: A terrain whose rise within 5 kilometers of the stack is between 10% and 100% of the physical stack height. See terrain for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Roofing felt: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper felt intended for use on building roofs as a covering or underlayer for other roof coverings (40CFR763.163-91).
Rolling: The reduction in the thickness or diameter of a workpiece by passing it between rollers (40CFR468.02-91, see also 40CFR467.02; 471.02-91).
Room and pillar mining: A method of underground mining in which approximately half of the coal is left in place to support the roof of the active mining area. Large "pillars" are left while "rooms" of coal are extracted (CWNmining-04).
Roll-off container: A large waste container that fits onto a tractor trailer that can be dropped off and picked up hydraulically (RCRAImanagement-04). Roof bolt: A long steel bolt driven into the roof of underground excavations to support the roof, preventing and limiting the extent of roof falls. The unit consists of the bolt (up to 4 feet long), steel plate, expansion shell, and pal nut. The use of roof bolts eliminates the need for timbering by fastening together, or "laminating," several weaker layers of roof strata to build a "beam" (CWNmining-04). Roof coating: An asbestos-containing product intended for use as a coating, cement, adhesive, or sealant on roofs. Major applications of this product include waterproofing; weather resistance; sealing; repair; and surface rejuvenation (4OCFR763.163-91). Roof fall: A coal mine cave-in especially in permanent areas such as entries (CWNmining-04). Roof jack: A screw- or pump-type hydraulic extension post made of steel and used as temporary roof support (CWNmining-04). Roof monitor: That portion of the roof of a potroom where gases not captured at the cell exit from the potroom (40CFR60.191-91). Roof sag: The sinking, bending, or curving of the roof, especially in the middle, from weight or pressure (CWNmining-04). Roof stress: Unbalanced internal forces in the roof or sides, created when coal is extracted (CWNmining-04).
Room neck: The short passage from the entry into a room (CWNmining-04). Root crop: The plants whose edible parts are grown below the surface of the soil (40CFR257.3.5-91). Rosin size: A coating that renders paper water resistant (EPA-83). Rosin: A specific kind of a natural resin obtained as a nitrous water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of the volatile oils, or from tall oils by the removal of the fatty acid components thereof (EPA-79/12). Rosin: For more related terms, see (1) Colophony rosin (see natural rosin); (2) Common rosin (see natural rosin); (3) Gum rosin (see natural rosin); (4) Modified rosin; (5) Natural rosin; and (6) Pine rosin (see natural rosin). Rotameter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This type of flowrneter is available for a wide range of liquid viscosities including some light-wight slurries. It is calibrated through using a fluid of known density. Reported accuracies are within +I- 5% of hull-scale. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Rotary blast cleaning table: An enclosure where the pieces to be cleaned are positioned on a rotating table and are passed automatically through a series of blast sprays (29CFR1910.94a91). Rotary kiln incinerator main components: It usually consists of a rotary kiln and an afterburner: (1) The rotary kiln is a primary combustion chamber which is a cylindrical refractory-lined shell that is slightly inclined and rotates, hence the name rotary kiln.
The primary function of the kiln is to convert solid wastes to gases, which occurs through a series of volatilization, destructive distillation, and partial combustion reactions. Rotation of the shell provides for transportation of waste through the kiln as well as for enhancement of waste mixing. The residence time of waste solids in the kiln ranges from seconds to hours. This is controlled by the kiln rotation speed (1-5 rpm), the waste feed rate (generally not to exceed 15 to 20% of the kiln internal volume) and, in some instances, the inclusion of internal dams. Traditionally, the kiln operates with excess air. However, some manufacturers now have rotary kilns designed to operate with a substoichiometric air in the kiln. These kilns use special kiln seals and air injection schemes. A kiln seal is a sealing ring installed between the rotating kiln and the kiln end plates (EPA-89103b). (2) The afterburner is normally referred to the burner at the secondary combustion chamber and is usually required to complete the gas-phase combustion reactions. It is connected directly to the discharge end of the kiln, whereby the gases exiting the kiln turn from a horizontal flow path upwards to the afterburner chamber. Both the afterburner and kiln are usually equipped with an auxiliary fuel firing system to bring the units up to and maintain the desired operating temperatures. The afterburner chamber itself may be horizontally or vertically aligned, and essentially functions much on the same principles as a liquid injection incinerator. In fact, many facilities also fire liquid hazardous waste through separate waste burners in the afterburner chamber (cf. burner, secondary) (Oppelt-87/05). Rotary kiln incinerator: An incinerator with a rotating combustion chamber that keeps waste moving, thereby allowing it to vaporize for easier burning (EPA-97/12). Rotary kiln stoker: A cylindrical, inclined device that rotates, thus causing the solid waste to move in a slow cascading and forward motion. See stoker for more related terms (SW-108ts). Rotary lime kiln: A unit with an inclined rotating drum that is used to produce a lime product from limestone by calcination (40CFR60.341-91). Rotary screen: An inclined, meshed cylinder that rotates on its axis and screens material placed in its upper end. See screen for more related terms (SW-108ts). Rotary sifter: A circular motion applied to a rectangular or circular screen surface (EPA-88108a). Rotary spin: A process used to produce wool fiberglass insulation by forcing molten glass through numerous small orifices in the side wall of a spinner to form continuous glass fibers that are then broken into discrete lengths by high velocity air flow (40CFR60.68 1-91). Rotary vacuum filter: A rotating drum filter which utilizes suction to separate solids from the sludge produced by clarification. See filter for more related terms (EPA-75102d).
Rotating biological contactor (or rotating biological disc): The process consists of a series of closely spaced flat or lattice structure plastic disks, usually about 3.0 to 3.5 m in diameter, mounted on a horizontal shaft. Each disk is rotated so that one half of its surface is immersed in the wastewater. During rotation, microbes adhere to the surface of the disk and grow until the entire is coated with a biological slime layer. The disk, then, cames a film of wastewater into the air, which subsequently trickles down the surface and absorbs oxygen. When rotation is complete, this film mixes with the reservoir of wastewater, adding to the oxygen in the reservoir and mixing the treated and partially treated wastewater. When the attached microbial film passes through the reservoir, organics are absorbed and undergo breakdown. As the treated wastewater flows through the reservoir, excess biological growth shears off from the rotating disks and is carried downstream to a settling tank for removal. Rotating biological disc: See rotating biological contactor. Rotogravure print station: Any device designed to print or coat inks on one side of a continuous web or substrate using the intaglio printing process with a gravure cylinder (40CFR60.58191). Rotogravure printing line: A printing line in which each roll printer uses a roll with recessed areas for applying an image to a substrate (40CFR52.741-91,see also 40CFR60.581-91). Rotogravure printing unit: Any device designed to print one color ink on one side of a continuous web or substrate using a gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Rotogravure printing: The application of words, designs, and pictures to a substrate by means of a roll printing technique in which the pattern to be applied is recessed relative to the nonimage area (40CFR52.741-9 1). Rotometer: A device, based on the principle of Stoke's law, for measuring rate of fluid flow. It consists of a tapered vertical tube having a circular cross section, and containing a float that is free to move in a vertical path to a height dependent upon the rate of fluid flow upward through the tube (LBL-76107-air). Rotor member, nondisplaceable: A valve member that cannot be moved from its seat by a force applied to the valve-handle, or a force applied by a plane surface to any exterior portion of the valve. Rough fish: Fish not prized for sport or eating, such as gar and suckers. Most are more tolerant of changing environmental conditions than are game or food species (EPA-97/12). Rougher cell: A flotation cell in which the bulk of the gangue is removed from the ore (EPA-82/05).
Roughing: In mining, upgrading of run-of-mill feed either to produce a low grade preliminary concentrate or to reject valueless tailings at an early stage. Performed by gravity on roughing tables, or in flotation in a rougher circuit (EPA-82/05). Roughness length: A characteristic length which is a measure of the roughness of a surface. It enters as a parameter in the logarithmic wind velocity profile (NATO-78110). Round robin: A formal study between several laboratories, of the characteristics of a material. The study is repeated several times (round) to obtain the precision of a given measurement by a given method (EPA-83).
Routine use: With respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected (40CFR1516.2-91, see also 40CFR16.2-91). Royalty: The payment of a certain stipulated sum on the mineral produced (CWAImining-04).
RPM: Remedial project manager. The EPA official who has charge of the remediation at a particular S u p h n d site (SFIEnv04). RQ: Reportable Quantity. Facilities possessing RQs must report to the LEPC (MWTNinfectious-04).
Round: Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, shaft sinking, or stopping. First the cut holes are fired, followed by relief, lifter, and rib holes (CWNmining-04).
RTK: Right to Know. Includes surrounding community's RTK what an industry is working with and releasing, and employees' RTK what chemicals they are exposed to (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Rounded: A number shortened to the specific number of decimal places in accordance with the Round Off Method specified in ASTM E 29-67 (40CFR600.002.85-91).
Rubber: A high polymer with elastic properties. Other rubberrelated terms include (1) Butyl rubber; (2) Nitrile rubber; and (3) Polybutadiene rubber.
Route EPC: The EPC, based on either a statistical derivation of measured data or based on modeled data, that was selected to represent the route-specific concentration for the exposure calculations. The route EPC differs from the medium EPC in that the route EPC may consider the transfer of contaminants from one medium to another, where applicable for a particular exposure route (SFIriskA-04).
Rubbing surface: The total area (top, bottom, and sides) of an airway (CWNmining-04).
Route of exposure: The avenue by which a chemical comes into contact with an organism, e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, injection (EPA-97/12). Route of exposure: The way a chemical enters an organism after contact (e.g., ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Route of exposure: The way people come into contact with a hazardous substance. Three routes of exposure are breathing (inhalation), eating or drinking (ingestion), or contact with the skin (dermal contact) (SFIhealth-04). Routine maintenance area: An area, such as a boiler room or mechanical room, that is not normally frequented by students and in which maintenance employees or contract workers regularly conduct maintenance activities (40CFR763.83-91). Routine method: A method used in a routine measurement. No degree of reliability is implied. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Routine release: A release that occurs during normal operating procedures or processes (40CFR302.3-91).
Rubbish chute: A pipe, duct, or trough through which waste materials are conveyed by gravity from above to a storage area preparatory to burning or compaction (EPA-83). Rubbish: A general term for solid waste, excluding food wastes and ashes, taken from residences, commercial establishments, and institutions (40CFR243.101-9 1). Rubbish: Solid waste, excluding food waste and ashes, from homes, institutions, and workplaces (EPA-97/12). Rubbish: For more related terms, see (1) Combustible rubbish and (2) Yard rubbish. Rubble: Demolition wastes; broken pieces of masonry, and concrete, asphalt, roofing etc. (cf. waste, construction, and demolition) (EPA-83). Ruben: Developer of the mercury-zinc battery; also refers to the mercury-zinc battery (EPA-84/08). Rubidium (Rb): A alkali metal with atomic number 37; atomic weight 85.47; density 1.53 glcc; melting point 38.9 C and boiling point 688 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Rule making: The process through which a federal agency promulgates rules or regulations to implement laws passed by Congress (OMBReg-04). The Code of Federal Regulations publishes all such rules. Rule out: To eliminate as a possibility (NIOSH-84/10).
Rulemakings: Rules issued by an agency, such as EPA, that translate the general mandate of a statute into a set of requirements that the regulated community and the agency must work within (RCMazardous-04). Rumen: The large first compartment of the stomach of certain animals in which cellulose is broken down by the action of bacteria (CAA/C02gas1-04). Run: The net period of time during which an emission sample is collected. Unless otherwise specified, a run may be either intermittent or continuous within the limits of good engineering practice (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.02; 61.61-91).
Runoff: For more related terms, see: (1) Contaminated runoff; (2) Mining runoff; and (3) Urban runoff. Run-of-mine: Raw material as it exists in the mine; average grade or quality (CWMmining-04). Run-of-pile triple superphosphate: Any triple superphosphate that has not been processed in a granulator and is composed of particles at least 25% by weight of which (when not caked) will pass through a 16 mesh screen (40CFR60.231-91). Run-on: Any rainwater, leachate, or other liquid that drains over land onto any part of a facility (40CFR260.10-91). Runout: See water yield (CWAhydrology-04).
Runner: A channel through which molten metal flows from one receptacle to another. Runner is often used to refer to the portion of the gate assembly that connects the riser with the casting (EPA8511Oa). Running changes: Those changes in vehicle or engine configuration, equipment, or calibration which are made by an OEM or ICI in the course of motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine production (40CFR85.1502-91). Running loss: (1) The fuel evaporative emissions resulting from an average trip in an urban area or the simulation of such a trip (40CFR86.082.2-91). Running losses: Evaporation of motor vehicle fuel from the fuel tank while the vehicle is in use (EPA-97/12). Runoff coefficient: The fraction of total rainfall that will appear at a conveyance as runoff (40CFR122.26-91). Runoff: (1) The portion of precipitation that drains from an area as surface flow (40CFR241.101-91). (2) Any rainwater, leachate, or other liquid that drains over land from any part of a facility (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR419.11-91). Runoff: (1) Excess rainwater or snowmelt that is transported to streams by overland flow, tile drains, or groundwater (CWAIWquality-04). (2) That part of precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that runs off the land into streams or other surface water. It can carry pollutants from the air and land into receiving waters (EPA-97/12). Runoff: That part of the precipitation that appears in surface streams. It is the same as streamflow unaffected by artificial diversions, storage, or other works of man in or on the stream channels. Runoff may be classified as follows: (1) Classification as to speed of appearance after rainfall or snow melting: (a) Direct runoff; (b) Base runoff. (2) Classification as to source: (a) Surface runoff (see overland flow); (b) Storm seepage; and (c) Groundwater runoff (see stream, gaining) (CWAhydrology-04).
Rupture member: A device that will automatically rupture at a predetermined pressure (e.g., a rupture disk). Rupture of a PCB transformer: A violent or non-violent break in the integrity of a PCB transformer caused by an over temperature andlor overpressure condition that results in the release of PCBs. See transformer for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91). Rural area: Outside the limits of any incorporated or unincorporated city, town, village, or any other designated residential or commercial area such as a subdivision, a business or shopping center, or community development (40CFR195.2-91). Rural withdrawals: Water used in suburban or farm areas for domestic and livestock needs. The water generally is self-supplied and includes domestic use, drinking water for livestock, and other uses such as dairy sanitation, evaporation from stock-watering ponds, and cleaning and waste disposal (CWAIWbasics-04). Rust prevention compounds: Coatings used to protect iron and steel surfaces, against corrosive environment during fabrication, storage, or use (EPA-83106a). Rusts: Red or brown disease spots on plants caused by fungi (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Ruthenium (Rn): A hard transition metal with atomic number 44; atomic weight 101.07; density 12.2 g/cc; melting point 2500 C and boiling point 4900 C. The element belongs to group VIII of the periodic table. Rutherfordium (Rf) (or Kurchatovium [Ku]): A transactinide element (atomic number greater than 103). The element with atomic number 104 is unstable, has very short half life, and belongs to group IVB of the periodic table. Rutile: Titanium dioxide (Ti02).
Sabin: A unit of sound absorption based on one square foot of material. Baffles are frequently described as providing X number of sabins of absorption based on the size of the panel tested, through the standard range of frequencies 125 to 4000 Hz. The number of sabins developed by other acoustical materials are determined by the amount of material used and its absorption coefficients (NCNsound-04). Sabine formula: A formula developed by Wallace Clement Sabine that allows designers to plan reverberation time in a room in advance of construction and occupancy. Defined and improved empirically, the Sabine Formula is T = 0.049(V/A) where T = Reverberation time or time required (for sound to decay 60 dB after source has slopped) in seconds. V = Volume of room in cubic feet. A = Total square footage of absorption in sabins (NCNsound-04). Saccharide: Water soluble carbohydrates with sweet taste. The compound includes monosaccharide (simple sugar), disaccharide, and trisaccharide. See sugar for more related terms. Saccharimeter: An instrument used to measure the sugar content in a solution. Saccharin (C6H4COS02NH):A sugar substitute for syrups, foods, beverages, etc. See sugar for more related terms. Sacral vertebrae: The five normally fused vertebrae at the posterior end of the spinal column that form the sacrum (LBG 76107-bio). Sacred object: Objects that are movable and used in Native American religious rites and ceremonies. Examples include masks, offerings, articles of clothing, and utensils. Such objects are considered personal property and beyond the scope of this guidance document (SDWNradionuclide-04). Sacred site: Habitats of sacred plants and animals and places of Native American religious rites and ceremonies. Sacred sites can include petroglyphs, pictographs, rock carvings, and rock formations that are fixed in the land (SDWNradionuclide-04). Sacrificial anode: An easily corroded material deliberately installed in a pipe or intake to give it up (sacrifice it) to corrosion
while the rest of the water supply facility remains relatively corrosion-free (EPA-97/12). Safe disposal: Discarding pesticides or containers, in a permanent manner so as to comply with these proposed procedures and so as to avoid unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. See disposal for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974: See Act or SDWA. Safe shutdown earthquake: In the context of a nuclear reactor, as defined by 10CFR100, Appendix A: That earthquake which is based upon an evaluation of the maximum earthquake potential considering the regional and local geology and seismology and specific characteristics of local subsurface material. It is that earthquake which produces the maximum vibratory ground motion for which certain structures, systems, and components are designed to remain functional. These structures, systems, and components are those necessary to assure: (1) The integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary; (2) The capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition; or (3) The capability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of accidents that could result in potential off-site exposures comparable to the guideline procedures (DOE-91/04). Safe water: Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, toxic materials, or chemicals, and is considered safe for drinking even if it may have taste, odor, color, and certain mineral problems (EPA97112). Safe yield (or sustained yield): (1) The achievement and maintenance in perpetuity of a high level annual or regular periodic output of the various renewable resources of the public lands consistent with multiple use (FLPMA103). (2) The use of renewable resource at a rate that permits resource regeneration for use continuing undiminished into the future (e.g., timber cut so as to produce the same amount of wood each year; deer hunted without long range damage to the herd) (DOI-70104). Safe yield: The annual amount of water that can be taken from a source of supply over a period of years without depleting that source beyond its ability to be replenished naturally in "wet years" (EPA-97/12).
Safe: Condition of exposure under which there is a practical certainty that no harm will result to exposed individuals (EPA97/12).
Safety glass: Safety glass types include (1) Laminated safety glass. (2) Tempered safety glass. (3) Wire safety glass. (4) See glass for more related terms.
Safener: A chemical added to a pesticide to keep it from injuring plants (EPA-97/12).
Safety grade (or safety-related): Describes those structures, systems, and components (SSCs) that are necessary to: (1) Ensure the integrity of a reactor coolant pressure boundary; (2) Shut down a reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition indefinitely; or (3) Prevent or mitigate the consequences of a design-basis accident so that the general public and the operating staff are not exposed to radiation in excess of appropriate guideline values. Safety-grade SSCs are designed, built, tested, operated, and maintained in accordance with the highest-level industrial codes and standards, such as those promulgated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. SSCs that are not necessary for the above safety-related functions, but for which certain failure modes could adversely affect SSCs performing those functions, are designated safety-grade with respect to such failure modes. Safetygrade SSCs are subject to the quality assurance requirements of ANSIIASME NQA-I (Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities) (DOE-91/04).
Safer pesticides: Pesticides designated as "safer" (or "reducedrisk") by EPA due to favorable characteristics affecting health or environmental risks, resistance management, and integrated pest management. Safer pesticides may be conventional pesticides posing less risk or be biopesticides with unique modes of action, low use volume, lower toxicity, target species specificity, or natural occurrence (FFDCNpesticide-04). Safety analysis report: A safety document providing a concise but complete description and safety evaluation of a site, design, normal and emergency operation, potential accidents, predicted consequences of such accidents, and the means proposed to prevent such accidents or mitigate their consequences. A safety analysis report is designated as final when it is based on final design information. Otherwise, it is designated as preliminary (DOE-9 1/04). Safety document: A document prepared specifically to ensure that the safety aspects of part or all of the activities conducted at a reactor are formally and thoroughly analyzed, evaluated, and recorded (for example, technical specifications, safety analysis reports and addenda, and documented reports of special safety reviews and studies) (DOE-91/04). Safety factor: For a dose response evaluation, a safety factor is a number that reflects the degree of uncertainty that must be considered when data from animal experiments are extrapolated for human application. The following shows the safety factor and the facts under consideration (cf. uncertainty factor). (1) Safety factor 10: (la) Valid human, chronic experimental results; and (lb) No indication of carcinogenicity. (2) Safety factor 100: (2a) Valid results from animal tests, but little information about human exposure; and (2b) No indication of carcinogenicity. (3) Safety factor 1000: (3a) No human data, but few animal results; and (3b) No indication of carcinogenicity (Course 165.6).
Safety lamp: A lamp with steel wire gauze covering every opening from the inside to the outside so as to prevent the passage of flame should explosive gas be encountered (CWNmining-04). Safety relief valve: A valve which is normally closed and which is designed to open in order to relieve excessive pressures within a vessel or pipe (40CFR52.741-91). Safety shut off valve: An automatic gas control valve of the "on" and "off' type which is actuated by an emergency device (Waukee-03). Safety shutdown: To stop the operation of a machine or a power plant due to a safety concern. Safety shutoff device: An interlock device that will automatically shut off the operation of a machine or a power plant in the event of emergency. Safety-control circuit: See circuit, safety-control.
Safety factor: See uncertainty factor (SFIhealth-04). Safety fuse: A train of powder enclosed in cotton, jute yarn, or waterproofing compounds, which bums at a uniform rate; used for firing a cap containing the detonation compound which in tum sets off the explosive charge (CWNmining-04). Safety glass: A glass so constructed, treated, or combined with other materials, as to reduce, the likelihood of injury to persons by objects from exterior sources or by these safety glasses when they may be cracked or broken (EPA-83).
Safrole (C3H5C6H3O2CH2): A poisonous oil used in medicine, perfumes, insecticides, and soaps. SAFSTOR: Describes a nuclear facility that is placed and maintained in a condition that allows the nuclear facility to be safely stored and subsequently decontaminated. The SAFSTOR option may include the following phases: chemical decontamination, mechanical decontamination and fixing of residual radioactivity, equipment deactivation, preparation for interim care, interim care (surveillance and maintenance), and final dismantlement (DOE-91/04).
Salina: An area where deposits of crystalline salt are formed, such as a salt flat; a body of saline water, such as a saline playa or salt marsh (CWNWbasics-04). Saline estuarine water: Those semi-enclosed coastal waters which have a free connection to the territorial sea, undergo net seaward exchange with ocean waters, and have salinities comparable to those of the ocean. Generally, these waters are near the mouth of estuaries and have cross-sectional annual mean salinities greater than twenty-five (25) parts per thousand. See water for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91). Saline water (salt water or sea water): The water which contains salts. See water for more related terms. Saline water: Water that is considered unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigation because of its high content of dissolved solids; generally expressed as milligrams per liter (m&) of dissolved solids; seawater is generally considered to contain more than 35,000 m a of dissolved solids. A general salinity scale is concentration of dissolved solids in milligrams per liter. (1) Slightly Saline 1,000 to 3,000; (2) Moderately Saline 3,000 to 10,000; (3) Very Saline 10,000 to 35,000; (4) Brine More than 35,000 (CWNWbasics-04). Salinity: (1) The degree of salt in water (EPA-89/12). (2) The relative concentration of salts, usually sodium chloride, in a given water. It is usually expressed in terms of the number of parts per million of chloride. (3) A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in water (EPA-8211If). Salinity: A measure of the amount of salt in water (NavyIEnv-04). Salinity: The percentage of salt in water (EPA-97/12). Salinometer: An instrument using electrical conductivity or hydrometer for measuring the salinity of a solution. Salt bath descaling: Removing the layer of oxides formed on some metals at elevated temperatures in a salt solution (EPA83106a). Other salt bath descaling-related terms include (1) Oxidizing salt bath descaling and (2) Reducing salt bath descaling. Salt bridge: A bridge between two half cells. Potassium chloride is usually used as the bridge salt.
Salt water: See saline water. Salt: A product resulting from a reaction of an acid and a base, in which the hydrogen in the acid is replaced by a metal or other positive ions. For example, HCI + NaOH NaCl (salt) + H20.
+
Saltcake loss: The loss of cooking chemical from the haft cycle, primarily at the brownstock washers or screen room (EPA-87/10). Salts: Minerals that water picks up as it passes through the air, over and under the ground, or from households and industry (EPA-97/12). Salvage activity: The act of saving or obtaining a secondary material, be it by pickup, sorting, disassembly, or some other activity. Salvage is sometimes used synonymously with extraction, recovery, reclamation, and recycle (EPA-83). Salvage and reclamation: A refuse disposal process in which the discarded material is separated mechanically or by hand into various categories such as ferrous and nonferrous metals, rags, cardboard, paper, and glass, etc. for reuse or recycled as a secondary raw material (EPA-83). Salvage material: A technical term meaning a quantity of materials, sometimes of mixed composition, no longer useful in its present condition or at its present location, but capable of being recycled, reused, or used in other applications. Salvage also refers to materials recovered after a calamity, such as materials obtained from a ship wrecked at sea or a building destroyed by fire (EPA83). Salvage value: The anticipated value of any portion of a facility, including the land at the end of the design period (EPA-80109). Salvage: (1) Salvaging means the controlled removal of waste materials for utilization (40CFR241.101-91). (2) cf. recovery. Salvage: The utilization of waste materials (EPA-97/12). Salvaging: At landfills or material recovery facilities, salvaging is the controlled separation of recyclable and reusable materials. Controlled means that the separation is monitored by operators (RCRAImanagement-04).
Salt water intrusion (or sea water intrusion): The invasion of fresh surface or groundwater by salt water. If the salt water comes from the ocean it may be called sea water intrusion (EPA-74/11). Because of its greater density, salt water passes below the fresh water. Excessive pumping of deep wells may produce salt containing well water.
Samarium (Sm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 62; atomic weight 150.35; density 7.54 glee; melting point 1072 C and boiling point 1900 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table.
Salt water intrusion: The invasion of fresh surface or groundwater by salt water. If it comes from the ocean it may be called sea water intrusion (EPA-97/12).
Sample division: The process of extracting a smaller sample from a sample so that the representative properties of the larger sample are retained. During this process it is assumed that no change in
Sample average: See sample mean.
particle size or other characteristics occurs. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83).
Sample holding time: The storage time allowed between sample collection and sample analysis when the designated preservation and storage techniques are employed. Sample interface: The portion of a system used for one or more of the following: sample acquisition, sample transport, sample conditioning, or protection of the analyzers from the effects of the stack effluent. See gas concentration measurement system for more related terms.
Sample quantitation limit (SQL): The quantity of a substance that can be reasonably quantified given the limits of detection for the methods of analysis and sample characteristic that may affect quantitation (for example, dilution, concentration) (40CFR300App/A-9 1). Sample reduction: The process whereby sample particle size is reduced without change in sample weight. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sample size: The number of units chosen from a population or an environment (SFhealth-04).
Sample interval: The time period between successive samples for a digital signal or between successive measurements for an analog signal (40CFR60-App/A(alt.method 1)-91).
Sample system: The system which provides for the transportation of the gaseous emission sample from the sample probe to the inlet of the instrumentation system (40CFR87.1-91).
Sample line: A stainless steel or Teflon tube to transport the sample gas to the analyzer. The sample line should be maintained at the temperature between 150 and 175 C to prevent the condensation of samples taken. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA90104).
Sample: A portion or piece of a whole. A selected subset of a population or subset of whatever is being studied. For example, in a study of people the sample is a number of people chosen from a larger population (see population). An environmental sample (for example, a small amount of soil or water) might be collected to measure contamination in the environment at a specific location (SFhealth-04).
Sample loop: A 1/16 in. O.D. (1.6mm) stainless steel tube with an internal volume between 20 and 50 pL. The loop is attached to the sample injection valve of the HPLC and is used to inject standard solutions into the mobile phase of the HPLC when determining the response factor for the recording integrator. The exact volume of the loop must be determined as described in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(l) of this section when the HPLC method is used (40CFR796.1720-9 1, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Sample mean (or sample average): The average of a population calculated from the sample; it is the most commonly used measure of the center of a distribution. Its value equals the sum of the values of the observations divided by the number of observations (cf. arithmetic mean) (EPA-87/10). Sample path length: Internal cell or sample length, usually given in centimeters (LBL-76107-bio). Sample preparation: The process of that includes drying, size reduction, division, and mixing of a laboratory sample for the purpose of obtaining an unbiased analysis sample. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sample probe: A stainless steel, or equivalent, three-hole rake type. Sample holes shall be 4 mm in diameter or smaller and located at 16.7, 50, and 83.3% of the equivalent stack diameter. Alternatively, a single opening probe may be used so that a gas sample is collected from the centrally located 10% area of the stack cross section. See total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system for more related terms (EPA-90104).
Sample: A set of measurements or outcomes selected from a given population (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sample: In monitoring, a representative specimen of air collected for the purpose of determining its pollutant content (LBL-76107air). Sample: In quality control, a group of samples (chemical) taken from a lot or batch of samples (EPA-84/03). Sample: The water that is analyzed for the presence of USEPAregulated drinking water contaminants. Depending on the regulation, USEPA requires water systems and states to take samples from source water, from water leaving the treatment facility, or from the taps of selected consumers (SDWAIReg-04). Sample: For more related terms, see (1) Batch sample; (2) Batch sample size; (3) Check sample; (4) Composite sample; (5) Composite wastewater sample; (6) Continuous sample; (7) Duplicate sample (see replicate sample); (8) Environmental sample; (9) Field sample (see environmental sample); (10) Grab sample; (11) Integrated sample; (12) Mixed sample (see composite sample); (13) Replicate sample; (14) Representative sample; (15) Sampling (see continuous sample); (16) Split sample; (17) Standard sample; (18) Test sample; and (19) Test sample size. Sampler: A device used with or without flow measurement to obtain any adequate portion of samples such as flue gas, water, or waste for analytical purposes. May be designed for taking a single sample (grab), composite sample, continuous sample, or periodic sample (EPA-8211 If).
Sampling and analyzing method: See reference method.
Sampling: The collection of representative specimens analyzed to characterize site conditions (SFIremedy-04).
Sampling area: Any area, whether contiguous or not, within a school building which contains friable material that is homogeneous in texture and appearance (40CFR763.103-91).
Sampling: For more related terms, see: (1) Condensation sampling; (2) Immersion sampling; (3) Instantaneous sampling; (4) Intermittent sampling; and (5) Stack sampling.
Sampling bag: The bags used for collecting air samples from the field. When the bags are brought back to the laboratory, the collected air is then released for analysis.
Sanctions: Actions taken by the federal government for failure to provide or implement a state implementation plan (SIP). Such action may include withholding of highway funds and a ban on construction of new sources of potential pollution (EPA-97/12).
Sampling duration: The total time period during which samples of a function are collected (NATO-78/10). Sampling event: A sampling event is a sequential sampling campaign at a single contiguous site for a single matrix. A sampling event begins with collection of the first sample. A sampling event ends when sampling at a site is discontinued for an extended period of time (excluding weekends or routine days off), if the ambient conditions at the site change, or if an unanticipated change in the sample matrix is encountered. The on-site field manager is responsible for recognizing the changes during the sampling campaign that warrant assignment of a new sampling event (SA-04). Sampling frequency: The interval between the collection of successive samples (EPA-97/12). Sampling method: Specified either as continuous, semicontinuous, intermittent, or static (batch) (LBL76107-bio). Sampling station: A location where samples are tapped (taken) for analysis (EPA-82111f). Sampling system bias: The difference between the gas concentrations exhibited by the measurement system when a known concentration gas is introduced at the outlet of the sampling probe and when the same gas is introduced directly to the analyzer (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91). Sampling volume: Range of the amount of sample required to perform the measurement (LBL76/07-bio). Sampling: Cutting a representativepart of an ore (or coal) deposit, which should truly represent its average value (CWAImining-04). Sampling: In monitoring, a process consisting of the withdrawal or isolation of a fractional part of a whole. In air or gas analysis, the separation of a portion of an ambient atmosphere with or without the simultaneous isolation of selected components (LBL 76/07-air). Sampling: In statistics, the selection of a finite subset of a population (EPA-83/06).
Sand bed drying: The process of reducing the water content in a wet substance by transferring that substance to the surface of a sand bed and allowing the processes of drainage through the sand and evaporation to effect the required water separation (EPA83106a). Sand binder: Binder materials are the same as those used in core making. The percentage of binder may vary in core and molds depending on sand strength required, extent of mold distortion from hot metal, and the metal surface finish required (EPA8SIlOa). Sand blasting: The process of removing stock including surface film, from a workpiece by the use of abrasive grains pneumatically impinged against the work piece (EPA-83/06a). Sand filters: Devices that remove some suspended solids from sewage. Air and bacteria decompose additional wastes filtering through the sand so that cleaner water drains from the bed (EPA97112). Sand filtration: A process of filtering wastewater through sand. The wastewater is trickled over the bed of sand where air and bacteria decompose the wastes. The clean water flows out through drains in the bottom of the bed. The sludge accumulating at the surface must be removed from the bed periodically. See filtration for more related terms (EPA-83/06a). Sand holes: Small fractures in the surface of glass, produced by the rough grinding operation, that have not been removed by subsequent fine grinding (EPA-83). Sand: A course grained soil, the greater portion of which passes through a No. 4 sieve, according to the Unified Soil Classification System (SW-108ts). Sand: Unconsolidated rock and mineral particles with diameters ranging from 1116 to 2 mm (NavyIEnv-04). Sanding sealers: Any coatings formulated for and applied to bare wood for sanding and to seal the wood for subsequent application of varnish. To be considered a sanding sealer a coating must be clearly labelled as such (40CFR52.741-91).
Sandstone: A sedimentary rock consisting of quartz sand united by some cementing material, such as iron oxide or calcium carbonate (CWNmining-04). Sandy loam: A soft, easily worked soil containing 0 to 20% clay, 0 to 50% silt, and 43 to 85% sand, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture classification code (SW-lO8ts). Sanitary landfill compactor: A vehicle equipped with a blade and with rubber tires sheathed in steel or hollow steel cores. Both types of wheels are equipped with load concentrations to provide compaction and a crushing effect. See compactor for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water sources, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system to evaluate the adequacy of those elements for producing and distributing safe drinking water (EPA-97/12). Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water sources, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of the facilities for producing and distributing safe drinking water (SDWNReg-04). Sanitary waste: The wastewater generated by non-industrial processes; e.g., showers, toilets, food preparation operations. See waste for more related terms (EPA-8211 le).
Sanitary landfill liner: An impermeable barrier, manufactured, constructed, or existing in a natural condition, that is utilized to collect leachate. See liner for more related terms (OME-88/12).
Sanitary wastewater: The wastewater discharging from sanitary conveniences such as toilets, showers, and sinks. See wastewater for more related terms (EPA-85/10).
Sanitary landfill: (1) A facility for the disposal of solid waste which meets the criteria published under section 4004 (RCR.41004, see also 40CFR165.1; 240.101; 257.2-91). (2) Land disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread in layers, compacted to the smallest practical volume, and cover material applied at the end of each operating day (EPA89/12). (3) An engineered method of disposing of solid waste on land in a manner that protects the environment, by spreading the waste in thin layers, compacting it to the smallest practical volume, and covering it with soil by the end of each working day (EPA-83). (4) See landfill for more related terms.
Sanitary water (also known as gray water): Water discharged from sinks, showers, kitchens, or other non-industrial operations, but not from commodes (EPA-97/12).
Sanitary landfill: Methods of sanitary landfill include (1) Area method. (2) Canyon technique. (3) Monofill. (4) Quarry method. (5) Ramp method. (6) Trench technique. (7) Wet or low-lying area technique. Sanitary sewer overflows (SSO): Untreated or partially treated sewage overflows from a sanitary sewer collection system (CWNwastewater-04). Sanitary sewer: (1) A sewer intended to carry only sanitary or sanitary and industrial waste waters from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions (not stormwater) (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91; EPA-82/11e). (2) See sewer for more related terms. Sanitary sewers: Underground pipes that carry off only domestic or industrial waste, not stormwater (EPA-97/12). Sanitary survey: An on-site review of the water source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance of a public water system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation, and maintenance for producing and distributing safe drinking water (40CFR141.2, see also 40CFR142.2-91).
Sanitary water: The supply of water used for sewage transport and the continuation of such effluents to disposal. See water for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Sanitation: Control of physical factors in the human environment that could harm development, health, or survival (EPA-97/12). Sanitation: The control of all the factors in human being's physical environment that exercise or can exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, health, and survival (SW108ts). Sanitized: A version of a document from which information claimed as trade secret or confidential has been omitted or withheld (cf. unsanitized) (40CFR350.1-91). Saponification: The reaction in which caustic material combines with fats or oils to produce soap (EPA-79/12). The hydrolysis of an ester into its corresponding alcohol and soap (cf. soap boiling) (EPA-74104~). Saprobe: An organism that eats dead or decaying organic matter for living. Saprolite: A soft, clay-rich, thoroughly decomposed rock formed in place by chemical weathering of igneous or metamorphic rock. Forms in humid, tropical, or subtropical climates (EPA-97/12). Saprophytes: Organisms living on dead or decaying organic matter that help natural decomposition of organic matter in water (EPA-97/12). SARA: Superfimd Amendments and Reauthorization Act. See Act or SARA.
SAROAD site identification form: One of the several forms in the SAROAD system. It is the form which provides a complete description of the site (and its surroundings) of an ambient air quality monitoring station (40CFR58.1-91). Satellite accumulation point: An area which collects hazardous waste prior to sending it to its Central Collection Facility (MWTNinfectious-04). Satellite vehicle: A small collection vehicle that transfers its load into a larger vehicle operating in conjunction with it. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR243.101-9 1). Saturate: To fill all the voids in a material with fluid; to form the most concentrated solution possible under a given set of physical conditions in the presence of an excess of substance (EPA-83). Saturated air: (1) Moist air in which the partial pressure of water vapor equals the vapor pressure of water at the existing temperature. This occurs when dry air and saturated water vapor coexist at the same dry-bulb temperature. (2) Air which contains the maximum amount of water vapor that it can hold at its temperature and pressure. (3) See air for more related terms. Saturated calomel electrode: See calomel electrode. Saturated flow: The flow of water through a porous material under saturated conditions. See flow for more related terms (EPA83). Saturated gas: A mixture of gas and vapor to which no additional vapor can be added, at specified conditions. See gas for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Saturated solution: A solution in which the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with an excess of undissolved solute; or a solution in equilibrium such that at a fixed temperature and pressure, the concentration of the solution is at its maximum value and will not change even in the presence of an excess of solute (40CFR796.1840-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91). Saturated steam: The steam at the temperature and pressure at which the liquid and vapor phase can exist in equilibrium. See steam for more related terms (EPA-8211 If). Saturated temperature: See saturation temperature. Saturated vapor state: Any state represented by a point on the vapor saturation line. See vapor for more related terms (Wark-p56). Saturated vapor: The vapor that is present under the saturation curve. See vapor for more related terms. Saturated water: The water at its boiling point. See water for more related terms. Saturated zone or zone of saturation: That part of the Earth's crust in which all voids are filled with water (40CFR260.10-91). Saturated zone: (1) A subsurface area in which all pores and cracks are filled with water under pressure equal to or greater than that of the atmosphere (EPA-89112a). Saturated zone: A subsurface zone in which all the interstices or voids are filled with water under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere (CWNWbasics-04). See also water table. Saturated zone: The area below the water table where all open spaces are filled with water under pressure equal to or greater than that of the atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Saturated hydrocarbon: Those compounds whose carbon atoms are each joined by a single bond. See hydrocarbon family for more related terms.
Saturation conditions: See saturation state.
Saturated liquid state: Any state represented by a point on the liquid saturation line. See liquid for more related terms (Wark-
Saturation curve: The combination of the liquid saturation line and the vapor saturation line.
PW. Saturated liquid: The liquid that is present under the saturation curve. See liquid for more related terms. Saturated mixture: A gas-vapor mixture is saturated, when a reduction in temperature would cause part of the vapor to condense. Saturated phase: Any phase of a pure substance under the saturation state or saturation conditions (Jones-pl 11). Saturated pressure: See saturation pressure.
Saturation pressure (or saturated pressure): The pressure at which two phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium at a given temperature. See pressure for more related terms. Saturation state (or saturation conditions): The conditions under which two or more phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium. At the saturation state, a change of phase may occur without a change of pressure or temperature (Jones-pl 11; Wark~56). Saturation temperature (or saturated temperature): The temperature at which two phases of a pure substance can coexist in equilibrium at a given pressure. See temperature for more related terms.
Saturation: In absorption, the maximum amount of pollutant retained by the scrubbing liquid at a given operating condition (EPA-84/09). Saturation: In adsorption, the maximum amount of pollutant retained by the adsorbent at a given operating condition (EPA84\09). Saturation: In thermodynamics, the condition for coexistence in stable equilibrium of a vapor and liquid or a vapor and solid phase of the same substance. Saturation: The condition of a liquid when it has taken into solution the maximum possible quantity of a given substance at a given temperature and pressure (EPA-97/12). Saturator: The equipment in which asphalt is applied to felt to make asphalt roofing products. The term saturator includes the saturator, wet looper, and coater (40CFR60.471-91). Saveall: A mechanical device used to recover papermaking fibers and other suspended solids from a wastewater or process stream (EPA-87/10). Saw kerf: The wastage of wood immediately adjacent to a saw blade due to the cut-cleaning design of the blade, which enlarges the cut slightly on either side (EPA-74/04). Sawing: Cutting a workpiece with a band, blade, or circular disc having teeth (40CFR471.02-91). Scalability: Capability of moving from small-scale production levels to large-scale production levels. Scalar: A physical quantity which possesses only a magnitude and which therefore can be described by only one numerical value in an arbitrary point of space. An example of a scalar is the concentration (cf. tensor and vector) (NATO-78110). Scale height: The distance over which the atmospheric pressure decrease with height. Scale up: The application of information gathered from a test model to a full-scale prototype facility (EPA-83). Scale: Generally insoluble deposits on equipment and heat transfer surfaces which are created when the solubility of a salt is exceeded. Common scaling agents are calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate (EPA-8211 If). Scaling: Removal of loose rock from the roof or walls. This work is dangerous and a long bar (called a scaling bar) is often used (CWAImining-04).
Scalping: Removal of small amounts of oversized material from feed (EPA-88108a). Scandium (Sc): A soft metal with atomic number 21; atomic weight 44.956; density 3.0 glcc; melting point 1539 C and boiling point 2730 C. The element belongs to group IIlB of the periodic table. Scarfing: Those steel surface conditioning operations in which flames generated by the combustion of oxygen and fuel are used to remove surface metal imperfections from slabs, billets, or blooms (40CFR420.71-91). Scarification: The process of breaking up the topsoil prior to mining (EPA-82/10). Scarify: To disturb or break up the natural soil at a borrow area or sanitary landfill (EPA-83). Scavenger: (1) One who illegally removes materials at any point in the solid waste management system (EPA-89/11). (2) One who participates in the uncontrolled removal of materials at any point in the solid wastestream. A term sometimes used in certain sections of the United States to describe an independent solid wastes collector (EPA-83). Scavenger: One who illegally removes materials at any point in the solid waste management system (RCWmanagement-04). Scavenging: At a landfill or material recovery facility, scavenging is the uncontrolled separation of recyclable and msable materials. Uncontrolled means that the operator does not monitor the removal of materials, and in many cases prohibits it. Material scavenging of recyclables may also occur at the curb or at drop-off centers (RCWmanagement-04). Scavenging: In air, the process in the atmosphere causing the decrease of the concentration of an air pollutant by removal of this pollutant from the atmosphere. Usually applied to the physical process of the capture of air pollutants by falling or floating water droplets (washout, rainout). Chemical processes are usually described by decay or photochemical reactions (NATO-78/10). Scavenging: The uncontrolled and unauthorized removal of materials at any point in the solid waste management system (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR241.101-91). Scenario timeframe: The time period (current and/or future) being considered for the exposure pathway (SFIriskA-04). scf (standard cubic feet): A volume unit measured under standard pressure and temperature in British unit (cf. normal cubic meter). scfm (standard cubic feet per minute): A flow rate unit (cubic feet per minute) measured under standard pressure and
temperature. Standard conditions in air pollution control applications are usually 60 F and 1 atm. Other standard or reference conditions may be used (cf. acfm) (EPA-84/09). Schedule and timetable of compliance: A schedule of required measures including an enforceable sequence of actions or operations leading to compliance with an emission limitation, other limitation, prohibition, or standard (CAA302-42U.S.C.760291). Schedule of compliance: A schedule of remedial measures, including an enforceable sequence of actions or operations, leading to compliance with an applicable implementation plan, emission standard, emission limitation, or emission prohibition (CAASOI, see also CWA502; 122.2; 124.2; 144.3; 270.2-91). Schedule of reinforcement: Specifies the relation between behavioral responses and the delivery of reinforcers, such as food or water (40CFR798.6500-91). Scheduled maintenance: Any periodic procedure, necessary to maintain the integrity or reliability of emissions control performance, which can be anticipated and scheduled in advance. In sulfuric acid plants, it includes among other items the screening or replacement of catalyst, the rstubing of heat exchangers, and the routine repair and cleaning of gas handling/cleaningequipment (40CFR57.103-91, see also 40CFR86.082.2; 86.084.2; 86.402.7891). Scheduled outage duration: The period of time that a power plant or any other type of industrial plant is intentionally taken out of service. The purpose is normally for maintenance.
effects, and product chemistry. See Cleared Reviews, DERs (FFDCNpesticide-04). Scientific notation: A method of writing numbers in terms of powers of ten; e.g., the number 0.0001 18 would be represented as 1.18 X 10-4 or 1.18E-04 where E stands for exponent, as in the exponent that 10 is raised by (Navy/Env-04). Scintillation counter: An instrument used for the location of radioactive ore such as uranium. It uses a transparent crystal which gives off a flash of light when struck by a gamma ray, and a photomultiplier tube which produces an electrical impulse when the light from the crystal strikes it (EPA-82/05). Scoop: A rubber tired-, battery- or diesel-powered piece of equipment designed for cleaning runways and hauling supplies (CWA/mining-04). Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS]): EIS scope consists of the range of actions, alternatives, and impacts to be considered in an environmental impact statement. The swpe of an individual statement may depend on its relationship to other statements (40CFR1502.20 and 1508.28). To determine the scope of environmental impact statements, agencies shall consider three types of actions, three of types of alternatives, and three types of impacts. Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS])-alternatives: The alternatives include (1) No action alternative. (2) Other reasonable courses of actions. (3) Mitigation measures (not in the proposed action).
Scheduled outage: An electrical power plant (or chemical plant, etc.) is out of service because of planned maintenance.
Scope (for environmental impact statement [EIS])-impacts: The impacts may be: (1) Direct; (2) Indirect; (3) Cumulative (40CFRI508.25-91).
Schwann cell: One of the large nucleated masses of protoplasm lining the inner surface of the neurilemma, a membrane wrapping the nerve fiber (LBL-76107-bio).
Scope of work: A document similar in content to the program of requirements but substantially abbreviated. It is usually prepared for small-scale projects (40CFR6.901-91).
Science advisory board (SAB): A group established by Congress to provide independent scientific and engineering advice to the EPA Administrator on the technical basis for EPA regulations. Expressed in terms of the current parlance of the risk assessment/risk management paradigm of decision making, the SAB deals with risk assessment issues (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) and only that portion of risk management that deals strictly with the technical issues associated with various control options (SF/reform-04).
Scoping meetings: Public meetings held in communities near the Superfbnd site for the public review of and comment on feasibility studies and proposed plans (SFIremedy-04).
Science advisory board (SAB): A group of external scientists who advise EPA on science and policy (EPA-97/12). Science reviews: OPP reviews various pesticide studies, such as toxicology, environmental fate and groundwater, ecological
Scoping: The initial phase of site remediation during which possible site actions and investigative activities are identified (EPA-89112a). Scouring: The removal of earth of rock by the action of running water or of a glacier; in wool manufacture, the removal of foreign matter from wool by propelling it through a series of bowls and squeeze rolls by means of reciprocating arms; scouring wastes are the strongest polluting materials in the whole textile industry and the major factor to be considered in dealing with the waste problem at an integrated woolen mill (DOI-70104).
Scrap metal processor: Intermediate operating facility where recovered metal is sorted, cleaned of contaminants, and prepared for recycling (EPA-97/12). Scrap metals: Bits and pieces of metal parts, e.g., bars, turnings, rods, sheets, wire) or metal pieces that may be combined together with bolts or soldering (e.g., radiators, scrap automobiles, railroad box cars), which when worn or superfluous can be recycled. See metal for more related terms (40CFR261.1-91). Scrap metals: Worn or extra bits and pieces of metal parts, such as scrap piping and wire, or worn metal items, such as scrap automobiles and radiators (RCRAlhazardous-04). Scrap: Materials discarded from manufacturing operations that may be suitable for reprocessing (EPA-97/12). Scrap: For more related terms, see (1) Home scrap; (2) Obsolete scrap; (3) Old scrap; (4) Municipal aluminum scrap; (5) Municipal ferrous scrap; (6) Prompt industrial scrap; and (7) Revert scrap (see home scrap). Scratch brusb wheels: All power-driven rotatable wheels made from wire or bristles, and used for scratch cleaning and brushing purposes (29CFR1910.94b-9 1). Screen chamber: A compartment of the intake of a pump and screen structure in which the screens are located (EPA-76/04). Screen: Screen means a device for separating material according to size by passing undersize material through one or more mesh surfaces (screens) in series and retaining oversize material on the mesh surfaces (screens) (40CFR60.38 1-91). Screen: For more related terms, see (1) Bar screen; (2) Revolving screen; (3) Rotary screen; (4) Shaking screen; (5) Side hill screen; and (6) Vibrating screen. Screening concentration: The media-specific benchmark concentration for a hazardous substance that is used in the HRS for comparison with the concentration of that hazardous substance in a sample from that media. The screening concentration for a specific hazardous substance corresponds to its reference dose of inhalation exposures or for oral exposures, as appropriate, and, if the substance is a human carcinogen with a weight-of-evidence classification of A, B, or C, to that concentration that corresponds to its individual lifetime excess cancer risk for inhalation exposures or for oral exposures, as appropriate (40CFR300-AA91). Screening levels: Acceptable or safe concentrations based on human health data. Screening levels are developed from toxicological data and are expressed in micrograms per cubic meter and in various averaging times; i.e.; 1 hour, 8 hours, 24 hours, and annual. The list of screening levels QlSLs, IRSLs, and SRSLs) are developed by the Air Quality Division (CAAIAPC-04).
Screening operation: A device for separating material according to size by passing undersize material through one or more mesh surfaces (screens) in series, and retaining oversize material on the mesh surfaces (screens) (40CFR60.671-91). Screening risk assessment: A risk assessment performed with few data and many assumptions to identify exposures that should be evaluated more carefully for potential risk (EPA-97/12). Screening: Use of screens to remove coarse floating and suspended solids from sewage (EPA-97/12). Screw conveyer: A rotating helical shaft that moves materials, such as incinerator siftings, along a trough or tube. See conveyer for more related terms (SW-108ts). Screw press: A device used to recover spent liquor from cooked wood chips (EPA-87/10). Scrim (or fabric) reinforcement: The fabric reinforcement layer used with some geomembranes for the purpose of increased strength and dimensional stability (EPA-91/05). Scrim designation: The weight and number of yams of fabric reinforcement per inch of length and width, e.g., a 10 X 10 scrim has 10 yams per inch in both the machine and cross machine directions (EPA-9 1/05). Scrubber liquor: An untreated wastewater stream produced by wet scrubbers cleaning gases produced by metal manufacturing operations. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-WlOa). Scrubber: An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions (EPA84/09; 89111). Types of scrubbers include (1) Dry scrubber (EPA89/02; 89103b); and (2) Wet scrubber (EPA-84/03b, pl-4). Scrubber: An air pollution device that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry process to trap pollutants in emissions (EPA97/12). Scrubber: Any of several forms of chemical/physical devices that remove sulfur compounds formed during coal combustion. These devices, technically known as flue gas desulfurization systems, combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge," which must then be removed for disposal (CWNmining-04). Scrubber-dry scrubber: (1) Spray dryer. (2) Spray dryer absorber (EPA-89/02). (3) Dry injection adsorption system (EPA89/02). (4) Spray dryer and dry injection systems combination (EPA-89/02). Scrubber-wet scrubber: (1) Cyclone type scrubber (AP-40). (2) Fume scrubber (EPA-74112a). (3) Ionizing wet scrubber (CRWI-
89/05). (4) Mechanical scrubber (AP-40; Calvert-84). (5) Orifice type scrubber (AP-40). (6) Packed tower (packed absorber, packed column or packed-bed scrubber) (EPA-81/09, 89103b; AP-40). (7) Plate scrubber (Calvert-84). (8) Spray chamber (spray tower) (AP40). (9) Venturi scrubber (EPA-89/03b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). (10) Wet filter (AP-40).
sealing agent. Major applications of this product include sealants for buildings and automotive windows, sealants for aerospace equipment components, and sealants for insulated glass (40CFR763.163-91).
Scrubbing (or washing): The washing of impurities from any process gas stream (40CFR165.1-9 1).
Sealant: A viscous chemical used to seal the exposed edges of scrim reinforced geomembranes. Manufacturers and installers should be consulted for the various types of sealant used with specific geomembranes (EPA-91/05).
Scum baffle: A baffle to prevent scum flowing out with the stream of effluent.
Sealed cell: A battery cell which can operate in a sealed condition during both charge and discharge (EPA-84/08).
Scum chamber: A chamber, a tank, or a trough for temporarily holding scum from wastewater treatment.
Sealed lead acid battery: This type of battery possesses basically the same chemistry as a wet (flooded cell) battery. The battery's electrolyte is in a gelatin form and is absorbed into the plates and the battery is sealed with epoxies. These batteries may be used in any position and the batteries are exceptionally leak-resistant. @ttp://www.eastpenn-powerbattery.wmleastpenn-faq.html#l, 2004).
Scum collector: A device for collecting scum from sedimentation tanks. Scum: A surface deposit sometimes formed on building bricks (cf. skimming) (EPA-83). SDWA: Safe Drinking Water Act. See Act or SDWA. Sea breeze: The breeze due to a local circulation near a shoreline, which blows from the water to the land surface. This local circulation is caused by temperature difference between the water (cold) and the land surface (warm). The sea breeze usually blows during the day time and alternates with the land breeze. Also see land breeze for comparison. See breeze for more related terms (NATO-78110). Sea level: Long-term average position of the sea surface. Sea level varies from place to place and with the time period for which the average is calculated. For the conterminous United States, sea level is most commonly referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (CWA/Wbasics-04). Sea level: The level of the surface of the sea between high and low tide, used as a standard in measuring heights and depths (DOI-70104). Sea water intrusion: See salt water intrusion. Sea water: See saline water (CWNWbasics-04).
Sealed source: Any by-product material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the by-product material (10CFR30.4-91, see also 40CFR52.741-91). Seam: A stratum or bed of coal (CWNmining-04). Seam: Mark on glass surface resulting from joint of matching mold parts; to slightly grind the sharp edges of a piece of glass (EPA-83). Seam: For more related terms, see (1) Extrusion seam; (2) Factory seam; and (3) Field seam. Seaming board: Smooth wooden planks placed beneath the area to be seamed to provide a uniform resistance to applied roller pressure in the fabrication of seams (EPA-91/05). Seasoning: Exposing paper to uniform atmospheric conditions to equalize moisture content (EPA-83). Secator: A separating device that throws mixed materials onto a rotating shaft, heavy and resilient materials bounce off one side of the shaft, while light and inelastic materials land on the other and are cast in the opposite direction. See separator for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Sea water: See saline water. Seacoal: Finely ground bituminous coal used as an ingredient in molding sands to control the thermal expansion of the mold, and to control the composition of the mold cavity gas during pouring (EPA-8511Oa). Sealant tape: An asbestos-containing product which is initially a semi-liquid mixture of butyl rubber and asbestos, but which solidifies when exposed to air, and which is intended for use as a
Second derivative absorption analyzer: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). This analyzer provides a very specific measurement of compounds with narrow band spectral absorption. Light with a modulated wavelength, is projected through the same gas, or measurement cavity. If the gas to be detected is present, the intensity of the detected light varies at twice the modulation frequency. The resulting signal is processed to determine the second derivatives (d2) value which is directly proportional to the
concentration of the gas. Since the technique is sensitive to the curvature of the spectra and not the intensity of the spectra, it provides enhanced sensitivity and permits measurement of a single gas in complex mixtures (EPA-84103a). Second order reaction: The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the concentration of two reactants. See chemical reaction for more related terms.
Secondary clarifier (secondary settling tank or secondary sedimentation tank): In a waste-treatment plant, a basin, or tank that receives liquid from a prior treatment process such as trickling filter or an activated sludge tank; here settleable solids are removed by sedimentation. See clarifier for more related terms (EPA-83/03, see also DOI-70104).
Secondary air fan: A fan to provide the principle air used to provide turbulencelmixing so as to assure completing combustion. See fan for more related terms (EPA-83).
Secondary combustion air (or secondary air): (1) Air for combustion supplied to combustion devices to supplement the primary air. (2) The air introduced above or below the fuel (waste) bed by a natural, induced, or forced draft. It is generally referred to as overfire air if supplied above the fuel bed through the side walls or the bridge wall of the primary chamber (SW-108ts). (3) See combustion air for more related terms.
Secondary air supply: An air supply that introduces air to the wood heater such that the bum rate is not altered by more than 25% when the secondary air supply is adjusted during the test run. The wood heater manufacturer can document this through design drawings that show the secondary air is introduced only into a mixing chamber or secondary chamber outside the firebox (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Secondary combustion chamber (or secondary chamber): (1) The chamber where a secondary burner is installed and the incompletely burned gas from the primary combustion chamber is re-burned. It operates with an excess air (EPA-89103b). (2) Chamber where unburned combustible gases and particulate from the primary chamber are burned to completion (EPA-83). (3) See combustion chamber for more related terms.
Secondary air: See secondary combustion air.
Secondary combustion chamber air blower: A forced air blower for providing combustion air to the secondary combustion chamber. See blower for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Second side: The final side of a plate glass to be ground and polished (EPA-83).
Secondary alcohol: An alcohol whose OH connected carbon joins with one hydrogen atom. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2CHOH,where R1 and R2 can be identical or different groups, e.g., propan-2-01 [(CH3)2CHOH]. See alcohol for more related terms. Secondary amine: An amine whose molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2NH, where R1 and R2 can be identical or different groups, e.g., dimethylamine [(CH3)2NH].See m i n e for more related terms. Secondary battery (or secondary cell): An electrochemical cell or battery system that can be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Secondary burner (afterburner, catalytic afterburner, fume incinerator, secondary combustion chamber burner, thermal oxidizer, or vapor incinerator): (1) An air pollution control device that incinerates undesirable organic gases (combustible materials) from the primary combustion chamber such as rotary kilns. The combustible materials may be gases, vapors, or entrained particulate matter. (2) A burner installed at the secondary combustion chamber of an incinerator to maintain a minimum temperature and to complete the combustion of incompletely burned gas (SW-108ts). (3) See burner for more related terms. Secondary cell: See secondary battery. Secondary chamber: See secondary combustion chamber.
Secondary combustion chamber air port: A port through which combustion air enters the combustion chamber and causes mixing. See combustion chamber for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Secondary combustion chamber burner: See secondary burner. Secondary contact recreation: The activities where a person's water contact would be limited to the extent that bacterial infections of eyes, ears, respiratory, or digestive systems or urogenital areas would normally be avoided (such as wading or fishing) (40CFR131.35.d-13-91). Secondary containment: The process equipment specifically designed to contain material that has breached primary containment before the material is released to the environment and becomes an accidental release. A vent duct and scrubber that are attached to the outlet of a pressure relief device are examples of secondary containment. See containment for more related terms (EPA-87107a). Secondary drinking water regulations: A regulation which applies to public water systems and which specifies the maximum contaminant level which, in the judgment of the Administrator, are requisite to protect the public welfare. Such regulations may apply to any contaminant in drinking water: (1) which may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water and consequently may cause a substantial number of the persons served by the public water system providing such water to discontinue its use; or (2)
which may otherwise adversely affect the public welfare. Such regulations may vary according to geographic and other circumstances. See Act or SDWA for more related terms (SDWA1401-42U.S.C.300f-91). Secondary drinking water regulations: Non-enforceable regulations applying to public water systems and specifying the maximum contamination levels that, in the judgment of EPA, are required to protect the public welfare. These regulations apply to any contaminants that may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water and consequently may cause people served by the system to discontinue its use (EPA-97/12). Secondary drinking water standards: Non-enforceable federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects (such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) of drinking water (SDWAIReg-04). Secondary effect: Action of a stressor on supporting components of the ecosystem, which in turn impact the ecological component of concern. See primary effect (EPA-97/12). Secondary effluent: The effluent from the secondary clarifiers. See effluent for more related terms.
Secondary expansion: See permanent expansion. Secondary hood system: The equipment (including hoods, ducts, fans, and dampers) used to capture and transport secondary inorganic arsenic emissions (40CFR61.17 1-91). Secondary impact (or indirect impact): The effect of a project arising through induced changes in population, economic growth and land use, and the environmental effects resulting from these changes (EPA-80108). Secondary industry category: Any industry category which is not a primary industry category (cf. primary industry category) (40CFR122.2-91). Secondary leachate: When water percolates through a landfill, the water becomes contaminated and becomes leachate. This leachate is known as secondary leachate (RCRAImanagement-04). Secondary lead smelter: Any facility producing lead from a leadbearing scrap material by smelting to the metallic form. See smelter for more related terms (40CFR60.121-91). Secondary manufacturing residues: Sawdust, planer shavings, and the like created by converting lumber, plywood, and veneer into manufactured products such as furniture, pallets, flooring, and moldings (EPA-83).
Secondary emission control system: The combination of equipment used for the capture and collection of secondary emissions, e.g., (1) An open hood system for the capture and collection of primary and secondary emissions from the BOPF, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device such as a baghouse for the capture and collection of emissions from the hot metal transfer and skimming station; (2) An open hood system for the capture and collection of primary and secondary emissions from the furnace, plus a furnace enclosure with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for additional capture and collection of secondary emissions from the furnace, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for the capture and collection of emissions from hot metal transfer and skimming station; or (3) A furnace enclosure with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device such as a baghouse for the capture and collection of secondary emissions from a BOPF controlled by a closed hood primary emission control system, with local hooding ducted to a secondary emission collection device, such as a baghouse, for the capture and collection of emissions from hot metal transfer and skimming stations (40CFR60.141a-91).
Secondary materials: The five categories of solid wastes regulated under Subtitle C, which include spent materials, byproducts, sludges, commercial chemical products, and scrap metal (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Secondary emissions: The emissions which occur as a result of the construction or operation of an existing stationary facility but do not come from the existing stationary facility. Secondary emissions may include, but are not limited to, emissions from ships or trains coming to or from the existing stationary facility. See emission for more related terms (40CFR51.301-91, see also 4OCFR5l .l6S; 51.166; 52.21; 52.24; 51.165; 51-ApplS; 60.141a; 61.171; 61.181-91).
Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs): SMCLs which apply to public water systems and which, in the judgement of the Administrator, are requisite to protect the public welfare. The SMCL means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of public water system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user, except those resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by
Secondary material: (1) A material recovered from a wastestream for reprocessing or remanufacturing (OTA-89/10). (2) A material that is utilized in place of a primary material in manufacturing a product. Materials which might go to waste if not collected and processed for reuse (EPA-83). (3) See material for more related terms. Secondary material: A material that is used in place of a primary or raw material in manufacturing a product (RCRAImanagement04). Secondary materials: Materials that have been manufactured and used at least once and are to be used again (EPA-97/12).
water quality, are excluded from this definition. See Act or SDWA for more related terms (40CFR143.2-91). See 40CFR143.3 for standards.
Secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs): The maximum level of a contaminant or undesirable constituent in public water systems that, in the judgment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is required to protect the public welfare. SMCLs are secondary (nonenforceable) drinking water regulations established by the EPA for contaminants that may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water (CWNWbasics-04). Secondary metabolites: Products of metabolism that are not associated with propagation of the organism (EPA-88109a). Secondary pollutant: (1) Pollutants produced by the primary pollutants which are directly emitted from a source. Examples of secondary pollutants include ozone and organic nitrates which are produced from primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons by photochemical reactions. (2) A pollutant formed in the atmosphere by chemical changes taking place between primary pollutants and other substances present in the air. (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Secondary processor of asbestos: A person who processes for commercial purposes an asbestos mixture. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.63-91). Secondary recycling: The use of a secondary material in an industrial application other than that in which the material originated. An example is the reprocessing of newspapers and old corrugated boxes into container board for packaging or into construction paper (EPA-83). Secondary risk screening level (SRS): SRS is designed to be protective for carcinogenic effects (CMAPC-04). Secondary roof: The roof strata immediately above the coalbed, requiring support during the excavating of coal (CWNmining-04). Secondary sedimentationtank: See secondary clarifier. Secondary settling tank: See secondary clarifier. Secondary settling: The secondary settling unit for the removal of settleable solids from the prior treatment processes. See settling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Secondary significance pollutant: The pollutants that are of secondary significance if they are not recommended for regulation, but are specified to be considered on a case-by-case basis for potential deleterious effects on humans and the environment. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-85/10).
Secondary sludge: The sludge resulting from the secondary clarifiers. See sludge for more related terms. Secondary standards: (1) A national secondary ambient air quality standard promulgated pursuant to section 109 of the Act (40CFR51.100-91). (2) See standard for more related terms. Secondary standards: A pollution limit based on environmental effects such as damage to property, plants, visibility, etc. Secondary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CMAPC-04). Secondary standards: A pollution limit based on environmental effects such as damage to property, plants, visibility, etc. Secondary standards are set for criteria air pollutants (CMair-04). Secondary standards: For calibration application: (1) A material having a property that is calibrated against a primary standard (LBL-76107-air). (2) Those calibrated against primary or intermediate standards under known conditions of gas type, temperature, and pressure. Accuracies less than 5% are achievable. See calibration of air flow for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Secondary standards: National ambient air quality standards designed to protect welfare, including effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, man-made (anthropogenic) materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate; damage to property; transportation hazards; economic values, and personal comfort and well-being (EPA-97/12). Secondary treatment: Technology-based requirements for direct discharging municipal sewage treatment facilities. Standard is based on a combination of physical and biological processes typical for the treatment of pollutants in municipal sewage. Standards are expressed as a minimum level of effluent quality in terms of: BOD5, suspended solids (SS), and pH (except as provided for special considerations and treatment equivalent to secondary treatment) (CWNwastewater-04). Secondary treatment: The second step in most publicly owned waste treatment systems in which bacteria consume the organic parts of the waste. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen-demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment. See primary, tertiary treatment (EPA-97/12). Secondary use: The use of a material in an application other than that in which it originated, however, the material is not changed significantly by processing and retains its identity. Examples are cotton clothing articles that are converted into wiping rags by being washed and cut to size; the use of steel cans in copper precipitation; and the use of rubber tires as dock bumpers. Materials used in this mode end up as waste after their secondary use is complete (EPA-83).
Secondary wastewater treatment (or secondary treatment): (1) The second step in most publicly owned waste treatment systems in which bacteria consume the organic parts of the waste. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment (EPA-89/12). (2) Wastewater treatment using biological methods (bacterial action) in addition to primary treatment by screening, sedimentation, and flotation. In secondary treatment, bacteria are used to destroy organic wastes as the water trickles over coarse stones. The process removes up to 90% of the dissolved pollutants, but leaves many other pollutants untouched. A secondary waste-treatment plant may consist of the following units, in addition to those of the primary treatment plant: trickling filter; aeration or activated sludge; secondary clarifier, secondary settling tank, final settling tank, and final settling basin (DOI-70104). (3) See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms. Secondary wastewater treatment: Treatment (following primary wastewater treatment) involving the biological process of reducing suspended, colloidal, and dissolved organic matter in effluent from primary treatment systems and which generally removes 80 to 95% of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and suspended matter. Secondary wastewater treatment may be accomplished by biological or chemical-physical methods. Activated sludge and trickling filters are two of the most common means of secondary treatment. It is accomplished by bringing together waste, bacteria, and oxygen in trickling filters or in the activated sludge process. This treatment removes floating and settleable solids and about 90% of the oxygen-demanding substances and suspended solids. Disinfection is the final stage of secondary treatment (CWMWscience-04). Secondary winding: The winding on the load (i.e., output) side of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Secret: See security classification category. Section 106 order: A unilateral administrative order that allows EPA to order PRPs to perform certain remedial actions at a Superfund site, subject to treble damages and daily fines if the order is not obeyed (SFIEnv-04). Section 13: Refers to section 13 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 12 (40CFR7.25-91). Section 304(a) criteria: Are developed by EPA under authority of section 304(a) of the Act based on the latest scientific information on the relationship that the effect of a constituent concentration has on particular aquatic species andlor human health. This information is issued periodically to the states as guidance for use in developing criteria (4OCFRl31.3-91).
Section 404 program or State 404 program or 404: An approved state program to regulate the discharge of dredged material and the discharge of fill material under section 404 of the Clean Water Act in state-regulated waters (4OCFRl24.2-91. Section 5 notice: Any PMN, consolidated PMN, intermediate PMN, significant new use notice, exemption notice, or exemption application (40CFR700.43-91). Section 504: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93-112, 87 Stat. 394 (29U.S.C.794)), as amended by the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-516, Stat. 1617); and the Rehabilitation, Comprehensive Services, and Developmental Disabilities Amendments of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-602, 92 Stat. 2955); and the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986 (Pub. L. 99-506, 100 Stat. 1810). As used in this part, section 504 applies only to programs or activities conducted by Executive agencies and not to federally assisted programs (40CFR12.103-91). Section mill: Those steel hot forming operations that produce a variety of finished and semi-finished steel products other than the products of those mills specified below in paragraphs (d), (e), (g), and (h) of this section (40CFR420.71-91). Section: A portion of the working area of a mine (CWAImining04). Sectionally supported furnace wall: A furnace or boiler wall which consists of special refractory blocks or shapes that are mounted on and supported at intervals of height by metallic hangers. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Sector averaging: Over a period of time, all wind direction observations can be placed in a wind direction sector and the number of occurrences within each sector tabulated. For averaging periods greater than eight hours, it is often assumed that wind direction is uniformly distributed within each sector. It is assumed that there is a uniform distribution of wind direction within each sector. This results in a uniform horizontal distribution of the plume within each sector, rather than assuming a Gaussian distribution along the horizontal axis (EPA-88/09). Secular equilibrium: The condition in which the activities (the mean number of decays per unit time of a radionuclide) of a parent and daughter in a radioactive decay chain are (very nearly) equal. For example, as soon as radon atoms are formed from the decay of radium, they start to decay at a characterized rate. At first, production will exceed decay, and the amount of radon will increase. However, the number of decays will increase, and eventually a state will be reached where decay equals production. This state is known as secular equilibrium (SDWAIradionuclide04). Secure chemical landfill: See landfills (EPA-97/12).
Secure landfills: Disposal sites for hazardous waste. They are selected and designed to minimize the chance of release of hazardous substances into the environment (EPA-89/12). Secure maximum contaminant level: Maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user, or of contamination resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality (EPA-97/12). Security classification assignment: The prescription of a specific security classification for a particular area or item of information. The information involved constitutes the sole basis for determining the degree of classification assigned (40CFR11.4-e91). Security classification category: The specific degree of classification (Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential) assigned to classified information to indicate the degree of protection required: (1) Top Secret: Refers to national security information or material which requires the highest degree of protection. The test for assigning Top Secret classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security. Examples of "exceptionally grave damage" include armed hostilities against the United States or its allies; disruption of foreign relations vitally affecting the national security; the compromise of vital national defense plans or complex cryptologic and communications intelligence systems; the revelation of sensitive intelligence operations; and the disclosure of scientific or technological developments vital to national security. This classification shall be used with the utmost restraint. (2) Secret: Refers to that national security information or material which requires a substantial degree of protection. The test for assigning Secret classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security. Examples of "serious damage" include disruption of foreign relations significantly affecting the national security; significant impairment of a program or policy directly related to the national security; revelation of significant military plans or intelligence operations; and compromise of scientific or technological developments relating to national security. The classification Secret shall be sparingly used. (3) Confidential: Refers to that national security information or material which requires protection. The test for assigning Confidential classification shall be whether its unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause damage to the national security (40CFR11.4-f-91).
Sediment discharge: The rate at which dry weight of sediment passes a section of a stream or is the quantity of sediment, as measured by dry weight, or by volume, that is discharged in a given time (CWNhydrology-04). Sediment guideline: Threshold concentration above which there is a high probability of adverse effects on aquatic life from sediment contamination, determined using modified USEPA (1996) procedures (CWAIWquality-04). Sediment yield: The quantity of sediment arriving at a specific location (EPA-97/12). Sediment: Fragmental material that originates from weathering of rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water or air or is accumulated in beds by other natural agencies (CWNhydrology-04). Sediment: Particles, derived from rocks or biological materials, that have been transported by a fluid or other natural process, suspended or settled in water (CWNWbasics-04). Sediment: The unconsolidated inorganic and organic material that is suspended in and being transported by surface water, or has settled out and has deposited into beds (40CFR796.2750-91). Sediment: Topsoil, sand, and minerals washed from the land into water, usually after rain or snow melt. Sediments collecting in rivers, reservoirs, and harbors can destroy fish and wildlife habitat and cloud the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Loss of topsoil from farming, mining, or building activities can be prevented through a variety of erosion-control techniques (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Sediment: Usually applied to material in suspension in water or recently deposited from suspension. In the plural the word is applied to all kinds of deposits from the waters of streams, lakes, or seas (CWAIWscience-04). Sedimentary rock: Rock formed of sediment, and specifically: (1) Sandstone and shale, formed of fragments of other rock transported from their sources and deposited in water; and (2) Rocks formed by or from secretions of organisms, such as most limestone. Many sedimentary rocks show distinct layering, which is the result of different types of sediment being deposited in succession (CWAIWscience-04).
Sedimendation basin: See settling pond. Sediment (SED): (1) Material borne and deposited by water. (2) Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs, rivers, and harbors, destroying fish and wildlife habitat, and clouding the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Careless farming, mining, and building activities will expose sediment materials, allowing them to wash off the land after rainfall (NavyIEnv-04).
Sedimentary rocks: Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose sediment that has accumulated in layers (CWNWbasics-04). Sedimentation basin: An excavated area of land that is used to allow solid particles in water to settle out. The rate of sedimentation is dependent on the depth of the basin and the size and weight of the particles (RCRAImanagement-04).
Sedimentation tanks: Wastewater tanks in which floating wastes are skimmed off and settled solids are removed for disposal (EPA97/12). Sedimentation: (1) Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during wastewater treatment (40CFR141.2-91). In wastewater treatment, sedimentation is a purely physically process where particles suspended in a liquid are made to settle by means of gravitational and inertial forces acting on both the particles suspended in the liquid and the liquid itself. Practically every industry that discharges a process wastewater stream contaminated with suspended and or precipitable pollutants employs some forms of precipitation, flocculation, andfor sedimentation. Examples are: removal of heavy metals from iron steel industry wastewater and removal of fluoride from aluminium production waste water. (2) The setting out of particles in the atmosphere due to their gravitational fall (NATO-78110). Sedimentation: (1) Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during treatment. (2) Solids naturally settling out of slow water in rivers, streams, and other water bodies (Navy/Env-04). Sedimentation: Letting solids settle out of wastewater by gravity during treatment (EPA-97/12). Sedimentation: The act or process of forming or accumulating sediment in layers; the process of deposition of sediment (CWA/Wbasics-04). Sedimentation: For more related terms, see (1) Final sedimentation and (2) Plain sedimentation. Sediments: Soil, sand, and minerals washed from land into water, usually after rain. They pile up in reservoirs, rivers, and harbors, destroying fish and wildlife habitat, and clouding the water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Careless farming, mining, and building activities will expose sediment materials, allowing them to wash off the land after rainfall (EPA-97/12). Seed protectant: A chemical applied before planting to protect seeds and seedlings from disease or insects (EPA-97/12). Seed: (1) Introduction of microorganisms into a culture medium (EPA-87110a). (2) An extremely small gaseous inclusion in glass (EPA-83). Seep: A small area where water percolates (see percolation) slowly to the land surface (CWA/Wbasics-04). Seepage: (1) The movement of water or gas through soil without forming definite channels (cf. percolation) (SW-108ts). Seepage: (1) The slow movement of water through small cracks, pores, Interstices, etc., of a material into or out of a body of surface or subsurface water. (2) The loss of water by infiltration into the soil from a canal, ditches, laterals, watercourse, reservoir,
storage facilities, or other body of water, or from a field (CWNWscience-04). Seepage: Percolation of water through the soil from unlined canals, ditches, laterals, watercourses, or water storage facilities (EPA-97/12). Segmental vibration (hand-arm vibration): Vibration applied to the handfarms through a tool or piece of equipment. This can cause a reduction in blood flow to the handdfingers (Raynaud's disease or vibration white finger). Also, it can interfere with sensory receptor feedback leading to increased handgrip force to hold the tool. Further, a strong association has been reported between carpal tunnel syndrome and segmental vibration (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Segregated stormwater sewer system: A drain and collection system designed and operated for the sole purpose of collecting rainfall runoff at a facility, and which is segregated from all other individual drain systems (40CFR6 1.341-91). Segregated wastewater stream: A wastewater stream generated from part or all of one pesticide process (EPA-85/10). Seiche: A sudden oscillation of the water in a moderate-size body of water, caused by wind (CWA/Wbasics-04). Seiche: The free oscillation of the bulk of water in a lake and the motion caused by it on the surface of the lake (CWAhydrology04). Seismic: Pertaining to any earth vibration, especially an earthquake (DOE-91/04). Selected alternative: The remediation alternative selected for a site based on technical feasibility, permanence, reliability, and cost. The selected alternative need not be the least expensive alternative. If there are,several remediation alternatives available that deal effectively with the problems at the site, EPA must choose the remedy on the basis of permanence, reliability, and cost (SFIEnv-04). Selective adsorbent: The adsorbents capable of selectively adsorbing (or rejecting) specific components from a multicomponent gas or liquid mixture. See adsorbent for more related terms. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR): One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). SCR is a dry process and has been used extensively in Japan to achieve a 90% reduction in NO, emissions. This process is based on the preferential reaction of NH3 with NO, rather than with SO2in the flue gas. The reactions are expressed as: (1) 4NH3 + 4N0 + O2 4N2 + 6H20; (2) 4NH3 + 2N0 + O2 3N2 + 6H20. Equation (1) represents the predominant reaction occurring since 90% of NO, emissions in combustion flue gas are
+
+
in the form of NO. This process involves injecting NH3 into the flue gas and passing this mixture through a catalytic reactor. NO, emissions are reduced to harmless molecular nitrogen (N2) and water vapor (H20). Ammonia is injected on an NH3:N0 mole ratio of 1:1 attaining a 90% NO, emission reduction with less than 20 ppm NH3 leaving the reactor. The optimum temperature for successful NO, reduction in the catalytic reactor is between 300 and 400 C. The reactor is usually located between the boiler economizer and air preheater. A bypass around the economizer is used when temperatures begin to fall below 300 C. The reactor can be located before or after the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator used to collect particulate matter. A number of materials have been used for catalysts. Initially, a platinum metal on an alumina (A1203)support was used for NO, control on gas fired boilers. Sulfur oxides, particularly SO3 and SO2 poison the alumina. Other catalysts must be used which resist SO, deterioration when burning fuel containing sulfur. Titanium dioxide (Ti02) and vanadium (VzOS)catalysts are resistant to SO, attack. Therefore, most catalysts on oil and coal fired boilers contain Ti02 or V2O5.Other active metals including C, CO, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, and W have been used as catalysts. The oxides and sulfates of these metals have also been used as catalysts. The exact compositions and constituents of most catalysts are proprietary information. The biggest problem with the SCR process is the formation of solid ammonium sulfates (NH4)2S04 and liquid ammonium bisulfate (NH4HS04). This problem occurs when using the SCR process on high sulfur oil and coal fired boilers. Ammonia reacts with SO3 to fonn corrosive compounds of (NH4)2SO4and NH4HS04 that coat the air preheater. Increased soot blowing in the furnace and water washing of the air preheaters helps remove the materials (EPA-81/12, p7-15).
Selective herbicide: A compound that kills or significantly retards growth of an unwanted plant species without significantly damaging desired plant species (CWNWbasics-04). Selective herbicide: A pesticide intended to kill only certain types of plants, especially broad-leafed weeds, and not harm other plants such as farm crops of lawn grasses. The leading herbicide in the United States is 2,4 D. A related but stronger chemical used mostly for brush control on range, pasture, and forest lands and on utility or highway rights-of-way is 2,4,5-T. Uses of the latter chemical have been somewhat restricted because of laboratory evidence that it or a dioxin contaminant in 2,4,5-T can cause birth defects in test animals. See herbicide for more related terms (EPA7411 1). Selective herbicide: Kills or significantly retards growth of an unwanted plant species without significantly damaging desired plant species (CWNWquality-04). Selective medium: See differential medium. Selective mining: The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high-grade mine product; this usually entails the use of a much more expensive stopping system and high exploration and
development costs in searching for and developing the separate bunches, stringers, lenses, and bands of ore (CWNmining-04).
Selective non-catalytic reduction (SCNR): Injecting ammonia or urea to control NO, emissions by reacting nitric oxide (NO) with a nitrogen-bearing compound to form nitrogen gas (N2)(CMAPC04). Selective oxidation: See preferential oxidation. Selective pesticide: A chemical designed to affect only certain types of pests, leaving other plants and animals unharmed (EPA97/12). Selectivity coefficient: A coefficient related to the ion equilibrium in an ion exchange system. Selenium (Se): The total selenium present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.361-91, see also 40CFR415.451; 415.631-91). Selenium is a metalloid element with atomic number 34; atomic weight 78.96; density 4.79 glee; melting point 217 C and boiling point 685 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Major selenium compounds include (1) Selenic acid (H2Se04):A highly poisonous solid. (2) Selenide: Selenium salts, e.g., inorganic salt, silver selenide (Ag2Se) and organic salt, ethyl selenide ((C2Hs)2Se). Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA): SCBA consists of a face piece and regulator mechanism connected to a cylinder of compressed air or oxygen carried by the wearer (Course 165.5). Self-contained breathing apparatus: A self-contained supply of oxygen used during rescue work from coal mine fires and explosions; same as SCSR (self-contained self rescuer) (CWA/mining-04). Self-monitoring: Sampling and analyses performed by a facility to determine compliance with a permit or other regulatory requirements (CWA/wastewater-04). Self-purification: Purification of river water by itself. When waste is discharged to a river, bacteria and other micro-organisms in the river digest the waste, thus, reducing the concentration of the waste. Self-rescuer: A small filtering device carried by a coal miner underground, either on his belt or in his pocket, to provide him with immediate protection against carbon monoxide and smoke in case of a mine fire or explosion. It is a small canister with a mouthpiece directly attached to it. The wearer breathes through the mouth, the nose being closed by a clip. The canister contains a layer of fused calcium chloride that absorbs water vapor from the mine air. The device is used for escape purposes only because it does not sustain life in atmospheres containing deficient oxygen. The length of time a self-rescuer can be used is governed mainly
by the humidity in the mine air, usually between 30 minutes and one hour (CWNmining-04).
Self-supplied water: Water withdrawn from a surface water or groundwater source by a user rather than being obtained from a public supply. An example would be homeowners getting their water from their own well (CWNWscience-04). Sellite: Sodium sulfite, used in the finishing operation of TNT (EPA-76/03). Semi-annual: A six-month period; the first semiannual period concludes on the last day of the last month during the 180 days following initial startup for new sources; and the first semiannual period concludes on the last day of the last full month during the 180 days after June 6, 1984, for existing sources (40CFR61.11191, see also 40CFR61.131; 61.241-91). Semi-automatic valve: A valve that opens manually and closes automatically, or vice versa. Semi-chemical paperboard: Paperboard made from a furnish containing not less than 75% virgin wood pulp, the predominant portion of which is produced by a semi-chemical process (EPA83). Semi-closed steaming: A method of steam conditioning in which the condensate formed during open steaming is retained in the retort until sufficient condensate accumulates to cover the coils. The remaining steam required is generated as in closed steaming (EPA-74/04). Semi-conductor: The solid state electrical devices which perform functions such as information processing and display, power handling, and inter conversion between light energy and electrical energy (40CFR469.12-91, see also EPA-83/03). Semi-confined aquifer: An aquifer partially confined by soil layers of low permeability through which recharge and discharge can still occur (EPA-97/12). Semi-dry process: A cement manufacturing process in which water, typically 10% to 15%, is added to the ground dry feed material and then fed into the kiln system. See process for more related terms (ETI-92). Semi-grouser: A crawler track shoe with one or more low cleats (EPA-83). Semilog paper: Graph paper having one logarithmic and one arithmetic scale (NavyIEnv-04). Semi-metals: See metalloid. Semipermeable membrane device (SPMD): A long strip of lowdensity, polyethylene tubing filled with a thin film of purified lipid
such as triolein that simulates the exposure to and passive uptake of highly lipid-soluble organic compounds by biological membranes (CWNWbasics-04).
Semi-static test: A test without flow of solution, but with occasional batchwise renewal of test solutions after prolonged periods (e.g., 24 hours) (40CFR797.1440-91). Semi-transparent stain: The stains containing dyes or semitransparent pigments which are formulated to enhance wood grain and change the color of the surface but not to conceal the surface, including, but not limited to, sap stain, toner, non-grain raising stains, pad stain, or spatter stain (40CFR52.741-91). Semi-volatile organic chemical: A chemical compound with the following properties: (1) Boiling point (degree C): 100-300. (2) Sampling method: Semi-VOST (volatile organic sampling train). (3) Capture method: XAD-2 resin. (4) Analytical method: GCIMS (gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy). (5) See organic chemical for more related terms. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): (1) Compounds that do not readily volatilize at standard temperature and pressure. (2) Compounds amenable to analysis by extraction of the sample with an organic solvent. Used synonymously with base neutral acid or extractable compounds (NavyEnv-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): A group of chemicals composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen that have a tendency to evaporate (volatilize) into the air from water or soil. Some of the compounds that make up asphalt are examples of SVOCs (SF/remedy-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): Operationally defined as a group of synthetic organic compounds that are solvent-extractable and can be determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. SVOCs include phenols, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (CWA/Wbasics-04). Semi-volatile organic compounds: Organic compounds that volatilize slowly at standard temperature (20 degrees C and 1 atrn pressure) (EPA-97/12). Semi-volatile: See organic compound, semi-volatile. Semi-wet: Those steelmaking air cleaning systems that use water for the sole purpose of conditioning the temperature and humidity of furnace gases such that the gases may be cleaned in dry air pollution control systems (cf. wet) (40CFR420.41-91). Senescence: The aging process. Sometimes used to describe lakes or other bodies of water in advanced stages of eutrophication. Also used to describe plants and animals (EPA-97/12). Senescent lake: See extinction lake.
Separation chamber: See settling chamber. Sensible heat: (1) Heat, the addition or removal of which, results in a change of temperature (cf. latent heat) (EPA-84/09). (2) The heat which is associated with a change in temperature; specific heat exchange of temperature; in contrast to a heat interchange in which a change of state (latent heat) occurs. See heat for more related terms. Sensitivity analysis: (1) An analysis that compares changes in a dependent variable resulting from incremental changes in an independent variable (OTA-89/10). (2) An analysis of a specific theoretical model or hypothesis as a function of the parameters which make up the model; e.g., for a kinetic-based sensitivity analysis, the parameters are residence time, temperature, concentration, and reaction atmosphere (EPA-88/12). (3) See analysis for more related terms. Sensitivity analysis: In air pollution modeling, the system examination of changes in the output variables as a mathematical model due to small variations in the input variables or model parameters (NATO-78110). Sensitivity: The slope of the analytical curve, i.e., functional relationship between emission intensity and concentration (40CFRl36-AppIC-91). Sensitization: The process in which a substance other than the catalyst is present to facilitate the start of a catalytic reaction (EPA-83106a). Sensitized paper (developing paper or photographic paper): The paper treated with light or chemical sensitive agents. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Sensor: (1) A device that measures a physical quantity or the change in a physical quantity such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, pH, or liquid level (40CFR60.48 1-91, see also 40CFR61.241; 264.1031-91). (2) A device designed to respond to a physical stimulus (as temperature, illumination, and motion) and transmit a resulting signal for interpretation, or measurement, or for operating a control (LBL-76107-air). Separate collection: The collecting recyclable materials which have been separated at the point of generation and keeping those materials separate from other collected solid waste in separate compartments of a single collection vehicle or through the use of separate collection vehicles (40CFR246.101-9 1). Separate sewer: A sewer that carries wastewater but excludes storm and surface waters. See sewer for more related terms (DOI70104). Separating: Centrikging, draining, evacuating, filtering, percolating, fitting, pressing, skimming, sorting, and trimming (AP-40, p790).
Separation region: In a flow field, a region distinct from the main flow in which the fluid recirculates behind an obstacle (NATO78/10). Separation: The systematic division of solid waste into designated categories (SW-108ts). Types of separation include (1) Dense media separation (heavy media separation or sink float). (2) Gravity separation. (3) Mechanical separation. (4) Metal separation. Separator (for battery application): The separator is a porous material, in a battery system, used to keep plates of opposite polarity separated, yet allowing conduction of ions through the electrolyte (EPA-84/08). Separator plate: In fuel cells, it is an electrically conductive plate that is used to physically separate individual fuel cells in a stack. Separator tank: A device used for separation of two immiscible liquids. See tank for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91). Separator: A device used to separate materials. For example, a porous material, in a battery system, used to keep plates of opposite polarity separated, yet allowing conduction of ions through the electrolyte (EPA-84/08). Separator: Types of separators include (1) API separator. (2) Ballistic separator. (3) Centrifugal collector (see mechanical separator). (4) Centrifugation (see mechanical separator). (5) Cyclone collector (see mechanical separator). (6) Cyclone separator (see mechanical separator). (7) Eddy current separator. (8) Electrostatic separator. (9) Elutriation. (10) Heavy media separator. (11) Impingement separator. (12) Inertial separator (see mechanical separator). (13) Magnetic separator. (14) Mechanical separator. (15) Multi-cyclone (see mechanical separator). (16) Multi-stage separator. (17) Oil water separator. (18) Osbome separator. (19) Rising current separator. (20) Secator. (21) Separator (for battery application). Septage: The liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank, cesspool, or similar domestic sewage treatment system, or a holding tank when the system is cleaned or maintained (4OCFRl22.2-91,see also 501.2-91; EPA-80108). Septic sludge: The sludge derived from septic tanks. See sludge for more related terms. Septic system: An on-site system designed to treat and dispose of domestic sewage. A typical septic system consists of tank that receives waste from a residence or business and a system of tile lines or a pit for disposal of the liquid effluent (sludge) that remains after decomposition of the solids by bacteria in the tank and must be pumped out periodically (EPA-97/12).
Septic tank: (1) A water-tight covered receptacle designed to receive or process, through liquid separation or biological digestion, the sewage discharged from a building sewer. The effluent from such receptacle is distributed for disposal through the soil and settled solids and scum from the tank are pumped out periodically and hauled to a treatment facility (40CFR280.12-91). (2) See tank for more related terms. Septic tank: A tank in which the solid matter of continuously flowing sewage is disintegrated by bacteria (CAA/C02gasl-04). Septic tank: A tank used to detain domestic wastes to allow the settling of solids prior to distribution to a leach field for soil absorption. Septic tanks are used when a sewer line is not available to carry them to a treatment plant. A settling tank in which settled sludge is in immediate contact with sewage flowing through the tank, and wherein solids are decomposed by anaerobic bacterial action (CWMWscience-04). Septic tank: An underground storage tank for wastes from homes not connected to a sewer line. Waste goes directly from the home to the tank. See septic system (EPA-97/12). Septum: A thin layer of material between two layers of absorptive material (i.e., foil, lead, steel, etc.) that prevents sound wave from passing through absorptive material (NCAIsound-04). Sequela: Any lesion or affection that follows or is caused by an attack of disease (LBL-76107-bio). Sequestering agent: A chemical compound which is added to water systems to prevent the formation of scale by holding the insoluble compounds in suspension (EPA-82/11f). Sequestration of funds: The cancellation of discretionary funds which could be appropriated. This occurs to keep spending within preauthorized limits (OMBIReg-04). SERC: The State Emergency Response Commission, which under EPCRA, each governor must appoint. The SERCs are responsible for appointing LEPCs, reviewing local emergency plans, and receiving chemical release notifications (TSCAIchemical-04).
Series resistance: The sum of resistances from the condenser plates to the condensers external connections
(40CFR85.2122(a)(6)(ii)(B)-91). Series: In mathematics, the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of terms or functions (NATO-78/10). Serious acute effect: The human injury or human disease processes that have short latency period for development, result from short term exposure to a chemical substance, or are a combination of these factors and which are likely to result in death or severe or prolonged incapacitation. See acute effect for more related terms (40CFR721.3-91). Serious chronic effect: The human injury or human disease processes that have a long latency period for development, result from long term exposure to a chemical substance, or are a combination of these factors and which are likely to result in death or severe or prolonged incapacitation. See chronic effect for more related terms (40CFR721.3-91, see also 40CFR723.50-91). Serum: A fluid extracted from an animal for the purpose of inoculation to affect the cure of a disease (EPA-83/09). Service connector: The pipe that carries tap water from a public water main to a building (EPA-97/12). Service line sample: A one-liter sample of water that has been standing for at least 6 hours in a service pipeline and is collected according to federal regulations (EPA-97/12). Semce line: A distribution line that transports gas from a common source of supply to (1) a customer meter or the connection to a customer's piping, whichever is farther downstream, or (2) the connection to a customer's piping if there is no customer meter. A customer meter is the meter that measures the transfer of gas from an operator to a consumer (40CFR192.391). Service pipe: The pipeline extending from the water main to the building served or to the consumer's system (EPA-97/12). Service reservoir: See distribution reservoir.
Serial number: The identification number assigned by the manufacturer to a specific production unit (40CFR205.15 1-91). Series collection: An operation involving the use of two or more collectors joined in a series (EPA-83/06). Series connection: In electrical applications, it is the connection of fuel cells or batteries in a pattern that connects the positive terminal of each successive cell to the negative terminal of the next adjacent cell so that their voltages are cumulative.
Service water pump: A pump providing water for auxiliary plant heat exchangers and other uses (EPA-8211 If). Set of safety relief valves: One or more safety relief valves designed to open in order to relieve excessive pressures in the same vessel or pipe (40CFR52.741-91). Set-back: Setting a thermometer to a lower temperature when the building is unoccupied to reduce consumption of heating energy. Also refers to setting the thermometer to a higher temperature during unoccupied periods in the cooling season (EPA-97/12).
Setouttset back collection: The removal of full and the return of empty containers between the on-premise storage point and the curb by a collection crew. See waste collection for more related terms (SW-1O h ) . Setting rate: A comparative term referring to the time required for the glass surface to cool between the limits of the working range. A short time implies a fast setting rate, and a long time implies a slow setting rate (EPA-83). Settle lime: The precipitation of dissolved solids in wastewater using lime and the subsequent gravity induced deposition of the suspended matter. See lime for more related terms (EPA-8211 le).
Settling chamber: A series of screens placed in the way of flue gases to slow the stream of air, thus helping gravity to pull particles into a collection device (EPA-97/12). Settling pond (sedimentation basin, sedimentation tank, or settling tank): (1) A container that gravimetrically separates oils, grease, and dirt from petroleum solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91). (2) The holding area for wastewater where floating wastes are skimmed off and settled solids are removed for disposal (EPA-89/12).
Settle: The act of considering, ascertaining, adjusting, determining, or otherwise resolving a claim (40CFR14.2-91).
Settling pond (water quality): An open lagoon into which wastewater contaminated with solid pollutants is placed and allowed to stand. The solid pollutants suspended in the water sink to the bottom of the lagoon and the liquid is allowed to overflow out of the enclosure (CWAIWscience-04).
Settleability: An indication of sludge to settle in sedimentation tanks.
Settling tank: A holding area for wastewater, where heavier particles sink to the bottom for removal and disposal (EPA-97/12).
Settleable solid: (1) That matter measured by the volumetric method specified in 40CFR434.64 (40CFR434.11-91). (2) The particulate material (both organic or inorganic) which will settle in one hour expressed in milliliters per liter (mL/L) as determined using an Imhoff cone and the method described for residue settleable in 40CFR136 (40CFR440.141-91). (3) Material heavy enough to sink to the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank (EPA-87110a; 8211 1f). (4) See solid for more related terms.
Settling velocity (or terminal velocity): (1) The velocity at which a given dust will fall out of dust-laden gas under the influence of gravity only. Also known as terminal velocity (EPA-83). In air pollution, it is the velocity of a particle calculated by equating the external force acting on the particle (gravity, centrifugal, etc.) with the drag force (EPA-84/09). (2) The terminal rate of fall of a particle through a fluid as induced by gravity or other external force; the rate at which fictional drag balances the accelerating force (or the external force). Also known as terminal velocity (EPA-83). (3) Terminal velocity of a small sphere falling under the influence of gravity in a viscous fluid is given by (the equation in this subpart) (40CFR796.1520-91). (4) Terminal velocity is the velocity at which the downward pull of gravity is equal to the viscous force exerted by the particulate suspending fluid or gas (EPA-83).
Settle mark: See chill mark (EPA-83).
Settleable solids: Material heavy enough to sink to the bottom of a wastewater treatment tank (EPA-97/12). Settlement: A gradual subsidence of material (cf. differential settlement) (EPA-83). Settlement: A legal agreement reached between EPA and parties at a Superfund site. The settlement outlines the payments of each party, the time frame of remediation, and the remedy selected (SFIEnv-04). Settlement: As refuse decomposes and/or becomes compacted by the weight of overlaying layers, landfills experience a volume decrease and compaction of individual layers of waste in the landfill. Settlement refers to this volume decrease and compaction of layers (RCRAImanagement-04). Settling chamber (baffle chamber, gravity settler, gravity settling tank, or separation chamber): (1) A chamber following the combustion chamber, in which baffles change the direction of and/or reduce the velocity of the combustion gases in order to promote the settling of fly ash or coarse particulate matter (EPA83). (2) Any chamber designed to reduce the velocity of the products of combustion and thus to promote the settling of fly ash from the gas stream (SW-108ts).
Settling: The concentration of particulate matter in wastewater by allowing suspended solids to sink to the bottom (EPA-80/10). Other settling-related terms include (1) Primary settling and (2) Secondary settling. Seven (7)-day average: The arithmetic mean of pollutant parameter values for samples collected in a period of 7 consecutive days (40CFR133.101-91). Severance: The separation of a mineral interest from other interests in the land by grant or reservation. A mineral dead or grant of the land reserving a mineral interest, by the landowner before leasing, accomplishes a severance as does his execution of a mineral lease (CWAImining-04). Severe accident: An accident with a frequency rate of less than IO/yr that would have more severe consequences than a design-
basis accident, in terms of damage to the facility, off-site consequences, or both (DOE-91/04).
Sewage pollution: The raw or partially treated domestic waste. See pollution for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Severe property damage: The substantial physical damage to property, damage to the treatment facilities which causes them to become inoperable, or substantial and permanent loss of natural resources which can reasonably be expected to occur in the absence of a bypass. Severe property damage does not mean economic loss caused by delays in production (40CFR122.41-91, see also 40CFR403.17-91).
Sewage sludge use or disposal practice: The collection, storage, treatment, transportation, processing, monitoring, use, or disposal of sewage sludge (40CFR122.2-91).
Severe: A relative term used to describe the degree to which hazardous material releases can cause adverse effects to human health and the environment (Course 165.5). Sewage collection system: For the purpose of section 35.925-13, each, and all, of the common lateral sewers, within a publicly owned treatment system, which are primarily installed to receive wastewaters directly from facilities which convey wastewater from individual structures or from private property, and which include service connection Y fittings designed for connection with those facilities. The facilities which convey wastewater from individual structures, from private property to the public lateral sewer, or its equivalent, are specifically excluded from the definition, with the exception of pumping units, and pressurized lines, for individual structures or groups of structures when such units are cost effective and are owned and maintained by the grantee (40CFR35.905-91). Sewage from vessel: The human body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body wastes that are discharged from vessels and regulated under section 312 of CWA, except that with respect to commercial vessels on the Great Lakes this term includes graywater. For the purposes of this definition, graywater means galley, bath, and shower water (40CFR122.2-91). Sewage lagoon: A shallow pond, three to five feet deep, where natural biological processes purify wastewater to a degree comparable to that accomplished in a secondary treatment plant. The organic matter is broken down into simple compounds by bacterial action; these decomposition products are utilized by algae in the course of photosynthesis to produce oxygen, as well as additional algal mass; the oxygen then constitutes the supply needed for aerobic bacterial decomposition. The load of total organic matter that a pond can assimilate depends on many factors. Shallow ponds (three feet) are more effective than deeper ones; those exposed to wind movements are more effective than sheltered ones; other critical factors are temperature and available sunlight, which vary with climate. Loads of 10 to 120 pounds BOD per acre per day have been recorded assimilated in such ponds (cf. lagoon) (DOI-70104). Sewage lagoon: See lagoon (EPA-97/12).
Sewage sludge: (1) Any solid, semi-solid, or liquid residue removed during the treatment of municipal wastewater or domestic sewage. Sewage sludge includes, but is not limited to, solids removed during primary, secondary, or advanced waste water treatment, scum, septage, portable toilet pumpings, type 111 marine sanitation device pumpings (33CFR159), and sewage sludge products. Sewage sludge does not include grit or screenings, or ash generated during the incineration of sewage sludge (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR501.2-91). (2) A semi-liquid substance consisting of settled sewage solids combined with varying amounts of water and dissolved materials (EPA-83). (4) See sludge for more related terms. Sewage sludge: Sludge produced at a Publicly Owned Treatment Works, the disposal of which is regulated under the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12). Sewage treatment plant: A facility designed to receive the wastewater from domestic sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and threaten public health and safety when discharged into receiving streams or bodies of water. The substances removed are classified into four basic areas: (1) Greases and fats; (2) Solids from human waste and other sources; (3) Dissolved pollutants from human waste and decomposition products; and (4) Dangerous microorganisms. Most facilities employ a combination of mechanical removal steps and bacterial decomposition to achieve the desired results. Chlorine is often added to discharges from the plants to reduce the danger of spreading disease by the release of pathogenic bacteria (CWAIWscience-04). Sewage treatment residues: Coarse screenings, grit, and dewatered or air-dried sludge solids from sewage treatment plants and pumpings of cesspool or septic tank sludges which require disposal with putrescible wastes (EPA-83). Sewage treatment works (or sewage works): The municipal or domestic waste treatment facilities of any type which are publicly owned or regulated to the extent that feasible compliance schedules are determined by the availability of funding provided by federal, state, or local governments (40CFR220.2-91). Sewage works: See sewage treatment works. Sewage: (1)Human body wastes and the wastes from toilets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body wastes (cf. wastewater) (40CFR140.1-91, see also CWA312).
Sewage: The waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial sources and discharged into sewers (EPA-97/12).
Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes responsible for the sex determination of organisms.
Sewage: For more related terms, see (1) Domestic sewage; (2) Raw sewage; (3) Raw sewage sludge; and (4) Storm sewage.
Sex linked genes: Are present on the sex (X or Y) chromosomes. Sex-linked genes in the context of this guideline refer only to those located on the X-chromosome (40CFR798.5275-91).
Sewer appurtenance: The principal appurtenances associated with sanitary sewers are manholes, drop manholes, building connections, and junction chambers (M&EI-72). Sewer head loss: The pressure head loss that normally occurs in sewerage systems usually consists of those caused by friction, velocity, entrance and exit losses, and losses resulting from the geometric configuration of the sewers and their appurtenances.
Shading coefficient: The amount of the sun's heat transmitted through a given window compared with that of a standard 118inch-thick single pane of glass under the same conditions (EPA97/12). Shaft horsepower (flywheel or belt horsepower): Actual horsepower produced by an engine, after deducting the drag of accessories (EPA-83).
Sewer line: A lateral, trunk line, branch line, or other enclosed conduit used to convey waste to a downstream waste management unit (40CFR61.341-91).
Shaft mine: An underground mine in which the main entry or access is by means of a vertical shaft (CWNmining-04).
Sewer lye: Waste sodium hydroxide from reclaiming of scrap soap (EPA-74104~).
Shaft power: The only the measured shaft power output of turboprop engine (40CFR87.1-91).
Sewer manhole: See manhole.
Shaft work: In thermodynamics, work can be grouped into flow work and shaft work. The work which is not a flow work is a shaft work. Shaft work can easily be measured by a dynamometer (Wark-p124).
Sewer outfall: A sewer that carries wastewater to a point of final discharge (cf. major outfall or outfall) (DOI-70104). Sewer system: The system of sewers and related facilities for collection, transportation, and pumping of wastewater (DOI70104). Sewer: A channel or conduit that carries wastewater and stormwater runoff from the source to a treatment plant or receiving stream. "Sanitary" sewers carry household, industrial, and commercial waste. "Storm" sewers carry runoff from rain or snow. "Combined" sewers handle both (NavyIEnv-04). Sewer: A channel or conduit that canies wastewater and stormwater runoff from the source to a treatment plant or receiving stream. "Sanitary" sewers carry household, industrial, and commercial waste. "Storm" sewers carry runoff from rain or snow. "Combined" sewers handle both (EPA-97/12).
Shaft: A primary vertical or non-vertical opening through mine strata used for ventilation or drainage andlor for hoisting of personnel or materials; connects the surface with underground workings (CWNmining-04). Shakeout: The operation of removing castings from the mold. A mechanical unit is used to separate the mold material from the solidified casting (EPA-85/10a). Shaking screen: A screen with several screen surfaces in a series, usually slightly inclined, with different apertures and a slow linear motion essentially in place of the screen. See screen for more related terms (EPA-8/88a). Shale oil: Oil derived from shale.
Sewer: A system of underground pipes that collect and deliver wastewater to treatment facilities or streams (CWNWscience-04).
Shale: A fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay, silt, or mud (CWAiWbasics-04).
Sewer: For more related terms, see (1) Collecting sewer; (2) Collector sewer; (3) Combined sewer; (4) Gravity sewer; (5) Hydraulics of sewer; (6) Interceptor sewer; (7) Lateral sewer; (8) Municipal separate storm sewer; (9) Pressure sewer; (10) Sanitary sewer; (11) Separate sewer; (12) Storm drain (see storm sewer); (13) Storm sewer; (14) Trunk main; and (15) Trunk sewer.
Shale: A rock formed by consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, having a laminated structure and composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition (CWNmining-04).
Sewerage: The entire system of sewage collection, treatment, and disposal (EPA-97/12).
Shallow discharge: See deep or shallow discharge.
Shale: A thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay (soft rock) with well marked cleavage parallel to the bedding (EPA-83).
Shallows: A term applied to a shallow place or area in a body of water; a shoal (CWAIWbasics-04).
Sheepsfoot roller: A roller that consists of a steel drum fitted with projecting feet (EPA-83).
Sham recycling: Illegitimate activities executed under the guise of recycling in order to be exempt from or subject to lesser regulation (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Sheet basecoat: A coating applied to metal when the metal is in sheet form to serve as either the exterior or interior of a can for either two-piece or three-piece cans (40CFR52.741-91).
Share: When refening to the awarding agency's portion of real property, equipment, or supplies, means the percentage as the awarding agency's portion of the acquiring party's total costs under the grant to which the acquisition costs under the grant to which the acquisition cost of the property was charged. Only costs are to be counted, not the value of third party in-kind contributions (40CFR31. W l ) .
Sheet glass: A flat glass (e.g., window glass) made by continuous drawing. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Sharp: Any object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, and broken capillary tubes (29CFR1910). Sharpeners: Chemicals (such as sodium sulfide and sodium sulfhydrate) used in addition to lime to assist in the unhairing process (EPA-82/11). Sharps: Hypodermic needles, syringes (with or without the attached needle), Pasteur pipettes, scalpel blades, blood vials, needles with attached tubing, and culture dishes used in animal or human patient care or treatment, or in medical, research, or industrial laboratories. Also included are other types of broken or unbroken glassware that were in contact with infectious agents, such as used slides and cover slips, and unused hypodermic and suture needles, syringes, and scalpel blades (EPA-97/12). Shaving: The waste products generated during the shaving operations. These are essentially small pieces of the tanned hide, which are approximately the size of wood shavings. Shaving is an abrasive, mechanical action used to correct errors in splitting and thus yielding a uniformly thick grain side or split (of hide) (EPA8211 1). Shear shredder: A size reduction machine that cuts materials between two large blades or between a blade and a stationary edge. See size reduction machine for more related terms (SW-lO8ts). Shear: The variation of a vector quantity in a magnitude and direction along a given line in space (NATO-78/10). Shearer: A mining machine for longwall faces that uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses along the face (CWNmining-04). Shearing stress: The stress in a fluid tangential to a given surface. This stress is connected to the shear in the fluid (NATO-78/10). Sheen: An iridescent appearance on the surface of the water (40CFRl10.1-91).
Shelby tube: A thin-walled, tubular device pressed into an open bore hole to obtain an undisturbed core sample of unconsolidated strata (NavyIEnv-04). Shell deposition: The measured length of shell growth that occurs between the time the shell is ground at test initiation and test termination 96 hours later (40CFR797.1800-91). Shell UOP: One of the NO, emission reduction techniques. See nitrogen oxide emission control and Shell UOP in Appendix B for more information. Shellfish, fish, and wildlife: Any biological population or community that might be adversely affected by the applicant's modified discharge (40CFR125.58-91). Shelter-in-place: The practice of staying inside homes or other building to provide temporary protection from chemical releases rather than evacuating the area. It may include closing and sealing doors and windows and turning off heating and air conditioning (TSCAIchemical-04). Shelter-in-place: The process of staying where you are and taking shelter, rather than trying to evacuate (HAS-92). Shield: A wall that protects workers from harmful radiation released by radioactive materials (EPA-74/11). Shielded blade: A knife within a housing which protects the blade from being used in an open fashion, i.e., a protected knife (EPA89/09, see also EPA-9 1/05). Shift conversion or shift reaction: The reaction of carbon monoxide and water to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. For fuel cell systems, the objective is not only to produce more hydrogen to power the fuel cell but also to remove carbon monoxide that is deleterious to some fuel cell types. Shift: The number of hours or the part of any day worked (CWNmining-04). Shiner: A defect in boxboard caused by a contaminant (EPA-83). Ship canal: A canal deep enough and wide enough to permit the passage of ocean-going vessels. See canal for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Shipped liquid ammonia: The liquid ammonia commercially shipped for which the Department of Transportation requires 0.2% minimum water content (40CFR418.5 1-91). Shipping losses: The discharges resulting from loading tank cars or tank trucks; discharges resulting from cleaning tank cars or tank trucks, and discharges from air pollution control scrubbers designed to control emissions from loading or cleaning tank cars or tank trucks (40CFR418.11-91, see also 40CFR418.5 1-91). Shipping losses: The discharges resulting from loading tank cars or tank trucks; discharges resulting from cleaning tank cars or tank trucks; and discharges from air pollution control scrubbers designed to control emissions from loading or cleaning tank cars or tank trucks (40CFR418.21-91). Shive: A bundle of incompletely separated fibers which may appear in the finished sheet as an imperfection (EPA-87/10). Shoal: A relatively shallow place in a stream, lake, or sea (CWMWbasics-04).
the potential to cause developmentally toxic effects in intact systems across a broad range of chemicals or within a class of chemicals that includes the substance of concern (40CFR721.391).
Short wall: An underground mining method in which small areas are worked (I 5 to 150 feet) by a continuous miner in conjunction with the use of hydraulic roof supports (CWMmining-04). Short-circuiting: When some of the water in tanks or basins flows faster than the rest; may result in shorter contact, reaction, or settling times than calculated or presumed (EPA-97/12). , Short-term cleanup: A cleanup process that addresses immediate threats to public health and the environment that typically consist of less complex or less extensive contamination problems than those which require a long-term cleanup. There are three types of short-term cleanups: emergencies (e.g., fire or explosions), timecritical actions, and non-time-critical actions. Also referred to as removal actions (SF/remedy-04)
Shock load: A quantity of wastewater or pollutant that greatly exceeds the normal discharged into a treatment system, usually occurring over a limited period of time (EPA-75/04).
Short-wave trough (meteorlogical): A wave of low atmospheric pressure in the form of a trough that has a wave length of 600 to 1500 miles and moves progressively through the lower troposphere in the same direction as that of the prevailing current of air motion (CWMWbasics-04).
Shock load: The anival at a water treatment plant of raw water containing unusual amounts of algae, colloidal matter, color, suspended solids, turbidity, or other pollutants (EPA-97/12).
Shot blast: A casting cleaning process employing a metal abrasive (grit or shot) propelled by centrifugal or air force (EPA85/l Oa).
Shop opacity: The arithmetic average of 24 or more opacity observations of emissions from the shop taken in accordance with Method 9 of Appendix A of this part for the applicable time periods. See opacity for more related terms (40CFR60.271-91, see also 40CFR60.271a-91).
Shot casting: The production of shot by pouring molten metal in finely divided streams to form spherical particles (40CFR471.0291).
Short term air quality control: The control of air quality over time periods of the order of one hour to one day (NATO-78110). Short term exposure: Multiple or continuous exposures occurring over a week or so (EPA-92/12). Short term test indicative of carcinogenic potential: Either any limited bioassay that measures tumor or preneoplastic induction, or any test indicative of interaction of a chemical substance with DNA (i.e., positive response in assays for gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage and repair, or cellular transformation) (40CFR72 1.3-91). Short term test indicative of the potential to cause a developmentally toxic effect: Either any in vivo preliminary development toxicity screen conducted in a mammalian species, or any invitro developmental toxicity screen, including any test system other than the intact pregnant mammal, that has been extensively evaluated and judged reliable for its ability to predict
Shotgun: A non-scientific term for the process of breaking up the DNA derived from an organism and then moving each separate and unidentified DNA fragment into a bacterium (EPA-89/12). Shredded refuse: The solid waste which has been physically reduced to smaller particles. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Shredder: A mechanical device used to break waste materials into smaller pieces by tearing and impact action. Shredding solid waste is done to minimize its volume or make it more readily combustible (RCRA/management-04). Shredder: A size reduction machine which tears or grinds materials to a smaller and more uniform particle size. Shredding process is also called size reduction, grinding, milling, communition, pulverization, hogging, granulating, breaking, maserating, chipping, crushing, cutting, rasping. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA-83).
Shredding: Material cut, tom, or broken up into small parts (EPA-83106a). Shredding: Mixing and grinding soil to improve homogeneity and increase permeability (Navy/Env-04). Shrinkage: (1) Loss in pulp yield due to the action of the bleaching chemicals. (2) Presence of cracks or voids in each cover primarily a result of loss of moisture (EPA-83). Shrinking plume: The situation in which a groundwater plume margin is receding toward the source area and concentrations within the plume are decreasing over time (NavyIEnv-04). Shrubland: Land (CWAIWbasics-04).
covered
predominantly
with
shrubs
Shutdown: (1) The cessation of operation of an affected facility for any purpose (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR61.161; 61.171; 61.181-91). (2) For a Department of Energy reactor, that condition in which the reactor has ceased operation and the Department has declared officially that it does not intend to operate it further (see DOE Order 5480.6) (DOE-91/04). Shuttle car: A self-discharging truck, generally with rubber tires or caterpillar-type treads, used for receiving coal from the loading or mining machine and transferring it to an underground loading point, mine railway, or belt conveyor system (CWMmining-04).
Side rite: An iron carbonate (FeC03). Side roblasts: Early cells in the red blood cell series that contain granules of free iron as detected by the prussian blue reaction (LBL-76107-bio). Side seam spray coat: A coating applied to the seam of a threepiece can (40CFR52.741-91). Sideslope gradient: The representative change in elevation in a given horizontal distance (usually about 300 yards) perpendicular to a stream; the valley slope along a line perpendicular to the stream (near a water-quality or biological sampling point) (CWNWbasics-04). Sidewall cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to a continuous strip of sidewall component or any other continuous strip component (except combined treadsidewall component) that is incorporated into the sidewall of a finished tire. A sidewall cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to sidewall strips or other continuous strip component (except combined treadsidewall component) and to allow evaporation of solvent from the cemented rubber (40CFR60.541-91). Siege: Floor of a pot furnace, often called bench (EPA-83).
SIC: Standard Industrial Classification codes were assigned to categories of U.S. industries and are referenced in the RMP Rule. They have been replaced by NAICS codes (TSCAkhemical-04).
Sieve analysis: Determination of the particle size distribution of soil, sediment, or rock by measuring the percentage of the particles that will pass through standard sieves of various sizes (NavyIEnv-04).
Sick building syndrome: A set of symptoms that affect a number of building occupants during the time they spend in the building and diminish or go away during periods when they leave the building. Can not be traced to specific pollutants (contrast with building-related illness) (EPA-88109b).
Sieve bend: The screens with stationary parallel bars at a right angle to the feed flow; the surface may be straight, with a steep incline, or curved to 300 degrees (EPA-88108a).
Sick building syndrome: Building whose occupants experience acute health andor comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent therein, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. Complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may spread throughout the building. See building-related illness (EPA-97/12).
Sifting (or grate sifting): The materials that fall from the solid waste fuel bed through the grate openings. See ash for more related terms (40CFR240.101-91). Sigmoid curve (or S curve): A curve to show the growth of bacteria. Signal spike: An abrupt, momentary increase and decrease in signal amplitude (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91).
Side chain: See chain. Side hill screen: A steeply sloped screen usually used to remove suspensions of stock or other solids from water while retaining the solid on the screen surface. See screen for more related terms (EPA-10187).
Signal to noise ratio: The sound level at the listener's ear of a speaker above the background noise level. The inverse square low impacts on the S/N ratio. Signal to Noise Ratios are important in classrooms and should be in range of +15 to +20 dB (NCAIsound04).
Side reaction: A secondary reaction accompanying to the primary reaction.
Signal words: The words used on a pesticide label-Danger, Warning, Caution--to indicate level of toxicity (EPA-97/12).
Signal: The volume or product-level change produced by a leak in a tank (EPA-97/12). Significance: See statistical significance. Significant adverse environmental effects: The injury to the environment by a chemical substance which reduces or adversely affects the productivity, utility, value, or function of biological, commercial, or agricultural resources, or which may adversely affect a threatened or endangered species. A substance will be considered to have the potential for significant adverse environmental effects if it has one of the following: (1) An acute aquatic ECSO of 1 mg/L or less. (2) An acute aquatic ECSO of 20 mg/L or less where the ratio of aquatic vertebrate 24-hour to 48hour EC50 is greater than or equal to 2.0. (3) A Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of less than or equal to 100 parts per billion (100 ppb). (4) An acute aquatic EC50 of 20 mg/L or less coupled with either a measured bioconcentration factor (BCF) equal to or greater than lOOOx or in the absence of bioconcentration data a log P value equal to or greater than 4.3 (40CFR721.3-91). Significant adverse reactions: Reactions that may indicate a substantial impairment of normal activities, or long-lasting or irreversible damage to health or the environment (40CFR717.3-i91). Significant biological treatment: The use of an aerobic or anaerobic biological treatment process in a treatment works to consistently achieve a 30-day average of a least 65% removal of BOD(5) (40CFR133.101-91). Significant deterioration: Pollution resulting from a new source in previously "clean" areas. See prevention of significant deterioration (EPA-97/12). Significant economic loss: That, under the emergency conditions: for a productive activity, the profitability would be substantially below the expected profitability for that activity; or, for other types of activities, where profits cannot be calculated, the value of public or private fixed assets would be substantially below the expected value for those assets. Only losses caused by the emergency conditions, specific to the impacted site, and specific to the geographic area affected by the emergency conditions are included. The contribution of obvious mismanagement to the loss will not be considered in determining loss. In evaluating the significance of an economic loss for productive activities, the Agency will consider whether the expected reduction in profitability exceeds what would be expected as a result of normal fluctuations over a number of years, and whether the loss would affect the long-term financial viability expected from the productive activity. In evaluating the significance of an economic loss for situations other than productive activities, the Agency will consider reasonable measures of expected loss (40CFR166.3-h-91).
Significant environmental effects: Either: (1) Any irreversible damage to biological, commercial, or agricultural resources of importance to society; (2) Any reversible damage to biological, commercial, or agricultural resources of importance to society if the damage persists beyond a single generation of the damaged resource or beyond a single year; or (3) Any known or reasonably anticipated loss of members of an endangered or threatened species (40CFR723.50-91). Significant hazard to public health: Any level of contaminant which causes or may cause the aquifer to exceed any maximum, contaminant level set forth in any promulgated National Primary Drinking Water Standard at any point where the water may be used for drinking purposes or which may otherwise adversely affect the health of persons, or which may require a public water system to install additional treatment to prevent such adverse effect (40CFR149.101-91). Significant impairment: For purposes of section 303, visibility impairment which, in the judgment of the Administrator, interferes with the management, protection, preservation, or enjoyment of the visitor's visual experience of the mandatory Class I Federal area. This determination must be made on a case-by-case basis taking into account the geographic extent, intensity, duration, frequency, and time of the visibility impairment, and how these factors correlate with (1) times of visitor use of the mandatory Class I Federal area, and (2) the frequency and timing of natural conditions that reduce visibility (40CFR51.301-v-91). Significant industrial user (SIU): An indirect discharger that is the focus of control efforts under the national pretreatment program; includes all indirect dischargers subject to national categorical pretreatment standards, and all other indirect dischargers that contribute 25,000 gpd or more of process wastewater, or which make up 5% or more of the hydraulic or organic loading to the municipal treatment plant, subject to certain exceptions (40CFR403.3(t)) (CWAIwastewater-04). Significant loss: Any loss that introduces a bias in final results that is of appreciable importance to concerned parties. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Significant material: Includes, but is not limited to: raw materials; fuels; materials such as solvents, detergents, and plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw materials used in food processing or production; hazard substances designated under section 101(14) of CERCLA; any chemical the facility is required to report pursuant to section 313 of title I11 of SARA; fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such as ashes, slag, and sludge that have the potential to be released with stormwater discharges (40CFR122.26-91). Significant municipal facilities: Those publicly owned sewage treatment plants that discharge a million gallons per day or more and are therefore considered by states to have the potential to substantially affect the quality of receiving waters (EPA-97/12).
Significant new use notice: Any notice submitted to EPA pursuant to 40CFR5(a)(l)(B) of the Act (the Toxic Substances Control Act) in accordance with 40CFR721 of this chapter (40CFR700.43-91). Significant new use regulations (SNUR): Under TSCA Section 5, regulations that require a manufacturer to notify EPA in advance for significant new uses of existing chemicals or an appreciable increase in their utilization of existing chemicals (Arbuckle-89). Significant new use: The use other than as an intermediate in the production of isodrin or endrin (40CFR721.1150-91, see also 40CFR721.1175; 721.1750-91). Significant non-compliance: See significant violations (EPA97/12). Significant potential source of contamination: A facility or activity that stores, uses, or produces compounds with potential for significant contaminating impact if released into the source water of a public water supply (EPA-97/12). Significant source of groundwater: (1) An aquifer that: (a) Is saturated with water having less than 10,000 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids; (b) Is within 2500 feet of the land surface; (c) Has a transmissivity greater than 200 gallons per day per foot, provided that any formation or part of a formation included within the source of groundwater has a hydraulic conductivity greater than 2 gallons per day per square foot; and (d) Is capable of continuously yielding at least 10,000 gallons per day to a pumped or flowing well for a period of at least a year; or (2) An aquifer that provides the primary source of water for a community water system as of the effective date of this subpart (40CFR191.12-91). (3) See groundwater for more related terms. Significant source of groundwater: An aquifer that provides the primary source of water for a community water system as of the effective date of this subpart (40CFR191.12-91). See groundwater for more related terms. Significant threshold shift: A shift in hearing threshold, outside the range of audiometic testing variability (5 dB), that warrants follow-up action to prevent further hearing loss. NIOSH defines significant threshold shift as an increase in the HTL of 15 dB or more at any frequency (500, 1000,2000,3000,4000, or 6000 Hz) in either ear that is confirmed for the same ear and frequency by a second test within 30 days of the first test (NCNsound-04). Significant violations: Violations by point source dischargers of sufficient magnitude or duration to be a regulatory priority (EPA97/12). Significant: In reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source to emit any of the following pollution, a rate of emissions that would equal or exceed any of the following rates
(40CFR51.165-91, see also 40CFR5 1-App/S-91; 5 1.166; 52.21; 52.24-91): (1) Carbon monoxide: 100 tons per year (tpy). (2) Nitrogen oxides: 40 tpy. (3) Sulfur dioxide: 40 tpy. (4) Ozone: 40 tpy of volatile organic compounds. (5) Lead: 0.6 tpy. Significantly damaged friable miscellaneous ACM: The damaged friable miscellaneous ACM where the damage is extensive and severe (40CFR763.83-91). Significantly damaged friable surfacing ACM: The damaged friable surfacing ACM in a functional space where the damage is extensive and severe (40CFR763.83-91). Significantly greater efiluent reduction than BAT: That the effluent reduction over BAT produced by an innovative technology is significant when compared to the effluent reduction over best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) produced by BAT (4OCFRl25.22-91. Significantly lower cost: That an innovative technology must produce a significant cost advantage when compared to the technology used to achieve BAT limitations in terms of annual capital costs and annual operation and maintenance expenses over the useful life of the technology (40CFR125.22-91). Significantly more stringent limitation: BOD5 and SS limitations necessary to meet the percent removal requirements of at least 5 mg/L more stingent than the otherwise applicable concentration-based limitations (e.g., less than 25 mg/L in the case of the secondary treatment limits for BOD5 and SS), or the percent removal limitations in 4CFR133.102 and 133.105, if such limits would, by themselves, force significant construction or other significant capital expenditure (40CFR133.101-91). Significantly: As used in NEPA requires considerations of both context and intensity (for complete definition, 40CFR1508.27-91). Silica (Si02): (1) Silicon dioxide which occurs in crystalline form as quartz, cristohalite, tidymite. It is a major constituent of fireclay refractories, alone or in chemical combinations (SW-108ts; EPA-83106a). (2) The common name for silicon dioxide (SO2); one of the necessary ingredients in the production of cement (ETI92). Silica glass: An optical glass obtained by cutting or forming the chunk glass into plates or slabs. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Silicate: A chemical compound containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. In soaps and detergents, sodium silicates are added to provide alkalinity and corrosion protection (EPA-74104~). Siliciclastic rocks: Rocks such as shale and sandstone that are formed by the compaction and cementation of quartz-rich mineral grains (CWAlWbasics-04).
Silicomanganese zirconium: That alloy containing 60 to 65% by weight silicon, 1.5 to 2.5% by weight calcium, 5 to 7% by weight zirconium, 0.75 to 1.25% by weight aluminium, 5 to 7% by weight manganese, and 2 to 3% by weight barium (40CFR60.26191). Silicomanganese: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A48364 (Reapproved 1974) (incorporated by reference--see 4OCFR60.17) (4OCFR60.261-91). Silicon (Si): A metalloid element with atomic number 14; atomic weight 28.086; density 2.33 glcc; melting point 1410 C and boiling point 2680 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Silicon carbide: A refractory material that has a high melting point, is very dense, and resists abrasion (SW-108ts). Silicon metals: Any silicon alloy containing more than 96% silicon by weight. See metal for more related terms (40CFR60.261-91). Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metals, usually steels, at an elevated temperature for the purposes of case hardening thereby providing a corrosion and wear-resistant surface (EPA-83106a). Silk screen ink: A quick drymg, full bodied, volatile ink used in the silk screen printing process. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Silk screen process: A decorating process in which a design is printed on glass through a silk mesh, woven wire, or similar screen (EPA-83). Silk screening: A coating method in which an enamel is spread onto a workpiece through a stencil screen (EPA-8211 Ie). Sill plate: A horizontal band (typically 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 in.) that rests on top of a block or poured concrete foundation wall and extends around the entire perimeter of the house. The ends of the floor joists which support the floor above the foundation wall rest upon the sill plate. For slab-on-grade, the sill plate is the bottom plate of the wall (EPA-88/08). Silt basin: A basin to hold silts. Silt: (1) Mineral soil grains intermediate between clay and sand (0.05 to 0.002 mrn in diameter) (SW-108ts). Silt: Sedimentary materials composed of fine or intermediatesized mineral particles (EPA-97/12). Siltation: The deposition or accumulation of silt (or small-grained material) in a body of water (CWNWbasics-04).
Siltstone: An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination (CWANbasics-04). Silver (Ag): A naturally occurring metal that is acquired as a byproduct during retrieval of other metals like copper, lead, zinc, and gold. It is used in surgical prostheses, splints, fungicides, coins, photographic materials, electrical products, paints, and batteries. Silver in water can form various salts or adsorb to various inorganic compounds, or humus and other organic debris. The majority of silver is sorbed by manganese dioxide, which is dependent on the pH and redox state of the local environment. Silver in soil can be mobile depending on the pH, redox state, presence or absence of inorganic and organic compounds that affect sorption (Navy/Env-04). Silver (Ag): A transition metal with atomic number 47; atomic weight 107.87; density 10.5 glee; melting point 960 C and boiling point 2210 C. The element belongs to group IB of the periodic table. Major silver compounds include (1) Silver chloride (AgCI): A toxic powder used in photography, plating, etc. (2) Silver nitrate (AgN03): A toxic crystal used in plating, dyeing, etc. Silver etch: An application of nitric acid to silver foils for active material support (EPA-84/08). Silver halide: An inorganic salt of silver in combination with elements from Group 7A of the Periodic Table. Silver halide salts used in photography are silver chloride, silver bromide, and silver iodide. Upon exposure to light, silver halide crystals undergo an internal change making them capable of subsequent reduction to metallic silver by appropriate developing agents (EPA-80110). Silver recovery: The removal of silver from,used photographic processing solutions and materials so it can be made available for reuse (EPA-80110). Silvering: The deposition of thin films of silver on glass, etc. (EPA-83/03). Silvery iron: Any ferrosilicon, as defined by ASTM Designation A100-69 (Reapproved 1974) (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17), which contains less than 30% silicon (40CFR60.261-91). Silvicultural point source: Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance related to rock crushing, gravel washing, log sorting, or log storage facilities which are operated in connection with silvicultural activities and from which pollutants are discharged into waters of the United States. The term does not include non-point source silvicultural activities such as nursery operations, site preparation, reforestation and subsequent cultural treatment, thinning, prescribed burning, pest and fire control, harvesting operations, surface drainage, or road construction and maintenance from which there is natural runoff. However, some of these activities (such as stream crossing for roads) may involve point source discharges of dredged or fill material which may
require a CWA section 404 permit (see 33CFR209.120 and part 233) (40CFR122.27-1-91).
by waste B incineration. See waste for more related terms (EPA8 1/09).
Silviculture: Management of forest land for timber (EPA-97/12).
Silviculture: The cultivation of trees (RCRAImanagement-04).
Simple cycle gas turbine: Any stationary gas turbine which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to preheat the inlet combustion air to the gas turbine, or which does not recover heat from the gas turbine exhaust gases to heat water or generate steam. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91).
Similar composition: Refers to a pesticide product which contains only the same active ingredient(s), or combination of active ingredients, and which is in the same category of toxicity, as a federally registered pesticide product (40CFR162.15 1-91).
Simple manufacturing operation: All the following unit processes: Desizing, fiber preparation, and dyeing (cf. complex manufacturing operation) (40CFR410.41-91, see also 40CFR410.51; 410.61 -91).
Similar in all material respects: That the construction materials, exhaust and inlet air system, and other design features are within the allowed tolerances for components identified in 40CFR60.533@) (40CFR60.531-91).
Simple slaughterhouse: A slaughterhouse which accomplishes very limited by-product processing, if any, usually no more than two of such operations as rendering, paunch and viscera handling, blood processing, hide processing, or hair processing (40CFR432.11-91).
Silviculture: The cultivation of forest trees (CWAIWbasics-04).
Similar incinerator: Incinerator A is similar to incinerator B if, based on the best engineering judgment, while incinerating identical waste as incinerator B, the stream leaving the combustion chamber of incinerator A contains equal or lower amounts of each, but no additional, potentially hazardous components as the stream leaving the combustion chamber on incinerator B. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Similar product: A pesticide product which, when compared to a federally registered product, has a similar composition and a similar use pattern (40CFR162.15 1-91). Similar systems: The engine, fuel metering and emission control system combinations which use the same fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel), combustion cycle (i.e., two or four stroke), general type of fuel system (i.e., carburetor or fuel injection), catalyst system (e.g., none, oxidization, three-way plus oxidization, three-way only), fuel control system (i.e., feedback or non-feedback), secondary air system (i.e., equipped or not equipped) and EGR (i.e., equipped or not equipped) (EGR means exhaust gas recirculation) (40CFR86.092.2-91). Similar use pattern: Refers to a use of a pesticide product which, when compared to a federally registered use of a product with a similar composition, does not require a change in precautionary labeling under 40CFR156.1 O(h), and which is substantially the same as the federally registered use. Registrations involving changed use patterns are not included in this term (40CFRl62.151-91). Similar waste: Waste A is similar to waste B if, based on the best engineering judgment, the incineration of waste A in the same facility and under the same operating conditions as those used for waste B would yield a stream leaving the combustion chamber that contains equal or lower amounts of each, (but no additional) potentially hazardous pollutants compared to the amounts yielded
Simulation: A mock accident or release set up to test emergency response methods or for use as a training tool (EPA-11/85). Single base: A propellant which contains only one explosive ingredient. A propellant consisting essentially of nitrocellulose plus stabilizer and plasticizer, formed by mixing these ingredients with ether and alcohol and extruding the resultant mass through dies and cutters (EPA-76/03). Single bond: Two atoms which share one pair of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms. Single cell: A single unit of a fuel cell. Most fuel cell technology is first tested on single cells. The test is typically a laboratoryscale test. The test data are then used to predict how a larger system will perform. Single chamber incinerator: A single chamber incinerator is a refractory-lined, cylindrical furnace charged through a door in the upper part of the chamber. Refuse is batch fed periodically. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-83). Single coat: One coating application applied to a metal surface (40CFR52.741-91). Single failure: An occurrence that results in the loss of a component's capability to perform its intended safety functions. Multiple failures resulting from a single occurrence are considered to be a single failure. Fluid and electric systems are considered to be designed against an assumed single failure if neither: (1) A single failure of any active component (assuming that the passive components function properly), nor (2) A single failure of any passive component (assuming that the active components function properly) results in a loss of the system's capability to perform its safety functions (DOE-91104).
Single load method: A variation of the daily route method in which areas or routes are laid out that normally provide a full load of solid waste. Each crew usually has at least two such routes for a day's work. The crew quits for the day when the assigned number of routes is completed. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts). Single passenger commuter vehicle: A motor-driven vehicle with four or more wheels with capacity for a driver plus one or more passengers which is used by a commuter traveling alone to work or classes and is not customarily required to be used in the course of his employment or studies (40CFR52.1161-91, see also 40CFR52.2297-91). Single phase electrical: An electrical circuit powered by a single alternating electromotive force (cf. three phase electrical). Single response: All of the concerted activities conducted in response to a single episode, incident, or threat causing or contributing to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (40CFR310.1 1-91). Single stand: Those recirculation or direct application cold rolling mills which include only one stand of work rolls (cf. multiple stand) (40CFR420.101-91). Single-breath canister: Small one-liter canister designed to capture a single breath. Used in air pollutant ingestion research (EPA-97/12). Sink float: See dense media separation. Sink temperature (lowest temperature in the surroundings): In thermodynamics, sink temperature means the atmospheric temperature (Jones-p385). Sink: (1) Place in the environment where a compound or material collects. (2) A process in which chemicals are removed from the environment or are otherwise made no longer available. For example, the ocean is a sink for C02 because crustaceans use a significant amount in building their shells of calcium carbonate (CaC03). This is very important in modeling the importance of C02 in the greenhouse effect (NavyIEnv-04). Sink: Place in the environment where a compound or material collects (EPA-97/12). Sinkhole: A depression in an area underlain by limestone. Its drainage is subterranean (CWMWbasics-04). Sinkhole: A depression in the earth's surface caused by dissolving of underlying limestone, salt, or gypsum. Drainage is provided through underground channels that may be enlarged by the collapse of a cavern roof (CWMWscience-04).
Sinking: Controlling oil spills by using an agent to trap the oil and sink it to the bottom of the body of water where the agent and the oil are biodegraded (EPA-97/12). Sinking: The process by which a shaft is driven (CWMmining04). Sinter bed: The lead sulfide ore concentrate charge within a sintering machine (40CFR60.18 1-91). Sinter: A chemical sedimentary rock deposited by precipitation from mineral waters, especially siliceous sinter and calcareous sinter (CAA/C02gas1-04). Sintered plate electrode: The electrode formed by sintering metallic powders in a porous structure, which serves as a current collector, and on which the active electrode material is deposited. See electrode for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Sintering machine discharge end: Any apparatus which receives sinter as it is discharged from the conveying grate of a sintering machine (40CFR60.18 1-91). Sintering machine: Any furnace in which calcines are heated in the presence of air to agglomerate the calcines into a hard porous mass called sinter (40CFR60.171-91, see also 40CFR60.18 1-91). Sintering zone: The thermal zone in the kiln in which clinker is formed (ETI-92). Sintering: (1) A heat treatment that causes adjacent particles of a material to cohere below a temperature that would cause them to melt (SW-lO8ts). (2) Forming larger particles, cakes, or masses from small particles by heating alone, or by heating and pressing, so that certain constituents of the particles coalesce, fuse, or otherwise bind together (EPA-75/02). Sintering is a limited form of calcination in which the physical structure, but not the chemical nature, of the solid is changed. For instance, dry powders may be heated to sinter them into a solid mass, usually with some reduction in volume. Additives such as silicates, which also sinter readily, can be added to improve this process (EPA-76/11). (3) The process of forming a mechanical part from a powdered metal by bonding under pressure and heat but below the melting point of the basis metal (EPA-83106a). (3) Fusing materials by heating them to high temperatures (DOE-91/04). Sinuosity: The ratio of the channel length between two points on a channel to the straight-line distance between the same two points; a measure of meandering (CWA/Wbasics-04). SIP call: EPA action requiring a state to resubmit all or part of its state implementation plan to demonstrate attainment of the require national ambient air quality standards within the statutory deadline. A SIP Revision is a revision of a SIP altered at the request of EPA or on a state's initiative. See state implementation plan (EPA97/12).
Siphon: A tubular device which is used to transfer liquid in different levels by air pressure. Sister chromatid exchanges: Reciprocal interchanges of the two chromatid arms within a single chromosome. These exchanges are visualized during the metaphase portion of the cell cycle and presumably require enzymatic incision, translocation and ligation of at east two DNA helices (40CFR798.5900-91, see also 40CFR798.5915-91). Site area emergency: The events may occur, are in progress, or have occurred that could lead to a significant release of radioactive material and that could require a response by offsite response organizations to protect persons off-site (10CFR30.4-91, see also 10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Site assessment program: A means of evaluating hazardous waste sites through preliminary assessments and site inspections to develop a Hazard Ranking System score (EPA-97/12). Site assessment: The process by which EPA determines whether a potential site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL); it can consist of a Preliminary Assessment (PA) or a combination of a PA and a Site Inspection (SI) (SF/remedy-04). Site blank: A blank for evaluating site contamination. See blank for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Site characterization: The collection and analysis of field data to determine to what extent a site poses a threat to the environment and to begin developing potential remedial alternatives (EPA89/12a). Site characterization: The technical process used to evaluate the nature and extent of environmental contamination. This process is necessary for designing remediation measures and monitoring their effectiveness (OMBIReg-04). Site closeout (SC): The final step for IR sites. SC is reached when no further response actions under the IRP are appropriate or anticipated and the regulatory agencies concur. For NPL sites, this step will include following the proper procedure for deletion from the NPL according to the NCP (40CFR300.425). Actual SC is the date that the deletion appears in the Federal Register. It is only under unusual circumstances that a site that has been closed out will be reopened (NavyIEnv-04). Site inspection (SI): (1) An on-site investigation to determine whether there is a release or potential release and the nature of the associated threats. The purpose is to augment the data collected in the preliminary assessment and to generate, if necessary, sampling and other field data to determine if further action or investigation is appropriate (40CFR300.5-91, see also EPA-89/12).
Site inspection (SI): A technical phase in Superfund site cleanup following the Preliminary Assessment (PA), during which EPA gathers information (including sampling data) from a site in order to use the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to determine whether the site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) (SFIremedy-04). Site inspection (SI): An on-site investigation to determine whether there is a release or potential release and the nature of the associated threats. The SI consists of limited sampling and analysis designed to verify the findings of the Preliminary Assessment. The data collected must also support the decision to continue to the RIDS phase or remove the site from further investigation (Navy/Env-04). Site inspection: An in-depth assessment of on-site conditions, conducted as part of the CERCLA response process, to rank the site's hazard potential by determining the site's hazard ranking system score. Activities to assess the site may include sampling, field reconnaissance, and examination of site records (e.g., topographical maps, logs) (RCRAhazardous-04). Site inspection: The collection of information from a Superfund site to determine the extent and severity of hazards posed by the site. It follows and is more extensive than a preliminary assessment. The purpose is to gather information necessary to score the site, using the Hazard Ranking System, and to determine if it presents an immediate threat requiring prompt removal (EPA97/12). Site inspection: The collection of information from a Superfund site to determine the extent and severity of hazards posed by the site. It follows and is more extensive than a preliminary assessment. The purpose is to gather information necessary to score the site, using the Hazardous Ranking System, and to determine if it presents an immediate threat requiring prompt removal (MWTAIinfectious-04). Site limited intermediate: An intermediate manufactured processed, and used only within a site and not distributed in commerce other than as an impurity or for disposal. Imported intermediates cannot be site limited (40CFR721.3-91). Site limited: A chemical substance is manufactured and processed only within a site and is not distributed for commercial purposes as a substance or as part of a mixture or article outside the site. Imported substances are never site limited (40CFR710.23-91). Site of construction: The general physical location of any building, highway, or other change or improvement to real property which is undergoing construction, rehabilitation, alteration, conversion, extension, demolition, and repair and any temporary location or facility at which a contractor, subcontractor, or other participating party meets a demand or performs a function relating to the contract or subcontract (40CFR8.2-91).
Site reconnaissance: An in-depth evaluation of the property which meets the requirements of a Phase I environmental site assessment. The site reconnaissance includes, but is not limited to, the site visit (USDNwater-04). Site visit: The visit to the property during which observations are made (USDNwater-04). Site safety plan: A crucial element in all removal actions, it includes information on equipment being used, precautions to be taken, and steps to take in the event of an on-site emergency (EPA-97/12). Site safety plan: The written site specific safety criteria that establishes the requirements for protecting the health and safety of responders during all activities conducted at an incident (Course 165.5). Site: (1) A single unit where hazardous substances have been deposited, stored, disposed of, or placed. An NPL site is also defined as consisting of all contaminated areas within the area used to define the site, and any other location to or from which contamination fkom that area has come to be located. The NPL site would include all releases evaluated as part of the HRS analysis. (2) As defined by the Relative Risk Site Evaluation Primer, a site is a discrete area where suspected contamination has been verified, requiring further response action. A site by definition has been, or will be, entered into the Navy Restoration Management Information System (RMIS) (NavyIEnv-04). Site: (1) The land or water area where any facility or activity is physically located or conducted, including adjacent land used in connection with the facility or activity (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR122.29; 124.2; 124.41; 144.3; 146.3; 190.02; 191.02; 270.2; 300-App/A, 704.3; 710.2; 712.3; 717.3; 721.3; 723.50; 723.175; 763.63-91). (2) Any location where acutely toxic chemicals are manufactured, processed, stored, handled, used, or disposed, in short, any place where these chemicals may be found. Communities should be aware that chemicals are frequently found at places other than industrial sites (EPA-85/11). Site: An area or place within the jurisdiction of the EPA andlor a state (EPA-97/12). Site: For more related terms, see (1) Dump site and (2) Licensed site. Siting: The process of choosing a location for a facility (EPA97/12). Six (6) 9s: 99.9999% destruction and removal efficiency (DR.) for PCB waste incineration standards required by the Toxic Substances Control Act (cf. four 9s). Six center transition state: The transition state where six partial (one electron or three electron) bonds are formed; primarily results
in the elimination of a stable molecule from the reactant (EPA88/12). Six minute period: Any one of the ten equal parts of a one-hour period (40CFR60.2-91). Size classes of discharges: Refers to the following size classes of oil discharges which are provided as guidance to the OSC and serve as the criteria for the actions delineated in subpart D. They are not meant to imply associated degrees of hazard to public health or welfare, nor are they a measure of environmental damage. Any oil discharge that poses a substantial threat to public health or welfare or the environment or results in significant public concern shall be classified as a major discharge regardless of the following quantitative measures: (1) Minor discharge means a discharge to the inland waters of less than 1,000 gallons of oil or a discharge to the coastal waters of less than 10,000 gallons of oil. (2) Medium discharge means a discharge of 1,000 to 10,000 gallons of oil to the inland waters or a discharge of 10,000 to 100,000 gallons of oil to the coastal waters. (3) Major discharge means a discharge of more than 10,000 gallons of oil to the inland waters or more than 100,000 gallons of oil to the coastal waters (40CFR300.5-91). Size classes of releases: Refers to the following size classifications which are provided as guidance to the OSC for meeting pollution reporting requirements in subpart B. The final determination of the appropriate classification of a release will be made by the OSC based on consideration of the particular release (e.g., size, location, impact); (1) Minor release means a release of a quantity of hazardous substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses minimal threat to public health or welfare or the environment. (2) Medium release means all releases not meeting the criteria for classification as a minor or major release. (3) Major release means a release of any quantity of hazardous substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses a substantial threat to public health or welfare or the environment or results in significant public concern (under CERCLA) (40CFR300.5-91). Size consistence: The particle size distribution of a product (to be consistent with standard method of sieve analysis. See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms (EPA-83). Sue reduction machine: Size reduction machinerelated terms include (1) Chipper; (2) Food waste disposer (see synonym, garbage grinding); (3) Garbage grinding; (4) Hammermill; (5) Impact mill; (6) Knife hog; (7) Pulverization; (8) RASP (rasper); (9) Roller crusher; (10) Shear shredder; (11) Shredder; (12) Trommel; (13) Wet milling; and (14) Wet pulping (see wet milling). Sue: (1) The rated capacity in tons per hour of a crusher, grinding mill, bucket elevator, bagging operation, or enclosed truck or railcar loading station; the total surface area of the top screen of a screening operation; the width of a conveyor belt; and the rated
capacity in tons of a storage bin (40CFR60.671-91). (2) Material added to the paper to give it water resistance (EPA-83). Sizing: (4) Relating to a property of paper resulting from an alteration of fiber surface characteristics. In terms of internal sizing, it is a measure of the resistance to the penetration of water and various liquids. In terms of surface sizing, it relates to the increase of such properties as water resistance, abrasion resistance, abrasiveness, creasibility, finish, smoothness, surface bonding strength, printability, and the decrease of porosity and surface fuzz. (2) The addition of materials to a papermaking furnish or the application of materials to the surface of paper and paperboard to provide resistance to liquid penetration and, in the case of surface sizing, to affect one or more of the properties (EPA-87/10). Skewness: Numerical measure of the lack of symmetry of an asymmetrical frequency distribution (CWAIWbasics-04). Skid: A track-mounted vehicle used to hold trips or cars from running out of control. Also it is a flat-bottom personnel or equipment carrier used in low coal (CWNmining-04). Skim (non-fat, defatted, or fat free) milk: The milk which fat has been separated as completely as commercially practicable. Typical skim milk contains maximum 0.1% fat, and minimum 8.25% solids (EPA-74/05). Skimming station: The facility where slag is mechanically raked from the top of the bath of molten iron (40CFR60.141a-91). Skimming tank: A tank so designed that floating matter will rise and remain on the surface of the wastewater until removed, while the liquid discharges continuously under walls or scum boards. See tank for more related terms (EPA-83/03).
Skip: A car being hoisted from a slope or shaft (CWNmining-04). Slab below grade: A type of house construction where the bottom floor is a slab which averages between 1 and about 3 ft below grade level on one or more sides (EPA-88/08). Slab glass: An optical glass obtained by cutting or forming the chunk glass into plates or slabs. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Slab on grade: A type of house construction where the bottom floor of a house is a slab which is no more than about 1 R below grade level on any side of the house (EPA-88/08). Slab: A layer of concrete, typically about 4 in. thick, which commonly serves as the floor of any part of a house whenever the floor is in direct contact with the underlying soil (EPA-88/08). Slack: Small coal; the finest-sized soft coal, usually less than one inch in diameter (CWNmining-04). Slag quench: A process of rapidly cooling a molten slag to produce a more easily handled solid material. Usually performed by sudden immersion in a water trough or sump (EPA-85110a). Slag tap furnace: A furnace in which the temperature is high enough to maintain ash (slag) in a molten state until it leaves the furnace through a tap at the bottom. The slag falls into the sluicing water where it cools, disintegrates, and is carried away. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-8211 If).
Skimming: (1) The removal of slag from the molten converter bath (cf. scum) (40CFR61.171-91, see also EPA-76/12; 7411 1).
Slag: A molten inorganic substance, usually high in lime and silica, formed as a waste or by-product during chemical reactions in furnaces. Also applies to the solid material obtained by cooling the liquid. Depending on the rate of cooling, the solid product may be of either a predominantly glassy or a predominantly crystalline nature (cf. fouling) (EPA-83).
Skimming: The diversion of water from a stream or conduit by a shallow overflow used to avoid diversion of sand, silt, or other debris carried as bottom load (CWAhydrology-04).
Slag: The more or less completely fused and vitrified matter separated during the reduction of a metal from its ore (40CFR60.261-91).
Skimming: Using a machine to remove oil or scum from the surface of the water (EPA-97/12).
04).
Skin absorption: The introduction of a chemical or toxic product into the body by way of the skin. Skin absorption can occur with no sensation to the skin itself (NavyIEnv-04).
Slag: For more related terms, see (1) Air cooled slag; (2) Granulated slag; (3) Granulated blast furnace slag; (4) Oxidizing slag; and (5) Reducing slag.
Skin sensitization (or allergic contact dermatitis): An immunologically mediated cutaneous reaction to a substance. In the human, the responses may be characterized by pruritis, erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, bullae, or a combination of these. In other species the reactions may differ and only erythema and edema may be seen (40CFR798.4 100-91).
Slagging of refractory: A destructive chemical action that forms slag on refractories subjected to high temperatures. Also a molten or viscous coating produced on refractories by ash particles (SW108ts).
Slag: The waste product of the process of smelting (CWNmining-
Slaker: A device used to regenerate white liquor in a green liquor recovery process (EPA-87/10).
Slaking: The process of reacting lime with water to yield a hydrated product, i.e., to convert calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide (EPA-89/02). Slate bar: The proper long-handled tool used to pry down loose and hazardous material from roof, face, and ribs (CWNmining04). Slate: A miner's term for any shale or slate accompanying coal. Geologically, it is a dense, fine-textured, metamorphic rock, which has excellent parallel cleavage so that it breaks into thin plates or pencil-like shapes (CWNmining-04). Slaughterhouse: A plant that slaughters animals and has as its main product fresh meat as whole, half, or quarter carcasses or smaller meat cuts (40CFR432.11-91, see also 40CFR432.2 1-91). Slickens: Riparian areas along the Clark Fork River that are devoid of vegetation because of high concentrations of toxic material (SFIremedy-04) Slickenside: A smooth, striated, polished surface produced on rock by friction (CWNmining-04). Sliding damper: A plate normally installed perpendicularly to the flow of gas in a breeching and arranged to slide across it to regulate the flow. See damper for more related terms (SW-108ts). Slime spots: Semi-transparent defects in the paper caused by bits of slime getting through the machine onto the wire (EPA-83). Slime: A material of extremely fine particle sizes encountered in ore treatment (EPA-82/05). Slimicide: A chemical used to prevent slimy growth, as in woodpulping processes for manufacture of paper and paperboard (EPA85/l 0). Slip gauge: A gauge which has a probe that moves through the gaslliquid interface in a storage or transfer vessel and indicates the level of vinyl chloride in the vessel by the physical state of the material the gauge discharges (40CFR61.61-91).
Slop oil: The floating oil and solids that accumulate on the surface of an oil-water separator. See oil for more related terms (40CFR60.691; 61.341-91). Slope factor (or cancer potency factor): Estimate of the probability of response (for example, cancer) per unit intake of a substance over a lifetime. The slope factor is typically used to estimate upper-bound probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of exposure to a particular level of a human carcinogen with a weight-of-evidence classification of A, B, or C. ((mg/kg-day)-' for non-radioactive substances and (lC(i))-' for radioactive substances) (40CFR300-AppIA-91). Slope factor: A plausible upper-bound estimate of the probability of a response per unit intake of a chemical over a lifetime. The slope factor is used to estimate an upper-bound probability of an individual's developing cancer as a result of a lifetime of exposure to a particular level of a potential carcinogen (EPA-91/12). Slope factor: The slope of the dose-response curve in the lowdose region. When low-dose linearity cannot be assumed, the slope factor is the slope of the straight line from 0 dose (and 0 excess risk) to the dose at one percent excess risk. An upper bound on this slope is usually used instead of the slope itself. The units of the slope factor are usually expressed as I/(mg/kg-day) (EPA92/12). Slope mine: An underground mine with an opening that slopes upward or downward to the coal seam (CWNmining-04). Slope: Primary inclined opening, connection the surface with the underground workings (CWNmining-04). Slope: The deviation of a surface from the horizontal expressed as a percentage, by a ratio, or in degrees (SW-108ts). Slops: See swill. Slough: A small marshy tract lying in a swale or other local shallow, undrained depression; a sluggish creek or channel in a wetland (CWNWbasics-04). Slough: Wet or marshy area (SW-108ts).
Slip: A fault. A smoothjoint or crack where the strata have moved on each other (CWNmining-04).
Sloughing: The slow crumbling and falling away of material from roof, rib, and face (CWNmining-04).
Sliver: Bundles of noncontinuous or short length fibers that have reached that stage of their fabrication into yam wherein they are parallel and overlapping and have no twist (EPA-83).
Sloughing: Trickling filter slimes that have been washed off the filter media. They are generally quite high in BOD5 and will degrade effluent quality unless removed (EPA-74/05).
Slop (swill): Semi-liquid waste material consisting of putrescible solids and free liquids (EPA-83).
Slow meter response: That the slow response of the sound level meter shall be used. The slow dynamic response shall comply with the meter dynamic characteristics in paragraph 5.4 of the American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters, ANSI S1.4-1971. This publication is available from the American
National Standards Institute Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 (cf. fast meter response) (40CFR201.1-9 1, see also 40CFR204.2-91).
Sludge digestion: A treatment to stabilize raw sludge. The treatment can be either anaerobic process or aerobic process. Sludge disposal: The final disposal of solid wastes (EPA-83/03).
Slow sand filtration: A process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 mlh) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms. See filtration for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91, see also EPA-89/12).
Sludge dryer: A device used to reduce the moisture content of sludge by heating to temperatures above 65 C (ca. 150 F) directly with combustion gases (40CFR61.5 1-91, see also 40CFR260.1091).
Slow sand filtration: Passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity, resulting in substantial removal of chemical and biological contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Sludge drying bed (or sludge bed): A bed on which the humuslike residue from the digester is dried; after being dried, the sludge may be burned or landfilled (DOI-70104).
Sludge age: (1) The ratio of the weight of volatile solids in the digester to the weight of volatile solids added per day. There is a maximum sludge age beyond which no significant reduction in the concentration of volatile solids will occur (EPA-76/03). (2) The mean residence time of the activated sludge.
Sludge drying: See sludge dewatering.
Sludge bank: An accumulation of sewage solid deposits or industrial waste origin on the bed of a waterway (EPA-8211If). Sludge bed: See sludge drying bed. Sludge blanket level: The depth of sludge in a sedimentation tank or a clarifier. Sludge cake: The material resulting from air drying or dewatering sludge (usually forkable or spadable) (EPA-83/03). Sludge conditioning: A process employed to prepare sludge for final disposal. Can be thickening, digesting, heat treatment, etc. (EPA-84/08). Sludge density index (SDI): An index for measuring the settleability of activated sludge by density. SDI = 100/(sludge volume index) (cf. sludge volume index). Sludge dewatering (or sludge drying): The removal of water from sludge by introducing the water sludge s h y into a centrifuge. The sludge is driven outward with the water remaining near the center. The water is withdrawn and the dewatered sludge is usually landfilled (EPA-83106a). Sludge digester: Tank in which complex organic substances like sewage sludges are biologically dredged. During these reactions, energy is released and much of the sewage is converted to methane, carbon dioxide, and water (EPA-97/12). Sludge digestion gas: Gas resulting from the sludge digestion process. Sludge digestion tank: See digester.
Sludge farming: See land treatment. Sludge filter: A part of the sludge drying bed. The filter can remove a large portion of sludge water. Sludge loading ratio (SLR): Parameter used in activated sludge treatment systems to estimate imposed waste demand. It is expressed in BOD/day/lb MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) (LBL76107-water). Sludge only facility: Any treatment works treating domestic sewage whose methods of sewage sludge use or disposal are subject to regulations promulgated pursuant to section 405(d) of the CWA, and is required to obtain a permit under 40CFR122.l(b)(3) of this Part (40CFR122.2-91). Sludge pond: A basin used for the storage, digestion, or dewatering of sludge (EPA-8711Oa). Sludge requirement: The following statutory provisions and regulations or permits issued thereunder (or more stringent state or local regulations): section 405 of the Clean Water Act; the Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) (including Title I1 more commonly referred to as the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and state regulations contained in any state sludge management plan prepared pursuant to Sub title D of SWDA); the Clean Air Act; the Toxic Substances Control Act; and the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (40CFR403.7-91). Sludge return rate: The quantity of return activated sludge per unit time. Sludge thickening: Sludge can be thickened by: (1) Gravity (sinking to the bottom of treatment tank due to gravity); and (2) Flotation. Sludge thickness: The increase in solids concentration of sludge in a sedimentation or digestion tank (EPA-83/03).
Sludge treatment: The sludge management process from the point of the generation of raw sludge to the point of ultimate disposal of treated sludge. The process may include sludge digestion, drying, incineration, etc. Sludge treatment: For more related terms, see (1) Activated sludge process (see activated sludge treatment) and (2) Activated sludge treatment
Sluice: An artificial passage for water, fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow; a regulating device for holding water back or letting it flow in or out; a conduit (natural or artificial) to drain or carry off surplus water; a long inclined trough or flume, usually on the ground (EPA-74/11). Slurry: A mixture of liquid and finely divided insoluble solid materials (EPA-89/03b).
Sludge volume index (SVI): An index for measuring the settleability of activated sludge by volume. SVI = 100/(sludge density index) (cf. sludge density index).
Slurry: A pumpable mixture of solids and liquids (EPA-81/09).
Sludge: A semi-solid residue from any of a number of air or water treatment processes; can be a hazardous waste (EPA-97/12).
Slurry: A watery mixture of insoluble matter resulting from some pollution control techniques (EPA-97/12).
Sludge: Any solid, semisolid, or liquid wastes generated from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control device. It is a relatively fixed volume and its moisture content ranges from 15 to 90% (RCMazardous-04).
Small capacitor: A capacitor which contains less than 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid. The following assumptions may be used if the actual weight of the dielectric fluid is unknown. A capacitor whose total volume is less than 1639 cubic centimeters (100 cubic inches) may be considered to contain less than 1.36 kgs (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid and a capacitor whose total volume is more than 3278 cubic centimeters (200 cubic inches) must be considered to contain more than 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid. A capacitor whose volume is between 1639 and 3278 cubic centimeters may be considered to contain less then 1.36 kg (3 Ibs.) of dielectric fluid if the total weight of the capacitor is less than 4.08 kg (9 Ibs.). See capacitor for more related terms (40CFR761.3-91).
Sludge: Is produced by a treatment plant that processes municipal or industrial wastewaters (40CFR61.51-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR110.1; 240.101; 241.101; 243.101; 246.101; 257.2; 260.10; 261.1-91). Sludge: For more related terms, see (1) Activated sludge; (2) Alum sludge; (3) Bulky sludge; (4) Chemical sludge; (5) Desludge; (6) Dewatered sludge; (7) Digested sludge; (8) Excess activated sludge; (9) Excess sludge (see excess activated sludge); (10) Surplus sludge (see excess activated sludge); (11) Filamentous sludge; (12) Fresh sludge (see green sludge); (13) Green sludge; (14) Oxidized sludge; (15) Oxygen activated sludge; (16) Paint sludge; (17) Primary sludge; (18) Raw sludge; (19) Secondary sludge; (20) Septic sludge; (21) Sewage sludge; (22) Trickling filter sludge; (23) Undigested sludge; and (24) Waste activated sludge. Slug flow sampling: A monitoring procedure that follows the same slug of wastewater throughout its transport in the receiving water. Water quality samples are collected at receiving water stations, tributary inflows, and point source discharges only when a dye slug or tracer passes that point (EPA-91/03). Slug test: A single well test conducted to determine the in-situ hydraulic conductivity of low to moderate hydraulic conductivity formations by the instantaneous addition, or removal, of a known volume of water or solid object, to or from a well. The subsequent well recovery is measured (NavyIEnv-04). Slug: Any non-fibrous glass in a glass fiber product (EPA-83). Slugged bottom: An imperfection; very heavy glass on one side and very light on the opposite side of the bottom of a bottle or container. See also heel tap (EPA-83).
Slurry: A thin suspension of pulp fiber in water (EPA-83).
Small concentrated animal feeding operation (small CAFO): An AFO that is designated as a CAFO and is not a medium CAFO 4OCFRI22.23(b)(9) (CWAtwastewater-04). Small construction activity: Clearing, grading, and excavating resulting in a land disturbance that will disturb equal to or more than one acre and fewer than five acres of total land area but is part of a larger common plan of development or sale that will ultimately disturb equal to or fewer than five acres. Small construction activity does not include routine maintenance that is performed to maintain the original line and grade, hydraulic capacity, or original purpose of the site (40CFR122.26(b)(15)) (CWAtwastewater-04). Small manufacturer, processor, or importer: A manufacturer or processor who employed no more than 10 full-time employees at any one time in 1981 (40CFR763.63-91). Small processor: An operation that produces up to 2730 kg (6000 Ib) per day of any type or combination of finished products (40CFR432.51-91, see also 40CFR704.25; 704.33; 704.104; 704.203-91). Small quantities for research and development: The quantities of a chemical substance manufactured, imported, or processed or proposed to be manufactured, imported, or processed that: (1) Are no greater than reasonably necessary for such purposes; and (2)
After the publication of the revised inventory, are used by, or directly under the supervision of, a technically qualified individual(s) (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR761.3-91). Small quantity generator (SQGsometimes referred to as "squeegee"): Persons or enterprises that produce 220-2200 pounds per month of hazardous waste; they are required to keep more records than conditionally exempt generators. The largest category of hazardous waste generators, SQGs, include automotive shops, dry cleaners, photographic developers, and many other small businesses. See conditionally exempt generators (EPA-97/12). Small quantity generator: A generator who generates less than 1000 kg of hazardous waste in a calendar month (40CFR260.1091, see also RCRA3001; EPA-86/01). Small quantity generators: Facilities that generate between 100 kg and 1000 kg of hazardous waste per calendar month (RCRAIhazardous-04). Small quantity handlers of universal waste: Handlers that do not accumulate 5000 kg of all universal waste categories combined at their location at anyone time (RCRAIhazardous-04). Small sized plants: The plants that process less than 3720 kglday (8200 Ibslday) of raw materials (40CFR428.5 1-91). Small source: A source that emits less than 100 tons of regulated pollutants per year, or any class of persons that the Administrator determines, through regulation, generally lack technical ability or knowledge regarding control of air pollution. See source for more related terms (CAA302-42U.S.C.7602-91). Smallpox virus: A serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for "spotted" and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person (HAS-92). Smart charging: A process of using a computer to constantly monitor the electrical charge of a battery so that the charging operation can be at the optimum rate (e.g., temperature is monitored to prolong battery life). Smart metering: A process of using a computer to constantly measure electricity usage. The process is capable of separately measuring usage of different power loads (such as electric vehicles), identifying what time of day the electricity was consumed, and providing a time history of power and energy demand. Smelt dissolving tank: A vessel used for dissolving the smelt collected from the recovery furnace (40CFR60.28 1-91).
Smelt: The molten inorganic cooking chemicals from the recovery boiler (EPA-87/10). Smelter owner and operator: The owner or operator of the smelter, without distinction (40CFR57.103-t-91). Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore, often with an accompanying chemical change, to separate its metal content. Emissions cause pollution. "Smelting" is the process involved (EPA-97/12). Smelter: For more related terms, see (1) Primary copper smelter; (2) Primary lead smelter; (3) Primary zinc smelter; and (4) Secondary lead smelter. Smelting furnace: Any vessel in which the smelting of copper sulfide ore concentrates or calcines is performed and in which the heat necessary for smelting is provided by an electric current, rapid oxidation of a portion of the sulfur contained in the concentrate as it passes through an oxidizing atmosphere, or the combustion of a fossil fuel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.161-91). Smelting: (1) Extracting a metal from its ore by firing with a flux at high temperatures. The melt consists of two layers: the slag on top and the separated impure metal below (EPA-83). (2) Processing techniques for the melting of a copper sulfide ore concentrate or calcine charge leading to the formation of separate layers of molten slag, molten copper, andlor copper matte (40CFR60.161-91). Smog: A mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals. A major portion of smog-formers come from burning of petroleum-based fuels such as gasoline. Other smog-formers, volatile organic compounds, are found in products such as paints and solvents. Smog can harm health, damage the environment and cause poor visibility. Major smog occurrences are often linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, sunshine, high temperatures, and calm winds or temperature inversion (weather condition in which warm air is trapped close to the ground instead of rising). Smog is often worse away from the source of the smog-forming chemicals, since the chemical reactions that result in smog occur in the sky while the reacting chemicals are being blown away from their sources by winds (CAA/air-04). Smog: A term derived from smoke and fog, applied to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols, these aerosols arising partly through natural processes and partly from human activities. Now some times used loosely for any contamination of the air (LBL-76107-air). Smog: Air pollution typically associated with oxidants. See photochemical smog (EPA-97/12).
Smoke alarm: An instrument that continuously measures and records the density of smoke by determining how much light is obscured when a beam is shown through the smoke. An alarm fitted in a flue goes off when the smoke exceeds a preset density (SW-108tS). Smoke density: The amount of solid matter contained in smoke. It is often measured by systems that relate the grayness of the smoke to an established standard (6.opacity) (SW-108ts). Smoke emissions: The pollutant generated by combustion in a flare and occumng immediately downstream of the flame. Smoke occurring within the flame, but not downstream of the flame, is not considered a smoke emission. See emission for more related terms (40CFR60-App/A(method 22)-91). Smoke eye: A device consisting of a light source and a photoelectric cell that measures the degree to which smoke in a flue gas obscures light (SW-108ts). Smoke number (SN): The dimensionless term quantifying smoke emissions (40CFR87.1-91). Smoke stack: See stack. Smoke stick: A small tube, several inches long, which releases a small stream of inert smoke when a rubber bulb at one end of the tube is compressed. Can be used to visually define bulk air movement in a small area, such as the direction of air flow through small openings in slabs and foundation walls (EPA-88/08). Smoke: Particles suspended in air after incomplete combustion (EPA-97/12). Smoke: The matter in the exhaust emission which obscures the transmission of light (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR87.1-91). Smokeless powder: Nitrocellulose-based propellant (EPA-76/03). Smooth-one-side (SlS) hardboard: The hardboard which is produced by the wet-matting, wet-pressing process (40CFR429.11-91). Smooth-two-sides (SZS) hardboard: The hardboard which is produced by the wet-matting, dry-pressing process (40CFR429.11-91). For the subcategories for which numerical limitations are given, the daily maximum limitation is a value that should not be exceeded by any one effluent measurement. The 30day limitation is a value that should not be exceeded by the average of daily measurements taken during any 30-day period. Snailing: Streaks or marks on paper caused by air bubbles which disturb fiber alignment in the paper making process (EPA-83).
Snake (snaking): Progressive longitudinal cracking in continuous flat glass operation; variation in width of sheet during the sheet glass drawing process (EPA-83). Snorkel: A pipe through the furnace roof, or an opening in a furnace roof, used to withdraw the furnace atmosphere (EPA8511Oa). Snow course: A line or series of connecting lines along which snow samples are taken at regularly spaced points (CWAhydrology-04). Snow density: Ratio between the volume of melt water derived from a sample of snow and the initial volume of the sample. This is numerically equal to the specific gravity of the snow (CWAhydrology-04). Snow, quality of: The ratio of heat of melting of snow, in calories per gram to the 80 calories per gram for melting pure ice at 0 degrees C. Percentage by weight which is ice (CWAhydrology04). Snow: A form of precipitation composed of ice crystals (CWAhydrology-04). Snowline: The general altitude to which the continuous snow cover of high mountains retreats in summer, chiefly controlled by the depth of the winter snowfall and by the temperature of the summer (CWAhydrology-04). Snowline: The line of elevation on a mountain or hill slope that marks the lower limit of perpetual snow; below this line, any snow melts during the summer. The altitude of the snowline varies considerably in different regions; in general it occurs progressively lower fiom the tropics to the polar regions. Its altitude depends largely on the summer temperatures that determine the rate of melting. Another important factor is the total amount of winter snow; the snowline will be higher on the southern than the northern side of a mountain. Furthermore, the snowline will be higher on a steep slope, where much of the snow descends as avalanches, than on a gentle slope, where most of it lies where it falls till it melts (DOI-70104). Snowout: The capture of gaseous particulate in the air by precipitation in the form of snow (NATO-78/10). Soaking: As applied to the firing of ceramic ware, signifies the maintenance of the maximum temperature for a period to effect a desired degree of vitrification, chemical reaction, andlor recrystallization (EPA-83). Soap boiling: The process of heating a mixture of fatsloils with a caustic solution until the fatty ester is split and the alkaline metal salt formed, glycerine being released in the process. The step where saponification takes place (cf. saponification) (EPA-74104~).
Soap: The product resulting from boiling animal fats with sodium hydroxide (cf. neat soap). Societal risk: The aggregated risks to all members of a population located within a specified radius around a potential hazard (DOE9 1/04). Soda ash: A common name for sodium carbonate (Na2C03) (EPA-77107). Soda lime recipe: The glass product composition of the following ranges of weight proportions: 60 to 75% silicon dioxide, 10 to 17% total R20 (e.g., Na20 and K20), 8 to 20% total RO but not to include any PbO (e.g., CaO, and MgO), 0 to 8% total R2O3(e.g., AI2O3),and 1 to 5% other oxides (40CFR60.291-91). Soda process: The first process for the manufacture of chemical wood pulp. Involves boiling wood in caustic alkali at a high temperature (EPA-87/10). Soda: Sodium oxide (Na20). Loosely, a carbonate of sodium (EPA-83). Sodium (Na): A alkali metal with atomic number 11; atomic weight 22.9898; density 0.97 glcc; melting point 97.8 C and boiling point 892 C. The element belongs to group IA of the periodic table. Major sodium compounds include (1) Sodium aluminate (Na2A1204):White powder used in water purification and soap. (2) Sodium carbonate (Na2C03):White powder used in pH control, bleaching and detergents. (3) Sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH-2H20): Toxic crystals used in paper pulping, etc. (4) Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S204):Whitish powder used in ore flotation and reducing agents. (5) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): White crystals used in rubber reclaiming, etc. (6) Sodium hypochloride (NaOCl): A strongly alkaline solution used in germicides, disinfectants, and deodorizers. (7) Sodium silicate (Na2Si03): An alkaline solution used in grindstones, abrasive A white powder used wheels. (8) Sodium stearate (NaC18H3502): in toothpastes and waterproofing agents. (9) Sodium sulfide (Na2S): A yellow or red powder used in dehairing hides and wool pulling. (10) Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S203-5H20):A white powder used in dyeing, pextile printing, etc. (11) Sodium tripolyphosphate (NasOloP3):A white powder used in water softening. Sodium (Na): An alkali metal that can form various salts with halogens and metals. Its dissolved concentration in water can be used to indicate salinity. It is very abundant in nature. Not generally considered toxic (NavyIEnv-04). Sodium absorption ratio (SAR): An indicator of sodium effect on water and crops. SAR = Na/(O.S(Ca + Mg)), where Na, Ca, and Mg are the concentration of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Sodium hypochlorite: A water solution of sodium hydroxide and chlorine in which sodium hypochloride is the essential ingredient (EPA-82/11f).
Sodium silicate: A grey-white powder soluble in alkali and water, insoluble in alcohol and acid. Used to fireproof textiles, in petroleum refining and corrugated paperboard manufacture, and as an egg preservative. Also referred to as liquid gas, silicate of soda, sodium metasilicate, soluble glass, and water glass (CAA/C02gas04). Sodium silicate: A grey-white powder soluble in alkali and water, insoluble in alcohol and acid. Used to fireproof textiles, in petroleum refining and corrugated paperboard manufacture, and as an egg preservative. Also referred to as liquid gas, silicate of soda, sodium metasilicate, soluble glass, and water glass (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sodium tripolyphosphate: A white powder used for water softening and as a food additive and texturizer (CAA/C02gas-04). Sodium tripolyphosphate: A white powder used for water softening and as a food additive and texturizer (CAA/C02gasl-04). Soft detergents: Biodegradable detergents (EPA-74/11). Soft detergents: Cleaning agents that break down in nature (EPA97/12). Soft lead: The lead produced by the removal of antimony through oxidation. The lead is characterized by low hardness and strength. See lead for more related terms (EPA-83103a). Soft water: Any water that does not contain a significant amount of dissolved minerals such as salts of calcium or magnesium (EPA-97/12). Softener: Any device used to remove hardness from water. Hardness in water is due mainly to calcium and magnesium salts. Natural zeolites, ion exchange resins, and precipitation processes are used to remove the calcium and magnesium (EPA-8211If). Softwood veneer: The veneer which is used in the manufacture of softwood plywood and in some cases the inner plies of hardwood faced plywood. See veneer for more related terms (EPA-74/04). Softwood: (1) The wood obtained from evergreen or needle bearing trees such as pines, spruces, and hemlocks (cf. hardwood) (EPA-74/04). (2) Softwoods are as nonporous woods, the most common fiber source for paper in the northern hemisphere (EPA83). Soil adsorption field: A sub-surface area containing a trench or bed with clean stones and a system of piping through which treated sewage may seep into the surrounding soil for further treatment and disposal (EPA-97/12). Soil aggregate: The combination or arrangement of soil separates (sand, silt, clay) into secondary units. These units may be arranged
in the profile in a distinctive characteristic pattern that can be classified on the basis of size, shape, and degree of distinctness into classes, type, and grades (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil and water conservation practices: Control measures consisting of managerial, vegetative, and structural practices to reduce the loss of soil and water (EPA-97/12). Soil boring: A sample of earth representing underground conditions for the surrounding area. They are used to gather information about and model subsurface characteristics, which are important when designing landfills (RCWmanagement-04). Soil classification: The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories. Broad groupings are made on the basis of general characteristics, subdivisions, on the basis of more detailed differences in specific properties. The soil classification system used today in the United States is the 7th Approximation Comprehensive System. The ranking of subdivisions under the system is: order, suborder, great group, family, and series (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil cohesion: The mutual attraction exerted on soil particles by molecular forces and moisture films (SW- 108ts). Soil colloid: Clay and humus which are the major components of soil colloids. Soil conditioner: An organic material like humus or compost that helps soil absorb water, build a bacterial community, and take up mineral nutrients (EPA-97/12). Soil cut-and-fill balances: A technique used to create the same amount of earth cut as fill for a specified area of land. The excess soil is placed where it is needed in low areas. This helps minimize construction costs (RCWmanagement-04). Soil erodibility: An indicator of a soil's susceptibility to raindrop impact, runoff, and other erosive processes. Soil erosion: Detachment and movement of the soil from the land surface by wind or water (EPA-83). Soil gas permeability: A soil's capacity to allow gas flow. The soil gas permeability varies according to grain size, soil uniformity, porosity, and moisture content (NavyEnv-04). Soil gas: Gaseous elements and compounds in the small spaces between particles of the earth and soil. Such gases can be moved or driven out under pressure (EPA-97/12). Soil horizon: A layer of soil approximately parallel to the land surface. Adjacent layers differ in physical, chemical, and biological properties or characteristics such as color, structure, texture, consistency, kinds, and numbers of organisms present, and
degree of acidity or alkalinity (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil horizon: A layer of soil that is distinguishable from adjacent layers by characteristic physical and chemical properties (CWAlWbasics-04). Soil injection: The emplacement of pesticides by ordinary tillage practices within the plow layer of soil (40CFR165.1-91). Soil irrigation: See spray imgation. Soil liner: A landfill liner composed of compacted soil used for the containment of leachate. See liner for more related terms (EPA-89/11). Soil matrix: Soil as the environmental media containing contaminants (NavyIEnv-04). Soil moisture (soil water): Water diffused in the soil, the upper part of the zone of aeration from which water is discharged by the transpiration of plants or by soil evaporation. See field-moisture capacity and field-moisture deficiency (CWAhydrology-04). Soil moisture: The water contained in the pore space of the unsaturated zone (EPA-97/12). Soil moisture: Water diffused in the upper layers of the soil from which it is taken by plants for transpiration or from which it evaporates into the atmosphere (DOI-70104). Soil moisture: Water occumng in the pore spaces between the soil particles in the unsaturated zone from which water is discharged by the transpiration of plants or by evaporation from the soil (CWAlWbasics-04). Soil order: The broadest category of soil classification and is based on general similarities of physical/chemical properties. The formation by similar genetic processes causes these similarities. The soil orders found in the United States are: Alfisol, Aridisol, Entisol, Histosol, Inceptisol, Mollisol, Oxisol, Spodosol, Ultisol, and Vertisol(40CFR796.2700-91,see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil organic matter: The organic hction of the soil; it includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil organisms, and substances synthesized by the microbial population (40CFR796.2700-91). Soil percolation: See spray irrigation. Soil pH: The value obtained by sampling the soil to the depth of cultivation or solid waste placement, whichever is greater, and analyzing by the electrometric method. (Methods of Soil Analysis, Agronomy Monograph No. 9, C.A. Black, ed., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 914-926, 1965) (40CFR257.3.5-91, see also 40CFR796.2700-91).
Soil plasticity: The property of a soil that allows it to be deformed or molded in a moist condition without cracking or falling apart (SW-108ts). Soil pollution: The soil contaminated with heavy metals, inorganic salts, difficult-to-decomposeorganic matter or excessive organic matter. See pollution for more related terms. Soil profile: A section through the soil showing the different horizons or layers extending downward from the surface to the parent material (DOI-70104). Soil series: The basic unit of soil classification and is a subdivision of a family. A series consists of soils that were developed under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions. The soils comprising a series are essentially alike in all major profile characteristics except for the texture of the "A" horizon (i.e., the surface layer of soil) (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR2750-91). Soil sterilant: A chemical that temporarily or permanently prevents the growth of all plants and animals (EPA-97/12). Soil structure: The relation of particles or groups of particles in a soil. It includes crumb structure, block structure, platy structure, and columnar structure (DOI-70104). Soil swelling: Physical expansion of the soil mass usually caused by an increase in moisture content in an expanding type of clay (EPA-83). Soil texture: Refers to the classification of soils based on the relative proportions of the various soil separates present. The soil textural classes are: clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy loam loamy sand, and sand (40CFR796.2700-91, see also 40CFR796.2750-91). Soil type: System of classification of soils based on physical properties (NavyEnv-04). Soil vapor extraction (SVE): An in-situ soil aeration process designed and operated to maximize the volatilization of lowmolecular-weight compounds, with some biodegradation occumng (Navy/Env-04). Soil: A mixture of organic and inorganic solids, air, water, and biota which exists on the earth surface above bedrock, including materials of anthropogenic sources, such as slag, sludge, etc. (Navy/Env-04). Soil: All unconsolidated materials normally found on or near the surface of the earth including, but not limited to, silts, clays, sands, gravel, and small rocks (40CFR192.11-91, see also 40CFR761.123; 796.2700; 796.2750-91; EPA-89112a).
Soil: The layer of material at the land surface that supports plant growth (CWAIWbasics-04). Soil: Unconsolidated earth material composing the superficial geologic strata (material overlying bedrock) consisting of clay, silt, sand, or gravel size particles as classified by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, or a mixture of such materials with liquids, sludges, or solids which is inseparable by simple mechanical removal processes and is made up primarily of soil by volume based on visual inspection (RCRAIlandban-04). Other soil-related terms include (1) Intermediate cover soil; (2) Isotropic soil; (3) Muck soil; (4) Night soil; (5) Plasticity soil; and (6) Tight soil. Solar energy economy: Economy where solar -energy is the primary energy source. Solar energy: One type of renewable energy. It is the radiation energy that emits from the sun and reaches the earth. Solar energy can be used for the production of electricity and heat. Solar irradiance in water: Related to the sunlight intensity in water and is proportional to the average light flux (in the units of day-' that is available to cause photoreaction in 10" einsteins d2a wavelength interval centered at (wavelength) over a 24-hour day at a specific latitude and season date (40CFR796.3700-91). Solar radiation: The electromagnetic energy and particles including electrons, protons, etc., emitted from the sun. See radiation for more related terms. Sold or distributed: The aggregate amount of a pesticidal product released for shipment by the establishment in which the pesticidal product was produced (40CFR167.3-91). Solder: Metallic compound used to seal joints between pipes. Until recently, most solder contained 50% lead. Use of solder containing more than 0.2% lead in pipes carrying drinking water is now prohibited (EPA-97/12). Soldering: The process of joining metals by flowing a thin (capillary thickness) layer of nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term soldering is used where the temperature range falls below 425 C (EPA83106a). Sole active ingredient: For purposes of determining if a waste is P or U listed, the only chemical ingredient serving the function of a commercial product formulation (RCRAIhazardous-04). Sole source aquifer (or principal source): An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area. See aquifer for more related terms (40CFR146.3; 149.2-91).
Sole source aquifer: An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (SDWNReg-04). Solenoid valve: A valve that opens or closes by the action of a mechanically actuated valve. For example, solenoid valves have been used in automatic dishwashers. When an electric signal acts upon a coil, it electromagnetically pulls a metallic stem that is attached to the seat the valve opens and allows flow. At the instant the external force (electricity) is removed, the magnetic field vanishes and a spring closes the valve.
Solid waste boundary: The outermost perimeter of the solid waste (projected in the horizontal plane) as it would exist at completion of the disposal activity (40CFR257.3.4-91). Solid waste derived fuel (or solid derived fuel): Any solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from solid fuel for the purpose of creating useful heat and includes, but is not limited to, solvent refined coal, liquified coal, and gasified coal. See fuel for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR247.10 1-91). Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) of 1965: See Act or SWDA.
Sole-source aquifer: (1) As defined by the Safe Drinking Water Act, an aquifer that is the only source or potential source of drinking water in an area. (2) An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (NavyIEnv-04). Sole-source aquifer: A groundwater system that supplies at least 50% of the drinking water to a particular human population; the term is used to denote special protection requirements under the Safe Drinking Water Act and may be used only by approval of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (CWAIWquality-04). Sole-source aquifer: An aquifer that supplies 50% or more of the drinking water of an area (EPA-97/12).
Solid waste disposal site: A place, location, tract of land, area, or premises used for the landfill disposal of solid wastes as defined by state solid waste regulations. The term is synonymous with the term landfill and is also known as a garbage dump (USDNwater04). Solid waste disposal: (1) The disposal of all solid wastes through landfilling, incineration, composting, chemical treatment, and any other method which prepares solid wastes for final disposition (EPA-83). (2) See disposal for more related terms. Solid waste disposal: The final placement of refuse that is not salvaged or recycled (EPA-97/12).
Solid (sludge) rate meter: See flow rate meter. Solid cone nozzle: One of spray nozzle types (see spray nozzles for more types). For this type of nozzle, liquid is force over an insert to break it up into a cone of fine droplets. Cones can be full, hollow, or square with spray angles from 15 degrees to 140 degrees. These nozzles can be made of stainless steel, brass, alloys, and plastic materials (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Solid contact clarifier: Solid (sludge) which is in direct contact with influent in a clarifier. Solid derived fuel: See solid waste derived fuel. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC): A single SOFC unit consists of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) separated by an electrolyte. See Appendix C for more information. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE): The electrolyte in a solid polymer fuel cell is often called a "Proton Exchange Membrane," or PEM. This is because it is always very thin (hence "membrane") and because H'ions are in effect protons that are exchanged from anode to cathode. (http://www.ectechnic.co.uk/ACIDFC.HTML, 2004) Solid waste and medical waste: Shall have the meanings established by the Administrator pursuant to the Solid Waste Disposal Act (CAA129.g-42U.S.C.7429-91).
Solid waste incineration unit: A distinct operating unit of any facility which combusts any solid waste material from commercial or industrial establishments or the general public (including single and multiple residences, hotels, and motels). Such term does not include incinerators or other units required to have a permit under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act. The term "solid waste incineration unit" does not include (1) Materials recovery facilities (including primary or secondary smelters) which combust waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals; (2) Qualifying small power production facilities, as defined in section 3(17)(C) of the Federal Power Act (16U.S.C.769(17)(C)), or qualifying cogeneration facilities, as defined in section 3(18)(B) of the Federal Power Act (16U.S.C.796(18)(B)), which bum homogeneous waste (such as units which bum tires or used oil, but not including refuse-derived fuel) for the production of electric energy or in the case of qualifying cogeneration facilities which bum homogeneous waste for the production of electric energy and steam or forms of useful energy (such as heat) which are used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes; or (3) Air curtain incinerators provided that such incinerators only burn wood wastes, yard wastes and clean lumber and that such air curtain incinerators comply with opacity limitations to be established by the Administrator by rule (CAA129.g42U.S.C.7429). Solid waste incineration unit: For more related terms, see (1) Existing solid waste incineration unit; (2) Modified solid waste incineration unit; and (3) New solid waste incineration unit.
Solid waste management facility: (1) Any resource recovery system or component thereof; (2) Any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; and (3) Any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid wastes, including hazardous wastes, whether such facility is associated with facilities generating such wastes or otherwise (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Solid waste management facility: (1) Any resource recovery system or component thereof. (2) Any system, program, or facility for resource conservation. (3) Any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid wastes including hazardous wastes, whether such facility is associated with facilities generating such wastes or otherwise (NavyIEnv-04). Solid waste management unit (SWMU): Any discernible unit in which wastes have been placed at any time, regardless of whether the unit was designed to accept solid waste or hazardous waste and from which contaminants may migrate; units to include but not be limited to old landfills, wastewater treatment tanks, container storage areas, surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatment units, incinerators, injection wells, recycling operations, leaking process or waste collection sewers, and transfer stations. SWMUs include any area at a facility at which solid wastes have been routinely and systematically released. Only past releases from SWMUs that also meet the definition of a CERCLA release are eligible for remediation through the IR Program (NavyIEnv-04). Solid waste management unit: For purposes of Subtitle C corrective action, discernible units where solid or hazardous wastes have been placed at any times, or any area where solid wastes have been routinely and systematically released (RCMazardous-04). Solid waste management: Supervised handling of waste materials from their source through recovery processes to disposal (EPA-97/12). Solid waste management: The systematic administration of activities which provide for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). Solid waste storage container: A receptacle used for the temporary storage of solid waste while awaiting collection (40CFR243.101-91). Solid waste: Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges that are point
sources subject to permit under 33U.S.C. 1342, or source, special nuclear, or by-product materials as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (68 Stat. 923) (Definition from 40CFR258.2) (RCRAImanagement-04).
Solid waste: Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges which are point sources subject to permits under section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or source, special nuclear or by-product material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (NavyIEnv04). Solid waste: Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and from community activities. For the purposes of hazardous waste regulation, a solid waste is a material that is discarded by being either abandoned, inherently wastelike, a certain waste military munitions, or recycled (RCMazardous-04). Solid waste: As defined under RCRA, any solid, semi-solid, liquid, or contained gaseous materials discarded from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid waste includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water supply or waste treatment plants, or air pollution control facilities, and other discarded materials (FFDCNpesticide-04). Solid waste: Garbage, refuse, sludges, and other discarded solid materials resulting from industrial and commercial operations and from community activities. It does not include solids or dissolved material in domestic sewage or other significant pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial wastewater effluents, dissolved materials in irrigation return flows or other common water pollutants. See waste for more related terms (40CFR240.101-91). Solid waste: Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substances. Solid wastes also include sewage sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, and mining residues. Technically, solid waste also refers to liquids and gases in containers (EPA-97/12). Solid: Mineral that has not been undermined, sheared out, or otherwise prepared for blasting (CWNmining-04).
Solid: Various types of solids that are commonly determined on water samples. These types of solids are (EPA-74/04): (1) Total solids (TS): The materials left after evaporation and drying a sample at 103-105 C. (2) Total suspended solids (TSS): The materials removed from a sample filtered through a standard glass fiber filter. Then it is dried at 103-105 C. (3) Dissolved solids (DS): The difference between the total and suspended solids. (4) Volatile solids (VS): The materials which are lost when the sample is heated to 550 C. (5) Settleable solids: The materials which settle in an Irnhoff cone over a period of time. Solid: For more related terms, see (1) Settleable solid; (2) Suspended matter in water (see suspended solid); (3) Suspended solid; (4) Total dissolved solid; (5) Total solid (see total suspended solid); (6) Total suspended residue (see total suspended solid); (7) Total suspended solid; and (8) Volatile solid. Solidification and stabilization (or chemical fixation)solidification: (1) The process of converting a contaminated soil, sludge, or liquid waste into a solid monolithic product that is more easily handled and that reduces the volatilization and leaching of contaminants from the waste (EPA-89112a). (2) In thermodynamics, the change of a pure substance from a liquid phase to its solid phase. See latent heat for more related terms. Solidification and stabilization (or chemical fixation)stabilization: The process of reducing the hazardous potential of a waste by chemically or physically converting the toxic contaminants into their least mobile or reactive form (EPA89112a). Solidification and stabilization process: The solidification and stabilization process usually involves the use of Portland cement or lime and other materials such as ash, cement kiln dust, and blast furnace slag. The wastes are mixed with these materials in a liquid state and when allowed to harden, the hazardous constituents are physically incorporated into the solid matrix. The resulting mass is less permeable to leaching by water but is susceptible to breakdown by acids. Because of the pH of the mixture (normally pH 9 to 11) metals precipitate as relatively insoluble hydroxides, carbonates, or silicates. Soluble silicates are sometimes added to enhance the chemical fixation of heavy metals. There are four major processes in this category as follows: (1) Cement-based process. (2) Lime-based process. (3) Thermoplastic process. (4) Organic polymer process. Solidification and stabilization: Removal of wastewater from a waste or changing it chemically to make it less permeable and susceptible to transport by water (EPA-97/12). Solidification: (1) A treatment process that reduces the mobility of a contaminant by physically restricting its contact with a mobile phase. Solidification is usually accompanied by some form of stabilization. (2) The use of binders for waste bulking to facilitate the handling of liquid wastes (Navy~Env-04).
Solid-phase extraction: A procedure to isolate specific organic compounds onto a bonded silica extraction column (CWA/Wbasics-04). Solifluction: Liquid seepage (EPA-81/09). Solubility: (1) The ability of a solid, liquid, gas, or vapor to dissolve in a liquid (e.g., solvent) (Course 165.5). In general, a compound is classified as insoluble to a solvent, if its solubility is < 1 g/L (Course 165.6). (2) In air pollution control, the capability of a gas to be dissolved in a liquid (EPA-84103b). Solubility: Ability of a substance to dissolve in liquid. Sugar is soluble in water but oil is not water-soluble (CAAIAPC-04). Solubility: The amount of mass of a compound that will dissolve in a unit volume of solution. Aqueous Solubility is the maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in pure water at a reference temperature (EPA-97/12). Solute: A substance that is dissolved in another substance, thus forming a solution (CWAIWscience-04). Solution heat treatment: The process introducing a workpiece into a quench bath for the purpose of heat treatment following rolling, drawing, or extrusion (40CFR468.02-91). Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances constituting a single (40CFR796.1840-91, see also 40CFR796.1860-91; EPA-83106a). Solution: A mixture of a solvent and a solute. In some solutions, such as sugar water, the substances mix so thoroughly that the solute cannot be seen. But in other solutions, such as water mixed with dye, the solution is visibly changed (CWAIWscience-04). Solution: Formed when a solid, gas, or another liquid in contact with a liquid becomes dispersed homogeneously throughout the liquid. The substance, called a solute, is said to dissolve. The liquid is called the solvent (CWA/Wbasics-04). Solvent applied in the coating: All organic solvent contained in the adhesive, release, and precoat formulations that is metered into the coating applicator from the formulation area (40CFR60.44191). Solvent base ink: An ink which uses oils or solvents as the primary vehicle. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Solvent base paint: The paint in which the resin or film former is soluble or dispersed in an organic solvent. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Solvent borne ink system: The ink and related coating mixtures whose volatile portion consists essentially of VOC solvent with
not more than 5 weight percent water, as applied to the gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Solvent borne: A coating which contains 5% or less water by weight in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.391-91). Solvent cleaning: The process of cleaning soils from surfaces by cold cleaning, open top vapor degreasing, or conveyorized degreasing (40CFR52.741-91, see also EPA-83/06a). Solvent degreasing: The removal of oils and grease from a workpiece using organic solvents or solvent vapors (EPA-83106a). Solvent extraction operation: An operation or method of separation in which a solid or solution is contacted with a liquid solvent (the two being mutually insoluble) to preferentially dissolve and transfer one or more components into the solvent (40CFR264.1031-91). Solvent extraction: The extraction of selected components fiom a mixture of two or more components by treating with a substance that preferentially dissolves one or more the components in the mixture (cf. liquid-liquid extraction) (EPA-87110a). Solvent feed: The solvent introduced into the spinning solution preparation system or precipitation bath. This feed stream includes the combination of recovered solvent and makeup solvent (40CFR60.601-91). Solvent filter: A discrete solvent filter unit containing a porous medium that traps and removes contaminants from petroleum solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device. See filter for more related terms (40CFR60.62 1-91). Solvent inventory variation: The normal changes in the total amount of solvent contained in the affected facility (40CFR60.601-91). Solvent of high photochemical reactivity: Any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20% of its total volume composed of the chemical compounds classified below or which exceeds any of the following individual percentage composition limitations in reference to the total volume of solvent: (1) A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, or ketones having an olefinic or cycloolefinic type of unsaturation: 5%; (2) A combination of aromatic compounds with eight or more carbon atoms to the molecule except ethylbenzene: 8%; (3) A combination of ethylbenzene, ketones having branched hydrocarbon structures, trichloroethylene or toluene: 20%. Whenever any organic solvent or any constituent of an organic solvent may be classified from its chemical structure into more than one of the above groups of organic compounds, it shall be considered as a member of the most reactive chemical group, that is, that group having the least allowable percentage of total volume of solvents (40CFR52.1145-91).
Solvent recovery dryer: A class of dry cleaning dryers that employs a condenser to condense and recover solvent vapors evaporated in a closed-loop stream of heated air, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-9 1). Solvent recovery system: The equipment associated with capture, transportation, collection, concentration, and purification of organic solvents. It may include enclosures, hoods, ducting, piping, scrubbers, condensers, carbon absorbers, distillation equipment, and associated storage vessels (40CFR60.601-9 1, see also 40CFR60.43 1-91). Solvent recovery: The recovery of volatile solvents that are present in air or a gas stream (EPA-84/09). Solvent spun synthetic fiber process: The total of all equipment having a common spinning solution preparation system or a common solvent recovery system, and that is used in the manufacture of solvent-spun synthetic fiber. It includes spinning solution preparation, spinning, fiber processing, and solvent recovery, but does not include the polymer production equipment (40CFR60.601-9 1). Solvent spun synthetic fiber: Any synthetic fiber produced by a process that uses an organic solvent in the spinning solution, the precipitation bath, or processing of the sun fiber (40CFR60.60191). Solvent variety: Varieties of solvents include (Markes-67): Solvent variety-alcohols: (1) Methyl alcohol (methanol) is made synthetically and is completely miscible with water and most organic liquids; (2) Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is produced by fermentation and synthetically; (3) Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) is derived mainly from petroleum; and (4) Butyl alcohol (normal butanol) is used extensively in lacquer and synthetic resin compositions and also in penetrating oils. Solvent variety-chlorinated solvents: (1) Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless non-flammable liquid; and (2) Trichlorethylene is similar to carbon tetrachloride but is slower in evaporation rate. Solvent variety-esters: (1) Athyl acetate dissolves a large variety of materials, such as nitrocellulose, oils, fats, gums, and resins; (2) Butyl acetate is the acetic-acid ester of normal butanol and is used extensively for dissolving various cellulose esters, minerals, and vegetable oils; and (3) Amy1 acetate (banana oil) is used mainly in lacquers. Solvent variety-hydrocarbons: (1) Aromatic hydrocarbons are derived from coal-tar distillates, the most common of which are benzene, toluene, xylene, and hi-flash naphtha or coal-tar naphtha; and (2) Petroleum is hydrocarbons derived from petroleum.
Common petroleum solvents includes benzine, mineral spirits, and kerosene.
Sorption: General tenn for the interaction (binding or association) of a solute ion or molecule with a solid (CWAiWbasics-04).
Solvent variety-ketones: (1) Acetone is an exceptionally active solvent for a wide variety of organic materials, gases, liquids, and solids; and (2) Methylethylketone (MEK) is similar to acetone.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or attracting substances; process used in many pollution control systems (EPA-97/12).
Solvent: A liquid capable of dissolving or dispersing another substance (for example, acetone or mineral spirits) (SFkealth-04). Solvent: A liquid substance that is used to dissolve or dilute another substance (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR795.120-9 1; EPA-89/12; 84/09). Other solvent-related terms include (1) Chlorinated solvent; (2) Exempt solvent; (3) Makeup solvent; (4) Organic solvent; (5) Oxygenated solvent; (6) Photochemically reactive solvent; and (7) Recovered solvent. Solvent: A substance that dissolves other substances, thus forming a solution. Water dissolves more substances than any other, and is known as the "universal solvent" (CWAIWscience-04). Solvent: An organic chemical-based liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance and is itself a hazardous substance. Solvents are used in a number of manufacturing/industrial processes including, but not limited to, the manufacture of paints and coatings for industrial and household purposes, equipment cleanup, and surface degreasing in metal fabricating industries (USDNwater-04). Solvolysis: A reaction in which the solvent serves as the nucleophile (Navy~Env-04). Sonic boom: The tremendous booming sound produced as a vehicle, usually a supersonic jet airplane, exceeds the speed of sound, and the shock wave reaches the ground (cf. boom) (EPA7411 1). Soot: Agglomerations of particles of carbon formed during the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material (EPA-83). It is formed primarily under the reducing condition, not under the oxidizing condition (because the oxidizing condition would have enough oxygen to react with carbon for not producing soot) (cf. carbon black). Soot: Carbon dust formed by incomplete combustion (EPA-97/12). Sorb: To take up and hold either by absorption or adsorption (CWNWbasics-04). Sorbed phase: The thin layer of material held near the surface of soil particles by physical and chemical interactions (NavyIEnv-04). Sorbent: A liquid or solid medium in or upon which materials are retained by absorption or adsorption (EPA-83/06).
Sorted brown kraft: Consists of baled clean sorted brown haft papers, free from twisted or woven stock, sewed edges, and heavy printing (EPA-83). Sound absorption coefficient (SAC): The fraction of energy striking a material or object that is not reflected. For instance if a material reflects 70% of the sound energy incident upon its surface, then its Sound Absorption Coefficient would be 0.30 (NCNsound-04). Sound absorption: The property possessed by materials, objects, and air to convert sound energy into heat. Sound waves reflected by a surface causes a loss of energy. The energy not reflected is called its absorption coefficient. Sound exposure level: The level in decibels calculated as ten times the common logarithm of time integral of squared Aweighted sound pressure over a given time period or event divided by the square of the standard reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals and a reference duration of one second (40CFR201.1-91). Sound insulation: Refers to acoustical treatments that reduce noise (in this case aircraft noise) inside the home (NCNnoise-04). Sound intensity level: Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the intensity of a given sound in a stated direction to the reference sound intensity of 1 picoWatt per square meter (pWIm2). Unit, dB; symbol, L (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound intensity level) (NCNsound-04). Sound intensity: Average rate of sound energy transmitted in a specified direction at a point through a unit area normal to this direction at the point considered. Unit, watt per square meter (WIm2); symbol, I (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound intensity; soundenergy flux density; sound-power density) (NCNsound-04). Sound level meter: A device that converts sound pressure variations in air into corresponding electronic signals. The signals are filtered to exclude signals outside frequencies desired (NCNsound-04). Sound level: A subjective measure of sound expressed in decibels as a comparison corresponding to familiar sounds experienced in a variety of situations (NCNsound-04). Sound level: The weighted sound pressure level measured by the use of a metering characteristic and weighting B, or C as specified in American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters SI.4-11 or subsequent approved revision. The weighting
employed must be specified, otherwise A-weighting is understood (4OCFR204.2-91). Sound level: For more related terms, see (1) A-scale sound level; (2) Day night sound level; and (3) Equivalent sound level. Sound pressure level: (1) Ten times the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the time-mean-square pressure of a sound, in a stated frequency band, to the square of the reference sound pressure in gases of 20 micropascals @Pa). Unit, dB; symbol, Lp. (2) For sound in media other than gases, unless otherwise specified, reference sound pressure in 1 pPa (ANSI S1.l-1994: sound pressure level) (NCNsound-04). Sound pressure level: In stated frequency band, means the level, in decibels, calculated as 20 times the common logarithm of the ratio of a sound pressure to the reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals (40CFR201.1-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2-91). Sound pressure: Root-mean-square instantaneous sound pressure at a point during a given time interval. Unit, Pascal (Pa) (ANSI S1.1-1994: sound pressure; effective sound pressure) (NCAIsound-04). Sound transmission class (STC): The preferred single class rating system designed to give the sound insulation properties of a structure for the rank ordering of a series of structures (NCNsound-04). Sound: (1) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillations. (2) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described above (ANSI S1.1-1994: sound) (NCNsound-04). Sound: Sound and noise are often used interchangeably for anything perceived by means of hearing (cf. noise or car coupling sound). Sounding: Knocking on a roof to see whether it is sound and safe to work under (CWNmining-04). Sour water: The wastewater containing sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans. See water for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Sour: (1) Denotes the presence of sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans, that cause bad odors (EPA-74104b). (2) Indicates wastewater treatment systems that have a low pH value. The acid condition is favorable to growth of organisms which produce foul smelling by-products, hence is undesirable (EPA74/03). Source area: The location of liquid hydrocarbons or the zone of highest soil or groundwater concentmtions, or both, of the chemical of concern (EPA-97/12) (EPA-97/12).
Source assessment sampling system (SASS): In many respects, the SASS is about a five-fold scale-up of the MM5 and collects larger samples, typically 30 dscm over a three-hour sampling period. This sampling train is appropriate whenever a large sample of stack gas (greater than 10 dscm) is required to ensure adequate detection limits (EPA-82/02). Source characterization measurements: Measurements made to estimate the rate of release of pollutants into the environment from a source such as an incinerator, landfill, etc. (EPA-97/12). Source configuration: The geographical position and distribution of the area, line, and point sources in a region (NATO-78110). Source control action: The construction or installation and startup of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (primarily from a source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other structures) into the environment (40CFR300.5-91). Source control action: The construction or installation and startup of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of hazardous substances (primarily from a source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other structures) into the environment (40CFR300.5) (SFIEnv-04). Source control maintenance measures: Those measures intended to maintain the effectiveness of source control actions once such actions are operating and functioning properly, such as the maintenance of landfill caps and leachate collection systems (40CFR300.5-9 1). Source control remedial actions: Those measures that are intended to contain hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants where they are located or eliminate potential contamination by transporting the hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants to a new location. Source control remedial actions may be appropriate if a substantial concentration or amount of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants remains at or near the area where they are originally located and adequate barriers exist to retard migration of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants into the environment. Source control remedial actions may not be appropriate if most hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants have migrated from the area where originally located or if the lead agency determines that the hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants are adequately contained. Source height: The height of a source above the surrounding ground surface (NATO-78110). Source material: (1) Uranium or thorium, or any combination thereof, in any physical or chemical form; or (2) Ores which contain by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05%) or more of: (a) Uranium; (b) Thorium; or (c) Any combination thereof.
Source material does not include special nuclear material (10CFR20.3-91, see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4; 70.4-91). (3) The meaning contained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42U.S.C.2014 et seq., and the regulations issued thereunder (40CFR710.2; 720.3-91). (4) Source material such as uranium or thorium or ores containing uranium or thorium (DOE-91/04). (5) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Source reduction: The design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials (such as products and packaging) to reduce the amount or toxicity of garbage generated. Source reduction can help reduce waste disposal and handling charges because the costs of recycling, municipal composting, landfilling, and combustion are avoided. Source reduction conserves resources and reduces pollution (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Source of contamination: The place where a hazardous substance comes from, such as a landfill, waste pond, incinerator, storage tank, or drum. A source of contamination is the first part of an exposure pathway (SFhealth-04).
Source reduction: The design, manufacture, purchase, or use of materials to reduce the amount or toxicity of waste. Because it is intended to reduce pollution and conserve resources, source reduction should not increase the net amount of toxicity of wastes generated throughout the life of the product. Source reduction techniques include reusing items, minimizing the use of products that contain hazardous compounds, using only what is needed, extending the useful life of a product, and reducing unneeded packaging (RCMmunicipal-04).
Source reduction: Any practice which: (1) Reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any wastestream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and (2) Reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The term includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control. The term source reduction does not include any practice which alters the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics or the volume of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant through a process or activity which itself is not integral to and necessary for the production of a product or the providing of a service (PPA6603-91, see also EPA-86/10; 89111). Source reduction: Maximizing or reducing the use of natural resources at the beginning of an industrial process, thereby eliminating the amount of waste produced by the process. Source I reduction is EPA's preferred method of waste management (RCRAhazardous-04). Source reduction: Reducing the amount of materials entering the wastestream from a specific source by redesigning products or patterns of production or consumption (e.g., using returnable beverage containers). Synonymous with waste reduction (EPA97/12). Source reduction: The design, manufacture, or use of products that in some way reduces the amount of waste that must be disposed of; examples include reuse of by-products, reducing consumption, extending the useful life of a product, and minimizing materials going into production (SFIremedy-04) Source reduction: The design, manufacture, acquisition, and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity andor toxicity of waste produced. Source reduction prevents waste either by redesigning products or by otherwise changing societal patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation. See also waste reduction (RCRAlmanagement-04).
Source rocks: The rocks from which hgrnents and other detached pieces have been derived to form a different rock (CWNWbasics-04). Source separation: Segregating various wastes at the point of generation (e.g., separation of paper, metal, and glass f?om other wastes to make recycling simpler and more efficient) (EPA-97/12). Source separation: Separating materials (such as paper, metal, and glass) by type at the point of discard so that they can be recycled (RCMmunicipal-04). Source separation: The segregation of specific materials at the point of generation for separate collection. Residential generators source separate recyclables as part of curbside recycling programs (RCRAlmanagement-04). Source separation: The setting aside of recyclable materials at their point of generation by the generator (40CFR246.101-91, see also EPA-88112a). Source term: The estimated quantities of radionuclides released to the environment (DOE-91/04). Source test: A measurement of emissions to determine concentrations andor mass flow rates (NATO-78110). Source water: Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking. See finished water (SDWNReg-04). Source: An area where hazardous substances or petroleum products have been deposited, stored, released, disposed of, or placed (NavyIEnv-04). Source: Any building, structure, facility, or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants (CW.4306).
Source: Any place or object from which pollutants are released. A source can be a power plant, factory, dry cleaning business, gas station, or farm. Cars, trucks, and other motor vehicles are sources, and consumer products and machines used in industry can be sources too. Sources that stay in one place are referred to as stationary sources; sources that move around, such as cars or planes, are called mobile sources (CANair-04). Source: For more related terms, see (1) Affected source; (2) Area source; (3) Continuous source; (4) Existing source; (5) Existing OCS (outer continental shelf) source; (6) Fixed source; (7) Fugitive source; (8) Industrial source; (9) Instantaneous source; (10) Line source; (11) Major source; (12) Mobile source; (13) Modification source; (14) New source; (15) New OCS source; (16) Non-industrial source; (17) Non-point source; (18) Point source; (19) Pollution source; (20) Reconstructed source; (21) Small source; (22) Stationary source; (23) Virtual point; and (24) Volume source. Source-water protection area: The area delineated by a state for a Public Water Supply or including numerous such suppliers, whether the source is groundwater or surface water or both (EPA97/12). Sovereign immunity: The Constitutional principle that the federal government is not required to comply with any laws unless Congress specifically waives immunity to that law. The Federal Facilities Compliance Act amended RCRA's waiver of sovereign immunity, to hold federal agencies liable for civil penalties and federal officials liable for criminal sanctions (OMBIReg-04). Spad: A spad is a flat spike hammered into a wooden plug anchored in a hole drilled into the mine ceiling from which is threaded a plumbline. The spad is an underground survey station similar to the use of stakes in marking survey points on the surface. A pointer spad, or sight spad, is a station that allows a mine foreman to visually align entries or breaks from the main spad (CWNmining-04). Spade drilling: Drilling with a flat blade drill tip. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Spalling of refractory: The breaking or crushing of a refractory unit due to thermal, mechanical, or structural causes (SW-108ts). Spalling: A defect characterized by chipping that occurs without apparent external causes (EPA-83). Span drift: (1) The percent change in response to an up-scale pollutant concentration over a 24-hour period of continuous unadjusted operation (40CFR53.23-91). (2) The change with time in instrument output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input concentration is a stated value other than zero (expressed as percent of full scale) (LBL 76107bio). (3) See calibration for more related terms.
Span gas: A gas of known concentration which is used routinely to set the output level of an analyzer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.402.78-91). Span value: (1) The upper limit of a gas concentration measurement range that is specified for affected source categories in the applicable part of the regulations. The span value is established in the applicable regulation and is usually 1.5 to 2.5 times the applicable emission limit. If no span value is provided, use a span value equivalent to 1.5 to 2.5 times the expected concentration. For convenience, the span value should correspond to 100% of the recorder scale (40CFR60-ApplA(method 25A)-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIF-91). (2) The opacity value at which the CEMS is set to produce the maximum data display output as specified in the applicable subpart (40CFR60-AppIB-91). Span: The horizontal distance between the side supports or solid abutments along sides of a roadway (CWNmining-04). Span: The upper limit of the gas concentration measurement range displayed on the data recorder (40CFR60-App/A(method 6C & 7E)-91, see also EPA-90104). Spandex fiber: A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane (40CFR60.601-91). Spare flue gas desulfurization system module: A separate system of sulfur dioxide emission control equipment capable of treating an amount of flue gas equal to the total amount of flue gas generated by an affected facility when operated at maximum capacity divided by the total number of nonspare flue gas desulfurization modules in the system (40CFR60.41a-91). Sparge or sparging: Injection of air below the water table to strip dissolved volatile organic compounds and/or oxygenate groundwater to facilitate aerobic biodegradation of organic compounds (EPA-97/12). Sparger: An air diffuser designed to give large amount of bubbles, used singly or in combination with mechanical aeration devices (EPA-76103). Sparging: (1) Removing the volatile constituents of a sample by bubbling an inert gas stream through the sample (EPA-82/02). (2) Heating a liquid by means of a live steam entering through a perforated or nozzled pipe (used, e.g., to coagulate blood solids in meat processing) (DOI-70104). Spark arrester: A screen-like device that keeps sparks, embers, or other ignited materials above a given size within an incinerator (SW-108ts). Spark ignition engine: An internal combustion engine in which spark plugs are used to electrically ignite the combustion in a cylinder.
+ (grams u ' ~ ~ )or; (2) Less than 10,000 grams but more than 1000 Spark ignition powered motor vehicle: A self-propelled overtheroad vehicle that is powered by a spark ignition type of internal combustion engine, including but not limited to engines fueled by gasoline, propane, butane, and methane compounds. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR51.731-91).
grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 10% or more but less than 20% in the uZ3'isotope); or (3) 10,000 grams or more of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched above natural but less than 10% in the uZ3'isotope). See nuclear material for more related terms (10CFR70.4-91).
Spark plug: A device to suitably deliver high tension electrical ignition voltage to the spark gap in the engine combustion chamber (40CFR85.2122(a)(7)(ii) (A)-9 1).
Special nuclear material of moderate strategic significance: (1) Less than a formula quantity of strategic special nuclear material but more than 1000 grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or more in the uZ3'isotope) or more than 500 grams of uranium-233 or plutonium or in a combined quantity of more than 1000 grams when computed by the equation, grams = (grams contained uZ3') + 2 (grams u~~~ + grams plutonium); or (2) 10,000 grams or more of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 10% or more but less than 20% in the uZ3'isotope) (10CFR70.4-91). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Special aquatic sites: Those sites identified in Subpart E. They are geographic areas, large or small, possessing special ecological characteristics of productivity, habitat, wildlife protection, or other important and easily disrupted ecological values. These areas are generally recognized as significantly influencing or positively contributing to the general overall environmental health or vitality of the entire ecosystem of a region (See 40CFR230.10(a)(3)) (40CFR230.3-91). Special area management plan: A comprehensive plan providing for natural resource protection and reasonable coastaldependent economic growth containing a detailed and comprehensive statement of policies; standards and criteria to guide public and private uses of lands and waters; and mechanisms for timely implementation in specific geographic areas within the coastal zone (CZMA304-16U.S.C. 1453-90). Special local need: An existing or imminent pest problem within a state for which the state lead agency, based upon satisfactory supporting information, has determined that an appropriate federally registered pesticide product is not sufficiently available (40CFRI62.151-91).
Special nuclear material scrap: The various forms of special nuclear material generated during chemical and mechanical processing, other than recycle material and normal process intermediates, which are unsuitable for use in their present form, but all or part of which will be used after further processing. See nuclear material for more related terms (10CFR70.4-91). Special nuclear material: (1) Plutonium, uranium-233, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51 of the act, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; (2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing but does not include source material (10CFR20.3-91; see also 10CFR30.4; 40.4; 70.4-91). (3) The meaning contained in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42U.S.C.2014 et seq., and the regulations issued thereunder (40CFR710.2-91, see also 40CFR720.3-91).
Special local-needs registration: Registration of a pesticide product by a state agency for a specific use that is not federally registered. However, the active ingredient must be federally registered for other uses. The special use is specific to that state and is often minor, thus may not warrant the additional cost of a full federal registration process. SLN registration cannot be issued for new active ingredients, food-use active ingredients without tolerances, or for a canceled registration. The products cannot be shipped across state lines (EPA-97/12).
Special nuclear material: As defined in Section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, special nuclear material means: (1) Plutonium, uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Nuclear Regulatory Commission determines to be special nuclear material; or (2) Any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing (DOE-91/04). (3) See nuclear material for more related terms.
Special news de-ink quality: Baled sorted, fresh, dry newspapers, not sunburned, free from magazines, white blank, pressroom overissues, and paper other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of Rotogravure and colored sections (EPA-83).
Special population: Concentrations of people in one area or building for a special purpose or in certain circumstances (e.g., schools, hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, shopping centers) (EPA-85/11).
Special nuclear material of low strategic significance: (1) Less than amount of special nuclear material of moderate strategic significance, as defined in 40CFR70.4(z)(l), but more than 15 grams of uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or isotope) or 15 grams of uranium-233 or 15 grams more in the u~~~ of plutonium or the combination of 15 grams when computed by the equation, grams = (grams contained u ~ + ~(grams ~ plutonium) )
Special population: People who might be more sensitive or susceptible to exposure to hazardous substances because of factors such as age, occupation, sex, or behaviors (for example, cigarette smoking). Children, pregnant women, and older people are often considered special populations (SFIhealth-04).
Special production area: A demarcated area within which all manufacturing, processing, and use of a new chemical substance takes place, except as provided in paragraph ( f ) of this section, in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section (40CFR723.175-91). Special purpose equipment: The maintenance-of-way equipment which may be located on or operated from rail cars including: Ballast cribbing machines, ballast regulators, conditioners and scarifiers, bolt machines, brush cutters, compactors, concrete mixers, cranes and derricks, earth boring machines, electric welding machines, grinders, grouters, pile drivers, rail heaters, rail layers, sandblasters, snow plows, spike drivers, sprayers, and other types of such maintenance-of-way equipment (40CFR201.1-91). Special purpose facility: A building or space, including land incidental to its use, which is wholly or predominantly utilized for the special purpose of an agency and not generally suitable for other uses, as determined by the General Services Administration (40CFR6.901-91, see also EPA-89/12). Special review: Formerly known as Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (WAR), this is the regulatory process through which existing pesticides suspected of posing unreasonable risks to human health, non-target organisms, or the environment are referred for review by EPA. Such review requires an intensive risldbenefit analysis with opportunity for public comment. If risk is found to outweigh social and economic benefits, regulatory actions can be initiated, ranging from label revisions and use-restriction to cancellation or suspended registration (EPA-97/12). Special source of groundwater: Those Class I groundwaters identified in accordance with the Agency's Groundwater Protection Strategy published in August 1984 that: (1) Are within the controlled area encompassing a disposal system or are less than five kilometers beyond the controlled area; (2) Are supplying drinking water for thousands of persons as of the date that the Department chooses a location within that area for detailed characterization as a potential site for a disposal system (e.g., in accordance with section 112(b)(l)(B) of the NWPA); and (3) Are irreplaceable in that no reasonable alternative source of drinking water is available to that population (40CFR191.12-91). (4) See groundwater for more related terms. Special track work: The track other than normal tie and ballast bolted or welded rail or containing devices such as retarders or switching mechanisms (40CFR201.1-91). Special waste (or unconventional waste): (1) Non-hazardous solid wastes requiring handling other than that normally used for municipal solid waste (40CFR240.10 1-91). (2) Waste that requires special or separate handling, such as household hazardous wastes, bulky wastes, tires, and used oil (EPA-89/11). (3) See waste for more related terms.
Special waste: Items such as household hazardous waste, bulky wastes (refigerators, pieces of furniture, etc.) tires, and used oil (EPA-97/12). Special waste: Refers to items that require special or separate handling, such as household hazardous wastes, bulky wastes, tires, and used oil (RCRAImanagement-04). Specially designated landfill: A landfill at which complete longterm protection is provided for the quality of surface and subsurface waters 6-om pesticides, pesticide containers, and pesticide-related wastes deposited therein, and against hazard to public health and the environment. Such sites should be located and engineered to avoid direct hydraulic continuity with surface and subsurface waters, and any leachate or subsurface flow into the disposal area should be contained within the site unless treatment is provided. Monitoring wells should be established and a sampling and analysis program conducted. The location of the disposal site should be permanently recorded in the appropriate local office of legal jurisdiction. Such facility complies with the Agency Guidelines for the Disposal of Solid Wastes as prescribed in 40CFR241 (40CFR165.1-91). Specialty biocides: In this report, estimates are provided for end uses as follows: swimming pools, spas, and industrial water treatment (excludes chlorine/hypochlorites which are reported separately); disinfectants and sanitizers (including industrial/institutional applications and household cleaning products); and other specialty biocides (including biocides for adhesives and sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metal working fluids, paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, and textiles). These are categories of end usage which are covered by FIFRA. There are other end uses of specialty biocides which are regulated under FFDCA and are not covered in this report. (such as hospital/medical antiseptics, foodlfeed preservatives, and for cosmetics/toiletries) (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Specialty hot forming operation (or specialty): Applies to all hot forming operations other than carbon hot forming operations (40CFR420.71-91). Specialty paper: An asbestos-containing product that is made of paper intended for use as filters for beverages or other fluids or as paper fill for cooling towers. Cooling tower fill consists of asbestos paper that is used as a cooling agent for liquids from industrial processes and air conditioning systems. See paper for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). Specialty steel: Those steel products containing allowing elements which are added to enhance the properties of the steel product when individual alloying elements (e.g., aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium) exceed 3% or the total of all alloying elements exceed 5%. See steel for more related terms (40CFR420.71-91).
Species (taxa) richness: The number of species (taxa) present in a defined area or sampling unit (CWNWbasics-04). Species diversity: An ecological concept that incorporates both the number of species in a particular sampling area and the evenness with which individuals are distributed among the various species (CWANbasics-04). Species: (1) A reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms having common attributes and usually designated by a common name. (2) An organism belonging to belonging to such a category (EPA-97/12). Species: A reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms (NavyIEnv-04). Species: Includes any subspecies of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature (ESA3-16U.S.C. 153190). Species: Populations of organisms that may interbreed and produce fertile offspring having similar structure, habits, and functions (CWNWbasics-04). Specific capacity: The yield of a well per unit of drawdown (CWANbasics-04). Specific chemical identity: The chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number, or any other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance. Where the trade name is reported in lieu of the specific chemical identity, the trade name will be treated as the specific chemical identity for purposes of this part (40CFR350.1-91, see also 29CFR1910.20-91). Specific conductance: A measure of the ability of a liquid to conduct an electrical current (CWNWbasics-04). Specific conductance: A measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current as measured using a 1-cm cell and expressed in units of electrical conductance, i.e., Siemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Specific conductance can be used for approximating the total dissolved solids content of water by testing its capacity to carry an electrical current. In water quality, specific conductance is used in groundwater monitoring as an indication of the presence of ions of chemical substances that may have been released by a leaking landfill or other waste storage or disposal facility. A higher specific conductance in water drawn from downgradient wells when compared to upgradient wells indicates possible contamination from the facility (CWNWscience-04). Specific conductance: Rapid method of estimating the dissolved solid content of a water supply by testing its capacity to carry an electrical current (EPA-97/12).
Specific conductance: The property of a solution which allows an electric current to flow when a potential difference is applied (EPA-83106a). For the measure of a water's capacity to convey an electric current, this property is related to the total concentration of the ionized substances in the water and the temperature of the water. Most inorganic acids, which dissociate readily in aqueous solution, will conduct an electric current well, while organic compounds (such as sucrose and benzene), which do not dissociate in aqueous solution, will conduct a current poorly (DOI70104). Specific energy (or specific head): Sum of the pressure head and the velocity head ~ ~ measured 1 2 with ~ respect to the channel bottom. The specific-energy concept is especially useful in the analysis of flows in open channels. Specific energy or specific power: A measurement of energy output by a power plant system per unit of weight. For a battery, it is a measurement of a battery's rated energy per unit weight. Its unit is watt-hours per kilogram (Whkg). Specific gravity: The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 C (CWNmining-04). Specific gravity: The mass of a material as compared with the mass of an equal volume of reference material. Water is the reference material for liquids and solids, while air is the reference material for gases. Specific gravity is dimensionless. If the specific gravity is less than one, the material is lighter than water or gas and will float or rise. If the specific gravity is greater than one, the material is heavier than water or gas and will sink or fall (NavyIEnv-04). Specific gravity: Three definitions in common uses are: (1) The ratio of the density of a substance to a density of a reference substance. Water at 4 C has its maximum density. In general, water at temperature 4 C is used as the reference substance for solids and liquids (Schaum-p9). (2) Density of water at 4 C = 62.4 lb/ft3 in British units = 1.0 & n 3 in cgs units = 1.0 glee (cubic centimeter) = 1.0 glml (milliliter). (3) The density ratio of two substances-that of the substance of interest to that of a reference substance. The reference substance is normally water. The term is dimensionless (EPA-84/09). (4) The density of a substance in question to the density of a reference substance (usually, water at 32 F, 1 atm) at specified conditions of temperature and pressure (EPA-89103b). Specific head: See specific energy. Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lbR)): Characteristic of heat per unit mass and temperature at a constant pressure process. See specific heat at constant volume (Cv, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lb-R)) for examples.
Specific heat at constant volume (Cv, Btu/(lb-F) or Btu/(lb-R)): Characteristic of heat per unit mass and temperature at a constant volume process. For example: (1) Hydrogen: Cp = 3.41; Cv = 2.42. (2) Nitrogen: Cp = 0.248; Cv = 0.177. (3) Carbon monoxide: Cp = 0.248; Cv = 0.177. (4) Carbon dioxide: Cp = 0.195; Cv = 0.150. Specific heat: The ratio of the heat capacity of a substance to the heat capacity of a reference substance. The reference substance is normally water at 17 C, at which temperature the heat capacity is 1.0 Btullb-F. Heat capacity and specific heat are interchangeable. See heat for more related terms (EPA-86/03). Specific humidity: See humidity ratio. See also humidity for more related terms. Specific property: The value of an extensive property divided by the mass of the system. The value becomes an intensive property and is called a specific property. See property for more related terms (Jones-60, p12).
authorized to be released, (f) A general description of the purpose for the release of the medical information, and (g) A date or condition upon which the written authorization will expire (if less than one year). (2) A written authorization does not operate to authorize the release of medical information not in existence on the date of written authorization, unless the release of future information is expressly authorized, and does not operate for more than one year from the date of written authorization. (3) A written authorization may be revoked in writing prospectively at any time (29CFR1910.20-91).
Specific yield (SY): The amount of water that a unit volume of saturated permeable rock will yield when drained by gravity (NavyIEnv-04). Specific yield of water: The amount of water that can be obtained from the pores or cracks of a unit volume of soil or rock. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104).
Specific resistance: See electrical resistivity.
Specific yield: The amount of water a unit volume of saturated permeable rock will yield when drained by gravity (EPA-97/12).
Specific retention (SR): The amount of water that will not drain from a unit amount of material by gravity and remains attached to the solids or the material (NavyEnv-04).
Specific yield: The ratio of the volume of water that will drain under the influence of gravity to the volume of saturated rock (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Specific storage coefficient (SS): The volume of water which a unit volume of an aquifer releases from storage or adds to it per unit decline or rise in the average head within the unit volume of the aquifer (NavyIEnv-04).
Specification: A clear and accurate description of the technical requirements for materials, products, or services, identifying the minimum requirements for quality and construction of materials and equipment necessary for an acceptable product. In general, specifications are in the form of written descriptions, drawings, prints, commercial designations, industry standards, and other see also descriptive references (40CFR246.101-91, 40CFR247.101; 248.4; 249.04; 250.4; 252.4; 253.4-91).
Specific surface: The solid surface area per unit weight or volume of the solid material. Specific volume: The volume of a system divided by the mass of substances in the system. It is the reciprocal of density or the volume per unit mass. It can be expressed as: v = (volume)/(mass) = V/m = l/d, where v = specific volume, V = volume, mass = mass, d = density. Specific weight: Also known as density. It is the weight of a substance divided by its volume, or the weight per unit volume. It can be expressed as: w = (weight)/(volume) = (force)/(volume) = (mglgJV = dglg,, where: m = mass; g = local acceleration of gravity; V = volume; d = density; gc= 32.1 7 (lbm-ft)/(lbf-sec2)= 1 (slug-ft)/(lbf-sec2)= 1 (kg mass-m)/(newton-sec2) = 1 (g masscm)/(dyne-sec2)(Holman-74, p18). Specific written consent: (1) A written authorization containing the following: (a) The name and signature of the employee authorizing the release of medical information, (b) The date of the written authorization, (c) The name of the individual or organization that is authorized to release the medical information, (d) The name of the designated representative (individual or organization) that is authorized to receive the released information, (e) A general description of the medical information that is
Specification: For more related terms, see (1) Contract specification; (2) Guide specification; (3) Listed specification; (4) Material specification; (5) Performance specification; (6) Prohibit specification; and (7) Withdraw specification. Specified air contaminant: Any air contaminant as to which this section contains emission standards or other specific limitations. See air contaminant for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). Specified minimum yield strength (SMYS): (1) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with a listed specification, the yield strength specified a minimum in that specification; or (2) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with an unknown or unlisted specification, the yield strength determined in accordance with 40CFR192.1 O7(b) (40CFR192.3-91). Specified minimum yield strength: The minimum yield strength, expressed in pounds per square inch, prescribed by the specification under which the material is purchased from the manufacturer (40CFRl95.2-91).
Specified ports and harbors: Those port and harbor areas on inland rivers, and land areas immediately adjacent to those waters, where the USCG acts as predesignated on-scene coordinator. Precise locations are determined by EPARJSCG regional agreements and identified in federal regional contingency plans (40CFR300.5-91).
Spectroscope: An optical instrument that produces a spectrum for visual observation. The instrument consists of: (1) A hollow tube; (2) A slit at one end of the tube to let light enter into the tube; (3) A collimator lens at the other end to produce a parallel beam; (4) A prism or grating to disperse the light; and (5) A telescope for viewing the spectrum (cf. spectrograph). (6) cf. mass spectroscope.
Specimen: Any material derived from a test system for examination or analysis (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.391).
Spectroscopy: Studies of producing and analyzing spectra by using various instruments such as spectroscopes, spectrometers, spectrographs, etc. Other spectroscopy-related terms include (1) Infrared spectroscopy; (2) Mass spectroscopy; and (3) Photoelectron spectroscopy.
Spectral model: The solution of a set of equations describing a given problem by an eigenfunction expansion (NATO-78/10). Spectrograph: An instrument with one slit that uses photography to obtain a record of a spectral range simultaneously. The radiant power passing through the optical system is integrated over time, and the quantity recorded is a function of radiant energy (LBG 76107-air). It is a spectroscope equipped with a camera to record the spectrum (cf. spectroscope) Spectrometer: An instrument with an entrance slit and one or more exit slits, with which measurements are made either by scanning the spectral range, point by point, or by simultaneous measurements at several spectral positions. The quantity measured is a function of radiant power (cf. emission spectrometer) (LBL76107-air). It is a spectroscope equipped with a calibrated scale either for measurement of refractive indices of transparent prism materials or equipped with photoelectric photometer to measure radiant intensities at various wavelengths. A spectrometer equipped with the photoelectric photometer (detector) is also known as a spectrophotometer. Spectrometer: Spectrometer-related terms include (1) Infrared spectrometer; (2) Mass spectrometer (MS); and (3) Optical spectrometer. Spectrometry: Branch of physical science treating the measurement of spectra (cf. mass spectrometry) (LBL-76107-bio). Spectrophotometer: A spectrometer with associated equipment, so designed that it fhmishes the ratio, or a function of the ratio, of the radiant power of two beams as a function of spectral position. The two beams may be separated in time, space, or both (LBG 76107-air). See also spectrometer. Spectrophotometric titration: A titration method in which a spectrophotometer is used to measure the radiant energy absorption of a solution at each addition of a titrant until the end point is reached. See titration for more related terms. Spectrophotometry:A method of analyzing a wastewater sample by means of the spectra emitted by its constituents under exposure to light (EPA-83106a). It is a technique to measure the wavelength range of radiant energy absorbed by a sample under analysis.
Spectrum: A distribution of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength (light spectrum), mass (mass spectrum), frequency (sound spectrum), etc. (cf. absorption spectrum). Spectrum: The description of a sound wave's components of frequency and amplitude (NCNsound-04). Speech intelligibility: The ability of a listener to hear and correctly interpret verbal messages. In a classroom with high ceilings and hard parallel surfaces such as glass and tile, speech intelligibility is a particular problem. Sound bounces off walls, ceilings, and floor, distorting the teacher's instructions and interfering with students' ability to comprehend (NCNsound-04). Speech privacy: The degree to which speech is unintelligible between offices. Three ratings are used: Confidential, Normal (Non Obtrusive), Minimal (NCNsound-04). Speech: The act of speaking. A child learns to speak by imitating those people around him. It is important that a child can hear proper speech. "we speak what we hear1' (NCNsound-04). Spent acid solution (or spent pickle liquor): Those solutions of steel pickling acids which have been used in the pickling process and are discharged or removed therefrom (40CFR420.91-91). Spent cooking liquor: The cooking liquor after digestion containing lignaceous, as well as chemical, materials. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Spent hypo solution: A solution consisting of a photographic film fixing bath and wash water which contains unreduced silver from film processing (EPA-83103a). Spent lubricant: The water or an oil-water mixture which is used in forming operations to reduce friction, heat, and wear and ultimately discharged. See lubricant for more related terms (40CFR468.02-91). Spent material: Any material that has been used and as a result of contamination can no longer serve the purpose for which it was produced without processing. See material for more related terms (40CFR261.1-91).
Spent material: Materials that have been used and can no longer serve the purpose for which they were produced without processing (RCMazardous-04).
Spill event: A discharge of oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines in harmful quantities, as defined at 40CFR110 (40CFR112.2-91).
Spent nuclear fuel: Fuel elements and other materials (such as uranium 238 "targets" used to produce plutonium) that have been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (OMBIReg-04).
Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCC): A contingency plan covering the release of hazardous substances as defined in the Clean Water Act. The SPCC identifies emergency control measures, points of contact, the chain of command, and individual responsibilities within the plan (NavyIEnv-04).
Spent nuclear fuel: The fuel that has been withdrawn from a nuclear reactor following irradiation, the constituent elements of which have not been separated by reprocessing. See nuclear fuel for more related terms (40CFR191.02-91). Spent pickle liquor: See spent acid solution.
Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCC): A plan prepared by a facility to minimize the likelihood of a spill and to expedite control and cleanup activities should a spill occur (CWAIwastewater-04).
Spider: A wheel-like casting consisting of a rim and radial spokes; assembly of radiating tie rods (EPA-83).
Spill prevention control and countermeasures: Regulations establishing spill prevention procedures and equipment requirements for nontransportation-related facilities with certain aboveground or underground storage capacities that could reasonably be expected to discharge oil into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines (RCMazardous-04).
Spike material: A material of known or established concentration added to samples and analyzed to assess the bias of measurements (EPA-84/03).
Spill Prevention, containment, and countermeasures plan (SPCP): Plan covering the release of hazardous substances as defined in the Clean Water Act (EPA-97/12).
Spike: A sharp point. Other spike-related terms include (1) Analysis matrix spike; (2) Field matrix spike; (3) Internal standard spike; (4) Laboratory matrix spike; (5) Non-target analyte spike; and (6) Target analyte spiking.
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC): A plan that outlines how a facility will prevent oil spills, as well as how it plans to control and contain an oil spill to keep it from reaching surface water. Examples include installing a secondary containment such as a dike, and making sure oil tanks are located within a fenced or locked area (SFIremedy-04).
Sphagnum: A grayish moss growing in dense layers in bogs, that eventually foms peat (DOI-70104). Sphalerite: Zinc sulfide (ZnS) (EPA-82/05).
Spike: Known amounts of specific chemical constituents added by the laboratory to selected samples to test the appropriateness and recover efficiencies of specific analytical methods within the actual sample matrices (NavyIEnv-04). Spill area: The area of soil on which visible traces of the spill can be observed plus a buffer zone of 1 foot beyond the visible traces. Any surface or object (e.g., concrete sidewalk or automobile) within the visible traces area or on which visible traces of the spilled material are observed is included in the spill area. This area represents the minimum area assumed to be contaminated by PCBs in the absence of precleanup sampling data and is thus the minimum area which must be cleaned (40CFR761.123-91). Spill boundaries: The actual area of contamination as determined by postcleanup verification sampling or by precleanup sampling to determine actual spill boundaries. EPA can require additional cleanup when necessary to decontaminate all areas within the spill boundaries to the levels required in this policy (e.g., additional cleanup will be required if postcleanup sampling indicates that the area decontaminated by the responsible party, such as the spill area as defined in this section, did not encompass that actual boundaries of PCB contamination) (40CFR761.123-91).
Spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC): Developed by the EPA's Oil Spill Program to aid in the prevention, assessment, control, and treatment of oil spills. The guidelines are often used to help draft plans of action when dealing with oil spill disasters (SFIremedy-04). Spill: Both intentional and unintentional spills, leaks, and other uncontrolled discharges where the release results in any quantity of PCBs running off or about to run off the external surface of the equipment or other PCB source, as well as the contamination resulting from those releases. This policy applies to spills of 50 ppm or greater PCBs. The concentration of PCBs spilled is determined by the PCB concentration in the material onto which the PCBs were spilled. Where a spill of untested mineral oil occurs, the oil is presumed to contain greater than 50 ppm, but less than 500 ppm, PCBs and is subject to the relevant requirements of this policy (40CFR761.123-91; EPA-84/08). Spindle: The fine threads of achromatic material in the cell nucleus arranged in a spindle-shaped manner during mitosis (LBL-76107-bio).
Spinning reserve: The sum of the unutilized net generating capability of all units of the electric utility company that are synchronized to the power distribution system and that are capable of immediately accepting additional load. The electric generating capability of equipment under multiple ownership is prorated based on ownership unless the proportional entitlement to electric output is otherwise established by contractual arrangement (40CFR60.41a-91, see also EPA-82/11f). Spinning solution preparation system: The equipment used to prepare spinning solutions; the system includes equipment for mixing, filtering, blending, and storage of the spinning solutions (40CFR60.601-91). Spinning solution: The mixture of polymer, prepolymer, or copolymer and additives dissolved in solvent. The solution is prepared at a viscosity and solvent-to-polymerratio that is suitable for extrusion into fibers (40CFR60.601-91). Spiral classifier: A classifier for separating fine-size solids from coarser solids in a wet pulp consisting of an interrupted-flight screw conveyer, operating in an inclined trough (EPA-75/10c). Spit: A small point or low tongue or narrow embankment of land having one end attached to the mainland and the other terminating in open water (CWNWbasics-04). Splash loading: A method of loading a tank, railroad tank car, tank truck, or trailer by use of other than a submerged loading pipe. See loading for more related terms (40CFR52.741-91). Split sample: A sample divided into two portions, one of which is sent to a different organization or laboratory and subjected to the same environmental conditions and steps in the measurement process as the one retained in-house. See sample for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Split sample: A sample prepared by dividing it into two or more equal volumes, so that each volume is considered a separate sample but representative of the entire sample (CWNWbasics-04). Split sample: A split sample may be used to assess intra- or interlaboratory precision of the measurement process. Field split samples are obtained by preparing two (or more) individual sample aliquots after thorough homogenization, in the field, of a single sample. A field split sample may be used to determine intralaboratory precision if the split samples are submitted to a single laboratory. A field split sample may be used to determine interlaboratory precision if the split samples are submitted to different laboratories. The degree to which split precision data represent a true measure of laboratory precision is limited by the degree to which the sample is homogenized in the field. If the field sample is not effectively homogenized, the resultant data may not be used to assess laboratory precision (SA-04).
Split spoon sampler: A hollow, tubular sampling device driven by a 140 pound weight below the depth of drilling to retrieve representative samples of the formation (Navy~Env-04). Split: An imperfection; crack or check going from surface to surface of a glass article (EPA-83). Split: Any division or branch of the ventilating current. Also, the workings ventilated by one branch. Also, to divide a pillar by driving one or more roads through it (CWNmining-04). Spoil material: An overburden that is removed from above the coal seam; usually deposited in previously mined areas (cf. overburden) (EPA-82/10). Spoil: Dirt or rock removed from its original location--destroying the composition of the soil in the process-as in strip-mining, dredging, or construction (EPA-97/12). Spoil: Overburden or other waste material removed in mining, quarrying, dredging, or excavating (CWNWbasics-04). Spoil: Soil or rock that has been removed from its original location (EPA-83). Sponge: A highly porous metal powder (EPA-84/08). Sponsor: (1) A person who initiates and supports, by provision of financial or other resources, a study; (2) A person who submits a study to the EPA in support of an application for a research or marketing permit; or (3) A testing facility, if it both initiates and actually conducts the study (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR790.3; 792.3-91). Sport utility vehicle (SUV): The vehicle features ruggedness like a truck and (usually) luxury interior like a sedan. Like many truck models, S W s are not usually thought of as particularly fuel efficient. Spotter: In truck, the man who directs a driver into a loading or unloading position (SW-1O8ts). Sprawl: Unplanned development of open land (EPA-97/12). Spray application: A method of applying coatings by atomizing and directing the atomized spray toward the part to be coated (40CFR60.311-91,see also 40CFR60.391; 721.3-91). Spray booth: A structure housing automatic or manual spray application equipment where prime coat, guide coat, or topcoat is applied to components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91, see also 40CFR60.45 1; 60.721-91 ; EPA82/1le). Spray chamber (or spray tower): One of air pollution control devices. A spray chamber is a chamber (or a tower) equipped with
water sprays that cool and clean incinerator combustion products passing through the chamber. It removes contaminants by a gas absorption process. The scrubbing liquid is atomized by high pressure spray nozzles into small droplets in the scrubbing chamber. The dirty gases pass through the spray droplets in either countercurrent, concurrent, or cross flow direction. The dirty gas stream velocity decreases as it enters the chamber; the contaminants in the gas stream are wetted and are absorbed by droplets. The wetted particles then settle and are collected at the bottom of the chamber. The outlet of the chamber is sometimes equipped with eliminator plates to help prevent the liquid from being discharged with the clean air stream. Its efficiency is low except for coarse dust. The spray chamber is a low-energy scrubber used to control large-particle emissions and is extensively used as a gas cooler. A spray tower is a relatively simple scrubber. Its major components consist of a hollow cylindrical steel vessel; and spray nozzles for injecting the scrubbing liquid. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40). Spray dryer absorber: One of air pollution control devices. This type of scrubber uses the alkaline reagent (pebble lime) as a slurry containing 5 to 20% by weight solids. This sluny is atomized by either rotary atomizers or air atomizing nozzles in a large absorber vessel having a residence time of 6 to 20 seconds. Since the primary removal mechanism is absorption into the droplets, drying that is too rapid can reduce pollutant collection efficiency. The absorbers are operated with exist temperatures 90 to 180 F above the saturation temperature. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02): Major components of a dry scrubber include (1) Lime slaker, if pebble lime is purchased. (2) Sorbent mixing tank. (3) Sorbent feed tank. (4) Atomizer feed tank. (5) Rotary atomizers or air atomizing nozzles. (6) Spray dryer absorber reaction vessel. (7) Solids recycle tank. (8) Particulate control device. Spray dryer and dry injection system combination: One of air pollution control devices. The acid gas laden flue gas is first treated in an upflow type spray dryer absorber. A series of calcium hydroxide sprays near the bottom of the absorber vessel are used for droplet generation. After the upflow chamber, the partially treated flue gas then passes through a venturi contactor section where it is exposed to a calcium silicate and lime suspension. The purpose of the second reagent material is to remove the dust cake in the downstream fabric filter and to optimize acid gas removal in this dust cake. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-89/02). Spray dryer: A vessel where hot flue gases are contacted with a finely atomized wet alkaline spray. See also FGD spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA81/12, p8-24). Spray drying tower (or blowing tower): A large vessel in which solids in solution or suspension are dried by falling through a hot gas (EPA-74104~).
Spray evaporation: A method of wastewater disposal in which water is sprayed into the air to expedite evaporation (EPA-74/04). Spray finishing operations: Spray finishing operations are employment of methods wherein organic or inorganic materials are utilized in dispersed form for deposit on surfaces to be coated, treated, or cleaned. Such methods of deposit may involve either automatic, manual, or electrostatic deposition but do not include metal spraying or metallizing, dipping, flow coating, roller coating, tumbling, centrifuging, or spray washing and degreasing as conducted in self-contained washing and degreasing machines or systems (29CFR1910.94~-91). Spray in place foam: The rigid cellular polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foam produced by catalyzed chemical reactions that hardens at the site of the work. The term includes spray applied and injected applications (40CFR248.4-91). Spray in place insulation: The insulation material that is sprayed onto a surface or into cavities and includes cellulose fiber spray-on as well as plastic rigid foam products (40CFR248.4-91). Spray irrigation (soil irrigation or soil percolation): Transport of sludge or wastewater to a distribution system from which it is sprayed over an area of land. The liquid percolates into the soil and/or evaporates. None of the sludge or wastewater runs off the imgated area. See land treatment for more related terms (EPA79112a). Spray irrigation: A common imgation method where water is shot from high-pressure sprayers onto crops. Because water is shot high into the air onto crops, some water is lost to evaporation (CWAIWscience-04). Spray module (or powered spray module): A water cooling device consisting of a pump and spray nozzle or nozzles mounted on floats and moored in the body of water to be cooled. Heat is transferred principally by evaporation from the water drops as they fall through the air (EPA-8211 If). Spray nozzle (or nozzle): A device used for the controlled introduction of scrubbing liquid at predetermined rates, distribution patterns, pressures, and droplet sizes (EPA-89103b). Types of spray nozzles include (1) Impingement nozzle. (2) Solid cone nozzle. (3) Helical spray nozzle (EPA-84/03b, p2-2). Spray rinse: A process which utilizes the expulsion of water through a nozzle as a means of rinsing (EPA-83106a). Spray room: A spray room is a room in which spray-finishing operations not conducted in a spray booth are performed separately from other areas (29CFR1910.94~-91). Spray tower scrubber: A device that sprays alkaline water into a chamber where acid gases are present to aid in neutralizing the gas (EPA-97/12).
Spray tower: See spray chamber. Spray washing: A method of washing film or paper using a spray rather than an immersion tank as a means of conserving water (EPA-80110). Spray: Liquid droplets created by mechanical disintegration, found in absorbers and some particulate control devices (EPA84/09). Spreader stoker incinerator: An incinerator in which solid fuel is introduced to the combustion zone by a mechanism that throws the fuel onto a grate from above. Combustion takes place both in suspension and on the grate. See incinerator for more related terms. Spreader stoker steam generating unit: A steam generating unit in which solid fuel is introduced to the combustion zone by a mechanism that throws the fuel onto a grate fiom above. Combustion takes place both in suspension and on the grate (40CFR60.41b-91). Spring melffthaw: The process whereby warm temperatures melt winter snow and ice. Because various fotms of acid deposition may have been stored in the frozen water, the melt can result in abnormally large amounts of acidity entering streams and rivers, sometimes causing fish kills (EPA-97/12). Spring: A continuous or intermittent flow of water from the ground (DOI-70104). Spring: Groundwater seeping out of the earth where the water table intersects the ground surface (EPA-97/12).
Squeeze: The settling, without breaking, of the roof and the gradual upheaval of the floor of a mine due to the weight of the overlying strata (CWNmining-04). Stability (of the atmosphere): The atmosphere's tendency to resist or enhance vertical mo on or, alternatively, to suppress or augment existing turbulence. Stability is related to both wind shear and temperature in the vertical, but generally the latter is used as an indicator of the condition (DOE-91/04). Stability: (1) A measure of instrument drift. This is a general term and does no specify whether the value is zero drift or span drift (LBL-76107-bio). (2) A measure of the length of time. A measuring system, once calibrated, continues to measure the actual parameter value within the calibrated accuracy without the need for adjustment or recalibration. Stability performance is based upon the measurement of standard calibrating solutions with an uncontaminated sensor (LBL76107-water). Stability: In air modeling, atmospheric stability refers to the degree of turbulence in the ambient air. It may vary widely from hour to hour and day to day, and is represented in models by turbulent stability "classes." Under conditions of low turbulence, dispersion of pollutants is limited (cf. atmospheric stability) (EPA88/09). Stability: Property of a bleached pulp to retain its brightness against age, heat, etc. (EPA-83). Stability: The state or quality of being stable.
Spring: Place where a concentrated discharge of groundwater flows at the ground surface (CWANbasics-04).
Stabilization lagoon: A shallow artificial pond used for the treatment of wastewater. Treatment includes removal of solid material through sedimentation, the decomposition of organic material by bacteria, and the removal of nutrients by algae (CAA/COzgas1-04).
Sprinkling filter: See trickling filter.
Stabilization ponds: See lagoon (EPA-97/12).
Sputtering: A process to deposit a thin layer of a metal on a solid surface in a vacuum. Ions bombard a cathode which emits the metal atoms (EPA-83/03).
Stabilization: (1) A treatment process whereby chemical molecules become chemically bound by a stabilizing agent (e.g., clay, humic materials), reducing the mobility of the contaminant in groundwater, soil, or sediment. (2) Conversion of the active organic matter in sludge into inert, harmless material (NavyEnv04).
Square cut glass: An optical glass cut in small squares, separated and designated by weight. See glass for more related terms (EPA83). Square sheet: Papers with equal tensile and tearing strength in machine and cross machine directions (EPA-83). Square wave thermal pulse: A thermal field reactor characterized by very small (3 milli second) time duration between temperature of inlet and exit gas in the reactor (EPA-88/12). Squeeze out: See flashing.
Stabilization: Conversion of the active organic matter in sludge into inert, harmless material (EPA-97/12). Stabilizer: (1) A substance added to nitrocellulose propellants to prevent decomposition product from catalyzing further decomposition (EPA-76/03). (2) A chemical bath, usually the last in a processing cycle, that imparts greater life to a processed photographic film or paper through one of several preserving steps (EPA-80l10).
Stable air: A motionless mass of air that holds, instead of dispersing, pollutants (EPA-97/12). Stable air: An air mass that remains in the same position rather than moving in its normal horizontal and vertical directions. Stable air does not disperse pollutants and can lead to high build-up of air pollution. See air for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Stable plume: The situation in which a groundwater plume margin is stationary and concentrations at points within the plume do not change over time (NavyIEnv-04). Stack (chimney or smoke stack): Any chimney, flue, conduit, or duct arranged to conduct emissions (or combustion products) to the ambient air (cf. flue) (40CFR129.2-91, see also 40CFR5 1.10091; EPA-84/09; 89103b). Example: Determine the stack crosssectional area and flue gas discharge velocity. Data: Stack diameter = 1.2 ft, flow rate = 1461.5 acfm. See example in actual cubic feet per minute. Solution: Stack cross-sectional area (A) = 3.14(diameter)'/4 = 3.14(1.2)'/4 = 1.131 sq ft; and discharge velocity = flow ratdA = 1461.5/1.131 = 21.5 fWsec.
Stack gas analytical methods for multiple metals train: (1) Analytical parameter: Metals. (2) Analytical method: See Table 13 (EPA-89/06). Stack gas analytical methods for Mylar gas bag: (1) Analytical parameter: C02, 0'. (2) Analytical method: EPA method 3. Stack gas analytical methods for semi-VOST: Includes: (1) Filter, probe rinse. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: See Appendix A (EPA-89/06). (2) XAD-2. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: GUMS. (3) Condensate. (a) Analytical parameter: SV-POHC. (b) Analytical method: not specified. Stack gas analytical methods for Tedlar gas bag: (1) Analytical parameter: V-POHC. (2) Analytical method: Transfer to Tenax trap and GUMS per SW-846, method 5040. Stack gas analytical methods for VOST: (1) Analytical parameter: V-POHC. (2) Analytical method: W/MS per SW-846, method 5040.
Stack (chimney or smoke stack): For more related terms, see (1) Bypass stack; (2) Dump stack; (3) Emergency safety stack (see dump stack); (4) Evase stack; (5) Inactive stack; and (6) Multiple stack.
Stack gas CO concentration: Each combustion system has a typical operating range for CO. If a stack gas CO concentration goes above this typical range, combustion problems are likely. See combustion indicator for more related terms (EPA-89103b).
Stack effect: Air, as in a chimney, that moves upward because it is warmer than the ambient atmosphere (EPA-97/12).
Stack gas oxygen concentration: The stack gas oxygen concentration provides a measure of excess air. Waste incinerators typically operate at 140 to 200% excess air which roughly corresponds to 12 to 14% oxygen concentration in the stack gas. See combustion indicator for more related tenns (EPA-89103b).
Stack effect: Flow of air resulting from warm air rising, creating a positive pressure area at the top of a building and negative pressure area at the bottom. This effect can overpower the mechanical system and disrupt building ventilation and air circulation (EPA-97/12). Stack effect: The vertical movement of hot gases in a stack that results because they are hotter (lighter) than the atmosphere (SW108ts). Stack emissions: (1) Air emissions from a combustion facility stack (EPA-89/11). (2) The particulate matter captured and released to the atmosphere through a stack, chimney, or flue (40CFR60.381-91, see also 40CFR60.671-91). (3) See emission for more related terms. Stack end frame: A frame used to compress the individual cells of a fuel cell assembly together to maintain electrical conductivity. Also may be known as an end plate or compression end plate. Stack gas analytical methods for M5 train: Includes: (1) Filter, probe rinse. (a) Analytical parameter: Particulate. (b) Analytical method: EPA method 5. (2) Water impinger and caustic impinger. (a) Analytical parameter: Cr(HC1). (b) Analytical method: ion chromatography or EPA 352.2.
Stack gas sampling methods: Includes: (1) Particulate, Cl-(HCI), H20, nonvolatile metals (if present in feed): M5 trial with appropriate solutions in one or more of the impingers. (2) Semivolatile and nonvolatile POHCs: Semi-VOST (SW-846 method 0010). (3) Volatile POHCs: VOST (SW-846 method 0030). (4) C02, 0': EPA method 3 Orsat analysis of integrated bag sample. (5) CO: Continuous monitor. (6) Volatile metals (if presented in feed): Sampling method: M5 train with appropriate solutions in the second impinger (EPA-89/06, p13 & 22). Stack gas: See flue gas (EPA-97/12). Stack in existence: That the owner or operator had: (1) Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of physical on-site construction of the stack; or (2) Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which could not be cancelled or modified without substantial loss to the owner or operator, to undertake a program of construction of the stack to be completed within a reasonable time (40CFR51.100-91). Stack life: Stack life for a fuel cell is similar to the lifetime for any other apparatus. It is the cumulative period of time that a fuel
cell stack can operate before its output deteriorates below a useful minimum value.
Stack sampling: The collecting of representative samples of gaseous and particulate matter that flows through a duct or stack. See sampling for more related terms (SW-108ts).
Stage digestion: The digestion of wastewater in several stages which may all be connected in series. See digester for more related terms. Stage I1 controls: Systems placed on service station gasoline pumps to control and capture gasoline vapors during refueling.
Stack test: Experimental work to test the performance of a stack of fuel cells. The key parameters of testing include current output at a specific cell voltage point, continuous voltage, and continuous current.
Stage trickling filter: The treatment of wastewater in more than one trickling filters. See filter for more related terms.
Stack tip downwash: The downward motion of the plume caused by the formation of a low pressure area in the wake of a stack (EPA-88/09).
Stage: Height of the water surface above an established datum plane, such as in a river above a predetermined point that may (or may not) be at the channel floor (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Stack: A chimney, smokestack, or vertical pipe that discharges used air (EPA-97/12).
Stage: The height of a water surface above an established datum plane; also gage height (CWAhydrology-04).
Stack: For fuel cells, a stack consists of several individual fuel cell components usually connected in series. Each fuel cell component is comprised of an anode, electrolyte, and a cathode.
Stage: The height of the water surface above an established datum plane, such as in a river above a predetermined point that may (or may not) be near the channel floor (CWAIWquality-04).
Stacked capacitor: A device containing multiple layers of dielectric and conducting materials and designed to store electrical charge (EPA-83/03).
Stage-capacity curve: A graph showing the relation between the surface elevation of the water in a reservoir, usually plotted as ordinate, against the volume below that elevation, plotted as abscissa (CWAhydrology-04).
Stacking: The process of connecting individual fuel cells together in a series structure. Stage aeration: The aeration of activated sludge in more than one stages. Each stage may include both sedimentation tank and sludge return systems. See aeration for more related terms. Stage combustion (or off-stoichiometric combustion): One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). During staged combustion, air and fuel mixtures are combusted in two separate zones. In one zone, the fuel is fired with less than a stoichiometric amount of air. This creates a fuel rich local zone in the regions of the primary flame. The second zone is an air rich zone where the remainder of the combustion air is introduced to complete the combustion of the fuel. The reasons for reducing the NO, emissions by this technique are: (1) Lack of available oxygen for NO, formation. (2) Temperature is lower, because combustion is incomplete. (3) The air mixed with the fuel is sub-stoichiometric in the NO, forming region of the flame, thus creating a low NO, condition (EPA81/12, p7-8). Stage construction: In waste treatment, the building of wastewater treatment plants in steps, so that treatment units serving a small group of homes can be expanded as additional homes are built (DOI-70104).
Stage, flood: See flood stage (CWAhydrology-04).
Stage-discharge curve (rating curve): A graph showing the relation between the gage height, usually plotted as ordinate, and the amount of water flowing in a channel, expressed as volume per unit of time, plotted as abscissa (CWAhydrology-04). Stage-discharge relation: The relation expressed by the stagedischarge curve (CWAhydrology-04). Stagnant zone: Air mass not flowing with the main stream (EPA88109a). Stagnation: A meteorological condition which is characterized by the occurrence of a stable air mass with low wind speeds that persists over several days. High concentrations of air pollution may occur caused by the accumulation of pollutants in this air mass (NATO-78110). Stagnation: Lack of motion in a mass of air or water that holds pollutants in place (EPA-97/12). Stain: A solution or suspension of coloring matter in a vehicle designed primarily to be applied to create color effects rather than to form a protective coating. A transparent or semi-opaque coating that colors without completely obscuring the grain of the surface (EPA-79112b). Stainless steel: The steels which have good or excellent corrosion resistance. (One of the common grades contains 18% chromium
and 8% nickel). There are three broad classes of stainless steels: ferritic; austenitic; and martensitic. These various classes are produced through the use of various alloying elements in differing quantities. See steel for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Standard bushel: A bushel of shelled corn weighing 56 pounds (40CFR406.11; 406.2 1; 406.4 1-91).
Stakeholder: A person, group, or community who has an interest in activities at a hazardous waste site (SFhealth-04).
Standard condition: A test or operating conditions that have been predetermined to be the basis of the test or operation in order to have reproducible, comparable sets of test data. See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations.
Stakeholder: Any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a stake in or may be impacted by a given approach to environmental regulation, pollution prevention, energy conservation, etc. (EPA-97/12). Stakeholders: Individuals, or groups of individuals, interested in or affected by agency operations or cleanup activities (OMBIReg04). Stall barn: The specialized facilities wherein producing cows and replacement cows are milked and fed in a fixed location (40CFR412.11-91). Stamping: A general term covering almost all press operations. It includes blanking, shearing, hot or cold forming, drawing, bending, and coining (EPA-83106a). Standard (or limitation): In analytical standards: (1) Primary standards: A substance or item the value of which can be accepted (within stated limits) and used without question to establish the same value of another substance or item; and (2) Secondary standards: A substance or item the value of which is based on some primary standards (ACS-87/11). Standard (or limitation): For more related terms, see (1) Calibration standard; (2) Instrument check standard; (3) Primary standard; and (4) Secondary standard. Standard air: Dry air weighing 0.075 pounds per cubic foot at sea level (29.92 inches barometric pressure) and 70 F (EPA-83). Standard atmospheric pressure: The average atmospheric pressure at sea level, 45 degrees north latitude at 35 F. It is equivalent to a pressure of 14.696 pound-force per square inch (psia) exerted at the base of a column of mercury 29.92 inches high. In SI (System International) units, this pressure is equal to 101.325 kPa. In the metric system, the average atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg or 1 atm. Weather and altitude are responsible for barometric pressure variations. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-8 1112, p2-3; 85/09). Standard boiling point: The temperature at which the pressure of the saturated vapor of a liquid is the same as the standard pressure. The measured boiling point is dependent on the atmospheric pressure. This dependence can be described quantitatively by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (provided in this subpart) (40CFR796.1220-91).
Standard calomel electrode: See calomel electrode.
Standard condition: In engineering calculation, typical standard conditions for engineering applications include a temperature of 70 F and a pressure of 14.7 psia (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.2; 60.5 1a-91). Standard condition: In fuel cell application, typical standard conditions for fuel cells include fuel and oxidant flow rates and ratios, temperature, pressure, electrode area, catalyst loading, etc. Standard cubic feet: The volume of one cubic foot of a dry gas measured at standard conditions (in the British system, they are a temperature at 70 F and an absolute pressure at 14.7 psia). Standard cubic foot (scf): The volume of one cubic foot of gas at standard conditions (40CFR52.741-91). Standard cubic meter: The volume of one cubic meter of a dry gas measured at standard conditions (in the metric system, they are a temperature at 20 C and an absolute pressure at 760 millimeters [mm] mercury column). Standard curve: A curve that plots concentrations of known analyte standard versus instrument response to the analyte. Standard day conditions: The standard ambient conditions as described in the United States Standard Atmosphere, 1976, (i.e., temperature = 15 degrees C, specific humidity = 0.00 kg/H20/kg dry air, and pressure = 101325 Pa) (40CFR87.1-91). Standard deviation: A measure of the dispersion about the average (mean) of the elements in a sample. An estimate of the standard deviation of a population (EPA-84/03). Standard deviation: Statistical measure of the dispersion or scatter of a series of values. It is the square root of the variance, which is calculated as the sum of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean, divided by the number of values in the series minus 1 (CWAIWbasics-04). Standard deviation: The square root of the variance of a set of values. A statistic used as a measure of dispersion, or separation, in a distribution of values. Small standard deviations represent closer values and smaller distribution of those values (NavytEnv04).
Standard electrode (or reference electrode): An electrode with a known potential in a half cell which is used to measure the electrode potential of other cells. See electrode for more related terms. Standard electrode potential: The measurement of potential relative to a standard hydrogen half cell. See electrode for more related tams. Standard enthalpy of reaction: A change in enthalpy of formation (at a standard state of 298 K and 1 atm) for a given chemical reaction (cf. enthalpy) (EPA-88/12). Standard environmental record sources: Record sources including, but not limited to, the following state and federal recording systems: the NPL, CERCLIS List, RCRATSD Facilities List, LUST List, and Solid Waste/Landfill Facilities List (USDNwater-04). Standard equipment: Those features or equipment which are marketed on a vehicle over which the purchaser can exercise no choice (40CFR86.082.2-91). Standard ferromanganese: That alloy as defined by ASTM Designation A9976 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17) (40CFR60.261-91). Standard for sewage sludge use or disposal: The regulations promulgated pursuant to section 405(d) of the CWA which govern minimum requirements for sludge quality, management practices, and monitoring and reporting applicable to sewage sludge or the use or disposal of sewage sludge by any person (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR501.2-91). Standard for the development of test data: A prescription of: (1) (a) Health and environmental effects; and (b) Information relating to toxicity, persistence, and other characteristics which affect health and the environment, for which test data for a chemical substance or mixture are to be developed and any analysis that is to be performed on such data; and (2) To the extent necessary to assure that data respecting such effects and characteristics are reliable and adequate: (a) The manner in which such data are to be developed; (b) The specification of any test protocol or methodology to be employed in the development of such data; and (c) Such other requirements as are necessary to provide such assurance (TSCA3-15U.S.C.2602-91). Standard form: A government standard form (e.g., GSA Standard Form 118) (SDWNradionuclide-04). Standard historical sources: Information on the history of property usage which includes, but is not limited to, land title records, building department records, fire insurance maps, and local street directories (USDNwater-04).
Standard impinger: A specific instrument employing wet impingement, typically using a liquid volume of 75 ml and a gas flow of 1 cu. ft. per min. See impinger for more related terms. Standard industrial classification (SIC) code: A code number system used to identify various types of industries. The code numbers are published by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. A particular industry may have more than one SIC code if it conducts several types of commercial or manufacturing activities on site (CWNwastewater-04). Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code: SIC defines industries in accordance with the composition and structure of the economy and covers the entire field of economic activity (EPA83106a). SIC code is used by the US. Department of Commerce to denote segments of industry (EPA-87110a). Standard industrial classification code (SIC code): A method of grouping industries with similar products or services and assigning codes to these groups (FFDCNpesticide-04). Standard industrial classification manual: The Standard Industrial Classification Manual (1987), Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742) (40CFR52.741-91). Standard materials: Neat chemicals or purchased stock standards that are used as the basis for analyte quantitation or for the preparation of quality control samples (SA-04). Standard method: A method of known and demonstrated precision issued by an organization generally recognized as competent to do so. See method for more related terms (ACS8711 1). Standard of performance: A standard for the control of the discharge of pollutants which reflects the greatest degree of effluent reduction which the Administrator determines to be achievable through application of the best available demonstrated control technology, processes, operating methods, or other alternatives, including, where practicable, a standard permitting no discharge of pollutants (CWA306, see also CA.4111; 4OCFR401.11-91). Standard operating procedure (SOP): A detailed written description of how a laboratory executes a particular procedure or method. It is intended to standardize the performance of the procedure (NavyIEnv-04). Standard operating procedure (SOP): An SOP is an approved, controlled document which describes practices for a given procedure or activity, in sufficient detail that a qualified individual could use the SOP to conduct the procedure (SA-04).
Standard operating procedure: A document which describes in detail an operation analysis, or action which is commonly accepted as the preferred method for performing certain routine or repetitive tasks (40CFR30.200-91, see also 40CFR61.61-91; EPA8611Oa). Standard or limitation: Any emission standard or limitation established or publicly proposed pursuant to the Act or pursuant to any regulation under the Act (40CFR2.301-91, see also 40CFR2.302-91). Standard physical setting source: A current U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Topographic Map showing the area on which the property is located (USDNwater-04). Standard practice(s): The activities set forth in the ASTM Standard for the conduct of environmental site assessments (USDNwater-04). Standard pressure: A pressure of 760 mm of Hg (29.92 in. of Hg) (40CFR61.61-91). Standard raw waste load (SRWL): The raw waste load which characterizes a specific subcategory. This is generally computed by averaging the plant raw waste loads within a subcategory (EPA-76/03). Standard reference material: See reference material. Standard reference method: A standard method of demonstrated accuracy. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Standard sample: The aliquot of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria. See sample for more related terms (40CFR141.2-91). Standard sample: The part of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria (EPA-97/12). Standard saybolt universal (SSU): A unit for measuring kinematic viscosity (EPA-81/09). Standard solution: A solution of known concentration used for volumetric analysis. Standard sources: Readily available sources of environmental, physical setting, or historical records pertaining to the property (USDNwater-04). Standard tables: One of the Standard Tools under the RAGS Part D approach. The Standard Tables have been developed to clearly and consistently document important parameters, data, calculations, and conclusions from all stages of human health risk assessment development. Electronic templates for the Standard Tables have been developed in Lotus and Excel for ease of use by risk assessors. For each site-specific risk assessment, the Standard
Tables, related worksheets, and supporting information should first be prepared as Interim Deliverables for EPA risk assessor review, and should later be included in the Draft and Final Baseline Risk Assessment Reports. The Standard Tables may be found in Appendix A and on the electronic media provided with this guidance document. Use of the Standard Tables will standardize the reporting of human health risk assessments. The Standard Table formats can not be altered (i.e., columns can not be added, deleted, or changed); however, rows and footnotes can be added as appropriate. Standardization of the Tables is needed to achieve Superfund program-wide reporting consistency and to accomplish electronic data transfer to the Superfund database (SFIriskA-04).
Standard temperature: A temperature of 20 C (69 F) (40CFR61.61-91). Standard tools: A basic element of the RAGS Part D approach. The Standard Tools have been developed to standardize the planning, reporting, and review of SuperfUnd risk assessments. The three Standard Tools contained in the Part D approach include the Technical Approach for Risk Assessment (TARA), the Standard Tables, and Instructions for the Standard Tables (SFIriskA-04). Standard wipe test: For spills of high-concentration PCBs on solid surfaces, a cleanup to numerical surface standards and sampling by a standard wipe test to verify that the numerical standards have been met. This definition constitutes the minimum requirements for an appropriate wipe testing protocol. A standardsize template (10 centimeters [cm] x 10 cm) will be used to delineate the area of cleanup; the wiping medium will be a gauze pad or glass wool of known size which has been saturated with hexane. It is important that the wipe be performed very quickly after the hexane is exposed to air. EPA strongly recommends that the gauze (or glass wool) be prepared with the hexane in the laboratory and that the wiping medium be stored in sealed glass vials until it is used for the wipe test. Further, EPA requires the collection and testing field blanks and replicates (40CFR761.12391). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR): The ratio of observed deaths to expected deaths (EPA-92/12). Standards: Norms that impose limits on the amount of pollutants or emissions produced. EPA establishes minimum standards, but states are allowed to be stricter (EPA-97/12). Standards: Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose. For example, the format of the credit cards, phone cards, and "smart" cards that have become commonplace is derived from an IS0 International Standard. Adhering to the standard, which defines such features as an optimal thickness
(0,76 mm), means that the cards can be used worldwide. International Standards thus contribute to making life simpler, and to increasing the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use. (http://www.iso.ch/infoe/intro.htm, 2004)
Startup: The setting in operation of a source for any purpose (40CFR52.01-91, see also 40CFR52.741; 60.2; 61.02; 264.103 191). Starved air incineration: See substoichiometric combustion air.
Standby power: An independent power source that can be immediately activated to provide power for supporting the operation of a facility, should the normal power source have an unexpected failure or outage. Standby: (1) That condition in which a reactor facility is neither operable nor declared excess and in which documentary authorization exists to maintain the reactor for possible future operation (see DOE Order 5480.6) (DOE-91/04). (2) Ready for use. For example, a fuel cell can be a standby unit to provide power, should an unexpected grid power interruption occur (fcc2003). STANJAN equilibrium code: A computer program developed at the Stanford University which enables one to quickly calculate the equilibrium high-temperature (or pressure) composition of an organic mixture (EPA-88/12). Stannous chloride (SnCI): A white crystal used in reducing agents, dyes, etc. Starch [(C6HI0o5),,]:An important component of plant cells. Its exact chemical structure is unknown. Starch coated paper: The paper in which starch is used as an adhesive for pigments. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Stark Einstein law: The second law of photochemistry, states that only one molecule is activated to an excited state per photon or quantum of light absorbed. See law for more related terms (40CFR796.3700-91).
Starved air incinerator (controlled air incinerator, fixed hearth incinerator, or pyrolytic incinerator): The term "starved-air" is derived from the principle of combustion most frequently used in this type of incinerator. The combustion air to the chamber into which the waste is fed (primary combustion chamber) is strictly controlled so that the amount of air present is less than that needed for complete combustion, i.e., the chamber is "starved" for air. This type incinerator is often referred to as a controlled air incinerator because the amount and distribution of air to each combustion chamber is controlled to meet the design requirements. The unit employs a two-stage combustion process, much like rotary kilns. Waste is ram fed into the first stage, or primary chamber, and burned at roughly 50 to 80% of stoichiometric air requirements. This starved air condition causes most of the volatile fraction to be destroyed pyrolytically. The resultant smoke and pyrolytic products, consisting primarily of volatile hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, along with products of combustion, pass to the second stage, or secondary chamber. Here additional air is injected to complete combustion, which can occur either spontaneously or through the addition of supplementary fuels (cf. incinerator, excess-air). Controlled-air incinerators come in all sizes and shapes. Incinerators are available with design capacities ranging from 50 l b h (23 kgh) to 4000 Ibh (1800 kgh). Some are manually controlled, and others are automatically controlled. Some use manual waste loading and ash removal, and others are fully automated. See incinerator for more related terms (EPA-89103b; Oppelt-87/05). Starved air: See substoichiometric combustion air. State 404 program: See section 404 program.
Start of a response action: The point in time when there is a guarantee or set-aside of funding by EPA, other federal agencies, states, or Principal Responsible Parties in order to begin response actions at a Superfund site (EPA-97/12).
State agency: The state water pollution control agency designated by the Governor having responsibility for enforcing state laws relating to the abatement of pollution (40CFR35.905-91).
Start of response action: The point in time when there is a guarantee or set-aide of funding either by EPA, other federal agencies, states, or PRPs in order to begin response activities at a site. The document which reflects the set-aside of, or formally guarantees, funding during the coming fiscal year, is EPA's annual Superfund Comprehensive Accomplishments Plan (SCAP) (40CFR35.4010-91).
State assurance funds: For purposes of UST financial responsibility, state funds that are used to help pay for cleanup and third-party liability costs resulting from leaking USTs (RCMazardous-04).
Starting material: A substance used to synthesize or purify a technical grade of active ingredient (or the practical equivalent of the technical grade ingredient if the technical grade cannot be isolated) by chemical reaction (40CFR158.153-91).
State authorization tracking system: A tool used by EPA to chart those states that have been authorized to implement the RCRA hazardous waste program (RCMazardous-04).
State authority: The agency established or designated under section 4007 (RCRAI 004-42U.S.C.6903).
State certifying authority: (1) For water pollution control facilities, the state pollution control agency as defined in section
502 of the Act; (2) For air pollution control facilities, the air pollution control agency designated pursuant to 40CFR302(b)(l) of the Act; or (3) For both air and water pollution control facilities, any interstate agency authorized to act in place of the certifying agency of a state (40CFR20.2-b-91). State climate division: Geographic area in a state based primarily on crop-reporting districts (CWAIWbasics-04). States can have two to ten climate divisions. State delayed compliance order: A delayed compliance order issued by a state or by a political subdivision of a state (4OCFR65.01-91). State emergency response commission (SERC): Commission appointed by each state governor according to the requirements of SARA Title 111. The SERCs designate emergency planning districts, appoint local emergency planning committees, and supervise and coordinate their activities (EPA-97/12). State environmental goals and indication project: Program to assist state environmental agencies by providing technical and financial assistance in the development of environmental goals and indicators (EPA-97/12). State historic preservation officer: An official of a state, statedesignated agency, or state historical society responsible for advising and assisting federal and state agencies in carrying out their historic preservation responsibilities, conducting surveys of historic properties, maintaining inventories of such properties, developing and implementing statewide historic preservation plans, and administering historic preservation funds (SDWNradionuclide-04). State implementation plan (SIP): A detailed description of the programs a state will use to carry out its responsibilities under the Clean Air Act. State implementation plans are collections of the regulations used by a state to reduce air pollution. The Clean Air Act requires that EPA approve each state implementation plan. Members of the public are given opportunities to participate in review and approval of state implementation plans (CAAIair-04). State implementation plans (SIP): EPA approved state plans for the establishment, regulation, and enforcement of air pollution standards (EPA-97/12). State lead agency: See state or state lead agency. State management plan: Under FIFRA, a state management plan required by EPA to allow states, tribes, and U.S. tenitones the flexibility to design and implement ways to protect groundwater from the use of certain pesticides (EPA-97/12). State of charge: For a battery, it is an indicator of energy remaining. The indicator is expressed in ratios or percents, expressed as a ratio or percentage of its full capacity.
State of the environment: Conditions and changes in ecosystems, human health and environment-related human welfare, including as a subset the condition of valued environmental attributes (EPA95/04). State or local air monitoring stations (SLAMSs): The SLAMS make up the ambient air quality monitoring network which is required by 40CFR58.20 to be provided for in the state's implementation plan. This definition places no restrictions on the use of the physical structure or facility housing the SLAMS. Any combination of SLAMS and any other monitors (Special Purpose, NAMS, PSD) may occupy the same facility or structure without affecting the respective definitions of those monitoring station (40CFR58.1-91). State or state lead agency: As used in this subpart means the state agency designated by the state to be responsible for registering pesticides to meet special local needs under Sec. 24(c) of the Act (40CFR162.151-j-91). State primary drinking water regulation: A drinking water regulation of a state which is comparable to a national primary drinking water regulation (40CFR142.2-91). State program revision: A change in an approved state primacy program (40CFR142.2-91). State program: (1) A program established by a state pursuant to section 1253 of this title to regulate surface coal mining and reclamation operations, on lands within such state in accord with the requirements of this chapter and regulations issued by the Secretary pursuant to this chapter (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291-90). (2) See Section 404 program (40CFR233.2-91). State registered UST: State lists of underground storage tanks (USTs) required to be registered under Subtitle 1, Section 9002 RCRA (USDMwater-04). State regulated waters: Those waters of the United States in which the Corps suspends the issuance of section 404 permits upon approval of a state's section 404 permit program by the Administrator under section 404(h). The program cannot be transferred for those waters which are presently used, or are susceptible to use in their natural condition or by reasonable improvement as a means to transport interstate or foreign commerce shoreward to their ordinary high water mark, including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the high tide line, including wetlands adjacent thereto. All other waters of the United States in a state with an approved program shall be under jurisdiction of the state program, and shall be identified in the program description as required by part 233 (4OCFR232.2-91).
.
State regulatory authority: The department or agency in each state which has primary responsibility at the state level for administering this chapter (SMCRA701-30U.S.C.1291). State sewage sludge management agency: The agency designated by the Governor as having the lead responsibility for managing or coordinating the approved state program under this Part (4OCFR501.2-91). State water pollution control agency: The state agency designated by the Governor having responsibility for enforcing state laws relating to the abatement of pollution (CWA50233U.S.C. 1362-91). StatelEPA agreement: An agreement between the Regional Administrator and the state which coordinates U.S. EPA and state activities, responsibilities and programs including those under the CWA programs (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR144.3; 270.291).
Static loaded radius arc: A portion of a circle whose center is the center of standard tire-rim combination of an automobile and whose radius is the distance from that center to the level surface on which the automobile is standing, measured with the automobile at curb weight, the wheel parallel to the vehicles longitudinal centerline, and the tire inflated to the manufacturer's recommended pressure (40CFR86.084.2-91). Static pressure: (1) The pressure of a fluid at rest, or in motion, exerted perpendicularly to the direction of a flow. (2) The pressure exerted by the fluid normal to the streamlines, and it is constant across the flow if the streamlines are parallel (EPA-83/06). (3) The pressure exerted in all directions by a fluid; measured in a direction normal (perpendicular) to the direction of flow (EPA89103b). (4) See pressure for more related terms. Static replacement test: A test method in which the test solution is periodically replaced at specific intervals during the test (40CFR797.1160-91).
State: See thermodynamic state. Statement of basis: A document prepared for every draft NPDES permit for which a fact sheet is not required. A statement of basis briefly describes how permit conditions were derived and the reasons the conditions are necessary for the pennit (40CFR124.7) (CWAIwastewater-04). Statement of basis: A document that summarizes a proposed remedial action plan and the findings supporting that selected remedy during the Subtitle C corrective action process (RCRAIhazardous-04). Statement of work (SOW): The portion of the cooperative agreement application andlor Superfimd state contract that describes the purpose and scope of activities and tasks to be carried out as a part of the proposed project (40CFR35.6015-91). Statement: A written approval by U.S. EPA, or if appropriate, a state, of the application (40CFR21.2-91, see also 40CFR27.2-91). Static bed: Stationary bed, not a moving bed. Static calibration: The artificial generation of the response curve of an instrument or method by use of appropriate mechanical, optical, electrical, or chemical means. Often a static calibration checks only a portion of a measurement system. For example, a solution containing a known amount of sulfite compound would simulate an absorbing solution through which has been bubbled a gas containing a known amount of sulfur dioxide. Use of the solution would check out the analytical portion of the pararosaniline method, but would not check out the sampling and flow control parts of the bubbler system (LBL-76107-air). Static head: Pressure of a motionless fluid. The pressure is due to the relative positions between two points.
Static system: A test chamber in which the test solution is not renewed during the period of the test (40CFR795.120-91, see also 40CFR797.1050; 797.1 300; 797.1930-91). Static test: A toxicity test with aquatic organisms in which no flow of test solution occurs. Solutions may remain uncharged throughout the duration of the test (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1440-91). Static water depth: The vertical distance from the centerline of the pump discharge down to the surface level of the free pool while no water is being drawn from the pool or water table (EPA97/12). Static water level: (1) Elevation or level of the water table in a well when the pump is not operating. (2) The level or elevation to which water would rise in a tube connected to an artesian aquifer or basin in a conduit under pressure (EPA-97/12). Static: The test solution is not renewed during the period of the test (40CFR797.1400-91). Station blackout: The complete loss of off-site and on-site AC electric power, except for that generated by inverters fed by batteries (DOE-9 1/04). Station wagon: A passenger automobile with an extended roof line to increase cargo or passenger capacity, cargo compartment open to the passenger compartment, a tailgate, and one or more rear seats readily removed or folded to facilitate cargo carrying (4OCFR600.002.85-91). Stationary casting: The pouring of molten aluminum into molds and allowing the metal to air cool (40CFR467.02-91, see also 40CFR471.02-91).
Stationary compactor: (1) A powered machine which is designed to compact solid waste or recyclable materials, and which remains stationary when in operation (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). (2) A machine that reduces the volume of solid waste by forcing it into a container (SW-108s). (3) See compactor for more related tenns. Stationary crucible furnace: Stationary crucible furnace is almost identical to a pit furnace except that is not sunk in a pit. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238). Stationary emission source and stationary source: An emission source which is not self-propelled (40CFR52.741-91).
into a hopper, bin, or container. After weighing, the contents are then fed as batches into the process. All of these weigh systems give fairly accurate monitoring of weight (within +/- one percent), but one must consider the batch feeding system operations before a true appraisal of the feed rate monitoring can be made. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA-89/06).
Stationary: A condition or process of which the properties are independent of time (NATO-78/10). Stationery: The writing paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil, or typing. Matching envelopes are included in this definition (40CFR250.4-91).
Stationary emission source: A stationary facility that releases combustion gases or vapors to the environment (EPA-83).
Statistic: A constant or coefficient that describes some characteristic of a sample. Statistics are used to estimate parameters of populations (EPA-84/03).
Stationary gas turbine: Any simple cycle gas turbine, regenerative cycle gas turbine or any gas turbine portion of a combined cycle steamtelectric generating system that is not selfpropelled. It may, however, be mounted on a vehicle for portability. See turbine for more related terms (40CFR60.331-91).
Statistical inventory reconciliation: An UST release detection method that involves using sophisticated computer software to conduct a statistical analysis of inventory, delivery, and dispensing data in order to determine if a tank is leaking (RCRA/hazardous04).
Stationary grate: See fixed grate.
Statistical model: A model which is based on the statistical analysis of a time series of data which may consist of air quality data, metorological data, etc. (e.g., multiple regression models) (NATO-78/10).
Stationary packer: An adjunct of a refuse container system which compacts refuse at the site of generation into a pull-on detachable container (EPA-83). Stationary power plant: A power plant that remains in one location for its whole life. It is not designed for use in portable or transportation application. Stationary source: (1) Any building, structure, facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant (CAA111, see also CAA112; CAA302; 40CFR51.165; 5 1.301; 5 1-App/S; 52.01; 61.02; 65.01-91). (2) See source for more related terms. Stationary source: A fixed-site producer of pollution, mainly power plants and other facilities using industrial combustion processes. See point source (EPA-97/12). Stationary source: A place or object from which pollutants are released and which does not move around. Stationary sources include power plants, gas stations, incinerators, houses, etc. (CAAIair-04).
Statistical significance (or significance): The statistical significance determined by using appropriate standard techniques of multivariate analysis with results interpreted at the 95% confidence level and based on data relating species which are present in sufficient numbers at control areas to permit a valid statistical comparison with the areas being tested (40CFR228.2-91, see also EPA-79112~). Statistical sound level: The level in decibels that is exceeded in a stated percentage (x) of the duration of the measurement period. It is abbreviated as L,(4OCFR201.1-91). Statistical stability: A condition whereby if a process were to be repeated over time, differences would occur due solely to random processes (EPA-79112~). Statistical thermodynamics: The study of thermodynamics is coupled with statistical techniques.
Stationary source: Any buildings, structures, equipment, installations, or related stationary activities that produce pollution; often facilities using industrial combustion processes. A fixed-site facility (TSCAIchemical-04).
Statistical variance: The sum of the squared deviations about the mean value divided by n-1 (numbers of occurrence minus one). A measure used to identify the dispersion of a set of data (EPA79112~).
Stationary weight indicator: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. This method, which includes weigh hoppershins and platform scales, determines the dead weight of material loaded
Statistically significant increase in a release: An increase in the quantity of the hazardous substance released above the upper
bound of the reported normal range of the release. See release for more related terms (40CFR302.3-91). Statistics: A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data (CWAIWbasics-04). Statistics: A branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, reviewing, summarizing, and interpreting data or information. Statistics are used to determine whether differences between study groups are meaningful (SFhealth-04). Status of forces agreement (SOFA): An international agreement between a foreign nation and the U.S. defining responsibilities of each signee regarding environmental responsibilities at the host activity (NavyIEnv-04). Statute: See law development. Steady and unsteady flow: A flow is steady, if its properties such as temperature and pressure are invariant with (or independent of) time. Conversely, the flow is unsteady. See flow for more related terms (Perry-73). Steady flow: A flow in which all thermodynamic properties such as temperature and pressure at each point within an open system remain constant with respect to time (Jones-60, p49). Steady state bioconcentration factor: The mean concentration of the test chemical in test organisms during steady-state divided by the mean concentration of the test chemical in the test solution during the same period (40CFR797.1830-91). Steady state inhibition: The time point at which continued dosing at the same level results in no further increase in cholinesterase inhibition (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Steady state model: A fate and transport model that uses constant values of input variables to predict constant values of receiving water quality concentrations (EPA-91/03). Steady state model: In air quality modeling, a model which is based on the assumption of stationary conditions during the period that the model is applied (e.g., Gaussian plume model) (NATO78/10).
Steady state: (1) The time period during which the amounts of test chemical being taken up and depurated by the test oysters are equal, i.e., equilibrium (40CFR797.1830-91, see also 40CFR797.1520-91). (2) A condition in which the amount of test material being taken up and depurated is equal at a given water concentration. This is condition is also known as the apparent plateau (4OCFR797.1560-91). Steady state: A stable condition that does not change over time or in which change in one direction is continually balanced by change in another (NavyIEnv-04). Steam and water injection: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). These techniques are used mainly for NO, emission reduction in gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Steam or water is injected into the combustion area to lower the peak flame temperature and thus reduce thermal NO, emissions (EPA81/12, p7-13). Steam blister: A defect caused by too high a temperature in a paper machine's dryer section (EPA-83). Steam bottoming cycle: A heat recovery system that uses waste heat from a power system for additional power generation. This increases the efficiency of the basic overall process. Steam conditioning: A conditioning method in which unseasoned wood is subjected to an atmosphere of steam at about 120 C (249 F) to reduce its moisture content and improve its permeability preparatory to preservative treatment (EPA-74/04). Steam distillation: Steam distillation takes advantage of the unique vapor pressure relationship of two immersible liquids. The additive vapor pressures allow distillation at lower temperatures, e.g., toluene boiling point at 1 atm is 111 C, and the mixture of toluene and water has boiling point 84 C. The presence of water lowers the boiling point allowing lower temperature to be used in the distillation. Steam distillation is usually conducted in a batch operation, i.e., the still is charged and heated to the temperature desired. The distillation is conducted by bubbling steam through the liquid phase. In semi-batch operation, the charge containing a high ratio of volatiles to non-volatiles is fed to the still continuously for a given period while the volatile component is steam-distilled from the mixture. See distillation or steam for more related terms.
Steady state model: In water quality modeling, a fate and transport model that uses constant values of input variables to predict constant values of receiving water quality concentrations (EPA-85/09).
Steam drum: A vessel in which the saturated steam is separated from the steam-water mixture and into which the feed water is introduced (EPA-82/11f).
Steady state permeation: The constant rate of permeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forces affecting permeation have reached equilibrium (NIOSH-84/10).
Steam electric generating station: An electric generating station utilizing steam turbines for the motive force of its prime movers. See electric generating plant for more related terms (EPA-83).
Steam generating unit operating day: A 24-hour period between 12:OO midnight and the following midnight during which any fuel is combusted at any time in the steam generating unit. It is not necessary for fuel to be combusted continuously for the entire 24hour period (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.4 1c-9 1). Steam generating unit: Any furnace, boiler, or other device used for combusting fuel for the purpose of producing steam (including fossil-fuel-fired steam generators associated with combined cycle gas turbines; nuclear steam generators are not included) (40CFR60.41a-91,see also 40CFR60.41b; 60.41~;61.301-91). Steam generator: The equipment which bums fuel and changes water into steam (EPA-83). Steam reforming: The catalytic reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel with water to produce hydrogen. This process produces more hydrogen for the same amount of fuel than by autothermal reforming or partial oxidation but heat input is required to continue the reaction. Steam reforming of natural gas is a common process for the production of hydrogen. Steam stripping operation: A distillation operation in which vaporization of the volatile constituents of a liquid mixture takes place by the introduction of steam directly into the charge (4OCFR264.1031-91). Steam stripping: See stripping. Steam turbine: A steam or gas turbine is an enclosed rotary type of prime mover in which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gases directed against successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft. See turbine for more related terms (EPA-83). Steam: A mixture of vapor and liquid. Other steam-related terms include (1)Dry saturated steam (see dry steam); (2) Dry steam; (3) Saturated steam; (4) Super heated steam; (5) Wet saturated steam; (6) Steam stripping; and (7) Steam distillation. Steaming: Treating a wood material with steam to soften it (EPA74/04). Steam-to-carbon ratio: The number of moles of water per mole of carbon that is contained in a fuel. This term is used when steam is injected into a fuel cell's reformate stream for the water-gas shift reaction or into the fuel for steam reforming. Steel basis material: The cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, and chrome, nickel, and tin coated steel which are processed in coil coating (40CFR465.02-91). Steel production cycle: The operations conducted within the BOPF steelmaking facility that are required to produce each batch of steel, including the following operations: scrap charging,
preheating (when used), hot metal charging, primary oxygen blowing, sampling (vessel turndown and tumup), additional oxygen blowing (when used), tapping, and deslagging. Hot metal transfer and skimming operations for the next steel production cycle are also included when the hot metal transfer station or skimming station is an affected facility (40CFR60.141a-91, see also 40CFR60.14 1-91).
Steel: An iron-base alloy containing carbon, manganese, and often other alloying elements. Steel is defined here to include only those iron-carbon alloys containing less than 1.2% carbon by weight (40CFR464.3 1-91). Other steel-related terms include (1) Specialty steel and (2) Stainless steel. Steeply inclined: Said of deposits and coal seams with a dip of &om 0.7 to 1 rad (40 degrees to 60 degrees) (CWNmining-04). STEL: A 15-minute time-weighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day even if the eight-hour time-weighted average is within the TLV. Exposures at the STEL should not be longer than 15 minutes and should not be repeated more than four times per day. There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL. An averaging period other than 15 minutes may be recommended when this is warranted by observed biological effects (NIOSH-84/10). Stemflow: Rainfall or snowmelt led to the ground down the trunks or stems of plants (CWAthydrology-04). Stemming: The noncombustible material used on top or in fi-ont of a charge or explosive (CWNmining-04). Step 1 facilities planning: The preparation of a plan for facilities as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Step 2 facilities planning: A project to prepare design drawings and specifications as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.501-91). Step 2+3 facilities planning: A project which combines preparation of design drawings and specifications as described in 40CFR6.501(b) and building as described in 40CFR6.501(c) (40CFR6.501-91, see also 40CFR35.2005-91). Step 3 facilities planning: A project to build a publicly owned treatment works as described in 40CFR35, Subpart E or I (40CFR6.50 1-91). Step aeration: The loading of incoming wastewater into an aeration system is distributed at several inlets (steps). See aeration for more related terms. Step down transformer: A transformer in which the AC voltages of the secondary windings are lower than those applied to the primary windings. See transformer for more related terms (EPA83/03).
Step drilling: Using a multiple diameter drill. See drilling for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Step test: A small to large scale aquifer pumping test where the withdrawal rates are varied over time to assess aquifer characteristics (NavyEnv-04). Steppe climate (semiarid climate): The type of climate in which precipitation is very slight but sufficient for the growth of short, sparse grass (DOE-9 1/04). Steppe: An area of grass-covered and generally treeless plains, with a semiarid climate (DOE-91/04). Sterilization: (1) In pest control, the use of radiation and chemicals to damage body cells needed for reproduction. (2) The destruction, by chemical or physical, means of a microorganism's ability to reproduce to render something barren (EPA-83). Sterilization: The removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogenic and other bacteria, vegetative forms, and spores (EPA-97/12). Sterilize: The use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores (cf. disinfect or pasteurize) (29CFR1910, see also EPA-83). Sterilizer: One of three groups of anti-microbials registered by EPA for public health uses. EPA considers an antimicrobial to be a sterilizer when it destroys or eliminates all forms of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and their spores. Because spores are considered the most difficult form of microorganism to destroy, EPA considers the term sporicide to be synonymous with sterilizer (EPA-97/12). Steroid: Any one of a large group of substances chemically related to various alcohols found in plants and animals (EPA83/09). Stibnite: An antimony sulfide (Sb2S3)which is the most important ore of antimony (EPA-82/05). Stick water: The water which has been in close contact with fish and has large amounts of organics entrained in it. See water for more related terms (EPA-74/06). Stickies: Contaminants which stick to paper mill operating equipment (EPA-83). Stiffness: Stiffness is the ability of paper or paperboard to resist deformation under stress (EPA-83). Still bottom: The residue remaining after distillation of a material. The residue can vary from a watery sluny to a thick tar which may turn hard when cooled (EPA-87110a).
Still gas (refinery gas): Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and a petrochemical feedstock. The conversion factor is 6 million Btu per fuel oil equivalent barrel (CAA/CO2gas1-04). Still gas: Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. Principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Used as a refinery fuel and as a petrochemical feedstock (CAA/C02gas-04). Still rinse: No water flowing in and out as a running rinse and may be a reclaim rinse or dumped periodically to wastewater (EPA-74103d). Still water: A pipe, chamber, or compartment with comparatively small inlet or inlets communicating with a main body of water. Its purpose is to dampen waves or surges while permitting the water level within the well to rise and fall with the major fluctuations of the main body of water. It is used with water-measuring devices to improve accuracy of measurement. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Still: A device used to volatilize, separate, and recover petroleum solvent from contaminated solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91, see also EPA-74104~). Stillwell: A pipe, chamber, or compartment with small inlets to a main body of water. Its purpose is to dampen waves or surges while permitting the water level within the well to rise and fall with the major fluctuations of the main body of water (EPA83/09). Stipend: The supplemental financial assistance, other than tuition and fees, paid directly to the trainee by the recipient organization (40CFR45.115-91, see also 40CFR46.120-91). Stochastic model: A model in which dispersion is described statistically by the random motions of a number of clusters within a turbulence field which is also represented by random moving clusters. The clusters interact through collision and coagulation processes and they are also influenced by decay smaller clusters (NATO-78110). Stochastic: Based on the assumption that the actions of a chemical substance result from probabilistic events (Course 165.6). Stock configuration: That no modifications have been made to the original equipment motorcycle that would affect the noise emissiors of the vehicle when measured according to the acceleration test procedure (40CFR205.165-91).
Stock on hand: The products which are in the possession, direction, or control of a person and are intended for distribution in commerce (40CFR763.163-91). Stock solution: The concentrated solution of the test substance which is dissolved and introduced into the dilution water (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91). Stoichiometric air: See stoichiometric combustion air. Stoichiometric coefficient: The number that precedes the chemical symbol in a chemical reaction equation. For example: for the equation, 2H2 + 0 2 2H20, the numbers 2 for HZ; 1 for 02; and 2 for H20 are the stoichiometric coefficients.
+
Stoichiometric combustion (or theoretical combustion): A combustion condition that a combustible mixture contains an exact amount of oxidant (oxygen or combustion air) for the complete combustion of the mixture (cf. stoichiometric). See combustion for more related terms. Stoichiometric combustion air (stoichiometric air, theoretical air, or theoretical combustion air): (1) The quantity of air required to completely bum organic compounds and their associated fuel (if any) with no oxygen appearing in the products of combustion. The theoretical combustion air is also known as theoretical air, stoichiometric combustion air or stoichiometric air. (2) Theoretical air is the calculated amount of air required to supply oxygen for complete combustion of a given quantity of a specific combustible material. Also referred to as stoichiometric air (cf. stoichiometry) (EPA-83). (3) See combustion air for more related terms. Stoichiometric ratio: The air-fuel ratio of a reaction system under which the system contains the exact amount of air required for the complete reaction of the fuel contained in the system. Stoichiometric: (1) A term applied to a mixture of fuel and air containing precisely the amount of air required for complete combustion of the fuel. Thus, no oxygen remains in the flue gas following the combustion process. Few combustion processes are designed for operation with a stoichiometric mixture. Excess air is usually provided, the amount varying with the process and type of fuel, e.g., odor control with an afterburner fired by natural gas would employ a minimum of excess air; a garbage incinerator might be designed with introduction of 100% excess air (EPA84/09). (2) Characterized by or being a proportion of substances or energy in a specific chemical reaction in which there is no excess of any reactant or product (LBL76107-air). Stoichiometry: Material balances involving chemical reactions (EPA-84/09). Stoke flow: It is used to describe particle settling dynamics in the laminar flow regime, e.g., Reynolds number is less than 2.0. See
flow, flow regime, or Stokes law for more related terms (EPA84/09). Stoker: A movable grate (a mechanical device) designed to feed solid fuel or solid waste to a furnace (cf. grate) (SW-lO8ts). Stoker: For more related terms, see (1) Chain grate stoker; (2) Incinerator stoker, (3) Inertial grate stoker; (4) Oscillating grate stoker; (5) Reciprocating grate stoker; (6) Rocking grate stoker; (7) Rotary kiln stoker; and (8) Traveling grate stoker. Stokes law: (1) The law used to describe particle settling dynamics in the laminar flow regime, i.e., Reynolds number less than 2.0 (cf. flow regime) (EPA-84/09). (2) The total drag force or resistance of the medium due to fluid motion relative to the particle is the sum of form and friction drag. When particle motion is described by this equation, it is said to be in the Stokes regime (EPA-90108). (3) See law for more related terms. Stone feed: The limestone feedstock and millscale or other iron oxide additives that become part of the product (40CFR60.341-91). Stone: An imperfection; crystalline contaminations in glass (EPA83). Storage (of hazardous substance): Holding of hazardous substances for a temporary period, at the end of which the hazardous substance is either used, neutralized, disposed of, or stored elsewhere (SDWAIradionuclide-04). Storage and retrieval of aerometric data (SAROAD) system: A computerized system which stores and reports information relating to ambient air quality (40CFR58.1-91). Storage battery: A battery that can store chemical energy with the potential to change to electricity. This conversion of chemical energy to electricity can be reversed thus allowing the battery to be recharged. See battery for more related terms (EPA-84/08). Storage bin: A facility for storage (including surge bins and hoppers) or metallic minerals prior to further processing or loading (40CFR60.38 1-91, see 60.671-91). Storage coefficient: A measure of the volume of water contained in an aquifer, related to porosity and aquifer thickness. Expressed as an absolute value normally from 0.00001 to 0.002 for confined aquifers and from 0.02 to 0.35 for water table aquifers (NavyEnv04). Storage coefficient: The volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface of the aquifer per unit change in head (Course, 165.7). Storage container: Any stationary vessel of more than 1000 gallons (3785) liters nominal capacity Stationary vessels include
portable vessels placed temporarily at the location; e.g., tanks on skids (40CFR52.2285-91, see also 40CFR52.2286-91).
finished goods, or products while awaiting use, shipment, or consumption (EPA-85/11).
Storage for disposal: The temporary storage of PCBs that have been designated for disposal (40CFR761.3-91).
Storage: (1) Water artificially impounded in surface or underground reservoirs, for future use. The term regulation refers to the action of this storage in modifying streamflow. See also conservation storage, total storage, dead storage, and usable storage. (2) Water naturally detained in a drainage basin, such as groundwater, channel storage, and depression storage. The term "drainage basin storage" or simply "basin storage" is sometimes used to refer collectively to the amount of water in natural storage in a drainage basin (CWAhydrology-04).
Storage pit: A pit in which solid waste is held prior to processing (SW-108ts). Storage prohibition: LDR provision that prevents the indefinite storage of untreated hazardous waste for reasons other than the accumulation of quantities necessary for effective treatment or disposal (RCRA/hazardous-04). Storage ratio: The net available storage divided by the mean flow for one year (CWAhydrology-04). Storage tank or storage vessel: Any stationary tank, reservoir, or container used for the storage of VOLs (40CFR52.741-91). Storage vessel: Any tank, reservoir, or container used for the storage of petroleum liquids, but does not include (1) Pressure vessels which are designed to operate in excess of 15 pounds per square inch gauge without emissions to the atmosphere except under emergency conditions; (2) Subsurface caverns or porous rock reservoirs; or (3) Underground tanks if the total volume of petroleum liquids added to and taken from a tank annually does not exceed twice the volume of the tank (40CFR60.111-91, see also 40CFR60.11 la; 60.1 11b; 60.691-91). Storage, bank: See bank storage. Storage, conservation: See conservation storage. Storage, dead: See dead storage.
Storage: Holding hazardous waste for a temporary period, after which the hazardous waste is treated, disposed of, or stored elsewhere (RCRA/hazardous-04). Storage: Temporary holding of waste pending treatment or disposal, as in containers, tanks, waste piles, and surface impoundments (EPA-97/12). Storage-required frequency curve: A graph showing the frequency with which storage equal to or greater than selected amounts will be required to maintain selected rates of regulated flow (CWAlhydrology-04). Storativity: The volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer, per unit change in head. It is equal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness. In an unconfined aquifer, the storativity is equal to the specific yield. Synonym: storage coefficient (NavyIEnv-04). Storativity: The volume of water that an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per unit change in the component of head (fluid pressure plus elevation) normal to the surface (DOE-9 1/04).
Storage, depression: See depression storage. Storage, total: See total storage. Storage, usable: See usable storage.
STORET: EPA1s computerized STOrage and RETrieval water quality data base that includes physical, chemical, and biological data measured in water bodies throughout the United States (CWAIwastewater-04).
Storage: (1) Temporary holding of waste pending treatment or disposal, as in containers, tanks, waste piles, and surface impoundments. (2) When used in connection with hazardous waste, the containment of hazardous waste, either on a temporary basis or for a period of years, in such a manner as not to constitute disposal of such hazardous waste (NavyfEnv-04).
STORET: EPA's computerized water quality database that includes physical, chemical, and biological data measured in water bodies throughout the United States (EPA-91/03).
Storage: (1) The holding of hazardous waste for a temporary period, at end of which the hazardous waste is treated, disposed of, or stored else where (40CFR260.10-93). Storage methods include containers (Sol), tanks (S02), waste piles (S03), surface impoundments (S04), and other (S05) (40CFR264-AppII-93). (see also RCRA1004; 40CFR191.02; 243.101; 246.101; 259.10; 260.10; 270.2; 373.4-91). (2) Methods of keeping raw materials,
Storm drain: See storm sewer.
Storing: Piling, stacking, warehousing, and so forth (AP-40, p790).
Storm flow: See direct runoff. Storm seepage: That part of precipitation which infiltrates the surface soil, and moves toward the streams as ephemeral, shallow,
perched groundwater above the main groundwater level. Storm seepage is usually part of the direct runoff (CWA/hydrology-04).
Storm sewage: (1) The liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of heavy rainfall and resulting therefrom (EPA76/03). (2) See sewage for more related terms. Storm sewer (or storm drain): A sewer intended to carry only stormwaters, surface runoff, street wash waters, and drainage. See sewer for more related terms (40CFR35.905-91, see also 40CFR35.2005; 60.691-91; EPA-74/11). Storm sewer: A sewer that carries only surface runoff, street wash, and snow melt from the land. In a separate sewer system, storm sewers are completely separate from those that carry domestic and commercial wastewater (sanitary sewers) (CWAIWscience-04). Storm sewer: A system of pipes (separate from sanitary sewers) that carries water runoff from buildings and land surfaces (EPA97/12). Storm surge: An abnormal and sudden rise of the sea along a shore as a result of the winds of a storm (CWNWbasics-04). Stormwater discharge associated with industrial activity: The discharge from any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying stormwater and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing, or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant (for complete definition, see 40CFR122.26-91).
SWPPP is intended to facilitate a process whereby the operator evaluates potential pollutant sources at the site and selects and implements appropriate measures designed to prevent or control the discharge of pollutants in stormwater runoff. Guidance on developing a SWPPP and the implementation of appropriate best management practices (BMPs) is available at http://cfpub.epa. gov/npdes/stormwater/swppp.cfm(CWNwastewater-04).
Stormwater sewer system: A drain and collection system designed and operated for the sole purpose of collecting stormwater and which is segregated from the process wastewater collection system (40CFR60.691-91). Stormwater: Stormwater runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage [40CFR122.26(b)(13)] (CWNwastewater-04). Stormwater: The stormwater runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and drainage. See water for more related terms (40CFR122.26-91). Storm: A disturbance of the ordinary average conditions of the atmosphere which, unless specifically qualified, may include any or all meteorological disturbances, such as wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder (CWAhydrology-04). Straddle milling: Peripheral milling a workpiece on both sides at once using two cutters spaced as required (EPA-83106a). Straight chain: See chain.
Stormwater discharge-related activities: Activities that cause, contribute to, or result in stormwater point source pollutant discharges, including excavation, site development, grading, and other surface disturbance activities; and measures to control stormwater, including the siting, construction, and operation of BMPs to control, reduce, or prevent stormwater pollution. (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWNwastewater-04)
Straight kraft recovery furnace: A furnace used to recover chemicals consisting primarily of sodium and sulfur compounds by burning black liquor which on a quarterly basis contains 7 weight percent or less of the total pulp solids from the neutral sulfite semichemical process or has green liquor sulfidity of 28% or less. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.281-91).
Stormwater lake: A reservoir for storaging stormwater runoff collected from plant site; also, auxiliary source of process water. See lake for more related terms (EPA-83106a).
Strategic special nuclear material: The uranium-235 (contained in uranium enriched to 20% or more in the u~~~ isotope), uranium233, or plutonium (10CFR70.4-91).
Stormwater or wastewater collection system: The piping, pumps, conduits, and any other equipment necessary to collect and transport the flow of surface water runoff resulting from precipitation, or domestic, commercial or industrial wastewater to and from retention areas or any areas where treatment is designated to occur. The collection of stormwater and wastewater does not include treatment except where incidental to conveyance (40CFR280.12-91).
Stratification: (1) The division of a population into subpopulations for sampling purposes. (2) The separation of environmental media (e.g., air or water) into layers as in lakes (Course 165.6).
Stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP): A stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) is a written document that describes the construction operator's activities to comply with the requirements in the construction general permit (CGP). The
Strain: Elastic deformation due to stress (EPA-83).
Stratification: Separating into layers (EPA-97/12). Stratification: Subdivision of the environmental h e w o r k . The Study Unit is divided into subareas that exhibit reasonable homogeneous environmental conditions, as determined by both natural and human influences (CWNWquality-04).
Stratified fluid: A fluid in which a density variation along the axis of gravity is present, influencing the fluid motions (NATO78/10). Stratigraphy: Study of the formation, composition, and sequence of sediments, whether consolidated or not (EPA-97/12). Stratigraphy: The relationship of formation composition, sequence, and correlation in layered rocks or sediments (NavyIEnv-04). Stratosphere: Part of the atmosphere, the gases that encircle the earth. The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere 9-31 miles above the earth. Ozone in the stratosphere filters out harmful sun rays including a type of sunlight called ultraviolet B, which has been linked to health and environmental damage (CMair-04). Stratosphere: Part of the portion of the atmosphere 10 to 25 miles above the Earth's surface, the gases that encircle the earth. The stratosphereis a layer of the atmosphere 9 to 31 miles above the earth. Ozone in the stratosphere filters out harmful sunrays, including a type of sunlight called ultraviolet B, which has been l i e d to health and environmental damage (CMAPC-04).
Stream function: The function in two dimensions, which is constant along each streamline in a fluid (NATO-78110). Stream gaging: The process and art of measuring the depths, areas, velocities, and rates of flow in natural or artificial channels (CWA/hydrology-04). Stream mile: A distance of 1 mile along a line connecting the midpoints of the channel of a stream (CWANbasics-04). Stream order: A method of numbering streams as part of a drainage basin network. The smallest unbranched mapped tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on. It is usually necessary to specify the scale of the map used. A first-order stream on a 1:62,500 map, may be a third-order stream on a 1:12,000 map. Tributaries which have no branches are designated as of the first order, streams which receive only first-order tributaries are of the second order, larger branches which receive only first-order and second-order tributaries are designated third order, and so on, the main stream being always of the highest order (CWAhydrology-04).
Stratosphere: That part of the atmosphere above the tropopause (CAA111-42U.S.C.7411-91).
Stream order: A ranking of the relative sizes of streams within a watershed based on the nature of their tributaries. The smallest unbranched tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Stratosphere: The portion of the atmosphere 10 to 25 miles above the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12).
Stream reach: A continuous part of a stream between two specified points (CWANbasics-04).
Stratosphere: The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere. The stratosphere extends from about lOkm to about 50km in altitude. Commercial airlines fly in the lower stratosphere. The stratosphere gets warmer at higher altitudes. In fact, this warming is caused by ozone absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Warm air remains in the upper stratosphere, and cool air remains lower, so there is much less vertical mixing in this region than in the troposphere (CMozone-04).
Stream: A general term for a body of flowing water. In hydrology the term is generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal. More generally as in the term stream gaging, it is applied to the water flowing in any channel, natural or artificial. Streams in natural channels may be classified as follows: (1) Relation to time: (a) Perennial. One which flows continuously. (b) Intermittent or seasonal. One which flows only at certain times of the year when it receives water from springs or from some surface source such as melting snow in mountainous areas. (c) Ephemeral. One that flows only in direct response to precipitation, and whose channel is at all times above the water table. (2) Relation to space: (a) Continuous. One that does not have interruptions in space. (b) Interrupted. One which contains alternating reaches, that are either perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral. (3) Relation to groundwater: (a) Gaining. A stream or reach of a stream that receives water from the zone of saturation. (b) Losing. A stream or reach of a stream that contributes water to the zone of saturation. (c) Insulated. A stream or reach of a stream that neither contributes water to the zone of saturation nor receives water from it. It is separated from the zones of saturation by an impermeable bed. (d) Perched. A perched stream is either a losing stream or an insulated stream that is separated from the underlying groundwater by a zone of aeration (USGSNH-04).
Stratosphere: The region of the upper atmosphere extending from the tropopause (8 to 15 kilometers altitude) to about 50 kilometers. Its thermal structure, which is determined by its radiation balance, is generally very stable with low humidity (CMCO2gasl-04). Stratum (plural strata): A single sedimentary bed or layer, regardless of thickness, that consists of generally the same kind of rock material (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3-91). Stream deposition: The laying down of solid materials canied by a stream, which may take the form of channel deposits, flood deposits, bars, spits, fans, or deltas (DOI-70104). Stream flow source zone: The upstream headwaters area which drains into the recharge zone as defined in the December 16,1975, Notice of Determination (40CFR149.10 1-91).
Stream: A general term for a body of flowing water; natural water course containing water at least part of the year. In hydrology, it is
generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal (CWNWscience-04).
Stream-aquifer interactions: Relations of water flow and chemistry between streams and aquifers that are hydraulically connected (CWAIWbasics-04).
Stress crack-ASTM D l 6 3 An external or internal rupture in a plastic caused by tensile stress less than its short-time mechanical strength (cf. environmental stress crack) (EPA-91/05).
Streamflow depletion: The amount of water that flows into a valley, or onto a particular land area, minus the water that flows out the valley or off from the particular land area (CWA/hydrology-04).
Stress crack-ASTM D3: An external or internal crack in a plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-time mechanical strength. Note: The development of such cracks is frequently accelerated by the environmental to which the plastic is exposed. The stresses which cause cracking may be present internally or externally or may be combinations of these stresses (EPA-9 1/05).
Streamflow: A type of channel flow, applied to that part of surface runoff in a stream whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWNWquality-04).
Stress level: The level of tangential or hoop stress, usually expressed as a percentage of specified minimum yield strength (40CFR195.2-91).
Streamflow: The discharge that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term "streamflow" is more general than runoff, as streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWA/hydrology-04).
Stress relieved: The heat treatment used to relieve the internal stresses induced by forming or heat treating operations. It consists of heating a part uniformly, followed by cooling slow enough so as not to reintroduce stresses. To obtain low stress levels in steels and cast irons, temperatures as high as 1250-F may be required. (EPA-83106a).
Streamflow: The water discharge that occurs in a natural channel. A more general term than runoff, streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation (CWAIWscience-04).
Stress: An internally distributed force; it is the internal mechanical reaction of the material accompanying deformation (Markes-67). In fluid mechanics, the force per unit area on a given surface in a fluid (NATO-78/10).
Stream-gaging station: A gaging station where a record of discharge of a stream is obtained. Within the Geological Survey this term is used only for those gaging stations where a continuous record of discharge is obtained (CWNhydrology-04).
Stressed water: Those receiving environments in which an applicant can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator, that the absence of a balanced, indigenous population is caused solely by human perturbations other than the applicant's modified discharge. See water for more related terms (40CFR125.58-91).
Streamline: A line on a map that is parallel to the direction of fluid flow and shows flow patterns (CWNWbasics-04). Streamline: See flow line. Street canyon model: The model which describes the dispersion of air pollutants by the local air circulation in a street between two rows of high buildings. Primarily of importance where the dispersion of traffic emissions are concerned (NATO-78/10). Street refuse (or street waste): The wastes materials picked up by manual or mechanical sweeping of streets and sidewalks, litter from public receptacles and dirt removed from catch basins. See refuse for more related terms (EPA-83). Street waste (or street refuse): Materials picked up by manual or mechanical sweepings of alleys, streets, and sidewalks; wastes from public waste receptacles; and material removed from catch basins. See waste for more related terms (40CFR243.101-91). Strength: A term to indicate relative thickness in sheet glass (EPA-83).
Stressor: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can induce an adverse effect on ecosystems or human health (adapted from RAF 1992) (EPA-95/04). Stressors: Physical, chemical, or biological entities that can induce adverse effects on ecosystems or human health (EPA97/12). Stretching: Any change in length, width, or diameter of the cargo tank, or any change to a cargo tank motor vehicle's undercarriage that may affect the cargo tank's structural integrity (40CFRl80.403-91). Stria: A cord of low intensity generally of interest only in optical glass (cord) (EPA-83). Striatum: Corpus striatum (LBL-76107-bio). Strict liability: The assessment of liability for damages without requiring proof of negligence (SF/reform-04).
Strict liability: The government needs to prove only involvement at a waste site, not negligence. Under CERCLA, proof of strict causation is not necessary (SFIEnv-04).
Stripping ratio: The unit amount of overburden that must be removed to gain access to a similar unit amount of coal or mineral material (CWNmining-04).
Strict, joint, and several liability: The liability scheme imposed by CERCLA (see strict liability and joint and several liability) (SFIreform-04).
Stripping: In air stripping, liquid waste is pumped to the system near the top of the stripping column and distributed uniformly across the packing. It flows downward by gravity countercurrent to an airflow which is blown into the base of the tower and flows upward. As the air passes through the column, it contacts with the liquid waste, and strips the volatile organics in the waste and carries them to the atmosphere.
Strike: (1) For noun: A thin coating of metal (usually less than 0.0001 inch in thickness) to be followed by other coatings (EPA74103d). (2) For noun: A solution used to deposit a strike (EPA74103d). (3) For verb: To plate for a short time, usually at a high initial current density (EPA-74103d). Strike: The direction of the line of intersection of a bed or vein with the horizontal plane. The strike of a bed is the direction of a straight line that connects two points of equal elevation on the bed (CWNmining-04). Strip, sheet, and plate: Those acid pickling operations that pickle strip, sheet, or plate products (40CFR420.91-91). Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products: The steel products other than wire products and fasteners (40CFR420.121-91). Strip: To take off RACM from any part of a facility or facility components (40CFR61.141-91). Strip-cropping: Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands that serve as barriers to wind and water erosion (EPA-97/12). Strip-mining: A process that uses machines to scrape soil or rock away from mineral deposits just under the earth's surface (EPA97112). Stripper well: A well that produces 60 million cubic feet of gas per day or less for a period of three consecutive months while producing at its maximum flow rate (CAA/COagas-04). Stripper well: An oil or gas well that produces at relatively low rates. For oil, stripper production is usually defined as production rates of between 5 and 15 barrels of oil per day. Stripper gas production would generally be anything less than 60 thousand cubic feet per day (CAA/C02gasl-04). Stripper: Includes any vessel in which residual vinyl chloride is removed from polyvinyl chloride resin, except bulk resin, in the slurry form by the use of heat andlor vacuum. In the case of bulk resin, stripper includes any vessel which is used to remove residual vinyl chloride from polyvinyl chloride resin immediately following the polymerization step in the plant process flow (40CFR61.61-91).
Stripping: In immiscible organics, the organics and the aqueous liquid (condensed steam) separate due to different gravity. The separated organics might be recovered for re-use as a solvent or a fuel, and the separated aqueous liquid which is saturated with the organic contaminant(s) may be combined with the feed and returned to the top of the stripping column. For the miscible organics, the organics is dissolved in the condensed water and there is no phase separation. The mixture may therefore require further treatment. Stripping: In steam stripping, the preheated wastewater enters near the top of the distillation column and then flows down by gravity countercurrent to the steam rising up from the bottom of the column. As the steam passes through the column, it contacts with the liquid waste, and strips the volatile organics in the waste and carries them to a condenser where the mixture of organic vapors and steam is condensed in a water-cooled heat exchanger and collected in an accumulator tank. Stripping: Physical transfer of dissolved molecules from a liquid wastestream to a flowing gas (air stripping) or vapor stream (steam stripping). It is normally carried out as a continuous operation that employs a packed tower for air stripping and a conventional fractional distillation column for steam stripping (cf. ammonia stripping). Strong acid: An acid which can completely ionize in a solution, e.g., hydrogen chloride (HCI), sulfuric acid (H2SO4),or nitric acid (FINO3). See acid for more related terms. Strong base: A base which can completely ionize in a solution, e.g., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH). See base for more related terms. Strong chelating agent: All compounds which, by virtue of their chemical structure and amount present, form soluble metal complexes which are not removed by subsequent metals control techniques such as pH adjustment followed by clarification or filtration (40CFR413.02-91). Strontium (Sr): An alkaline earth metal with atomic number 38; atomic weight 87.62; density 2.6 glee; melting point 768 C and boiling point 1380 C. The element belongs to group IIA of the periodic table.
Structural clay products: Ceramic products used in construction of buildings, walks, roads, and pipelines (EPA-83). Structural deformation: Distortion in walls of a tank after liquid has been added or removed (EPA-97/12). Structural glass: (1) Flat glass, usually colored or opaque, and frequently ground and polished, used for structural purposes. (2) Glass block, usually hollow, used for structural purposes (EPA83). (3) See glass for more related terms. Structural member: Any load-supporting member of a facility, such as beams and load supporting walls; or any nonloadsupporting member, such as ceilings and nonload-supporting walls (40CFR61.141-91). Structure: (1) A microscopic bundle, cluster, fiber, or matrix which may contain asbestos (40CFR763-AppIA-91). (2) See building, structure, facility, or installation (40CFR.51.165; 51.166; 52.21; 52.24-91). Strychinine (C21H2202N2): A toxic compound used in destroying rodents and predatory animals. Study unit: A major hydrologic system of the United States in which NAWQA studies are focused. Study Units are geographically defined by a combination of groundwater and surface water features and generally encompass more than 4000 square miles of land area (CWAOVquality-04). Study: Any experiment at one or more test sites, in which a test substance is studied in a test system under conditions or in the environment to determine or help predict its effects, metabolism, product performance (efficacy studies only as required by 40CFR158.640), environmental and chemical fate, persistence, or other characteristics in humans, other living organisms, or media. The term does not include basic exploratory studies carried out to determine whether a test substance as any potential utility (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR716.3; 720.3; 723.50; 792.3-91). Study-unit survey: Broad assessment of the water-quality conditions of the major aquifer systems of each Study Unit. The Study Unit Survey relies primarily on sampling existing wells and, wherever possible, on existing data collected by other agencies and programs. Typically, 20 to 30 wells are sampled in each of three to five aquifer subunits (CWNWquality-04). Stuff and burn: A situation in which the charging rate is greater than burning rate of an incinerator (EPA-89103b). Stuff: Term given to a very fluid mixture of pulp and water--also referred to as slush or stock (EPA-83).
Stuffing box pressure: The fluid (liquid or gas) pressure inside the casing or housing of a piece of equipment, on the process side of the inboard seal (40CFR61.241-91). Stump: Any small pillar (CWNmining-04). Styrene (C7H7): A toxic liquid used in plastics, resins, and rubbers. Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic aroma. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether; polymerizes rapidly; can become explosive. Used to make polymers and copolymers, polystyrene plastics, and rubber (CAA/C02gasl-04). Subagreement: A written agreement between an EPA recipient and another party (other than another public agency) and any lower tier agreement for services, supplies, or construction necessary to complete the project. Subagreements include contracts and subcontracts for personal and professional services, agreements with consultants, and purchase orders (40CFR30.20091, see also 40CFR33.005; 35.936.1; 35.4010-91). Subbituminous coal: A coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the lower end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30% inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter) (CAA/C02gas1-04). Subbituminous coal: A dull, black coal of rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal (CAA/C02gas-04). Subbituminous coal: Coal that is classified as subbituminous A, B, or C according to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Specification for Classification of Coals by Rank D388-77 (incorporated by reference--see 40CFR60.17). See coal for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91). Subbituminous: Coal of a rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous (CWNmining-04). Subcategorization: The process of segmentation of an industry into groups of plants for which uniform effluent limitations can be established (EPA-8511Oa). Subchronic delayed neurotoxicity: A prolonged, delayed onset locomotor ataxia resulting from repeated daily administration of the test substance (40CFR798.6560-91).
Subchronic dermal toxicity: The adverse effects occumng as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by dermal application for part (approximately 10%) of a life span (40CFR798.2250-91). Subchronic exposure: (1) Multiple or continuous exposures occumng usually over three months (EPA-92/12). (2) Multiple or continuous exposures occumng over about 10% of an experimental species lifetime, usually over three months (EPA90108). Subchronic exposure: Multiple or continuous exposures lasting for approximately 10% of an experimental species lifetime, usually over a three-month period (EPA-97/12). Subchronic inhalation toxicity: The adverse effects occurring as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by inhalation for part (approximately 10%) of a life span (40CFR798.2450-91). Subchronic oral toxicity: The adverse effects occumng as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical for a part (approximately 10% for rats) of a life span (40CFR795.260-91). Subchronic study: A toxicity study designed to measure effects from subchronic exposure to a chemical (EPA-92/12). Subchronic: Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or periods of exposure lasting between 5 and 90 days (EPA-97/12). Subclass: A classification of heavy-duty engines or heavy-duty vehicles based on such factors as gross vehicle weight rating, fuel usage, vehicle usage, engine horsepower, or additional criteria (for complete definition, see 40CFR86.1102.87-91). Subconfiguration: A unique combination within a vehicle configuration of equivalent test weight, road-load horsepower, and any other operational characteristics or parameters which the Administrator determines may significantly affect fuel economy within a vehicle configuration (40CFR600.002.85-91). Subcooled liquid: See compressed liquid. Subindex: The calculated index value for a single pollutant as described in section 7 (40CFR58-ApplG-91). Sublethal: A stimulus below the level that causes death (EPA91/03; 85/09). Sublimation: A change of state directly from a solid state to a gas state without appearance of the liquid state (EPA-77/07).
Submeander: Small meander contained with banks of main channel, associated with relatively low discharges (CWAIhydrology-04). Submerged aquatic vegetation: Vegetation such as sea grasses that cannot withstand excessive drying and therefore live with their leaves at or below the water surface; an important habitat for young fish and other aquatic organisms (NavyIEnv-04). Submerged aquatic vegetation: Vegetation that lives at or below the water surface; an important habitat for young fish and other aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). Submerged arc furnace: A ferroalloy reduction furnace, the electrodes usually extend to a considerable depth into the charge, hence such furnaces are called submerged-arc furnaces. This name is used for the furnaces whose load is practically entirely of the resistant type. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-75/02). Submerged loading pipe: Any discharge pipe or nozzle which meets either of the following conditions: (1) Where the tank is filled from the top, the end of the discharge pipe or nozzle must be totally submerged when the liquid level is 15 cm (6 in.) above the bottom of the tank. (2) Where the tank is filled from the side, the discharge pipe or nozzle must be totally submerged when the liquid level is 46 cm (18 in.) above the bottom of the tank (4OCFR52.741-91). Submerged tube evaporation: The evaporation of feed materials using horizontal steam-heat tubes submerged in solution. Vapors are driven off and condensed while concentrated solution is bled off (EPA-83106a). Submersed plant: A plant that lies entirely beneath the water surface, except for flowering parts in some species (CWAIWbasics-04). Submission: (1) A request by a POTW for approval of a Pretreatment Program to the EPA or a Director; (2) A request by a POTW to the EPA or a Director for authority to revise the discharge limits in categorical Pretreatment Standards to reflect POTW pollutant removals; or (3) A request to the EPA by an NPDES state for approval of its state pretreatment program (40CFR403.3-91). Subsidence (or land subsidence): The lowering of the natural land surface in response to: earth movements; lowering of fluid pressure; removal of underlying supporting material by mining or solution of solids, either artificially or from natural causes; compaction due to wetting (hydrocompaction); oxidation of organic matter in soils; or added load on the land (40CFR146.3-91, see also 40CFR147.2902-91). Subsidence inversion: The inversion caused by the adiabatic warming of downward moving air. It is most common in connection with a high pressure area, in which average downward
motions are present. See inversion for more related terms (NATO78/10).
Subsidence: A dropping of the land surface as a result of groundwater being pumped. Cracks and fissures can appear in the land. Subsidence is virtually an irreversible process (CWA/Wscience-04). Subsidence: Compression of soft aquifer materials in a confined aquifer due to pumping of water from the aquifer (CWNWquality-04). Subsidence: The gradual sinking, or sometimes abrupt collapse, of the rock and soil layers into an underground mine. Structures and surface features above the subsidence area can be affected (CWNmining-04). Subsidy: Direct or indirect payment from government to businesses, citizens, or institutions to encourage a desired activity (OTA-89/10). Subsoil: The part of the soil beneath the topsoil; usually does not have an appreciable organic matter content (SW-108ts). Substance: Either a chemical substance or mixture unless otherwise indicated (40CFR704.3-91, see also 40CFR716.3; 717.3-91). Substance-specific applied research: A program of research designed to fill important data needs for specific hazardous substances identified in ATSDR's toxicological profiles. Filling these data needs would allow more accurate assessment of human risks from specific substances contaminating the environment. This research might include human studies or laboratory experiments to determine health effects resulting from exposure to a given hazardous substance (SFIhealth-04). Substantial business relationship: The extent of a business relationship necessary under applicable state law to make a guarantee contract issued incident to that relationship valid and enforceable. A "substantial business relationship" must arise from a pattern of recent or ongoing business transactions, in addition to the guarantee itself, such that a currently existing business relationship between the guarantor and the owner or operator is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the applicable EPA Regional Administrator (40CFR264.141-h). Substantial completion: The point in construction when the work is almost finished and the contractor is no longer in the home on a daily basis. After substantial completion the final inspection will be performed and a Punch List prepared. The contractor will then return to complete the punch list items (NCNnoise-04). Substantial risk notification: TSCA Section 8(e) places upon chemical manufacturers, etc., the responsibility for reporting any indication of adverse effect. In the words of the Act, any person
who obtains information which reasonably supports the conclusion that such substance or mixture presents a substantial risk of injury to health or the environment shall immediately inform the Administrator of such information unless such person has actual knowledge (Arbuckle-89).
Substantiation: The written answers submitted to EPA by a submitter to the specific questions set forth in this regulation in support of a claim in chemical identity is a trade secret (40CFR350.1-91). Substate: Refers to any public regional, local, county, municipal, or intermunicipal agency, or regional or local public (including interstate) solid or hazardous waste management authority, or other public agency below the state level (40CFR256.06-91). Substation: A complete assemblage of a plant at a place where electrical energy is received (from one or more power stations) for conversion (e.g., from AC to DC by means of rectifiers, rotary converters), for stepping-up or down by means of transformers, or for control (e.g., by means of switch-gear) (EPA-83/03). Substitution reaction: A chemical reaction in which replacement of one atom, radical, or molecule by another one takes place. Substitution: A reaction in which one substituent on a molecule is replaced by another (Navy/Env-04). Substoichiometric combustion air (deficient air, starved air, starved combustion air, or starved combustion air): The combustion air supplied less than those required at stoichiometric levels. In controlled air incineration, the primary chamber is maintained at less than stoichiometric air conditions. See combustion air for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Substrate size: The diameter of streambed particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel, cobble, and boulders (CWA/Wquality-04). Substrate: (1) The base on which an organism lives. (2) A reactant in a microbial respiration reaction (electron donor) (NavyIEnv-04). Substrate: (1) The surface onto which a coating is applied or into which a coating is impregnated (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.741-91). (2) The reactant portion of any biochemical reaction materials which are transformed into a product. (3) Any substance used as a nutrient by a microorganism. (4) The liquor in which activated sludge or other material is kept in suspension (EPA-76/03). Substrate: The surface beneath a wetland, lake, or stream in which organisms grow or to which organisms are attached (CWNWbasics-04). Subsurface drain: A shallow drain installed in an irrigated field to intercept the rising groundwater level and maintain the water
table at an acceptable depth below the land surface (CWA/Wquality-04). Subsurface runoff: See storm seepage (CWAJhydrology-04). Subtidal: Continuously submerged; an area affected by ocean tides (CWA/Wbasics-04). Subtitle C landfill: A landfill that accepts hazardous waste (including treated hazardous waste) (RCRAflandban-04). Subtitle C: The hazardous waste section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (RCWmanagement-04). Subtitle D landfill: A landfill that accepts nonhazardous waste (RCRA~landban-04). Subtitle D: The solid, nonhazardous waste section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (RCWmanagement-04). Subtitle F: Section of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 requiring the federal government to actively participate in procurement programs fostering the recovery and use of recycled materials and energy (RCWmanagement-04). Subtransmission (substation) transformer: At the end of a transmission line, the voltage is reduced to the subtransmission level (at substations) by subtransmission transformers. See transformer for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Subtropical anticyclone: A semipermanent anticyclone located, on the average, over oceans near 30 degrees N. and 30 degrees S. latitude (CWA/Wbasics-04). Subunit: An atom or group of associated atoms chemically derived from corresponding reactants (40CFR704.25-91, see also 40CFR721.350; 723.250-91). Subwatershed: Topographic perimeter of the catchment area of a stream tributary. Sucrose: A disaccharide having the formula C12H22011The terms sucrose and sugar are generally interchangeable, and the common sugar of commerce is sucrose in varying degrees of purity. Refined cane sugar is essentially 100% sucrose (EPA-75102d). Suction dredge: A centrifugal pump mounted on a barge to lift the materials (dredge) through a suction pipe. See dredge for more related terms (EPA-82/05). Suction process: Any process where glass is gathered by vacuum into the mold (EPA-83).
Sudden accidental occurrence: An occurrence which is not continuous or repeated in nature. See accidental occurrence for more related terms (40CFR264.141-91, see also 40CFR265.14191). Sudden accidental occurrences: For purposes of I TSDF financial assurance, events that are not, continuous or repeated (RCRA/hazardous-04). Sufficient evidence: According to the U.S. EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, sufficient evidence is a collection of facts and scientific references which is definitive enough to establish that the adverse effect is caused by the agent in question (EPA-92/12). Sugar: A sweet, crystallizable substance, colorless or white when pure, occurring in many plant juices and forming an important article of human food. The chief sources of sugar are the sugar cane and the sugar beet, the completely refined products of which are identical and form the granulated sugar of commerce. Chemically, sugar is a disaccharide with the formula C12HZ2011 formed by union of one molecule of dextrose with one molecule of levulose (EPA-74/01a). Sugar: For more related terms, see (1) Raw sugar; (2) Raw sugar juice; (3) Refined sugar; (4) Saccharide; and (5) Saccharin. Suitable substitute decision: The Administrator's decision whether a product which the Administrator has determined to be a low noise-emission product is a suitable substitute for a product or products presently being purchased by the federal government (40CFR203.1-91). Sulfate pulp: The pulp produced by chemical methods using alkaline solution of caustic soda and sodium sulfide. The sulfate process produces the strongest fibers. A wide variety of trees can be used, especially those with a high resin content, such as pine and douglas fir. Yields are 40 to 50% by weight. Kraft pulps are used principally in paperboard and coarse paper grades; unbleached grades are used in packaging, and bleached grades are used in packaging paperboard and a number of paper grades, including printing grades and tissue. Sulfate pulp is a major pulp product. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-83). Sulfate reducer: A microorganism that exists in anaerobic environments and reduces sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (NavyEnv04). Sulfate: The final decomposition product of organic sulfur compounds (EPA-76/03). Sulfide: (1) Ionized sulfur, expressed in mg/L as S (EPA-82/11). (2) Total sulfide (dissolved and acid soluble) as measured by the procedures listed in 40CFR136 (40CFR410.01-9 1).
Sulfidity: Sulfidity is a measure of the amount of sulfur in kraft cooking liquor. It is the percentage ratio of NaS, expressed as NaO, to active alkali (EPA-87/10). Sulfite cooking liquor: Sulfite cooking liquor shall be defined as bisulfite cooking liquor when the pH of the liquor is between 3.0 and 6.0 and as acid sulfite cooking liquor when the pH is less than 3.0. See liquor for more related terms (40CFR430.101; 430.21191). Sulfite pulp: The pulp produced by chemical cooking methods using sulfurous acid and a base in the form of a salt. It is used to process low resin woods such as spruce, fir, or hemlock. Sulfite pulp is used to make printing grades of paper, such as business papers, and for tissue; very little is used in paperboard. See pulp for more related terms (EPA-83). Sulfur (S): i4 yellow nonmetallic element with atomic number 16; atomic weight 32.064, density 2.07 glcc; melting point 119.0 C and boiling point 444.6 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Sulfur bacteria: The bacteria that oxidize sulfur compounds, precipitating sulfur or producing noxious sulfur gases such as hydrogen sulfide. In this process they may cause damage to concrete or other structures. See bacteria for more related terms (DOI-70104). Sulfur dioxide (Sod: A criteria air pollutant. S u l k dioxide is a gas produced by burning wal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid Sulfur dioxide plays an important role in the production of acid rain (CAAIAPC-04). Sulfur dioxide (SOz): A heavy, pungent, colorless gas formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels. It can damage the respiratory tract as well as vegetation and materials and is considered a major air pollutant (EPA-74/11, see also 40CFR58.191). Sulfur dioxide (SOz): A pungent, colorless, gas formed primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels; becomes a pollutant when present in large amounts (EPA-97/12). Sulfur dioxide: A criteria air pollutant. Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by burning coal, most notably in power plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is closely related to sulfuric acid, a strong acid. Sulfur dioxide plays an important role in the production of acid rain (CANair-04). Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6): A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, and slightly less soluble in water. It is used as a dielectric in electronics. It possesses the highest 100-year global warming potential of any gas (23,900) (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Sulfur hexafluoride: A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. Used as a dielectric in electronics (CAA/C02gas-04). Sulfur oxide (SO& Two major sulfur oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are important as air contaminants. The primary source of both is the combination of atmospheric oxygen with the sulfur in certain fuels during their combustion. Both the dioxide and trioxide are capable of producing illness and lung injury even at small concentrations, from 5 to 10 ppm. Further, each can combine with water in the air to form toxic acid aerosols that can corrode metal surface, fabrics, and the leaves of plants (AP-40, p15). Sulfur oxide emission control: Sulfur oxide emissions from fossil-fuel-fired combustion sources can be reduced by various techniques. See Appendix B to this book. Sulfur oxides (SOX): Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Sulfur production rate: The rate of liquid sulfur accumulation from the sulfur recovery unit (40CFR60.641-91). Sulfur recovery unit: A process device that recovers element sulfur from acid gas (40CFR60.641-91). Sulfuric acid (HzS04): A toxic acid liquid used in fertilizers and explosives. Sulfuric acid concentrator (SAC): An evaporation process which concentrates weak sulfuric acid (68%) to strong sulfuric acid (92%) (EPA-76/03). Sulfuric acid pickling: Those operations in which steel products are immersed in sulfuric acid solutions to chemically remove oxides and scale, and those rinsing operations associated with such immersions (40CFR420.91-91). Sulfuric acid plant: Any facility producing sulfuric acid by the contact process by burning elemental sulfur, alkylation acid, hydrogen sulfide, or acid sludge, but not include facilities where conversion to sulfuric acid is utilized primarily as a means of preventing emissions to the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide or other sulfur compounds (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR60.161; 60.171; 60.181-91). Sulfuric acid production unit: Any facility producing sulfuric acid by the contact process by burning elemental sulfur, alkylation acid, hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides and mercaptans, or acid sludge, but does not include facilities where conversion to sulfuric acid is utilized primarily as a means of preventing emissions to the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide or other sulfur compounds (40CFR60.81-91).
Sulfurous acid (H2S03): An unstable liquid used in the manufacture of paper, wine, etc. Sulphur hydrides: Including H2S, H2S2,H2S3,and H2S5. Sumithrin: An insecticide registered for use on mosquitoes in swamps, marshes, and recreational areas (FIFRAIWN-04). Sump pump: A mechanism for removing water or wastewater from a sump or wet well (EPA-89/12). Sump: A pit or tank that catches liquid runoff for drainage or disposal (EPA-97/12). Sump: A pit, cistern, cesspool, or similar in-ground receptacle where liquids drain, collect, or are stored (USDNwater-04). Sump: Any pit or reservoir that meets the definition of tank and those troughs/trenches connected to it that serves to collect hazardous waste for transport to hazardous waste storage, treatment, or disposal facilities (40CFR260.10-91). Sump: The bottom of a shaft, or any other place in a mine, that is used as a collecting point for drainage water (CWNmining-04). Sumping: To force the cutter bar of a machine into or under the coal. Also called a sumping cut, or sumping in (CWNmining-04). Sunlight direct aqueous photolysis rate constant: The firstorder rate constant in the unit of day-' and is a measure of the rate of disappearance of a chemical dissolved in a water body in sunlight (40CFR796.3700-91).
critical conditions. Even some types of wood fully dissolve in SCW. On the other hand, the solubility of sodium chloride (NaCI) could be as low as 100 ppm, and that of calcium chloride can be less than 10 ppm. This is the reverse of the solubilities in water that are encountered under sub-critical conditions--under which the two salts' solubilities are about 37 wt percent and up to 70 wt percent, respectively (Lee-83/07).
Super critical state: The state where the pressure is greater than the critical pressure (Wark-p57). Super critical: A state at or above the critical point of water (EPA-8211If). Super duty fireclay brick: A fireclay brick that has a PCE above Cone 33 on the fire product, shrinks less than one percent in the ASTM permanent linear change test, Schedule C (2910 F), and does not incur more than 4% loss in the panel spalling test (preheated to 3000 F). See brick for more related terms (SW108ts). Super heated gas: See super heated steam. Super heated steam (super heated vapor or super heated gas): The steam, vapor, or gas at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature at a given pressure. See steam for more related terms (Jones-pl43). Super mixed paper: The paper that consists of a baled clean sorted mixture of various qualities of papers containing less than 10% of groundwood stock, coated, or uncoated. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Super mixed wastepaper: See waste paper.
Super adiabatic: The condition where the temperature lapse rate is smaller than the dry adiabatic lapse rate resulting in unstable conditions (NATO-78110).
Super news wastepaper: See waste paper.
Super chlorination: A large quantity of chlorine (up to 20 mglliter) is used during chlorination.
Super news: Consists of baled sorted fresh newspapers, not sunburned, free from papers other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of rotogravure and colored sections (EPA-83).
Super conductivity: No measurable electrical resistance at temperature approaching to 0 K for certain materials. Super critical fluid (SCF): SCF is characterized as a form of matter in which the liquid and gaseous states are indistinguishable from one another. It is formed when both temperatures and pressures to which the fluid is subjected exceed the critical point of the state. Under these supercritical states, the character of the fluid becomes very unusual compared to that under ambient conditions. For example, if water is under the supercritical conditions, the density, dielectric constant, hydrogen bonding, and certain other physical properties are so altered that water behaves much as a moderately polar organic liquid. Thus, heptane or benzene could become miscible in all proportions with SCW (supercritical water) which cannot happen with water under sub-
Super saturated solution: See over saturated solution. Super saturation: The condition of a solution when it contains more solute (sucrose) than that which would be dissolved under normal pressure and temperature (EPA-75102d). Super ultra-low emissions vehicle (SULEV): SULEVs are rated by tailpipe and air emissions as to whether they meet reduction level requirements established by the EPA and the state of California. Super vapor: See super heated steam.
Superchlorination: Chlorination with doses that are deliberately selected to produce water free of combined residuals so large as to require dechlorination (EPA-97/12). Supercritical water: A type of thermal treatment using moderate temperatures and high pressures to enhance the ability of water to break down large organic molecules into smaller, less toxic ones. Oxygen injected during this process combines with simple organic compounds to form carbon dioxide and water. Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program: EPA program to promote development and use of innovative treatment and site characterization technologies in Superfund site cleanups (EPA97/12). Supercritical water: A type of thermal treatment using moderate temperatures and high pressures to enhance the ability of water to break down large organic molecules into smaller, less toxic compounds. Oxygen injected during this process combines with simple organic compounds to form carbon dioxide and water (NavyIEnv-04). Superficial velocity: The velocity through packing (absorber or adsorber) assuming the packing was not present. The actual velocity through the packing is lower since the gas can flow only through the void volume of the packing (EPA-84/09). Superfund accelerated cleanup model (SACM): An approach to cleanup that encouraged innovative ways to streamline the cleanup process. The idea was developed in 1992 by OSRTI to address public and congressional criticism that cleanups were too slow. With over a decade of experience, the program recognized the benefits to be gained from combining certain pipeline activities, particularly where previous experience could eliminate years of study and analysis. Under SACM, for example, an emergency response might be expanded to eliminate the need for later longterm action at a site. Site evaluation sampling could be augmented to include tests that could assist in selecting a remedy further in the process. Certain remedies could be presumed appropriate based on past experience, without unnecessarily duplicating past studies during the remedy selection phase. SACM removed the artificial distinction between removal, site evaluation, and longterm remediation. It eliminated divisional "ownership" of a site according to where it was on the cleanup pipeline. Data needs, resources, and study could potentially be consolidated at several stages, reducing the time and cost of cleanup (SFIreform-04). Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986: See Act or SARA. Superfund chemical data matrix (SCDM): The Superfund Chemical Data Matrix (SCDM) is a source for factor values and benchmark values applied when evaluating potential National Priorities List (NPL) sites using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS). Factor values are part of the HRS mathematical equation for determining the relative threat posed by a hazardous waste site and reflect hazardous substance characteristics, such as toxicity
and persistence in the environment, substance mobility, and potential for bioaccumulation. Benchmarks are environment- or health-based substance concentration limits developed by or used in other EPA regulatory programs (SFIremedy-04).
Superfund enhanced state and tribal role initiative (STROLE): Superfund Enhanced State and Tribal Role Initiative (STROLE) is a comprehensive plan that encourages states and tribes to share in Superfund program responsibilities, thus enabling the cleanup of more sites (SFIremedy-04). Superfund innovative technology evaluation (SITE): A 1986 program established by the EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) and Office of Research and Development (ORD) to promote the development and use of innovative treatment technologies during CERCLA response actions (EPA-89112a). Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE): This program supports development of technologies for assessing and treating waste at Superfund sites. EPA evaluates the technology and provides an assessment of its potential for future use in Superfund remediation actions. The program consists of four related components: the Demonstration Program, the Emerging Technologies Program, the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program, and Technology Transfer activities (SFIEnv-04). Superfund job training initiative (SuperJTI): The Superfund Job Training Initiative (SuperJTI) supports job training opportunities in communities affected by Superfund sites, and encourages trainee employment in site cleanup activities (SFIremedy-04). Superfund memorandum of agreement (SMOA): A nonbinding, written document executed by an EPA Regional Administrator and the head of a state agency that may establish the nature and extent of EPA and state interaction during the removal, preremedial, remedial, andlor enforcement response process. The SMOA is not a site-specific document although attachments may address specific sites. The SMOA generally defines the role and responsibilities of both the lead and the support agencies (40CFR300.5-91). Superfund off-site policy and clean-up standards (OSWER-87): (1) The new clean-up standards provided for in SARA require that Superfund remedies must be protective of human health and the environment, cost-effective, and utilize permanent solutions, alternative treatment technologies and resource recovery to the maximum extent practicable. The on-site remedies must also meet applicable or relevant and appropriate regulations (ARARs) of other federal statutes including: RCRA, TSCA, SDWA, CAA, and CWA. And, where state standards are more stringent than federal standards, state standards must be met. For wastes remaining on site, the remedial actions are reviewed every five years. (2) The new clean-up standards are expected to increase the use of mobile
treatment units and stabilization techniques to manage waste on site. However, some concentrated hazardous wastes will likely require off-site treatment and disposal. This could increase the demand for commercial capacity. The off-site disposal provision in SARA restricts disposal of Superfund wastes to those facilities in compliance with RCRA and TSCA and applicable state requirements. Specifically, the unit receiving Superfund wastes must not be releasing any hazardous wastes and releases from other units at the facility must be controlled by a corrective action program. Several Superfund sites have experienced difficulties locating a commercial facility eligible to accept their waste. Superfund operation: In the post-ROD process, the site receives a Remedial Design (RD) study to provide details on how the chosen remedy will be engineered and constructed. The whole process ends with the Remedial Action (RA), the actual implementation of the selected remedial. Many cleanups include long-term monitoring to determine whether the cleanup is effective and if more cleanup is necessary. A ROD may be reopened and amended because of new information discovered or difficulties encountered during the design and remedial action. When a cleanup is deemed complete and effective, the site can be delisted by EPA from the NPL (OTA-89110a). Superfund state contract (SSC): A joint, legally binding agreement between EPA and another party(s) to obtain the necessary assurances before a EPA-lead remedial action or any political subdivision-lead activities can begin at a site, and to ensure state or Indian Tribe involvement as required under CERCLA section 121(f) (40CFR35.6015-91, see also 40CFR300.5-91). Superfund trust fund: A public trust fund created with passage of CERCLA in 1980 to be used to help pay for the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites (SFIremedy-04). Superfund: (1) The program operated under the legislative authority of CERCLA and SARA that funds and carries out EPA solid waste emergency and long-term removal and remedial activities. These activities include establishing the National Priorities List, investigating sites for inclusion on the list, determining their priority, and conducting and/or supervising cleanup and other remedial actions. (2) A fund set up under CERCLA to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and to take legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up. The Superfund consists of funds from taxes imposed upon the petroleum and chemical industries, an environmental tax on corporations, and from general tax revenues (also known as Trust Fund, and Hazardous Waste Superfund) (SFIreform-04). Superfund: Common name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to clean up abandoned or inactive hazardous waste dump sites (RCRAImanagement-04).See Act or CERCLA.
Superfund: The program operated under the legislative authority of CERCLA and SARA that funds and carries out EPA solid waste emergency and long-term removal and remedial activities. These activities include establishing the National Priorities List, investigating sites for inclusion on the list, determining their priority, and conducting and/or supervising cleanup and other remedial actions (EPA-97/12). Superheated gas: See superheated steam. Superheated steam (superheated vapor or superheated gas): The steam, vapor or gas at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to its pressure. See steam for more related terms. Superheated vapor: See superheated steam. Supernatant: A substance floating above or on the surface of another substance (EPA-87110a). Superphosphoric acid plant: Any facility which concentrates wet-process phosphoric acid to 66% or greater P205 content by weight for eventual consumption as a fertilizer (40CFR60.2 11-91). Supplemental environmental projects: Environmentally beneficial projects which a defendant or respondent agrees to undertake in the settlement of a civil or administrative enforcement action, but which the defendant is not otherwise legally required to perform (RCRAIhazardous-04). Supplemental irrigation: Commonly, imgation as carried on in humid areas. The term means that the imgation water is supplementary to the natural rainfall rather than being the primary source of moisture as in the arid and semiarid West. Supplementary imgation is used generally to prevent retardation of growth during periods of drought (CWAhydrology-04). Supplemental registration: An arrangement whereby a registrant licenses another company to market its pesticide product under the second company's registration (EPA-97/12). Supplemental sources: When imgation water supplies are obtained from more than one source, the source furnishing the principal supply is commonly designated the primary source, and the sources furnishing the additional supplies, the supplemental sources (CWAhydrology-04). Supplementary control system (SCS): Any technique for limiting the concentration of a pollutant in the ambient air by varying the emissions of that pollutant according to atmospheric conditions. For the purposes of this part, the term supplementary control system does not include any dispersion technique based solely on the use of a stack the height of which exceeds good engineering practice (as determined under regulations implementing section 123 of the Act) (40CFR57.103-91).
Supplier of water: Any person who owns or operates a public water system. See water for more related terms (SDWA1401, see also 40CFR141.2; 142.2; 143.2-91). Supplier of water: Any person who owns or operates a public water system (SDWA1401; EPA-97/12). Supplies: All tangible personal property other than equipment as defined in this part (40CFR31.3-91, see also 40CFR33.005; 35.6015-91). Supply limited material: A secondary material that is not collected in sufficient amounts or is too highly contaminated for current manufacturing processes (OTA-89/10). Support facilities: In the context of the new production reactor, all the existing, modified, or new facilities needed to support the production of tritium andlor plutonium, except for the reactor facility. Support facilities include fuel and target fabrication facilities; fuel and target processing facilities; waste management facilities; and facilities providing necessary resources such as power, steam, and water (DOE-91/04). Support media: The quartz sand or glass beads used to support the plant (40CFR797.2800-91, see also 40CFR797.2850-91). Support services: Those discrete services, ranging from routine tasks (such as clerical support and moving services) to highly specialized technical tasks, which the Department of Energy contracts for, rather than hiring permanent federal employees (OMBIReg-04). Support zone: A safe area at an incident or cleanup for those agencies directly involved in the operation, including the Incident Commander, Emergency Medical Service providers, etc. (NavyIEnv-04). Support: The all-important function of keeping the mine workings open. As a verb, it refers to this function; as a noun it refers to all the equipment and materials--timber, roof bolts, concrete, steel, etc.--that are used to carry out this function (CWAImining-04). Supporting information: Information submissions that substantiate or summarize detailed data analysis, calculations, or modeling and associated parameters and assumptions. Examples of recommended supporting information include derivations of background values, exposure point concentrations, modeled intakes, and chemical-specific parameters. Supporting information should be provided as Interim Deliverables for EPA risk assessor review prior to the development of the Draft Baseline Risk Assessment Report (SF1risk.A-04). Supporting studies: Those studies that contain information that is useful for providing insight and support for the conclusions (EPA92/12).
Suppressed combustion: Those basic oxygen furnace steel making wet air cleaning systems which are designed to limit or suppress the combustion of carbon monoxide in furnace gases by restricting the amount of excess air entering the air pollution control system. See combustion for more related terms (40CFR420.41-91). Surety bond: A guarantee which certifies that a surety company will cover TSDF financial assurance or UST financial responsibility requirements on behalf of the owner and operator (RCRA/hazardous-04). Surface active agent: One which modifies physical, electrical, or chemical characteristics of the surface of solids and also surface tensions of solid or liquid. Used in froth flotation (EPA-82/05). Surface aeration: The violent agitation of water surface to increase dissolved oxygen in the water. See aeration for more related terms. Surface aerator: An aerator for providing surface aeration. See aerator for more related terms. Surface casing: The first string of well casing to be installed in the well (40CFRl46.3-91). Surface charge: Electrical charge (usually negative charge) on the surface of many colloids, bacteria, and algae. Surface coal mining and reclamation operations: The surface mining operations and all activities necessary and incident to the reclamation of such operations after August 3, 1977 (SMCRA7013ou.s.c. 1291-90). Surface coal mining operations: (1) Activities conducted on the surface of lands in connection with a surface coal mine or subject to the requirement of section 1266 of this title surface operations and surface impacts incident to an underground coal mine, the products of which enter commerce or the operations of which directly or indirectly affect interstate commerce. Such activities include excavation for the purpose of obtaining coal including such common methods as contour, strip, auger, mountain-top removal, box cut, open pit, and area mining, the uses of explosives and blasting, and in situ distillation or retorting, leaching or other chemical or physical processing, and the cleaning, concentrating, or other processing or preparation, loading of coal for interstate commerce at or near the mine site, provided, however, that such activities do not include the extraction of coal incidental to the extraction of other minerals where coal does not exceed 16 213 per centum of the tonnage of minerals removed for purposes of commercial use or sale or coal explorations subject to section 1262 of this title; and (2) The areas upon which such activities occur or where such activities disturb the natural land surface. Such areas shall also include any adjacent land the use of which is incidental to any such activities, all lands affected by the
construction of new roads or the improvement or use of existing roads to gain access to the site of such activities and for haulage and excavations, workings, impoundments, dams, ventilation shafts, entryways, refuse banks, dumps, stockpiles, overburden piles, spoil banks, culm banks, tailings, holes or depressions, repair areas, storage areas, processing areas, shipping areas and other areas upon which are sited structures, facilities, or other property or materials on the surface, resulting from or incident to such activities (SMCRA701-91).
Surface coating operation: The system on a metal furniture surface coating line used to apply and dry or cure an organic coating on the surface of the metal furniture part or product. The surface coating operation may be a prime coat or a top coat operation and includes the coating application station(s), flash-off area, and curing oven (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.451-91). Surface coating: The process of coating a copper workpiece as well as the associated surface finishing and flattening (40CFR468.02-91). Surface collecting agents: Those chemical agents that form a surface film to control the layer thickness of oil (40CFR300.5-91). Surface compaction: Increasing the dry density of surface soil by applying a dynamic load (SW-108ts). Surface condenser: (1) A device which removes a substance from a gas stream by reducing the temperature of the stream, without direct contact between the coolant and the stream (40CFR52.74191). (2) A heat exchanger where the coolant is physically separated from the vapor stream, usually by tubular surfaces and the vapor is condensed (EPA-84/09). (3) The heat is transferred through a barrier that separates the cooling water and the vapor. The condensate can be recovered separately (EPA-751024 AP-40, PI 99). (4) See condenser for more related terms. Surface cracking: Discontinuities that develop in the cover material at a sanitary landfill due to the surface drylng or settlement of the solid waste. These discontinuities may result in the exposure of solid waste, entrance or egress of vectors, intrusion of water, and venting of decomposition gases (SW108ts). Surface drains: Surface channels which primarily remove surface water (EPA-83). Surface dump: See dump. Surface energy balance: The balance between the incoming and outgoing energy at the Earth's surface. The energy consists of radiation (short wave and long wave), turbulent fluxes (sensible heat and latent heat flux) an other fluxes (e.g., ground heat flux) (NATO-78110).
Surface friction: The drag or shear stress of the Earth's surface on the air motion above the surface (NATO-78/10). Surface impoundment: A natural topographic depression, manmade excavation, or diked area formed primarily of earthen materials that is used to treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste (RCRNhazardous-04). Surface impoundment: Treatment, storage, or disposal of liquid hazardous wastes in ponds (EPA-97/12). Surface irrigation: The process of wastewater irrigation in which wastewater is applied to and distributed over the surface of the ground. See land treatment for more related terms (EPA-74/01a). Surface layer: The lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer adjacent to the surface. Usually defined as the layer in which the shear stress can be considered to be independent of height (NATO-78110). Surface loading rate (SLR): Surface loading rate = (wastewater flow)/(water surface of a treatment tank). Surface material: Material in a building that is sprayed on surfaces, troweled on surfaces, or otherwise applied to surfaces for acoustical, fireproofing, or other purposes, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing material on structural members (TSCA-AIA1-91). Surface mine: A mine in which the coal lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layers of rock and soil (CWAImining-04). Surface moisture: The water that is not chemically bound to a metallic mineral or metallic mineral concentrate (40CFR60.38191). Surface runoff: Precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water in. excess of what can infiltrate the soil surface and be stored in small surface depressions; a major transporter of non-point source pollutants in rivers, streams, and lakes (EPA-97/12). Surface runoff: Runoff that travels o v a the land surface to the nearest stream channel (CWA/Wbasics-04). Surface runoff: That part of the runoff which travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It is also defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface since precipitation. The term is misused when applied in the sense of direct runoff. See also runoff, overland flow, direct runoff, groundwater runoff, and surface water (CWAhydrology04). Surface sized: Paper treated with a water and ink-resistant material (EPA-83).
Surface tension: A measure of the force opposing the spread of a thin film of liquid (EPA-83106a). Surface tension: A property of liquids arising from unbalanced molecular cohesive forces at or near the surface, as a result of which the surface tends to contract and has properties resembling those of a stretched elastic membrane (NavyEnv-04). Surface tension: The attraction of molecules to each other on a liquid's surface. Thus, a barrier is created between the air and the liquid (CWANscience-04). Surface to volume ratio: The surface area of an object relative to its volume (Navy/Env-04). Surface treatment: A chemical or electrochemical treatment applied to the surface of a metal. Such treatments include pickling, etching, conversion coating, phosphating, and chromating. Surface treatment baths are usually followed by a water rinse. The rinse may consist of single or multiple stage rinsing. For the purposes of this part, a surface treatment operation is defined as a bath followed by a rinse, regardless of the number of stages. Each surface treatment bath, rinse combination is entitled to discharge allowance. See treatment for more related terms (40CFR471.0291). Surface uranium mines: Strip mining operations for removal of uranium-bearing ore (EPA-97/12). Surface water (SW): All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly influenced by surface water (NavyIEnv-04).
Surface water: The water that systems pump and treat from sources open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs (SDWAIReg-04). Surface water: Water on the surface of the earth, such as in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, and springs (compare with groundwater) (SFhealth-04). Surface water: Water that is on the earth's surface, such as in a stream, river, lake, or reservoir (CWANscience-04). Surface weather observation: The observation of different meteorological parameters at the surface, such as temperature, wind speed, and direction. These observations are usually routinely done at a large number of stations at fixed hours each day (NATO-78/10). Surface-water treatment rule: Rule that specifies maximum contaminant level goals for Giardia lamblia, viruses, and Legionella and promulgates filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water or groundwater sources under the direct influence of surface water. The regulations also specify water quality, treatment, and watershed protection criteria under which filtration may be avoided (EPA-97/12). Surfacing ACM: Asbestos-containing material that is sprayed or troweled on or otherwise applied to surfaces, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing materials on structural members (EPA-97/12). Surfacing ACM: The surfacing material that is ACM (40CFR763.83-9 1).
Surface water: (1) All water which is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff (40CFR141.2-91, see also 40CFR131.3591, EPA-85110a). (2) Water on the Earth's surface, as distinguished from water in the ground (groundwater) (DOE91/04). (3) See water for more related terms.
Surfacing material: Material in a school building that is sprayedon, troweled-on, or otherwise applied to surfaces, such as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing materials on structural members, or other materials on surfaces for acoustical, fireproofing, or other purposes (40CFR763.83-91).
Surface water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries, etc.) (EPA-97/12).
Surfacing material: Material sprayed or troweled onto structural members (beams, columns, or decking) for fire protection; or on ceilings or walls for fireproofing, acoustical, or decorative purposes. Includes textured plaster, and other textured wall and ceiling surfaces (EPA-97/12).
Surface water: All water naturally open to the atmosphere (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, seas, estuaries) and all springs, wells, or other collectors directly influenced by surface water (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Surface water: An open body of water such as a lake, river, or stream (CWAIWbasics-04). Surface water: Bodies of water that form and remain above ground, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, bays, and oceans (SFIremedy-04).
Surfactant: A detergent compound that promotes lathering (EPA97/12). Surfactant: A detergent compound that promotes lathering. Often used as a spill control measure and in remediation systems (NavyEnv-04). Surfactant: (1) Surface-active agents used in detergents to cause lathering (EPA-83106a). (2) Those methylene blue active substances amendable to measurement by the method described in
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971, Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, page 131 (40CFR417.91-91, see also 40CFR417.101; 417.111; 417.121; 417.131; 417.141; 417.151; 417.161; 417.171; 417.181; 417.191-91).
Method target analytes in composition and behavior, is not ordinarily found in environmental samples. Because surrogates are generally added to each sample in a batch, they can be used to monitor recovery on a sample-specific, rather than batch-specific basis (SA-04).
Surficial: Of or relating to the surface (EPA-80108).
Surrogate: Generally organic compounds which are not target analytes, but are similar to target analytes in chemical composition, extraction, and chromatography, but which are not normally found in environmental samples. These compounds are added to samples to assess analytical performance of a method. They are spiked into all blanks, samples, and spiked samples prior to analysis. Percent recoveries are calculated for each surrogate (NavyJEnv-04).
Surge control tank: A large sized pipe or storage reservoir sufficient to contain the surging liquid discharge of the process tank to which it is connected. See tank for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91). Surge pressure: The pressure produced by a change in velocity of the moving stream that results from shutting down a pump station or pumping unit, closure of a valve, or any other blockage of the moving stream. See pressure for more related terms (40CFR195.291). Surge tank: A tank for absorbing and dampening the wavelike motion of a volume of liquid; an in-process storage tank that acts as a flow buffer between process tanks. See tank for more related terms (EPA-87110a). Surge: A sudden rise to an excessive value, such as flow, pressure, temperature (EPA-83106a).
Surrogate: In sampling, a known compound to a sample which is chemically similar to the sample so that an estimate of the accuracy of the analytical measurement and an assessment of the overall efficiency of the analytical procedures can be made (EPA82/02). Surroundings: The state or matter outside a system. See thermodynamic system for more related terms. Suweillance system: A series of monitoring devices designed to check on environmental conditions (EPA-97/12). Surveillance: See public health surveillance (SFkealth-04).
Surplus energy: Energy generated that is beyond the immediate needs of the producing system. This energy is frequently obtained from spinning reserve and sold on an interruptible basis. See electric energy for more related terms (EPA-83). Surplus facilities management program: A DOE program to manage the more than 5100 facilities identified as surplus to the mission of nuclear weapons production and other related activities. Many of these facilities became contaminated with radioactivity or hazardous chemicals as a result of the activities that occurred within or around them (SDWNradionuclide-04). Surplus real property: Excess real property (see separately) that has been screened and determined not to be needed by the federal government (SDWNradionuclide-04).
Survey analysis: The survey analysis is to provide an overall description of the sample in terms of the major organic compounds and major inorganic compounds that are present in the sample. The analysis provides a qualitative description of the overall chemistry of the sample. See analysis for more related terms (EPA-82/02). Suwey: A systematic collection of information or data. A survey can be conducted to collect information from a group of people or from the environment. Surveys of a group of people can be conducted by telephone, by mail, or in person. Some surveys are done by interviewing a group of people (see prevalence survey) (SFkealth-04).
Surplus sludge: See excess activated sludge.
Suwey: Sampling of a representative number of sites during a given hydrologic condition (CWNWbasics-04).
Surrogate data: Data from studies of test organisms or a test substance that are used to estimate the characteristics or effects on another organism or substance (EPA-97/12).
Susceptibility analysis: An analysis to determine whether a Public Water Supply is subject to significant pollution from known potential sources (EPA-97/12).
Surrogate sampling device: A secondary or substitute sampling device (Navy/Env-04).
Susceptibility: The degree to which an organism is affected by a pesticide at a particular level of exposure (40CFR171.2-91).
Surrogate: A surrogate analyte is used to monitor Method performance on a matix-specific basis. A surrogate is a pure analyte which is added to the sample aliquot in known amount, prior to sample extraction. The surrogate, which is similar to the
Suspect material: Building material suspected of containing asbestos; e.g., surfacing material, floor tile, ceiling tile, thermal system insulation (EPA-97/12).
Suspended (as used in tables of chemical analyses): The amount (concentration) of undissolved material in a water-sediment mixture. It is associated with the material retained on a 0.45micrometer filter (CWAiWquality-04). Suspended loads: Specific sediment particles maintained in the water column by turbulence and carried with the flow of water (EPA-97/12). Suspended matter in air: Particles whose density is closed to atmospheric air, thus remaining in the air for a long time.
Suspended-sediment concentration: The velocity-weighted concentration of suspended sediment in the sampled zone (from the water surface to a point approximately 0.3 foot above the bed) expressed as milligrams of dry sediment per liter of watersediment mixture (mg/L) (CWAiWquality-04). Suspended-sediment discharge: The quantity of suspended sediment passing a point in a stream over a specified period of time. When expressed in tons per day, it is computed by multiplying water discharge (in cubic feet per second) by the suspended-sediment concentration (in milligrams per liter) and by the factor 0.0027 (CWNWscience-04).
Suspended matter in water: See suspended solid. Suspended metals: The concentration of metals determined in the portion of a sample that is retained by a 0.45 pm filter. See metal for more related terms (Method 3005, SW-846). Suspended sediment: Particles of rock, sand, soil, and organic detritus carried in suspension in the water column, in contrast to sediment that moves on or near the streambed (CWAiWquality04). Suspended sediment: Very fine soil particles that remain in suspension in water for a considerable period of time without contact with the bottom. Such material remains in suspension due to the upward components of turbulence and currents andlor by suspension (CWAiWscience-04). Suspended solids: Different from suspended sediment only in the way that the sample is collected and analyzed (CWAiWquality04). Suspended solids: Small particles of solid pollutants that float on the surface of, or are suspended in, sewage or other liquids. They resist removal by conventional means (EPA-97/12). Suspended solids: Solids that are not in true solution and that can be removed by filtration. Such suspended solids usually contribute directly to turbidity. Defined in waste management, these are small particles of solid pollutants that resist separation by conventional methods (CWAiWscience-04). Suspended: (as used in tables of chemical analyses) The amount (concentration) of undissolved material in a water-sediment mixture. Most commonly refer to that material retained on a 0.45micrometer filter (CWAlWbasics-04). Suspended: Those elements which are retained by a 0.45 um membrane filter (40CFRl36-App/C-91). Suspended-sediment concentration: The ratio of the mass of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of the watersediment mixture. Typically expressed in milligrams of dry sediment per liter of water-sediment mixture (CWAIWscience-04).
Suspension culture: Cells growing in a liquid nutrient medium (EPA-97/12). Suspension freezing: See crystallization. Suspension: Suspending the use of a pesticide when EPA deems it necessary to prevent an imminent hazard resulting from its continued use. An emergency suspension takes effect immediately; under an ordinary suspension a registrant can request a hearing before the suspension goes into effect. Such a hearing process might take six months (EPA-97/12). Suspension: Weaker strata hanging from stronger, overlying strata by means of roof bolts (CWNmining-04). Sustainable agriculture: Environmentally friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to the farm as an ecosystem, including effects on soil, water supplies, biodiversity, or other surrounding natural resources. The concept of sustainable agriculture is an "intergenerational" one in which we pass on a conserved or improved natural resource base instead of one which has been depleted or polluted. Terms often associated with farms or ranches that are self-sustaining include "low-input," organic, "ecological," "biodynamic," and "permaculture" (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Sustainable development: Development is sustainable. Protection of the environment is to ensure further development in the future. The concept was concluded in a meeting of the World Commission on Environment Development (WCED) under the sponsorship of the United Nations. The meeting was held in Tokyo Japan in 1987. Sustained yield: See safe yield. Swaging: A process in which a solid point is formed at the end of a tube, rod, or bar by the repeated blows of one or more pairs of opposing dies (40CFR471.02-91). Swale: A slight depression, sometimes filled with water, in the midst of generally level land (CWAlWbasics-04).
Swale: An elongated trench that is used to collect and direct the flow of surface water runoff (RCRAImanagement-04).
of one another beyond what an individual could have produced (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Swamp: A type of wetland dominated by woody vegetation but without appreciable peat deposits. Swamps may be fresh or salt water and tidal or non-tidal. See wetlands (EPA-97/12).
Synergistic effect: (1) The simultaneous action of separate agents which, together, have greater total effect than the sum of their individual effects (cf. additive effect) (EPA-76/03). (2) Joint effects of two or more agents, such as drugs, that, when taken together, increase each other's effectiveness (LBL-76107-bio).
Swamp: An area intermittently or permanently covered with water, and having trees and shrubs (CWAIWbasics-04). Sweated pig: An ingot prepared from high iron aluminium alloy (EPA-76/12). Sweating: Bringing small globules of low-melting constituents to an alloy surface during heat treatment (EPA-83103a). Sweet water: (1) The solution of 8 to 10% crude glycerine and 90 to 22% water that is a by-product of saponification or fat splitting (40CFR417.41-9 1). (2) A by-product aqueous glycerine from soap manufacture (EPA-74104~).(3) See water for more related terms.
Synergistic effect: A biologic response to multiple substances where one substance worsens the effect of another substance. The combined effect of the substances acting together is greater than the sum of the effects of the substances acting by themselves (see additive effect and antagonistic effect) (SFhealth-04). Synonym: A word that means the same or nearly the same as another word, such as bucket and pail. Synoptic scale: In meteorology, a length scale of the order of one thousand kilometers. Applicable to phenomena such as synoptic high or low pressure areas (NATO-78/10).
Sweet: Term applied to easily workable glass (EPA-83). Sweetening unit: A process device that separates the H2S and C02contents from the sour natural gas stream (40CFR60.641-91). Swill (or slops): Semi-liquid waste materials consisting of food scraps and free liquids (SW-108ts). Swing crew method: A method in which one or more reserve work crews go anywhere help is needed. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW- 108ts).
Synoptic sites: Sites sampled during a short-term investigation of specific water-quality conditions during selected seasonal or hydrologic conditions to provide improved spatial resolution for critical water-quality conditions (CWNWquality-04). Syntan: A synthetic tanning material, generally used in combination with vegetable, mineral, or formaldehyde tannages. Syntans are almost exclusively used in retanning rather than tanning operations (EPA-82/11). Synthesis: The production of a substance by the union of elements or simpler chemical compounds (DOD-78/01).
Switcher locomotive: Any locomotive designated as a switcher by the builder or reported to the ICC as a switcher by the operatorowning-railroad and including, but not limited to, all locomotives of the builderlmodel designations listed in Appendix A to this subpart (40CFR201.1-91).
Synthetic ammonium sulfate manufacturing plant: Any plant which produces ammonium sulfate by direct combination of ammonia and sulfuric acid (40CFR60.421-91).
Synchronization: Making different things happen at exactly the same time. For example, in films, a picture needs to synchronize with its soundtrack.
Synthetic detergent: A material which has a cleansing action like soap but are not derived directly from fats and oils. Used in ore flotation. See detergent for more related terms (EPA-82/05).
Syncline: A fold in rock in which the strata dip inward from both sides toward the axis. The opposite of anticline (CWNmining-04).
Synthetic fiber: Any fiber composed partially or entirely of materials made by chemical synthesis, or made partially or entirely from chemically modified naturally occurring materials. See fiber for more related terms (40CFR60.601-91).
Synergism: An interaction of two or more chemicals that results in an effect greater than the sum of their separate effects (EPA97/12). Synergism: The characteristic property of a mixture of toxicants that exhibits a greater-than-additive total toxic effect (EPA-91/03). Synergism: The cooperative action of two or more organisms producing a greater total result than the sum of their independent effects; chemicals or muscles in synergy enhance the effectiveness
Synthetic gas (syngas): Syngas or synthetic gas: A gas resulting from pyrolysis of organic material or produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter. The combustible components of syngas are primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen; it is usually about 300 Btu/SCF, but less than 900 Btu/SCF; it is also called synthesis or pyrolysis gas (EPA-83).
Synthetic liner: A type of liner consisting of a plastic membrane, instead of soil. Synthetic liners are less permeable, thinner, and more flexible than soil liners (RCRAImanagement-04). Synthetic natural gas (SNG): A fuel usually in the range of 950 to 1050 Btu per standard cubic foot (EPA-83). Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs): Man-made (anthropogenic) organic chemicals. Some SOCs are volatile; others tend to stay dissolved in water instead of evaporating (EPA-97/12). Synthetic organic chemicals manufacturing industry: The industry that produces, as intermediates or final products, one or more of the chemicals listed in 40CFR60.489 (40CFR60.48 1-91). Synthetic resin (or thermosetting resin): A combination of chemicals which can be polymerized, e.g., by the application of heat, into a compound which is used to produce the bond or improve the bond. See resin for more related terms (EPA-74/04).
entitlement to electric output is otherwise established by contractual arrangement (40CFR60.41a-91). System load: The entire electric demand of an electric utility company's service area interconnected with the affected facility that has the malfunctioning flue gas desulfurization system plus firm contractual sales to other electric utility companies. Sales to other electric utility companies (e.g., emergency power) not on a firm contractual basis may also be included in the system load when no available system capacity exists in the electric utility company to which the power is supplied for sale. See load for more related terms (40CFR60.41a-91). System losses: The difference between the system net energy or power input and output resulting from characteristic losses and unaccounted for between the sources of supply and the metering points of delivery on a system. See electric loss for more related terms (EPA-83). System state: The conditions of a system.
Synthetics: All man-made fibers, including those manufactured from naturally occurring raw materials (regenerated fibers) and chemical synthesis (EPA-82/09). Syringe: A small medical device for drawing fluids from or injecting fluids into human or animal bodies. Other syringe-related terms include (1) Gas tight syringe and (2) Hypodermic syringe. Syrup of ipecac: A medicine used to induce vomiting in the case of accidental poisoning. Use syrup of ipecac only under the instruction of poison control authorities because some poisons can cause more damage by being vomited (HAS-92). Syrup: A water solution of sugar, usually sucrose (EPA-74/03). System audit: A qualitative on-site evaluation of a measurement system. The objective of the audit is to assess and document all facilities, equipment, systems, recordkeeping, data validation, operating, maintenance, calibration procedures, reporting requirements, and quality control procedures. Since the above items should be defined in the project under evaluation, the Quality Assurance Project Plan provides the basis for the audit. See audit for more related terms (EPA-85/08; 8611Oa). System boundary: The separation wall or layer between a system and its surroundings. System emergency reserves: An amount of electric generating capacity equivalent to the rated capacity of the single largest electric generating unit in the electric utility company (including steam generating units, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, nuclear units, hydroelectric units, and all other electric generating equipment) which is interconnected with the affected facility that has the malfunctioning flue gas desulfurization system. The electric generating capability of equipment under multiple ownership is prorated based on ownership unless the proportional
System with a single service connection: A system that supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line (EPA-97/12). System: (1) In equipment design, a collection of interdependent equipment and procedures assembled and integrated to perform a well-defined purpose. It is an assembly of procedures, processes, methods, routines, or techniques united by some form of regulated interaction to form an organized whole (DOE-91/04). (2) See thermodynamic system for more related terms. Systemic effect: Systemic effects are those that require absorption and distribution of the toxicant to a site distant from its entry point, at which point effects are produced. Most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not cause a similar degree of toxicity in all organs, but usually demonstrate major toxicity to one or two organs. These are referred to as the target organs of toxicity for that chemical (EPA-92/12). Systemic pesticide: A chemical absorbed by an organism that interacts with the organism and makes the organism toxic to pests (EPA-97/12). Systemic pesticide: A chemical absorbed by an organism that makes the organism toxic to pests (MWTAImedical-04). Systemic pesticide: A chemical that is taken up from the ground or absorbed through the surface and carried through the system of the organism being protected, making the organism toxic to pests. See pesticide for more related terms (EPA-89/12). Systemic toxicity: See systemic effects.
Table classifier: A vibrating, ribbed table designed to separate dense ore or metals from the lighter constituents. Normally the classifier is used with a flow of water (cf. tabling) (EPA-75102~). Tablet coating operation: A pharmaceutical coating operation in which tablets are coated (40CFR52.741-91). Tabulating paper: The paper used in tabulating forms for use on automatic data processing equipment. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Tack: Stickiness (EPA-91/05). Taconite ore: A type of highly abrasive iron ores now extensively mined in the United States (EPA-82/05). Tag: The stiff paper, metal, or other hard material that is tied or otherwise affixed to the packaging of a protector (40CFR211.20391). Tail section: A term used in both belt and chain conveyor work to designate that portion of the conveyor at the extreme opposite end from the delivery point. In either type of conveyor it consists of a frame and either a sprocket or a drum on which the chain or belt travels, plus such other devices as may be required for adjusting belt or chain tension (CWNmining-04). Tail water: The runoff of irrigation water from the lower end of an irrigated field (EPA-97/12). Tailgate: A subsidiary gate road to a conveyor face as opposed to a main gate. The tailgate commonly acts as the return airway and supplies road to the face (CWNmining-04). Tailing pond: The enclosures or basins constructed for the disposal of mine tailings (the fine rock waste in washings fi-om mills after the grinding and processing of ores), they serve as settling basins and prevent or reduce the contamination of streams and other water bodies by such waste. See pond for more related terms (DOI-70104). Tailings: Residue of raw materials or waste separated out during the processing of crops or mineral ores (40CFR61.251-91; EPA97/12).
Tailings: Rock that remains after processing ore to remove the valuable minerals (CWNWquality-04). Tailpiece: Also known as foot section pulley. The pulley or roller in the tail or foot section of a belt conveyor around which the belt runs (CWNmining-04). Tailpipe standards: Emissions limitations applicable to mobile source engine exhausts (EPA-97/12). Take out: A mechanical device for removing a finished article from any glass forming unit (EPA-83). Talc: A fine, soft powder used as filler in some papers (EPA-83). Tall oil: The oily mixture of rosin acids, and other materials obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting (pulping) of pine wood. Used in drying oils, in cutting oils, emulsifiers, and in flotation agents. See oil for more related terms (EPA-82/05). Tallow: A product made from beef cattle or sheep fat that has a melting point of 40 C or greater (40CFR432.101-91). Tamper: (1) To introduce a contaminant into a public water system with the intention of harming persons; or (2) To otherwise interfere with the operation of a public water system with the intention of harming persons (SDWAl432-42U.S.C.300i.l). Tampering: Adjusting, negating, or removing pollution control equipment on a motor vehicle. Tampering: The removal or rendering inoperative by any person, other than for purposes of maintenance, repair, or replacement, of any device or element of design incorporated into any product in compliance with regulations under section 6, prior to its sale or delivery to the ultimate purchaser or while it is in use; or the use of a product after such deice or element of design has been removed or rendered inoperative by any person (40CFR205.15191, see also 40CFR204.2; 204.51; 205.2; 205.51-91). Tangible net worth: The tangible assets that remain after deducting liabilities; such assets would not include intangibles such as goodwill and rights to patents or royalties (cf. net worth) (40CFR144.61-91, see also 40CFR264.141; 265.141; 280.92-91).
Tanhouse: See tanyard.
Tank: Stationary devices used to store or treat hazardous waste (RCRAihazardous-04).
Tank current: The total amperage required to electroplate all the workpieces of a tank load (EPA-74103d).
Tankage: The dried animal by-product residues used in feedstuffs (40CFR432.101-91).
Tank fuel volume: The volume of fuel in the fuel tank(s), which is determined by taking the manufacturers nominal fuel tank(s) capacity and multiplying by 0.40, the result being rounded using ASTM E 29-67 to the nearest tenth of a U.S. gallon (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Tannery waste: The waste from tannery industry. The waste often includes chromium, and high levels of total solids, BOD5, etc. See waste for more related terms.
Tank load: The total number of workpieces being processed (electroplated) simultaneously in the tank (EPA-74103d). Tank system: A hazardous waste storage or treatment tank and its associated ancillary equipment and containment system (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR280.12-91). Tank tightness testing: A variety of UST release detection methods used to determine if a tank is leaking; most of these methods involve monitoring changes in product level or volume in a tank over a period of several hours (RCRAihazardous-04). Tank vessel: A vessel that is constructed or adapted to carry, or that canies, oil or hazardous material in bulk as cargo or cargo residue, and that: (1) Is a vessel of the United States; (2) Operates on the navigable waters; or (3) Transfers oil or hazardous material in a place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States (OPA1001-91). Tank water: The water phase resulting from rendering processes usually occurring in wet rendering (EPA-75/01). Tank: A stationary waste management unit that is designed to contain an accumulation of waste and is constructed primarily of nonearthen materials (e.g., wood, concrete, steel, plastic) which provide structural support (40CFR61.34l -91, see also 4OCFR260.10; 280.12-91). Tank: A melting unit, in which the container for the molten glass is constructed from refractory blocks (EPA-83). Tank: An artificial reservoir for stock water; local in Southwest (CWA/hydrology-04). Tank: For more related terms, see (1) Aboveground tank; (2) Aeration tank; (3) Breakout tank; (4) Continuous flow stirred tank, (5) Dosing tank, (6) Live tank; (7) Holding tank; (8) Imhoff tank; (9) In process tank; (10) Inground tank; (11) Onground tank; (12) Product tank; (13) Quench tank; (14) Residential tank; (15) Separator tank; (16) Septic tank; (17) Skimming tank, (18) Surge tank; (19) Surge control tank; (20) Underground storage tank; (21) Underground tank; and (22) Wash oil circulation tank.
Tannic acid (C14H1009): Yellowish powder used in tanning and textiles. Tanning: A process for treating animal hides. It includes: (1) Chemical treatment to prevent them from bacteria attack; and (2) Fat and grease treatment to make them pliable. Tannins: Chemicals derived from the leaching of bark, nuts, or other vegetable materials used in the vegetable tanning process (EPA-82/11). Tantalum (Ta): A transition metal with atomic number 73; atomic weight 180.948; density 16.6 glcc; melting point 1996 C and boiling point 5425 C. The element belongs to group VB of the periodic table. Tantalum foil: A thin sheet of tantalum, usually less than 0.006 inch thickness (EPA-83/03). Tanyard (or tanhouse): The portion of the tannery in which the bating, pickling, and tanning are performed on the hides or skins (EPA-82/11). Tap: The pouring of molten steel from an EAF or AOD vessel (40CFR60.271a-91, see also 40CFR60.271-91). Tapered aeration: The addition of more air at the entrance of an aeration tank and less air near its outlet. See aeration for more related terms. Tapping period: The time duration from initiation of the process of opening the tap hole until plugging of the tap hole is complete (40CFR60.261-91, see also 40CFR60.271-91). Tapping station: That general area where molten product or slag is removed from the electric submerged arc furnace (40CFR60.261-91). Tapping: The removal of slag or product from the electric submerged arc furnace under normal operating conditions such as removal of metal under normal pressure and movement by gravity down the spout into the ladle (40CFR60.261-91). Tar decanter: Any vessel, tank, or container that functions to separate heavy tar and sludge from flushing liquor by means of
gravity, heat, or chemical emulsion breakers. A tar decanter also may be known as a flushing-liquor decanter (40CFR6 1.13 1-91).
non-carcinogenic effects, the target risk is a hazard quotient of 1 (EPA-91/12).
Tar intercepting sump: Any tank, pit, or enclosure that serves to receive or separate tars and aqueous condensate discharged from the primary cooler. A tar-intercepting sump also may be known as a primary-cooler decanter (40CFR61.13 1-91).
Tarn: A relatively small and deep, steep-sided lake or pool occupying an ice-gouged basin amid glaciated mountains (CWNWbasics-04).
Tar storage tank: Any vessel, tank, reservoir, or other type of container used to collect or store crude tar or tar-entrained naphthalene, except for tar products obtained distillation, such as coal tar pitch, creosotes, or carbolic oil. This definition also includes any vessel, tank, reservoir, or container used to reduce the water content of the tar by means of heat, residence time, chemical emulsion breakers, or centrifugal separation. A tar storage tank also may be known as a tar-dewatering tank (40CFR61.13 1-91). Tar: See asphalt. Tare: Waste materials which must be discharged. Also, the empty weight of a container used for weighing or transporting materials (EPA-74101a). Tared: Counterweighted before use in the sampling procedure to balance the weight of the filter alone (LBL76107-bio). Target analyte list (TAL): In the Superfund program, a standard list of metals to analyze in samples of various media (NavyIEnv04). Target analyte spiking: The spiking with the analyte that is of basic interest in the environmental sample. See spike for more related terms (EPA-84/03). Target analyte: A target analyte is the element, compound, or class of compounds that is detected and quantitated through the analytical measurement process (SA-04). Target compound list (TCL): In the Superfund program, a standard list of compounds to analyze in samples of various media. The compounds include volatile organics, semi-volatile organics, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (NavyIEnv-04). Target distance limit: The maximum distance over which targets for the site are evaluated. The target distance limit varies by HRS pathway (40CFR300-App/A-91). Target levels: Numeric values or other performance criteria that are protective of human health, safety, and the environment (Navy/Env-04).
Tartaric acid [(CHOH)2(COOH)2]: White crystals used in baking, beverage, textile, processing, etc. Task system (daily route method): A collection crew is assigned a weekly route, divided into daily areas. The crew is then responsible for refuse pickup at all collection points on the assigned daily routes. Weather, refuse quantities, and other variables will cause the elapsed time for completion of each daily route to vary. The crew is allowed to go home after completion of the day's route, whether it takes less or more than the established work day to complete. See also large route collection group task system, single load collection method, method, definite working day method (EPA-83). Taxa richness: See species richness (CWNWbasics-04). Tadidle (in): Those aircraft operations involving taxi and idle between the time of landing roll out and final shutdown of all propulsion engines (40CFR87.1-91). Tadidle (out): Those aircraft operations involving taxi and idle between the time of initial starting of the propulsion engine(s) used for the taxi and turn on to duty runway (40CFR87.1-9 1). Taxon (plural taxa): Any identifiable group of taxonomically related organisms (CWAIWquality-04). Taxon: (Taxa pl.) A group of organisms sharing common characteristics in varying degrees of distinction that constitute one of the categories in taxonomic classification, such as species, genus, subspecies, phylum, etc. (NavyJEnv-04). Tear strength: Measurement of resistance of pulp fibers to a tearing force (EPA-83). Technetium (Tc): A radioactive transition metal with atomic number 43; atomic weight 98; density 11.5 gkc; melting point 2140 C and boiling point 4876 C. The element belongs to group VIIB of the periodic table. Technical advisory committees (TACs): TACs have representation from a wide range of agency, stakeholder and public groups interested in, and/or affected by, these environmental issues (CMAPC-04).
Target organ of toxicity: See systemic effect. Target risk: A value that is combined with exposure and toxicity information to calculate a risk-based concentration (e.g., PRG). For carcinogenic effects, the target risk is a cancer risk of 1o-'. For
Technical approach for risk assessment (TARA): One of the Standard Tools under the RAGS Part D approach. The TARA is a road map for incorporating continuous involvement of the EPA risk assessor throughout the CERCLA remedial process. Risk-
related activities, beginning with scoping and problem formulation, extending through collection and analysis of risk-related data, and supporting risk management decision making and remedial designlremedial action issues are addressed. The TARA should be customized for each site and the requirements identified should be included in project workplans so that risk assessment requirements and approaches are clearly defined. Chapters 2 through 5 of Part D present the TARA worksheet formats for documenting assumptions, input parameters, and conclusions regarding complex risk assessment issues. The Data Useability Worksheet (found in Exhibit 3-3) should be an Interim Deliverable for all sites. Worksheets addressing Lead and Radionuclides are under development and will be provided in a revision to RAGS Part D (SFIriskA-04).
Technical assistance grant (TAG) program: A grant program that provides funds for qualified citizens' groups to hire independent technical advisors to help understand and comment on technical decisions relating to Superfund remediation actions (SFEnv-04). Technical assistance grant (TAG): Grants provided to citizens' groups to obtain assistance in interpreting information related to cleanups at Superfund sites or those proposed for the National Priorities List. Grants are used by such groups to hire technical advisors to help them understand the site-related technical information for the duration of response activities (SFIreform-04). Technical Assistance Grant (TAG): As part of the Superfund program, Technical Assistance Grants of up to $50,000 are provided to citizens' groups to obtain assistance in interpreting information related to clean-ups at Superfund sites or those proposed for the National Priorities List. Grants are used by such groups to hire technical advisors to help them understand the siterelated technical information for the duration of response activities. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB): The Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) program is a part of EPA's Brownfields Initiative that helps communities clean and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued by environmental contamination. The purpose of these efforts is to create better jobs, increase the local tax base, improve neighborhood environments, and enhance the overall quality of life (SFlremedy-04). Technical baseline: A configuration identification document (or documents) formally designated and approved at a specific time. Technical baselines, plus approved changes to those baselines, constitute the current configuration identification. The NPR technical baseline is set forth in the Requirements Document (DOE-9 1/04). Technical-Grade Active Ingredient (TGA): A pesticide chemical in pure form as it is manufactured prior to being formulated into an end-use product (e.g., wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates). Registered manufactured
products composed of such chemicals are known as Technical Grade Products.
Technical-Grade Active Ingredient (TGA): A pesticide chemical in pure form as it is manufactured prior to being formulated into an end-use product (e.g., wettable powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates). Registered manufactured products composed of such chemicals are known as Technical Grade Products (EPA-97/12). Technical grade of active ingredient: A material containing an active ingredient: (1) Which contains no inert ingredient, other than one used for purification of the active ingredient; and (2) Which is produced on a commercial or pilot-plant production scale (whether or not it is ever held for sale) (40CFR158.153-91). Technical grade: For purposes of determining if a waste is P or U listed, a commercial chemical product that is not 100% pure, but is of a grade of purity that is either marketed or recognized in general usage by the chemical industry (RCRA/hazardous-04). Technical outreach for communities (TOSC): The Technical Outreach for Communities (TOSC) program uses university educational and technical resources to help community groups understand the technical issues involving the hazardous waste sites in their area. EPA believes that an understanding of these underlying technical issues is a basic requirement for meaningful citizen participation in the hazardous waste decision-making process (SFIremedy-04). Technical review committee (TRC): A group of technically cognizant individuals responsible for reviewing technical reports and data for a site. This assemblage should be established after a release or threat of a release has been confirmed at an installation, normally at the end of a Preliminary Assessment or Site Investigation. A TRC shall be established at all installations, whether NPL or non-NPL for the purpose of reviewing and commenting on actions and proposed actions concerning releases or threatened releases at the installation. The TRC shall consist of (but not be limited to) at least one representative from the installation and cognizant Engineering Field Division (EFD), EPA, appropriate state and local authorities, and a public representative of the community involved. It should be noted that the TRC is not an advisory group nor a decision-making body. DON policy is to convert all TRCs to Restoration Advisory Boards (RABs) (NavyIEnv-04). Technical review workgroup for lead (TRW): The Technical Review Workgroup for Lead (TRW) and the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children (IEUBK) is an interoffice workgroup that supports and promotes consistent application of the best science in the field of lead (Pb) risk assessment at contaminated sites nationwide (SFIremedy-04). Technical safety appraisal: A documented, multi-discipline appraisal of selected Department of Energy reactors and nuclear
facilities conducted by a team selected by DOE'S Deputy Assistant Secretary for Safety, Health, and Quality Assurance. It ensures proper application of particular safety elements of the DOE environment, safety, and health program, nuclear industry lessons learned, and appropriate licensed facility requirements as described in DOE 5482.1B, paragraph 9b (DOE-91/04).
Technical support document: The Noncompliance Penalties Technical Support Document which accompanies these regulations. The Technical Support Document appears as Appendix A to these regulations (40CFR66.3-91). Technological system of continuous emission reduction: (1) A technological process for production or operation by any source which is inherently low-polluting or nonpolluting; or (2) A technological system for continuous reduction of the pollution generated by a source before such pollution is emitted into the ambient air, including precombustion cleaning or treatment of fuels (CAAI 11-42U.S.C.7411-91). Technology based limitations: Industry specific effluent limitations applied to a discharge when it will not cause a violation of water quality standards at low stream flows. Usually applied to discharges into large rivers (NavyIEnv-04). Technology based standards: Effluent limitations applicable to direct and indirect sources which are developed on a category-bycategory basis using statutory factors, not including water quality effects (NavyIEnv-04). Technology demonstration: A field-scale demonstration of a technology used to generate performance and cost data (Navy/Env-04). Technology Innovation Office (TIO): Acts as an advocate for new technologies, working to increase the application of innovative treatment technologies to contaminated waste sites, soils, and groundwater. As a part of this effort, TI0 has worked with many partners inside EPA, in other federal agencies, and in the private sector to improve the Nation's understanding of cleanup technologies and reduce the impediments to their widespread use (SFIremedy-04). Technology screening: The process of collecting technical information on potentially applicable treatment technologies and determining which technologies to retain as alternatives for consideration in the FS (EPA-89112a). Technology-based effluent limit: A permit limit for a pollutant that is based on the capability of a treatment method to reduce the pollutant to a certain concentration (CWNwastewater-04). Technology-based limitations: Industry-specific effluent limitations based on best available preventive technology applied to a discharge when it will not cause a violation of water quality
standards at low stream flows. Usually applied to discharges into large rivers (EPA-97/12).
Technology-based standards: Industry-specific effluent limitations applicable to direct and indirect sources which are developed on a category-by-category basis using statutory factors, not including water-quality effects (EPA-97/12). Tectonic activity: Movement of the earth's crust resulting in the formation of ocean basins, continents, plateaus, and mountain ranges (CWNWbasics-04). Teepee burner: See conical burner. Tellurium (Te): A metalloid element with atomic number 52; atomic weight 127.60; density 6.24 g/cc; melting point 449.5 C and boiling point 989.8 C. The element belongs to group VIA of the periodic table. Temper: The degree of residual stress in annealed glass measured polarimetrically or by polariscopic comparison with a standard (EPA-83). Temperature compensation: An adjustment which corrects for the effect of temperature on the measuring system. In addition it may also adjust the measured value of a parameter to a selected temperature based on a known parameter-temperature relationship. Temperature compensation may be incorporated into the measuring system so that the value reported is the adjusted value. If this approach is not used, then manual or algebraic methods are necessary to obtain the adjusted value (LBL-76/07). Temperature inversion: One of the weather conditions that are often associated with serious smog episodes in some portions of the country. In a temperature inversion, air does not rise because it is trapped near the ground by a layer of warmer air above it. Pollutants, especially smog and smog-forming chemicals, including volatile organic compounds, are trapped close to the ground. As people continue driving, and sources other than motor vehicles continue to release smog-forming pollutants into the air, the smog level keeps getting worse (CMair-04). Temperature meter: Types of temperature meters include (1) Optical pyrometer. (2) Radiation pyrometer. (3) Thermocouple. (4) Resistance thermometer. (5) Vapor bulb thermometer. Temperature profile: The description of the temperature as a function of height (NATO-78110). Temperature valve: A valve that automatically opens and closes, depending on whether the temperature is above or below a predetermined value. Temperature: An indicator of the thermal state of matter. There are two major systems of temperature scales: Celsius (C) and
Fahrenheit (F) scale. Their relationship is as follows: F = 1.8 C + 32.
Temperature: For more related terms, see (1) Absolute temperature; (2) Absolute zero temperature; (3) Adiabatic flame temperature; (4) Adiabatic saturation temperature; (5) Approach temperature; (6) Auto-ignition temperature; (7) Base temperature; (8) Boiling point temperature; (9) Condensation point temperature; (10) Critical temperature; (11) Dew point temperature; (12) Dry bulb temperature; (13) Fire point temperature; (14) Flash point temperature; (15) Fluid temperature; (16) Freezing point temperature; (17) Fusion point temperature; (18) Ignition temperature; (19) Liquidus temperature; (20) Melting point (melting point temperature); (21) Pour point temperature; (22) Reaction temperature; (23) Saturated temperature (see saturation temperature); (24) Saturation temperature; (25) Virtual temperature; and (26) Wet bulb temperature. Tempered glass: A glass that has been rapidly cooled from near the softening point, under rigorous control, to increase its mechanical and thermal endurance. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Tempered hardboard: The hardboard that has been specially treated in manufacture to improve its physical properties considerably. Includes, e.g., oil-tempered hardboard. Synonym: superhardboard (EPA-74/04). Tempered safety glass: A single piece of specially heat treated glass with a stress pattern such that the piece when fractured reduces to numerous granular fragments, with no large jagged edges. See safety glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Tempering air: See cooling air. Tempering: The process whereby glass is heated near the melting point and then rapidly cooled to increase its mechanical and thermal endurance (40CFR426.61-9 1, see also EPA-83106a). Temporary closure: A method by which an UST owner and operator can close a tank temporarily and bring it back into service at a later date. The owner and operator must continue to operate and maintain the corrosion protection system and the leak detection system if any product remains in the tank (RCRAihazardous-04). Temporary enclosure: A total enclosure that is constructed for the sole purpose of measuring the fugitive VOC emissions from an affected facility (40CFR60.741-91, see also 40CFR60.711-91). Temporary hardness: The carbonate [(Ca(HCO&)] hardness that can be removed by boiling. See hardness for more related terms.
Temporary opening: An opening into an enclosure that is equipped with a means of obstruction, such as a door, window, or port that is normally closed (40CFR60.541-91). Temporary threshold shift: Temporary increase in the threshold of audibility for an ear caused by exposure to high-intensity acoustic stimuli. Such a shif? may be caused by other means such as use of aspirin or other drugs. Unit, dB. (ANSI S3.20-1995: temporary threshold shift; temporary hearing loss) (NCNsound04). Temporary units: Containers or tanks that are designed to manage remediation wastes during corrective action at permitted or interim status facilities (RCRA/hazardous-04). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour fall event: A rainfall event with a probable recurrence interval of once in ten years as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical Paper No. 40. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments, or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR411.31-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour precipitation event: The maximum 24hour precipitation event with a probable reoccurrence interval of once in ten years. This information is available in Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40, May 1961 and NOAA Atlas 2, 1973 for the 11 western states, and may need to be obtained from the National Climatic Center of Environmental Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (40CFR436.21-91, see also 40CFR436.3 1; 436.41; 436.181; 440.132-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour rainfall event and 25-year, 24-hour rainfall event: A rainfall event with a probable recurrence interval of once in 10 years or 25 years, respectively, as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical Paper Number 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments, or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR412.11-91, see also 40CFR412.21-91). Ten- (10) year, 24-hour rainfall event: The maximum precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in ten years as defined by the National Weather Service in Technical paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments or equivalent regional or state rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR129.2-91, see also 40CFR418.11; 422.41; 422.51; 423.1 191). Ten-t+the-minus-sixth Used in risk assessments to refer to the probability of risk. Literally means a chance of one in a million. Similarly, ten-to-the-minus-fifth means a probability of one in 100,000, and so on (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Tenax: Polymer materials which are attractive to VOCs and are sensitive to temperature. During the VOST sampling process, the tenax traps VOCs when temperature is high and holds the VOCs when temperature is cold. To retrieve the trapped VOCs, the tenax is reheated and the VOCs is released for analysis. The charcoal in the second trap is a safety feature and is used to trap any leaks of VOCs from the tenax. As a matter of fact, charcoal can attract VOCs better than tenax, however, it will not release VOCs if reheated. In VOST application, there are two types of sampling traps: (1) Tenax trap, and (2) Tenax and charcoal trap. Tensile strength: Resistance to force parallel to the plane of a specific size sheet of paper (EPA-83). Tensiometer: A device containing a set of opposing grips used to place a geomembrane seam in tension for evaluating its strength in shear or in peel (EPA-91/05, see also EPA-89/09). Tension: The act of stretching (CWNmining-04). Tensor: A physical quantity which obeys certain laws of transformation in a given space. Scalars can be regarded as tensors of the zeroth order and vectors as tensors of the first order. An example of a tensor of this second order is the stress tensor (NATO-78110). Tensor: A vector whose magnitude depends on direction, e.g., the wind can gust at 10 knots from the north and 20 knots from the west (Navy/Env-04). Tentatively identified compounds (TIC): Compounds detected in samples that are not target compounds, intemal standards, or surrogate standards. Up to 30 peaks are subjected to mass spectral library searches for tentative identification. The assigned identity may be inaccurate, as well as any quantitation (NavyJEnv-04).
Teratogenic: (1) Inducing birth defects (LBL-76107-bio). (2) Affecting the genetic characteristics of an organism so as to cause its offspring to be misshapen or malformed (OME-88/12). Teratogenesis: The introduction of nonhereditary birth defects in a developing fetus by exogenous factors such as physical or chemical agents acting in the womb to interfere with normal embryonic development (EPA-97/12). Teratogenic potential: The ability of a chemical to produce effects in the offspring after the pregnant female is exposed. Many chemicals that are teratogenic are also suspected carcinogens (EPA-3/80). Teratogenicity: (1) The capacity of a physical or chemical agent to cause non-hereditary congenital malformations (birth defects) in offspring (Course 165.6). (2) The potential of a substance to cause defects to the developing fetus (ETI-92). (3) Gross abnormalities, skeletal and visceral malformations, microscopic abnormalities, functionalhehavioral deviations. See endpoint for more related terms (EPA-92/12). Terbium (Tb): A rare earth metal with atomic number 65; atomic weight 158.924; density 8.27 glcc; melting point 1356 C and boiling point 2800 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Terminal bronchiole: Noncartilagenous airway that conducts airstream to respiratory bronchiole (EPA-90108). Terminal moraine: The end moraine extending across a glacial plain or valley as an arcuate or crescent ridge that marks the farthest advance or maximum extent of a glacier (CWAIWbasics04). Terminal velocity: See settling velocity.
Teratogen: (1) Substance that causes malformation or serious deviation from normal development of embryos and fetuses (EPA89/12). (2) A substance causing birth defects in the offspring following exposure of one or both of the parents (EPA-87110a). Teratogen: A substance capable of causing birth defects (FFDCNpesticide-04). Teratogen: A substance or agent that causes development of abnormal structures in an embryo or fetus (Navy/Env-04). Teratogen: A substance that causes defects in development between conception and birth. A teratogen is a substance that causes a structural or functional birth defect (SFhealth-04). Teratogenesis: The induction of structural of functional development abnormalities by exogenous factors acting during gestation; interference with normal embryonic development (Course 165.6).
Terminology: All terminology used in this part will be consistent with the terms as defined in 40CFR1508 (the CEQ Regulations). Any qualifications will be provided in the definitions set forth in each subpart of this regulation (40CFR6.101-91). Terne coating: The coating steel products with teme metal by the hot dip process including the immersion of the steel product in a molten bath of lead and tin metals, and the related operations preceding and subsequent to the immersion phase (40CFR420.121-91). Terpenes: The major chemical components of turpentine. A class of unsaturated organic compounds having the empirical formula, C1OH16 (EPA-79/12). Terrace deposits: Deposits of alluvium (sand, gravel, cobble, or clay) which occurs along the margin and above the level of a body of water, marking a former water level (NavyIEnv-04).
Terrace: A berm or discontinuous segments of a berm, in a valley at some height above the flood plain, representing a former abandoned flood plain of the stream (CWAIhydrology-04).
Terrane: Area or surface over which a particular rock type or group of rock types is prevalent (CWNWbasics-04).
the additional treatment of effluent beyond that of primary and secondary treatment methods to obtain a very high quality of effluent. The complete wastewater treatment process typically involves a three-phase process: (1) First, in the primary wastewater treatment process, which incorporates physical aspects, untreated water is passed through a series of screens to remove solid wastes; (2) Second, in the secondary wastewater treatment process, typically involving biological and chemical processes, screened wastewater is then passed a series of holding and aeration tanks and ponds; and (3) Third, the tertiary wastewater treatment process consists of flocculation basins, clarifiers, filters, and chlorine basins or ozone or ultraviolet radiation processes (CWAIWscience-04).
Terrestrial: Pertaining to, consisting of, or representing the earth (CWAIWbasics-04).
Tertiary: Lateral or panel openings (e.g., ramp, crosscut) (CWNmining-04).
Territorial sea (or territorial water): The belt of the seas measured from the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast which is in direct contact with the open sea and the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters, and extending seaward a distance of three miles (CWA502, see also 40CFR116.3-91, see also 40CFR230.3-91).
Tertiary-treated sewage: The third phase of treating sewage that removes nitrogen and phosphorus before it is discharged (CWAIWquality-04).
Terracing: Dikes built along the contour of sloping farm land that hold runoff and sediment to reduce erosion (EPA-97/12). Terrain: The natural features of a land tract. Other terrain-related terms include (1) Complex terrain; (2) Flat terrain; (3) High terrain, (4) Low terrain; and (5) Rolling terrain.
Tertiary alcohol: The alcohol whose OH connected carbon has no hydrogen atom (the carbon is attached to three carbons. Its molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2R3COH,where R,, R2, and R3 can be identical or different groups, e.g., 2methylpropan-2-01 ((CH3)3COH). See alcohol for more related terms. Tertiary amine: An amine whose molecular structure can be expressed as RIR2R3N,where R1, R2, and R3 can be identical or different groups, e.g., trimethylamine ((CH3)3NH).See amine for more related terms. Tertiary amyl methyl ether (CH3)2(C2H5)COCH3): An oxygenate blend stock formed by the catalytic etherification of isoamylene with methanol (CAA/C02gasl-04). Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME): See oxygenated fuels. Tertiary treatment: Advanced cleaning of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biological stage, removing nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and most BOD and suspended solids (EPA-97/12).
Test analyzer: An analyzer subjected to testing as a candidate method in accordance with Subparts B, C, andlor D of this part, as applicable (40CFR53.1-91). Test chamber: A container in which the test organisms are maintained during the test period (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1600-91). Test compressor: A compressor used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable noise emissions standard. See compressor for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91). Test data: Any information which is a quantitative measure of any aspect of the behavior of a device (40CFR610.11-91, see also 4OCFR720.3; 723.50; 723.175; 723.250-91). Test engine: An engine in a test sample. See engine for more related terms (40CFR86.1002.84-91). Test exhaust system: An exhaust system in Selective Enforcement Audit test sample (40CFR205.165-91). Test facility: See testing facility. Test fuel charge: The collection of test fuel pieces placed in the wood heater at the start of the emission test run (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Tertiary wastewater treatment (or tertiary treatment): The advanced cleaning of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biological stage. It removes nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and most BOD and suspended solids. See treatment or wastewater treatment for more related terms (EPA-89/12).
Test fuel crib: The arrangement of the test fuel charge with the proper spacing requirements between adjacent fuel pieces (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91).
Tertiary wastewater treatment: Selected biological, physical, and chemical separation processes to remove organic and inorganic substances that resist conventional treatment practices;
Test fuel loading density: The weight of the as-fired test fuel charge per unit volume of usable firebox (40CFR60App/A(method 28 & 28A)-9 1).
Test fuel piece: The 2 x 4 or 4 x 4 wood piece cut to the length required for the test fuel charge and used to construct the test fuel crib (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-9 1).
under a specific set of atmospheric conditions for machineassisted seaming; and (2) To establish methods and materials for chemical and chemical adhesive seams under a specific set of atmospheric conditions (EPA-91/05, see also EPA-89/09).
Test hearing protector: A hearing protector that has been selected for testing to verify the value to be put on the label, or which has been designated for testing to determine compliance of the protector with the labeled value (40CFR211.203-91).
Test substance: The form of chemical substance or mixture that is specified for use in testing (40CFR790.3-91, see also 40CFR160.3; 792.3; 795.232; 797.1600; 797.2050; 797.21 30; 797.2 150; 797.2175-91).
Test period: The combination of the exposure period and the post-exposure period; or, the entire duration of the test (40CFR797.2050-91).
Test system: Any animal, plant, microorganism, or chemical or physical matrix, including but not limited to, soil or water, or components thereof, to which the test, control or reference substance is administrated or added for study. Test system also includes appropriate groups or components of the system not treated with the test, control, or reference substances (40CFR160.3-91, see also 40CFR792.3-91).
Test pit: Part of an investigative procedure in which a backhoe or similar piece of equipment excavates a deep trench in the earth in order to allow subsurface investigation (RCRAlmanagement-04). Test product: Any product that must be tested according to regulations published under Part 2 11 (40CFR2 11.102-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2-91). Test request: A request submitted to the manufacturer by the Administrator that will specify the hearing protector category, and test sample size to be tested according to 40CFR211.212.1, and other information regarding the audit (40CFR211.203-91). Test rule: Refers to a regulation ordering the development of data on health or environmental effects or chemical fate for a chemical substance or mixture pursuant to TSCA Sec. 4(a) (40CFR791.391). Test run: An individual emission test which encompasses the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel charge (4OCFR60-App/A(method28 & 28A)-91). Test sample size: The number of compressors of the same configuration in a test sample. See sample for more related terms (40CFR204.5 1-91, see also 40CFR205.5 1-91). Test sample: The collection of vehicles of the same configuration which have been drawn from the population of vehicles of that configuration and which will receive exhaust emission testing. See sample for more related terms (40CFR86.602.84-91). Test sampler: A sampler subjected to testing as part of a candidate method in accordance with Subpart C or D of this part (40CFR53.1-91). Test solution: The test substance and the dilution water in which the test substance is dissolved or suspended (40CFR797.1400-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1600; 797.2750-91). Test strips (or test welds): Trial sections of seamed geomembranes used. (1) To establish machine setting of temperature, pressure, and travel rate for a specific geomembrane
Test vehicle: A vehicle selected and used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable noise emission standards. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR205.51-91, see also 40CFR205.15 1; 86.602.84; 86.1002.84-91). Test weight and the abbreviation (TW): The vehicle curb weight added to the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and divided by 2 (CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91). Test weight basis: The basis on which equivalent test weight is determined in accordance with 40CFR86.129.94 of subpart B of this part (40CFR86.094.2-91). Test weight: The weight, within an inertia weight class, which is used in the dynamometer testing of a vehicle, and which is based on its loaded vehicle weight in accordance with the provisions of Part 86 (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Test welds: See test strips. Test: Examination, evaluation, or observation. Other test-related terms include (1) Destructive test and (2) Nondestructive test. Testing agent: Any person who develops test data on a retrofit device (40CFR610.11-91). Testing exemption: An exemption which may be granted under 40CFR203(b)(l) for the purpose of research investigations, studies, demonstrations, or training, but not including national security (40CFR85.1702-91, see also 40CFR204.2; 205.2; 21 1.102-91). Testing facility (or test facility): The person who actually conducts a study, i.e., actually uses the test substance in a test system. Testing facility encompasses only those operational units that are being or have been used to conduct studies (40CFR160.391, see also 40CFR60-App/A(method28 & 28A); 21 1.203; 792.391).
Tetrachlophenol (C6HC140H):Brown acid used as a fungicide and for wood preservatives. Tetrachloroethene (TCE): A volatile, clear, colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Its former uses included dry cleaning, degreasing metals, and solvents. Contact can cause dermatitis and irritation, ingestion can cause gastrointestinal irritation. Exposures can result in acute or fatal toxicity. Synonyms: Perchloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene(Navy/Env-04). Tetraethyl lead (Pb(C2H5)4):Poisonous compounds used as a gasoline antiknock agent.
Theoretical maximum residue contribution: The theoretical maximum amount of a pesticide in the daily diet of an average person. It assumes that the diet is composed of all food items for which there are tolerance-level residues of the pesticide. The TMRC is expressed as milligrams of pesticidekilograms of body weighttday (EPA-97/12). Theoretical oxygen demand (TOD): The calculated oxygen demand to completely oxidize organic pollutants in wastewater. See oxygen for more related terms.
Teterahedrite: An important ore of copper and silver (EPA82/05).
Therapeutic index: The ratio of the dose required to produce toxic or lethal effects to the dose required to produce nonadverse or therapeutic response (EPA-97/12).
Tetramethrin (CzoHzsN04):Yellowish powder used to control houseflies, cattle insects, garden pests, etc.
Therm: A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal units (Btus).
Textile fiberglass: The fibrous glass in the form of continuous strands having uniform thickness (40CFR60.291-91).
Thermal analysis: Analysis of heating effects on products. Thermal bypass: See airflow bypass.
Textile: An asbestos-containing product such as: yearn, thread, wick; cord; braided and twisted rope; braided and woven tubing; mat; roving; cloth; slit and woven tape; lap; felt; and other bonded or non-woven fabrics (40CFR763.163-91). Texture coat: The rough coat that is characterized by discrete, raised spots on the exterior surface of the part. This definition does not include conductive sensitizers or EMVRFI shielding coatings (40CFR60.721-91). Thalassemia: A hereditary, genetically determined hemolytic anemia with familial and racial incidence; divided into a number of categories based on clinical severity and type(s) of hemoglobin contained in the red blood cells (LBL-76107-bio). Thallium (Ti): A soft metallic element with atomic number 81; atomic weight 204.37; density 11.85 g/cc; melting point 303 C and boiling point 1457 C. The element belongs to group IIIA of the periodic table. Theoretical air: See stoichiometric combustion air. Theoretical arsenic emissions factor: The amount of inorganic arsenic, expressed in grams per kilogram of glass produced, as determined based on a material balance (40CFR61.161-91).
Thermal conductivity detector: See GC/TCD. Thermal conductivity: The quantity of heat which flows per unit time across unit area of the subsurface of unit thickness when the temperature of the faces differs by one degree (EPA-74/04). Thermal cutting: The process of cutting, slotting, or piercing a workpiece using an oxy-acetylene oxygen lance or electric arc cutting tool (EPA-83/06a). Thermal decomposition curve: The curve describes thermal behavior of a given sample or mixture; usually plotted as mass fraction (initial amount determined by a series of quantitation experiments at temperature where no chemical reaction occurs) on logarithmic scale versus exposure temperature (independent variable) (EPA-88/12). Thermal deflection rate: The angular degrees of rotation per degree of temperature change of the thermostatic coil (40CFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(G)-9 1). Thermal discharge: Discharge of unwanted heat to the environment (cf. pollution, thermal).
Theoretical combustion: See stoichiometric combustion.
Thermal dryer: Any facility in which the moisture content of bituminous coal is reduced by contact with a heated gas stream which is exhausted to the atmosphere (40CFR60.251-91, see also 40CFR60.38 1-91).
Theoretical flame mode kinetics: A calculation of destruction efficiency of a given compound based on estimation and extrapolation of elementary reaction kinetic data that is available from experiment and theory (EPA-88/12).
Thermal efficiency: The efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle in producing work from heat. It is the efficiency with which a machine such as an automobile engine transforms the potential heat of its fuel into work or useful output. To calculate thermal
Theoretical combustion air: See stoichiometric combustion air.
efficiency, it is the useful work done by the power source in a given time interval divided by the total heat energy contained in the fuel burned during the same time interval, provided that both work and heat are expressed in the same units. Thermal efficiency can be expressed as: (1) E = W/Q, = 1 - Qo,/Q,. (2) For a Carnot cycle, Carnot efficiency (E,): E, = 1 - TL/TH, where: Q , = heat rejected during cycle; Q, = heat added during cycle; W = net work output of cycle; TL= low temperature of a reservoir; TH= high temperature of a reservoir.
Thermal electric: A term used to identify a type of electric generating station, capacity, or capability, or output in which the source of energy is heat. See electric for more related terms (EPA83). Thermal endurance: Ability of glassware to withstand thermal shock (EPA-83). Thermal fusion: The temporary, thermally induced reorganization in the polymeric make-up of the surface of a polymer geomembrane that, after the application of pressure and the passage of a certain amount of time, results in the two geomembranes being permanently joined together. See fusion for more related terms (EPA-91/05). Thermal incineration: See thermal incineration. Thermal infusion: The process of applying a fused zinc, cadmium, or other metal coating to a ferrous workpiece by impueing the surface of the workpiece with metal powder or dust in the presence of heat (EPA-83106a). Thermal loading: Amount of waste heat discharged to a water body (CWAIWbasics-04). Thermal management: For fuel cells, it is the assessment of the temperature gradients as they occur in the fuel cell system, followed by the creating, dissipating, balancing, and optimizing the various heat loads within the system. A fuel cell system may require many chemical reactions to occur in order to function correctly. Different reactions consume or produce heat and operate best at different temperatures. Thermal management, which is the redirection of heat into, out of, or around a system, is therefore important in system design. Thermal NO,: NO, formed due to the combustion of air. The nitrogen component in the air can react with oxygen and form NO or NO2 under the combustion temperature. NO and NO2 are often referred to as NO,. Thermal oxidation: The wet combustion of organic materials through the application of heat in the presence of oxygen (EPA76/03). Thermal oxidizer: See secondary burner.
Thermal pollution: A reduction in water quality caused by increasing its temperature, often due to disposal of waste heat from industrial or power generation processes. Thermally polluted water can harm the environment because plants and animals can have a hard time adapting to it (CWAIWsciencs04). Thermal pollution: Discharge of heated water from industrial processes that can kill or injure aquatic organisms (EPA-97/12). Thermal pollution: The addition of large quantities of heat to air, water, or land so that the resulting temperature increase may have harmful effect. See pollution for more related terms (EPA-84/09, see also EPA-89/12). Thermal precipitation: A process consisting of the separation of particulate matter from air and other gases under the influence of a relatively large temperature gradient extending over a short distance. In the "Thermal Precipitator" (a sampling instrument), the air or gas is drawn through a narrow chamber across which extends a heated wire, particulate matter being deposited upon the adjacent collecting surface. See precipitation for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Thermal processing: See thermal treatment. Thermal shock resistance: The ability of a material to withstand sudden heating or cooling or both without cracking or spalling (SW-108ts). Thermal spring: A stream of warm or hot water issuing from the ground, often after having been heated by buried lava and therefore commonly occurring in volcanic regions when eruptions have ceased (DOI-70104). Thermal stability index (or incinerability ranking): Ranking of the relative incinerability of compounds listed in Appendix VIII, 40CFR261. Incinerability for a given compound is determined by experimental and theoretical evaluation of thermal stability index (TSI) (temperature for 99% destruction for gas-phase residence time exposure of 2.0 seconds) (EPA-88/12). Thermal stratification (of a lake): Vertical temperature stratification that shows the following: The upper layer of the lake, known as the epilimnion, in which the water temperature is virtually uniform; a stratum next below, known as the thermocline, in which there is a marked drop in temperature per unit of depth; and the lowermost region or stratum, known as the hypolimnion, in which the temperature from its upper limit to the bottom is nearly uniform. (Welch, 1952, p. 5 1) (CWAhydrology-04). Thermal stratification: The layering of water masses owing to different densities in response to temperature. The condition of a body of water in which the successive horizontal layers have different temperatures (DOD-78101).
Thermal stratification: The formation of layers of different temperatures in a lake or reservoir. Thermal System Insulation (TSI): Asbestos-containing material applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts, or other interior structural components to prevent heat loss or gain or water condensation (EPA-97/12). Thermal'system insulation: The material in a school building applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts, or other interior structural components to prevent heat loss or gain, or water condensation, or for other purposes (40CFR763.83-91, see also TSCA-AIA1; 40CFR763.83-91). Thermal treatment (or thermal processing): (1) The treatment of hazardous waste in a device which uses elevated temperatures as the primary means to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of the hazardous waste. Examples of thermal treatment processes are incineration, molten salt, pyrolysis, calcination, wet air oxidation, and microwave discharge (cf. incinerator and open burning) (4OCFR26O.10-91). (2) Thermal processing means the processing of waste material by means of heat (40CFR240.101-91, see also EPA-89/12a; 1/86). (3) See treatment for more related terms.
Thermocouple: (1) A thermoelectric device used to measure temperatures (EPA-89103b). (2) Two dissimilar electrical conductors so joined as to produce a thermal electromotive force when exposed to temperatures. The electromatic force generated can be calibrated to read in temperature units (EPA-83). Thermocouple: Various types of thermocouples are shown below (EPA-89/06): (1) Type J: Materials: Iron Constantan; Upper limit temperature (F): 1400; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.75. (2) Type E; Materials: Chromel Constantan; Upper limit temperature (F): 1650; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.50. (3) Type K: Materials: Chromel Alumel; Upper limit temperature (F): 2300; Thermocouple efficiency (+I- percent): 0.75. (4) Type S: Materials: Pt 1Opercent Rhodium Pure Pt; Upper limit temperature (F): 2650; Thermocouple efficiency (+/percent): 0.25. (5) Type B: Materials: Pt 13%; Rhodium Pure Pt; Upper limit temperature (F): 2650; Thermocouple efficiency (+/percent): 0.25. (6) Type R: Materials: Pt 30% Rhodium Pt 6% Rhodium; Upper limit temperature (F): 3 100; Thermocouple efficiency (+/- percent): 0.50. (7) See temperature meter for more related terms. Thermodurics: Resist high temperatures (EPA-83).
Thermal treatment: The treatment of hazardous waste in a device that uses elevated temperatures as the primary means to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of the waste (RCRAIhazardous-04). Thermal treatment: Use of elevated temperatures to treat hazardous wastes. See incineration; pyrolysis (EPA-97/12). Thermal turbulence: The turbulence produced by buoyancy forces. In the atmospheric boundary layer, usually applied to the turbulence caused by rising air motions due to the heating of air at the Earth's surface (NATO-78/10). Thermally actuated element: A device which uses temperature changes to switch on or switch off a machine. Thermionic specific detector: See GCITSD. Thermochemical transition state theory: The reaction kinetic theory developed largely by S. W. Benson and co-workers where rate coefficients for chemical transformation are estimated by considering the changes in thermodynamic quantities (changes in enthalpy and entropy) as one travels from initial reactants to the transition state; assumes the nature of the transition state determines the extent of reaction (EPA-88/12). Thermochemistry: A science dealing with heating effect on chemical change. Thermocline: The middle layer of a thermally stratified lake or reservoir. In this layer, there is a rapid decrease in temperatures in a lake or reservoir (EPA-97/12).
Thermodynamic equilibrium (or equilibrium): A thermodynamic system is in equilibrium, if its properties such as pressure, temperature, and density are uniform within the system. Thermodynamic first law: The energy of an isolated system remains constant. An isolated system means one which does not exchange energy with its surroundings. The basic concept underlying the First Law of Thermodynamics is the concept of energy conservation. For a steady-state, steady-flow situation between the entrance and exit of an incineration system. The First Law of Thermodynamics can be expressed as: heat (Q) - work (W) = enthalpy change + kinetic energy change + potential energy change. In general, because the velocity of a combustion gas and the difference in height between the feed point and the stack gas exit point of an incinerator are relatively small, the kinetic energy change and potential energy change are generally negligible. Therefore, the first law of thermodynamics can be simplified to: (1) Q - W = enthalpy change = m(hz - hl), where: h2 = Enthalpy value after a chemical reaction takes place; hl = enthalpy value before a chemical reaction takes place; and m = mass or mass flow rate. (2) Because most incinerators do not involve "Work" per se, the above equation can be further simplified to: (3) Q = m(h2 - hl) = heat extractable from the combustion gases = mCp(T2 - for an ideal gas, where: m = the mass or mass flow rate of the combustion gas; Cp = the specific heat of the gas (in Btdlb-R) and (T2 - TI) = the temperature difference between the firebox temperature and the exhaust gas temperature just upstream of the typical pollution control device. (4) See thermodynamic law for more related terms.
Thermodynamic process (or process): The path of a system change from one equilibrium state to another over a period of time. Other process-related terms include (1) Adiabatic process; (2) Cycle or cyclic process; (3) Path function; and (4) Point function. Thermodynamic property: See property. Thermodynamic second law: It is impossible to build a machine which will operate continuously while receiving heat fiom a single reservoir and producing an equivalent amount of work. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamic state (or state): The conditions specified by the values of its properties. Thermodynamic system: A three dimensional space bounded by arbitrary geometric surfaces. The bounding surfaces can be real or imaginary and can be at rest or in motion. Thermodynamic system: For more related terms, see (1) Closed system; (2) Control mass; (3) Isolated system; (4) Open system; and (5) Surroundings. Thermodynamic third law: The entropy of a pure substance in a thermodynamic equilibrium approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamic zeroth law: Also known as the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The law means that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other, if each of the two bodies is in thermal equilibrium with a third body. See thermodynamic law for more related terms. Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is a science which is the study of energy transformation and its relationship to the changes of properties in the system. Thermoelectric power water use: Water used in the process of the generation of thermoelectric power. Power plants that bum coal and oil are examples of thermoelectric-power facilities (CWNWscience-04). Thermoelectric power: Electrical power generated by use of fossil-fuel (coal, oil, or natural gas), geothermal, or nuclear energy (CWNWbasics-04). Thermokarst: An irregular land surface formed in a permafrost region by melting ground ice and a subsequent settling of the ground (CWAIWbasics-04). Thermometer: A common temperature scale which is based on the freezing and boiling points of water. It includes the gas, liquid (mercury), and solid (bimetallic element) thermometer. Types of thermometers: (1) Resistance thermometer. (2) Vapor bulb thermometer. (3) See temperature meter for more related terms.
Thermometric titration: A titration in which heat is added to a solution until the desired end point is reached. See titration for more related terms. Thermophile: Bacteria or other microorganisms which grow best at temperatures of roughly 45 to 60 degrees C (EPA-83). Other thermophile-related terms include (1) Mesophiles; (2) Psychrophiles; and (3) Thermophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion: That the anaerobic digestion temperature is maintained about 50 C or more. See thermophile for more related terms. Thermophilic microorganisms: Heat-loving microorganisms that thrive in and generate temperatures above 105 degrees Fahrenheit (RCRAImanagement-04). Thermoplastic polymer: A polymer that can be heated to a softening point, shaped by pressure, and cooled to retain that shape. The process can be done repeatedly. See polymer for more related terms (EPA-9 1/05). Thermoplastic process: Bitumen, paraffin, and polyethylene are used as stabilizing agents in the thermoplastic techniques. The use of thermoplastic solidification systems in radioactive waste disposal has let to the development of waste containment systems that can be adapted to other types of hazardous waste. In processing radioactive waste with bitumen or other thermoplastic material, the waste is dried, heated, and dispersed through a heated plastic matrix. The mixture is subsequently cooled to solidify the mass, and the product is then usually buried in a secondary containment system such as a steel drum. See solidification and stabilization for more related terms. Thermoplastic: Having property of softening or fusing when heated and of hardening to a rigid form again when cooled (EPA7510 1a). Thermoset polymer: A polymer that can be heated to a softening point, shaped by pressure, and, if desired, removed fiom the hot mold without cooling. The process cannot be repeated since the polymer can not be re-softened by the application of heat. See polymer for more related terms (EPA-91/05). Thermoset resin: A resin used as a binding agent in molding sands. Thermoset resins require the addition of heat in order to solidify and set the mold. See resin for more related terms (EPA85110a). Thermosetting ink: Ink which polymerizes to a permanently solid and infusible state upon the application of heat. See ink for more related terms (EPA-79112a). Thermosetting resin: See synthetic resin.
Thermosetting: Having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated or cured (EPA-75/01a).
Thiocyanic acid (HSCN): A colorless liquid used as an insecticide.
Thermostat: An automatic control device that maintains a system at a constant temperature. It often consists of a bimetallic strip that bends as it expands and contracts with temperature, thus breaking and making contact with an electrical power supply.
Third order reaction: The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the concentration of three reactants. See chemical reaction for more related terms.
Thermostatic coil: A spiral-wound coil of thermally-sensitive material which provides rotary force (torque) andlor displacement as a function of applied temperature (40CFR85.2122(a)(2)(iii)(D)91).
Third-party suits: In the context of S u p h n d , third-party suits are those brought by PRPs at a site who are sued by the government, and against other PRPs who were not sued, in order to obtain compensation for their costs and expenses. See contribution (SFIEnv-04).
Thermostatic switch: An element of thermally sensitive material which acts to open or close an electrical circuit as a function of temperature (40CFR85.2 122 (a)(2)(iii)(E)-91).
Thirty day (30 day) average: The arithmetic mean of pollutant parameter values of samples collected in a period of 30 consecutive days (40CFR133.101-91).
Thiamine (C12H17CIN40S): Vitamin B1.
Thirty day (30 day) limitation: A value that should not be exceeded by the average of daily measurements taken during any 30-day period (40CFR429.11-91).
Thiazole (C3H3NS): A colorless liquid used as for fungicides, dyes, and rubber accelerators manufacturing. Thickener: A device or system wherein the solid contents of slumes or suspensions are increased by gravity settling and mechanical separation of the phases, or by flotation and mechanical separation of the phases (EPA-83106a). Thickening (or sludge dewatering): Thickening or concentration is the process of removing water from sludge after the initial separation of the sludge from wastewater. The basic objective of thickening is to reduce the volume of liquid sludge to be handled in subsequent sludge disposal processes (EPA-83106a).
Thirty day rolling average: Any value arithmetically averaged over any consecutive thirty days (40CFR52.741-91). Thorium (Th): A radioactive metal with atomic number 90; atomic weight 232.038; density 11.7 glcc; melting point 1750 C and boiling point 3850 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Thorium: A naturally occurring radioactive element that is the by-product of the decay of uranium (AEA/closure-04). Threat of discharge: See discharge.
Thimble: A refractory shape used for stirring pot-made optical glass (EPA-83). Thin film evaporation operation: A distillation operation that employs a heating surface consisting of a large diameter tube that may be either straight or tapered, horizontal or vertical. Liquid is spread on the tube wall by a rotating assembly of blades that maintain a close clearance from the wall or actually ride on the film of liquid on the wall (40CFR264.1031-91). Thin layer chromatography: An analysis of liquid compounds using chromatography. The stationary phase is a thin layer of an absorbing solid rather than a column. See chromatography for more related t m s . Thinner: (1) The portion of a paint, varnish, lacquer, or related product that volatilizes during the drytng process. The solvents and diluents which act as thinners are used to reduce coating viscosity, and prevent oxidation, polymerization, and drying prior to coating application (EPA-79112b). (2) Solvents, diluents, low viscosity oils, and vehicles added to inks to reduce their consistency or tack (EPA-79112a).
Threat of release: See release. Threatened species: See endangered species. Three-hour period: Any three consecutive one-hour periods (each hour commencing on the hour), provided that the number of three-hour periods during which the vinyl chloride concentration exceeds 10 ppm does not exceed the number of onehour periods during which the vinyl chloride concentration exceeds 10 ppm (40CFR61.61-91). Three phase electrical: A combination of three electrical circuits powered by alternating electromotive forces that differ in phase by one third of a cycle (cf. single phase electrical). Three piece can: A can which is made from a rectangular sheet and two circular ends (40CFR52.741-91). Three process operation facility: The facility including those processes involved with plate stacking, burning or strap casting, and assembly of elements into the battery case (40CFR60.371-91).
Three Ts of combustion: Temperature, time, and turbulence. Combustion principles include that: (1) High enough temperature to ignite the air and fuel mixture; (2) Turbulent mixing to bring the air and fuel into contact; and (3) Sufficient residence time for the reaction to occur (EPA-81/12, p3-2). Three-phase four-wire system: An alternating-current supply that has three alternating voltages of the same frequency, displaced in phase by 120 degrees. The system is comprised of four conductors, three of which are connected as in a typical threephase three-wire system, the fourth being connected to the neutral point of the supply, which may be grounded. Three-phase three-wire system: An alternating-current supply that consists of sinusoids 120 degrees apart with three wires. For the three-wire system, there is no reference to ground and thus it is more susceptible to lighting problems. Threshold damage: The minimum pollution necessary to produce a measurable environmental effect (EPA-74/11). Threshold dose: The minimum dose of a given substance necessary to produce a measurable physiological or psychological effect. See dose for more related terms (EPA-74/11). Threshold effects: Results from chemicals that have a safe level (i.e., acute, subacute, or chronic human health effects) (EPA91/03). Threshold level: The minimum concentration of a substance at which negative health effects begin to appear (CAAIAPC-04). Threshold level: Time-weighted average pollutant concentration values, exposure beyond which is likely to adversely affect human health. See environmental exposure (EPA-97/12). Threshold limit median (TLM): The lethal concentration of a pollutant to 50% of a tested aquatic species population. TLM is generally expressed in mg/L. Exposure durations may be 24, 48, or 96 hours; most frequently 96-hour are reported. Values vary depending on species tested, the test type (i.e., static or flow through bioassay), and other conditions such as pH or water hardness (EPA-3/80). Threshold limit value (TLV) type: (1) TLV-time weighted average (TLV-TWA): A time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour work day and a 40-hour work week (Course 165.5). (2) TLV-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): A 15minute timeweighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day (Course 165.5). (3) TLVceiling (TLV-C): A concentration that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously (Course 165.5). Threshold limit value (TLV): (1) Maximum airborne concentration of a substance to which a worker may be exposed 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week, for a working lifetime without
adverse effect (EPA-83). (2) Recommended guidelines for occupational exposure to airborne contaminants published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The TLVs represent the average concentration (in mg/cu.m) for an 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect (EPA-92/12). (3) The recommended concentrations of airborne contaminants to which workers may be exposed according to the American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (DOE-91/04). Threshold limit value (TLV): A workplace exposure standard, the concentration of an airborne substance that a healthy person can be exposed to for a 40-hour work week without adverse effect. The American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists recommends occupational exposure guidelines (TSCNchemical04). Threshold limit value (TLV): Exposure levels representing conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects. For airborne substances, the exposure levels are stated as airborne concentrations and durations of exposure, including (1) time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week (threshold limit value--time-weighted average). (2) Maximal concentrations to which workers can be exposed for a period up to 15 minutes (threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit). (3) Concentrations that should not be exceeded even instantaneously (threshold limit value-ceiling). These values are published annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (EPA-81/09). Threshold limit value (TLV):The concentration of an airborne substance to which an average person can be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects. TLVs may be expressed in three ways: (1) TLV-TWA--Time weighted average, based on an allowable exposure averaged over a normal eight-hour workday or 40-hour work week; (2) TLV-STEL--Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met); and (3) TLV-C--Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances. (TWA must still be met) (EPA-97/12). Threshold limit value (TLV): The concentration of an airborne substance that an average person can be repeatedly exposed to without adverse affects. The TLVs may be expressed in three ways: TLV-TWA-Time weighted average, based on allowable exposure averaged over a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week; TLV-STE-L-Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met); and TLV-C-Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances. (TWA must still be met) (MWTNinfectious-04).
Threshold limit value (TLV): The concentration of an airbome substance that a healthy person can be exposed to for a 40-hour work week without adverse effect; a workplace exposure standard (FFDCNpesticide-04). Threshold limit value (TLV): Threshold Limit Values are established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs refer to airbome concentrations of a substance and represent conditions under which is believed that nearly all workers may be exposed day after day without adverse effect (NavyIEnv-04). Threshold limit value (TLV): TLV is the threshold dose or concentration below which there are no adverse effects. TLV is formulated on the basis of: (1) Information from historical (3) experience; (2) Experimental human studies; and Experimental animal studies. Its value refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects (Course 165.5). Threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C): The concentration that should not be exceeded even instantaneously (NIOSH-84/10). Threshold limit value-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL): The concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from: (1) Irritation; (2) Chronic or irreversible tissue change; or (3) Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair selfrescue, or materially reduce work efficiency, and provided that the daily TLVs-TWA also is not exceeded. It is not a separate independent exposure limit, rather it supplements the time weighted average (TWA) limit where there are recognized acute effects from a substance whose toxic effects are primarily of a chronic nature. STELs are recommended only where toxic effects have been reported from high short-term exposures in either humans or animals (NOSH-84/10). Threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA): The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect (NIOSH-84/10). Threshold odor number: The number of times a sample needs to be diluted with clean water in order to reach the level that the smell is not detectable. For example, if original sample is 1 liter and the number of times is 3.5, this means that the sample needs to be diluted to 3.5 liters to reach undetectable odor. Threshold odor: See odor threshold (EPA-97/12). Threshold planning quantity (TPQ): (1) For a substance listed in Appendices A and B, the quantity listed in the column threshold planning quantity for that substance (40CFR355.20; 370.2-91).
Threshold planning quantity: A quantity designated for each chemical on the list of extremely hazardous substances that triggers notification by facilities to the State Emergency Response Commission that such facilities are subject to emergency planning requirements under SARA Title 111 (EPA-97/12). Threshold quantity: The quantity of regulated chemicals, in pounds, specified in EPA's List Rule. Any facility that has more than the threshold quantity amount of a listed substance for use in a single process must file a RMP (TSCNchemical-04). Threshold shift: The deviation in decibels of a measured hearing level from one previously established (NCNsound-04). Threshold toxicity: A limit upon which a substance becomes toxic or poisonous to a particular organism (EPA-83106a). Threshold treatment: In water softening treatment, the level of treatment needed so that precipitation will stop (cf. water softening). Threshold: A minimum amount needed for a given effect. Threshold: In exposure studies: (1) The dose or exposure below which a significant adverse effect is not expected. Carcinogens are thought to be non-threshold chemicals, to which no exposure can be presumed to be without some risk of adverse effect (EPA92/12). (2) The dose or exposure below which a significant adverse effect is not expected. Carcinogenicity is thought to be a non-threshold endpoint, thus, no exposure can be presumed to be without some risk of adverse effect. Non-carcinogenicity is presumed to be a threshold endpoint, thus, some exposures are presumed to be without risk of adverse effects (EPA-90108). Threshold: In odor studies, the minimum concentration at which a substance can be detected by whatever test method is employed. At the odor threshold, the average person can just barely detect that an odor exists. Higher concentrations can be stated in terms of thresholds: (1) Two thresholds means that the odor can be reduced to the threshold level by diluting one part of it with one part of odor free air. (2) One hundred thresholds means that one must add 99 parts of odor-free air to bring it down to the threshold concentration. (3) In a general sense, a definite odor is about 10 thresholds, a strong odor 100 thresholds, and an overpower odor 1000 thresholds (EPA-84/09). Threshold: The dose or exposure level below which a significant adverse effect is not expected (EPA-97/12). Threshold: The lowest dose of a chemical at which a specified measurable effect is observed and below which it is not observed (EPA-97/12). Throat velocity: The gas velocity through a venturi throat. The typical range is 12,000 to 24,000 a m i n (EPA-84/09).
Thropic levels: A functional classification of species that is based on feeding relationships (e.g., generally aquatic and terrestrial green plants comprise the first thropic level, and herbivores comprise the second) (EPA-97/12). Throttle: The mechanical linkage which either directly or indirectly controls the fuel flow to the engine (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.090.2-91). Throughfall: In a vegetated area, the precipitation that falls directly to the ground or the rainwater or snowmelt that drops from twigs or leaves (After Hoover, 1953, p. 1.). See s t d o w (CWA/hydrology-04). Through-steel: A system of dust collection from rock or roof drilling. The drill steel is hollow, and a vacuum is applied at the base, pulling the dust through the steel and into a receptacle on the machine (CWNmining-04). Thulium (Tm): A rare earth metal with atomic number 69; atomic weight 168.934; density 9.33 glee; melting point 1545 C and boiling point 1727 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Thyroid gland: A butterfly shaped gland that lies across the base of the neck in front of the windpipe that produces thyroid hormone (HAS-92). Tidal flat: An extensive, nearly horizontal, tract of land that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide and consists of unconsolidated sediment (CWNWbasics-04). Tidal marsh: Low, flat marshlands traversed by channels and tidal hollows, subject to tidal inundation; normally, the only vegetation present is salt-tolerant bushes and grasses. See wetlands (EPA-97/12). Tidal volume (VT): Volume of air inhaledlexhaled during normal breathing (EPA-90108). Tidal volume: Air volumes moved in and out of one person's lungs in a respiratory cycle. Tidal water: The changes of water levels due to periodical tidal actions. See water for more related terms. Tide: The rhythmic, alternate rise and fall of the surface (or water level) of the ocean, and connected bodies of water, occurring twice a day over most of the earth, resulting from the gravitational attraction of the Moon, and to a lesser degree, the Sun (CWNWbasics-04). Tier 1 sediment guideline: Threshold concentration above which there is a high probability of adverse effects on aquatic life from sediment contamination, determined using modified U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (1996) procedures (CWAI Wbasics-04). Tier: One of the three levels of treatability testing.(i.e., laboratory screening, bench-scale testing, pilot-scale testing) (EPA-89112a). Tiered permit limits: Permit limits that only apply to the discharge when a certain threshold (e.g., production level), specific circumstance (e.g., batch discharge), or timeframe (e.g., after six months) triggers their use (CWNwastewater-04). Tiered testing: Any of a series of tests that are conducted as a result of a previous test's findings (CWAIwastewater-04). Tiering: Refers to the coverage of general matters in ,broader environmental impact statements (such as national program or policy statements) with subsequent narrower statements or environmental analyses (such as regional or basin-wide program statements or ultimately site-specific statements) incorporating by reference the general discussions and concentrating solely on the issues specific to the statement subsequently prepared. Tiering is appropriate when the sequence of statements or analyses is: (1) From a program, plan, or policy environmental impact statement to a program plan, or policy statement or analysis of lesser scope or to a site-specific statement or analysis. (2) From an environmental impact statement on a specific action at an early stage (such as need and site selection) to a supplement (which is preferred) or a subsequent statement or analysis at a later stage (such as environmental mitigation). Tiering in such cases is appropriate when it helps the lead agency to focus on the issues which are ripe for decision and exclude from consideration issues already decided or not yet ripe (40CFR1508.28-91). Tight house: A house with a low air exchange rate. If 0.5 to 0.9 air changes per hour (ach) is typical of modern housing, a tight house would be one with an exchange rate well below 0.5 ach (EPA-88/08), Tight soil: The soil that is relatively impermeable to water movement. See soil for more related terms (EPA-83). Tile drain: A buried perforated pipe designed to remove excess water from soils (CWA/Wbasics-04). Till: Predominantly unsorted and unstratified drift, deposited directly by and underneath a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders (CWA/Wbasics-04). Tillage: Plowing, seedbed preparation, and cultivation practices (EPA-97/12). Tilting furnace: The furnace that is provided with devices for affixing the crucible to the h a c e so that the furnace may be tilted with the crucible when the metal is poured. See furnace for more related terms (AP-40, p238).
Timber set: A timber fi-ame to support the roof, sides, and sometimes the floor of mine roadways or shafts (CWNmining-04). Timber: A collective term for underground wooden supports (CWNmining-04). Timbering: The setting of timber supports in mine workings or shafts for protection against falls from roof, face, or rib (CWNmining-04). Timberline: The line of elevation on a mountain or hill slope above which trees do not grow. Its height depends upon local as well as general conditions of climate and soil. It is lower in the temperate than in the tropical zone, lower on the shady than on the sunny side of a mountain, and highest on those slopes which provide the best protection from winds and the longest exposure to the sun (DOI-70104). Time meter: A device such as clocks and timers for measuring the time. Time of concentration: The time required for water to flow from the farthest point on the watershed to the gaging station (CWAlhydrology-04). Time period: Any period of time designated by how, month, season, calendar year, averaging time, or other suitable characteristics, for which ambient air quality is estimated (40CFR51.100-91). Time reference: The time (t)when the laser pulse emerges from the laser, used as the reference in all lidar time or range measurements (40CFR60-App/A(alt. method 1)-91). Time response curve: The curve relating cumulative percentage response of a test batch of organisms, exposed to a single dose or single concentration of a chemical, to a period of exposure (40CFR797.1350-91, see also 40CFR797.1440-91). Time weighted average (TWA): The averaging of different exposure levels during an exposure period. For noise, given an 85dBA exposure limit and a 3-dB exchange rate, the TWA is calculated according to the following formula: TWA = 10.0 H Log(D/100) + 85 where D = dose (NCNsound-04). Time weighted average example: The average value of a parameter (e.g., concentration of a chemical in air) that varies over time. The average value can be expressed as TWA = sum[(Ci x Ti)]/sum(Ti), where: i = l,2,3 .....; C = concentration; and T = time of exposure (Course 165.6). See Appendix A for an example calculation. Time: A measure of the sequence of events. Other time-related terms include (1) Detention period (see detention time); (2) Detention time; (3) Dwell time; (4) Fall time; (5) Ignition delay
time; (6) Lag time; (7) Residence time; (8) Response time; (9) Retention period (see detention time); (10) Retention time; (11) Reverberation time; and (12) Rise time.
Time-critical actions: A type of short-term cleanup in which, based on an evaluation of the site, EPA determines that less than six months is available before site activities must be initiated. During time-critical actions, EPA conducts an investigation of the contamination and produces an action memorandum authorizing and outlining the cleanup before beginning the actual cleanup (SFIremedy-04) Timed delay: A delayed diaphragm displacement controlled to occur within a given time period (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l)(ii)(B)-91). Time-weighted average (TWA): In air sampling, the average air concentration of contaminants during a given period (EPA-97/12). Tin (Sn): A soft metallic element with atomic number 50; atomic weight 118.69; density 7.30 glcc; melting point 231.9 C and boiling point 2270 C. The element belongs to group IVA of the periodic table. Tin alloy: The essential constituent of soft solders, type metals, fusible alloys and certain bearing metals, e.g., copper and antimony pewter, bronze, and sometimes lead (EPA-83). Tin can: A can made from tin-plated steel (EPA-83). Tin free steel (TFS): Cans made from steel coated with chrome rather than tin. This newly developed technique will simplify the recycling of steel cans (EPA-83). Tinaja: A pocket of water developed below a waterfall; a term used in the Southwestern United States; used loosely to mean a temporary pool (CWNWbasics-04). Tinnitus: "Ringing in the ears" of which there is no observable cause (NCNsound-04). Tint base paint: A noncolored paint shipped to the retailer where colorants are added to meet customer's specifications. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Tipping fee: A fee charged for the unloading or dumping of material at a landfill, transfer station, recycling center, or waste-toenergy facility, usually stated in dollars per ton (sometimes called a disposal or service fee) (RCWmanagement-04). Tipping fee: The price charged for delivering municipal waste to landfill, incinerator, or recycling facility; usually expressed in dollars per ton. See fee for more related terms (OTA-89/10). Tipping floortpit: Unloading area for vehicles that are delivering municipal solid waste to a transfer station or municipal waste combustion facility (RCWmanagement-04).
Tipping floor: Unloading area for vehicles that are delivering solid waste to an incinerator or other processing facility (SW108ts and EPA-89/11). Tipple: Originally the place where the mine cars were tipped and emptied of their coal, and still used in that same sense, although now more generally applied to the surface structures of a mine, including the preparation plant and loading tracks (CWNmining04). Tire processor: Intermediate operating facility where recovered tires are processed in preparation for recycling (EPA-97/12). Tires: The following types of tires: passenger car tires, light- and heavy-duty truck tires, high speed industrial tires, bus tires, and special service tires (including military, agricultural, off-the-road, and slow speed industrial) (40CFR253.4-91, see also 40CFR60.541-91). Tires: As used in recycling, passenger car and truck tires (excludes airplane, bus, motorcycle and special service military, agricultural, off-the-road and-slow speed industrial tires). Car and truck tires are recycled into rubber products such as trash cans, storage containers, rubberized asphalt, or used whole for playground and reef construction (EPA-97/12). Tissue study: The assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and certain organic contaminants in tissues of aquatic organisms (CWNWquality-04). Tissue study: The assessment of concentrations and distributions of trace elements and certain organic contaminants in tissues of aquatic organisms (CWNWbasics-04). Tissue: A group of similar cells (Course 165.6). Titanium (Ti): A transition metal with atomic number 22; atomic weight 47.9; density 4.51 glcc; melting point 1668 C and boiling point 3260 C. The element belongs to group IVB of the periodic table. Titanium mineral: The main commercial minerals are mtile (TiOz) and ilmenite (FeTiOs) (EPA-82/05). Title I design (preliminary design): Continues a design effort using the conceptual design and the project design criteria as a basis for project development. Title I design develops topographical and subsurface data and determines the requirements and criteria that will govern the definitive design. Tasks include preparation of preliminq planning and engineering studies, preliminary drawings and outline specifications, life-cycle cost analysis, preliminary cost estimates, and scheduling for project completion. Preliminary design identifies long-lead-time procurement items and analyzes risks associated with continued project development (DOE-91/04).
Title I1 design (definitive design): Continues the development of a project based on an approved preliminary design (Title I). Definitive design includes any revisions of the Title I effort; preparation of final working drawings, specifications, bidding documents, and cost estimates; coordination with all parties that night affect the project; development of firm construction and procurement schedules; and assistance in analyzing proposals or bids (DOE-91/04). Title 111 (superfund): (1) Title I11 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, also titled the Emergency Panning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (40CFR350.1-91, see also 40CFR372.3; 372.3-91). (2) The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, Specifies requirements for organizing the planning process at the state and local levels for specified extremely hazardous substances; minimum plan content; requirements for fixed facility owners and operators to inform officials about extremely hazardous substances present at the facilities; and mechanisms for making information about extremely hazardous substances available to citizens (NRT87/03). Title 111 inspection (concurrent with construction): Complete architectural and engineering supervision and inspection of construction under the direction of a responsible representative. Includes checking of shop drawings and furnishing of reproducible as-built record drawings and marked-up specifications showing construction as actually accomplished (DOE-91/04). Titrand: A substance to be analyzed in a titration process. Titrant: A substance with known parameters such as component, concentration, or volume which is used for analyzing a titrand in a titration process. Other titrand related term includes acidic titrant. Titration: (1) A method of measuring acidity of alkalinity. (2) The determination of a constituent in a known volume of solution by the measured addition of a solution of known strength for completion of the reaction as signaled by observation of an end point (EPA-83106a). Titration: For more related terms, see (1) Acid base titration; (2) Amperometric titration; (3) Complexometri analysis; (4) Conductometric titration; (5) Distillation silver nitrate titration; (6) Endpoint titration; (7) Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid titration; (8) Potentiometric titration; (9) Redox titration; (10) Spectrophotometrictitration; (11) Thermometric titration; and (12) Turbidimetric titration. TLV-C: Ceiling Exposure Limit or maximum exposure concentration not to be exceeded under any circumstances (TWA must still be met) (NavyIEnv-04).
TLV-STEL: Short-term exposure limit or maximum concentration for a brief specified period of time, depending on a specific chemical (TWA must still be met) (NavyIEnv-04). TLV-TWA: Time weighted average, based on an allowable exposure averaged over a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour work week (NavyEnv-04). TMI: Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant Unit 2. An accident at TMI led to an action plan by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the resolution of severe accident and source term issues; much of the safety knowledge gained from the TMI accident has been incorporated into current NRC regulations (DOE-9 1/04). To be considered (TBC) requirements: Non-promulgated advisories (such as reference doses or potency factors), criteria, and guidance issued by federal and state governments and not having the same status as ARARs; supplement ARARs where they do not exist or are insufficient to protect human health and the environment (Navy/Env-04). Toe: The bottom of the working face at a sanitary landfill (SW108ts). Toilet tissue: A sanitary tissue paper. The principal characteristics are softness, absorbency, cleanliness, and adequate strength (considering easy disposability). It is marketed in rolls of varying sizes or in interleaved packages (40CFR250.4-91). Tolerance limit median: The concentration that kills 50% of the test organisms within a specified time span, usually in 96 hours or less. This system of reporting has been misapplied by some who have erroneously inferred that a TLM value is a safe value, whereas it is merely the level at which half of the test organisms are killed. In many cases, the differences are great between TLM concentrations and concentrations that are low enough to permit reproduction and growth. LC50 has the same numerical value as TLM (EPA-76/03). Tolerance limit: The numerical value identifying the acceptable range of some variables (EPA-79112~). Tolerance petition: A formal request to establish a new tolerance or modify an existing one (EPA-97/12). Tolerance with regional registration: Any tolerance which is established for pesticide residues resulting from the use of the pesticide pursuant to a regional registration. Such a tolerance is supported by residue data from specific growing regions for a raw agricultural commodity. Individual tolerances with regional registration are designated in separate subsections in 40CFR180.10 1 through 180.999, as appropriate. Additional residue data which are representative of the proposed use area are required to expand the geographical area of usage of a pesticide on a raw agricultural commodity having an established tolerance with
regional registration. Persons seeking geographically broader registration of a crop having a tolerance with regional registration should contact the appropriate EPA product manager concerning additional residue data required to expand the use area (40CFRI 80.1-n-91).
Tolerance: (1) The ability of a living thing to withstand adverse conditions, such as pest attacks, weather extremes, or pesticides. (2) The amount of pesticide that may safely remain in or on raw farm products at time of sale (FFDCNpesticide-04). Tolerance: (1) The amount of a pesticide residue that legally may be present in or on a raw agricultural commodity under the terms of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408 or a processed food under the terms of a food additive regulation under FFDCA section 409. Tolerances are usually expressed in terms of parts of the pesticide residue per million parts of the food (ppm), by weight (40CFR177.3-91). (2) The relative capability of an organism to endure or adapt to an unfavorable environmental factor (DOD-78/01). Tolerance: The maximum amount of a pesticide allowable in a food or feed product before it is considered adulterated, usually specified in parts per million (FFDCNpesticide-04). Tolerances: Permissible residue levels for pesticides in raw agricultural produce and processed foods. Whenever a pesticide is registered for use on a food or a feed crop, a tolerance (or exemption from the tolerance requirement) must be established. EPA establishes the tolerance levels, which are enforced by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture (EPA-97/12). Tolerant species: Those species that are adaptable to (tolerant of) human alterations to the environment and often increase in number when human alterations occur (CWAIWquality-04). Toluene (C&): A solvent used in paints and varnishes. It is similar to benzene, but has a higher boiling point and is less toxic (EPA-84/09). Ton: (1) Gross ton 2240 pounds. (2) Net ton 2000 pounds (EPA83). Ton: A short or net ton is equal to 2000 pounds; a long or British ton is 2240 pounds; a metric ton is approximately 2205 pounds (CWNmining-04). Tonnage: The amount of waste that a landfill accepts, usually expressed in tons per month. The rate at which a landfill accepts waste is limited by the landfill's permit (EPA-97/12). Tool steel: Steels used to make cutting tools and dies. Many of these steels have considerable quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, carbon, tungsten, molybdenum, and other elements. These form hard carbides which provide good wearing qualities
but at the same time decrease machinability. Tool steels in the trade are classified for the most part by their applications, such as hot work die, cold work die, high speed, shock resisting, mold, and special purpose steels (EPA-83106a).
Torque: An ability to cause an object to rotate. It is equal to the product of a force and its perpendicular distance from a rotational center. Other torque-related terms include (1) Full load torque; (2) Maximum rated torque; and (3) Mechanical torque rate.
Tooth: Surface grain of paper (EPA-83).
Torr: A unit of pressure which equals 133.3 pascals or 1 mm Hg at 0 C (40CFR796.1950-91).
Top blown furnace: A basic oxygen process furnace (BOPF) in which oxygen is introduced to the bath of molten iron by means of an oxygen lance inserted from the top of the vessel. See furnace for more related terms (40CFR60.141a-91). Top security: See security classification category. Top void (block void or void): Air space(s) within masonry walls made of concrete blocks or cinder blocks. Top void specifically refers to the air space in the top course of such walls; that is, the course of block to which the sill plate is attached and on which the walls of the house rest (EPA-88/08). Top: A mine roof; same as "back" (CWAImining-04). Topcoat operation: All topcoat spray booths, flash-off areas, and bake ovens at a facility which are used to apply, dry, or cure the final coatings (except final off-line repair) on components of automobile or light-duty truck bodies (40CFR52.741-91).
Tort: Tort is the word used to denote a common law civil wrong for which a court will provide a remedy. A tort arises from the existence of a generalized legal duty to avoid causing harm to others, through acts of omission, as well as of commission. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p6). Total 1,2-Dichloroethene, (1,2-DCE): Both cis and trans DCE (NavyIEnv-04). Total alkalinity: An indicator of the ability to neutralize the acid in water. It represents that alkalinity is measured above 4.5, and bicarbonate ions (HC03y have reacted with strong acid to form H2C03. Total annual sales: The total annual revenue (in dollars) generated by the sale of all products of a company. Total annual sales must include the total annual sales revenue of all sites owned or controlled by that company and the total annual sales revenue of that company's subsidiaries and foreign or domestic parent company, if any (40CFR704.3-91).
Topcoat operation: The topcoat spray booth, flash-off area, and bake oven(s) which are used to apply and dry or cure the final coating(s) on components of automobile and light-duty truck bodies (40CFR60.391-91).
Total carbon: The sum of carbon associated with both inorganic and organic compounds in a sample.
Topcoat: A coating applied in a multiple coat operation other than prime coat, final repair coat, or prime surfacer coat (40CFR52.741-91).
Total chromium: The sum of hexavalent and trivalent chromium as measured by the procedures listed in 40CFR136. See chromium for more related terms (40CFR410.01-91).
Topographic map: A map indicating surface elevations and slopes (SW-108ts).
Total coliform: The sum of all types of bacteria in a sample, rather than a specific species. See coliform for more related terms.
Topography: The general configuration of a land surface or any part of the earth's surface, including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Total combustible: Includes paints, lacquers, coatings, etc., associated with the original ferrous product, as well as combustible materials (paper, plastics, textiles, etc.) which become associated with the ferrous product after it is manufactured. See combustible for more related terms (SW-108ts) (EPA-83).
Topography: The physical features of a surface area including relative elevations and the position of natural and man-made (anthropogenic) features (EPA-97/12). Topsoil: The topmost layer of soil; usually refers to soil that contains humus and is capable of supporting good plant growth (SW-I 08ts). Torque wrench: A wrench that indicates, as on a dial, the amount of torque (in units of foot-pounds) exerted in tightening a roof bolt (CWAImining-04).
Total concentration: Refers to the concentration of a constituent regardless of its form (dissolved or bound) in a sample (CWANbasics-04). Total cost bidding: A method of establishing the purchase price of movable equipment. The buyer is guaranteed that maintenance will not exceed a set maximum amount during a fixed period and that the equipment will be repurchased at a set minimum price when the period ends (SW-108ts).
Total cyanide: (1) Total cyanide as determined by the test procedure specified in 40CFR136 (Federal Register, Vol. 38 No. 199, October 16, 1973) (EPA-83/09). (2) The total content of cyanide expressed as the radical CN- or alkali cyanide whether present as simple or complex ions. The sum of both the combined and free cyanide content of a plating solution. In analytical terminology, total cyanide is the sum of cyanide amenable to oxidation by chlorine and that which is not according to standard analytical methods (EPA-83106a). (3) See cyanide for more related terms. Total DDT: The sum of DDT and its metabolites (breakdown products), including DDD and DDE (CWAIWquality-04). Total dissolved phosphorous: The total phosphorous content of all material that will pass through a filter, which is determined as orthophosphate without prior digestion or hydrolysis. Also called soluble P. or ortho P (EPA-97/12). Total dissolved solid: (1) The total dissolved (filterable) solids as determined by use of the method specified in 40CFR136 (40CFR122.2-91, see also 40CFR131.35; 144.3; 146.3-91). (2) See solid for more related terms. Total dissolved solids (TDS): All material that passes the standard glass river filter; now called total filtrable residue. Term is used to reflect salinity (EPA-97/12). Total dissolved solids (TDS): The quantity of dissolved material in a given volume of water (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Total dynamic head (TDH): The total energy provided by a pump consisting of the difference in elevation between the suction and discharge levels, plus losses due to unrecovered velocity head and friction (EPA-8211If). Total enclosure: A structure that is constructed around a source of emissions and operated so that all VOC emissions are collected and exhausted through a stack or duct. With a total enclosure, there will be no fugitive emissions, only stack emissions. The drying oven itself may be part of the total enclosure (40CFR60.741-91, see also 40CFR60.441; 60.71 1-91). Total excess cancer risk: The upper bound on the estimated excess cancer risk associated with exposure to multiple hazardous substances and multiple exposure pathways (NavytEnv-04). Total fluoride: The elemental fluorine and all fluoride compounds as measured by reference methods specified in 40CFR60.195 or by equivalent or alternative methods. See fluoride for more related terms (40CFR60.191-91). Total head: The height above a datum plane of a column of water. In a groundwater system, it is composed of elevation head and pressure head (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system: Either heated or unheated monitors, a THC measurement system consists of the following major subsystems (EPA-90104): (1) Sample probe. (2) Sample line. (3) Calibration valve assembly. (4) FID analyzer. (5) Data recorder. (6) See measurement for more related terms. Total hydrocarbon concentration measurement system: The total equipment required for the determination of a gas concentration. For total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) measurement, there are two acceptable types of THC monitoring systems: heated and unheated systems. (1) Heated systems maintain the temperature of the sample gas between 150 to 170 C throughout the system. This requires all system components like probe, calibration valve, filters, sample lines, pump, and the FID analyzer to be kept heated at all times such that no moisture is condensed out of the system. (2) Unheated systems remove excess moisture from the system and pass it through a gas conditioning system kept at temperatures between 5 to 18 C (40 to 64 F) so that the moisture of the sample gas entering the FID does not exceed 2%. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (or Kjeldahl process): (1) A measure of nitrogen combined in organic and ammonia form in wastewater. Expressed in mg/L as N. It includes ammonia and organic nitrogen but does not include nitrite and nitrate nitrogen. (2) The sum of free nitrogen and organic nitrogen in a sample (EPA-82/11; 76/03). Total maximum daily load (TMDL): (1) The total allowable pollutant load to a receiving water such that any additional loading will produce a violation of water quality standards (EPA-85/09, see also 40CFR130.2-91). (2) The sum of the individual waste load allocations and load allocations. A margin of safety is included with the two types of allocations so that any additional loading, regardless of source, would not produce a violation of water quality standards (EPA-91/03). Total maximum daily load (TMDL): The sum of the individual wasteload allocations (WLAs) for point sources and load allocations (LAs) for nonpoint sources and natural background. Additional information on TMDLs can be found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/tmd1.cfm.To determine if there is an approved or established TMDL on your project's receiving water, refer to http://www.epa.gov/npdes/storm waterlcgp for state and regional specific TMDL information related to the construction general permit. You may also have to contact your EPA regional office or state agency (CWAIwastewater-04). Total metals: (1) The sum of the metal content in both soluble and insoluble form (EPA-83106a). (2) The concentration of metals determined in a sample following digestion by Methods 3010, 3020, or 3050 specified in SW-846. (3) (In electroplating), the sum of the concentration or mass of Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) (total), and Zinc (Zn) (40CFR413.02-91). (4) See metal for more related terms.
Total metals: Analyte elements which have been digested prior to analysis (NavyIEnv-04). Total moisture: (1) That moisture determined as the loss in weight in an air atmosphere under rigidly controlled conditions of temperature, time, and air flow. Total moisture is calculated from the air dry loss and the residual moisture (EPA-83). (2) The weight loss resulting from drying a sample to constant weight in an oven usually maintained between 103 and 107 degree C (EPA83). (3) See analytical parameters--laboratory for more related terms.
Total quality management (TQM)/Total quality leadership (TQL): A strategy used by DOD to continuously improve performance at every level and in all areas of responsibility. Combines fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and specialized technical tools under a disciplined structure focused on continuously improving all processes, including products and services (NavyIEnv-04). Total rated capacity: The sum of the rated capacities of all fuelburning equipment connected to a common stack. The rated capacity shall be the maximum guaranteed by the equipment manufacturer or the maximum normally achieved during use, whichever is greater (40CFR52.01-91).
Total organic active ingredients: The sum of all organic active ingredients covered by 40CFR455.20(a) which are manufactured at a facility subject to this subpart (40CFR455.20-91, see also 40CFR455.21-91).
Total recoverable metals: The concentration of metals in an unfiltered sample following treatment with hot diluted mineral acid. See metal for more related terms (Method 3005, SW-846).
Total organic active ingredients: The sum of all organic active ingredients covered by 40CFR455.20(a) which are manufactured at a facility subject to this subpart (40CFR455.21-91).
Total recoverable: The concentration determined on an unfiltered sample following treatment with hot, dilute mineral acid (40CFR136-App/C-91).
Total organic carbon (TOC): Measures the amount of organic carbon in water (CWAIwastewater-04).
Total recovered petroleum hydrocarbon: A method for measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in samples of soil or water (EPA-97/12).
Total organic carbon (TOC): Total organic carbon (TOC) is a measure of the organic contamination of a water sample. It has an empirical relationship with the biochemical and chemical oxygen demands. See carbon for more related terms (EPA-83; 74/04). Total organic compounds: Those compounds measured according to the procedures in 40CFR60.503 (40CFR60.501-91, see also 40CFR60.561; 60.61 1; 60.661-91). Total oxygen demand (TOD): The total oxygen needed for BOD and COD during wastewater treatment. See oxygen for more related terms. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH): Measure of the concentration or mass of petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a given amount of soil or water. The word "total" is a misnomer--few, if any, of the procedures for quantifying hydrocarbons can measure all of them in a given sample. Volatile ones are usually lost in the process and not quantified and nonpetroleum hydrocarbons sometimes appear in the analysis (EPA97/12). Total phenol: The total phenolic compounds as measured by the procedure listed in 40CFR136 (distillation followed by colorimetric--4AAP). See phenol for more related terms (40CFR464.02-91). Total pressure: The pressure representing the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure at the point of measurement. See pressure for more related terms (EPA-83/06).
Total recycle: The complete reuse of a wastestream, with makeup water added for evaporation losses. There is no blowdown stream from a totally recycled flow and the process water is not periodically or continuously discharged (EPA-83103a). Total reduced sulfur (TRS): The sum of the sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide, that are released during the kraft pulping operation and measured by Reference Method 16 (40CFR60.28 191). Total residual chlorine (TRC) (or total residual oxidants for intake water with bromide): (1) Free residual plus combined residual (EPA-82111f). (2) The value obtained using the amperometric method for total residual chlorine described in 40CFR130 (40CFR423.11-91; see also 420.02-91; EPA-8211 la). (3) See chlorine for more related terms. Total residual oxidants for intake water with bromide: See total residual chlorine. Total resource effectiveness (TRE) index value: A measure of the supplemental total resource requirement per unit reduction of TOC associated with an individual air oxidation vent stream, based on vent stream flow rate, emission rate of TOC, net heating value, and corrosion properties (whether or not the vent stream is halogenated), as quantified by the equation given under 40CFR60.614(e) (40CFR60.611-91).
Total site non-cancer risk: A calculation of the possibility of non-cancer health effects associated with exposure to all hazardous materials at or from a disposal site at all exposure points for a given receptor. The Hazard Index is a measure of total site non-cancer risk (NavyIEnv-04). Total smelter charge: The weight (dry basis) of all copper sulfide ore concentrates processed at a primary copper smelter, plus the weight of all other solid materials introduced into the roasters and smelting furnaces at a primary copper smelter, except calcine, over a one-month period (40CFR60.161-91). Total SO2 equivalents: The sum of volumetric or mass concentrations of the sulfur compounds obtained by adding the quantity existing as SO2 to the quantity of SO2 that would be obtained if all reduced sulfur compounds were converted to SO2 (ppmv or kg/DSCM) (40CFR60.641-91).
and 40CFR433.11 (40CFR433.11-91, see also 40CFR464.02; 464.1 1; 464.21; 464.31; 464.41; 465.02; 467.02; 468.02; 469.12; 469.22; 469.3 1-91). Total trihalomethanes (TTHM): The sum of the concentration in milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane [chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures (40CFR141.2-91). Total volatile solids: Volatile residue present in wastewater (EPA-83106a). Total waste analysis: Analytic test method used to measure compliance with most of the organic treatment standards. Carbon disulfide, cyclohexanone, and methanol treatment standards are measured using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (RCRA/landban-04).
Total solid (TS): See total suspended solid. Total storage: The volume of a reservoir below the maximum controllable level including dead storage (CWAhydrology-04). Total suspended particles (TSP): A method of monitoring particulate matter by total weight (NavyIEnv-04). Total suspended particulate: The particulate matter as measured by the method described in Appendix B of Part 50 of this chapter. See particulate for more related terms (40CFR51.100-91, see also 40CFR58.1-91). Total suspended residue: See total suspended solid. Total suspended solid (TSS) (total solid or total suspended residue): (1) The value obtained by the method specified in 40CFR136.3 (40CFR420.02-91). (2) The total amount of both suspended and dissolved materials in wastewater. Expressed in mg/L (EPA-82/11). (3) See solid for more related terms. Total suspended solids (TSS): A measure of the filterable solids present in a sample, as determined by the method specified in 4OCFR Part 136 (CWNwastewater-04). Total suspended solids (TSS): A measure of the suspended solids in wastewater, effluent, or waterbodies, determined by tests for "total suspended non-filterable solids." See suspended solids. Total Suspended Particles (TSP): A method of monitoring airborne particulate matter by total weight (EPA-97/12). Total test distance: Is defined for each class of motorcycles in 40CFR86.427.78 (40CFR86.402.78-91). Total toxic organics (TTO): The total toxic organics, which is the summation of all quantifiable values greater than 0.01 milligrams per liter for the toxic organics listed in 40CFR413.02
Total: The concentration determined on an unfiltered sample following vigorous digestion (Section 9.3), or the sum of the dissolved plus suspended concentrations. (Section 9.1 plus 9.2) (40CFR136-AppIC-91). Totally enclosed manner: Any manner that will ensure no exposure of human beings or the environment to any concentration of PCBs (40CFR761.3-91). Totally enclosed treatment facility: A facility for the treatment of hazardous waste which is directly connected to an industrial production process and which is constructed and operated in a manner which prevents the release of any hazardous waste or any constituent thereof into the environment during treatment. An example is a pipe in which waste acid is neutralized (40CFR260.10-9 1). Totally enclosed treatment units: Units that are designed and constructed to practically eliminate the potential for hazardous wastes to escape into the environment during treatment (RCRAIhazardous-04). Touch up coat: The coat applied to correct any imperfections in the finish after color or texture coats have been applied. This definition does not include conductive sensitizers or EMIIRFI shielding coatings (40CFR60.72 1-91). Tox oneliner: An OPP summary of toxicology reviews for a particular active ingredient. For each entry, the one-liner lists a citation, MRID Numbers or Accession Numbers, brief study results, and document numbers identifying the OPP toxicology reviews. Other information is also listed (FFDCNpesticide-04). Toxaphene formulator: A person who produces, prepares, or processes a formulated product comprising a mixture of toxaphene and inert materials or other diluents into a product intended for application in any use registered under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended (7U.S.C.135, et seq.) (40CFRI29.103-91).
Toxaphene manufacturer: A manufacturer, excluding any source which is exclusively a toxaphene formulator, who produces, prepares, or processes toxaphene or who uses toxaphene as a material in the production, preparation, or processing of another synthetic organic substance (40CFR129.103-91). Toxaphene: A material consisting of technical grade chlorinated carnphene having the approximate formula of CIOHIOCIB and normally containing 67 to 69% chlorine by weight (40CFR129.491). Toxaphene: Chemical that causes adverse health effects in domestic water supplies and is toxic to fresh water and marine aquatic life (EPA-97/12). ToxFAQs: ToxFAQs is a series of fact sheets about hazardous substances developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR) Division of Toxicology. The fact sheets are a guide to the most frequently asked questions (FAQs) about exposure to hazardous substances found around hazardous waste sites and the effects of exposure on human health (SF/remedy-04) Toxic agent: Chemical or physical (for example, radiation, heat, wld, microwaves) agents that, under certain circumstances of exposure, can cause harmful effects to living organisms (SFhealth-04). Toxic air pollutant (or air toxic): (1) The aggregate emissions of Benzene; 1,3 Butadiene; Polycyclic organic matter (POM); Acetaldehyde and Formaldehyde (CAM1 l.k-42U.S.C.7545-91). (2) The materials contaminating the environment that cause death, disease, birth defects in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and length of exposure necessary to cause these effects can vary widely (EPA-89/12). (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Toxic atmosphere monitor (or colorimetric indicator tube): The monitor consists of a glass tube impregnated with an indicating chemical. The tube is connected to a pump. A known volume of contaminated air is pulled at a predetermined rate through the tube by the pump. The contaminant reacts with the indicator chemical in the tube, producing a change in color whose length is proportional to the contaminant concentration. The tubes are normally chemical specific. There are different tubes for different gases, e.g., chlorine detector tube for chlorine gas, acrylonitrile tube for acrylonitrile gas. Some manufacturers do produce tubes for groups of gases such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols. Concentration ranges on the tubes may be in the ppm or percent range. See air analyzer for more related terms.
Toxic chemical group: Toxic chemicals can be grouped as follows: (1) Organic solvents. (2) Toxic metals. (3) Pesticides. (4) Herbicides (Course 165.6). Toxic chemical release form: Information form required of facilities that manufacture, process, or use (in quantities above a specific amount) chemicals listed under SARA Title I11 (EPA97/12). Toxic chemical use substitution: Replacing toxic chemicals with less harmful chemicals in industrial processes (EPA-97/12). Toxic chemical: A chemical or chemical category listed in 40CFR372.65 (toxic substance) (40CFR372.3-91, see also PPA6603; SF329-91). Toxic chemical: Any chemical listed in EPA rules as "Toxic Chemicals Subject to Section 3 13 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986" (EPA-97/12). Toxic chemical: Substances that can cause severe illness, poisoning, birth defects, disease, or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by living organisms (FFDCAIpesticide04). Toxic cloud: Airborne plume of gases, vapors, fumes, or aerosols containing toxic materials (EPA-97/12). Toxic concentration low: The lowest concentration of a substance in air to which humans or animals have been exposed for any given period of time that has produce any toxic effect in humans or produce tumorigenic or reproductive effects in animals. See dose response for more related terms. Toxic concentration: The concentration at which a substance produces a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Toxic disease process: Including (1) Mutagenesis; (2) Teratogenesis; and (3) Carcinogenesis (Course 165.6). Toxic dose low: The lowest dose of a substance introduced by any route, other than inhalation, over any given period of time, and reported to produce any toxic effect in humans or to produce tumorigenic or reproductive effects in animals. See dose response for more related terms. Toxic dose: The dose level at which a substance produces a toxic effect (EPA-97/12). Toxic effect: An adverse change in the structure or function of an experimental animal as a result of exposure to a chemical substance (40CFR798.6050; 798.6200-91). Toxic emissions: Emission of toxic pollutants. Toxic metals: See heavy metals.
Toxic pollutants: (1) Those pollutants, or combinations of pollutants, including disease-causing agents, which after discharge and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will, on the basis of information available to the EPA Administrator, cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformations in such organisms or their offspring (CWA502, see also 40CFR122.2; 125.58; 131.3; 501.2-91). (2) Under CWA307.a. 1, 65 toxic pollutants are listed in CFR401.15-92. (3) See pollutant for more related terms. Toxic pollutants: Pollutants or combinations of pollutants, including disease-causing agents, which after discharge and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will, on the basis of information available to the Administrator of EPA, cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, genetic mutations, physiological malfunctions, (including malfunctions in reproduction), or physical deformations, in such organisms or their offspring. Toxic pollutants also include those pollutants listed by the Administrator under CWA Section 307(a)(l) or any pollutant listed under Section 405(d) which relates to sludge management (CWMwastewater-04). Toxic pollutants: Materials that cause death, disease, or birth defects in organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and exposures necessary to cause these effects can vary widely (EPA97112). Toxic release inventory (TRI): A database of annual toxic releases from certain manufacturers compiled from EPCRA Section 313 reports. Manufacturers must report annually to EPA and the states the amounts of almost 350 toxic chemicals and 22 chemical categories that they release directly to air, water, or land, inject underground, or transfer to off-site facilities. EPA compiles these reports and makes the information available to the public under the "Community Right-to-Know" portion of the law (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Toxic release inventory (TRI): EPA requires annual reports of toxic chemical releases to the environment. These reports are submitted on EPA Form R, the TRI Reporting Form. The reports are required to provide the public with information on the releases of listed toxic chemicals in their communities and to provide EPA with release information to assist the Agency in determining the need for future regulations (SFIremedy-04). Toxic release inventory (TRI): Database of toxic releases in the United States compiled from SARA Title 111 Section 313 reports (EPA-97/12). Toxic response type: (1) Common local effects: Including imtation; corrosion; and fibrogenesis. (2) System effect: Including
hepatotoxic (liver), nephrotoxic (kidney), neurotoxic (nerves), hematopoietic (blood), and reproductive system (Course 165.6). Toxic substance or harmful physical agent: Any chemical substance, biological agent (bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.), or physical stress (noise, heat, cold, vibration, repetitive motion, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, hypo- or hyperbaric pressure, etc.) which: (1) Is listed in the least printed edition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS); or (ii) Has yielded positive evidence of an acute or chronic health hazard in testing conducted by, or known to, the employer; or (2) Is the subject of a material safety data sheet kept by or known to the employer indicating that the material may pose a hazard to human health (29CFR1910.20-91). Toxic substance: A chemical or mixture that can cause illness, death, disease, or birth defects. The quantities and exposures necessary to cause these effects can vary widely. Many toxic substances are pollutants and contaminants in the environment (FFDCMpesticide-04). Toxic substance: A chemical or mixture that may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment (EPA97/12). Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976: See Act or TSCA. Toxic unit acute (TUA): (1) The reciprocal of the effluent dilution that causes the acute effect by the end of the acute exposure period (EPA-85/09). (2) The reciprocal of the effluent concentration that causes 50% of the organisms to die by the end of the acute exposure period (i.e., 100 LC50) (EPA-91/03). Toxic unit chronic (TUC): (1) The reciprocal of the effluent concentration that causes no observable effect on the test organisms by the end of the chronic exposure period (i.e., 100/NOEC) (EPA-91/03). (2) The reciprocal of the effluent dilution that causes no unacceptable effect on the test organisms by the end of the chronic exposure period (EPA-85/09). Toxic units (TUs): A measure of toxicity in an effluent as determined by the acute toxicity units or chronic toxicity units measured (EPA-91/03). Toxic waste: (1) A waste which can produce injury upon contact with, or by accumulation in, a susceptible site in or on the body of a living organism (OME-88/12). (2) See waste for more related terms. Toxic waste: A waste that can produce injury if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin (EPA-97/12).
Toxic: Ability (or property) of a substance to produce harmful or lethal effects on humans and/or the environment (RCRA/municipal-04).
Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE): A set of procedures to identify the specific chemicals responsible for effluent toxicity (EPA-91/03).
Toxic: Harmful to living organisms (cf. poison or toxics) (EPA89/12).
Toxicity reduction evaluation (TRE): A site-specific study conducted in a stepwise process designed to identify the causative agent(s) of effluent toxicity, isolate the sources of toxicity, evaluate the effectiveness of toxicity control options, and then confirm the reduction in effluent toxicity (CWNwastewater-04).
Toxic: Poisonous (SFIremedy-04). Toxicant and effect: A toxicant is a chemical which can produce acute (short-term effect) and chronic (long-term effect) diseases, e.g., sunburn is an acute effect of sun bathing, and a skin cancer is a chronic effect. The toxicants can be classified according to how they affect the respiratory tract. (1) Asphyxiants: Gases that deprive the body tissues of oxygen. (2) Irritants: Chemicals that irritate the air passages. (3) Necrosis producers: Chemicals that result in cell death and edema. (4) Fibrosis producers: Chemicals that produce fibrotic tissue which, if massive, blocks airways and decreases lung capacity. (5) Allergens: Chemicals that induce an allergic response. (6) Carcinogens: Chemicals that are associated with lung cancer (Course 165.5). Toxicant: A harmful substance or agent that may injure an exposed organism (EPA-97/12). Toxicity assessment: Characterization of the toxicological properties and effects of a chemical, with special emphasis on establishment of dose-response characteristics (EPA-97/12). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): (1) TCLP is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic contaminants present in liquid, solid, and multiphasic wastes (40CFR261-AppIII). (2) A U.S. EPA test developed to evaluate the potential of a component to leach from a substance (ETI-92). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): A lab procedure designed to predict whether a particular waste is likely to leach chemicals into groundwater at dangerous levels (RCRA/hazardous-04). Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP): Analytic test method used to measure compliance with the metal treatment standards (RCRAIlandban-04). Toxicity characteristic: The characteristic which identifies wastes that are likely to leach dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals into groundwater (RCRAihazardous-04). Toxicity curve: The curve produced from toxicity tests when LC50 values are plotted against duration of exposure. This term is also used in aquatic toxicology, but in a less precise sense, to describe the curve produced when the median period of survival is plotted against test concentrations (40CFR797.1350-9 1, see also 40CFR797.1440-91).
Toxicity reduction: In municipal waste, eliminating or reducing substances in products that pose risks when the products are discarded as municipal waste (cf. pollution prevention) (OTA89/10). Toxicity test: A procedure to determine the toxicity of a chemical or an effluent using living organisms. A toxicity test measures the degree of effect on exposed test organisms of a specific chemical or effluent (CWNwastewater-04). Toxicity testing: Biological testing (usually with an invertebrate, fish, or small mammal) to determine the adverse effects of a compound or effluent (EPA-97/12). Toxicity: (1) One of the four U.S. EPA hazardous waste characteristics (ETI-92). Toxicity: A measure of the poisonous or harmful nature of a substance. The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm humans or animals (CAAIAF'C-04). Toxicity: In exposure study, the degree of danger posed by a substance to animal or plant life (EPA-89/12, see also 40CFR131.35; 171.2-91). Example toxicity rate by oral LD50 for rats at concentration m a g is as follows: (1) Extremely toxic: 1 mg/Kg or less; (2) Highly toxic: 1 to 50 mg/Kg; (3) Moderately toxic: 50 to 500 mg/Kg; (4) Slightly toxic: 0.5 to 5 g/Kg; (E) Practically nontoxic: 5 to 15 g/Kg (Course 165.6). Toxicity: In health effect studies, a measure of the adverse health effects of exposure to a chemical (EPA-87107a). Toxicity: For more related terms, see (1) Acute toxicity; (2) Chronic toxicity; (3) Cumulative toxicity; (4) Dermal toxicity; (5) Developmental toxicity; and (6) Direct toxicity. Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause damage to living tissue; impairment of the central nervous system; severe illness; or (in extreme cases) death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the skin. Amounts required to produce these results vary widely with the nature of the substances and the time of exposure (OMBIReg-04). Toxicity: The capacity of a chemical to do harm to an organism by other than mechanical means (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Toxicity: The degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm humans or animals. Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure. Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or continuous exposure sometimes lasting for the entire life of the exposed organism. Subchronic toxicity is the ability of the substance to cause effects for more than one year but less than the lifetime of the exposed organism (EPA-97/12). Toxicological profile: An ATSDR document that examines, summarizes, and interprets information about a hazardous substance to determine harmful levels of exposure and associated health effects. A toxicological profile also identifies significant gaps in knowledge on the substance and describes areas where further research is needed (SFhealth-04). Toxicological profile: An examination, summary, and interpretation of a hazardous substance to determine levels of exposure and associated health effects (EPA-97/12). Toxicology: The science and study of poisons control (EPA89/12). Toxicology: Study of the effects of poisons in living organisms (SFIremedy-04). Toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of substances on humans or animals (SFhealth-04). Toxics use reduction: Refers to the activities grouped under source reduction, where the intent is to reduce, avoid, or eliminate the use of toxics in processes and/or products so as to reduce overall risks to the health of workers, consumers, and the environment without shifting risks between workers consumers, or parts of the environment (EPA-91/10, p7). Toxics: Those pollutants that have a toxic effect on living organisms. The CWA Section 307(a) priority pollutants are a subset of this group of pollutants (EPA-91/03). Toxoid: A toxin treated so as to destroy its toxicity, but still capable of inducing formation of antibodies (EPA-83/09). TQ: Threshold Quantity. Facilities releasing TQs into the environment, whether intentionally as wastes or unintentionally in an accident, must report to the EPA (MWTNinfectious-04).
Trace method: A method applicable to ppm range. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Trace: A very small but detectable quantity of a chemical substance. Traceable: That a local standard has been compared and certified either directly or via not more than one intermediate standard, to a primary standard such as a National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material (NBS SRM), or a U.S. EPA/NBS-approved Certified Reference Material (CRM) (40CFR50.1-91, see also 40CFR58.1-91). Tracer: A stable, easily detected substance, or a radioisotope added to a material to follow the location of the substance in the environment or to detect any physical or chemical changes it undergoes (CWNWquality-04). Tracking form: The Federal Medical Tracking Form that must accompany all applicable shipments of regulated medical wastes generated within one of the covered states (40CFR259.10-91). Tractor: A battery-operated piece of equipment that pulls trailers, skids, or personnel carriers. Also used for supplies (CWNmining04). Tractor: For the purposes of this subpart, any two or three wheeled vehicle used exclusively for agricultural purposes, or for snow plowing, including self-propelled machines used exclusively in growing, harvesting, or handling farm produce (40CFR205.15 191). Trade name product: A chemical or mixture of chemicals that is distributed to other persons and that incorporates a toxic chemical component that is not identified by the applicable chemical name or Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number listed in 40CFR372.65 (40CFR372.3-91). Trade sales paint: The paint which is sold to the do it yourself market, i.e., the over the counter retail segment of the coatings market. It does not include the paint which is sold to painting contractors or similar professionals. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Trade secret: Any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information, or set of data that is used in a business to give the owner a competitive advantage. Such information may be excluded from public review (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Trace element: An element found in only minor amounts (concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter) in water or sediment; includes arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc (CWNWquality-04).
Trade winds: A system of easterly winds that dominate most of the tropics. A major component of the general circulation of the atmosphere (CWNWbasics-04).
Trace metals: A very small but detectable quantity of metals. See metal for more related terms.
Tradename: A name used by a company to describe a product service, etc. (i.e., Tylenol) (MWTNinfectious-04).
Traditional pollutant parameters: The pollutant parameters considered, and used, in the development of BPT guidelines. These parameters include BOD, COD, TOC, TSS, and ammonia. See pollutant for more related terms (EPA-79112~). Trajectory model: A model which describes the transport and diffusion of a puff of air pollution along a usually horizontal trajectory in the atmosphere. Removal and/or transformation processes can be taken into account (NATO-78110). Tram: Used in connection with moving self-propelled mining equipment. A tramming motor may refer to an electric locomotive used for hauling loaded trips or it may refer to the motor in a cutting machine that supplies the power for moving or tramming the machine (CWNmining-04). Tramp materials: Contaminants occumng in waste paper which were not originally applied to the paper or paperboard product during production or conversion (EPA-83). Tranmissivity: The rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. It equals the hydraulic conductivity multiplied by the aquifer thickness (CWNWbasics04). Trans 1,2-Dichloroethene, (trans 1,2-DCE): A chemical breakdown product of the more halogenated forms of ethene, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene. Also used as an industrial solvent and is volatile (NavyIEnv-04). Trans: In a chiral (directional) organic compound, the prefix trans indicates that the substituted atoms are on opposite sides of the compound. For example, in trans 1,2-Dichloroethene, the chlorine atoms are on opposite sides of the carbon to carbon double bond. The presence or absence of cis or trans compounds can indicate whether biological activity or abiotic, chemical reactions have taken place in the environment. See cis (Navy~Env-04). Transactinide element: Chemical elements whose atomic numbers are greater than 103. Transaction screen process: The overall process of completing the TSQ (see chapter 5) (USDNwater-04). Transaction screen questionnaire (TSQ): The form provided by Farmers Home Administration (FMHA) for completion by agency field staff conducting general property site assessments (see chapter 5) (USDNwater-04). Transboundary pollutants: Air pollution that travels from one jurisdiction to another, often crossing state or international boundaries. Also applies to water pollution (EPA-97/12). Transducer: Any device that is used to convert an input signal into an electrical signal.
Transfer and loading system: Any facility used to transfer and load coal for shipment (40CFR60.251-91). Transfer efficiency: The ratio of the amount of coating solids deposited onto a part or product to the total amount of coating solids used (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.311; 60.391; 60.451; 60.721-91). Transfer facilities: Any transportation-related facility such as loading docks, parking areas, storage areas, or other similar areas where shipments of hazardous waste, used oil, or universal waste are held temporarily during the normal course of transportation (RCRA/hazardous-04). Transfer facility: Any transportation-related facility including loading docks, parking areas, storage areas, and other similar areas where shipments of hazardous waste are held during the normal course of transportation (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR259.10; 270.2; 761.3-91). Transfer point: A point in a conveying operation where the nonmetallic mineral is transferred to or from a belt conveyor except where the nonmetallic mineral is being transferred to a stockpile (40CFR60.671-91). Transfer point: Location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is transferred between conveyances (CWAImining-04). Transfer station: A permanent facility where waste materials are taken from smaller collection vehicles and placed in larger vehicles for transport, including truck trailers, railroad cars, or barges. Recycling and some processing may also take place at transfer stations (RCWmanagement-04). Transfer station: A site at which solid wastes are concentrated for transport to a processing facility or land disposal site. A transfer station may be fixed or mobile (40CFR243.101-91). Transfer station: Facility where solid waste is transferred from collection vehicles to larger trucks or rail cars for longer distance transport (EPA-97/12). Transfer: A vertical or inclined connection between two or more levels and used as an ore pass (CWNmining-04). Transfer: Loading and unloading of chemicals between transport vehicles and storage vessels, and sending chemicals via pipes between storage vessels and process reactors (EPA-85/11). Transferred plasma arc: An arc established between an electrode and the working material as the other electrode. In transferred arc applications, heating occurs by way of conversion, radiation, and electrical resistance. See plasma arc for more related terms (Wittle-93/07).
Transformation: The process of placing new genes into a host cell, thereby inducing the host cell to exhibit functions encoded by the DNA (EPA-89/12). Transformer core: A quantity of ferrous material placed in a coil or transformer to provide a better path than air for magnetic flux, thereby increasing the inductance of the coil or increasing the coupling between the windings of a transformer (EPA-83/03). Transformer: An electrical device with two or more multi-turn coils in a such arrangement that the magnetic field of one can link the other. By using magnetic induction effect, a transformer can transfer electrical energy from one current circuit to another with a possible change in voltage, current, phase, or impedance (cf. capacitor). Transformer: For more related terms, see (1) Auto-transformer; (2) Distribution transformer; (3) Dry transformer; (4) Non-PCB transformer; (5) PCB transformer; (6) Pole type transformer; (7) Power transformer; (8) Primary feeder circuit transformer; (9) Rupture of a PCB transformer; (10) Step down transformer; and (11) Subtransmission transformer. Transient shipment: A shipment of nuclear material, originating and terminating in foreign countries, on a vessel or aircraft that stops at a United States port (10CFR40.4; 70.4-91). Transient water system: A non-community water system that does not serve 25 of the same nonresidents per day for more than six months per year (EPA-97/12). Transient, non-community water system: A public water system which provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods of time. These systems do not have to test or treat their water for contaminants which pose long-term health risks because fewer than 25 of the same people drink the water over a long period They still must test their water for microbes and several chemicals posing short-term health risk (SDWAlReg-04). Transient: Unstable, rapidly changing or a phenomenon before reaching a steady state condition. Transit country: Any foreign country, other than a receiving country, through which a hazardous waste is transported (40CFR262.51-91). Transit improvement measures: Those actions or combinations of actions taken by the Metropolitan Transit Division of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) and the city of Spokane to promote the attractiveness and increased use of public mass transit systems (40CFR52.2493-91).
Transition (intermediate) flow: Reynolds number greater than 2.0 but less than 500 for an incompressible flow. See flow regime for more related terms. Transition coordinators: Serves as the single federal point of contact for the community to interact with other federal agencies, gather information, assemble documentation, provide technical assistance, and expedite actions (NavyIEnv-04). Translocation: The transference or transport of chemical from the site of uptake to other plant components (40CFR797.2850-91). Transmissibility (groundwater): The capacity of a rock to transmit water under pressure. The coefficient of transmissibility is the rate of flow of water, at the prevailing water temperature, in gallons per day, through a vertical strip of the aquifer one foot wide, extending the full saturated height of the aquifer under a hydraulic gradient of 100%. A hydraulic gradient of 100% means a one foot drop in head in one foot of flow distance (CWAIWscience-04). Transmission class: The basic type of transmission, e.g., manual, automatic, semi-automatic (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Transmission configuration: A unique combination, within a transmission class, of the number of the forward gears and, if applicable, over-drive. The Administrator may further subdivide a transmission configuration (based on such criteria as gear ratios, torque convertor multiplication ratio, stall speed and shift calibration, etc.), if he determines that significant fuel economy or exhaust emission differences exist within that transmission configuration (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Transmission diffraction: An instrument for analyzing the diffraction phenomenon of a substance by transmitting an electronic beam through the very thin film or powder of the substance. Transmission line: A pipeline, other than a gathering line, that: (1) Transports gas from a gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center or storage facility; (2) Operates at a hoop stress of 20% of more of SMYS; or (3) Transports gas within a storage field (4OCFR992.3-91. Transmission lines: Pipelines that transport raw water from its source to a water treatment plant, then to the distribution grid system (EPA-97/12). Transmissive fault or fracture: A fault or fracture that has sufficient permeability and vertical extent to allow fluids to move between formations (40CFR146.61; 148.2-91). Transmissivity: (1) The ability of an aquifer to transmit water. (2) The rate at which water of the prevailing kinematic velocity is transmitted through a unit width of the aquifer under a unit of
hydraulic gradient. Normally ranges from 1000 to 1,000,000 galldaylft (NavyEnv-04).
Transpiration: The quantity of water absorbed and transpired and used directly in the building of plant tissue, in a specified time. It does not include soil evaporation. The process by which water vapor escapes from the living plant, principally the leaves, and enters the atmosphere. As considered practically, transpiration also includes guttation (CWAIhydrology-04).
Transmissivity: A measure of a water-bearing unit's capacity to transmit fluid. The product of the thickness and the average hydraulic conductivity of unit. Also, the rate at which water is transmitted through a strip of an aquifer of a unit width under a unit hydraulic gradient at a prevailing temperature and pressure (DOE-91/04).
Transport air: Air employed in pneumatic conveying systems to move materials by entrainment in the moving air stream (EPA-83).
Transmissivity: The ability of an aquifer to transmit water (EPA97/12).
Transport mechanisms: The various ways contaminants can spread, e.g., through air, groundwater, etc. (OMBIReg-04).
Transmissivity: The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water. It is the product of the aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity and has a unit of gallon per day per foot (also known as aquifer transmissivity) (EPA-87/03).
Transport mode: Method of transportation: highway (trucks); rail (trains); water (shipsharges); pipelines; air (planes) (EPA-85/11).
Transmissivity: The hydraulic conductivity integrated over the saturated thickness of an underground formation. The transmissivity of a series of formations is the sum of the individual transmissivities of each formation comprising the series (40CFR191.12-91). Transmissometer: That portion of the CEMS that includes the sample interface and the analyzer (40CFR60-AppB-91). It is a device for measuring the visual range of the atmosphere. Transmittance: (1) The fraction of incident light that is transmitted through an optical medium (40CFR60-AppB-91). (2) The reciprocal of the opacity (cf. opacity). Transparency: Quality that allows light to pass through without significant deviation of absorption. Transpiration: Process by which water that is absorbed by plants, usually through the roots, is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant surface, such as leaf pores. See evapotranspiration (CWNWscience-04). Transpiration: The process by which ~ a t e r ' ~ a s sthrough es living organisms, primarily plants, into the atmosphere (CWNWbasics04). Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants. The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated. Transportation Control Measures (TCMs): Steps taken by a locality to reduce vehicular emission and improve air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic; e.g., bus and HOV lanes, carpooling, and other forms of ridesharing, public transit, bicycle lanes (EPA-97/12). Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants. The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated (NavyIEnv-04).
Transport or transportation: (1) The movement of a hazardous substance by any mode, including pipeline (as defined in the Pipeline Safety Act), and in the case of a hazardous substance which has been accepted for transportation by a common or contract carrier, the term "transport" or "transportation" shall include any stoppage in transit which is temporary, incidental to the transportation movement, and at the ordinary operating convenience of a common or contract carrier, and any such stoppage shall be considered as a continuity of movement and not as the storage of a hazardous substance (42U.S.C.9601). (2) The movement of solid waste subsequent to collection (EPA-83). (3) To carry or convey goods from one place to another using ships, trucks, trains, pipelines, or airplanes (EPA-85/11). Transport phenomena: See dispersion. Transport vehicle: A motor vehicle or rail car used for the transportation of cargo by any mode. Each cargo carrying body (trailer, railroad freight car, etc.) is a separate transport vehicle. See vehicle for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91, see also 40CFR761.3-91). Transport water: The water used to carry insoluble solids. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Transportation control measure (TCM): Any measure in an applicable implementation plan which is intended to reduce emissions from transportation sources (40CFR51.138-91, see also 4OCFR5 1.100-91). Transportation control measures: Steps taken by a locality to improve air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic, e.g., public transit, carpools, HOV lanes, etc. (NavyIEnv-04). Transportation improvement program (TIP): The staged multiyear program of transportation improvements including an annual (or biennial) element which is required in 23CFR450 (40CFR51.138-91).
Transportation of gas: The gathering, transmission, or distribution of gas by pipeline or the storage of gas, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce (40CFR192.3-91).
radionuclides with half-lives greater than 20 years in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g. See radioactive waste or waste for more related terms (DOE-91/04).
Transportation: The movement of hazardous substances by any mode, including a hazardous liquid pipeline facility, as defined in Pipeline Safety Act. In the case of a hazardous substance which has been accepted for transportation by a common or contract carrier, any stoppage in transit which is temporary, incidental to the transportation movement, and at the ordinary operating convenience of a common or contract carrier, shall be considered as a continuity of movement and not as the storage of a hazardous substance (NavytEnv-04).
Transuranic: An element (e.g., neptunium) beyond uranium in the periodic table. All transuranic elements are man-made (SDWAIradionuclide-04).
Transportation: The shipment or conveyance or regulated medical waste by air, rail, highway, or water (cf. transport) (40CFR259.10-91, see also 40CFR260.10-91). Transporter of PCB waste: For the purposes of subpart K of this part, any person engaged in the transportation of regulated PCB waste by air, rail, highway, or water for purposes other than consolidation by a generator (40CFR761.3-91). Transporter: A person engaged in the off-site transportation of regulated medical waste by air, rail, highway, or water (40CFR259.10-91, see also 40CFR260.10; 270.2-91). Transporter: Any person engaged in the off-site transportation of hazardous waste, used oil, universal waste, or medical waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Transporter: Hauling firm that picks up properly packaged and labeled hazardous waste from generators and transports it to designated facilities for treatment, storage, or disposal. Transporters are subject to EPA and DOT hazardous waste regulations (EPA-97/12). Transuranic radioactive waste: As used in this part, means waste containing more than 100 nanocuries of alpha emitting transuranic isotopes, with half lives greater than twenty years, per gram of waste, except for: (1) High-level radioactive wastes; (2) Wastes that the Department has determined, with the concurrence of the Administrator, do not need the degree of isolation required by this part; or (3) Wastes that the Commission has approved for disposal on a case-by-case basis in accordance with 10CFR61 (cf. waste, transuranic) (40CFR191.02-91). (4) See radioactive waste or waste for more related terms. Transuranic waste: Radioactive waste contaminated with uranium 233 or elements beyond uranium on the periodic table and existing in concentrations of more than 1 ten-millionth of a curie per gram of waste. These isotopes have half-lives of over 20 years and are all man-made (OMBIReg-04). Transuranic waste: The radioactive waste that, at the end of institutional control periods, is contaminated with transuranium
Trapping: The condition when the diffusion of air pollution is confined to a small mixing layer capped by a strong inversion (NATO-78110). Trash: Material considered worthless or offensive that is thrown away. Generally defined as dry waste material, but in common usage it is a synonym for garbage, rubbish, or refuse (EPA-97/12). Trash-to-energy plan: Burning trash to produce energy (EPA97112). Traveling grate furnace: A furnace with a moving grate that conveys material through the heating zone. The feed is ignited on the surface as the grate moves past the burners; air is blown in the charge to bum the fuel by downdraft combustion as it moves continuously toward discharge. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-83103a). Traveling grate stoker: (1) A type of boiler where coal is carried and burned (cf. traveling grate furnace) (EPA-84/09). (2) A type of furnace with a moving grate. A stoker is essentially a moving chain (belt) carried on sprockets and covered with separated, small metal pieces called keys. The entire top surface can act as a grate while moving through the furnace but can flex over the sprocket wheels at the end of the furnace, return under the furnace, and reenter the furnace over sprocket wheels at the front (SW- 108ts). (3) See stoker for more related terms. Traveling grate: A traveling grate stoker consists of a belt-like arrangement of air admitting grate bars similar to a chain grate, but with grate bars mounted on transverse beams usually pulled by chains and sprockets through the furnace. See grate for more related terms (EPA-83). Tray aerator: A set of cylindrical trays. While wastewater is induced from the top tray, each tray functions like an aerator housing various packing materials to promote aeration. See aerator for more related terms. Tray column (or plate column): A cylindrical tower housing perforated plates, bubble caps, etc. It may be used for scrubbing polluted air for gaseous (absorption) or particulate control (EPA84/09). TRE index value: A measure of the supplemental total resource requirement per unit reduction of TOC associated with an individual distillation vent stream, based on vent stream flow rate, emission rate of TOC net heating value, and corrosion properties
(whether or not the vent stream is halogenated), as quantified by the equation given under 40CFR60.664(e) (40CFR60.661-9 1). Tread end cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to one or both ends of the tread or combined treadsidewall component. A tread end cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to tread ends and to allow evaporation of solvent from the cemented tread ends (40CFR60.541-91). Treatability group: A grouping of hazardous wastes that can be treated to similar concentrations using identical technologies (RCRAIlandban-04). Treatability manual: Five-set library of EPA guidance manuals that contain information related to the treatability of many pollutants. This manual can be used in developing NPDES permit limitations for facilities andor pollutants which, at the time of permit issuance, are not subject to industry-specific effluent guidelines. The five volumes that comprise this series include Vol. I--Treatability Data (EPA-60018-80-042a); Vol. 11--Industrial Descriptions (EPA-60018-80-042b); Vol. 111--Technologies (EPA60018-80-042c); Vol. IV--Cost Estimating (EPA-60018-80-042d); Vol. V--Summary (EPA-60018-80-042e) (CWAIwastewater-04). Treatability studies: Tests of potential cleanup technologies conducted in a laboratory. See bench-scale tests (EPA-97/12). Treatability study sample exemption: A federal regulation set forth in 40CFR261.4(f) that excludes treatability studies conducted offsite kom most management and permitting requirements under RCRA (EPA-89112a). Treatability study: The testing of a remedial alternative in the laboratory or field to obtain data necessary for a detailed evaluation of its feasibility (EPA-89112% see also 40CFR260.1091). Treated regulated medical waste: (1) The regulated medical waste that has been treated to substantially reduce or eliminates its potential for causing disease, but has not yet been destroyed (40CFR259.10-91). (2) See medical waste or waste for more related terms. Treated regulated medical waste: Medical waste treated to substantially reduce or eliminate its pathogenicity, but that has not yet been destroyed (EPA-97/12). Treated wastewater: Wastewater that has been subjected to one or more physical, chemical, and biological processes to reduce its potential of being health hazard (EPA-97/12). Treated water: The raw water or filtered water that has been treated to make it suitable for plant needs such as softening. See water for more related terms (EPA-74103a).
Treatment efficiency: The percentage reduction of a specific or group of pollutants by a specific wastewater treatment step or treatment plant (EPA-8211 If). Treatment facility and treatment system: All structures which contain, convey, and as necessary, chemically or physically treat coal rine drainage, coal preparation plant process wastewater, or drainage from coal preparation plant associated areas, which remove pollutants regulated by this part from such waters. This includes all pipes, channels, ponds, basins, tanks and all other equipment serving such structures (40CFR434.11-02). Treatment facility effluent: Treated process wastewater. Treatment facility: A facility in which activities are performed that alter the chemical or physical nature of a hazardous waste to reduce its toxicity, volume, mobility, or render it amenable for transport, storage, or disposal (OMBIReg-04). Treatment plant: A structure built to treat wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSD): Site where a hazardous substance is treated, stored, or disposed of. TSD facilities are regulated by EPA and states under RCRA (EPA97/12). Treatment process: A stream stripping unit, thin-film evaporation unit, waste incinerator, or any other process used to comply with 40CFR1.348 of this subpart (40CFR61.341-91). Treatment standards: LDR criteria that hazardous waste must meet before it is disposed (RCRAlhazardous-04). Treatment technique requirement: A requirement of the national primary drinking water regulations which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) known to the Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to comply with the requirements of Part 141 of this chapter (40CFR142.2-91). Treatment technique: A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water (SDWAReg-04). Treatment technology: Processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials, to permanently alter their condition through chemical, biological, or physical means, and reduce or eliminate their danger to people and the environment (SFIremedy04). Treatment technology: Any unit operation or series of unit operations that alters the composition of a hazardous substance or pollutant, or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are
an alternative to land disposal of hazardous wastes without treatment (40CFR300.5-91). See 40CFR264-App/I-Table 2 for each technology definition. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related analyses.
Treatment technology: Any unit operation or series of unit operations that alter the composition of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are an alternative to land disposal of hazardous waste without treatment (NavyIEnv-04). Treatment train: A complete treatment process that includes pretreatment, primary treatment, residuals and side-stream treatments, and post-treatment considerations(EPA-89112a). Treatment works phase or segment: Any substantial portion of a facility and its interceptors described in a facilities plan under 40CFR35.2030, which can be identified as a subagreement or discrete subitem. Multiple subagreements under a project shall not be considered to be segments or phases. Completion of building of a treatment works phase or segment may, but need not in and of itself, result in an operable treatment works (40CFR35.2005-91). Treatment works segment: Any portion of an operable treatment works described in an approved facilities plan under 40CFR35.917, which can be identified as a contract or discrete subitem or subcontract for step 1, 2, or 3 work. Completion of construction of a treatment works segment may, but need not, result in an operable treatment works (40CFR35.905-91). Treatment works treating domestic sewage: A POTW or any other sewage sludge or wastewater treatment devices or systems, regardless of ownership (including federal facilities), used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or domestic sewage, including land dedicated for the disposal of sewage sludge. This definition does not include septic tanks or similar devices. For purposes of this definition, domestic sewage includes waste and wastewater from humans or household operations that are discharged to or otherwise enter a treatment works (40CFR501.2-91, see also 40CFR122.2-91). Treatment works: (1) Means any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature to implement section 201 of this act, or necessary to recycle or reuse water at the most economical cost over the estimated life of the works, including intercepting sewers, outfall sewers, sewage collection systems, pumping, power, and other equipment, and their appurtenances; extensions, improvements, remodeling, additions, and alterations thereof; elements essential to provide a reliable recycled supply such as standby treatment units and clear well facilities; and any works, including site acquisition of the land that will be an integral part of the treatment process (including land use for the storage of treated wastewater in land treatment systems prior to land
application) or is used for ultimate disposal of residues resulting for such treatment. (2) In addition to the definition contained in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, "treatment works" means any other method or system for preventing, abating, reducing, storing, treating, separating, or disposing of municipal waste, including stormwater runoff, or industrial waste, including waste in combined stormwater and sanitary sewer systems. Any application for construction grants which includes wholly or in part such methods or systems shall, in accordance with guidelines published by the Administrator pursuant to subparagraph (C) of this paragraph, contain adequate data and analysis demonstrating such proposal to be, over the life of such works, the most efficient alternative to comply with sections 301 or 302 of this act, or the requirements of section 201 of this act. (3) For the purposes of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the Administrator shall, within one hundred and eighty days after the date of enactment of this title, publish and thereafter revise no less than annually, guidelines for the evaluation of methods, including cost effective analysis, described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph (CWA21233u.s.c. 1292).
Treatment zone: A soil area of the unsaturated zone of a land treatment unit within which hazardous constituents are degraded, transformed, or immobilized (40CFR260.10-91). Treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF): Facilities engaged in the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste. These facilities are the last link in the cradle-to-grave hazardous waste management system (RCRAkazardous-04). Treatment: (1) Any method, technique, or process designed to remove solids andlor pollutants from solid waste, waste-streams, effluents, and air emissions. (2) Methods used to change the biological character or composition of any regulated medical waste so as to substantially reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease (EPA-97/12). Treatment: For more related terms, see (1) Batch treatment; (2) Biological treatment; (3) Biological wastewater treatment; (4) Chemical treatment; (5) Continuous treatment; (6) In-situ treatment; (7) Joint treatment; (8) Physical and chemical; (9) Physical treatment; (10) Primary treatment (see primary wastewater treatment); (11) Primary wastewater treatment; (12) Secondary treatment (see secondary wastewater treatment); (13) Secondary wastewater treatment; (14) Surface treatment; (15) Tertiary treatment (see tertiary wastewater treatment); (16) Tertiary wastewater treatment; (17) Thermal process (see thermal treatment); and (18) Thermal treatment. Tremie: Device used to place concrete or grout under water (EPA-97/12). Trench technique: A method where a trench is excavated specifically for placement of solid wastes and the excavated soil is used as cover material. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-83).
Trenching or burial operation: The placement of sewage sludge or septic tank pumpings in a trench or other natural or man-made depression and the covering with soil or other suitable material at the end of each operating day such that the wastes do not migrate to the surface (40CFR257.3.6-91). Trend: A direction of movement, course (NavyIEnv-04). Trend: A statistical term refening to the direction or rate of increase or decrease in magnitude of the individual members of a time series of data when random fluctuations of individual members are disregarded (CWAhydrology-04). Trespass: Trespass is distinguished from nuisance in that trespass is interference with the possession of property whereas nuisance s interference with the use and enjoyment of property. Trespass is commonly divided into two types: (1) Trespass to chattels is an injury to or interference with the possession of personal property, with or without the exercise of personal force. This trespass involves destruction of personal property, taking from the possession of another, or a refusal to surrender possession. (2) Trespass to land is an unlawful, forcible entry on another's realty. An injury to the realty of another or an interference with possession, above or below ground, is a trespass, regardless of the condition of the land and regardless of negligence. See common law for more related terms (Sullivan-95/04, p12). TRI: The Toxic Release Inventory is an EPA database of information about toxic chemicals used, manufactured, treated, transported, or released into the environment, based on reports submitted to EPA under EPCRA (TSCMchemical04). Trial burn plan: A detailed plan which describes the procedure that will be used and the precautions that will be taken during a trial bum (EPA-8 1/09).
Trial burn: Bum conducted to test the performance of a hazardous waste combustion unit over a range of conditions (RCRAihazardous-04). Triazine herbicide: A class of herbicides containing a symmetrical triazine ring (a nitrogen-heterocyclic ring composed of three nitrogens and three carbons in an alternating sequence). Examples include atrazine, propazine, and simazine (CWMWquality-04). Triazine pesticide: See triazine herbicide. Tribe or tribes: (40CFR131.35-91).
The
Colville
Confederated
Tribes
Tributary: A river or stream flowing into a larger river, stream, or lake (CWA~Wbasics-04). Tributary: A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream. Usually, a number of smaller tributaries merge to form a river (CWAIWscience-04). Tributyl phosphate ((C4H9)3P04):Poisonous liquid used as a heat exchange medium, anti-forming agent, lacquer, plastics, and vinyl resins. Tributyl Tin (TBT): A tin-based chemical sprayed on ship hulls to control barnacles and other sea life that attach to hulls. It is extremely toxic to sea life (NavyJEnv-04). Tributyl tin chloride ((C4H9)3SnCI):Colorless liquid used as rodenticide, etc. Trichlorfon (C4H8C1304P):Colorless crystals used in insecticides for the control of flies and roaches.
Trichloro(l,l,2-)-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (C2CbF3): A colorless liquid used in dry cleaning, fire extinguishers, and refrigerants.
Trial burn: (1) A trial bum is the testing that is done to determine whether an incinerator can meet the performance standards and to determine the operating wnditions under which this occurs. (2) A test must be performed for each set of operating conditions for which the applicant desires to be permitted and must include (a) Three replicates or runs must be performed for each test. (b) One set of wnditions constitutes a test. (c) The overall trial bum consists of one test for each set of operating conditions. (3) Each run of a test must be passed for the incinerator to be permitted to operate at that set of conditions (permit writer training notes for using Guidance Manual) (EPA-89/01). Trial burn: An incinerator test in which emissions are monitored for the presence of specific organic compounds, particulates, and hydrogen chloride.
Trichloroacetic acid (CC13COOH): Colorless crystals used in herbicides, etc. Trichloroacetonitrile (C2C13N):Liquids used as in insecticide. Trichlorobenzene (C6H3C13, TCB): (1) 1,2,3-TCB, colorless crystals used as a chemical intermediate. (2) 1,2,4-TCB, colorless liquid used in transformer oils, lubricants, insecticides, termite control. Trichloroethane (C2H3C13):(1) 1,l ,l -trichloroethane, poisonous liquid used in solvent, aerosol propellant, pesticide, and metal cleaning. (2) 1,1,2-trichloroethane,colorless liquid used in solvent for fats, waxes, and resins. Trichloroethene (TCE): A stable, volatile, colorless liquid with an ethereal, sweet odor. Uses include solvent extraction in
industries, solvent for fats, coaxes, resins, oils, and paints; degreasing; dry cleaning; and manufacturing of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. It is a strong skin and eye imtant. Acute exposure by inhalation can cause death by cardiac failure. Liver and other organ damage has been implicated through chronic exposure. Synonym: Trichloroethylene (NavyEnv-04).
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, low boiling-point colorless liquid; toxic if inhaled. Used as a solvent or metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications (EPA-97/12). Trichlorofluoromethane (CC13F): Poisonous liquids used as a solvent, refringent, plastic forms, and in fire extinguishers. Trichloroisocyanuric acid (C3CI3N3O3):Colorless crystals used as a disinfectant and deodorant. Trichlorophenol (C6H2C130H):(1) 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, a gray solid used in fungicide, bactericide. (2) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, a yellow flake used in fungicide, bactericide, herbicide, defoliant, and preservative.
Trichlorophenoxyacetic(2,4,5-) acid (C6H2Cb-OCH2C02H):A poisonous solid used in herbicide, defoliant, and plant hormone. Trickle irrigation: Method in which water drips to the soil from perforated tubes or emitters (EPA-97/12). Trickling filter (bacteria bed, biofilter, biological filter, or sprinkling filter): (1) Wastes are sprayed through the air to absorb oxygen, and then allowed to trickle through a bed of rock or synthetic media coated with a slime of microbial growth. The microbial slime is able to decompose matter in the wastestream. (2) Wastes are applied at the top of a fixed bed, or tower, of porous media such as stones, slats, or plastic material, through which an upward flow of air passes. The microorganisms adhered to the media decompose the organics dissolved in the liquid-phase. (3) See filter for more related terms. Trickling filter sludge: The sludge from the sedimentation pond of the trickling filter treatment. See sludge for more related terms. Trickling filter: A coarse treatment system in which wastewater is trickled over a bed of stones or other material covered with bacteria that break down the organic waste and produce clean water.
Trigger level (TL): A concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, will trigger further evaluation of the site. Navy policy requires the establishment of trigger levels when entering longterm monitoring (NavyEnv-04). Trihalomethane (THM): (1) One of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure (40CFR141.2-91). Trihalomethane (THM): One of a family of organic compounds named as derivative of methane. THMs are generally by-products of chlorination of drinking water that contains organic material (EPA-97/12).
Trinitrotoluene(2,4,6-), CH3C5H2(N03)3, TNT: A high explosive, exploded by detonators but unaffected by ordinary friction or shock. It is manufactured by reacting toluene (an organic liquid) with nitric acid in the presence of sulfUric acid (EPA-76/03). Trip blank: A trip blank is used to identify the presence of volatile compound contamination attributable to transfer across a sample container septum during shipping and storage of samples. A trip blank is a sample of analytefree matrix that is transported from the laboratory to the sampling site with the sample containers. The trip blank is stored on site with the sample containers and field samples and then transported back to the laboratory with the samples for analysis. The trip blank is received and processed as a sample by the laboratory (SA-04). Trip blank: Contaminant free water, or appropriate matrix, which accompanies bottles and samples during shipment to assess the potential for sample contamination during shipment. Trip blanks are not opened in the field and are required for Volatile Organic Analysis only (NavyIEnv-04). Trip blank: See equipment blank. Trip: A train of mine cars (CWAImining-04). Triple base: A propellant that contains three explosive ingredients, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine (EPA-76/03). Triple bond: Two atoms which share three pairs of electrons. See chemical bond for more related terms.
Triethanolamine (C6HI5No3): A viscous liquid used in herbicides, cement additives, cutting oils, etc.
Triple cavity process: Any glass-forming process that uses three charges of glass and forms them simultaneously (EPA-83).
Triethyl phosphate [(C2H5)3P04]:A poisonous liquid used in insecticides and pesticides.
Triple phase point: See triple point.
Triethylene glycol (C6HI4o4):A colorless liquid used in air disinfection, solvent, bactericide, and fungicide.
Triple point (or triple phase point): The location where solid, liquid, and vapor phases are in equilibrium (Jones-pl17).
Triple rinse: The flushing of containers three times, each time using a volume of the normal diluent equal to approximately 10% of the containers capacity, and adding the rinse liquid to the spray mixture or disposing of it by a method prescribed for disposing of the pesticide (40CFR165.1-91). Triple superphosphate plant: Any facility manufacturing triple superphosphate by reacting phosphate rock with phosphoric acid. A run-of-pile triple superphosphate plant includes curing and storing (40CFR60.23 1-91). Tris: Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (also commonly named DBPP, TBPP, and Tris-BP) (40CFR704.205-91). Trisodium phosphate (Na3P04): Water soluble crystals used in water softening. Tritium extraction facility: The tritium-target processing facility that has been already been proposed at the Savannah River Site to support DOE'S existing production reactor operations (DOE91/04). Tritium target fabrication facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to make the tritium-target elements from raw material (DOE-9 1/04). Tritium target processing facility: The land, building, equipment, and processes used to extract tritium from irradiated tritium-target elements. This facility may also be used to treat remaining materials before transfer to waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (DOE-91/04). Tritium: A radioactive form of hydrogen with atoms of three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen; can be used to determine the age of water (CWANbasics-04). Tritium: A radioactive isotope of the element hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton. Common symbols for the isotope are H3 and T (DOE-9 1/04). Trommel: A perforated rotating horizontal cylinder used to break open trash bags, to screen large pieces of glass and to remove small abrasive items such as stones and dirt. Used in gravel and ore processing, coal preparation, and for screening incinerator residue. See size reduction machine for more related terms (EPA83). Trommel: A perforated, rotating, horizontal cylinder that may be used in resource recovery facilities to break open trash bags, remove glass in large enough pieces for easy recovery, and remove small abrasive items such as stones and dirt. Trommels have also been used to remove steel cans from incinerator residue (RCRAImanagement-04). Trophic condition: A relative description of a lake's biological productivity based on the availability of plant nutrients. The range
of trophic conditions is characterized by the terms of oligotrophic for the least biologically productive, to eutrophic for the most biologically productive (40CFR35.1605.6-91). Trophic level: The food supply levels among different living organisms, e.g., the primary producers are the green plants that obtain energy from sun light through photosynthesis. The secondary producers are herbivores that only eat green plants for living. The third producers are carnivores that only eat herbivores for living. There are different trophic levels among carnivores. Tropical cyclone: A cyclone that originates over the tropical oceans. Tropical cyclones are classified according to their intensity and windspeed and, when fully mature, are characterized by extremely high-speed winds and torrential rains. In the United States, tropical cyclones that have windspeeds greater than 40 miles per hour are classified as tropical storms, and tropical cyclones that have windspeeds of 74 miles per hour or more are classified as hurricanes. See also cyclone (CWAIWbasics-04). Tropopause: The layer between the troposphere and stratosphere. Troposhpere: The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12). Troposphere: Lowest 6 to 12 miles of the atmosphere, characterized by a general decrease in temperature with height, appreciable water content, and active weather processes (CWANbasics-04). Troposphere: The inner layer of the atmosphere below about 15 kilometers, within which there is normally a steady decrease of temperature with increasing altitude. Nearly all clouds form and weather conditions manifest themselves within this region. Its thermal structure is caused primarily by the heating of the Earth's surface by solar radiation, followed by heat transfer through turbulent mixing and convection (CAA/C02gasl-04). Troposphere: The region of the atmosphere closest to the Earth. The troposphere extends from the surface up to about 10 km in altitude, although this height varies with latitude. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the highest mountain on earth, is only 8.8 km high. Temperatures decrease with altitude in the troposphere. As warm air rises, it cools, falling back to earth. This process, known as convection, means there are huge air movements that mix the troposphere very efficiently (CMozone-04). Trough (groundwater): An elongated depression in potentiometric surface (CWAIWbasics-04).
a
Trough (meteorological): An elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure; the opposite of a ridge. This term commonly is used to distinguish a feature from the closed circulation of a low (or cyclone). A large trough, however, may
include one or more lows, and an upper-air trough may be associated with a lower-level low (CWNWbasics-04).
for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up (NavyEnv-04).
Troughing idlers: The idlers, located on the upper framework of a belt conveyor, which support the loaded belt. They are so mounted that the loaded belt forms a trough in the direction of travel, which reduces spillage and increases the carrying capacity of a belt for a given width (CWNmining-04).
Trust fund (CERCLA): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up (EPA-97/12).
Truck dumping: The unloading of nonmetallic minerals from movable vehicles designed to transport nonmetallic minerals from one location to another. Movable vehicles include but are not limited to: trucks, front-end loaders, skip hoists, and railcars (40CFR60.671-91).
Trustee: An official of a federal natural resources management agency designated in subpart G of the NCP or a designated state official Indian tribe who may pursue claims for damages under section 107(f) of CERCLA (40CFR300.5-91). TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act. See Act or TSCA.
Truck loading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic minerals or metallic mineral concentrates are loaded by a conveying system into trucks (40CFR60.38 1-91). Truck unloading station: That portion of a metallic mineral processing plant where metallic ore is unloaded from a truck into a hopper, screen, or crusher (40CFR60.381-91). Truck: A small vehicle for canying materials. Other truck-related terms include (1) Heavy light duty truck; (2) Incomplete truck; (3) Light duty truck; (4) Light duty truck 1; (5) Light duty truck 2; (6) Light duty truck 3; and (7) Light duty truck 4. Trucked battery: Batteries moved into or out of the plant by truck when the truck is actually washed in the plant to remove residues left in the truck from the batteries. See battery for more related terms (40CFR461.2-91). True vapor pressure: The equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid as determined in accordance with methods described in American Petroleum Institute Bulletin 2517, Evaporation Loss From Floating Roof Tanks, second edition, February 1980 (incorporated by reference as specified in 40CFR52.742) (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111; 60.1 1la-91). Trunk main: Major water supply pipes from water treatment plants to water towers from where water is supplied to consumers. See sewer for more related terms. Trunk sewer: (1) A sewer that transports wastewater from collecting sewers to the treatment plant. A trunk sewer does not ordinarily service individual properties, but rather receives tributary branches and serves a larger territory (DOI-70104). (2) Large sewer pipes where many branch sewers flow into. (3) See sewer for more related terms. Trust fund (Superfund): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and
TSD facility: Treatment, storage, or disposal facility (see definition of RCRA TSD facilities) (USDNwater-04). Tub grinder: Machine used to grind or chip wood for mulching, composting, or size reduction (RCWmanagement-04). Tube reducing: An operation which reduces the diameter and wall thickness of tubing with a mandrel and a pair of rolls with tapered grooves (40CFR47 1.02-91). Tube settler: Device using bundles of tubes to let solids in water settle to the bottom for removal by conventional sludge collection means; sometimes used in sedimentation basins and clarifiers to improve particle removal (EPA-97/12). Tuberculation: Development or formation of small mounds of corrosion products on the inside of iron pipe. These tubercules roughen the inside of the pipe, increasing its resistance to water flow (EPA-97/12). Tubular cell: For fuel cells, two common designs of solid oxide fuel cells are tubular and planar. A tubular cell is a cylindrical type that allows fuel and oxidant to flow on the inner or outer surfaces of the cylinder. Tubular lesions: Lesions of the tubules of the kidney, causing impairment of its reabsorptive capacity (LBL-76107-bio). Tumbling or barrel finishing: An operation in which castings, forgings, or parts pressed from metal powder are rotated in a barrel with ceramic or metal slugs or abrasives to remove scale, fins, or burrs. It may be done dry or with an aqueous solution (40CFR471.02-91). Tumbling or burnishing: The process of polishing, debumng, removing sharp corners, and generally smoothing parts for both cosmetic and functional purposes, as well as the process of washing the finished parts and cleaning the abrasion media (40CFR468.02-9 1).
Tumor progression: The sequence of changes in which a tumor develops from a microscopic lesion to a malignant stage (EPA92112). Tumor: An abnormal mass of cells in a body. Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division that is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumors perform no useful body function. Tumors can be either benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer) (SFIhealth-04). Tumorigenicity: The ability of a line of cells to produce (induce) tumors in host tissues (EPA-88109a). Tundra: A type of treeless ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants. Tundra is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra) and high altitudes (alpine tundra). Arctic tundra is underlain by permafrost and is usually water saturated. See wetlands (EPA-97/12). Tundra: A vast, nearly level, treeless plain of the arctic and subarctic regions. It usually has a marshy surface which supports mosses, lichens, and low shrubs, underlain by mucky soils and permafrost (CWAIWbasics-04). Tungsten (W) (formerly called wolfram): A hard transition metal with atomic number 74; atomic weight 183.85; density 19.3 glcc; melting point 3410 C and boiling point 5930 C. The element belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Tuning: A technique used in GCIMS procedures to verify that the instrument is properly calibrated to produce reliable mass spectral information (NavyIEnv-04). Tunnel: A horizontal, or near-horizontal, underground passage, entry, or haulageway, that is open to the surface at both ends. A tunnel (as opposed to an adit) must pass completely through a hill or mountain (CWNmining-04). Turbidimeter: A device that evaluates the amount of suspended solids in a liquid by measuring the intensity difference of a light beam, as the light beam passes through the suspended solids large enough to scatter the light (EPA-8211If). Turbidimeter: A device that measures the cloudiness of suspended solids in a liquid; a measure of the quantity of suspended solids (EPA-97/12). Turbidimetric analysis (or turbidimetry): Studies of using turbidimeters to determine suspended particles. Turbidimetric titration: The use of titration methods to determine the turbidity. The end point is indicated by the developing turbidity of the titrated solution. See titration for more related terms.
Turbidimetry: See turbidimetric analysis. Turbidity: (1) A similar cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter (EPA-89/12). (2) The clarity of water expressed as nephelometric turbidity units O\TTU) and measured with a calibrated turbidimeter (40CFR131.35-91, see also EPA-83106a). Turbidity: (1) Haziness in air caused by the presence of particles and pollutants. (2) A cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter (EPA-97/12). Turbidity: Reduced clarity of surface water because of suspended particles, usually sediment (CWAIWquality-04). Turbidity: The amount of solid particles that are suspended in water and that cause light rays shining through the water to scatter. Thus, turbidity makes the water cloudy or even opaque in extreme cases. Turbidity is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) (CWAIWscience-04). Turbidity: The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter. In the waterworks field, a turbidity measurement is used to indicate the clarity of water. Technically, turbidity is an optical property of the water based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles. Turbidity cannot be directly equated to suspended solids because white particles reflect more light than dark-colored particles and many small particles will reflect more light than an equivalent large particle (SDWNeducation-04). Turbidity: The cloudy appearance of water caused by the presence of tiny particles. High levels of turbidity may interfere with proper water treatment and monitoring (SDWNReg-04). Turbidity: The state, condition, or quality of opaqueness or reduced clarity of a fluid due to the presence of suspended matter (CWNWbasics-04). Turbine generator: A rotary-type unit consisting of a turbine and an electric generator (EPA-83). Turbine: (1) Employed in oillgas production or oil/gas transportation, any stationary gas turbine used to provide power to extract crude oillnatural gas from the earth or to move crude oil/natural gas, or products refined from these substances through pipelines (40CFR60.331-91). (2) A device used to convert the energy of steam or gas into rotational mechanical energy and used as prime mover to drive electric generators (EPA-82/11f). Turbine: For more related terms, see (1) Combined cycle gas turbine; (2) Electric utility combined cycle gas turbine; (3) Emergency gas turbine; (4) Gas turbine; (5) Gas turbine model; (6) Regenerative cycle gas turbine; (7) Simple cycle gas turbine; (8) Stationary gas turbine; and (9) Steam turbine.
Turbocharger: For fuel cells, it is a device that uses a compressor to increase the pressure and density of a fluid entering a fuel cell power plant. In general, a turbine is used to drive the compressor.
Turndown ratio: The maximum to minimum operating range of a parameter (EPA-81/09). Turnover: The numbers of workers replaced in a specified period.
Turbocompressor: For fuel cells, it is a device that compresses fluids entering a fuel cell system. Turboexpander: For fuel cells, it is a device that allows air or other fluid to expand to decrease the fluid pressure and concentration. The unit is normally used in conjunction with a compressor to recover unused energy from hot, pressurized gasses, thereby reducing the net amount of energy required to power the compressor. Turbulence: (1) A state of fluid flow in which fluid particles (small masses) move in random, irregular paths (instantaneous velocities). The random and irregular flow of the instantaneous velocities can in practice only be described by statistical properties (EPA-88/09). (2) A fluid motion at high Reynolds numbers characterized by irregular or random flow fluctuations and high fluctuating vorticity resulting in a large dissipation of kinetic energy and a rapid mixing of flow properties and passive contaminants throughout the turbulent flow regime (cf. flow, turbulent) (NATO-78110). Turbulence: For more related terms, see (1) Homogeneous turbulence; (2) Isotropic turbulence; and (3) Mechanical turbulence. Turbulent diffusion: (1) Diffusion of a property caused by turbulent motions in a fluid as opposed to molecular diffhion. (2) An aerosol removal mechanism from a turbulent flow (EPA88109a; NATO-78110). Turbulent flame: A flame produced by a combustion process propagating through a turbulent stream. The stream is an irregular three-dimensional flow in which the transport of heat, mass, and momentum is several orders of magnitude greater than that by molecular conductivity, diffusivity, and viscosity (i.e., greater than that which occurs in a laminar flame). Turbulence causes significant changes in flame speeds, flame stability, and pollutant formation rates. Past scientific investigations in this area have proposed several conceptual models to qualitatively describe turbulent flame characteristics. So far, however, there is no complete fundamental theory that can be used to quantitatively calculate the effects of turbulence on combustion. See flame for more related terms. Turbulent flow (Newton) flow: In a turbulent flow, the fluid is not restricted to parallel paths but moves forward in a haphazard manner. A fully turbulent flow occurs when Reynolds Number is greater than 4000 for a compressible flow (cf. turbulence) (Markes-67). For an incompressible flow, Reynolds number greater than 500. See flow regime for more related terms.
Turpentine: A light colored, volatile essential oil from resinous exudates or resinous wood (EPA-79/12). Tuyeres: (1) Openings or ports in a grate through which air can be directed to improve combustion (SW-lO8ts). (2) Openings in the shell and refractory lining of a furnace through which air is forced (EPA-8511Oa). Twenty five- (25) hour daily average or 24-hour daily average: The arithmetic or geometric mean (as specified in 40CFR60.59a (e), (g), or (h)as applicable) of all hourly emission rates when the affected facility is operating and firing MSW measured over a 24hour period between 12 midnight and the following midnight (40CFR60.5 1a-9 1). Twenty five- (25) year, 24-hour rainfall event: The maximum 24-hour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in 25 years as defined by the National Weather Service in technical paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, May 1961, and subsequent amendments in effect, as of the effective date of this regulation (40CFR418.11-91, see also 40CFR422.41; 422.5 1-91). Twenty five kilotonne party: Any nation listed in Appendix D to this Part (40CFR82.3-91). Twenty-four (24) hour period: The period of time between 12:01 a.m. and 12:OO midnight (40CFR60.41a-91, see also 40CFR60-AppIG-91). Two- (2) year, 24-hour precipitation event: The maximum 24hour precipitation event with a probable recurrence interval of once in two years as defined by the National Weather Service and Technical Paper No. 40, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the U.S., May 1961, or equivalent regional or rainfall probability information developed therefrom (40CFR434.11-91). Two piece can: A can which is drawn from a shallow cup and requires only one end to be attached (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.491-91). TWTDS: Abbreviation for Treatment Works Treating Domestic Sewage. Includes all POTWs and other facilities that treat domestic wastewater, and facilities that do not treat domestic wastewater, but that treat or dispose of sewage sludge (CWAIwastewater-04). Tyndall effect: The effect of light scattering as it passes through a solution containing suspended solids.
Type I sedimentation: Particle settling is based on the assumption that the particle size and particle shape remain the same during sedimentation. Type I sound level meter: A sound level meter which meets the Type I requirements of American National Standard Specification S1.4-1971 for sound level meters. This publication is available from the American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 (40CFR204.2-91, see also 40CFR205.2-91). Type I1 sedimentation: Particle settling is based on the assumption that the particle size and particle shape change, because of flocculation during sedimentation. Type I1 water: See deionized water. Type 111 foci of transformed cell: Multilayered aggregations of densely staining cells with random orientation and criss-cross arrays at the periphery of the aggregate. They appear as dark stained areas on a light staining background monolayer which is one-cell thick (40CFR795.285-91).
Type of pesticidal product: Refers to each individual product as identified by: the product name; EPA Registration Number (or EPA File Symbol, if any, for planned products, or Experimental Permit Number, if the pesticide is produced under an Experimental Use Permit); active ingredients; production type (technical, formulation, repackaging, etc.); and, market for which the product was produced (domestic, foreign, etc.). In cases where a pesticide is not registered, registration is not applied for, or the pesticide is not produced under an Experimental Use Permit, the term shall also include the chemical formulation (4OCFR667.3-91. Type of resin: The broad classification of resin referring to the basic manufacturing process for producing that resin, including, but not limited to, the suspension, dispersion, latex, bulk, and solution processes. See resin for more related terms (40CFR61.6191). Tyuyamunite: A yellow uranium mineral. It is the calcium analogue of carnotite (EPA-82/05). Tyvek: Proprietary, nonwoven fabric used for limited-use (disposable) clothing. Excellent protection against particulate contaminants (NavyIEnv-04).
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): In 1980, the Comprehensive Environment Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 established ATSDR as an agency for the Public Health Service with mandates to: (1) Establish a National Exposure and Disease Registry, (2) Create an inventory of health information on hazardous substances, (3) Create a listing of closed and restricted-access sites, (4) Provide assistance in hazardous substances emergencies, and (5) Determine the relationship between hazardous substances exposure and illness (see http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ legislation/chron.html, 2004).
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS): The creation of the DHS in 2002 was the most significant transformation of the U.S. government since 1947, when Harry S. Truman merged the various branches of the U.S. Armed Forces into the Department of Defense to better coordinate the nation's defense against military threats. DHS represents a similar consolidation, both in style and substance. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks against America on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush decided 22 previously disparate domestic agencies needed to be coordinated into one department to protect the nation against threats to the homeland (see http://www.dhs.gov/, 2004).
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): In 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture, he called it the "people's department." In Lincoln's day, 48% of the people were farmers who needed good seeds and information to grow their crops. Today, USDA continues Lincoln's legacy by serving all Americans. USDA remains committed to helping America's farmers and ranchers (see http://www.usda.gov/AboutUSDA/, 2004).
U.S. Department of Interior: (DOI): The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities (see http://www.doi.gov/secretary/mission.html, 2004).
U.S. Department of Defense @OD): The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of our country. The department's headquarters is at the Pentagon (see http://www. defenselink.mil/admin/about.html,2004). As branches under DOD, the Army, Navy, and Air Force are each responsible for the environmental restoration of sites under their control. In addition, the Army Corps of Engineers supports cleanup actions at Superfund sites (SFIremedy-04). U.S. Department of Energy (DOE): DOE was established in 1977. DOE'S overarching mission is to enhance national security in four major areas. They are nuclear, conventional, and renewable energy, environmental program, and research and development (see http://www.eia.doe.gov/, 2004). U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services (DHHS): DHHS is the United States government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves (see http://www.hhs.g0v/news/press/2002pres/ profile.html,2004).
U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ): See http://www.usdoj.gov/, 2004. U.S. Department of Labor (DOL): DOL fosters and promotes the welfare of the job seekers, wage earners, and retirees of the United States by improving their working conditions, advancing their opportunities for profitable employment, protecting their retirement and health care benefits, helping employers find workers, strengthening free collective bargaining, and tracking changes in employment, prices, and other national economic measurements. In carrying out this mission, the Department administers a variety of federal labor laws including those that guarantee workers' rights to safe and healthful working conditions; a minimum hourly wage and overtime pay; freedom from employment discrimination; unemployment insurance; and other income support (see http://www.dol.gov/opa~aboutdoL/ mission.htm, 2004). U.S. Department of State (DOS): See http://www.state.gov/, 2004. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT): DOT was established in 1967. Its mission is to serve the United States by ensuring a fast, safe, efficient, accessible, and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national interests and
enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future (see http://www.dot.gov/mission.htm, 2004). U.S. Department of Treasury (DOTr): See http://www.ustreas. god, 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): EPA was established in 1970. It is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment--air, water, and land--upon which life depends (see http:Nwww.epa.gov/epahome/aboutepa.htm, 2004). U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): FAA provides a safe, secure, and efficient global aerospace system that contributes to national security and the promotion of U.S. aerospace safety. As the leading authority in the international aerospace community, FAA is responsive to the dynamic nature of customer needs, economic conditions, and environmental concerns (see http://www2.faa.gov/aboutfaa/Mission.cfin,2004). U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): FEMA, a former independent agency that became part of the new Department of Homeland Security in March 2003, is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. FEMA can trace its beginnings to the Congressional Act of 1803. This act, generally considered the first piece of disaster legislation, provided assistance to a New Hampshire town following an extensive fire. In the century that followed, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times in response to hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and other natural disasters (see http://www.fema.gov/aboutihistory.shtm, 2004). U.S. General Services Administration (GSA): GSA secures the buildings, products, services, technology, and other workplace essentials federal agencies need. 13,000 GSA associates support over one million federal workers located in 8,000 governmentowned and leased buildings in 2,000 U.S. communities and overseas. GSA associates: (1) Provide superior workplaces for federal workers; (2) Facilitate procurement of state of the art commercial products and a wide range of services; (3) Offer best value and innovative solutions on IT products and services; and (4) Develop and implement government-wide policies (see http://www.gsa.gov/Porta1/gsa/ep/home.do?tabId=6,2004). U.S. Geological Suwey (USGS): Federal source for science about the earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment (see http://www.usgs.gov/, 2004). U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): NIOSH is the federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the Department of Health and Human Services (see http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/about.html, 2004).
U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): NIEHS is one of 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is a component of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Human health and human disease result from three interactive elements: environmental factors, individual susceptibility, and age. The mission of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is to reduce the burden of human illness and dysfimction from environmental causes by understanding each of these elements and how they interrelate. The NIEHS achieves its mission through multidisciplinary biomedical research programs, prevention and intervention efforts, and communication strategies that encompass training, education, technology transfer, and community outreach (see http:Nwww.niehs.nih.gov/external/ intro.htm, 2004). U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH): The National Institutes of Health is the steward of medical and behavioral research for the Nation. It is an Agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (see http://www.nih.gov/about/,2004). U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NCAA): See http://www.noaa.gov/index.html,2004. U.S.C.: United States Code (USDNwater-04). U-blade: A dozer blade with an extension on each side. They protrude forward at an obtuse angle to the blade and enable it to handle a larger volume of solid waste than a regular blade. See blade for more related terms (SW- 108ts). Ultimate analysis (or elemental analysis): (1) An analysis of elemental chemical composition such as C, 0 , H, C1, S, etc. See analysis for more related terms. (2) The elemental chemical analysis of a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel. In the cases of coal, coke, or solid waste, the percentages in a dry sample of carbon. Hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, ash, and chlorine are usually determined. Oxygen is obtained by subtracting the total of the other elements from 100. See analytical parameters--fuels for more related terms (EPA-83). Ultimate analysis: Precise determination, by chemical means, of the elements and compounds in coal (CWNmining-04). Ultimate biodegradability: The breakdown of an organic compound to C02, water, the oxides, or mineral salts of other elements andlor to products associated with normal metabolic processes of microorganisms (40CFR796.3100-91). Ultimate consumer (or ultimate purchaser): The first person who purchases an automobile for purposes other than resale or leases an automobile (40CFR600.002.85-91, see also CAA2 16; NCA3; 40CFR53.1; 85.1902; 205.2-91).
Ultimate oxygen demand (UOD): The sum of carbonaceous BOD and ultimate nitrogenous BOD. See oxygen for more related terms. Ultimate purchaser: See ultimate consumer. Ultimate strength: The maximum stress level that pressurebearing equipment can tolerate without causing rupture, fracture, deformation, or other physical damage. Ultra clean coal (UCC): Coal that is washed, ground into fine particles, then chemically treated to remove sulfur, ash, silicone, and other substances; usually briquetted and coated with a sealant made from coal (EPA-97/12). Ultra filtration (or micro filtration): A treatment similar to reverse osmosis except that ultra filtration treats solution with larger solute particles so that the solvents can more easily filter through the membrane. See filtration for more related terms (EPA8711Oa). Ultra trace method: A method applicable below trace levels. See method for more related terms (ACS-87/11). Ultra-low emissions vehicle (ULEV): Vehicles whose emissions meet reduction level requirements established by the EPA and the state of California. Vehicle categories for various levels of emissions standards include (1) Partial zero emissions vehicles (PZEV). (2) Super-ultra-low emissions vehicles (SULEV). (3) Zero emission vehicles (ZEV). (4) Ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV). Ultrasonic agitation: The agitation of a liquid medium through the use of ultrasonic waves (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic cleaning: Immersion cleaning aided by ultrasonic waves which cause micro-agitation (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic machining: Removing materials by means of an ultrasonic-vibrating tool usually working in an abrasive sluny in close contact with a workpiece or having diamond or carbide cutting particles on its end (EPA-83106a). Ultrasonic precipitation: A process consisting of the separation of particulate matter from air and other gases following agglomeration induced by an ultrasonic field. See precipitation for more related terms (EPA-83/06). Ultrasonic testing: A nondestructive test which applies sound, at a frequency above about 20 HJz, to metal, which has been immersed in liquid (usually water) to locate inhomogeneities or structural discontinuities (40CFR471.02-91). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Ultraviolet radiation is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths shorter than visible light. The sun produces UV, which is commonly split into
three bands: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA is not absorbed by ozone. W B is mostly absorbed by ozone, although some reaches the earth. UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and normal oxygen. NASA provides more information on their web site (CAAIozone-04).
Ultraviolet (UV): Pertaining to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 10-380 Fm. The term ultraviolet without further qualification usually refers to the region from 200 to 380 pm (LBL-76107-air). Ultraviolet A (UVA): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 320 to 400 nanometers produced by the Sun W A is not absorbed by ozone. This band of radiation has wavelengths just shorter than visible violet light. NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet absorption: One of continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor or radiation emission-absorption instrumentation for various types). Aromatic hydrocarbons absorb radiation in the near ultraviolet wavelength region. Aliphatic hydrocarbons typically do not absorb in this region to any great degree. Compounds can absorb over both wide and narrow wavelength bands and continuously absorb over several discrete bands. By determining the absorption maximum, wavelength, and absorption intensity one can identify an organic chromophore (e.g., a carbonyl group) (EPA-84103a). Ultraviolet B (UVB): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 280-320 nanometers produced by the Sun W B is a kind of ultraviolet light from the sun (and sun lamps) that has several harmful effects, particularly effective at damaging DNA. It is a cause of melanoma and other types of skin cancer. It has also been linked to damage to some materials, crops, and marine organisms. The ozone layer protects the earth against most UVB coming from the sun. It is always important to protect oneself against W B , even in the absence of ozone depletion, by wearing hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen. However, these precautions will become more important as ozone depletion worsens. NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet C (UVC): A band of ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths shorter than 280 nanometers. UVC is extremely dangerous, but it is completely absorbed by ozone and normal oxygen (02). NASA provides more information on their web site (CMozone-04). Ultraviolet disinfection: The use of ultraviolet waves to disinfect a room. Ultraviolet radiation: The electromagnetic radiation in the See wavelength of 4 to 400 nano meter (nm), 1 nano = radiation for more related terms (EPA-88109a). Ultraviolet rays: Radiation from the sun that can be useful or potentially harmful. UV rays from one part of the spectrum (UV-A)
enhance plant life. UV rays from other parts of the spectrum (UVB) can cause skin cancer or other tissue damage. The ozone layer in the atmosphere partly shields us from ultraviolet rays reaching the Earth's surface (EPA-97/12).
Ultraviolet spectroscopy: A method for the determination of chemical structures by applying the absorption spectroscopy involving electromagnetic wavelengths in the ultraviolet wave range. Umbo: The narrow end (apex) of the oyster (40CFR797.1800; 797.1830-91). Unacceptable adverse effect: The impact on an aquatic or wetland ecosystem which is likely to result in significant degradation of municipal water supplies (including surface or groundwater) or significant loss of or damage to fisheries, shell fishing, or wildlife habitat or recreation areas. In evaluating the unacceptability of such impacts, consideration should be given to the relevant portions of the section 404(b)(l) guidelines (40CFR230) (40CFR231.2-91). Unattached radon progeny: Radon decay products which have not yet adhered to other, larger dust particles in the air (or to other surfaces, such as walls). Unattached progeny might result in a higher lung cancer risk than the progeny that are attached to larger particles, because the unattached progeny can selectively deposit in limited areas of the lung (EPA-88/08). Unattended period: The period of time over which the instrument will meet stated performance specifications without operator intervention (LBL-76107-bio). Unauthorized dispersion technique: Refers to any dispersion technique which, under section 123 of the Act and the regulations promulgated pursuant to that section, may not be used to reduce the degree of emission limitation otherwise required in the applicable SIP (40CFR57.103-91). Unavailable energy: The energy difference between the total heat added and the available energy (Holman-pl76; Jones-p313; Warkp269). Unbleached papers: The papers made of pulp that have not been treated with bleaching agents. See paper for more related terms (40CFR250.4-91). Uncertainty factor: A factor used in the adjustment of toxicity data to account for unknown variations. Where toxicity is measured on only one test species, other species may exhibit more sensitivity to that effluent. An uncertainty factor would adjust measured toxicity upward and downward to cover the sensitivity range of other, potentially more or less sensitive species (EPA85/09).
Uncertainty factor: In toxicity assessments, a number that reflects the degree of uncertainty that must be considered when the available data are extrapolated to humans (NavyIEnv-04). Uncertainty factor: Mathematical adjustments for reasons of safety when knowledge is incomplete. For example, factors used in the calculation of doses that are not harmful (adverse) to people. These factors are applied to the lowest-observed-adverse-effectlevel (LOAEL) or the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) to derive a minimal risk level (MRL). Uncertainty factors are used to account for variations in people's sensitivity, for differences between animals and humans, and for differences between a LOAEL and a NOAEL. Scientists use uncertainty factors when they have some, but not all, the information from animal or human studies to decide whether an exposure will cause harm to people (also sometimes called a safety factor) (SFhealth-04). Uncertainty factor (UF): One of several factors used in calculating the reference dose from experimental data. UFs are intended to account for: (1) The variation in sensitivity among humans; (2) The uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to humans; (3) The uncertainty in extrapolating data obtained in a study that covers less than the full life of the exposed animal or human; and (4) The uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data (EPA-97/12). Uncertainty factor: One of several, generally 10-fold factors, used in operationally deriving the Reference Concentration (RE) from experimental data. UFs are intended to account for: (1) The variation in sensitivity among the members of the human population; (2) The uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to the case of humans; (3) The uncertainty in extrapolating from data obtained in a study that is of less-than-lifetime exposure; (4) The uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data; and (5) The inability of any single study to adequately address all possible adverse outcomes in humans (EPA-90108; 92/12). Uncertainty: A measure used to quantifl the plausible maximum and minimum values for emissions from any source, given the biases inherent in the methods used to calculate a point estimate and known sources of error (CAA/C02gasl-04). Uncertainty: Sources of uncertainty include (1) Accuracy. (2) Bias. (3) Error. (4) Precision (ACS-87/11). See uncertainty in Appendix B for more information. Unconfined aquifer (or water table aquifer): (1) A groundwater reservoir that is continually recharged by water seeping through the soil from the surface (confined aquifer) (EPA-80108). (2) A permeable geological unit having the following properties: a water-filled pore space (saturated), the capability to transmit significant quantities of water under ordinary differences in pressure, and an upper water boundary that is at atmospheric pressure (DOE-91/04). (3) See aquifer for more related terms.
Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer containing water that is not under pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside the well (EPA-97/12). Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer whose upper surface is a water table; an aquifer containing unconfined groundwater (CWNWquality-04). Unconfined groundwater: The groundwater that is bounded by a zone of aeration. See groundwater for more related terms. Unconformity: A lack of vertical continuity between layers of rock representing a gap in a geologic record (DOI-70104). Unconsolidated deposit: Deposit of loosely bound sediment that typically fills topographically low areas (CWNWquality-04). Unconsolidated: Sediment that is loosely arranged or unstratified, or whose particles are not cemented together (NavyIEnv-04). Uncontaminated property: Real property on which no hazardous substances and no petroleum products or their derivatives, including aviation fuel and motor oil, were stored for one year or more, known to have been released, or disposed of (NavyIEnv-04). Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions: The total inorganic arsenic in the glass melting furnace exhaust gas preceding any add-on emission control device. See arsenic for more related terms (40CFR61.161-91). Unconventional waste: See special waste. Undercoater: Any coatings formulated for and applied to substrates to provide a smooth surface for subsequent coats (40CFR52.741-91). Undercut: To cut below or undermine the coal face by chipping away the coal by pick or mining machine. In some localities the terms "undermine" or "underhole" are used (CWNmining-04).
Underground drinking water source: (1) An aquifer supplying drinking water for human consumption; or (2) An aquifer in which the groundwater contains less than 10,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (40CFR257.3.4-91). Underground injection control (UIC): The program under the Safe Drinking Water Act that regulates the use of wells to pump fluids into the ground (EPA-97/12). Underground injection control (UIC): The program under the Safe Drinking Water Act that regulates the use of wells to pump fluids into the ground (40CFR124.2; 144.3; 146.3; 270.2-91). Underground injection control well: Units into which hazardous waste is permanently disposed of by injection 114 mile below an aquifer with an underground source of drinking water (as defined under SOWA) (RCRAlhazardous-04). Underground injection control: A permitting program established under the Safe Drinking Water Act (see separately) to regulate the operation, closure, plugging, and abandonment of underground injection wells (SDWNradionuclide-04). Underground injection wells: Steel- and concrete-encased shafts into which hazardous waste is deposited by force and under pressure (EPA-97/12). Underground injection: The subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or driven well; or through a dug well, where the depth of the dug well is greater than the largest surface dimension. See injection well for more related terms (4OCFR260.10-91). Underground mine: Also known as a "deep" mine. Usually located several hundred feet below the Earth's surface, an underground mine's coal is removed mechanically and transferred by shuttle car or conveyor to the surface (CWAImining-04). Underground release: Any belowground release (40CFR280.1291).
Underfire air: (1) Any forced or induced air, under control as to quantity and direction, that is supplied from beneath and which passes through the solid wastes fuel bed (40CFR240.101-91). (2) Air for combustion is admitted into a furnace at a point under a grate to promote burning within a fuel bed; or combustion air which enters the fuel bed from orifices in the hearth (EPA-89103b). (3) See air for more related terms.
Underground sources of drinking water: Aquifers currently being used as a source of drinking water or those capable of supplying a public water system. They have a total dissolved solids content of 10,000 milligrams per liter or less, and are not "exempted aquifers." See exempted aquifer.
Underflow: The downstream flow of water through the permeable deposits that underlie a stream and that are more or less limited by rocks of low permeability (CWAhydrology-04).
Underground Storage Tank (UST): A tank located at least partially underground and designed to hold gasoline or other petroleum products or chemicals (EPA-97/12).
Underground area: An underground room, such as a basement, cellar, shaft, or vault, providing enough space for physical inspection of the exterior of the tank situated on or above the surface of the floor (40CFR280.12-91).
Underground station: An enlargement of an entry, drift, or level at a shaft at which cages stop to receive and discharge cars, personnel, and material. An underground station is any location where stationary electrical equipment is installed. This includes
pump rooms, compressor rooms, hoist rooms, battery-charging rooms, etc. (CWNmining-04).
Underground storage tank (UST): A regulated underground storage tank, as used in this document. A regulated underground storage tank is a tank that is 10% or more beneath the surface and contains a petroleum product or a hazardous substance listed in 40CFR300.5 (SDWNradionuclide-04). Underground storage tank (UST): A tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has 10% or more of its volume (including pipe volume) beneath the surface of the ground. USTs are designed to hold gasoline, other petroleum products, and hazardous materials (FFDCNpesticide-04). Underground storage tank (UST): An underground tank storing hazardous substances or petroleum products. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Congress directed EPA to establish regulatory programs that would prevent, detect, and clean up releases from UST systems containing petroleum or hazardous substances (SFIremedy-04). Underground storage tank (UST): Any tank, including underground piping connected to the tank,which is or has been used to contain a hazardous substance or petroleum products, and the volume of which is 10% or more beneath the surface of the ground (USDNwater-04). Underground storage tank system (UST): An underground storage tank system (UST) is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10% of its combined volume underground. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA has established regulatory programs to prevent, detect, and clean up releases from USTs containing petroleum or hazardous substances (SFIremedy-04). Underground tank: A device meeting the definition of tank in 40CFR60.10 whose entire surface area is totally below the surface of and covered by the ground. See tank for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Underground uranium mine: A man-made underground excavation made for the purpose of removing material containing uranium for the principal purpose of recovering uranium. See uranium for more related terms (40CFR61.21-91). Underground water: All water beneath the surface of the ground, including both groundwater and vadose water, whatever its origin. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Underground water: Subsurface water in the unsaturated and saturated zones. See also groundwater (CWNWbasics-04). Underlying hazardous constituent (UHC): Any constituent listed in 40CFR268.48, able UTS--Universal Treatment
~tandards,"except fluoride, selenium, sulfide, vanadium, and zinc, which can reasonably be expected to be present at the point of generation of the hazardous waste, at a concentration above the constituent-specific universal treatment standard (RCRMandban04).
Underlying hazardous constituents: Constituents that must be treated in order to meet contaminant-specific levels for purposes of the LDR program (RCRNhazardous-04). Understory: A foliage layer lying beneath and shaded by the main canopy of a forest (CWNWbasics-04). Undertread cementing operation: The system used to apply cement to a continuous strip of tread or combined treadsidewall component. An undertread cementing operation consists of a cement application station and all other equipment, such as the cement supply system and feed and takeaway conveyors, necessary to apply cement to tread or combined treadsidewall strips and to allow evaporation or solvent from the cemented tread or combined treadhidewall (40CFR60.541-91). Undigested sludge: The sludge from sedimentation prior to treatment. See sludge for more related terms. Undisturbed performance: The predicted behavior of a disposal system, including consideration of the uncertainties in predicted behavior, if the disposal system is not disrupted by human intrusion or the occurrence of unlikely natural events (40CFR191.12-91). Undue risk: A level of risk to the health and safety of the public that exceeds that set forth in the design and operation objectives of the facility. See risk for more related terms (DOE-91/04). Unexpected production allowances: The production allowances that have not been used. At any time in any control period, a person's unexpended production allowances are the total of the calculated level of production allowances he has authorization under this Part to hold at that time for that control period, minus the calculated level of controlled substances that the person has produced in that control period until that time (40CFR82.3-91). Unexpended consumption allowances: The consumption allowances that have not been used. At any time in any control period, a person's unexpended consumption allowances are the total of the calculated level of consumption allowances he has authorization under this Part to hold at that time for that control period, minus the calculated level of controlled substances that the person has produced and imported in that control period until that time (40CFR82.3-91). Unfit for use tank system: A tank system that has been determined through an integrity assessment or other inspection to be no longer capable of storing or treating hazardous waste
without posing a threat of release of hazardous waste to the environment (40CFR260.10-9 1).
Unicellular: An organism that consists of only one cell (DOD78/01). Uniform air quality required for the daily reporting of air quality: A modified form of the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) (40CFR58-App/G-9 1). Uniform and non-uniform flow: A flow is uniform, if its cross section shape and size are the same throughout the channel or pipe. Conversely, the flow is non-uniform. A temperature or velocity is said to be uniform throughout a region when it has the same value at all parts of the region at a given instant. See flow for more related terms (Peny-73). Uniform coefficient: A measure of the uniformity of sand grains. It is the ratio of the size where 60% of the sand by weight passes to the size where 10% of the sand by weight passes. Uniform plumbing code: A code of practice frequently adopted by state regulatory authorities as the basis of building codes (EPA80108). Uniformed service: The Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Public Health Service, or Coast and Geodetic Survey (PHSA2-p). Uniforming coating: See fog coating. Uniformity: Even distribution of fibers, color, and other properties of a paper (EPA-83). Unilateral administrative orders (UAOs): A legal document issued by EPA directing a potentially responsible party to perform site cleanup. A UAO sets forth the liability of the party for the cleanup, describes actions to be taken, and subjects the recipient to penalties and damages for noncompliance. Unilateral orders may be enforced in court. A UAO is EPA's most potent enforcement tool and a powerful settlement incentive. EPA usually only issues them to parties that are the largest contributors of waste to a site, are financially viable, and against whom there is strong evidence of liability (SF/reform-04). Unimolecular pathway: See unimolecular reaction. Unimolecular reaction (or unimolecular pathway): A chemical reaction involving only one molecule, e.g., N204 2N02. It is a function of temperature, pressure, and concentration and is independent of reaction atmosphere (EPA-88/12).
+
Un-ionized ammonia: The neutral form of ammonia-nitrogen in water, usually occurring as NH40H. Un-ionized ammonia is the principal form of ammonia that is toxic to aquatic life. The relative proportion of un-ionized to ionized ammonia (NH4+) is controlled
by water temperature and pH. At temperatures and pH values typical of most natural waters, the ionized form is dominant (CWAIWquality-04).
Un-ionized: The neutral form of an ionizable compound (such as an acid or a base) (CWAlWbasics-04). Unit hydrograph: The hydrograph of direct runoff from a storm uniformly distributed over the drainage basin during a specified unit of time; the hydrograph is reduced in vertical scale to correspond to a volume of runoff of 1 inch &om the drainage basin. (After Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 1949, p. 105.) The hydrograph of surface runoff (not including groundwater runoff) on a given basin due to an effective rainfall falling for a unit of time (CWN hydrology-04). Unit operation: One treatment technology that is a part of a larger treatment train (EPA-89/12a). Unit packaging: A package that is labeled with directions to use the entire contents of the package in a single application (40CFR157.21-91). Unit pricing: An economic incentive program used to achieve source reduction and recycling, also called variable rate refuse collection, where customers who dispose of more waste pay more for the collection and disposal services (RCRAflazardous-04). Unit risk: The upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to an agent at a concentration of 1 F ~ / Lin water, or 1 pgku.m in air. See risk for more related terms (EPA-92/12). Unit suspended furnace wall: A furnace wall or panel that is hung from a steel structure. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Unit train: A long train of between 60 and 150 or more hopper cars, carrying only coal between a single mine and destination (CWNmining-04). United States and State: As defined by CERCLA jIOl(27): "the several states of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and any other temtory or possession over which the United States has jurisdiction" (SFlEnv-04). United States Code (U.S.C.): The official publications of the public laws enacted by the Congress such as, Public Law 94-580 for RCRA. It contains the U.S. Constitution and amendments and the codified laws of the United States. Universal biohazard symbol: The symbol design that conforms to the design shown in 29CFR19 10.145(f)(8)(ii) (40CFR259.1091).
Universal coal cutter: A type of coal cutting machine which is designed to make horizontal cuts in a coal face at any point between the bottom and top or to make shearing cuts at any point between the two ribs of the place. The cutter bar can be twisted to make cuts at any angle to the horizontal or vertical (CWAImining04). Universal precaution: A method of infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and other bloodborne pathogens (29CFR1910). Universal treatment standards (UTS): These are the constituent-specific treatment standards found in $268.48 (RCRAAandban-04). Universal treatment standards: Contaminant-specifichazardous waste LDR treatment levels (RCIWhazardous-04). Universal wastes: Commonly recycled wastes with special management provisions intended to facilitate recycling. There are three categories of universal wastes: hazardous waste batteries, hazardous waste pesticides that have been recalled or collected in waste pesticide collection programs, and hazardous waste thermostats (RCRA/hazardous-04). Universe (or population): The totality, finite or infinite, of a set of items, units, elements, measurements, and the like, real or conceptual, that is under consideration (EPA-84/03). Unleaded gasoline: The gasoline which is produced without the use of any lead additive and which contains not more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon and not more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon (40CFR80.2-91). Unloading bulkhead: A steel plate that ejects waste out the rear doors of an enclosed transfer trailer. It is propelled by a telescoping, hydraulically powered cylinder that traverses the length of the trailer (SW-108ts). Unloading leg: A device which includes a bucket-type elevator which is used to remove grain from a barge or ship (40CFR60.301-91). Unobligated balance: The portion of the funds authorized by the federal agency that has not been obligated by the grantee and is determined by deducting the cumulative obligations from the cumulative funds authorized (40CFR31.3-9 1). Unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV): UAV refers to an aircraft that does not require an onboard human pilot, such as being guided by remote control. UAVs can be powered by fuel cells (see www.aerovironment.com, 2004).
Unproven emission control systems: The emission control components or systems (and fuel metering systems) that do not qualify as proven emission control systems (40CFR86.092.2-91). Unreasonable adverse effects on the environment: Any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide (FIFRA2, see also 40CFR166.3-91). Unreasonable degradation of the marine environment: (1) Significant adverse changes in ecosystem diversity, productivity, and stability of the biological community within the area of discharge and surrounding biological communities; (2) Threat to human health through direct exposure to pollutants or through consumption of exposed aquatic organisms; or (3) Loss of esthetic, recreational, scientific, or economic values which is unreasonable in relation to the benefit derived from the discharge (40CFR125.121-91). Unreasonable risk: Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), "unreasonable adverse effects" means any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the medical, economic, social, and environmental wsts and benefits of any pesticide (EPA-97/12). Unreclaimable residue: The residual materials of little or no value remaining after incineration. See residue for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Unrefined and unprocessed ore: The ore in its natural form prior to any processing, such as grinding, roasting or beneficiating, or refining. See ore for more related terms (10CFR40.4-91). Unregulated hazardous substance: (1) For which no standard, requirement, criteria, or limitation is in effect under the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Air Act, or the Clean Water Act; and (2) For which no water quality criteria are in effect under any provision of the Clean Water Act (SF21 1). (3) See hazardous substance for more related terms. Unregulated safety relief valve: A safety relief valve which cannot be actuated by a means other than high pressure in the pipe or vessel which it protects (40CFR52.741-91). Unrestricted area: Any area access to which is not controlled by the licensee for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials, and any area used for residential quarters (10CFR20.3-91). Unreviewed safety question: A proposed change, test, or experiment is considered to involve an unreviewed safety question if (1) The probability of occurrence or the consequences of an accident or malfunction of equipment important to safety evaluated previously by safety analyses will be significantly increased; or (2) A possibility for an accident or malfunction of a
different type than any evaluated previously by safety analyses will be created that will result in significant safety consequences (DOE-91/04).
its potential for causing disease. See medical waste or waste for more related terms (40CFR259.10-91).
Unsanitized: A version of a document from which information claimed as trade secret or confidential has not been withheld or omitted (cf. sanitized) (40CFR350.1-91).
Unusual occurrence report: A written evaluation of an unusual occurrence that is prepared in sufficient detail to enable a reviewer to assess its significance, consequences, or implications and to determine the means of avoiding a recurrence with minimal additional inquiry (DOE-91/04).
Unsaturated (vadose) zone: The zone of geologic material that occurs above the water table and capillary fringe, in which the pores are only partially filled with water (soil moisture is less than porosity), and the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric (NavyfEnv-04).
Unusual occurrence: Any unusual or unplanned event that adversely affects or potentially affects the performance, reliability, or safety of a facility (DOE-91/04).
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Those compounds which have two or more adjacent carbon atoms joined by a double or triple bond. See hydrocarbon for more related terms. Unsaturated zone (vadose or zone of aeration): The zone between the land surface and the water table (40CFR260.10-9 1). Unsaturated zone: A subsurface zone above the water table in which the pore spaces may contain a combination of air and water (CWNWbasics-04). Unsaturated zone: A subsurface zone containing water below atmospheric pressure and gases at atmospheric pressure. Also known as the vadose zone (cf. saturatred zone) (EPA-89112a). Unsaturated zone: The area above the water table where soil pores are not fully saturated, although some water may be present (EPA-97/12). Unsaturated zone: The zone immediately below the land surface where the pores contain both water and air, but are not totally saturated with water. These zones differ from an aquifer, where the pores are saturated with water (CWANscience-04). Unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in culture: The incorporation of tritium labelled thymidine ( 3 ~ - ~into d ~the ) DNA of cells which are not in the S phase of the cell cycle (40CFR798.5550-91). Unscheduled maintenance: Any adjustment, repair, removal, disassembly, cleaning, or replacement of vehicle components or systems which is performed to correct a part failure or vehicle (if the engine were installed in a vehicle) malfunction (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR86.084.2; 86.402.78-91).
Unvented open-flame radiant-type wall heater: A room heater of the open front-type, designed for insertion in or attachment to a wall or partition having fully exposed flames the heat from which is reflected by ceramic radiants or a metal, asbestos, clayback, or equivalent backwall reflecting surface. It incorporates no concealed venting arrangements in its construction and discharges all products of combustion, through the open front into the room being heated (Waukee-03). Unwarranted failure to comply: The failure of a permittee to prevent the occurrence of any violation of his permit or any requirement of this chapter due to indifference, lack of diligence, or lack of reasonable care, or the failure to abate any violation of such permit or the chapter due to indifference, lack of diligence, or lack of reasonable care (SMCRA701-30U.S.C. 1291-90). Upcast shaft: A shaft through which air leaves the mine (CWNmining-04). Upflow coagulation: A technique that after the coagulant has been added to the treatment tank, wastewater enters at the bottom of the tank and leaves at the top to promote mixing with coagulant. Upflow contact clarifier: In a clarifier, wastewater enters at the bottom of the tank, is forced to flow up through a filter bed and leaves at the top. Upgrade: The addition or retrofit of some systems such as cathodic protection, lining, or spill and overfill controls to improve the ability of an underground storage tank system to prevent the release of product (40CFR280.12-91). Upgradient: Of or pertaining to the place(s) from which groundwater originated or traveled through before reaching a given point in an aquifer (CWNWquality-04).
Unsolicited proposal: An informal written offer to perform EPA funded work for which EPA did not publish a solicitation (40CFR30.200-91).
Upgrading: Retrofitting existing USTs to come into compliance with the UST regulations. The upgrading period expires on December 22, 1998 (RCRAhazardous-04).
Untreated regulated medical waste: The regulated medical waste that has not been treated to substantially reduce or eliminate
Upland: Elevated land above low areas along a stream or between hills; elevated region from which rivers gather drainage (CWAIWquality-04).
Upper bound: An estimate of the plausible upper limit to the true value of the quantity. This is usually not a statistical confidence limit (EPA-92/12). Upper detection limit: The largest concentration that an instrument can reliably detect (EPA-97/12). Upper limit: The emission level for a specific pollutant above which a certificate of conformity may not be issued or may be suspended or revoked (40CFR86.1102.87-91). Upper unsaturated zone: In this zone, most of the pore space is filled with air, but water occurs as soil moisture and in a capillary fringe that extends upward from the water table. Water in this zone is under a negative hydraulic pressure (less than atmospheric pressure). See water table for more related terms (EPA-87/03). Uppermost aquifer: The geologic formation nearest the natural ground surface that is an aquifer, as well as lower aquifers that are hydraulically interconnected with this aquifer within the facility's property boundary. See aquifer for more related terms (40CFR260.10-91). Upscale calibration value: The opacity value at which a calibration check of the CEMS is performed by simulating an upscale opacity condition as viewed by the receiver (40CFR60App/B-91). Upset condition: For a nuclear facility, anticipated occurrences of moderate frequency that might occur several times during start-up testing or operation of the facility. The equipment, components, and structures must withstand these conditions without damage requiring repair. For ASME-code pressure boundary components, this plant design condition corresponds to the "Level B Service Limits." See also emergency condition and faulted condition (DOE-91/04). Upset: An exceptional incident in which there is unintentional and temporary noncompliance with the permit limit because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or careless or improper operation (CWNwastewater-04). Upset: An exceptional incident in which there is unintentional and temporary noncompliance with technology based permit effluent limitations because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the permittee. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or careless or improper operation (40CFR122.41.n91).
Uptake phase: The time during the test when test organisms are being exposed to the test material (40CFR797.1560-91, see also 40CFR797.1520; 797.1830-91). Uptake rate constant (k,): The mathematically determined value that is used to define the uptake of test material by exposed test organisms, usually reported in units of liters/gramlhour (40CFR797.1560-91). Uptake: The sorption of a test substance into and onto aquatic organisms during exposure (40CFR797.1520-91, see also 40CFR797.1830; 797.1560-91). Upwelling: Flowing upward from a deeper to a shallower depth or to the surface of water, usually as a result of divergence of offshore currents. Uraninite: Essentially (UOz). It is a complex uranium mineral containing also rare earths, radium, lead, helium, nitrogen, and other elements (EPA-82/05). Uranium (U): A basic material for nuclear technology, it is a slightly radioactive, naturally occurring heavy metal that is more dense than lead (OMBIReg-04). Uranium (U): A dense, radioactive, naturally occurring metal that is the basic material for nuclear technology (AENclosure-04). Uranium (U): A heavy (atomic mass = 238.03), silvery-white metal with 14 radioactive isotopes. Uranium-235 is most commonly used, as a fuel or nuclear fission. Another isotope, uranium-238, is transformed into fissionable plutonium-239 following its capture of a neutron in a nuclear reactor (DOE9 1/04). Uranium (U): A heavy silvery-white metallic element, highly radioactive and easily oxidized. Of the 14 known isotopes of uranium, U238 is the most abundant in nature (CWNWbasics-04). Uranium 0: A radioactive metal with atomic number 92; atomic weight 238.03; density 19.07 glcc; melting point 1132 C and boiling point 3818 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Uranium (U): Major uranium compounds include (1) Uranium dioxide (U02): Very toxic crystals used in packing nuclear fuel rods, ceramics, pigments, and photographic chemicals. (2) Uranium hexafluoride (UFs): Very toxic crystals used to separate uranium isotopes in the gaseous diffision process. (3) Uranium hydride (UF3):Very toxic powder used as a reducing agent. Uranium (U): For more related terms, see (1) Depleted uranium and (2) Underground uranium mine.
Uranium (U)-235: The lighter of the two main isotopes of uranium, it makes up 0.7% of uranium that is minded from the ground, and has a half-life of 704 million years (AENclosure-04). Uranium (U)-238: The heavier of the two main isotopes of uranium, it makes up over 99% of uranium that is mined from the ground, and has a half-life of 4.5 billion years (AENclosure-04). Uranium by-product material: The tailings or wastes produced by the extraction or concentration of uranium from any ore processed primarily for its source material content. Ore bodies depleted by uranium solution extraction operations and which remain underground do not constitute by-product material for the purpose of this subpart (40CFR192.3 1-91, see also 40CFR61.221; 61.251-91). Uranium fuel cycle: The operations of milling of uranium ore, chemical conversion of uranium, isotopic enrichment of uranium, fabrication of uranium fuel, generation of electricity by a lightwater-cooled nuclear power plant using uranium fuel, and reprocessing of spent uranium fuel, to the extent that these directly support the production of electrical power for public use utilizing nuclear energy, but excludes mining operations, operations at waste disposal sites, transportation of any radioactive material in support of these operations, and the reuse of recovered nonuranium special nuclear and by-product materials from the cycle (40CFRI 90.02-b-91). Uranium hexafluoride (UF6): A gaseous form of uranium used in the gaseous diffusion enrichment process (AENclosure-04). Uranium mill tailing remedial action: A program to reduce the hazards posed to the public from uranium mill tailings (sand-like material left over from the separation of uranium from its ore). The program was created by the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (SDWNradionuclide-04). Uranium mill tailings piles: Former uranium ore processing sites that contain leftover radioactive materials (wastes), including radium and unrewvered uranium (EPA-97/12). Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Standards: Standards for radionuclides established under sections 102, 104, and 108 of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, as amended (40CFR300-App/A-91). Uranium milling: Any activity that results in the production of by-product material as defined in this part (10CFR40.4-91). Uranium mill-tailings waste piles: Licensed active mills with tailings piles and evaporation ponds created by acid or alkaline leaching processes (EPA-97/12). Uranium mineral: More than 150 uranium bearing minerals are known to exist, but only a few are common. The five primary uranium ore minerals are pitchblende, uraninite, davidite, cofinite,
and brannerite. These were formed by deep seated hot solutions and are most commonly found in veins or pegmatites. The secondary uranium ore minerals, altered from the primary minerals by weathering or other natural processes, are carnotite, tyuyamunite, and metatyuyamunite (both are very similar to carnotite), torbemite and metatorbemite, autunite and meta autunite, and uranophane (EPA-82/05).
Uranium processing facility: The land, buildings, equipment, and processes used to purify uranium recovered from reactor fuel processing. This is the last step of the fuel processing activity that allows recycling of uranium to other uses (DOE-91/04). Urban bus: A heavy-duty diesel-powered passenger-carrying vehicle with a load capacity of fifteen or more passengers and intended primarily for intra-city operation, i.e., within the confines of a city or greater metropolitan area. Urban bus operation is characterized by short rides and frequent stops. To facilitate this type of operation, more than one set of quick-operating entrance and exit doors would normally be installed. Since fares are usually paid in cash or tokens rather than purchased in advance in the form of tickets, urban buses would normally have equipment install'ed for collection of fares. Urban buses are also typically characterized by the absence of equipment and facilities for long distance travel, e.g., rest rooms, large luggage compartments, and facilities for stowing carry-on luggage. The useful life for urban buses is the same as the useful life for other heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (40CFR86.091.2-91). Urban runoff: Stormwater from city streets and adjacent domestic or commercial properties that canies pollutants of various kinds into the sewer systems and receiving waters (EPA97/12). Urban site: A site that has greater than 50% urbanized and less than 25% agricultural area (CWAIWquality-04). Urban waterfront and port: Any developed area that is densely populated and is being used for, or has been used for, urban residential recreational, commercial, shipping, or industrial purposes (CZMA306a-16U.S.C. 1455a-90). Urea [CO(NH2)2]:A product of protein metabolism. Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation: A material once used to conserve energy by sealing crawl spaces, attics, etc.; no longer used because emissions were found to be a health hazard (EPA97/12). Uremia: Accumulation in the blood of constituents normally eliminated in the urine producing a toxic condition marked by headache, gastrointestinal disorders and especially vomiting, coma, and convulsions and commonly associated with severe kidney disorder (LBL-76107-bio).
Urgent public health hazard: A category used in ATSDR's public health assessments for sites where short-term exposures (less than one year) to hazardous substances or conditions could result in harmful health effects that require rapid intervention (SFIhealth-04). Usable firebox volume: The volume of the firebox determined using the following definitions: (1)Height: The vertical distance extending above the loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but not more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of the loading door, to the floor of the firebox (i.e., below a permanent grate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood to pass through the grate, or, if not, to the top of the grate. Firebox height is not necessarily uniform but must account for variations caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other permanent obstructions. (2) Length: The longest horizontal fire chamber dimension that is parallel to a wall of the chamber. (3) Width: The shortest horizontal fire chamber dimension that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (40CFR60-AA (method 28-2.1 1)). Usable storage: The volume normally available for release from a reservoir below the stage of the maximum controllable level (CWAhydrology-04). Usable: Secondary materials trade term meaning those items recovered from discards that are salable in their existing form as second-hand goods. Examples are steel piping, sinks, door handles, appliances, and clothing (EPA-83). USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture (FFDCNpesticide-04). Use attainability analysis: A structured scientific assessment of the factors affecting the attainment of the use which may include physical, chemical, biological, and economic factors as described in 40CFR131.10(g) (40CFR131.3-91). Use cluster: A set of competing chemicals, processes, andlor technologies that can substitute for one another in performing a particular function (EPA-97/12). Use constituting disposal: The direct placement of recycled materials, that is wastes or waste derived-products, on the land. Note, remediation activities involving replacement of treated soils onto the land is not a type of use constituting disposal, in part, because it is a supervised remediation instead of an unsupervised recycling activity (RCRAIlandban-04). Use of asbestos: The presence of asbestos-containing material in school buildings. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.103-91). Use stream: All reasonably anticipated transfer, flow, or disposal of a chemical substance, regardless of physical state or concentration, through all intended operations of industrial, commercial, or consumer use (40CFR721.3-91).
Used oil fuel: Includes any fuel produced from used oil by processing, blending, or other treatment (40CFR266.40-91). Used oil: Any oil that has been: (1) Refined from crude oil; (2) Used; and (3) As a result of such use, contaminated by physical or chemical impurities (RCRA1004-42U.S.C.6903-91). (4) See oil for more related terms. Used oil: Spent motor oil from passenger cars and trucks collected at specified locations for recycling (not included in the category of municipal solid waste) (EPA-97/12). Useful life: The estimated period during which a treatment works will be operated (40CFR35.905-91). Useful work: The work difference between the work done by a system and the work done on the atmosphere (Jones-p385). User charge for water: A charge for water use based on the amount withdrawn from the public supply (DOI-70104). User charge: A charge levied on users of a treatment works, or that portion of the ad valorem taxes paid by a user, for taxes users proportionate share of the cost of operation and maintenance (including replacement) of such works under sections 2(b)(l)(A) and 201(h)(2) of the Act and this (40CFR35.905-91). User fee: Fee collected from only those persons who use a particular service, as compared to one collected from the public in general (EPA-97/12). User: The party seeking to use the Transaction Screen Process to perform an environmental assessment of the property. A user may include, without limitation, a purchaser of property, a potential tenant of property, an owner of property, a lender, or a property manager (USDNwater-04). USGS 7.5 Minute topographic map: The map available from the USGS, entitled "USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic Map," and showing the property (USDNwater-04). USGS: See U.S. Geological Survey. UST system or tank system: An underground storage tank, connected underground piping, underground ancillary equipment, and containment system, if any (40CFR280.12-91). Utility load: The total electricity demand for a utility district (EPA-97/12). Utility unit: A unit owned or operated by a utility: (1) That serves a generator in any state that produces electricity for sale, or (2) That during 1985, served a generator in any state that produced electricity for sale. (3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this definition, a unit that was in operation during 1985, but did not serve a generator that produced electricity for sale during 1985,
and did not commence commercial operation on or after November 15, 1990 is not a utility unit for purposes of the Acid Rain Program. (4) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this definition, a unit that cogenerates steam and electricity is not a utility unit for purposes of the Acid Rain Program, unless the unit is constructed for the purpose of supplying, or commences construction after November 15, 1990, and supplies, more than one-third of its potential electrical output capacity and more than 25 MWe output to any power distribution system for sale (40CFR72.2-91). Utilize: Refers to the use of solvent that is delivered to coating mix preparation equipment for the purpose of formulating coatings to be applied on an affected coating operation and any other solvent (e.g., dilution solvent) that is added at any point in the manufacturing process (40CFR60.711-91). U-tube manometer: A pressure gauge in which a U-shaped tube is partially filled with a liquid with known specific gravity. When other fluid flows between the vessel shell and U-tubes, both ends of the U-tube are connected to two different pressure sources, the height of different liquid levels shown inside the tube is proportional to the pressure differences between the two sources.
UV:See ultraviolet radiation. UVA: See ultraviolet A.
UVB: See ultraviolet B UVC: See ultraviolet C. UV-VIS absorption spectrum of a solution: A function of the concentration, expressed in mol/L, of all absorbing species present; the path length, of the spectrophotometer cell, expressed in cm; and the molar absorption (extinction) coefficient of each species (40CFR796.1050-91). UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy in the visible and higher energies of light (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Vaccine: A killed or modified live virus or bacteria prepared in suspension for inoculation to prevent or treat certain infectious diseases (EPA-83/09, see also EPA-89/12). Vacuum (or zero pressure): A hypothetical condition denoting the complete absence of matter. Also a condition of zero pressure (EPA-84/09). Vacuum and blow process: A bottle manufacturing process whereby glass is gathered by vacuum and subsequently blown (EPA-83). Vacuum box: In seaming a landfill liner, a commonly used type of nondestructive test method which develops a vacuum in a localized region of an FML (flexible membrane liner) seam in order to evaluate the seam's tightness and suitability (EPA-89/09, see also EPA-91/05). Vacuum break (choke pull-off): A vacuum-operated device to open the carburetor choke plate a predetermined amount on cold start (40CFR85.2122 (a)(l)(ii)(F)-91). Vacuum crystallizer: An apparatus for increasing the rate of crystallization through the use of pressure (EPA-77/07). Vacuum deziucing: A process for removing zinc from a metal by melting or heating the solid metal in a vacuum (EPA-83103a). Vacuum evaporization: A method of coating articles by melting and vaporizing the coating material on an electrically heated conductor in a chamber from which air has been exhausted. The process is only used to produce a decorative effect. Gold, silver, copper, and aluminium have been used (EPA-83106a). Vacuum filter: A filter consisting of a cylindrical drum mounted on a horizontal axis and covered with a filter cloth. The filter revolves with a partial submergence in the liquid, and a vacuum is maintained under the cloth for the larger part of each revolution to extract moisture. The cake is scraped off continuously. See filter for more related terms (EPA-3/76). Vacuum filtration: (1) A process used to reduce sludge water contents (EPA-87110a). (2) The use of a vacuum filter to separate solids from liquids. (3) See filtration for more related terms.
Vacuum furnace: A furnace in which the charge can be brought to an elevated temperature in a high vacuum. The high vacuum provides an almost completely inert enclosure where the process of reduction and sintering can occur. See furnace for more related terms (EPA-74103). Vacuum leakage: The leakage into the vacuum cavity of a vacuum break (40CFR85.2122(a)(l)(ii)(E)-91). Vacuum metalizing: The process of coating a workpiece with metal by flash heating metal vapor in a high-vacuum chamber containing the workpiece. The vapor condenses on all exposed surface (EPA-83/03). Vacuum pressure: A measure of pressure expressed as a quantity below atmospheric pressure or some other reference pressure (EPA-84/09). vacuum pressure = negative gage pressure. See pressure for more related terms. Vacuum producing system: Any reciprocating, rotary, or centrifugal blower or compressor or any jet ejector or device that creates suction from a pressure below atmospheric and discharges against a greater pressure (40CFR52.741-91). Vacuum pump: A unit of mechanical equipment used to increase the pressure in a gas stream and providing a nearly complete vacuum at the suction flange (NavyJEnv-04). Vacuum purge system: A vacuum system with a controlled air flow to purge the vacuum system of undesirable manifold vapors (40CFR85.2 122(a)(l)(ii)(H)-91). Vacuum relief valve: An automatic device that opens or closes a relief vent depending on whether the vacuum is above or below a predetermined value (Waukee-03). Vacuum tube: An electron tube vacated to such a degree that its electrical characteristics are essentially unaffected by the presence of residual gas or vapor (EPA-83/03). Vacuum water: The water extracted from wood during the vacuum period following steam conditioning. See water for more related terms (EPA-74/04).
Vacuum-enhanced pumping: Use of a vacuum pump to lift groundwater, or other liquids or gases, from a well while producing a reduced pressure in the well (NavyIEnv-04). Vadose (unsaturated) zone: The zone of geologic material that occurs above the water table and capillary fringe, in which the pores are only partially filled with water (soil moisture is less than porosity), and the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric (NavyIEnv-04). Vadose water: The water that lies between the water table and the Earth's surface. See water for more related terms (DOI-70104). Vadose zone: A subsurface zone containing water below atmospheric pressure and gases at atmospheric pressure. Also known as the unsaturated zone (EPA-89112a). Vadose zone: The zone between land surface and the water table within which the moisture content is less than saturation (except in the capillary fringe) and pressure is less than atmospheric. Soil pore space also typically contains air or other gases. The capillary fringe is included in the vadose zone. See unsaturated zone (EPA97/12). Vadose: See unsaturated zone. Valence: Number of excess or deficient electrons an atom or molecule may have in a certain state. Indicates the charge of an atom (NavyIEnv-04). Valence: The combining power of an atom or a radical. The power is equal to the number of hydrogen atoms that the atom or the radical can combine with or displace in a chemical compound. The hydrogen atom has a valence of 1. Valid day: A 24-hour period in which at least 18 valid hours of data are obtained. A valid hour is one in which at least two valid data points are obtained (40CFR60.101-91). Valid emission performance warranty claim: The claim in which there is no evidence that the vehicle had not been properly maintained and operated in accordance with manufacturer instructions, the vehicle failed to conform to applicable emission standards as measured by an Office Director-approved type of emission warranty test during its useful life and the owner is subject to sanction as a result of the test failure (40CFR85.210291). Valid study: A study that has been conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice standards of 40CFR160 or generally accepted scientific methodology and that EPA has not determined to be invalid (40CFR152.83-91). Validated test: A test determined by the Agency to have been conducted and evaluated in a manner consistent with accepted scientific procedures (40CFR154.3-91).
Validation (software): The process of evaluating a software product to determine whether it provides a correct result within specified tolerance requirements (SA-04). Validation: The testing of a model by comparing its results with experimentally obtained data (NATO-78/10). Valuable commercial and recreational species: Those species for which catch statistics are compiled on a routine basis by the federal or state agency responsible for compiling such statistics for the general geographical area impacted, or which are under current study by such federal or state agencies for potential development for commercial or recreational use (40CFR228.2-91). Valuation: The act or process of valuing or of estimating the value or worth; appraisal (CWAImining-04). Value engineering (VE): A specialized cost control technique which uses a systematic and creative approach to identify and to focus on unnecessarily high cost in a project in order to arrive at a cost saving without sacrificing the reliability or efficiency of the project (40CFR35.2005-91, see also 40CFR35.6015; 35.905-91). Value for pesticide purposes: That characteristic of a substance or mixture of substances which produces an efficacious action on a pest (4OCFRl72.1-91. Valued environmental attributes/components: Those aspects (components; processes; or functions) of ecosystems, human health, and environmental welfare considered to be important and potentially at risk from human activity or natural hazards. Similar to the term "valued environmental components" used in environmental impact assessment (EPA-97/12). Valve not externally regulated: The valves that have no external controls, such as in-line check valves (40CFR52.741-91). Valve: A device that shuts off, opens, regulates, or controls the flow of a fluid. Valve: For more related terms, see: (1) Automatic gas shut off valve; (2) Automatic valve; (3) Burner valve; (4) Combustion (input) control valve; (5) Control valve; (6) Diaphragm type valve; (7) Electric type valve; (8) Firing valve; (9) Fusible plug type valve; (10) Latching type valve; (11) Lubricated plug valve; (12) Main burner control valve; (13) Manual gas valve; (14) Modulating valve or throttling valve; (15) Pressure relief valve; (16) Resetting or self-closing type valve; (17) Safety shut off valve; (18) Semi-automatic valve; (19) Solenoid valve; (20) Temperature valve; and (21) Vacuum relief valve. Van der Waals adsorption: Adsorption due to the van der Wads force.
Van der Waals force: The attractive force between atoms or molecules.
one, the material is heavier than air and will stay low to the ground (NavyIEnv-04).
Van: A light-duty truck having an integral enclosure, fully enclosing the driver compartment and load canying device, and having no body sections protruding more than 30 inches head of the leading edge of the windshield (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91).
Vapor dispersion: The movement of vapor clouds in air due to wind, thermal action, gravity spreading, and mixing (EPA-97/12).
Vanadium (V): A transition metal with atomic number 23; atomic weight 50.942; density 6.1 glcc; melting point 1900 C and boiling point 3450 C. The element belongs to group VB of the periodic table. Major vanadium compounds include vanadium pentoxide (V2O5):Yellow crystals used in glass coloring, textile dyeing, and nuclear reactors. Vanadium (V): A white, soft, ductile metal. It is used in x-rays, manufacture of alloy metals, and as a catalyst for sulfuric acid and synthetic rubber production. It can be mobile in aquatic conditions depending on the state it is in, which depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the local environment. Industrial exposure can lead to gastrointestinal distress, cardiac and nervous depression, and kidney damage. The liver, adrenals, and bone marrow may also be adversely affected (NavyEnv-04). Vanadium minerals: Those most exploited for industrial use are patronite (VS4), roscoelite (vanadium mica), vanadinite, carnotite, and chlorovanadinite (EPA-82/05). Vapor balance system: Any combination of pipes or hoses which creates a closed system between the vapor spaces of an unloading tank and a receiving tank such that vapors displaced from the receiving tank are transferred to the tank being unloaded (4OCFR52.741-91). Vapor blasting: A method of roughing plastic surfaces in preparation for plating (EPA-83106a). Vapor capture system: Any combination of hoods and ventilation system that captures or contains organic vapors so they may be directed to an abatement or recovery device (EPA-97/12). Vapor collection system: All piping, seals, hoses, connections, pressure-vacuum vents, and other possible sources between the gasoline delivery vessel and the vapor processing unit andlor the storage tanks and vapor holder (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.501; 61.301-91). Vapor control system: Any system that limits or prevents release to the atmosphere of organic material in the vapors displaced from a tank during the transfer of gasoline (40CFR52.741-91). Vapor density: The weight of a pure vapor or gas compared with the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. If the vapor density is less than one, the material is lighter than air and may rise. If the vapor density is greater than
Vapor dispersion: The movement of vapor clouds or plumes in the air due to wind, gravity, spreading, and mixing (FFDCNpesticide-04). Vapor displacement: The release of vapors that had previously occupied space above liquid fuels stored in tanks. These releases occur when tanks are emptied and filled (CAA/C02gasl-04). Vapor drying: A process in which unseasoned wood is heated in the hot vapors of an organic solvent, usually xylene, to season it prior to preservative treatment (EPA-74/04). Vapor incinerator: Vapor incinerator is also known as the secondary bumer. It is an enclosed combustion device that is used for destroying organic compounds and does not extract energy in the form of steam or process heat. See bumer for more related terms (40CFR264.1031-91;EPA-89/12). Vapor monitoring: An UST release detection method in which the equipment measures product fumes in the soil around the UST to check for leaks (RCRAhazardous-04). Vapor mounted seal: A foam-filled primary seal mounted continuously around the circumference of the tank so there is an annular vapor space underneath the seal. The annular vapor space is bounded by the bottom of the primary seal, the tank wall, the liquid surface, and the floating roof (40CFR60.111a-9 1, see also 40CFR61.341-91). Vapor plating: Depositing a metal or compound upon a heated surface by reduction or decomposition of a volatile compound at a temperature below the melting points of either the deposit or the basis material. See plating for more related terms (EPA-83106a). Vapor plumes: Flue gases visible because they contain water droplets (EPA-97/12). Vapor pressure: A measure of a substance's propensity to evaporate, vapor pressure is the force per unit area exerted by vapor in an equilibrium state with surroundings at a given pressure. It increases exponentially with an increase in temperature. A relative measure of chemical volatility, vapor pressure is used to calculate water partition coefficients and volatilization rate constants (EPA-97/12). Vapor pressure: The pressure at which a liquid or solid is in equilibrium with its vapor at a given temperature (40CFR796.1950-9 1, see also 40CFR300-AppIA-9 1;EPA-84/09).
Vapor pressure: The pressure exerted by a chemical vapor in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form at a given temperature. It is used to calculate the rate of volatilization of a pure substance from a surface or in estimating a Henry's Law constant for chemicals with low water solubility. The higher the vapor pressure, the more likely a chemical is to volatilize'and exist in a gaseous state (NavylEnv-04). Vapor processing system: All equipment used for recovering or oxidizing total organic compounds vapors displaced from the affected facility (40CFR60.50 1-91). Vapor recovery nozzle: A special gas pump nozzles that will reduce release of gasoline vapor into the air when people put gas in their cars. There are several types of vapor recovery nozzles, so nozzles may look different at different gas stations. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires installation of vapor recovery nozzles at gas stations in smoggy areas(CMAPC-04). Vapor recovery nozzles: Special gas pump nozzles that will reduce release of gasoline vapor into the air when people put gas in their cars. There are several types of vapor recovery nozzles, so nozzles may look different at different gas stations. The 1990 Clean Air Act requires installation of vapor recovery nozzles at gas stations in smoggy areas (CAAIair-04). Vapor recovery system: A vapor gathering system capable of collecting all VOM vapors and gases discharged from the storage tank and a vapor disposal system capable of processing such VOM vapors and gases so as to prevent their emission to the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111-91). Vapor saturation line: The curve line which separates the vapor region from the liquid-vapor region (Wark-p56).
Vapor tight tank truck or vapor-tight railcar: A tank truck or railcar for which it has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months that its product tank will sustain a pressure change of not more than 750 pascals within 5 minutes after it is pressurized to a minimum of 4,500 pascals. This capability is to be demonstrated using the pressure test procedure specified in method 27 of part 60, Appendix A, and a pressure measurement device which has a precision of 2.5 mm water and which is capable of measuring above the pressure at which the tank truck or railcar is to be tested for vapor tightness (40CFR61.301-91). Vapor: Gaseous phase of any substance that is liquid or solid at atmospheric pressures and temperatures. For example, steam is a vapor (CMAPC-04). Vapor: The gas given off by substances that are solids or liquids at ordinary atmospheric pressure and temperatures (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Vapor: The gaseous phase of substances that are liquid or solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure, e.g., steam (EPA-89/12, see also EPA-84/09; 89/03b). Other vapor-related terms include (1) Saturated vapour and (2) Saturated vapor state. Vaporization: The change of a pure substance from a liquid phase to its vapor phase (EPA-89/12). Vaporization is an endothermic process that is energy must be added to a liquid substance (liquid phase) to convert it to a vapor phase (gas phase). This energy is commonly referred to as the latent heat of vaporization. See latent heat for more related terms. Vaporization: Transfer of a chemical substance from the liquid or solid state to the gaseous state (NavyIEnv-04). Vaporize: Change the state from liquid to gas (CMAPC-04).
Vapor tight gasoline tank truck: A gasoline tank truck which has demonstrated within the two preceding months that its product delivery tank will sustain a pressure change of not more than 750 pascals (75 mm of water) within five minutes after it is pressurized to 4,500 pascals (450 mm of water). This capability is to be demonstrated using the pressure test procedure specified in Reference Method 27 (40CFR60.501-91). Vapor tight marine vessel: A marine vessel with a benzene product tank that has been demonstrated within the preceding 12 months to have no leaks. This demonstration shall be made using method 21 of part 60, appendix A, during the last 20% of loading and during a period when the vessel is being loaded at its maximum loading rate. A reading of greater than 10,000 ppm as methane shall constitute a leak. As an alternative, a marine vessel owner or operator may use the vapor-tightness test described in 40CFR61.304(f) to demonstrate vapor tightness. A marine vessel operated at negative pressure is assumed to be vapor-tight for the purpose of this standard (40CFR61.301-91).
Var: A unit of reactive power of an alternating current, equal to the product of the current measured in amperes and the voltage measured in volts. Variability factor: Pollutant-specific peaking factors that relate the numerical limitations for the maximum for any one day and the maximum for monthly average to the long-term average value (EPA-8711Oa). Variable capacitor: A device whose capacitance can be varied continuously by moving one set of metal plates with respect to another. See capacitor for more related terms (EPA-83/03). Variable container rate: A charge for solid waste services based on the volume of waste generated measured by the number of containers set out for collection (EPA-89/11). Variable fuel vehicle (VFV): A vehicle that can run on both gasoline and other alternative fuels. Also known as a flexible fuel vehicle.
Variable size crew method: A method in which a variable number of collectors is provided for individual crews, depending on the amount and conditions of work on particular routes. See waste collection method for more related terms (SW-108ts).
unreasonable risk to public health. The state or U.S. EPA must review, and allow public comment on, a variance every three years. States can also grant variances to water systems that serve small populations and which prove that they are unable to afford the required treatment, an alternative water source, or otherwise comply with the standard (SDWAIReg-04).
Variable wind: A wind for which no specific direction can be defined. The wind speed is usually small. See wind for more related terms (NATO-1 0178).
Variate: See observed value.
Variable: Something that may change. Other change-related terms include (1) Dependent variable; (2) Deterministic variable; (3) Dummy variable; (4) Independent variable; (5) Probabilistic variable; and (6) Random variable. Variance: (1) Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or regulation. (2) The sum of the squares of the difference between the individual values of a set of numbers and the arithmetic mean of the set, divided by one less than the number of values (Navy/Env-04). Variance: (1) The temporary deferral of a final compliance date for an individual source subject to an approved regulation, or a temporary change to an approved regulation as it applies to an individual source (40CFR5 1.100-91, see also 40CFR122.2; 124.29 1). (2) Degree of change or difference. Variance: A state with primacy may relieve a public water system from a requirement respecting an MCL by granting a variance if certain conditions exist. These are: (1) The system cannot meet the MCL in spite of the application of best available treatment technology, treatment techniques or other means (taking costs into consideration), due to the characteristics of the raw water sources which are reasonably available to the system, and (2) The variance will not result in an unreasonable public health risk. A system may also be granted a variance fi-om a specified treatment technique if it can show that, due to the nature of the system's raw water source, such treatment is not necessary to public health. Also see exemption (SDWNeducation-04). Variance: Any mechanism or provision under Sections 301 or 316 of the CWA or under 40CFR Part 125, or in the applicable "effluent limitations guidelines" which allows modification to or waiver of the generally applicable effluent limitations requirements or time deadlines of the CWA. This includes provisions which allow the establishment of alternative limitations based on fundamentally different factors (CWAIwastewater-04). Variance: Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or regulation (EPA-97/12). Variance: State or U. S. EPA permission not to meet a certain drinking water standard. The water system must prove that: (1) It cannot meet a maximum contaminant level, even while using the best available treatment method, because of the characteristics of the raw water, and (2) The variance will not create an
Varnish (or vehicle): (1) Any agent which facilitates the mixture, dispersion, or solubilization of a test substance with a carrier (40CFR160.3; 792.3; 792.226-91). (2) The volatile and nonvolatile liquid portion of a paint or coating which disperses and suspends the pigment whenever the latter is used (EPA-79112b). (3) Solution of resin which imparts a thin shiny coat to a paper (EPA83). Varying noise: Noise, with or without audible tones, for which the level varies substantially during the period of observation (ANSI S3.20-1995: non-stationary noise; non-steady noise; timevarying noise) (NCNsound-04). Vascular plant: A plant composed of or provided with vessels or ducts that convey water or sap. A fern is an example of this type of plant (CWAJWbasics-04). Vector: (1) An organism, often an insect or rodent, that carries disease. (2) Plasmids, viruses, or bacteria used to transport genes into a host cell. A gene is placed in the vector; the vector then "infects" the bacterium (EPA-97/12). Vector: A measure that has magnitude and direction, e.g., acceleration of a moving car (Navy/Env-04). Vector: In medical waste treatment, a carrier, usually an arthropod, that is capable of transmitting a pathogen from one organism to another (40CFR240.101-91, see also 40CFR241.101; 243.101-91). cf. disease vector. Veering wind: A clock-wise rotation of the wind direction. See wind for more related terms (NATO-10178). Vegetable parchment: A wet strength paper product used as wrapping for moist materials (EPA-87/10). Vegetable tan: The process of converting hides into leather using chemicals either derived from vegetable matter or synthesized to produce effects similar to those chemicals (40CFR425.02-91). Vegetative controls: Non-point source pollution control practices that involve vegetative cover to reduce erosion and minimize loss of pollutants (EPA-97/12). Vegetative waste: The plant clippings, prunings, and other discarded material from yards and gardens. Also known as yard rubbish or yard wastes. See waste for more related terms (EPA-83).
Vehicle configuration: A unique combination of basic engine, engine code, inertia weight class, transmission configuration, and axle ratio (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also 40CFR600.002.85-91). Vehicle conversion: Retrofitting a vehicle engine to run on an alternative fuel. For example, a vehicle can be converted from burning gasoline to burning methanol-blended fuels (oxygenated fuels). The purpose is to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and to increase combustion efficiency. Vehicle curb weight: The actual or the manufacturers estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with 40CFR86.02.24; incomplete light-duty trucks shall have the curb weight specified by the manufacturer (40CFR86.082.2-91, see also CAA216-42U.S.C.7550-91). Vehicle miles traveled (VMT):A measure of the extent of motor vehicle operation; the total number of vehicle miles traveled within a specific geographic area over a given period of time (EPA-97/12). Vehicle of infection: Water, food, milk, or any substance or article serving as an intermediate means by which the pathogenic agent is transported from a reservoir and introduced into a susceptible host through ingestion, through inoculation or by deposit on the skin or mucous membrane (EPA-83). Vehicle or engine configuration: The specific subclassification unit of an engine family as determined by engine displacement, fuel system, engine code, transmission, and inertia weight class as applicable (40CFR85.2 113-91). Vehicle: A device by which any person or property may be propelled, moved, or drawn upon a highway, excepting a device moved exclusively by human power or used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR85.2 102; 86.602.84; 205.51; 205.15 1-91). Different vehicle definitions are provided in the varnish term. Vehicle: For more related terms, see: (1) Abandoned vehicle; (2) Acceptance of a vehicle; (3) Base vehicle; (4) Baseline vehicle; (5) Clean fuel vehicle; (6) Common carrier by motor vehicle; (7) Contract carrier by motor vehicle; (8) Controlled vehicle; (9) Covered fleet vehicle; (10) Diesel engine vehicle; (11) Failing vehicle; (12) Flexible fuel vehicle (or flexible fuel engine); (13) Heavy duty vehicle; (14) Light duty vehicle; (15) Medium duty vehicle; (16) Motor vehicle; (17) Motor vehicle or engine part manufactura, (18) New motor vehicle; (19) Non-conforming vehicle (or non-conforming engine); (20) Non-road vehicle; (21) Packer vehicle (or packer); (22) Precontrolled vehicle; (23) Reconfigured emission data vehicle; (24) Satellite vehicle; (25) Spark ignition powered motor vehicle; (26) Test vehicle; and (27) Transport vehicle.
Vellum: Strong, high quality natural or cream colored parchment like paper (EPA-83). Velocity (V): A measure of the direction and rate of movement (NavyIEnv-04). Velocity meter: A device for measuring the velocity of a flow (cf. pitot tube). Velocity pressure: (1) The kinetic pressure in the direction of flow necessary to cause a fluid at rest to flow at a given velocity. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge (29CFR1910.94b91). (2) The pressure caused by and related to the velocity of a fluid flow, a measure of the kinetic energy of the fluid (EPA83/06). (3) See pressure for more related terms. Velocity: Rate of airflow in lineal feet per minute (CWAtmining04). Velocity: The rate at which a fluid is flowing in a given direction. Air velocity is normally stated in feet per second or feet per minute (EPA-84/09). Veneer: A thin sheet of wood of uniform thickness produced by peeling, slicing, or sawing logs, bolts, or flitches. Veneers may be categorized as either hardwood or softwood depending on the type of woods used and the intended purpose (EPA-74/04). Vent connector: The portion of a venting system that connects the flue outlet of a combustion system to a gas vent pipe. Vent gases: Any fume, vapor, or combustion product that is released to the atmosphere. Vent stream: Any gas stream released to the atmosphere directly from an emission source or indirectly either through another piece of process equipment or a material recovery device that constitutes part of the normal recovery operations in a polymer process line where potential emissions are recovered for recycle or resale, and any gas stream directed to an air pollution control device. The emissions released from an air pollution control device are not considered a vent stream unless, as noted above, the control device is part of the normal material recovery operations in a polymer process line where potential emissions are recovered for recycle or resale (40CFR60.561-91). Vent terminal (vent cap): The opening at the end of the vent pipe that directs the fumes, vapor, or combustion flue products to the outside atmosphere. Vent well: A well designed to facilitate injection or extraction of air tolfrom a contaminated soil area (NaydEnv-04). Vent: (1) An opening through which there is mechanically induced air flow for the purpose of exhausting from a building air
carrying particulate matter emissions from one or more affected facilities (cf. gas vent) (40CFR60.671-91, see also EPA-84/09). (2) A small opening for the passage or escape of fumes, liquids, etc. In combustion, it is an opening for the passage of combustion products.
Vent: The connection and piping through which gases enter and exit a piece of equipment (FFDCAIpesticide-04). Vent: For more related terms, see (1) Vent connector; (2) Vent gases; (3) Vent terminal (vent cap); (4) Ventilation; and (5) Proper ventilation. Vented cell: A type of battery cell which has a vent that allows the escape of gas and the addition of water (EPA-84/08). Vented: Discharged through an opening, typically an open-ended pipe or stack, allowing the passage of a stream of liquids, gases, or fumes into the atmosphere. The passage of liquids, gases, or fumes is caused by mechanical means such as compressors or vacuumproducing systems or by process-related means such as evaporation produced by heating and not caused by tank loading and unloading (working losses) or by natural means such as diurnal temperature changes (40CFR264.1031-91). Ventilated cell composting: Compost is mixed and aerated by being dropped through a vertical series of ventilated cells. See composting for more related terms (SW-108ts). Ventilation factor: A parameter used in connection with the box model. It is defined as the product of the horizontal wind velocity and the surface of the box perpendicular to the wind direction (NATO-78110). Ventilation fever: See humidifier fever. Ventilation rate: The rate at which indoor air enters and leaves a building. Expressed as the number of changes of outdoor air per unit of time (air changes per hour (ACH), or the rate at which a volume of outdoor air enters in cubic feet per minute (CFM) (EPA-97/12). Ventilation rate: The rate at which outdoor air enters and leaves a building. Expressed in one of two ways: the number of changes of outside air per unit of time (air changes per hour, or ach) or the rate at which a volume of outside air enters per unit of time (cubic feet per minute or cfm) (EPA-88109b). The ventilation rate depends on the tightness of the house shell, weather conditions, and the operation of appliances (such as fans) influencing air movement. Commonly expressed in terms of air changes per hour, or cubic feet per minute. Ventilation system: A method for reducing methane concentrations in coal mines to non-explosive levels by blowing air across the mine face and using large exhaust fans to remove methane while mining operations proceed (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Ventilation/suction: The act of admitting fresh air into a space in order to replace stale or contaminated air; achieved by blowing air into the space. Similarly, suction represents the admission of fresh air into an interior space by lowering the pressure outside of the space, thereby drawing the contaminated air outward (EPA-97/12). Ventilation: An installation in a building that provides conditioned air or unconditioned air to the building and makes the air circulate in the building. Ventilation: The provision of a directed flow of fresh and return air along all underground roadways, traveling roads, workings, and service parts (CWAImining-04). Venting system: The passage or pipe of venting gases starting from the gas source to the outside atmosphere. The purpose of the venting system is to remove vent gases. Venturi flume: An open channel with a constricted throat which is used in flow measurement. Venturi meter: See venturi tube. Venturi scrubber main components: The major components of a venturi scrubber include (1) A constriction in the ductwork referred to as a venturi throat. Some venturi scrubbers have an adjustable throat that can be used to vary the size of the opening. (2) Spray nozzles at the entrance to the venturi throat that supply the scrubbing liquid, usually water. (3) A cyclonic mist eliminator for removing entrained water droplets. (4) An induced draft fan for moving the flue gas through the scrubber (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). Venturi scrubber: Air pollution control devices that use water to remove particulate matter from emissions (EPA-97/12). Venturi scrubber: One of air pollution control devices. Venturi scrubbers are high-energy scrubbers used for the control of fine particulate emissions. Hydrochloric acid gas, if present, also is controlled by a venturi scrubber. They are designed to maximize turbulence and mixing of water droplets and dirty flue gas to improve pollutant capture efficiency. Liquid is injected into the high velocity gas stream either at the inlet to the converging section or at the venturi throat. The liquid is atomized to form filaments and films which have extremely large surface areas for mass transfer. Gas velocities at the throat are from 15,000 to 20,000 fpm, and pressure drops are from 10 to 30 inches water gage (some systems operate at 80 inches water gage). Venturi scrubbers are the most common types of wet scrubbers and are usually the only technically feasible solution to an air pollution problem. If submicron particulate matter is sticky, flammable, or highly corrosive, for example, precipitators and fabric filters cannot be used and venturi scrubbers become a reasonable choice. Venturi scrubbers are also the only ultra-high efficiency collectors which can simultaneously remove gaseous and particulate matter
from a gas stream without any physical modifications. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79).
Venturi scrubber: The major components of a venturi scrubber include (1) A constriction in the ductwork referred to as a venturi throat. Some venturi scrubbers have an adjustable throat that can be used to vary the size of the opening. (2) Spray nozzles at the entrance to the venturi throat that supply the scrubbing liquid, usually water. (3) A cyclonic mist eliminator for removing entrained water droplets. (4) An induced drafi fan for moving the flue gas through the scrubber. Venturi scrubber: Venturi scrubbers are high-energy scrubbers used for the control of fine particulate emissions. Hydrochloric acid gas, if present, also is controlled by a venturi scrubber. They are designed to maximize turbulence and mixing of water droplets and dirty flue gas to improve pollutant capture efficiency. Liquid is injected into the high velocity gas stream either at the inlet to the converging section or at the venturi throat. The liquid is atomized to form filaments and films which have extremely large surface areas for mass transfer. Gas velocities at the throat are from 15,000 to 20,000 fpm, and pressure drops are from 10 to 30 inches water gage (some systems operate at 80 inches water gage). Venturi scrubbers are the most common types of wet scrubbers and are usually the only technically feasible solution to an air pollution problem. If submicron particulate matter is sticky, flammable, or highly corrosive, for example, precipitators and fabric filters cannot be used and venturi scrubbers become a reasonable choice. Venturi scrubbers are also the only ultra-high efficiency collectors which can simultaneously remove gaseous and particulate matter from a gas stream without any physical modifications. See scrubber for more related terms (EPA-3/89b, AP-40; Hesketh-79). Venturi tube (or venturi meter): A device for measuring a gas or water flow rate in a pipe. It consists of (1) A tapered section where the flow cross section is gradually reduced, (2) A throat section where both the fluid velocity and the pressure drop are at maximum; and (3) A tapered section where the flow cross section is gradually increased to recover the kinetic energy. By attaching a pressure gauge to the three sections, the pressure drop can be measured and the flow rate through the throat can be calculated. Verification: A sampling program including samples of untreated and treated wastewater and sludge to determine the levels of classical pollutant and toxic pollutants known to be present, as well as removal efficiencies by various wastewater treatment processes (cf. screening) (EPA-79112b). Vermin: Carriers of disease germs, bacteria or viruses, such as rodents, mosquitoes, flies, lice, and fleas, which transmit such infectious elements to humans. See vector (EPA-83). Vernal pool: A small lake or pond that is filled with water for only a short time during the spring (CWANbasics-04).
Vertical spindle disc grinder: A grinding machine having a vertical, rotatable, power-driven spindle carrying a horizontal abrasive disc wheel (29CFR1910.94b-91). Vertical wind: The component of the wind velocity along the local vertical direction. This component is usually small compared to the horizontal wind velocity. See wind for more related terms (NATO-10178). Very large MWC plant: An MWC plant with an MWC plant capacity greater than 1,000 megagrams per day (1,100 tons per day) of MSW (cf. MWC plant) (40CFR60.31a-91). Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE): A linear polymer of ethylene with other alpha-olefins with a density of 0.900 to 0.910 (EPA-91/05). Very low sulfur oil: An oil that contains no more than 0.5 weight percent sulfur or that, when combusted without sulfur dioxide emission control, has a sulfur dioxide emission rate equal to or less than 215 ng/J (0.5 Ib/million Btu) heat input. See oil for more related terms (40CFR60.4 1b-91). Vessel bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S. Anned Forces (CAA/C02gasl-04). Vessel: The every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water other than a public vessel (CWA3 11). Vessel: For more related terms, see (1)Commercial vessel and (2) Existing vessel. Viable embryos (fertility): The eggs in which fertilization has occurred and embryonic development has begun. This is determined by candling the egg 11 days after incubation has begun. It is difficult to distinguish between the absence of fertilization and early embryonic death. The distinction can be made by breaking out eggs that appear infertile and examining further. This distinction is especially important when a test compound induces early embryo mortality. Values are expressed as a percentage of eggs set (40CFR797.2130-iv-91). Viable PRP: A PRP that is financially solvent and that can be expected to pay its share of the total cleanup costs at a site (SFEnv-04). Vibrating screen: (1) An inclined screen that is vibrated mechanically and screens material placed on it (SW-108ts). (2) An inclined or horizontal rectangular screening surface with a highspeed vibrating motion that lifts particles off the surface (EPA88108a). (3) See screen for more related terms.
Vibration: The periodic motion of friable ACBM which may result in the release of asbestos fibers (40CFR763.83-91). Vibration is the periodic motion of a body. View port: A sealed glass port for observing the combustion phenomena inside the combustion chamber during incineration. See port for more related terms (EPA-89103b). Vinyl asbestos floor tile: An asbestos-containing product composed of vinyl resins and used as floor tile. See asbestos for more related terms (40CFR763.163-91). Vinyl chloride (C2H3CI): (1) A colorless gas, made by reacting acetylene with hydrogen chloride or by cracking ethylene dichloride. It is used in adhesives and is suspected as a cancer agent for the liver (EPA-74/11). Vinyl chloride (VC): A volatile chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to cause cancer. VC is a breakdown product of chlorinated ethenes like tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and dichloroethene (Navy/Env-04). Vinyl chloride plant: Includes any plant which produces vinyl chloride by any process (40CFR61.61-91). Vinyl chloride purification: Includes any part of the process of vinyl chloride production which follows vinyl chloride formation (40CFR61.61-91). Vinyl chloride: A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic (EPA-97/12). Vinyl chloride: A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic (MWTNmedical-04). Vinyl coating facility: A facility that includes one or more vinyl coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Vinyl coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto vinyl coated fabric or vinyl sheets (40CFR52.741-91). Vinyl coating: Any topcoat or printing ink applied to vinyl coated fabric or vinyl sheets. Vinyl coating does not include plastisols (40CFR52.741-91). Violating facility: Any facility that is owned, leased, or supervised by an applicant, recipient, contractor, or subcontractor that EPA lists under 40CFR15 as not in compliance with federal, state, or local requirements under the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act. A facility includes any building, plant, installation, structure, mine, vessel, or other floating craft (40CFR30.200-91). Violation: A failure to meet any state or federal drinking water regulation (SDWNReg-04).
Violation: The breaking of any state or federal mining law (CWAImining-04). Virgin aluminum: Aluminum recovered from bauxite (EPA76/12). Virgin material: (1) A material extracted from nature in its raw form (OTA-89/10). (2) A raw material used in manufacturing that has been mined or harvested and has not as yet become a product (40CFR246.10 1-91, see also RCRA1004; 40CFR247.10 1-91). (3) Resources extracted from nature in their raw forms, such as timber or metal ore (EPA-94/04). See material for more related terms. Virgin materials: Resources extracted from nature in their raw form, such as timber or metal ore (EPA-97/12). Virgin wood pulp: Pulp made from wood, as contrasted to wastepaper sources of fiber (EPA-87/10). Virgin: Unworked, untouched, often said of areas where there has been no coal mining (CWNmining-04). Virtual point source: A description of the emissions from an area source by assuming that this source can be represented by a point source. This approximation will improve with increasing distance from the source. See source for more related terms (NATO-78/10). Virtual temperature: The temperature of dry air having the same density and pressure as the moist air. See temperature for more related terms (NATO-78110). Virtually absent: The subject constituent is present in very low concentrations, and is not objectionable in these barely detectable concentrations (LBL76107-water). Virulence: (1) The disease-evoking power of a microorganism in a given host (EPA-5/90). (2) The ease with which a pathogen causes a disease (EPA-88109a). Virus: (1) A virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission (40CFR141.2-91). (2) The smallest form of microorganisms capable of causing disease (EPA-89/12). Viscose process: The fiber forming process where cellulose and concentrated caustic soda are reacted to form soda or alkali cellulose. This reacts with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate, which is then dissolved in a solution of caustic soda. After ripening, the solution is spun into an acid coagulating bath. This precipitates the cellulose in the form of a regenerated cellulose filament (40CFR60.601-91). Viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to a flow. Viscosities vary greatly, from materials like heavy lubricating oils to water. The viscosity is also a strong function of temperature, increasing with increasing temperature for gases and decreasing with decreasing temperature for liquids. Viscosity is a measure of a
fluid's resistance to a flow. Viscosities vary greatly, from materials like heavy lubricating oils to water. The viscosity is also a strong function of temperature, increasing with increasing temperature for gases and increasing with decreasing temperature for liquids (EPA-84/09).
Viscosity: The molecular friction within a fluid that produces flow resistance (EPA-97/12). Viscosity: The property of a fluid describing its resistance to flow. Also known as dynamic viscosity (NavyIEnv-04). See viscosity in Appendix for more information. Viscosity: For more related terms, see (1) Kinematic viscosity; (2) Gas viscosity; and (3) Liquid viscosity. Viscus (pl. viscera): Any internal organ within a body cavity (EPA-74/06). Visibility impairment and impairment of visibility: Include reduction in visual range and atmospheric discoloration (CAAI 69A-42U.S.C.7491-91). Visibility impairment: Any humanly perceptible change in visibility (visual range, contrast, coloration) from that which would have existed under natural conditions (40CFR51.301-91). Visibility protection area: Any area listed in 40CFR81.40181.436 (1984) (other identical or similar definitions are provided in 40CFR52.28-1) (40CFR52.26-1-91). Visibility: The greatest distance in a given direction at which it is just possible to see and identify a prominent dark object in the day time or a light source in the night time (NATO-78/10). Visible emissions: Any emissions, which are visually detectable without the aid of instruments, coming from RACM or asbestoscontaining waste material, or from any asbestos milling, manufacturing, or fabricating operation. This does not include condensed, uncombined water vapor (40CFR6 1.14 1-91). Visible specific locus mutation: A genetic change that alters factors responsible for coat color and other visible characteristics of certain mouse strains (40CFR798.5200-91). Visible: Pertaining to radiant energy in the electromagnetic spectral range visible to the normal human eye (approximately 380 to 780 um) (LBL-76107-air). Visually andlor physically observed: Observations made by vision upon walking through a property and the structures located on it, and observations made by the sense of smell, particularly observations of noxious or foul odors. The term walking through is not meant to imply that disabled persons who cannot physically walk may not conduct a site visit; they may do so by the means at
their disposal for moving through the property and the structures located on it (USDNwater-04).
Vitrification (or glassification): (1) Formation of glassy materials by the application of high temperatures to loose materials. (2) A process whereby high temperatures affect permanent chemical and physical changes in a ceramic body, most of which is transformed into glass (SW-108ts). Vitrification: A process that stabilizes nuclear waste by mixing it with molten glass. The glass is poured into metal canisters, where it hardens into logs. The Department of Energy has built plants for vitrifying high-level waste at West Valley, New York, and the Savannah River Site (OMBIReg-04). Vitrification: The process of immobilizing waste by converting it into a high strength glass or glass-like substance. The process can treat excavated waste or soil in situ. Commonly used to treat radioactive material, and soil contaminated with volatile organics and metals (NavyIEnv-04). VOC content of the coating applied: The product of Method 24 VOC analyses or formulation data (if the data are demonstrated to be equivalent to Method 24 results) and the total volume of coating fed to the coating applicator. This quantity is intended to include all VOC that actually are emitted from the coating operation in the gaseous phase. Thus, for purposes of the liquidliquid VOC material balance in 40CFR60.713(b)(l), any VOC (including dilution solvent) added to the coatings must be accounted for, and any VOC contained in waste coatings or retained in the final product may be measured and subtracted from the total. These adjustments are not necessary for the gaseous emission test compliance provisions of 4OCFR60.713@) (40CFR60.711-19-91). VOC content: The proportion of a coating that is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), expressed as kilograms of VOCs per liter of coating solids (40CFR60.311-91, see also 40CFR60.391; 60.451; 60.461; 60.491-91). VOC emission control device: The equipment that destroys or recovers VOC (40CFR60.541-91). VOC emission reduction system: A system composed of an enclosure, hood, or other device for containment and capture of VOC emissions and a VOC emission control device (40CFR60.541-9 1). VOC emissions: The mass of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), expressed as kilograms of VOCs per liter of applied coating solids, emitted from a metal furniture surface coating operation (40CFR60.3 11-91, see also 40CFR60.451 ;60.721 -91). VOC in the applied coating: The product of Method 24 VOC analyses or formulation data (if those data are demonstrated to be
equivalent to Method 24 results) and the total volume of coating fed to the coating applicator (40CFR60.74 1-91).
Volatile matter: The gaseous part, mostly hydrocarbons, of coal (CWNmining-04).
VOC solvent: An organic liquid or liquid mixture consisting of VOC components (40CFR60.43 1-91).
Volatile organic compound (VOC) (or volatile organic matter (VOM)): Any organic wmpound which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions; or which is measured by a reference method, an equivalent method, an alternative method, or which is determined by procedures specified under any subpart (cf. organic compound or volatile liquid) (40CFR60.2-91, see also 40CFR51.165; 51.166; 51-App/S; 52.21; 52.24; 52.741; 60.481; 60.561; 60.71 1; 60.741-91; EPA-89/12).
VOC used: The amount of VOC delivered to the coating mix preparation equipment of the affected facility (including any contained in premixed coatings or other coating ingredients prepared off the plant site) for the formulation of polymeric coatings to be applied to supporting substrates at the coating operation, plus any solvent added after initial formulation is complete (e.g., dilution solvent added at the coating operation). If premixed coatings that require no mixing at the plant site are used, "VOC used" means the amount of VOC delivered to the coating applicator(s) of the affected facility (40CFR60.741-91). Void ratio: The volume of the void spaces in soils divided by the volume of the solids (cf. porosity). Void: A general term for pore space or other reopenings in rock. In addition to pore space, the term includes vesicles, solution cavities, or any openings either primary or secondary (CWNmining-04). Void: See top void. Volatile acid: Organic acids, generally, those with low molecular weight such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Volatile combustion matter: The relatively light components in a fuel which readily vaporize at a relatively low temperature and which when combined or reacted with oxygen giving out light and heat (EPA-8211 If). Volatile fraction: The portion of a paint-coating or ink which evaporates from the film during the drying process (EPA-79112b; 79112a). Volatile hazardous air pollutant (VHAP): A substance regulated under this part for which a standard for equipment leaks of the substance has been proposed and promulgated. Benzene is a VHAP. Vinyl chloride is a VHAP (40CFR61.24 1-91). Volatile liquid: A liquid which evaporates readily at atmospheric pressure and room temperature (cf. volatile organic compound). Volatile liquids: Liquids which easily vaporize or evaporate at room temperature (EPA-97/12). Volatile matter: (1) Those products, exclusive of moisture, given off by a material as gas or vapor, determined by definite prescribed methods which may vary according to the nature of the material. See analytical parameters-fuels for more related terms (EDS-24) (EPA-83). (2) See volatile substance.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) (or volatile organic matter (VOM)): A chemical compound with the following properties: (1) Boiling point (degree C): 4 0 0 . (2) Sampling method: VOST (volatile organic sampling train). (2) Capture method: tenax, tenax-charcoal. (3) Analytical method: GCMS (gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy). Volatile organic compound (VOC): (1) Carbon-containing substances released by both natural processes and human activities that readily evaporate; their reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight produces photochemical smog. (2) Compounds amenable to analysis by the purge and trap techniques. Used synonymously with purgable compounds. (3) Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity (NavyiEnv-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): A group of chemicals composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen that have a tendency to evaporate (volatilize) into the air from water or soil. VOCs include substances that are contained in common solvents and cleaning fluids. Some VOCs are known to cause cancer (SFIremedy-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): Any organic wmpound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity. Volatile organic compound (VOC): Any organic compound which evaporates readily to the atmosphere. VOCs contribute significantly to photochemical smog production and certain health problems (FFDCNpesticide-04). Volatile organic compound (VOC): Organic chemicals all contain the element carbon (C); organic chemicals are the basic chemicals found in living things and in products derived from living things, such as coal, petroleum, and refined petroleum products. Many of the organic chemicals we use do not occur in nature, but were synthesized by chemists in laboratories. Volatile chemicals produce vapors readily; at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, vapors escape easily from volatile liquid chemicals. Volatile organic chemicals include gasoline, industrial chemicals such as benzene, solvents such as toluene and xylene, and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, the principal
dry cleaning solvent). Many volatile organic chemicals are also hazardous air pollutants; for example, benzene causes cancer (CMair-04).
Volatile organic compound (VOC): Organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure relative to their water solubility. VOCs include components of gasoline, fuel oils, and lubricants, as well as organic solvents, fumigants, some inert ingredients in pesticides, and some by-products of chlorine disinfection (CWAIWquality04). Volatile organic liquid (VOL): Any substance which is liquid at storage conditions and which contains volatile organic compounds (40CFR52.741-91, see also 40CFR60.111b-91).
Volatile: Any substance that evaporates readily (EPA-97/12). Volatility: The property of a substance or substances to convert into vapor or gas without chemical change (OME-88/12). Volatilization: A process in which gases are produced and escape into the atmosphere. In landfills, methane volatilization is of concern (RCRNmanagement-04). Volatilization: The physical transfer process through which a substance undergoes a change of state from a solid or liquid to a gas (40CFR300-AppIA-91, see also 40CFR796.1950-91). Volatilization: To evaporate or cause to evaporate (NavyIEnv-04).
Volatile organic sampling train: See VOST. Volatile organics: Organic compounds that vaporize at relatively low temperatures or are readily converted into a gaseous byproduct (RCRNmanagement-04). Volatile solid: (1) The sum of the volatile matter and fixed carbon of a sample, as determined by allowing a dried sample to burn to ash in a heated and ventilated furnace (EPA-83). (2) See solid for more related terms. Volatile solids: A solid material that is readily decomposable at relatively low temperatures (CMC02gas1-04). Volatile solids: Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550 C (NavyIEnv-04).
Volt: (1) The voltage that will produce a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm (EPA-74103d). (2) The volt is the International System of Units (SI) measure of electric potential or electromotive force. A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one ohm when a current of one ampere flows through that resistance. Reduced to SI base units, 1 V = (1 kg-m2)/(s3-A) (i.e., kilogram meter squared per second cubed per ampere) (DOE2003). Voltage breakdown: The voltage necessary to cause insulation failure (EPA-83/03). Voltage regulator: Like a transformer, it corrects changes in current to provide continuous, constant current flow (EPA-83/03). Voltameter: See coulometer.
Volatile solids: Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550 C (EPA-97/12). Volatile substance (or volatile matter): (1) A chemical compound or mixture contained in a solid or liquid which volatilizes or evaporates (due to the application of heat) at or near room temperature (EPA-84/09). (2) Materials that are readily vaporizable at relatively low temperatures (EPA-85110a). Volatile suspended solid (VSS): The quantity of suspended solids lost after the ignition of total suspended solids (EPA-87110a).
Voltametric analyzer: See polarographic analyzer. Voltmeter: A device for measuring voltage. Volume concentration: A concentration expressed in terms of gaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or other gas, usually expressed in percent or parts per million (EPA-83/06).
Volatile synthetic organic chemicals: Chemicals that tend to volatilize or evaporate (EPA-97/12).
Volume of process water used per year: The volume of process water that flows through a contact cooling and heating water process and comes in contact with the plastic product over a period of one year (40CFR463.11-91, see also 40CFR463.21; 463.31-91).
Volatile: (1) Any substance that evaporates readily. (2) Evaporating readily at normal temperature and pressures (NavyIEnv-04).
Volume reduction: Processing waste materials to decrease the amount of space they occupy, usually by compacting, shredding, incineration, or composting (EPA-97/12).
Volatile: A description of any substance that evaporates readily (at a relatively low temperature) (cf. organic compound, volatile) (EPA-88/03).
Volume reduction: The processing of waste materials so as to decrease the amount of space the materials occupy, usually by compacting or shredding (mechanical), incineration (thermal), or composting (biological) (EPA-89/11).
Volatile: A substance that is readily evaporated (CMAPC-04).
Volume source: A three dimensional form with the assumption that emissions are being released at a uniform rate from every point in the volume. See source for more related terms (EPA88/09).
Voluntary exclusion or voluntarily excluded: A status of nonparticipation or limited participation in covered transactions assumed by a person pursuant to the terms of a settlement (40CFR32.105-V-91).
Volume: The cubic space of a room bounded by walls, floors, and ceilings determined by Volume = length x Width x Height of space. Volume influences reverberation lime (NCNsound-04).
Vortex shedding meter: One of liquid flow rate meters. This device is applicable to low-viscosity fluids and gases under turbulent flow conditions. The accuracy is +/- 2% under normal operations. See flow rate meter for more related terms (EPA89/06).
Volume-based fees: A fee paid to dispose of material at a facility such as a landfill, based on the volume of the material being disposed of (RCRA/management-04). Volumetric analysis: (1) Addition of a known solution to a unknown solution until the end point has reached (color change or sedimentation) (cf. volumetric method). (2) The analysis of a gas mixture is based on the volume of each component in the system. (3) See property for more related terms. Volumetric method: One of solid or sludge flow rate meters. (1) In measuring settleable solids, a standard method of measuring settleable solids in an aqueous solution (EPA-83106a). (2) In measuring solid feed rate, this method includes calibrated augers and pumps, rotary feeders, and belt conveyors. These systems are not generally available precalibrated but must be calibrated by the user for each particular feed material. The accuracy of the method depends upon steady operation at a given speed and assumes appropriate feeders are used to ensure the cavities are always filled to capacity. Most of these methods can provide some kind of tachometer signal to indicate speed, which must be related to feed rate by performing calibration tests. These methods are generally more appropriate as secondary indicators of feed rate (EPA-89/06). (3) See flow rate meter for more related terms. Volumetric tank test: One of several tests to determine the physical integrity of a storage tank; the volume of fluid in the tank is measured directly or calculated fi-om product-level changes. A marked drop in volume indicates a leak (EPA-97/12). Voluntary emissions recall: A repair, adjustment, or modification program voluntarily initiated and conducted by a manufacturer to remedy any emission-related defect for which direct notification of vehicle or engine owners has been provided (40CFR85.1902-91).
VOST (volatile organic sampling train): VOST is a sampling method, developed by EPA, to capture volatile organic molecules fi-om combustion stack gases. Sorbent traps capture the organics, and then are taken to ovens to de-sorb the material into an analyzer (SW-846). Generally, VOST uses two traps for each pair (in sequence) to capture volatile organics. One trap contains tenax and the other tenax plus charcoal (cf. organic chemical). See Appendix A for an example computation or see (Lee-99, Chapter 2) for more related calculations. Voticity: A measure of the rotation of a fluid element. It indicates twice the angular velocity at each point in a fluid (NATO-78/10). Vulcanization: A process which plastic rubber is converted into the elastic rubber or hard rubber state. The process is brought about by linking of macro-molecules at their reactive sites (EPA74112a). Vulnerability analysis: Assessment of elements in the community that are susceptible to damage if hazardous materials are released (EPA-97/12). Vulnerability assessment: An evaluation of drinking water source quality and its vulnerability to contamination by pathogens and toxic chemicals (SDWNReg-04). Vulnerable zone: An area over which the airborne concentration of a chemical accidentally released could reach the level of concern (EPA-97/12).
Wake: In a flow field, a region behind an obstacle in which the fluid flow is disturbed due to the presence of this obstacle (NATO-78110). Wall insulation: A material, primarily designed to resist heat flow, which is installed within or on the walls between conditioned areas of a building and unconditioned areas of a building or the outside, as well as common wall assemblies between separately conditioned units in multiple unit structures (40CFR248.4-9 1).
Washer: A machine which agitates fabric articles in a petroleum solvent bath and spins the articles to remove the solvent, together with the piping and ductwork used in the installation of this device (40CFR60.621-91). Washing cooler: A large vessel where a flowing gas stream is subjected to sprays of water or liquor to remove gas-borne dusts and to wol the gas stream by evaporation (EPA-8SllOa). Washing: See scrubbing.
Warm and cold-water fish: Warm-water fish include black bass, sunfish, catfish, gar, and others; whereas cold-water fish include salmon and trout, whitefish, miller's thumb, and blackfish. The temperature factor determining distribution is set by adaptation of the eggs to warm or cold water (LBL76107-water). Warm up time: The elapsed time necessary after startup for the instrument to meet stated performance specifications when the instrument has been shut down for at lease 24 hours (LBL-76/07bio).
Washout: (1) The canying away of solid waste by waters of the base flood (4OCFR257.3.1, see also 40CFR264.18-9 1). (2) The capture of gaseous or particulate air pollutants by precipitation (NATO-78110). Washrack: Typically consists of a building or concrete pad designed to wash vehicles such as tanks or aircraft, or other equipment (Navy/Env-04).
Warning device: A sound emitting device used to alert and warn people of the presence of railroad equipment (40CFR201.1-91).
Waste accumulation date: Once the waste container is full or the collection form is sent to the Center for Environmental Health & Safety for collection (MWTAIinfectious-04).
Wash coat: A coating containing binders which seals wood surfaces, prevents undesired staining, and controls penetration (40CFR52.741-91).
Waste activated sludge: Excessive activated sludge which must be removed from the treatment system. See sludge for more related terms.
Wash oil circulation tank: Any vessel that functions to hold the wash oil used in light oil recovery operations or the wash oil used in the wash oil final cooler. See tank for more related terms (40CFR6 1.131-91).
Waste analysis plan (WAP): A plan that outlines the procedures necessary to ensure proper treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste (RCRMandban-04).
Wash oil decanter: Any vessel that functions to separate, by gravity, the condensed water from the wash oil received from a wash-oil final cooler or from a light-oil scrubber (40CFR61.13191). Wash water: The water used to backwash filter beds, microstrainers, etc. See water for more related terms. Washboard: An imperfection, ripples, waves, etc., on the surface of glassware (EPA-83).
Waste analysis plan: A plan that outlines the procedures necessary to ensure proper treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste (RCRA/hazardous-04). Waste category: Either untreated regulated medical waste or treated regulated medical waste (40CFR259.10-91). Waste characteristics: An estimation of the type and quantity of hazardous wastes at the site (USDAIwater-04). Waste characterization: Identification of chemical and microbiological constituents of a waste material (EPA-97/12).
Waste collection (or collection): (1) The act of removing solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) from a central storage point (40CFR243.101-91, see also 40CFR246.101-91). (2) Gathering of MSW (municipal solid waste) for subsequent management (e.g., landfilling, incineration, or recycling) (OTA-89/10). Waste collection (or collection): For more related terms, see (1) Alley collection; (2) Canyout collection; (3) Contract collection; (4) Curb collection; (5) Curbside collection (see curb collection); (6) Definite working day collection method; (7) Franchise collection; (8) Municipal collection; (9) Private collection; and (10) Setouthetback collection. Waste collection method: Waste collection method-related terms include (1) Daily route method; (2) Definite working day method; (3) Group task method; (4) Inter route relief method; (5) Large route method; (6) Reservoir route method; (7) Single load method; (8) Swing crew method; and (9) Variable size crew method. Waste combustion: The combustion of MSW in an incinerator to produce electrical or thermal energy. The MSW may be sorted or nonsorted, and may also be p m s e d before incineration ( R C W management-04). Waste compatibility: The property of two or more wastes which can remain in contact indefinitely without reaction (cf. compatibility). Waste disposal: (1) The orderly process of discarding useless or unwanted materials. See disposal for more related terms (SW108ts). (2) A computer and catalog network that redirects waste materials back into the manufacturing or reuse process by matching companies generating specific wastes with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing input (EPA-89/11). Waste exchange: A computer and catalog network that redirects waste materials back into the manufacturing or reuse process by matching companies generating specific wastes with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing inputs (RCWmanagement-04). Waste exchange: Arrangement in which companies exchange their wastes for the benefit of both parties (EPA-97/12). Waste feed: The continuous or intermittent flow of wastes into an incinerator (EPA-97/12). Waste flow: Quantity of a wastestream generated by an activity (CAA/CO2gas1-04). Waste form: The materials comprising the radioactive components of waste and any encapsulating or stabilizing matrix (40CFR191.12-91).
Waste generation: The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the wastestream before recycling, composting, landfilling, or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources (EPA-97/12). Waste generator: Any owner or operator of a source covered by this subpart whose act or process produces asbestos containing waste material (40CFR61.141-91). Waste heat boiler: A boiler used to recover the heat generated during incineration for producing hot water or steam. Addition of a waste heat boiler to an incinerator has several impacts on the incineration system. One impact of adding a boiler to the system is that an induced draft fan must be added to the system in order to move air through the system. An emergency bypass stack is another feature that normally would be added to an incinerator when a waste heat boiler (or air pollution control system) is added to the incinerator system. Since the boiler causes a resistance (blockage to airflow) in the system if the induced draft fan stops, pressure will build up in the incinerator because the hot gases cannot escape quickly enough. The bypass stack is added to allow a route for the hot gases to escape should the fan fail. In other words, it allows the incinerator to go back to a natural draft system. The bypass stack also is used in cases where the boiler must be bypassed for some reason (for example, loss of water flow to the boiler causing heat buildup). The bypass stack usually contains a damper valve in the stack to control direction of the gas flow or a cap on top of the stack to prevent air from being pulled into the system when the fan is operating. When the bypass must be activated, the damper, or cap, is opened. The bypass is usually activated automatically by some type of sensor; for example, if the fan speed falls below a preset level, the bypass opens. See boiler for more related terms. (EPA-89103b). Waste isolation pilot plant (WIPP): A geologic repository intended to provide permanent disposal for transuranic wastes, deep underground (2,150 feet) in a salt bed near Carlsbad, New Mexico (OMBIReg-04). Waste load allocation (WLA): The portion of a receiving water's loading capacity that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution. WLAs constitute a type of water quality based effluent limitation (cf. load allocation) (40CFR130.2-91). Waste load allocation (WLA): The proportion of a receiving water's total maximum daily load that is allocated to one of its existing or future point sources of pollution (CWNwastewater-04). Waste load allocation: (1) The maximum load of pollutants each discharger of waste is allowed to release into a particular waterway. Discharge limits are usually required for each specific water quality criterion being, or expected to be, violated. (2) The portion of a stream's total assimilative capacity assigned to an individual discharge (EPA-97/12).
Waste loading: The total amount of pollutant substance, generally expressed as pounds per day. See loading for more related terms (EPA-75/11). Waste management boundary: The boundary around the area occupied by the waste in a landfill, measured in terms of area (RCRAlmanagement-04). Waste management unit: A piece of equipment, structure, or transport mechanism used in handling, storage, treatment, or disposal of waste. Examples of a waste management unit include a tank, surface impoundment, container, oil water separator, individual drain system, steam stripping unit, thin film evaporation unit, waste incinerator, and landfill (40CFR61.341-91). Waste minimization policy: In HSWA, this policy involves regulation development for preventing the generation of waste rather than controlling waste after it is generated. It is a national policy that the generation of hazardous waste be reduced as expeditiously as possible (cf. pollution prevention requirements) (OSWER-87). Waste minimization: One of the earliest initiatives in pollution prevention was waste minimization. The initial focus here was on wastes (as defined under RCRA), rather than on a comprehensive evaluation of industrial emissions regulated under all environmental statutes. This term became source of controversy because some considered it to designate approaches to treating waste so as to minimize its volume or toxicity, rather than decreasing the quantity of waste at the source of its generation. The distinction became important because some advocates of decreased waste generation believed that an emphasis on waste minimization would deflect resources away from prevention toward treatment (the EPA Office of Solid Waste Source Reduction and Recycling Action Plan will formally define waste minimization). In the current RCRA biennial report, waste minimization refers to source reduction and recycling activities, and now excludes treatment and energy recovery (EPA-91/10, p6). Waste minimization: In HSWA, the prevention or restriction of waste generation at its source by redesigned products or the patterns of production and consumption. It includes any source reduction or recycling activity undertaken by a generator that results in either: (1) The reduction of total volume or quantity of hazardous waste or (2) The reduction of toxicity of hazardous waste, or both, so long as such as reduction is consistent with the goal of minimizing present and future threats to human health and the environment (cf. pollution prevention) (EPA-86/10). Waste minimization: Measures or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during industrial production processes; term is also applied to recycling and other efforts to reduce the amount of waste going into the wastestream (EPA-97/12).
Waste minimization: Related to waste minimization terms include (1) Extraction; (2) Four Rs (reduction, reuse, recycle, and regeneration); (3) Material recovery; (4) Pollution prevention; (5) Prevention; (6) Reclamation; (7) Recovery; (8) Recycle; (9) Resource recovery; (10) Reuse; (11) Salvage; (12) Secondary use; (13) Separation; (14) Sorting; (15) Source separation; (16) Waste exchange; (17) Waste reduction; etc. Waste minimization: The reduction, to the extent feasible, in the amount of hazardous waste generated prior to any treatment, storage, or disposal of the waste. Because waste minimization efforts eliminate waste before it is generated, disposal costs may be reduced, and the impact on the environment may be lessened (RCRA/hazardous-04). Waste oil: The used products primarily derived from petroleum, which include, but are not limited to, fuel oils, motor oils, gear oils, cutting oils transmission fluids, hydraulic fluids, and dielectric fluids (40CFR76 1.3-91). Waste paper type: See waste paper type in Appendix B for listing. Waste paper utilizarion rate: The ratio of waste paper consumption to total production of paper and paperboard (OTA89/10). Waste paper: Various recognized grades such as No. 1 news, new kraft corrugated cuttings, old corrugated containers, manila tabulating cards, coated soft white shavings, etc., which are used as a principal ingredient in the manufacture of certain types of paperboard, particularly boxboard made on cylinder machines where the lower grades may go into filler stock, and the higher grades into one or both liners (EPA-87/10, see also 40CFR250.491). Waste piles: Non-containerized, lined or unlined accumulations of solid, nonflowing waste (EPA-97/12). Waste processing: An operation such as shredding, compaction, composting, and incineration, in which the physical or chemical properties of wastes are changed (SW-108ts). Waste reduction: (1) This term has been used by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment and INFORM to mean source reduction. On the other hand. many different groups have used the term to refer to waste minimization. Therefore, care must be employed in determining which of these different concepts is implied when the term waste reduction is encountered (EPA-91/10, p7). (2) Reducing the amount or type of waste generated. Sometimes used synonymously with source reduction (EPA-89/11). Waste reduction: Using source reduction, recycling, or composting to prevent or reduce waste generation (EPA-97/12).
Waste reduction: Waste reduction is a broad term encompassing all waste management methods-source reduction, recycling, composting-that result in reduction of waste going to a combustion facility or landfill (RCWmanagement-04). Waste shipment record: The shipping document, required to be originated and signed by the waste generator, used to track and substantiate the disposition of asbestos-containing waste material (40CFR61.141-91). Waste source: Agriculture, residential, commercial, industrial activities that generate wastes (SW-lO8ts). Waste stabilization pond: See lagoon. Waste storage container: (1) For disposal application, disposable sacks made of wet-strength haft paper or polyethylene plastic, usually 3 112 feet high, with an equivalent capacity of 20 to 35 gallons. (2) For reuse application, watertight having tight fitting covers and be easy to clean. For rubbish, the containers should be such that the material cannot leak through crevices or be blown from the top. Containers for ashes should be leakproof and fireproof. All containers should be easy to empty and be equipped with suitable handles (EPA-83). (3) See container for more related terms. Wastestream: A term describing the total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that must be recycled, bumed, or disposed of in landfills; or any segment thereof, such as the midential wastestream or the recyclable wastestream (RCWmanagement-04). Wastestream: The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, or disposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the "residential wastestream" or the "recyclable wastestream" (EPA97/12). Wastestream: The waste generated by a particular process unit, product tank, or waste management unit. The characteristics of the wastestream (e.g., flow rate, benzene concentration, water content) are determined at the point of waste generation. Examples of a wastestream include process wastewater, product tank drawdown, sludge and slop oil removed from waste management units, and landfill leachate (40CFR61.341-91, see also EPA-89/11; 8711Oa). Waste to energy facility: A municipal waste incinerator which converts heat from combustion into energy (i.e., steam or electricity) (OTA-89/10). Waste treatment lagoon: Impoundment made by excavation or earth fill for biological treatment of wastewater (EPA-97/12). Waste treatment plant: A facility containing a series of tanks, screens, filters, and other processes by which pollutants are removed from water (EPA-97/12).
Waste treatment stream: The continuous movement of waste from generator to treater and disposer (EPA-97/12). Waste: (1) Unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (2) Refuse from places of human or animal habitation (EPA-97/12). Waste: (1) Useless, unwanted, or discarded material resulting from (agricultural, commercial, community, and industrial) activities. Wastes include solids, liquids, and gases (EPA-83). (2) Any liquid resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community activities that is discarded or is being accumulated, stored, or physically, chemically, or biologically treated prior to being discarded or recycled (40CFR60.111b-91, see also 40CFR61.341; 191.12; 704.43-91; EPA-89/12). (3) In theory, the term waste applies to non-product outputs of processes and discarded products, irrespective of the environmental medium affected. In practice, since the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), most uses of the term "waste" refer exclusively to the hazardous and solid wastes regulated under RCRA, and do not include air emissions or water discharges regulated by the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water Act. The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) refers to wastes that are hazardous as well as nonhazardous (EPA-91/10, p6). Waste: That rock or mineral which must be removed from a mine to keep the mining scheme practical, but which has no value (CWNmining-04). Waste: For more related terms, see: (1) Agricultural solid waste; (2) Agricultural waste; (3) Bulky waste; (4) Chemical metal cleaning waste; (5) Classified waste; (6) Combustible waste; (7) Commercial solid waste; (8) Commercial waste (see commercial solid waste); (9) Construction and demolition waste; (10) Consumer waste; (11) Corrugated container waste; (12) Dioxin waste; (13) Domestic municipal waste (see residential waste); (14) Explosive waste; (15) Food waste; (16) Food processing waste; (17) Hazardous waste; (18) High-level radioactive waste; (19) High-level waste; (20) Household hazardous waste; (21) Household solid waste (see household waste); (22) Household waste; (23) High-level radioactive waste; (24) Incombustible waste; (25) Incompatible waste; (26) Industrial refuse (see industrial solid waste); (27) Industrial solid waste; (28) Infectious waste; (29) Inorganic waste; (30) Institutional waste; (31) Listed waste; (32) Low-level waste; (33) Low-level radioactive waste; (34) Medical waste; (35) Metal cleaning waste; (36) Mining waste; (37) Mixed waste; (38) Mixed municipal refuse (see mixed municipal solid waste); (39) Mixed municipal solid waste; (40) Municipal solid waste (see municipal waste); (41) Municipal type solid waste (see municipal waste); (42) Municipal waste; (43) Nitrogenous waste; (44) Non-combustible rubbish; (45) Noncombustible waste; (46) Old scrap (see post consumer waste); (47) Organic waste; (48) Oversized regulated medical waste; (49) Oversized waste (see bulky waste); (50) PCB waste; (51) Pesticide
solid waste (see pesticide waste); (52) Pesticide waste; (53) Pesticide-related waste; (54) Plant waste (general); (55) Post consumer waste; (56) Pre-consumer waste; (57) Pre-plating peatment waste; (58) Problem waste; (59) Process waste; (60) Putrescible waste; (61) Radioactive waste; (62) Radwaste (see radioactive waste); (63) Red bag waste; (64) Regulated medical waste; (65) Residential solid waste (see residential waste); (66) Residential waste; (67) Residual waste; (68) Sanitary waste; (69) Similar waste; (70) Solid waste; (71) Special waste; (72) Street refuse (see street waste); (73) Street waste; (74) Tannery waste; (75) Toxic waste; (76) Transuranic radioactive waste; (77) Transuranic waste; (78) Treated regulated medical waste; (79) Unconventional waste (see special waste); (80) Untreated regulated medical waste; (81) Vegetative waste; (82) Wood pulp waste; and (83) Yard waste.
Wastewater system: Any component, piece of equipment, or installation that receives, treats, or processes oily wastewater from petroleum refinery process units (40CFR60.691-91). Wastewater treatment plant: A plant that reduces the harmful and unstable elements in wastewater so they can be disposed of without impairing other essential water uses (DOI-70104). Wastewater treatment process: Includes any process which modifies characteristics such as BOD, COD, TSS, and pH, usually for the purpose of meeting effluent guidelines and standards; it does not include any process the purpose of which is to remove vinyl chloride from water to meet requirements of this subpart (40CFR61.61-91).
WASTELAN: The most current version of CERCLIS, the database that houses all Superfund site information. Also referred to as "CERCLIS 3" (SFIreform-04).
Wastewater treatment system: Any component, piece of equipment, or installation that receives, manages, or treats process wastewater, product tank drawdown, or landfill leachate prior to direct or indirect discharge in accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit regulations under 40CFR122. These systems typically include individual drain systems, oil-water separators, air flotation units, equalization tanks, and biological treatment units (40CFR61.341-91).
Waste-to-energy facility/municipal-waste combustor: Facility where recovered municipal solid waste is converted into a usable form of energy, usually via combustion (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater treatment tank: A tank that is designed to receive and treat an influent wastewater through physical, chemical, or biological methods (40CFR280.12-91).
Waste-to-energy system (WTE): A method of converting MSW into a usable fonn of energy, usually though combustion (RCRAImanagement-04).
Wastewater treatment unit: A device which: (1) Is part of a wastewater treatment facility that is subject to regulation under either Section 402 or 307(b) of the Clean Water Act; (2) Receives and treats or stores an influent wastewater that is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this chapter, or that generates and accumulates a wastewater treatment sludge that is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this chapter, or treats or stores a wastewater treatment sludge which is a hazardous waste as defined in 40CFR261.3 of this Chapter; and (3) Meets the definition of tank or tank system in 40CFR260.10 of this chapter (40CFR260.10-91,see also 40CFR270.2-91).
Waste-heat recovery: Recovering heat discharged as a byproduct of one process to provide heat needed by a second process (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater 0Wastes :that contain less than one percent by weight total organic carbon (TOC) and less than one percent by weight total suspended solids (TSS) (RCRAIlandban-04). Wastewater constituent: Those materials which are carried by or dissolved in a water stream for disposal (EPA-83106a). Wastewater discharge factor: The ratio between water discharged from a production process and the mass of product of that production process. Recycle water is not included (EPA83103a). Wastewater infrastructure: The plan or network for the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage in a community. The level of treatment will depend on the size of the community, the type of discharge, andlor the designated use of the receiving water (EPA-97/12). Wastewater operations and maintenance: Actions taken after construction to ensure that facilities constructed to treat wastewater will be operated, maintained, and managed to reach prescribed effluent levels in an optimum manner (EPA-97/12).
Wastewater treatment units: Tanks or tank systems that treat hazardous wastewaters and discharge them pursuant to CWA (RCRA/hazardous-04). Wastewater treatment: Types of wastewater treatment include (1) Advanced wastewater treatment. (2) Biological treatment. (3) Biological wastewater treatment (see biological treatment). (4) Complete wastewater treatment system. (5) Central wastewater treatment facility. (6) Conventional wastewater treatment. (7) Intermediate treatment (see intermediate wastewater treatment). (8) Intermediate wastewater treatment. (9) Primary treatment (see primary wastewater treatment). (10) Primary wastewater treatment. (11) Secondary treatment (see secondary wastewater treatment). (12) Secondary wastewater treatment. (13) Tertiary treatment (see tertiary wastewater treatment). (14) Tertiary wastewater treatment.
Wastewater: Spent or used water from an individual home, community, farm, or an industry that contains dissolved or suspended substances(CMAPC-04).
Water (bulk shipment): The bulk transportation of hazardous waste which is loaded or carried on board a vessel without containers or labels (40CFR260.10-91).
Wastewater: The spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter (EPA-97/12).
Water absorption: The weight of water absorbed by a porous ceramic material, under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the dry material (EPA-83).
Wastewater: The spent or used water from individual homes, a community, a farm, or an industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter (40CFR268.2-91). Wastewater includes domestic sewage and industrial effluent.
Water balance: An accounting of all water entering and leaving a unit process or operation in either a liquid or vapor form or via raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, waste product, or via process leaks so that the difference in flow between all entering and leaving streams is zero (EPA-84/08).
Wastewater: The used water and solids from a community (including used water from industrial processes) that flow to a treatment plant. Stormwater, surface water, and groundwater infiltration also may be included in the wastewater that enters a wastewater treatment plant. The term "sewage" usually refers to household wastes, but this word is being replaced by the term "wastewater" (SDWNeducation-04).
Water balance: An equation that is used to model and predict the amounts of water that will go to various destinations. Typical destinations include evaporation, infiltration, and run-off. The sum of the amounts to the destinations must be equal to the source of the water (usually precipitation) (RCWmanagernent-04). Water balance: See hydrologic budget (CWAhydrology-04).
Wastewater: Water that has been used and contains dissolved or suspended waste materials (CMC02gasl-04). Wastewater: Water that has been used in homes, industries, and businesses that is not for reuse unless it is treated (CWANscience-04). Wastewater: Water that is generated, usually as a by-product of a process, that cannot be released into the environment without some type of treatment (RCWmanagement-04). Wastewater: For more related terms, see (1) Combined wastewater; (2) Contact process wastewater; (3) Contaminated nonprocess wastewater; (4) Electroplating process wastewater; (5) Flume wastewater; (6) Generation of wastewater; (7) Industrial wastewater; (8) Industrial effluent (see industrial wastewater); (9) Inprocess wastewater; (10) Non-wastewater; (11) Non-contact wastewater; (12) Non-contact process wastewater; (13) Nonprocess wastewater (see non-contact process wastewater); (14) Oily wastewater; (15) Process generated wastewater; (16) Process wastewater; (17) Raw wastewater; and (18) Sanitary wastewater. Wastewater-treatment return flow: Water returned to the environment by wastewater-treatment facilities (CWNWscience04). Wasteway: A waterway used to drain excess inigation water dumped from the inigation delivery system (CWAIWquality-04). Wastewise: A program designed to assist companies, states, local governments, Native American tribes, and other institutions in developing cost-effective practices to reduce solid waste (RCRA/hazardous-04).
Water base ink (paint): An ink that uses water as the prime vehicle ingredient. See ink for more related terms (EPA-75/07). Water base paint: The paint which uses water as the primary vehicle for all other raw materials. It may contain some semidrying oils, such as soybean oil for desired drying characteristics. See paint for more related terms (EPA-79112b). Water based green tire spray: Any mold release agent and lubricant applied to the inside or outside of green tires that contains 12% or less, by weight, of VOC as sprayed (4OCFR60.541-91). Water borne preservative: Any one of several formulations of inorganic salts, the most common which are based on copper, chromium, and arsenic (EPA-74/04). Water budget: An accounting of the inflow to, outflow from, and storage changes of water in a hydrologic unit (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water column studies: Investigations of physical and chemical characteristics of surface water, which include suspended sediment, dissolved solids, major ions, and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, and dissolved pesticides, in relation to hydrologic conditions, sources, and transport (CWANquality-04). Water column: An imaginary column extending through a water body from its floor to its surface (CWNWbasics-04). Water consumption: Based on 1954 survey, the average water consumption on a national basis was 147 gallons per capita per day (M&EI-72).
Water content of snow: Amount of liquid water in the snow at the time of observation. Water equivalent of snow (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water content of snow: See water equivalent of snow (CWAhydrology-04). Water cooled furnace wall: A wall having water tubes for extracting or absorbing heat affording cooling. See furnace wall for more related terms (SW-108ts). Water cycle: The circuit of water movement from the oceans to the atmosphere and to the earth and return to the atmosphere through various stages or processes such as precipitation, interception, runoff, infiltration, percolation, storage, evaporation, and transportation (CWAIWscience-04). Water demand: Water requirements for a particular purpose, such as irrigation, power, municipal supply, plant transpiration, or storage (CWAIWbasics-04). Water demineralizing: Removing mineral components from hard water. Water dumping: The disposal of pesticides in or on lakes, ponds, rivers, sewers, or other water systems as defined in Pub. L. 92-500. See land disposal for more related terms (40CFR165.1-91). Water equivalent of snow: Amount of water that would be obtained if the snow should be completely melted. Water content may be merely the amount of liquid water in the snow at the time of observation (CWAhydrology-04). Water exports: Artificial transfer (by pipes or canals) of freshwater from one region or subregion to another (CWN Wbasics-04). Water finish: A high gloss finish produced by moistening paper as it passes through the calendar stack (EPA-83). Water gap: A deep, narrow pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water gas shift reaction: The reaction between carbon monoxide and water that produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide. It is therefore used after the fuel has been reformed to provide more hydrogen to power a fuel cell and to remove carbon monoxide that may poison performance.
Water hammer: A sudden increase in pressure of water due to an instantaneous conversion of momentum to pressure (EPA-83). Water imports: Artificial transfer (by pipes or canals) of freshwater to one region or subregion from another (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water jet weaving: The internal subdivision of the low water use processing subcategory for facilities primarily engaged in manufacturing woven greige goods through the water jet weaving process (40CFR410.31-91). Water leaf: Unsized paper (EPA-83). Water level (or water table): Elevation of the top surface of an unconfined aquifer (DOE-91/04). Water level-drum: Elevation of the surface of the water in a vessel (EPA-83). Water loss: The difference between the average precipitation over a drainage basin and the water yield fiom the basin for a given period. (After Williams and others, 1940, p. 3.) The basic concept is that water loss is equal to evapotranspiration, that is, water that returns to the atmosphere and thus is no longer available for use. However, the term is also applied to differences between measured inflow and outflow even where part of the difference may be seepage (CWAhydrology-04). Water management: For a fuel cell with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC), it is the control of water quantity and quality for the electrolyte. Water is an essential element of control within a PEMFC, because water is required to hydrate the electrolyte in the membrane so that it does not dry out or drown and work improperly in conducting hydrogen and oxygen ions. Water of the United States: All waters that are currently used, were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide. Waters of the United States include all interstate waters and intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sand flats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds. (See 40CFR122.2 for the complete definition) (CWNwastewater-04). Water pollution control agency: Any agency which is defined in section 502(1) or section 502(2), 33U.S.C.1362(1) or (2), of the CWA (40CFR15.4-91).
Water gauge (standard U-tube): Instrument that measures differential pressures in inches of water (CWNmining-04).
Water pollution: The presence in water of enough harmful or objectionablematerial to damage the water's quality (EPA-97/12).
Water glass: Sodium silicate glass that is soluble in water. See glass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Water pollution: The presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable material to damage the water's quality (NavyIEnv04).
Water power: Energy obtained from natural or artificial waterfalls, either directly by turning a water wheel or turbine, or indirectly by generating electricity in a dynamo driven by a turbine (DOI-70104). Water purveyor: A public utility, mutual water company, county water district, or municipality that delivers drinking water to customers (EPA-97/12). Water Quality Act of 1987: 33U.S.C.1251 et seq., amendment of the Clean Water Act relative to the conduct of research on the effects of water pollutants. Water quality assessment: An evaluation of the condition of a water body using biological surveys, chemical-specific analyses of pollutants in water bodies, and toxicity tests (EPA-91/03).
Water quality management (WQM) plan: A state or area-wide waste treatment management plan developed and updated in accordance with the provisions of sections 205(j), 208, and 303 of the Act and this regulation (40CFRl30.2-k-91. Water quality standards: A law or regulation that consists of the beneficial use or uses of a water body, the numeric and narrative water quality criteria that are necessary to protect the use or uses of that particular water body, and an antidegradation statement (CWNwastewater-04). Water quality standards: Provisions of state or federal law which consist of a designated use or uses for the water quality criteria for such waters based upon such uses. Water quality standards are to protect the public health or welfare, enhance the quality of water, and serve the purposes of the Act (40CFR130.291, see also 40CFR121.1; 125.58; 131.3-91).
Water quality criteria: Comprised of numeric and narrative criteria. Numeric criteria are scientifically derived ambient concentrations developed by EPA or states for various pollutants of concern to protect human health and aquatic life. Narrative criteria are statements that describe the desired water quality goal (CWNwastewater-04).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. EPA-approved ambient standards for water bodies. The standards prescribe the use of the water body and establish the water quality criteria that must be met to protect designated uses (EPA-97/12).
Water quality criteria: Levels of water quality expected to render a body of water suitable for its designated use. Criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes (EPA-97/12).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved ambient standards for water bodies. Standards include the use of the water body and the water-quality criteria that must be met to protect the designated use or uses (CWANVquality-04).
Water quality criteria: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, are expected to render a body of water unsuitable for its designated use. Commonly refers to water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water quality criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes (CWANVquality04).
Water quality standards: State-adopted and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved ambient standards for water bodies. Standards include the use of the water body and the water-quality criteria that must be met to protect the designated use or uses (CWA/Wbasics-04).
Water quality guidelines: Specific levels of water quality which, if reached, may adversely affect human health or aquatic life. These are nonenforceable guidelines issued by a governmental agency or other institution (CWA/Wbasics-04). Water quality limited segment: Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards, and/or is not expected to meet applicable water quality standards, even after the application of the technology-based effluent limitations required by sections 301(b) and 306 of the Act (40CFR130.2-91, see also 40CFR131.3-91). Water quality limited: Characterizes a stream segment in which it is known that water does not meet applicable water quality standards, and/or is not expected to meet applicable water quality standards even after application of technology-based effluent limitations (EPA-9 1/03).
Water quality standards: The combination of a designated use and the maximum concentration of a pollutant which will protect that use for any given body of water. For example, in a trout stream, the concentration of iron should not exceed 1 mgA (FFDCA/pesticide04). Water quality: A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose (CWAIWscience-04). Water quality: The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. The same water may be of good quality for one purpose or use, and bad for another, depending on its characteristics and the requirements for the particular use (LBL 76107-water). Water quality-based effluent limit (WQBEL): A value determined by selecting the most stringent of the effluent limits calculated using all applicable water quality criteria (e.g., aquatic
life, human health, and wildlife) for a specific point source to a specific receiving water for a given pollutant (CWNwastewater04).
Water quality-based limitations: Effluent limitations applied to dischargers when mere technology-based limitations would cause violations of water quality standards. Usually applied to discharges into small streams (EPA-97/12).
Water solubility: The maximum concentration of a substance in pure water at a given temperature. For HRS purposes, use the value reported at or near 25 C (milligrams per liter (mg/L)) (40CFR300-App/A-91, see also EPA-89/12). Water solubility: The maximum possible concentration of a chemical compound dissolved in water. If a substance is water soluble it can very readily disperse through the environment (EPA-97/12).
Water quality-based permit: A permit with an effluent limit more stringent than one based on technology performance. Such limits may be necessary to protect the designated use of receiving waters (e.g., recreation, irrigation, industry, or water supply) (EPA-97/12).
Water soluble packaging: Packaging that dissolves in water; used to reduce exposure risks to pesticide mixers and loaders (EPA-97/12).
Water requirement: The quantity of water, regardless of its source, required by a crop in a given period of time, for its normal growth under field conditions. It includes surface evaporation and other economically unavoidable wastes (CWAIhydrology-04).
Water source heat pump: Heat pump that uses wells or heat exchangers to transfer heat from water to the inside of a building. Most such units use groundwater. See groundsource heat pump; heat pump (EPA-97/12).
Water resources region: Natural drainage basin or hydrologic area that contains either the drainage area of a major river or the combined areas of a series of rivers. In the United States, there are 21 regions of which 18 are in the conterminous United States, and one each in Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean (CWA/Wbasics04).
Water spreader: A method of replenishing groundwater. The design and operation of a spreading system are somewhat like those of an irrigation system, except that water is encouraged to percolate rapidly underground instead of being retained within the root zone of irrigated crops (DOI-70104).
Water resources subregion: Subdivision of a water-resources region. The 21 water resources regions of the United States are subdivided into 222 subregions. Each subregion includes that area drained by a river system, a reach of a river and its tributaries in that reach, a closed basin(s), or a group of streams forming a coastal drainage area (CWNWbasics-04). Water rights: Legal rights to the use of water. See also Riparian rights (CWAtWbasics-04). Water rights: The rights acquired under the law to use the water occurring in surface or groundwaters for a specified purpose, in a given manner, and usually within the limits of a given period. While these rights may include the use of a body of water for navigation, fishing, and hunting, other recreational purposes, etc., the term is usually applied to the right to divert or store water for some beneficial purpose or use, such as irrigation, generation of hydroelectric power, or domestic or municipal water supply. In some states, a water right by law becomes appurtenant to the particular tract of land to which the water is applied (EPA-74101a). Water seal control: A seal pot, p-leg trap, or other type of trap filled with water that has a design capability to create a water barrier between the sewer and the atmosphere (40CFR60.691-91, see also 40CFR61.341-91).
Water storage pond: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment (EPA-97/12). Water supplier: One who owns or operates a public water system (EPA-97/12). Water supply system: The collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of potable water from source to consumer (EPA97/12). Water table aquifer: An aquifer which is not confined above, and in which the water level in a well indicates the water table (NavyIEnv-04). Water table: (1) The upper water level of a body of groundwater (cf. perched water table) (4OCFR241.101-91). Water table: The boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones. Generally, the level to which water will rise in a well (except artesian wells) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Water table: The level below the earth's surface at which the ground becomes saturated with water. Landfills and composting facilities are designed with respect to the water table in order to minimize potential contamination (RCWmanagement-04). Water table: The level of groundwater (EPA-97/12).
Water softening: Removal of hardness from water. Calcium and magnesium salts of hardness components can be removed by chemical precipitation.
Water table: The point below the land surface where groundwater is first encountered and below which the earth is saturated. Depth
to the water table varies widely (CWNWquality-04).
across the
country
Water table: The surface on which the fluid pressure in the pores of a porous medium is exactly atmospheric. Generally the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones, not including the capillary fringe (NavyIEnv-04). Water table: The top of the water surface in the saturated part of an aquifer (CWA/Wscience-04). Water table: The top water surface of an unconfined aquifer at atmospheric pressure (CWNWbasics-04). Water table: The upper surface of a zone of saturation. No water table exists where that surface is formed by an impermeable body (CWAhydrology-04). Water treatment lagoon: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment (EPA-97/12). Water treatment: Treatment of raw water to make water drinkable. Steps of water treatment include screening, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and disinfection. Water use factor: The total amount of contact water entering a process divided by the amount of products produced by this process. The amount of water involved includes recycle and makeup water (EPA-83103a). Water use: The activities which are conducted in or on the water; but does not mean or include the establishment of any water quality standard or criteria or the regulation of the discharge or runoff of water pollutants except the standards, criteria, or regulations which are incorporated in any program as required by the provisions of section 1456(f) of this title (CZMA30416U.S.C. 1453-90). Water use: Water that is used for a specific purpose, such.as for domestic use, irrigation, or industrial processing. Water use pertains to human's interaction with and influence on the hydrologic cycle, and includes elements, such as water withdrawal from surface water and groundwater sources, water delivery to homes and businesses, consumptive use of water, water released from wastewater treatment plants, water returned to the environment, and instream uses, such as using water to produce hydroelectric power (CWNWscience-04). Water vapor: Water in a vaporous form, especially when below boiling temperature and difised (e.g., in the atmosphere) (CAA/C02gasl-04). Water wall incinerator: (1) An incinerator whose furnace walls consist of metal tubes through which water passes and absorbs the energy from burning solid waste (OME-88/12). (2) An incinerator utilizing lined steel tubes filled with circulating water to cool the
combustion chamber. Heat from the combustion gases is transferred to the water. The resultant steam is sold or used to generate electricity (EPA-89/11). (3) See incinerator for more related terms.
Water wall. incinerator: Waste combustion facility using lined steel tubes filled with circulating water to cool the combustion chamber. Heat from the combustion gases is transferred to the water. The resultant steam is sold or used to generate electricity (RCRAImanagement-04). Water well: An excavation where the intended use is for location, acquisition, development, or artificial recharge of groundwater (EPA-97/12). Water well: An excavation where the intended use is for location, acquisition, development, or artificial recharge of groundwater (excluding sandpoint wells) (NavyIEnv-04). Water withdrawal or intake: The volume of fresh water removed from a surface or undergroundwater source (stream, lake, or aquifer) by plant facilities or obtained from some source external to the plant (EPA-74101a). Water year: A continuous 12-month period selected to present data relative to hydrologic or meteorological phenomena during which a complete annual hydrologic cycle normally occurs. The water year used by the U.S. Geological Survey runs from October 1 through September 30, and is designated by the year in which it ends (CWA~Wbasics-04). Water year: In Geological Survey reports dealing with surfacewater supply, the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes nine of the 12 months. Thus, the year ended September 30, 1959, is called the "1959 water year" (CWAhydrology-04). Water yield (water crop or runout): The runoff from the drainage basin, including groundwater outilow that appears in the stream plus groundwater outflow that bypasses the gaging station and leaves the basin underground. Water yield is the precipitation minus the evapotranspiration (CWAhydrology-04). Water: A transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, H20, freezing at 32 F or 0 C and boiling at 212 F or 100 C, which in more or less impure state, constitutes rain, oceans, lakes, rivers, and other such bodies; it contains 11.188% hydrogen and 88.812% oxygen, by weight. It may exist as a solid, liquid, or gas and, as normally found in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, may have other solid, gaseous, or liquid materials in solution or suspension. Water: For more related terms, see: (1) Acid mine water; (2) Barometric leg water; (3) Black water; (4) Boiler water; (5) Bound water; (6) Brackish water; (7) Break water; (8) Bromine water, (9)
Category of water; (10) Cleaning water; (11) Coastal water; (12) Condenser water; (13) Connate water; (14) Consumptive use of water; (15) Contact water; (16) Contact cooling and heating water; (17) Cooling water; (18) Cullet water; (19) Deionized water; (20) Demineralized water (see deionized water); (21) Dilution water; (22) Distilled water; (23) Domestic use of water; (24) Drainage water; (25) Drinking water (see potable water); (26) Extraction water; (27) Finishing water; (28) Free water; (29) Fresh water; (30) Gland water; (31) Gravitational water; (32) Gray water; (33) Green water; (34) Gridding of water; (35) Groundwater; (36) Hard water; (37) Hardness of water; (38) Heavy water ( 4 0 ) ; (39) Hypertrophic water; (40) Infiltration water; (41) Influent water; (42) Inland water; (43) Intake water; (44) Interstate water; (45) Interstitial water; (46) Jacket water; (47) Light water; (48) Maceration water; (49) Makeup water; (50) Mineral water; (51) Navigable water; (52) New water; (53) Non-consumptive use of water; (54) Non-process water; (55) Ocean water; (56) Oligotrophic water; (57) Perched water; (58) Perched water body; (59) Perched water table; (60) Pink water; (61) Pore water; (62) Potable water; (63) Process water; (64) Public water; (65) Pulp screen water; (66) Raw water; (67) Receiving water; (68) Recycled water; (69) Red water; (70) Reused water; (71) Saline water; (72) Salt water (see saline water); (73) Sea water (see saline water); (74) Saline estuarine water; (75) Sanitary water; (76) Saturated water; (77) Soft water; (78) Sour water; (79) Specific yield of water; (80) Stateregulated water; (81) Stick water; (82) Still water; (83) Stormwater; (84) Stressed water; (85) Supplier of water; (86) Surface water; (87) Sweet water; (88) Tidal water; (89) Transport water; (90) Treated water; (91) Type I1 water (see deionized water); (92) Underground water; (93) Vacuum water; (94) Vadose water; (95) Wash water; (96) White water; and (97) Yellow water.
Waterborne coating: A coating which contains more than 5 weight percent water in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.741-91). Waterborne disease outbreak: The significant occurrence of acute illness associated with drinking water from a public water system that is deficient in treatment, as determined by appropriate local or state agencies (EPA-97/12). Waterborne disease outbreak: The significant occurrence of acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or state agency (40CFR141.2-91). Waterborne ink systems: The ink and related coating mixtures whose volatile portion consists of a mixture of VOC solvent and more than five weight percent water, as applied to the gravure cylinder (40CFR60.43 1-91). Waterborne or water reducible: A coating which contains more than 5 weight percent water in its volatile fraction (40CFR60.39191).
Watercourse: A channel in which a flow of water occurs, either continuously or intermittently and if the latter, with some degree of regularity. The flow must be in a defmite direction. Watercourses may be either natural or artificial, and the former may occur either on the surface or underground. A different set of legal principles may apply to rights to use water from different classes of watercourses (EPA-7410 1a). Waterfleas (daphnia): Mostly microscopic swimming crustaceans, often forming a major portion of the zooplankton population. The second antennae are very large and are used for swimming (LBL76107-water). Watershed (or catchment basin): The land area that drains (contributes runoff) into a stream (EPA-89/12). Watershed approach: A coordinated framework for environmental management that focuses public and private efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically defined geographic areas taking into consideration both ground and surface water flow (EPA-97/12). Watershed area: A topographic area within a line drawn connecting the highest points uphill of a drinking water intake into which overland flow drains (EPA-97/12). Watershed: The divide separating one drainage basin from another and in the past has been generally used to convey this meaning. However, over the years, use of the term to signify drainage basin or catchment area has come to predominate, although drainage basin is preferred. Drainage divide, or just divide, is used to denote the boundary between one drainage area and another. Used alone, the term "watershed" is ambiguous and should not be used unless the intended meaning is made clear (CWAlhydrology-04). Watershed: The land area that drains into a stream; the watershed for a major river may encompass a number of smaller watersheds that ultimately combine at a common point (EPA-97/12). Watershed: The land area that drains water to a particular stream, river, or lake. It is a land feature that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two areas on a map, often a ridge. Large watersheds, like the Mississippi River basin contain thousands of smaller watersheds (CWAfWscience-04). Watershed: The land mass over which all surface water runs into a particular body of water (OMBIReg-04). Watt: The unit of electrical power. An energy rate of one joule per second, or the power of an electric current of one ampere with an intensity of one volt (EPA-74/03d). Watthour (Wh): An electrical energy unit of measure equal to one watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electrical circuit steadily for one hour (CWAAVscience-04).
Wave length: For a specially oscillatory phenomenon, it is the least distance between points moving in the same phase (NATO78/10). Wave length: Sound that passes through air produces a wavelike motion of compression and rarefaction. Wavelength is the distance between two identical positions in the cycle or wave. Similar to ripples or waves produced by dropping a stone in water. Length of sound wave varies with frequency. Low frequency equals longer wavelengths (NCNsound-04). Wave length: The distance, measured along the line of propagation, between two points that are in phase on adjacent waves. The recommended unit of wavelength in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the micrometer. The recommended unit in the ultraviolet and visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the nanometer or the Angstrom (LBL76107-air). Wave number: (1) The number of waves per unit length. The usual unit of wave number is the reciprocal centimeter, an-'. In terms of this unit, the wave number is the reciprocal of the wavelength, when wavelength is expressed in centimeters (LBL 76107-air). (2) In the space Fourier analysis of a function, the wave number is the reciprocal of the wave length (NATO-78/10). Wax: A solid or semi-solid material derived fiom petroleum distillates or residues by such treatments as chilling, precipitating with a solvent, or de-oiling. It is a light-colored, more-or-less translucent crystalline mass, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Includes all marketable wax, whether crude scale or fully refined. The three grades included are microcrystalline, crystalline-fully refined, and crystallineother. The conversion factor is 280 pounds per 42 U.S. gallons per barrel (CAA/C02gasl-04). Wax: Solid or semisolid materials derived from petroleum distillates or residues. Light-colored, more or less translucent crystalline masses, slightly greasy to the touch, consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in which the paraffin series predominates. Included are all marketable waxes, whether crude scale or fully refined. Used primarily as industrial coating for surface protection (CAA/C02gas-04). Waxe: The low molecular weight components of some polyethylene compounds which migrate to the surface over time and must be removed by grinding (for HDPE) or be mixed into the melt zone using thermal seaming methods (EPA-91/05). Waxed paper: The unsized paper processed through a melted wax bath. See paper for more related terms (EPA-83). Weak acid: An acid which does not ionize completely in a solution, e.g., acetic acid or carbonic acid (cf. strong acid).
Weak nitric acid: The acid which is 30 to 70% in strength (cf. nitric acid production unit) (40CFR60.71-91). Weanling system: A cattle management system that places calves on feed starting at 165 days of age and continues until the animals have reached slaughter weight (CAA/C02gasl-04). Weather: State of the atmosphere at any particular time and place (CWNWbasics-04). Weather: The state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place (CWNWquality-04). Weathering: (1) The mechanical, chemical, and organic decomposition of rock materials under the influence of climatic factors--water, temperature change, and air (DOI-70104). (2) The attack on a surface by atmospheric elements (EPA-83). Weathering: Process whereby earthy or rocky materials are changed in color, texture, composition, or form (with little or no transportation) by exposure to atmospheric agents (CWNWbasics-04). Web coating: The coating of products, such as fabric, paper, plastic film, metallic foil, metal coil, cord, and yarn, that are flexible enough to be unrolled fiom a large roll; and coated as a continuous substrate by methods including, but not limited to, knife coating, roll coating, dip coating, impregnation, rotogravure, and extrusion (40CFR60.741-91). Web: (1) A substrate which is printed in continuous roll-fed presses (40CFR52.741-91). (2) A continuous sheet of paper or paperboard (EPA-83). Wedge: A piece of wood tapering to a thin edge and used for tightening in conventional timbering (CWNmining-04). Weed: Any plant which grows where not wanted (FIFRA27U.S.C.136-91). Week: For reporting analyses of outdoor air on a week rate, results are calculated to a base of seven consecutive 24-hour days (EPA-83/06). Weep hole (or weeper): A hole in a retaining structure to drain off accumulated water that might otherwise induce excessive pressure on the structure (DOI-70104). Weep: A term usually applied to a minute leak in a boiler joint which forms droplets (or tears) of water very slowly (EPA-83). Weibull model: A dose-response model of the form: P(d) = 1 exp [-b(d**m)]; where P(d) is the probability of cancer due to continuous dose rate 4 and b and m are constants (EPA-92/12).
Weight fraction: A term employed in expressing concentrations of solutions and mixtures. The weight fraction of any component of a mixture or solution is defined as the weight of that component divided by the total weight of the mixture or solution (EPA-84/09). Weight of evidence for carcinogenicity: The extent to which the available biomedical data support the hypothesis that a substance causes cancer in humans (EPA-92/12). Weight of evidence: An EPA classification system for characterizing the evidence supporting the designation of a substance as a human carcinogen. EPA weight of evidence groupings include: (1) Group A: Human carcinogen--sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. (2) Group B1: Probable human carcinogen--limited evidence of carcinogenicityin humans. (3) Group B2: Probable human carcinogen--sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. (4) Group C: Possible human carcinogen--limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. (5) Group D: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity--applicable when there is no animal evidence, or when human or animal evidence is inadequate. (6) Group E: Evidence of noncarcinogencity for humans. Weight of scientific evidence: Considerations in assessing the interpretation of published information about toxicity--quality of testing methods, size and power of study design, consistency of results across studies, and biological plausibility of exposureresponse relationships and statistical associations (EPA-97/12). Weight: Fracturing and lowering of the roof strata at the face as a result of mining operations, as in "taking weight" (CWNmining04). Weight: The resultant force of attraction on the mass of a body due to a gravitational field which is 32.1740 fVsec2 on the Earth (cf. force) (Markes-67).
Weir: A device such as a diversion dam that has a crest and some containment of known geometric shape, such as a V, trapezoid, or rectangle and is used to measure flow of liquid. The liquid surface is exposed to the atmosphere. Flow is related to upstream height of water above the crest, to position of crest with respect to downstream water surface, and to geometry of the weir opening (EPA-8211le). Weir: A fence or enclosure set in a waterway for taking fish; a dam in a stream to raise the level of the water or divert its flow; a notch in a barrier across or bordering a stream to regulate the flow of water; a device for determining the quantity of water flowing over it from measurements of the depth of the water over the crest and known dimensions of the device (a cipolleti weir is a trapezoidal device of this sort) (EPA-84/09; DOI-70104). Welding: The process of joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat, pressure, or both, with or without filler material, to produce a localized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface (EPA-83/03). Well (water): An artificial excavation put down by any method for the purposes of withdrawing water from the underground aquifers. A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground (CWNWscience-04). Well field: Area containing one or more wells that produce usable amounts of water or oil (EPA-97/12). Well injection: (1) The subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or driven well; or through a dug well, where the depth of the dug well is greater than the largest surface dimension (cf. underground injection or injection well) (40CFR144.3-91, see also 40CFR146.3; 147.2902; 165.1; 260.10-91). (2) cf. deep well injection.
Weighted mean: A value obtained by multiplying each of a series of values by its assigned weight and dividing the sum of these products by the sum of the weights. In the ordinary arithmetic mean, each value is assigned a weight of 1 (CWNWbasics-04).
Well injection: The subsurface emplacement of fluids into a well (EPA-97/12).
Weir basin (or weir trough): A wide approach to the upstream side of an irrigation weir constructed so as to minimize the effect of the momentum of the water flowing over the weir (DOI-70104).
Well interference: The situation when the pumping of one well causes drawdown in another well so that the second well has difficulty in pumping water for some time period (Navy/Env-04).
Weir loading: The maximum flow (m3/day) from a tank divided by the length of outlet weir (m).
Well monitoring: Measurement by on-site instruments or laboratory methods of well water quality (EPA-97/12).
Weir: (1) A wall or plate placed in an open channel to measure the flow of water. (2) A wall or obstruction used to control flow from settling tanks and clarifiers to ensure a uniform flow rate and avoid short-circuiting. See short-circuiting (EPA-97/12).
Well plug: A watertight, gastight seal installed in a bore hole or well to prevent movement of fluids (EPA-97/12).
Weir: A control device placed in a channel or tank which facilitates measurement or control of the water flow (EPA-82/11).
Well point: A hollow vertical tube, rod, or pipe terminating in a perforated pointed shoe and fitted with a fine-mesh screen (EPA97/12).
Well stimulation: The several processes used to clean the well bore, enlarge channels, and increase pore space in the interval to be injected thus making it possible for wastewater to move more readily into the formation, and includes: (1) Surging; (2) Jetting; (3) Blasting; (4) Acidizing; (5) Hydraulic fracturing (40CFR146.3-91).
available engineering pump tests or comparable data, field reconnaissance, topographic information, and the geology of the formation in which the well or wellfield is located (SDWA142842U.S.C.3OOh.7).
Well workover: Any reentry of an injection well; including, but not limited to, the pulling of tubular goods, cementing or casing repairs; and excluding any routine maintenance (e.g., reseating the packer at the same depth, or repairs to surface equipment) (40CFR147.2902-91).
Wellhead: The point at which the crude (andlor natural gas) exits the ground. Following historical precedent, the volume and price for crude oil production are labeled as "wellhead," even though the cost and volume are now generally measured at the lease boundary. In the context of domestic crude price data, the term "wellhead" is the generic term used to reference the production site or lease property (CAA/C02gasl-04).
Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies (SF/remedy-04).
Wellmann Lord process: One of desulfbization processes. The basic reaction process is Na2S03+ SO2+ H20 3 2NaHS03.
Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground (EPA-97/12).
West Nile Encephalitis: The particular strain of encephalitis caused by the West Nile virus (FIFRA/WN-04).
Well: For more related terms, see (1) Abandoned well; (2) Class I1 well; (3) Classification of well; (4) Classification of injection well; (5) Disposal well; (6) Dry well; (7) Existing class I1 well; (8) Existing injection well; (9) Existing well; (10) Gas well; (11) Hot well; (12) Injection well; (13) New well; and (14) New class I1 well; (15) New injection well. Wellhead protection area: A protected surface and subsurface zone surrounding a well or well field supplying a public water system to keep contaminants from reaching the well water (EPA97/12). Wellhead protection area: The area surrounding a drinking water well or well field which is protected to prevent contamination of the well(s) (SDWAIReg-04). Wellhead protection area: The surface and subsurface area surrounding a water well or wellfield, supplying a public water system, through which contaminants are reasonably likely to move toward and reach such water well or wellfield. The extent of a wellhead protection area, within a state, necessary to provide protection from contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons is to be determined by the state in the program submitted under subsection (a). Not later than one year after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the Administrator shall issue technical guidance which states may use in making such determinations. Such guidance may reflect such factors as the radius of influence around a well or wellfield, the depth of drawdown of the water table by such well or wellfield at any given point, the time or rate of travel of various contaminants in various hydrologic conditions, distance from the well or wellfield at any given point, the time or rate of travel of various contaminants in various hydrologic conditions, distance from the well or wellfield, or other factors affecting the likelihood of contaminants reaching the well or wellfield, taking into account
West Nile Virus: A flavavirus that can lead to West Nile encephalitis infection (FIFRA/WN-04). Westinghouse/O'Connor combustor: The heart of the system is the water-cooled rotary barrel constructed of alternating longitudinal water tubes and flat perforated steel plates welded together to form the perimeter. The combustor is installed on a slight incline and is slowly rotated by a chain and roller drive. The perforations between the water tubes provide controlled distribution of combustion air, while the water cooled walls remove heat and protect the barrel from overheating. Waste is fed directly from the receiving area into the upper end of the tilted combustor. As the waste tumbles down the length of the rotating barrel, it dries and then progressively burns. Ash dropping out of the lower end is about one tenth of the original waste volume; remaining unburned material is more completely combusted in an afterburner grate. The technology can reportedly handle a variety of wastes including municipal wastes, hazardous wastes and possibly even hospital wastes. It can burn liquids, semi-solids, solids, sewage sludges, and residual oils or refinery bottoms (Lee88/08). Wet air oxidation (WAO): Refers to the aqueous phase oxidation of dissolved or suspended organic substances at elevated temperatures and pressures. Water, which represents the aqueous phase, serves to catalyze the oxidation reactions so that they proceed at relatively low temperatures (175 C to 345 C), and at the same time serves to moderate the oxidation rates removing excess heat by evaporation. Water also provides an excellent heat transfer medium which enables the wet air oxidation process to be thermally self-sustaining with relatively low organic feed concentration. The oxygen required by the wet air oxidation reactions is provided by an oxygen-containing gas, usually air, bubbled through the liquid phase in a reactor used to contain the process; thus the commonly used term "wet air oxidation." The process pressure is maintained at a level high enough to prevent excessive evaporation of the liquid phase, generally between 200
Wet cooling tower: A cooling tower in which hot water is sprayed into an air stream. Heat is thus lost through evaporation.
and 3,000 psi. Since oxidation takes place in the liquid state, it is not necessary to evaporate the water content of the waste. The process therefore is most useful for treating the wastes which are too dilute to incinerate economically yet too toxic to treat biologically (Lee-83/07).
Wet deposition: The material deposited on the surface due to the combined effect of washout, rainout, and snowout (NATO-78/10).
Wet air pollution control (or wet air scrubber): The technique of air pollution abatement utilizing water as an absorptive media (EPA-8711Oa).
Wet desulfurization system: Those systems which remove sulfur compounds from coke oven gases and produce a contaminated process wastewater (40CFR420.11-9 1).
Wet air pollution control scrubber: The air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from air by entraining the pollutants in a water spray (40CFR471.02-91).
Wet digestion: A solid waste stabilization process in which solid organic wastes are placed in an open digestion pond to decompose anaerobically. The carbonaceous matter is converted into carbon dioxide and methane. The soluble and suspended fraction is converted aerobically by algae in a bio-oxidation pond (EPA-83).
Wet barking operation: Shall be defined to include hydraulic barking operations and wet drum barking operations which are those drum barking operations that use substantial quantities of water in either water sprays in the barking drums or in a partial submersion of the drums in a tub of water (40CFR430.01-91). Wet bulb temperature: (1) The temperature measured by a thermometer whose bulb (mercury holder at the bottom of a thermometer) is covered with a cotton wick which is saturated with water (wet). It is indicated by a wet bulb psychrometer (EPA89103b). (2) The lowest temperature which a water wetted body will attain when exposed to an air current. This is the temperature of adiabatic saturation (EPA-83). (3) See temperature for more related terms. Wet cap: A mechanical device placed on the top of a furnace stack that forms a curtain from a water stream through which the stack gases must pass (EPA-85110a). Wet capacitor (or wet slug capacitor): A sintered tantalum capacitor where the anode is placed in a metal can, filled with an electrolyte and then sealed. See variable for more related terms. Wet charge process: A process for the manufacture of lead acid storage batteries in which the plates are formed by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. The plate forming process is usually done with the plates inside the assembled battery case but may be done with the plates in open tanks. In the case of large industrial wet lead acid batteries, problems in formation associated with inhomogeneities in the large plates are alleviated by open tank formation. Wet charge process batteries are shopped with acid electrolyte inside the battery casing (EPA-84/08). Wet collection device: A variety of methods to wet the contaminant particles in order to remove them from a gas stream. See wet scrubber for more details (AP-40, p99).
Wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP): Wet ESP is basically same as the dry ESP with the exception of a continuous water flow over the collecting plate. See electrostatic precipitator for more related terms. Wet filter: One of air pollution control devices. A wet filter consists of a spray chamber with filter pads composed of glass fibers, knitted wire mesh, or other fibrous materials. The dust is collected on the filter pads. The sprays are directed against the pads to keep the dust washed off. See scrubber for more related terms (AP-40). Wet flue gas desulfurization technology: A sulfur dioxide control system that is located downstream of the steam generating unit and removes sulfur oxides from the combustion gases of the steam generating unit by contacting the combustion gas with an alkaline slurry or solution and forming a liquid material. This definition applies to devices where the aqueous liquid material product of this contact is subsequently converted to other forms. Alkaline reagents used in wet flue gas desulfurization technology include, but are not limited to, lime, limestone, and sodium (40CFR60.41b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.41c-91). Wet impingement: The process of impingement carried out within a body of liquid, the latter serving to retain the gases or particulate matter (LBL-76107-air). Wet lap machine: A machine used to form pulp into thick rough sheets sufficiently dry to permit handling and folding into bundles (laps) convenient for storage or transportation (EPA-87/10). Wet line kit: A system used in conjunction with an enclosed transfer trailer to power its unloading bulkhead. The bulkhead's hydraulic pump is driven by a power-take-off unit on the semitractor's transmission (SW-108ts).
Wet collector: See wet scrubber. Wet condenser: See condenser for more related terms.
Wet lot: A confinement facility for raising ducks which is open to the environment with a small portion of shelter area, and with open water runs and swimming areas to which ducks have fiee access (40CFR412.21-91).
Wet milling (or wet pulping): The mechanical size reduction of solid wastes that have been wetted to soften the paper and cardboard constituents. See size reduction machine for more related terms (SW-108ts). Wet mixture: A water or organic solvent-based suspension, solution, dispersion, or emulsion used in the manufacture of an instant photographic or peel apart film article (40CFR723.175-91). Wet or low-lying area technique: A method of operating in a swampy area where precautions are made to avoid water pollution before proceeding with the area landfill. See sanitary landfill for more related terms (EPA-83). Wet oxidation: The direct oxidation of organic matter in wastewater liquids in the presence of air under heat and pressure; generally applied to organic oxidation in sludge (EPA-76/03). Wet oxygen: The oxygen measured at the wet condition (with water vapor). See oxygen for more related terms. Wet press: The dewatering unit used on a paper-machine between the sheet-forming equipment and the drier section (EPA-87/10). Wet process phosphoric acid plant: Any facility manufacturing phosphoric acid by reacting phosphate rock and acid (40CFR60.201-91). Wet process: A cement manufacturing process in which water, typically 30% to 40%, is added to the feed material and then fed into the kiln. See process for more related terms (ETI-92). Wet rendering: The cooking with water or live steam added to the material under pressure. This process produces tank water. See rendering for more related terms (EPA-75/01). Wet saturated steam: Steam at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure and containing water particles in suspension. See steam for more related terms. Wet scrubber (absorber or wet collector): One of air pollution control devices. Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from air by entraining the pollutants in a water spray (40CFR467.02-91). The scrubber removes pollutants including particles (e.g., metals and soots) and acid gases (e.g., HCI and SOz) from combustion gases or industrial exhaust streams. The contaminated gases are forced to enter a tower (usually from the bottom of the tower) containing packing materials, while liquid is introduced over the packing materials (usually from the top of the tower). The pollutants in the gas stream either dissolve or chemically react with the liquid. The principle of pollutant collection includes (see also particle collection mechanisms for wet scrubbing systems): (1)Particulate matter: Collection mechanism is primarily through impaction or electrostatic attraction of particles on wetted surfaces or in liquid
droplets. (2) Gases: Gaseous collection is through diffusion (mass transfer) and absorption. (3) The device uses a variety of methods to wet the contaminant particles and then impinge the wetted or unwetted particles on collecting surfaces followed by their removal from the surfaces by a flush with a liquid. It can handle hot gases and sticky particulates and liquids. Scrubbers, which remove gases by absorption, remove particulate matter mainly by inertial impaction and are effective for particles larger than 0.5 micron meter in size. Smaller particles require a higher pressure drop. It can work for particles less than 0.1 micron at 40 to 80 water column pressure (EPA-84/03b, pl-4). (4) See scrubber for more related terms.
Wet scrubber category for particle and gas collection: (1) For a gas phase contacting wet collector, the energy source is the gas stream. (2) For a liquid phase contacting wet collector, the energy source is the liquid stream. (3) For a wet film wet collector, the energy source is the liquid and gas streams. (4) For the combination of a liquid phase and gas phase wet collector, the energy source is the liquid and gas streams. (5) For a mechanically aided wet collector, the energy source is a mechanically driven rotor (EPA-84/03b, pl-9). Wet scrubber category for particle collection: Scrubbers for particle collection: These types of scrubbers are usually categorized by the gas-side pressure drop of the system. They are: (1) Low energy scrubbers having pressure drops less than 12.7 cm (5 in.) of water. (2) Medium energy scrubbers having pressure drops between 12.7 and 38.1 cm (5 and 15 in.) of water. (3) High energy scrubbers having pressure drops greater than 38.1 cm (5 in) of water. Wet scrubber components: Several components are used when designing scrubbers to provide gas-liquid contact and separation. Spray nozzles are used to form droplets that, in turn, are used to capture pollutants. Other components are used to enhance gas-liquid contact. These include venturi throats, plates, baffles, packing, orifices, tangential openings, and mechanically driven rotors (EPA-84/03b, p2-1). Wet scrubber design: Wet scrubbers are uniquely designed to enhance the collection of air pollutants. Variables affecting particulate pollutant collection include particle size, particle velocity, and liquid-droplet size. For gaseous pollutant collection, the pollutant must be soluble in the chosen scrubbing liquid. In addition, the system must be designed to provide good mixing between the gas and liquid phases, and enough time for the gaseous pollutants to dissolve. Another consideration for both particulate and gaseous pollutant collection is the liquid-to-gas (LIG) ratio--the amount of liquid injected into the scrubber per given volume of exhaust flow. Lastly, the system must be designed to remove entrained mists, or droplets, from the cleaned exhaust gas stream before it leaves the stack (EPA-84/03b, p2-1). Wet scrubber system: Any emission control device that mixes an aqueous stream or slurry with the exhaust gases from a steam
generating unit to control emissions of particulate matter or sulfur dioxide (40CFR60.41b; 60.41c-91). Wet scrubber: A control technology using water to remove particulates still suspended in the gas stream, by making them larger (CMAPC-04). Wet scrubber: Anti-pollution device in which a lime slurry (dry lime mixed with water) is injected into the flue gas stream to remove acid gases and particulates (RCRAlmanagement-04). Wet shelf life: The period of time that a secondary battery can stand in the charged condition before total degradation (EPA84/08). Wet simultaneous NO, and SO2 reduction: One of NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Wet processes for the simultaneous reduction of NO, and SO2 emissions have been developed and installed on large oil fired boilers in Japan. These processes use absorbers to reduce both SO, and NO, emissions simultaneously (EPA-81/12, p7-24). Wet strength additives: Chemicals such as urea and melanine formaldehydes used in papermaking to impart strength to papers used in wet applications (EPA-87/10). Wet strength: (1) The strength of paper after complete saturation with water (EPA-87/10). (2) Wet strength paper has high resistance to rupture or disintegration when saturated with water, produced by chemical (resin) treatment of the papa or the fibers with melamine formaldehyde; urea formaldehyde or alkaline or neutral wet strength - nylons or polyamide material (EPA-83). Wet tantalum capacitor: A polar capacitor whose cathode is a liquid electrolyte (a highly ionized acid or salt solution) (EPA83/03). Wet transformer: Having the core and coils immersed in an insulating oil (EPA-83/03). Weffdry collection systems: A collection system that allows wet organic materials to be separated by generators from dry wastes. Wet organic materials are suitable for composting, while dry materials are non-organics that may include recyclables ( R C W management-04). Wet: Those steel making air cleaning systems that primarily use water for furnace gas cleaning (cf. semi-wet) (40CFR420.41-91). Wetland function: A process or series of processes that take place within a wetland that are beneficial to the wetland itself, the surrounding ecosystems, and people (CWNWbasics-04). Wetlands: An area that is regularly wet or flooded and has a water table that stands at or above the land surface for at least part
of the year. Coastal wetlands extend back from estuaries and include salt marshes, tidal basins, marshes, and mangrove swamps. Inland freshwater wetlands consist of swamps, marshes, and bogs. Federal regulations apply to landfills sited near or at wetlands (RCWmanagement-04). Wetlands: An area that is saturated by surface or groundwater with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries (EPA-97/12). Wetlands: Areas regularly saturated by surface or groundwater and subsequently characterized by a prevalence of vegetation adapted for life in saturated-soil conditions (CMC02gasl-04). Wetlands: Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. (Source: Appendix A of the 2003 Construction General Permit [PDF Format]) (CWNwastewater-04). Wetlands: Areas that are soaked or flooded by surface or groundwater frequently enough or for sufficient duration to support plants, birds, animals, and aquatic life. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, estuaries, and other inland and coastal areas, and are federally protected. Wetlands frequently serve as rechargeldischarge areas and are known as "nature's kidneys" since they help purify water. Wetlands also have been referred to as natural sponges that absorb flood waters, functioning like natural tubs to collect overflow. Wetlands are important wildlife habitats, breeding grounds, and nurseries because of their biodiversity. Many endangered species as well as countless estuarine and marine fish and shellfish, mammals, waterfowl, and other migratory birds use wetland habitat for growth, reproduction, food, and shelter. Wetlands are among the most fertile, natural ecosystems in the world since they produce great volumes of food (plant material) (FFDCNpesticide-04). Wetlands: Ecosystems whose soil is saturated for long periods seasonally or continuously, including marshes, swamps, and ephemeral ponds (CWAiWquality-04). Wetlands: Land or areas exhibiting hydric soil conditions, saturated or inundated soil during some portion of the year, and plant species tolerant of such conditions (DOE-91/04). Wetlands: Lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water, and having vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. For the purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one or more of the following attributes at least periodically: (1) The land supports predominantly hydrophytes; (2) The substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; or (3) The substrate is nonsoil and saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the
growing season each year. Examples are swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries (NavyIEnv-04). Wetlands: Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas (40CFR230.3-91, see also 40CFR232.2; 6-AppIA; 110.1; 122.2; 257.3.3; 435.41-91). Wetness: The percentage of water in steam; the presence of a water film on heating surface interiors (EPA-83). Wettability: The relative degree to which a fluid will spread into or coat a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids (EPA-97/12). Wettable powder: Dry formulation that must be mixed with water or other liquid before it is applied (EPA-97/12). Wetting agent: See wetting compound. Wetting compound (or wetting agent): A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread more readily on a solid surface (EPA-83).
White paper: (1) printer's term for unprinted paper, even if colored. (2) Water removed from pulp during the thickening operations (EPA-83). See paper for more related terms. White water: A general term for all papermill waters which have been separated from the stock or pulp suspension, either on the paper-machine or accessory equipment, such as thickeners, washers, and savealls, and also from pulp grinders. See water for more related terms (EPA-87/10). Whole body vibration: Exposure of the whole body to vibration (usually through the feethuttocks when riding in a vehicle). Whole body vibration may increase the risk for injury, including low back pain and internal organ disruption (OSHA/ergonomics04). Whole effluent toxicity (WET): The total toxic effect of an effluent measured directly with a toxicity test (CWNwastewater04). Whole effluent toxicity: (1) The aggregate toxic effect of an effluent measured directly by a toxicity test (40CFR122.2-91, see also EPA-85/09). (2) The total toxic effect of an effluent measured directly with a toxicity test (EPA-91/03).
Wh/kg: Watt-hours per kilogram.
Whole milk: Market milk whose fat content has been standardized to conform to a regulatory definition, typically 3.5% (EPA-74/05).
Wheeling: The transmission of electricity owned by one entity through the facilities owned by another (usually a utility) (EPA97/12).
Whole-effluent-toxicity tests: Tests to determine the toxicity levels of the total effluent from a single source as opposed to a series of tests for individual contaminants (EPA-97/12).
Whey: A by-product in the manufacture of cheese which remains after separating the cheese curd from the rest of the milk used in the process (EPA-74/05).
Wicking: The phenomenon of liquid transmission within the fabric yams of reinforced geomembranes via capillary action (EPA-91/05).
White damp: Carbon monoxide, CO. A gas that may be present in the afterdamp of a gas- or coal-dust explosion, or in the gases given off by a mine fire; also one of the constituents of the gases produced by blasting. Rarely found in mines under other circumstances. It is absorbed by the hemoglobin of the blood to the exclusion of oxygen. One-tenth of one percent (.001) may be fatal in ten minutes (CWNmining-04).
Width: The thickness of a lode measured at right angles to the dip (CWNmining-04).
White goods: Large household appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, air conditioners, and washing machines (RCRAI management-04). White goods: Large, metal household appliances (e.g., stoves, dryers, refrigerators) (OTA-89/10). White liquor: The liquor made by causticizing green liquor. See liquor for more related terms (EPA-87/10).
Wilderness: As used in section 1782 of this title shall have the same meaning as it does in section 1131(c) of title 16 (FLPMA103-43U.S.C.1702-90). Wildlife habitat: The waters and surrounding land areas of the Reservation used by fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife at any stage of their life history or activity (4OCFR131.35-91. Wildlife refuge: An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled (EPA-97/12). Wilfley table: A plane rectangle is mounted horizontally and can be slopped about its long axis. Gentle and rapid throwing motion is used on the table longitudinally. Sands usually classified for size range are fed continuously and worked along the table with
the aid of feedwater, and across riffles downslope by gravity tilt adjustment, and added washwater. At the discharge end, the sands have separated into bands, the heaviest and smallest uppermost, the lightest and largest lowest (EPA-82/05). Willow carr: A pool or wetland dominated by willow trees or shrubs (CWANbasics-04). Wind case: The combination of meteorological conditions, topography, and source characteristics for which locally the highest air pollutant concentrations for a given averaging time occur (NATO-78110). Wind direction sector: The 360 degrees of the compass are divided into 16 equally sized 22.5 degree sectors. The wind direction at any given time is within one of these sectors. The wind sectors are used to define wind direction in order to facilitate compiling meteorological data summaries and to decrease computation time (EPA-88/09). Wind direction: The direction from which the wind averaged over a certain period of time is blowing (NATO-78\10). Wind energy: Energy that is associated with wind and can be used for generating electricity. Wind field: The description of the three dimensional wind speed and wind direction distribution in a certain region for each time (NATO-78110). Wind fluctuation type: A definition of diffusion categories by the width and the appearance of the trace drawn by a continuously recording wind vane. In this way, a direct connection of the diffusion categories with the turbulent wind direction fluctuation is obtained (NATO-78110). Wind profile: The description of the wind speed and direction as a function of height (NATO-78/10). Wind rose: A diagram showing the distribution of wind directions at a certain location for a given period of time (NATO-78/10). Wind speed class: The combination of several wind speeds in one class. Applied for example in the Gaussian plume model for longterm averages to describe the influence of the wind speed on the dispersion during the calculation period (NATO-78/10). Wind vane: An instrument used to measure the wind direction (NATO-78110). Wind: The motion of the air relative to the Earth's surface. Usually applied only to the horizontal component of this motion (NATO-78110). Wind: For more related terms, see: (1) Backing wind; (2) Cross wind; (3) Geostrophic wind; (4) Gradient wind; (5) Logarithmic
wind profile; (6) Mountain valley; (7) Power law wind profile; (8) Variable wind; (9) Veering wind; and (10) Vertical wind. Windbox burner: A plenum chamber around a burner in which an air pressure is maintained to insure proper distribution and discharge of secondary air. See burner for more related terms (AP40). Windbox pressure: The static pressure of the air in the windbox of a burner or stoker (EPA-83). Windbox: A chamber below a furnace grate or surrounding a burner, through which air is supplied under pressure to bum the fuel (SW-108ts). Winding: Winding-related terms include (1) Primary winding and (2) Secondary winding. Window glass: See sheet glass. Windrow composting: An open air method in which compostable material is placed in windrows, piles, or ventilated bins or pits and occasionally turned or mixed. The process may be anaerobic or aerobic. See composting for more related terms (SW-108ts). Windrow: A large, elongated pile of composting material, which has a large exposed surface area to encourage passive aeration and drying (RCWmanagement-04). Winning: The excavation, loading, and removal of coal or ore from the ground; winning follows development (CWNmining-04). Winze: Secondary or tertiary vertical or near-vertical opening sunk from a point inside a mine for the purpose of connecting with a lower level or of exploring the ground for a limited depth below a level (CWNmining-04). Wire and coil rod: Those acid pickling operations that pickle rod, wire, or coiled rod and wire products (40CFR420.91-91). Wire glass: See safety glass. Wire mesh eliminator: A mist eliminator used to collect other mists. See mist eliminator for more related terms (EPA-81/09). Wire product and fastener: The steel wire, products manufactured from steel wire, and steel fasteners manufactured from steel wire or other steel shapes (40CFR420.121-91). Wire rope: A steel wire rope used for winding in shafts and underground haulages. Wire ropes are made from medium carbon steels. Various constructions of wire rope are designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand. The following are some common terms encountered: airplane strand; cablelaid rope; cane rope; elevator rope; extraflexible hoisting rope; flat rope; flattened-strand rope; guy rope;
guy strand; hand rope; haulage rope; hawser; hoisting rope; lang lay rope; lay; left lay rope; left twist; nonspinning rope; regular lay; reverse-laid rope; rheostat rope; right lay; right twist; running rope; special flexible hoisting rope; standing rope; towing hawser; transmission rope (CWMmining-04).
Wire safety glass: A single piece of glass with a layer of meshed wire completely imbedded in the glass, but not necessarily in the center of the sheet. When the glass is broken, the wire mesh holds the pieces together to a considerable extent. See safety glass for more related terms (EPA-83). Wire: The endless belt or screen on which pulp is formed into paper (EPA-83). Wire-to-wire efficiency: The efficiency of a pump and motor together (EPA-97/12). With modified processes: Using any technique designed to minimize emissions without the use of add on pollution controls (40CFR60.291-91). Withdraw specification: To remove from designation any area already specified as a disposal site by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or by a state which has assumed the section 404 program, or any portion of such area See specification for more related terms (40CFR231.2-91). Withdrawal use of water: The water removed from the ground or diverted from a stream or lake for use (CWAihydrology-04). Withdrawal: The act or process of removing; such as removing water from a stream for imgation or public water supply (CWMWquality-04). Withdrawal: Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use. Also refers to the use itself; for example, public-supply withdrawals or public-supply use. See also offstream use (CWMWbasics-04). Withdrawal: Withholding an area of federal land from settlement, sale, location, or entry, under some or all of the general land laws, for the purpose of limiting activities under those laws in order to maintain other public values in the area or reserving the area for a particular public purpose or program; or transfening jurisdiction over an area of federal land, other than "propertytt governed by the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act, as amended (40U.S.C.472) from one department, bureau, or agency to another department, bureau, or agency (FLPMA10343U.S.C. 1702). Withdrawn land: Public domain land that a federal agency for a specific purpose. Approximately 62% of DOE real property is withdrawn from the public domain (SDWMradionuclide-04).
Within the impoundment: For all impoundments the term "within the impoundment" for purposes of calculating the volume of process wastewater which may be discharged, shall mean the suface area within the impoundment at the maximum capacity plus the area of the inside and outside slopes of the impoundment dam and the surface area between the outside edge of the impoundment dam and seepage ditches upon which rain falls and is returned to the impoundment. For the purpose of such calculations, the surface area allowance for external appurtenances to the impoundment shall not be more than 30% of the water surface area within the impoundment dam at maximum capacity (40CFR421.11-d-91). Wolfram: See tungsten. Wood energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including roundwood (cordwood), limbwood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping liquor (CAA/C02gasl-04). Wood extractives: A mixture of chemical compounds, primarily organics, removed from wood (EPA-74/04). Wood fiber furnish subdivision mills: Those mills where cotton fibers are not used in the production of fine papers (cf. cotton fiber furnish subdivision mills) (40CFR430.18 1-91). Wood fiber: Elongated, thick-walled cells of wood, commonly called fiber. See fiber for more related terms (EPA-83). Wood flour: Finely ground wood or fine sawdust used chiefly as a filler (EPA-87/10). Wood furniture coating facility: A facility that includes one or more wood furniture coating line(s) (40CFR52.741-91). Wood furniture coating line: A coating line in which any protective, decorative, or functional coating is applied onto wood furniture (40CFR52.741-91). Wood heater: An enclosed, wood-burning appliance capable of and intended for space heating or domestic water heating, as defined in the applicable regulation (40CFR60-App/A(method 28 & 28A)-91). Wood packaging: Wood products such as pallets, crates, and barrels (EPA-97/12). Wood preparation: A series of operations utilized to prepare wood to a suitable state for further development into pulp, paper, and paperboard. These operations include barking, washing, and chipping (EPA-87/10). Wood preservative: A chemical or mixture of chemicals with fungistatic and insecticidal properties that is injected into wood to protect it from biological deterioration (EPA-74/04).
Wood pulp waste: The wood or paper fiber residue resulting from a manufacturing process. See waste for more related terms (SWIO8ts). Wood pulp: A fibrous raw material derived from wood for use in most types of paper manufactured by mechanical or chemical means both from hardwood and softwood trees. Classification of wood pulp is as follows: (1) Mechanical wood pulp includes: Groundwood; Defibratedexploded, and Screenings. (2) Chemical wood pulp includes: Sulfite; Neutral Sulfite; Sulfate (Kraft); Chemical cellulose; Soda; and Semichemical (EPA-83). (3) See pulp for more related terms. Wood residue: The bark, sawdust, slabs, chips, shavings, mill trim, and other wood products derived from wood processing and forest management operations (40CFR60.4 1-91). Wood treatment facility: An industrial facility that treats lumber and other wood products for outdoor use. The process employs chromated copper arsenate, which is regulated as a hazardous material (EPA-97/12). Wood: Wood, wood residue, bark, or any derivative fuel or residue thereof, in any form, including, but not limited to, sawdust, sanderdust, wood chips, scraps, slabs, millings, shavings, and processed pellets made from wood or other forest residues (40CFR60.4 1b-9 1, see also 40CFR60.4 1c-91). Wood-burning-stove pollution: Air pollution caused by emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, and polycyclic organic matter from wood-burning stoves. Woodroom: The area of a pulp mill that handles the barking, washing, chipping, or grinding of logs, and processing of purchased chips. Woodworking: The shaping, sawing, grinding, smoothing, polishing, and making into products of any form or shape of wood (40CFR52.741-91). Woodyard: The area of a mill where roundwood is received and stored prior to transport to the woodroom (EPA-87/10).
Wool: (1) The dry raw wool as it is received by the wool scouring mill (40CFR410.11-91). (2) Fleecy mass of plair glass fibers (EPA-83). Work (ft-lbf or m-kg units): Work can be defined as: (1) Work = force x distance, or (2) Work = pressure x volume change. This definition shows that work is an interaction between a system and its surroundings which is caused by a force displacing the boundary between the system and the surroundings. Both heat and work are path functions and thus, to evaluate their magnitude, the entire process must be considered. Typical work units include ftIbf or m-kg; where: ft = feet; Ibf = pound force; m = meter; kg = kilogram. The conventional signs of work are as follows: Work done on the system is negative and work done by the system is positive. Work practice controls: Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (29CFR1910). Work related musculoskeletal disorder hazard: Workplace conditions or physical work activities that cause or are reasonably likely to cause or contribute to a work related musculoskeletal disorder (OSHNergonomics-04). Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD, WRMSD): Injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, and spinal disc due to physical work activities or workplace conditions in the job. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome related to long term computer data entry, rotator cuff tendinitis from repeat overhead reaching, and tension neck syndrome associated with long term cervical spine flexion (OSHA/ergonomics-04). Worker protection standards: Standards designed to reduce the risks of illness or injury resulting from workers' and handlers' occupational exposures to pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants on farms or in nurseries, greenhouses, and forests and also from the accidental exposure of workers and other persons to such pesticides. They require workplace practices designed to reduce or eliminate exposure to pesticides and establish procedures for responding to exposure-related emergencies (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Wool fiberglass insulation: A thermal insulation material composed of glass fibers and made from glass produced or melted at the same facility where the manufacturing line is located (4OCFR60.681-91).
Working charge (or working capacity): A term employed in adsorber calculations. It refers to the net amount of pollutant adsorbed in a cycle. It usually includes the mass transfer zone (MTZ) and heel effects, and is expressed as Ib/lb adsorbent or lbI100 Ib adsorbent (EPA-84/09).
Wool fiberglass: The fibrous glass of random texture, including fiberglass insulation, and other products listed in SIC 3296 (40CFR60.291-91).
Working electrode: An electrode in an electrochemical cell which is used for corrosion testing. See electrode for more related terms. Working face: Any place in a mine where material is extracted during a mining cycle (CWNmining-04).
Working face: That portion of the compacted solid wastes at a sanitary landfill which will have more refuse placed upon it or is being compacted prior to placement of cover material (EPA-83). Working face: The area of the landfill that is currently being filled with refuse. The refuse is typically placed in cells. The open face where refuse is being unloaded and compacted is the working face (RCRA/management-04). Working level (WL): Any combination of short-lived radon decay products in one liter of air that will result in the ultimate emission of alpha particles with a total energy of 130 billion electron volts (40CFR192.11-91). Working Level (WL): A unit of measure for documenting exposure to radon decay products, the so-called "daughters." One working level is equal to approximately 200 piwcuries per liter. Working Level Month (WLM): A unit of measure used to determine cumulative exposure to radon (EPA-97/12). Working place: From the outby side of the last open crosscut to the face (CWNmining-04). Working range: The range of surface temperature in which glass is formed into ware in a specific process. The upper end refers to the temperature at which the glass is ready for working, while the lower end refers to the temperature at which it is sufficiently viscous to hold its formed shape (EPA-83).
Working section: From the faces to the point where coal is loaded onto belts or rail cars to begin its trip to the outside (CWNmining-04). Working: When a coal seam is being squeezed by pressure fiom roof and floor, it emits creaking noises and is said to be "working." This often serves as a warning to the miners that additional support is needed (CWNmining-04). Workings: The entire system of openings in a mine for the purpose of exploitation (CWNmining-04). Workplace: An establishment at one geographic location containing one or more work areas (40CFR721.3-91). Worst case discharge: (1) In the case of a vessel, a discharge in adverse weather conditions of its entire cargo; and (2) In the case of an offshore facility or onshore facility, the largest foreseeable discharge in adverse weather conditions (CWA311-33U.S.C.132191). Writing paper: (1) A paper suitable for pen and ink, pencil, typewriter, or printing (40CFR250.4-91). (2) Wide variety of papers suitable for writing or printing (EPA-83). (3) See paper for more related terms. WRULD: Work Related Upper Limb Disorder (OSHA/ ergonomics-04).
Xanthate: A common specific promoter used in flotation of sulfide ores. A salt or ester of xanthic acid which is made of an alcohol, carbon disulfite, and an alkalai (EPA-82/05).
xylene is highly photochemically reactive and, as a constituent of tailpipe emissions, is a contributor to smog formation.
Xenobiota: Any biotum displaced from its normal habitat; a chemical foreign to a biological system (EPA-97/12).
Yard rubbish: The prunings, brush, grass, clippings, weeds, leaves, and general and garden wastes. See solid waste. See rubbish for more related terms (EPA-83).
Xenobiotic: A term for non-naturally occumng man-made substances found in the environment (i.e., synthetic material solvents, plastics) (EPA-89/12).
Yard tractor: A small semi-tractor used exclusively for maneuvering transfer trailers into and out of loading position (SW-1oats).
Xenon (Xe): A noble gaseous element with atomic number 54; atomic weight 131.30; density 3.06 glcc; melting point -1 11.9 C and boiling point -108.0 C. The element belongs to group VIIIA of the periodic table.
Yard trimmings: Leaves, grass clippings, prunings, and other natural organic matter discarded from yards and gardens. Yard trimmings may also include stumps and brush, but these materials are not normally handled at composting facilities (RCRAImanagement-04).
Xenotrophic viruses: Viruses that are able to infect more than one strain or one species of organisms (i.e., a virus that can infect many strains of mice as well as (or) other rodents) (EPA-88109a). Xeriscaping: A method of landscaping that uses plants that are well adapted to the local area and are drought resistant. Xeriscaping is becoming more popular as a way of saving water at home. More on xeriscaping: Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Texas Natural Resource Center (CWAlWscience-04). Xerographidcopy paper: Any grade of paper suitable for copying by the xerographic process (a dry method of reproduction). See paper for more related terms. Xerophyte: A plant adapted for growth under dry conditions (CWA/Wbasics-04). X-ray diffraction: The scattering (diBaction) of x-rays by a crystal.
Yard trimmings: The component of solid waste composed of grass clippings, leaves, twigs, branches, and garden refuse (RCRA/municipal-04). Yard waste: (1) The plant clippings, prunings, and other discarded materials from yards and gardens. Also known as yard rubbish (SW-108ts). (2) See waste for more related terms. Yard waste: The part of solid waste composed of grass clippings, leaves, twigs, branches, and other garden refuse (EPA-97/12). Year: See climatic year; water year. Yearling system: A cattle management system that includes a stocker period from 165 days of age to 425 days of age followed by a 140-dayfeedlot period (CAA/C02gasl-04).
a wavelength of
Yellow brass: An alloy 70% copper, 30% zinc, also known as 70130 brass. Used for cartridge cases, condenser tubes, etc. See brass for more related terms (EPA-83).
Xylene: An aromatic hydrocarbon that is a colorless, flammable, volatile liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, insecticides, and dimethylbenzene. Formula is C6&(CH3)2.Xylene is derived from petroleum and is used to increase octane. Highly valued as a petrochemical feedstock,
Yellow cake: (1) A term applied to certain uranium concentrates produced by mills. It is the final precipitate formed in the milling process. It is usually considered to be ammonium diuranate, or sodium diuranate, but the composition is variable and depends upon the precipitating conditions. (2) A common form of triuranium octoxide (U308) is yellow cake which is the powder
X-ray: Electromagnetic radiation with approximately 1 Angstrom (EPA-88109a).
obtained by evaporating an ammonia solution of the oxide (EPA82/05). Yellow flame: See flame combustion. Yellow water: The effluent coming from the first wash of crude TNT in its purification process. See water for more related terms (EPA-76/03). Yellow-boy: Iron oxide flocculant (clumps of solids in waste or water); usually observed as orange-yellow deposits in surface streams with excess iron content. See floc, flocculation (EPA97/12). Yellowing: Gradual change in paper to yellow due to aging (EPA83). Yield point: The stress at which the material exhibits a permanent set of 0.2% (40CFR1910.66-AppD-91). Yield: The mass of material or constituent transported by a river in a specified period of time divided by the drainage area of the river basin (CWAIWquality-04). Yield: The quantity of water (expressed as a rate of flow or total quantity per year) that can be collected for a given use from surface or groundwater sources (EPA-97/12). Yield: Useful energy output per unit weight of fuel (EPA-83). Yolk sac: A membrane attached to the ventral side of a fry that contains egg yolk which is the fry's source of nutrition for the first few days of life (SFIremedy-04). Ytterbium (Yb): A rare earth metal with atomic number 70; atomic weight 173.04; density 6.98 g/cc; melting point 824 C and boiling point 1427 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Yttrium (Y): A soft metal with atomic number 39; atomic weight 88.905; density 4.47 g/cc; melting point 1509 C and boiling point 2927 C. The element belongs to group IIIB of the periodic table. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ): One type of ceramic. It is used as an electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells. Zeolite catalyst: A catalyst with controlled porosity used as a catalytic cracking catalyst in petroleum refineries and other chemical reactions. The catalyst is hydrated aluminum (or sodium) and calcium silicate such as (Ca0-2AI2O3-5Si02or Na20-2AI2O35sio2). Zeolite process: A process used to reduce hardness by ion exchange. Either a natural mineral or a man-made product, zeolite is a hydrated sodium silicate. The sodium can be used to exchange for calcium or magnesium to soften hard water.
Zeolite: Various natural or synthesized silicates used in water softening and as absorbents (EPA-76/03). It is a type of ion exchange resins. Zeolity filter: A zeolite bed used in the water softening process. Zero air: Atmospheric air purified to contain less than 0.1 ppm total hydrocarbons (EPA-97/12). Zero device miles: The period of time between retrofit installation and the accumulation of 100 miles of automobile operation after installation (40CFR610.11-91). Zero discharge: The prevention of process wastewater from point sources entering navigable waters either directly or indirectly through publicly owned treatment works (EPA-85/10). Zero discharge: Wastewater that is not directly or indirectly discharged to a navigable water (e.g., wastewater that is land disposed through spray irrigation) under CWA. Zero discharge facilities are subject to federal or state regulatory limitations that are as strict as those that apply to direct and indirect dischargers under CWA (RCRAhazardous-04). Zero drift: (1) The change in response to zero pollutant concentration, over 12- and 24-hour periods of continuous unadjusted operation (40CFR53.23-91, see also 40CFR60App/A(method 25A); 60-App/A(method 6C & 7E); 60-AppIB-91). (2) The change with time in instrument output over a stated time period of unadjusted continuous operation when the input concentration is zero (expressed as percent of full scale) (LBL 76107-bio). (3) See calibration for more related terms. Zero electric vehicle (ZEV): A vehicle that is certified by the California Air Resources Board to have zero tailpipe emissions. A ZEV produces no air emissions from its fueling or operation. California regulations require that in 2003, 10% of the vehicles sold in California by major automakers be ZEV or ZEVequivalent. Zero gas: For calibration gas application, a high purity air with less than 0.1 ppm by volume of organic material methane or carbon equivalent or less than 0.1 % of the span value, whichever is greater. See calibration gas for more related terms (EPA-90104). Zero governor: A regulating device that is normally adjusted to deliver gas at atmospheric pressure (i.e., zero gage pressure). Zero hour: That point after normal assembly line operations and adjustments are completed and before ten (10) additional operating hours have been accumulated, including emission testing, if performed (40CFR86.082.2-91). Zero kilometer: That point after normal assembly line operations and adjustments, after normal dealer setup and preride inspection
operations have been completed, and before 100 kilometers of vehicle operation or three hours of engine operation have been accumulated, including emission testing if performed (40CFR86.402.78-91).
metallic element with atomic number 30; atomic weight 65.38; density 7.14 glcc; melting point 419.5 C and boiling point 906 C. The element belongs to group IIB of the periodic table.
Zero or alternate discharge: Methods of wastewater discharge from point sources which do not involve discharge to navigable waters either directly or indirectly through publicly owned treatment works. Zero or alternate discharge methods include wastewater reuse, evaporation, and off-site privately owned treatment (EPA-87110a).
Zinc (Zn): A metal that is found naturally in air, soil, water, and foods. It is used in brass alloys, bronze, die-casting alloys, galvanizing iron, fungicides, smoke bombs, pharmaceuticals, pennies, and as a protective coating for other metals. Zinc in water can be dissolved or undissolved, depending on the chemical and physical properties of the local environment. The dominant fate of zinc is adsorption to sediments. Zinc in soil is most likely to be strongly absorbed, depending on conditions. Transfer to groundwater from soil is not a dominant process. The soluble forms of zinc are the most toxic forms to aquatic biota. Zinc is an essential nutrient for humans, however, excessive amounts can be harmful. Zinc can reduce "good cholesterol," as well as lead to various gastrointestinal disorders (NavyIEnv-04).
Zero order reaction: A chemical reaction in which an increase (or decrease) in reactant concentration results in no change in the rate of reaction (as long as some reactant is present) (Navy/Env04).
Zinc air battery (ZAB): A ZAB has a zinc electrode and an air electrode with potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is a rechargeable battery that is more efficient than the older nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride batteries.
Zero order reaction: A chemical reaction whose rate is independent of reactant concentrations (e.g., a photochemical reaction is dependent on the intensity of light not the concentrations of the reactants).
Zinc air fuel cell (ZAFC):See metal air fuel cell (MAFC).
Zero mile: That point after initial engine starting (not to exceed 100 miles of vehicle operation, or three hours of engine operation) at which normal assembly line operations and adjustments are completed, and including emission testing, if performed (40CFR86.082.2-91).
Zero plane displacement: A parameter in the logarithmic wind profile used to indicate the effective height of the surface. This parameter extends the applicability of the logarithmic profile to very rough surroundings, e.g., forest (NATO-78/10). Zero pressure: See vacuum. Zero, low-level, and high-level values: The CEMS response values related to the source specific span value. Determination of zero, low-level, and high-level values is defined in the appropriate PS in Appendix B of this part (40CFR60-AppIF-91). Zeroth round: Laboratory studies of a method of measuring a given characteristic of a material in preparation of running a round robin series of laboratory tests (EPA-83). Zinc (Zn): Major zinc compounds include (1) Zinc arsenate (ZnHAs04): Poisonous powder used an insecticide. (2) Zinc arsenite (Zn(AsO&): Poisonous powder used an insecticide and wood preservative. (3) Zinc oxide (ZnO): White powder used in cosmetics, driers, quick-setting cements. (4) Zinc sulfate (ZnSO, 7H20): Colorless crystals used in wood preserving, and paper bleaching. (5) Zinc sulfide (ZnS): Yellow powder used in pigments and television screens. Zinc (Zn): (1) The total zinc present in the process wastewater stream exiting the wastewater treatment system (40CFR415.45191, see also 40CFR415.631; 415.671; 420.02-91). (2) A hard
Zinc casting: The remelting of zinc or zinc alloy to form a cast intermediate or final product by pouring or forcing the molten metal into a mold, except for ingots, pigs, or other cast shapes related to nonferrous (primary) metals manufacturing (40CFR421) and nonferrous metals forming (40CFR471). Processing operations following the cooling of castings not covered under nonferrous metals forming are covered under the electroplating and metal finishing point source categories (40CFR413 and 433) (40CFR464.02-91). Zinc minerals: The main source of zinc is sphalerite (ZnS), but some smithsonite, hemimorphite, zincite, willemite, and h k l i n i t e are mined (EPA-82/05). Zincon, rutile, ilmenite., monazite: A group of heavy minerals which are usually considered together because of their occurrence as black sand in a natural beach (EPA-82/05). Zircaloy-4: An alloy of zirconium metal frequently used in nuclear reactors because of its desirable chemical and nuclear properties (DOE-91/04). Zircon: A mineral (ZrSi04), the chief ore of zirconium (EPA82/05). Zirconium (Zr): A transition metal with atomic number 40; atomic weight 91.22; density 6.49 g/cc; melting point 1852 C and boiling point 3580 C. The element belongs to group IVB of the periodic table.
Zlist: OSHA's Toxic and Hazardous Substances Tables (Z-1,Z-2, and 2-3) of air contaminants; any material found on these tables is considered hazardous (FFDCNpesticide-04). Zone control: The control of air flow into individual zones undergrate of a stoker, or plenums of a burner system (EPA-83). Zone of aeration (unsaturated): The zone in which the open spaces in soil or in a rock formation contain air and water. The comparatively dry soil or rock located between the ground surface and the top of the water table (NavyIEnv-04). Zone of aeration: The zone above the water table. Water in the zone of aeration does not flow into a well (CWAIhydrology-04). Zone of capillarity: The area above a water table where some or all of the interstices (pores) are filled with water that is held by capillarity (cf. capillarity water) (SW-108ts). Zone of engineering control: An area under the control of the ownedoperator that, upon detection of a hazardous waste release, can be readily cleaned up prior to the release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents to ground waster or surface water (40CFR260.10-9 1).
Zone of saturation: The zone in which the hnctional permeable rocks are saturated with water under hydrostatic pressure. Water in the zone of saturation will flow into a well, and is called groundwater (CWA/hydrology-04). Zone refining: A fractional crystallization technique in which a rod of impure materials is purified by heating it so as to cause a molten zone to pass along its length. Thus, in zone refining, only a part of the material being purified is melted at any one time. Impurities tend to be camed forward in the molten zone. By repeating the process on the rod a number of times, a high degree of purification is possible. Basic equipment consists of a material support or ingot holder to contain the sample; a feed or travel mechanism; and a source of heat. Zone sedimentation: The zone with settled solids in a sedimentation tank. Zoningfland use records: Those records of the local government in which the property is located indicating the uses permitted by the local government in particular zones within its jurisdiction. The records may consist of maps andlor written records. They are often located in the planning department of a municipality or county (USDNwater-04).
Zone of initial dilution (ZID): The region of initial mixing surrounding or adjacent to the end of the outfall pipe or diffuser ports, provided that the ZID may not be larger than allowed by mixing zone restrictions in applicable water quality standards (4OCFRl25.58-91).
Zooglea: Bacteria embedded in a jelly-like matrix formed as the result of metabolic activities (LBL-76107-water).
Zone of saturation: The area below the water table where all open spaces are filled with water (Navy/Env-04).
Zooplankton: Protozoa and other animal microorganisms living unattached in water. These include small crustacea, such as daphnia and cyclops (LBL-76107-water).
Zone of saturation: The layer beneath the surface of the land in which all openings are filled with water (FFDCNpesticide-04).
Zoogleal film: A jelly-like matrix developed by bacteria formed in treatment devices (EPA-75/10).
Zooplankton: Tiny aquatic animals eaten by fish (NavyIEnv-04). Zooxanthllae: Very small yellow-green algae.
Appendix A: Example Environmental Calculations Air Calculation................................................................................................................................................................. 871 Carbon Monoxide Hourly Rolling Average Calculations.................................................................................................. 871 Combustion Air Calculation.............................................................................................................................................871 Combustion Air Fuel Ratio (Air Fuel Ratio. Air to Fuel Ratio or Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio)....................................... 872 Combustion Correction Factor (or Correction Factor)..................................................................................................... 872 Combustion Residual Oxygen in Flue Gas ..................................................................................................................... 872 Destruction and Removal Efficiency ...............................................................................................................................872 Dew Point Temperature .................................................................................................................................................. 873 Heat (or Heat Load) ........................................................................................................................................................ 873 Heat of Formation (Enthalpy of Formation. Enthalpy of Hydration or Enthalpy of Reaction)........................................... 873 Henry's Law .................................................................................................................................................................... 874 Humidity Ratio (HR) (Absolute Humidity or Specific Humidity) ....................................................................................... 874 Standard Condition.........................................................................................................................................................874 Time Weighted Average Example...................................................................................................................................875 VOST (Volatile Organic Sampling Train) ........................................................................................................................ 875
Air Calculation In calculations, air is assumed that it contains 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. The volumetric and gravimetric analyses of air are as follows: Volumetric analysis of dry air Oxygen: 21% of air or 0.21 mole, or 0.21 lb-mole, when air is assumed at 1 mole. Nitrogen: 79% of air or 0.79 mole, or 0.79 Ib-mole, when air is assumed at 1 mole. Thus, 0.21 moles of O2+ 0.79 moles of N2 = 1 mole of air; or 1 mole of O2 + 3.76 moles of N2 = 4.76 moles of air. This equation shows that for each volume (mole) of oxygen, 3.76 volumes (moles) of nitrogen or 4.76 volumes (moles) of air are involved. Gravimetric analysis of dry air Air molecular weight 0.2102 +0.79N2 =1moleofair 0.21~32 + 0.79~28 = 28.84 Ib/lb-mole 6.72 +22.12 = 28.84 1 +3.2917 =4.2917 (A) 0.2330 0.23 1
+0.7670 +0.77 +3.35
= 1, air base calculation =
1
= 4.35
(B)
Both equations (A) and (B) are based on unit oxygen calculation. However, comparing equations (A) and (B), the different nitrogen values, 3.2917 and 3.35, are because of the approximation in equation (B). Oxygen mass fraction = 0.21~32128.84= 23% Nitrogen mass hction = 0.79~28128.84= 77% Thus, one pound of air can be expressed by: 0.23 Ib O2 + 0.77 Ib N2 = 1 Ib air; or 1 Ib O2 + 3.35 Ilb N2 = 4.35 Ibs air. This equation shows that for each Ilb of oxygen, 3.35 llbs of nitrogen or 4.35 Ibs of air are involved. Air standard volume: Any gas at standard conditions has a volume of 359 ft3llb-mole (see standard condition). Air density = weight/volume = 28.841359 = 0.0808 Iblscf, where: scf = standard cubic feet.
Carbon Monoxide Hourly Rolling Average Calculations This example is to show how carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits can be used as one of the permit conditions. 1.
Tier I limits: The applicant can demonstrate compliance by meeting the recommended de minimis CO limit of 100 ppmv (corrected to 7% oxygen, dry basis) on an hourly rolling average (HRA). Example: Find HRA and waste feed cut-off time during incineration, if CO is greater than 100 ppmv.
Data and calculation are shown below: Time(hr) CO HRA calculation(ppmv) 0 (60x30)/60 30 (60x30)/60 357 30
1
1
5:OO 30 (60x30)/60 * Waste feed cut-off; and ** waste feed re-start
value 30 30
1 30
Tier I1 limits: The minimum CO limit would be waived if the applicant demonstrates that THC emissions are not likely to pose unacceptable health risk. There are two alternative approaches to demonstrate that THC emissions are acceptable: 2.1. A health-based approach based on site-specific risk assessment; or 2.2. A technology-based approach where the applicant demonstrates that THC levels do not exceed a good operating practicebased level of 20 ppmv (hourly rolling average, corrected to 7% oxygen, dry basis and reported as propane). The CO limits for either Tier I or Tier I1 must be corrected to dry stack gas and 7% oxygen in the stack gas. The correction to dry stack gas is necessary only for instruments that measure CO on a wet basis. This correction factor for humidity and oxygen would initially be determined during the trail burn and annually thereafter unless specified more frequently in the permit. The oxygen and humidity correction factors would be applied continuously. The CO limits can be implemented in either of two formats: 3.1. An hourly rolling average format; or 3.2. A cumulative hourly timeabove-a-level format. The cumulative hourly timeabove-a-level format is designed to allow hourly average CO emissions equivalent to the hourly rolling average format. This alternative format is provided to minimize the cost of instrumentation needed to monitor, analyze, and record CO levels.
Combustion Air Calculation For the combustion of methane, CH4, determine combustion air requirements. CH4+ 2(1 + e)(02+ 3.76N2) C02+ 2H20+ 2e02 + 2(1 + e) (3.76)N2,where e = excess air. For this example: actual air = 2(1 + e) and theoretical air = 2; Percent theoretical air = 2(1 + a)/2(%) = (1 + a)(%) and Percent excess air = [2(1 + a) - 2]/2(%) = a(%) For more examples, the combustion of propane is as follows:
+
+
100% theoretical air: C3Hs+ 5 x 1.0(02+ 3.76N2) 3CO2+ 4H20 + 18.8N2,The 100% theoretical air is equivalent to 0% excess air combustion. 2. 80% theoretical air: C3Hs + 5 x 0.8(02 + 3.76N2) 2C0 + C02 + 4H20 + 15.04N2.The 80% theoretical air is equivalent to 20% deficient air combustion. 150% theoretical air: C3Hs + 5 x 1.5(02 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H20 + 2.502 + 28.2N2. The 150% theoretical air is equivalent to 50% excess air combustion. 1.
+
+
Combustion Air Fuel Ratio (Air Fuel Ratio, Air to Fuel Ratio or Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio) The airlfuel ratio can be expressed by the following two options: AFm = (AirBuel) = n(l + 3.76)/nf, by mole AFw = (AirIFuel) = n(l + 3.76) x 29/(nf x Mf), by weight, where n = moles of oxygen; nf = moles of fuel; Mf = molecular weight of fuel; 29 = molecular weight of air (actually 28.84) Example: Calculate the theoretical airlfuel ratio for the combustion of octane (C8H18). Solution: The combustion equation is: C8H18+ 12.502+ 12.5(3.76)N2 8C02+ 9H20+ 47.0N2 The theoretical airlfuel ratio on a mole basis is: AFm = (12.5)(1+3.76)/1 = 59.5 moles air/mole fuel The theoretical airlfuel ratio on a weight basis is found by introducing the molecular weights of the air and fuel. That is: AFw = 59.5(28.84)/114.2 = 15 lb airflb fuel
To correct the measured C02 to a desired O2 level of 0% excess air (i.e., at the theoretical air condition): C = CF x G; where: C = corrected parameter value at the desired O2 level; C, = measured parameters such as CO or C02 which are required to be corrected to a desired O2 level. For this example: C02 (at 0% O2level) = CF x (C02), = 1.55 x 7.5% = 11.625% This figure can be checked with the dry C02 level fiom the theoretical air combustion of CH4 from Equation A. That is: C02 = 141 + 7.52) = 11.73%. The discrepancy between the 11.625% and 11.73% values is probably due to rounding off certain values; in any case, the values are very close. Example 2: Conversion between two correction factors Given: CO at 7% O2level Determine: CO at 10% 0 2 level CO at 7% O2 is (CO)7= [(2 1-7)/(2 1-O,)](CO), (C), where: subscript m refers to the measured value. CO at 10% O2 is (CO)lo= [(21-10)/(21-0m)](CO)m (D) From the ratio (D)/(C), (CO)lo= (1 1/14) x (CO), = 0.7857 x (C0)7
+
Combustion Residual Oxygen in Flue Gas The residual oxygen (% 02) in flue gas can be calculated by the following equation: Excess air (%) = % 02/(21% - % 02). In this equation, excess air is a given condition that is the ratio of excess air to the theoretical air amount. Thus, the residual O2 after combustion can be determined. Example, a 50% excess air combustion of propane is: C3H8+ 5 x 1.5(02+ 3.76N2) 3CO2+ 4H20+ 2.502 + 28.2N2. The residual 0 2 in flue gas is: 50% = %02/(21% -% 02). Thus, O2= 7%. This value can be checked by actual calculation of O2 fraction in the flue gas, i.e., O2 = 2.5/(3 + 4 + 2.5 + 28.2) = 6.6%. The discrepancy between the 7% and 6.6% values is probably due to rounding off certain values; in any case, the values are very close.
+
Combustion Correction Factor (or Correction Factor) For comparison purposes, it is sometimes necessary to correct a measured value of a compound's concentration at the stack to a certain desired concentration. The way to make such a correction follows. The correction factor (CF) for oxygen is defined as: CF = (2 1 - desired 02)/(21 - measured 02). Example 1: CF calculations Cl& + 2(02 + 3.76N2) C02+ 2H20+ 7.52N2 (A) Cl& + 2(1.5)(02 + 3.76N2) C02 + 2H20 + O2 + 11.28N2 (B) Equation (A) depicts combustion at 0% excess air and Equation B shows 150% air combustion. The following calculation is to show how C02 measured at 150% of theoretical air combustion (50% excess air) is converted to 0% excess air combustion. O2 measured at the wet condition of Equation B = 141 + 2 + 1 + 11.28) = 6.5%. O2 measured at the dry condition of Equation B = 1/(1 + 1 + 11.28) = 7.5%. To correct the measured (dry) O2 value to a desired (0% O2 in products): CF = (21 - 0)/(21 - 7.5) = 1.55 C02 measured at a dry condition (Eq. B) = 141 + 1 + 11.28) = 7.5%
+
+
Destruction and Removal Efficiency Calculation of a sample volume required to meet 99.99% DRE 1.
Computation of maximum W, to satisfy 99.99% DRE Given conditions: 1.1. POHC designated by the permit writer: hexachlorobenzene; 1.2. Concentration of POHC in waste feed: 1.OW, 1.3. Waste feed rate: 1000 lbsihr. Solution: 1.4. Wh = (concentration of POHC in waste)(waste feed rate) = (0.01)(1000 Ibihr) = 10 lbihr 1.5. Wo = Wb(l-ORE) = (10 lb/hr)(l-0.9999) = 0.001 Ibihr Note: The expression of the DRE to 5 or 6 decimal places is justified because an error by as much as 25% in the Wo would affect only the fifth decimal place.
Computation of minimum weight of POHC sample that can be collected. Given conditions: 2.1. Detection limit of hexachlorobenzene in analytical sample extract as injected in the GCMS: 1 ng/uL or 1 ug/mL; 2.2. Average extraction efficiency: 60%. Solution: 2.3. Because the extracted sample is concentrated via evaporation before injection into the GCMS, then the minimum weight of collected hexachlorobenzene is independent of extract liquid volume. The minimum detectable total weight of POHC collected as obtained from laboratory analysis: = (detection limit)/(extraction efficiency) = (1 2.4. WSBmPIe ug/mL)I(O.60) = 1.667 ug 3. Computation of the POHC stack gas loading Given conditions: Stack gas volume flow rate at standard conditions, Q = 85382 scflmin. Solution: 3.1. POHC concentration (c,) = (total weight of POHC in sample)/(volume of sample at standard conditions) 3.2. c, = (WJQ)(l hrI60 min) = [(0.001 Iblhr)l(85382 scflmin)][l hrl 60 min] = 1.95 E-10 Iblscf = 8.85 E-07 gradscf Note: This computation assumes 100% collection of the POHC on the filter, resin module, and impingers. 4. Computation of minimum stack gas sample volume (V,,) = (1.667 E-06 grams)l(8.85 E-07 gramslscf) = Vstd= WsamplJcB 1.884 scf 2.
Dew Point Temperature Example: Trichloroethylene(C2HC13)is incinerated with methane gas at theoretical air conditions. Calculate the mole analysis of the combustion products and determine the dew point of the products for a total pressure of 14.696 psia Solution: 1. C2HC13+ CH4 + 3.5(02 + 3.76N2) 3C02 + 3HC1+ H20 + 13.16N2. 2. The total number of moles in the products is, n = 3 + 3 + 1 + 13.16 = 20.16 Moles. 3. The mole fraction of the products is: y~02= 3120.16 = 14.88%; y ~ c l =3120.16 = 14.88%; y~20= 1120.16 = 4.96%; y ~ 2= l3.16l20.16 = 65.28%. 4. The dew point of the products is the temperature at which the vapor is saturated with water. It corresponds to the partial pressure of the water vapor, or: pwo = y ~ x~p =o 0.0496 X 14.696 = 0.7298 psia. 5. The saturation temperature corresponding to 0.7298 psia is about 94 F. Therefore: dew point = 94 F. 6. This example illustrates two facts; namely: 6.1. Nitrogen is about 65% of the combustion product gas. This means that most of the fuel is used to heat the nitrogen in the air to the incineration temperature.
6.2. The dew point is 94 F. The moisture in the combustion gas would condense if the stack gas temperature is cooled below 94 F. Because the condensed moisture may contain HCI, the HCI will probably be corrosive to the stack or other parts in the incinerator that are downstream of the condensation point. Therefore, in designing this incinerator stack, the combustion gas should be maintained above 94 F.
Heat (or Heat Load) Heat is also known as heat load. It is an interactive flow of energy between a system and its surroundings which is caused by a temperature difference between the system and the surroundings. Typical heat units include: Btu and Calorie. The conventional signs of heat are as follows: (1) Heat added to the system is positive. (2) Heat liberated from the system is negative (cf. work).
An adiabatic process is a process in which no heat is transferred between a system and its surroundings. Applying the first thermodynamic law under the steady state, heat can be obtained: Q = mCp(T2 - TI) Where: m = mass flow Cp = constant pressure specific heat TI = temperature at state 1 T2= temperature at state 2 Example: Determine heat rate. Data: Mass flow rate = 1200 Iblmin, Cp = 0.26 Btuflb-F, initial and final temperatures = 200 F and 1200 F respectively. Solution: Q=mCp(T2 - TI) = 1200 x 0.26 x (1200 - 200) = 3.12 x lo5 Btulmin.
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Heat of Formation (Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Hydration, or Enthalpy of Reaction) Heat of formation (enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of hydration, or enthalpy of reaction) means the quantity of heat transferred during the formation of a compound from its elements at standard conditions (temperature = 25 C (77 F) and pressure = 1 atm) where the energy level of all elements (reactants, in this case) is assigned to be zero. Heat of formation can be determined from the change in enthalpy resulting when a compound is formed from its elements at constant temperature and pressure conditions. Example: At standard conditions, methane formation may be expressed CH4. If the heat transfer were accurately as: C + 2H2 measured, the heat of formation, Hf, would be -17.9 Kcallgmole. Solution:
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Applying the Thermodynamic First Law to this process, and using Table 12.3 in (Wylen-73, p502), heat of formation can be obtained by: Hf = h2 - hl = hCH4- hC - hZm= -17.9 Kcallg-mole - 0 - 0 = 17.9 Kcallg-mole Thus, the measurement of the heat transferred actually provides the enthalpy difference between the products and the reactants. If zero value is assigned to the enthalpy of all elements at standard conditions (25 C and 1 atm pressure), then the enthalpy of the reactants in this case is zero. The enthalpy of CH4 at 25 C and 1 atm. pressure (relative to this base in which the enthalpy of its elements is assigned to be zero) is called its enthalpy of formation. The enthalpy of CH4 at any other state would be found by adding the change of enthalpy between 25 C and 1 atm. and the given state to the enthalpy of formation. That is, the enthalpy at any temperature and pressure is: H(t,p) = Hf + enthalpy change from the conditions of 25 C and 1 atm. and the given conditions.
Henry's Law Henry's Law is the measure of the volatility of a substance in a dilute solution of water at equilibrium. It is the ratio of the vapor pressure exerted by a substance in the gas phase over a dilute aqueous solution of that substance to its wncentration in the solution at a given temperature. For HRS purposes, use the value reported at or near 25 C. [atmosphere-cubic meters per mole (atmm3/mole)] (40CFR300-AppIA-9 1). An expression which relates the concentration of a chemical dissolved in the aqueous phase to the concentration (or pressure) of the chemical in the gaseous phase when the two are at equilibrium with each other (Course 165.6). H = CaKw, where: Ca = Concentration of compound in air and Cw = concentration of compound in water. The law can be expressed in several equivalent forms, a convenient form being: C, = HCI where C, and C1 are the gas-(g) and liquid-(]) phase concentrations. The constant (H) is the ratio at equilibrium of the gas phase concentration to the liquid-phase wncentration of the gas (i.e., moles per liter in airlmoles per liter in solution) (EPA-90108). For dilute solutions, where the components do not interact, the resulting partial pressure (p) of a component "A" in equilibrium with other components can be expressed as: p = cAH;where: p = equilibrium partial pressure of component "A" over solution c = concentration of "A" in liquid phase, g-mole/cm3 of pure A H = Henry's law constant, (atrn-~m~)/(~-mole) at the same temperature and pressure as the solution In comparing with Henry's law, Raoult's law is for concentrated solutions (Hesketh-79, p145).
Humidity Ratio (HR) (Absolute Humidity or Specific Humidity) Humidity ratio (HR) (absolute humidity or specific humidity) is defined as HR = [water vapor mass (m,) in air-vapor mixture] 1 [air mass (ma) in air-vapor mixture] = [vapor molecular weight (M,) x vapor partial pressure (p,)] / [air molecular weight (MA x air partial pressure (pa)] = 0.622~ Jp, = 0.622 x RH x pg/pa, where: RH = relative humidity and p, = saturation vapor pressure. Example: Compute humidity ratio, air mass, and water vapor mass. Data: 2000 ft? air-water mixture at 14.696 psia, 90,F, has a relative humidity of 70%. Solution: From the Steam Tables (Wylen-73, p649), the saturation pressure for water vapor at 90 F is 0.6982 psia. The partial pressure of the water vapor in the mixture is then p, = RH x p, = 0.7(0.6982) = 0.489 psia. Since the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures, the air partial pressure equals pa = P - pv = 14.696 - 0.489 = 14.207 psia. HR = 0.622pJpa = 0.622 x 0.489114.207 = 0.02135 Ibs of water vaporllb of dry air = 150.5 grains of water vaporllb of dry air. The result is often expressed as grains of water vapor per pound of dry air (where 1 Ib = 7000 grains). The value of 0.0215 Ibs of water vaporllb of dry air can also be obtained from a Psychrometric Chart (Wylen-73-p708) based on the parameters of dry-bulb temperature (90 F) and 70% relative humidity. Because the water vapor content of combustion air behaves like a heat sink during the combustion process, it can significantly affect the actual combustion temperature achieved. This example also shows that a Psychrometric Chart can be a very convenient tool to use in determining the water vapor content of ambient air. Air mass (ma) = (pa x V)/(R, x T) = (14.21 x 144 x 2000)/(53.33 x 550) = 139.6 Ibs. Where: R, = air gas constant; and T absolute temperature. Water vapor mass (m,) = HR x ma = 0.02135 x 139.6 = 2.98 Ibs.
Standard Condition Examples of standard condition calculations are shown below: Example 1: For a British system, the standard conditions often used and their corresponding volumes at 1 pound-mole weight are as follows (EPA-84/09): Using the ideal gas equation, the equation, V2 = VI(PlT2/P2Tl),can be applied to this case. One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT
One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT One atm, 32 F. Its corresponding volume can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRuT V, = nRuT/P = 1 x 1545(60 + 460)/(14.6959 x 144) = 379
rt3 V70= 1 x 1545(70 + 460)/(14.6959 x 144) = 387 ft3
Example 2: For a metric system, at 0 C or 273 K and 1 atm, Vo = I(kg-mole) x 0.08206(atm-m3)/(kg-mole-K)(O+ 273)/l (atrn) = 22.4 m3
Time Weighted Average Example The time weighted average is the average value of a parameter (e.g., concentration of a chemical in air) that varies over time (Course 165.6). The average value can be expressed as TWA = sum[(Ci x Ti)]/sum(Ti), where: i = l,2,3 .....; C = concentration; and T = time of exposure. Example: Calculation of TWA Data: Concentration m , Ex osure time (hours)
2.5
Example 3: For idea gas equation applications, the ideal gas equation can be used to calculate a gas volume at any conditions. Assuming that at a constant pressure, the ideal gas equation can be expressed as: Mole basis calculation V2 = Vl (n2)T2/[(nl)Tl], nl = 1 for standard condition V2 = Vl (n2)T2/T1 Mass basis calculation PV = nRuT = lxRuT for standard condition = 28.9RT, where R = RUM,M = air molecular weight V2 = Vl(m2)T2/(28.9Tl) Where: 1 and 2 refer to standard and actual temperature conditions respectively; n = moles, m = mass; V = volume; P = pressure; and T = temperature. Example 4: In emission analysis, standard conditions use 29.92 in. W.C. (inch water column, [760 millimeters of mercury]) and 68 F (20 C). A cubic foot measured at this pressure and temperature is known as a standard cubic foot. When a stack test is performed to check the level of emissions from an incinerator, both temperature and pressure are measured during the test in addition to the pollutant of interest. The test results are then converted to standard conditions (grainldry standard cubic foot) using the temperature and pressure measured. In this way, all test results of all sources including incinerators can be compared on the same basis, i.e., all results are reduced to standard conditions (EPA-83/06). Example 5: A volume of 20 m3 was drawn from a spirometer at 20 C and 700 mm Hg. What was the standard volume drawn (EPA83/06, p3-45)? Solution: Using the ideal gas equation, the equation, V2 = Vl(PITZ/P2TI), can be applied to this case. Where: V2 = volume at condition 2 (standard condition to be determined) V1= volume at condition 1 = 20 m3 PI = pressure at condition 1 = 700 mm Hg P2= pressure at condition 2 = 760 mm Hg TI = temperature at condition 1 = 20 C + 273 = 293 K T2= temperature at condition 2 = 25 C + 273 = 298 K VZ= (20 x 700 x 298)/(760 x 293) = 18.7 m3
Solution: TWA = [(I5 x 3 + 21 x 2.5 + 18 x 2.5)/(3 + 2.5 + 2.5)] = 17.8 PPm
VOST (Volatile Organic Sampling Train) Example: Determine whether VOST sample size is sufficient to measure 99.99% DRE for POHC, CC14 (carbon tetrachloride) (cf. calculation in destruction and removal efficiency) (EPA89/06, p6). Data: Waste feed rate: 15.2 kg/min (2000 lbhr). POHC feed concentration: 500 ppm (500 ppm = 500kg/106kg = 0.5gkg-feed). Stack gas flow rate: 4500 scfm (127.4 m3/min). (1 m3 = 35.31 @) Lower detection limit: 2 ng (I O-gg = 10 E-09g) per trap. VOST: 3 trap pairs (measured at different time), 500 mumin (.5 Ltmin) flow rate per pair, 20 L sampldpair Solution: POHC input rate, Wi = waste feed rate x POHC concentration, Wi = 15.2(kg/min) x O.S(g/kg) = 7.6 g/min. POHC stack output rate at 99.99% DRE, Wo = Wi(1DREIIOO), Wo = 7.6(1-0.9999) = 0.00076 g/min. POHC concentration (PC) in stack gas at 99.99% DRE = Wo/(stack gas flow rate) = 0.000761127.4 = 0.0000060 dm3. (stack gas flow rate is a given condition). 0.0000060 g/m3 x (10 E+09 ng/g) x (10 E-03 m3/L) = 6.0 ngn. (1 g = (10 E+O9)x(lO E-09)g = (10 E+09)ng) (1 L = 1000 cc = 10 E+03 cm3 [m3/(10 E+06 an3)] = 10 E-03 m3}. Sample amount collected on one pair of traps = 20(L) x 6.0(ng/L) = 120 ng. Conclusion: Since the VOST lower detection limit for CC14is 2 ng, the sample is sufficient to detect CC14 to determine a DRE of 99.99% or lower. A margin of safety above the detection limit is desirable. This calculation assumes both traps in a pair are combined for analysis. If they are analyzed separately, the distribution of mass on each trap must be considered.
Appendix B: Special Environmental Definitions Air Pollutant Type.................... ;....................................................................................................................................... 877 Air Pollution Control Equipment ......................................................................................................................................877 Baseline Gasoline ...........................................................................................................................................................877 878 California List Waste (52 Federal Register 25760. July 8. 1987) .................................................................................... Cascade Impactor...........................................................................................................................................................878 Combustion Equivalence Ratio or Equivalence Ratio (ER).............................................................................................878 878 Complete Incineration..................................................................................................................................................... Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) ..............................................................................................................................879 Data Qualifiers ................................................................................................................................................................879 Dispersion Model ............................................................................................................................................................ 880 880 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by an Alkali Process..................................................................................................... Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Lime Scrubbing Process ......................................................................................881 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Limestone Scrubbing Process.............................................................................. 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Magnesium Oxide Process .................................................................................. 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) by a Sodium-Based Once-Through Scrubbing ............................................................ 882 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Spray Dryer with a Baghouse or ESP .................................................................. 883 Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) by a Wellman-Lord Process......................................................................................... 884 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) System Comparison..................................................................................................... 884 Force............................................................................................................................................................................... 885 Gas Chromatography (GC>Compound Separator..........................................................................................................885 Ideal Gas Law ................................................................................................................................................................. 885 Incinerator Operating Temperature................................................................................................................................. 886 InternationalOrganization for Standardization(ISO) ...................................................................................................... 886 IS0 9000......................................................................................................................................................................... 886 IS0 14000....................................................................................................................................................................... 887 IS0 Acronym ..................................................................................................................................................................887 Measurement System Performance Specification..........................................................................................................888 Method (Analytical) Qualifiers .........................................................................................................................................888 Mixture Property.............................................................................................................................................................. 888 Nitrogen Oxide Emission Control....................................................................................................................................888 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System (OHSAS) ....................................................................................888 Pressure .........................................................................................................................................................................889 Property of Gas Mixture ..................................................................................................................................................889 Property of Ideal Gas Mixture ......................................................................................................................................... 889 Reference Method (or Reference Sampling and Analytical Method) .............................................................................. 891 Relative humidity............................................................................................................................................................. 895 Shell UOP ....................................................................................................................................................................... 895 Sulfur Oxide Emission Control ........................................................................................................................................895 Treatment Technology .................................................................................................................................................... 896 Uncertainty...................................................................................................................................................................... 897 Viscosity.......................................................................................................................................................................... 897 Waste Paper Type .......................................................................................................................................................... 897
Air Pollutant Type Typical air pollutants (grouped into four classes), their sources, and their potential health effects are shown below (AP-40): 1. Organic gases which include: 1.1. ~araffins"~.~ from the source of processing and transfer of petroleum products; use of solvents; motor vehicles, etc. 1.2. ~ l e f i n s " ~from , ~ , ~the source of processing and transfer of gasoline; motor vehicles, etc. 1.3. Aromaticsab3c7d: The source is the same as for paraffins 1.4. Others: 1.4.1. Oxygenated hydrocarbonsb7csd(aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids) from the use of solvents & motor vehicles 1A.2. Halogenated hydrocarbonsb'c~d (carbon tetrachloride, perchlororethylene, etc.) from the use of solvents 2. Inorganic gases which include: 2.1. Oxides of (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide) from the combustion of fuels; motor vehicles, etc. 2.2. Oxides of sulfUrab%4e (sulfur dioxide, sulfur tioxide) from the combustion of fuels; chemical industry, etc. 2.3. Carbon monoxide5 from the use of motor vehicles; petroleum; metals industry; etc. 3. Aerosols (particulate matter) which include: 3.1. Solid particles4e (carbon or soot) from the source of combustion of fuels; motor vehicles, etc. 3.2. Metal oxides & saltsd from the source of catalyst dusts from refineries; motor vehicle; combustion of fuel oil, etc. 3.3. Silicates and mineral dustsdfrom the source of minerals industry; construction 3.4. Metallic fumesdfrom the source of metals industry 4. Liquid particles which include: 4.1. Acid dropsd from the source of combustion of fuels; plating; battery manufacture 4.2. Oily or tarry dropletsdfrom the source of motor vehicles; asphalt paving and roofing; asphalt saturators; petroleum refining 4.3. Paints and surface coatingsf from the source of various industries Where: a: Plant damage; b: Eye irritation; ': Oxidant formation d: Visibility reduction; e: Danger to other health; and f: Other
Air Pollution Control Equipment APCE means any equipment or facility of a type intended to eliminate, prevent, reduce, or control the emission of specified air contaminants to the atmosphere (40CFR52.741-91). Types of APCE include: 1. Particulate matter control
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3.
1.1. Inertial separator such as cyclone separator 1.2. Wet collection device 1.2.1. Spray chamber 1.2.2. Cyclone type scrubber 1.2.3. Orifice type scrubber 1.2.4. Mechanical scrubber 1.2.5. Mechanical, centrifugal collector with water spray 1.2.6. High pressure spray 1.2.7. Venturi scrubber 1.2.8. Packed tower 1.2.9. Wet filter 1.3. Baghouse (fabric filter) 1.4. Electrostatic precipitator Organic vapor control 2.1. Afterburner 2.1.1. Direct-fire afterburner 2.1.2. Catalytic afterburner 2.2. Boiler used as an afterburner 2.3. Adsorption equipment 2.4. Vapor condenser 2.5. Absorption equipment 2.5.1. Packed tower 2.5.2. Plate or tray tower 2.5.3. Spray tower and spray chamber 2.5.4. Venturi absorber (AP-40) Acid gas control 3.1. Sulfur dioxide control 3.2. Nitrogen oxide control
Baseline Gasoline 1. Summertime-The term baseline gasoline means in the case of gasoline sold during the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator) a gasoline which meets the following specifications (BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES): 1.1. API Gravity 57.4 1.2. Sulfur, ppm 339 1.53 1.3. Benzene, % 1.4. RW, psi 8.7 1.5. Octane, R+M/2 87.3 91 1.6. IBP, F 1.7. lo%, F 128 218 1.8. 50%, F 1.9. 90%, F 330 1.10. EndPoint,F 415 32.0 1.11. Aromatics, % 1.12. Olefins, % 9.2 58.8 1.13. Saturates, % Wintertime-The administrator shall establish the specifications of baseline gasoline for gasoline sold at times other than the high ozone period (as defined by the Administrator). Such specifications shall be the specifications of 1990 industry average gasoline sold during such period (CAA211.k-42USC7545-91).
California List Waste (52 Federal Register 25760, July 8,1987) 1. Liquid hazardous wastes: Including free liquid associated with any solid or sludge, containing free cyanides at concentrationsgreater than or equal to 1,000 mg/L. 2. Liquid hazardous wastes: Including free liquid associated with any solid or sludge, containing the following metals (or elements) or compounds of these metals (or elements) at concentrations greater than or equal to those specified below: 2.1. Arsenic and/or compounds (as As) 500 mg/L; 2.2. Cadmium and/or compounds (as Cd) 100 mgL; 2.3. Chromium (VI and/or compounds (as Cr VI) 500 mg/L; 2.4. Lead and/or compounds (as Pb) 500 m a ; 2.5. Mercury and/or compounds (as Hg) 20 mg/L; 2.6. Nickel and/or compounds (as Ni) 134 mg/L; 2.7. Selenium and/or compounds (as Se) 100 mg/L; and 2.8. Thallium and/or compounds (as Th) 130 mg/L. 3. Liquid waste having a pH less than or equal to two (2.0). 4. Liquid hazardous wastes containing polychlorinated biphenyls at concentrations greater than or equal to 50 ppm. 5. Hazardous wastes containing halogenated organic compounds in total concentration greater than or equal to 1,000 mgikg.
Cascade Impactor An impactor is a sampling device that employs the principle of impaction (impingement) to collect successively smaller sizes of particles. It is commonly used to determine the particle size distribution of exhaust streams from industrial sources. It can be directly attached to an EPA Method 5 sampling train and easily inserted into the stack of an industrial source (see particle size measurement device for more related terms) (Course 413, p4-8; EPA-84/09). Typical impactors consist of a series of stacked stages and collection surfaces. Depending on the calibration requirements, each stage contains from one to as many as 400 precisely drilled jet orifices, identical in diameter in each stage but decreasing in diameter in each succeeding stage. Adhesive, electrostatic, and van der Wads forces hold the particles to each other and to the collection surfaces. Moreover the particles are not blown off the collecting plate by the jets of air because the jets follow laminar flow paths so at no turbulent areas exist. This results in complete dead air spaces over and around the samples. Particles are collected on preweighed individual stages, usually filters made of glass fiber or thin metal foil. Once the sample is complete, the collection filters are weighed again, yielding particle size distribution data for the various collection stages. Occasionally there are some dusts that are very difficult to collect, and require grease on the collection filter for adequate particle capture. Once the particles have been fractionated into discrete ranges, a chemical analysis can be performed on the collected particles. The effective range for measuring the aerodynamic diameter is generally between 0.3 and 20 pm. Some vendors have claimed size fractionation as small as 0.02 pm with the use of 20 or more
stages. An impactor is one of the most useful devices for determining particle size. This is because of the impactor's compact arrangement, mechanical stability, and its ability to draw a sample directly from a stack. In addition, the impactor measures the aerodynamic diameter of particles, which describes the movement of the particles in a gas stream. Particle movement information is extremely useful in designing air pollution control equipment, especially mechanical collectors which depend on aerodynamic drag forces for particle collection.
Combustion Equivalence Ratio or Equivalence Ratio (ER) The actual fuel-air ratio divided by the stoichiometric (theoretical) fuel-air ratio. The actual fuel-air ratio is that air which is supplied to a combustion system that is more or less than that of the amount required for theoretical combustion. This is a measure of whether the combustion is fuel rich or fuel lean combustion (ER>l is fuel rich while ER I Stoichiometric ER=1 Lean ER 1
Complete Incineration The ultimate goal of the incineration of waste is to convert the waste materials into harmless combustion products so that they can be safely emitted to the environment. When a waste is completely incinerated, the elements in the waste are generally assumed to follow the following reaction patterns: 1. Hydrogen, H H20 2. Carbon, C C02 3. Chloride, C1 HCI or C12 4. Fluoride, F HF or F2
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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Sulfur, S SO2 Nitrogen, N N2 Alkali metals Carbonate Sodium, Na Na2C03 Potassium K KOH Non-alkali metals Oxides Copper, Cu c u o Iron, Fe FqO However, complete incineration is solely a theoretical concept. In actual practice, partially oxidized products of incomplete combustion (PICs) are formed. These PICs may include carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and a whole myriad of other organics. It is always possible to over design an incinerator or to use extra fuel for higher flame temperatures to ensure sufficiently complete combustion. However, either of these corrective measures increase the cost of incineration (see incineration for more related terms).
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Continuous Emission Monitor (CEM) Types of CEM include: 1. Continuous inorganic emission monitor 1.1. Electroanalytical method 1.1.1. Electrocatalytic oxygen analyzer (EPA-81/09) 1.1.2. Polarographic analyzer (EPA-81/09; 84103a) 1.2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzer (FTSIR) (EPA-84103a) 1.3. Gas filter correlation analyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.4. Infrared spectrophotometer (Course 165.5) 1.5. Luminescence analyzer 1.5.1. Chemiluminescence analyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.5.2. Fluorescenceanalyzer (EPA-84103a) 1.5.3. Photoluminescence (flame photometric) (EPA84103a) 1.6. Nondispersion infrared (NDIR) (EPA-8 1/09) 1.7. Nondispersion ultraviolet (NDUV) (EPA-81/09) 1.8. Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer (EPA-8 1/09) 1.8.1. Magnetic wind instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.8.2. Magneto-dynamic instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.8.3. Magneto-pneumatic instrument (EPA-84103a) 1.9. Second derivative absorption analyzer (EPA-84103a) 2. Continuous organic emission monitor: 2.1. Gas chromatography (a)--compound separator (EPA84103a) 2.2. GCIcompound detector or compound separatorlcompound detector 2.2.1. GCIAFID (gas chromatographylalkali flame ionization detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.2. GCIDD (gas chromatographyldual detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.3. GCtECD (gas chromatography/electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.4. GCIECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector) (EPA-84103a)
2.2.5. GCIFID (gas chromatographylflame ionization detector) (Course 165.5) 2.2.6. GCMECD (gas chromatographyhall electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.7. GCPID (gas chromatographylphotoionization detector) (Course 165.5) 2.2.8. GCITCD (gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) 2.2.9. GCITSD (gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector) (EPA-84/03a) 2.3. Hybrid chromatograph monitor (EPA-84103a) 2.3.1. GCDR (gas chromatographylinfrared absorption spectrometer) (EPA-84103a) 2.3.2. GCMS (gas chromatographylmass spectrometry) (EPA-84103a) 2.4. Radiation emission-absorption instrumentation 2.4.1. Infrared absorption (EPA-84103a) 2.4.2. Ultraviolet absorption (EPA-84103a)
Data Qualifiers Data qualifiers are symbols added as a suffix to analytical results used to flag data: 1. Organic Analysis: A-Indicates that a Tentatively Identified Compound (TIC) is a suspected aldol-condensation product. B-The analyte was found in the associated blank as well as in the sample. It indicates possiblelprobable blank contamination and warns the data user to take appropriate action. This flag must be used for a TIC as well as for a positively identified Target Compound List (TCL) compound. C-Applies to pesticide results where the identification has been confirmed by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GCMS). Single component pesticides 10 nglml in the final extract shall be confirmed by GCMS. D-Identifies all compounds identified in an analysis at a secondary dilution factor. If a sample or extract is reanalyzed at a higher dilution factor, as in the E flag below, the DL suffix is appended to the sample number on Form I for the diluted sample, and all concentration values reported on that Form I are flagged with the D flag. E-Identifies compounds whose concentrations exceed the calibration range of the GCMS instrument for that specific analysis. This flag will not apply to pesticidesPCBs analyzed by GCIEC methods. If one or more compounds have a response greater than full scale, the sample or extract must be diluted and reanalyzed. If the dilution of the extract causes any compounds identified in the first analysis to be below the calibration range in the second analysis, then the results of both analyses shall be reported.
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3.
J-Positive identification, but estimated concentration. This flag is used either when estimating a concentration for TIC where a 1: 1 response is assumed, or when the mass spectral data indicate the presence of a compound that meets the identification criteria but the result is less than the sample quantitation limit but greater than zero. N-Presumptive evidence of presence, TIC. NJ-Estimated concentration of a TIC. P-Used for a pesticide/aroclor target analyte when there is a greater than 25 percent difference for detected concentrations between the two GC columns. Q-No analytical result. R-Quality control indicates that sample results are rejected and data are not usable (compound may or may not be present). Resampling and reanalysis are necessary for verification. S-Estimated due to surrogate outliers. T-Compound present in the TCLP blank. U-Indicates compound was analyzed for but not detected. The sample quantitation limit must be corrected for dilution and for percent moisture. X-Other specific flags and footnotes may be required to properly define the results. If used, they must be fully described and such description attached. If more than one is required, Y and Z are used as needed. If more than five qualifiers are required for a sample result, the X flag can combine several flags. For instance, the X flag may combine the A, B, and D flags for some samples. Metals Analysis, flags differing from organic analysis: B-Indicates analyte result between the instrument detection limit and contract required detection limit. E-The reported value is estimated because of the presence of interference. An explanatory note must be included with the results. M-Duplicate injection precision not met. N-Spiked sample recovery not within control limits. S-The reported value was determined by the Method of Standard Additions. W-Postdigestion spike for Furnace Atomic Absorption analysis is out of control limits (85-1 15%), while sample absorbance is less than 50% of spike absorbance. * Duplicate analysis not within control limits. + Correlation coefficients for the Method of Standard Addition is less than 0.995. Method (Analytical) Qualifier: 3.1. A-Flame Atomic Absorption (AA). 3.2. AS-Semiautomated Spectrophotometric. 3.3. AVlAutomated Cold Vapor AA. 3.4. C-Manual Spectrophotometric. 3.5. CV-Manual Cold Vapor AA. 3.6. F-Furnace AA. 3.7. NC-Not calculated as per protocols. 3.8. NR-The analyte is not required to be analyzed. 3.9. P-ICP.
Dispersion Model A dispersion model is a mathematical representation of the transport and turbulent diffusion processes that occur in the atmosphere. Generally, such a model relates pollutant concentrations for specific receptors and averaging times to emissions from pollutant sources. This relationship is a function of meteorological conditions and the spatial relationship between sources and receptors. Thus the input data requirements for a dispersion model include metwrological data, source data, and receptor information. Based on the EPA "Guideline on Air Quality Models, EPA450-2-78-027, 86/07," the following are EPA recommended dispersion models (EPA-89/08). Terrain Flat or Rollin Complex complex Complex
UrbanRural Urban or
1 Urban
1 urban Rural
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1
Annual or Hour1 Annual ~our~y Annual or Hourly
I
I
Selected ISCLT ISCST LONGZ SHORTZ COMPLEX
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD). by- an Alkali Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by an alkali process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Dual-, or double-, alkali scrubbing is a nonregenerable or throwaway FGD process that uses a sodium based alkali solution to remove SO2from combustion exhaust gas. The sodium alkali solution absorbs SO2, and the spent absorbing liquor is regenerated with lime or limestone. Calcium sulfites and sulfates are precipitated and discarded as sludge. The regenerated sodium scrubbing solution is returned to the absorber loop. The dual-alkali process has reduced plugging and scaling problems in the absorber because sodium scrubbing compounds are very soluble. Dual-alkali systems are capable of 95 percent SO2 reduction. Particulate matter is removed prior to SO2 scrubbing by an electrostatic precipitator or a venturi scrubber. This is done to prevent fly ash erosion of the absorber internals and to prevent any appreciable oxidation of the sodium solution in the absorber due to catalytic elements in the fly ash (EPA-84/03b, p8-15). Although the doublealkali process regenerates the scrubbing reagent, it is classified as throwaway since it does not produce a salable product and generates solids that must be disposed of in a landfill (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). 1. Process chemistry: The sodium alkali solution is usually a mixture of three components: 1.1 Sodium carbonate (Na2C03),also called soda ash; 1.2 Sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and 1.3 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also called caustic. A
The SO2 reacts with the alkaline components to primarily form two salts: (a) sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and (b) sodium bisulfite (NaHS03)as indicated in the following main absorption reactions: 2NaOH + SO2 Na2S03+ H20 NaOH + SO2 NaHS03 Na2C03 + 2S02 + H20 t+ 2NaHS03 + C02, where t means reversible reactions Na2C03+ SO2 2NaS03 + C02 Na2S03+ SO2+ H20 2NaHS03 In addition to the above reactions, some of the SO3 present may react with alkaline components to produce sodium sulfate. For example: 2NaOH + SO3 Na2S04+ H20 Throughout the system, some sodium sulfite is oxidized to sulfate by: 2Na2S03+ O2 2Na2S04 After reaction in the absorber, spent scrubbing liquor is bled to a reactor t h k for regeneration. Sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfate are inactive salts and do not absorb any SO2. Actually, it is the hydroxide ion (OH), sulfite ion (SO3)- and carbonate ion (C03)- that absorb SO2 gas. Sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfate are reacted with lime or limestone to produce a calcium sludge and a regenerated sodium solution (EPA-84/03b, p8-16). 2NaHS03 + Ca(OH)2 Na2S03 + CaS03(1/2H20) + 3/2H20 Na2S03 + Ca(OH)2 + 1/2H20 CaSO3(112H20) + 2NaOH Na2S04+ Ca(OH)2 2NaOH + CaS04 Where Ca(OH)2is lime; CaS03(1/2H20)is sludge Process description: The dual-alkali process uses two loops: (2.1) absorption; and (2.2) regeneration. 2.1 Absorption loop: In the absorption loop, the sodium solution contacts the flue gas in the absorber to remove SO2. 2.2 Regeneration loop: The products (Na2S03and Na2S04) from the absorption loop are mixed with lime slurry to produce a calcium sludge and a regenerated sodium solution (NaOH). In this example, the regenerated sodium solution is the mixture of (a) sodium sulfite (Na2S03);and (b) sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The third component of the sodium solution, sodium carbonate (Na2C03)(also called soda ash), is not regenerated and therefore new soda ash is needed for the system (EPA84/03b, p8-16).
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Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Lime Scrubbing Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by lime scrubbing process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Lime scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry made by adding lime (CaO), usually 90 percent pure, to water. The alkaline slurry is sprayed in the absorber and reacts with the SO2 in the flue gas. Insoluble calcium sulfite
(CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the chemical reaction that occurs in the scrubber and are removed as sludge. The sludge produced can be stabilized to produce an inert landfill material or can be stored in sludge ponds. See Appendix B or see (Lee-99, Chapter 3) for more related analyses. 1. Process chemistry: A number of reactions take place in the absorber. Before the calcium can react with the SO2, both must be broken down into their respective ions. 1.1. SO2dissociation: SO2 is absorbed in the water and form sulfite (SO3)-and sulfate (SO4)- ions. S 0 2 ( , ~ , + s02,qu,, SO2+ H20 H2SO3or SO2 + H20 + 112 O2 H2S04, if there is excess oxygen. H2S03 2H+ + (SO3)--or H2S04 2H+ + (SO4)1.2. Lime (CaO) dissolution: Lime is slaked with water to produce a calcium slurry of CaO and H20 or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. The calcium hydroxidelwater mixture is a solution containing calcium ions (Ca)* and hydroxide ions (OH)-. caq,, + H2O + Ca(OH)z,,u,w, Ca(OH)2 Ca* + 2(OH)1.3. Overall reactions: Now that the SO2and lime are broken into their ions, namely, (SO3)- and Ca*. Calcium ions combine with sulfate and sulfite ions to produce a calcium sulfate and calcium sulfate sludge. The basic reactions occurring are: Ca* + (SO3)- + 2 ~ ++ 2(OH)CaS03(,,lia)+ 2H20or Ca(OH)2 + H2(SO3) Ca(S03)+ 2H20 Ca* + (SO4)--+ 2H+ + 2(OH)CaS04(,nd) + 2H20or Ca(OH)2+ H2(S04) Ca(S04)+ 2H20 From the above relationships and assuming that the lime is 90 percent pure, it will take 1.1 moles of lime to remove 1 mole of SO2gas (EPA-84/03b, p8-6). 2. Process equipment: The equipment necessary for SO2 emission reduction comes under four operations: 2.1. Scrubbing or absorption: Accomplished with scrubbers, holding tanks, liquid-spray nozzles, and circulation pumps. 2.2. Lime handling and slurry preparation: Accomplished with lime unloading and storage equipment, lime processing, and slurry preparation equipment. 2.3. Sludge processing: Accomplished with sludge clarifiers for dewatering, sludge pumps and handling equipment, and sludge solidifying equipment. 2.4. Flue gas handling: Accomplished with inlet and outlet ductwork, dampers, fans, and stack gas reheaters (EPA84/03b, p8-7). 3. Process description: A typical schematic lime FGD system is as follows: 3.1. Flue gas from the boiler first passes through a particulate emission removal device (such as a variable throat venturi scrubber [EPA-81/12, p8-81) then into the
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absorber (such as a fixed-throat venturi scrubber [EPA81/12, p8-81) where the SO2 is removed. The gas then passes through the entrainment separator to a reheater and is finally exhausted out of the stack. Individual FGD systems vary considerably, depending on the FGD vendor and the plant layout. ESPs or scrubbers can be used for particle removal with the various absorbers used for SO2removal. 3.2. A slurry of spent scrubbing liquid and sludge from the absorber then goes to a recirculation tank. From this tank, a fixed amount of the slurry is bled off to process the sludge, and, at the same time, an equal amount of fresh lime is added to the recirculation tank. Sludge is sent to a clarifier, where a large portion of water is removed from the sludge and sent to a holding tank. Makeup water is added to the process-water holding tank, and this liquid is returned to the recirculation tank. The partially dewatered sludge from the clarifier is sent to a vacuum filter, where most of the water is removed (and sent to the process-water holding tank) and the sludge is sent to a settling pond (EPA-84/03b, p8-7).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Limestone Scrubbing Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by limestone scrubbing process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Limestone scrubbers are very similar to lime scrubbers. Limestone scrubbing uses an alkaline slurry from limestone (CaC03) in an absorber to react with SO2 in the flue gas. Calcium sulfite (CaS03) and calcium sulfate (CaS04) salts are formed in the reaction and are removed as sludge. Two major equipment differences between lime and limestone scrubbing are: Their uses of feed preparation equipment; and Their higher liquid-to-gas ratios (since limestone is less reactive than lime). Even with these differences, the processes are so similar that an FGD system can be set up to use either lime or limestone in the scrubbing liquid (EPA-81/12, p8-11). Process chemistry: Limestone scrubbing's process chemistry is also very similar to lime scrubbing's. Limestone (CaC03) is slaked with water to form aqueous (CaC03) and is sprayed in the absorber. Sulfite and sulfate ions are produced as SO2gas contacts the water. These ions combine with calcium ions to produce calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate sludge. The basic reactions are (EPA-81/12, p8-11): SO2+ CaC03+ H20 + 0 2 CaS03+ H20+ C02+ O2 SO2+ CaC03+ H20+ 112 0 2 CaS04 + H20+ C02 The only difference is in the dissolution reaction that generates the calcium ion. When limestone is mixed with water, the following reaction occurs (EPA-84/03b, p8-11): CaC03(,lid) + H20 Caw + (HC03)-+ OH-. Process description: The equipment necessary for SO2 absorption is the same as that for lime scrubbing, except in
the sluny preparation. The limestone feed (rock) is reduced in size by crushing it in a ball mill. Limestone is sent to a size classifier. Pieces larger than 200 mesh are sent back to the ball mill for recrushing. Limestone is mixed with water in a slurry supply tank. Limestone is generally a little cheaper than lime, making it more popular for use in large FGD systems (EPA-81/12, p8-11).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Magnesium Oxide Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by magnesium oxide process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Magnesium oxide scrubbing is a regenerable FGD process used to remove SO2 from combustion exhaust gas. Magnesium oxide (MgO) slurry absorbs SO2 and forms magnesium sulfite. Magnesium sulfite solids are separated by centrifugation and dried to remove moisture. The mixture is calcined to regenerate magnesium oxide and produce concentrated SO2 gas for production of sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur (EPA-81/12, p8-2 1). Particulate matter is removed from boiler exhaust by a precipitator or wet scrubber prior to entering the absorber. Magnesium oxide slurry is sprayed and absorbs SO2 according to the following simplified reactions: Mg(OH)2 + 5H20+ SO2 MgSO36Hz0 MgS03(6H20)+ SO2 Mg(HS03)2+ 5H20 Mg(HS03), + MgO 2MgS03 + H20 2MgS03 + 0 2 + 7H20 2MgS047H20 The aqueous slurry used for scrubbing contains the hydrated crystals of MgO, MgS03, and MgS04. A continuous side stream of this recycled slurry is sent to a centrifuge where partial dewatering produces a moist cake. The liquor removed from the crystals is returned to the main slurry stream. The moist cake is dried at 350 to 450 F in a direct contact or rotary bed drya. The dried cake is then sent to a calciner where coke is burned at very high temperatures (1250 to 1340 F) to regenerate magnesium oxide crystals according to the following reactions: 1. Cake dryer MgS03 6H20 MgS03 + 6H20(vapor) MgS04 7H20 MgS04 + 7H20(vapor) 2. MgO regeneration in calciner MgS03 MgO + SO2(concentrated gas) C + 1/202 CO (gas) CO + MgS04 C02+ MgO + SO2(concentrated gas)
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Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Sodium-Based OnceThrough Scrubbing Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by sodium-based once-through scrubbing is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). Sodium-based throwaway (once-through) scrubbing systems are the overwhelming choice for FGD systems installed on industrial
boilers. These systems use a clear liquid absorbent of either sodium carbonate (Na2C03), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHS03). Sodium-based systems are favored for treating flue gas from industrial boilers because: Sodium alkali is the most efficient of the commercial reagents in removing SO2 and the chemistry is relatively simple. They are soluble systems, as opposed to sluny systems, making for scalsfiee operation and fewer components. Such systems can handle the wider variations in flue-gas composition resulting from the burning of many different fuels by industry. The systems are often smaller, and operating costs are a small percentage of total plant costs. In some cases, these plants have a waste caustic stream or soda ash available for use as the absorbent. These systems have been applied to only a few large utility boilers because: The process consumes a premium chemical (NaOH or Na2C03) that is much more costly per pound than calcium-based reagents. The liquid wastes contain highly soluble sodium salt compounds. Therefore, the huge quantities of liquid wastes generated by large utilities would have to be sent to ponds to allow the water to evaporate. 1. Process chemistry: The process chemistry is very similar to that of the double-alkali process, except the absorbent is not regenerated. 2. Process description: Exhaust gas from the boiler may first pass through an ESP or baghouse to remove particulate matter. Sodium chemicals are mixed with water and sprayed into the absorber. The solution reacts with the SO2 in the flue gas to form sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, and a very small amount of sodium sulfate. A bleed stream is taken from the scrubbing liquor recirculation stream at a rate equal to the amount of SO2 that is being absorbed. The bleed stream is sent to a neutralization tank and aeration tower before being sent to a lined disposal pond. Some coal-fired units use ESPs or baghouses to remove fly ash before the gas enters the scrubber. In these cases, the absorber can be a plate tower or spray tower that provides good scrubbing efficiency at low pressure drops. For simultaneous SO2 and fly ash removal, venturi scrubbers can be used. In fact, many of the industrial sodium-based throwaway systems are venturi scrubbers originally designed to remove particulate matter. These units were slightly modified to inject a sodium-based scrubbing liquor. Although removal of both particles and SO2 in one vessel can be economically attractive, the problems of high pressure drops and using a scrubbing medium to remove fly ash must be considered. However, in cases where the particle concentration is low, such as from oil-fired units, simultaneous particulate and SO2 emission reduction can be effective (EPA-84/03b, p8-20).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Spray Dryer with a Baghouse or ESP Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). In a FGD spray process, alkaline is injected into a spray dryer with dry particle collection in a baghouse or ESP. Spray dryers have been used in the chemical, food processing, and mineral preparation industries over the past 40 years. Spray dryers are vessels where hot flue gases are contacted with a finely atomized wet alkaline spray. The high temperatures of the flue gas, 250 to 400 F, evaporate the moisture from the wet alkaline sprays, leaving a dry powdered product. The dry product is collected in a baghouse or ESP. Flue gas enters the top of the spray dryer and is swirled by a fixed vane ring to cause intimate contact with the slurry spray. The slurry is atomized into extremely fine droplets by rotary atomizers. The turbulent mixing of the flue gas with the fine droplets results in rapid SO2 absorption and evaporation of the moisture. A small portion of the hot flue gas is added to the spray-dryer-discharge duct to maintain the temperature of the gas above the dew point. Reheat prevents condensation and corrosion in the duct. Reheat also prevents bags in the baghouse from becoming plugged or caked with moist particles. Sodium carbonate solutions and lime slurries are the most common absorbents used. A sodium carbonate solution will generally achieve a higher level of SO2removal than lime slumes. When sodium carbonate is used, SO2 removal efficiencies are approximately 75 to 90 percent, lime removal efficiencies are 70 to 85 percent. However, vendors of dry scrubbing systems claim that their units are capable of achieving 90 percent SO2reduction using a lime slurry in a spray dryer. Lime is very popular for two reasons: 1. Lime is less expensive than sodium carbonate. 2. Sodium carbonate and SO2 form sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate which are very soluble causing leaching problems when landfilled. Some of the evaporated alkaline spray will fall into the bottom of the spray dryer and be recycled. The majority of the spray reacts with SO2 in the flue gas to form powdered sulfates and sulfites. The particles, along with fly ash in the flue gas, are then collected in a baghouse or electrostatic precipitator. Baghouses have an advantage because unreacted alkaline material collected on the bags can react with any remaining SO2 in the flue gas. Some process developers have reported SO2removal on bag surfaces on the order of 10 percent. However, since bags are sensitive to wetting, a 35 to 50 F margin above the saturation temperature of the flue gas must be maintained. ESPs have the advantage of not being as sensitive to moisture as baghouses. However, SO2 removal is not quite as efficient using ESPs. The major differences between wet absorption SO2 scrubbers and spray dryer systems is in the scrubbing method and the amount of moisture during the scrubbing action. In a wet scrubber, flue gas is saturated with liquid sprays (usually alkaline). SO2 is absorbed by the water and also reacts with the chemical. Absorption increases as temperature decreases. Flue gas is cooled
and saturated with the scrubbing liquid to remove SO2. At optimum operating temperatures efficiency is usually > 90 percent. In a spray dryer, finely atomized alkaline droplets are contacted with flue gas which is at air preheater outlet temperatures (250 to 400 F). The flue gas is humidified to within 50 F of its saturation temperature by the moisture evaporating from the alkaline slurry. Reaction of the SO2 with the alkaline material proceeds both during and following the drying process, although to what degree is not completely understood. Since the flue gas temperature and humidity are set by air preheater outlet conditions, the amount of moisture that can be evaporated into the flue gas is also set. This means that the amount of alkaline slurry that can be evaporated in the dryer is limited by flue gas conditions. Alkaline slurry sprayed into the dryer must be carefully controlled to avoid moisture in the flue gas from condensing in the ducting, particulate emission control equipment, or the stack. SO2removal efficiencies are generally < 85 percent. The major problems with dry injection systems are the low sodium utilization in the process and the disposal of leachable sodium sulfur compounds. U.S. EPA reports that only 40 to 60 percent of the dry alkaline injected material is used at high SO2 removal conditions (EPA-81/12, p8-24).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) by a Wellman-Lord Process Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by Wellman-Lord process is one of the SO2 emission reduction techniques (see sulfur oxide emission control for control structure). The Wellman-Lord process is a regenerable FGD process used to reduce SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers and produces a usable or salable product. This process is sometimes referred to as the WellmanLordfAllied Chemical process, Allied Chemical is refening to the regeneration step. 1. Process chemistry: In the Wellman-Lord process, the SO2 is absorbed by an aqueous sodium sulfite solution which forms a sodium bisulfite solution according to the following equation: SO2+ Na2S03+ H20 2Na2HS03 Some oxidation occurs in the absorber to form sodium sulfate, which is unreactive with SO2gas. Na2S03+ 1/202 Na2S04 The formation of sodium sulfate depletes the supply of sodium sulfite available for scrubbing. This can be made up by adding sodium carbonate to the scrubbing slurry to combine with sodium bisulfite according to the following chemical reaction: Na2C03+ 2NaHS03 -3 2Na2S03+ C02 + H20. The absorbent is then regenerated by evaporating the water from the bisulfite solution. 2NaHS03 Na2S03+ H20+ SO2(concentrated gas) The concentrated SO2 produced in the regeneration step is then sent to the Allied process for conversion to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid (EPA-84/03b, p8-26). 2. Process description: The process equipment includes an electrostatic precipitator for removing particulate matter; a
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venturi scrubber for cooling flue gas and removing SO3 and chlorides; an SO2 absorber; an evaporator-crystallizer for regenerating the absorbent; and the Allied Chemical process for reducing concentrated SO2 gas into elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. The absorber is a plate tower. SO2 gas is scrubbed with a sodium sulfite solution at each plate. A mist eliminator removes entrained liquid droplets from gas exiting the absorber. There is a direct-fired natural gas reheating system in the absorber stack to reheat cleaned gas for good dispersion of the steam plume. The solution (sodium bisulfite), collected at the bottom of the absorber, overflows into an absorber surge tank. This solution is pumped through a filter to remove any collected particulate matter. A small side-stream is sent to a purge treatment system where sodium sulfate is removed. The solution is then pumped to the evaporator for regeneration of the sodium sulfite solution. The evaporator is a forced-circulation vacuum evaporator. Solution is recirculated in the evaporator, where low-pressure steam evaporates water from the sodium bisulfite solution. When sufficient water is removed, sodium sulfite crystals form and precipitate. Concentrated so, gas (95% by volume) is removed by the steam. The sodium sulfite crystals form a slurry that is withdrawn continuously and sent to a dissolving tank, where condensate from the evaporator is used to dissolve the sodium sulfite crystals into a solution. This solution is pumped back into the top stage of the absorber. The water vapor is removed from the evaporator s overhead S02/H20 vapors by water-cooled condensers. The SO2 is compressed by a liquid-ring compressor and sent to the Allied Chemical SO2 reduction plant (EPA-84/03b, p8-27).
Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) System Comparison Comparisons between dry and wet FGD systems can be made in four major areas: 1. Waste disposal: Lime, limestone, doublealkali, and dry FGD systems produce a sludge that must be disposed of properly. New installations must meet all solid waste regulations including stringent RCRA regulations. The regenerable FGD processes, including Wellman-Lord, magnesium oxide, and citrate, generate a usable product (sulfur or sulfuric acid) that has a commercial value. The dry FGD systems produce a dry waste product that can be discarded using conventional fly ash removal systems instead of sludge removal systems. However, sodium-based dry FGD systems are undesirable because they produce waste products that easily leach from conventional landfills. 2. Chemical reagent requirements: Lime and limestone are cheaper than sodium based absorbents and are readily available. In dry scrubbing systems, a higher stoichiometric ratio of lime is necessary to achieve SO2 reduction efficiencies similar to wet lime and limestone scrubbing
Force Force is an action of one body on another which causes acceleration of the second body unless acted on by an equal and opposite action counteracting the effect. Force is a vector quantity (Markes-67). Force can be expressed: F = mdgc Where: m = mass; g = local acceleration of gravity; and gc = gravitational acceleration. The example values and units of gc are as follows: gc= 32.17 (lbm-ft)/(lbf-sec2) = 1 (sl~~-ft)/(~bf-sec~) = 1 (lbm-ft)/(poundal-sd) = 1 (kg mass-m)/(newton-sec2) = 1 (g mass-cm)/(dynssec2)(Holman-pl 8) The above values can be interpreted as: 1 Ibf = 32.174 (lbm-ft)/sec2 1 Ibf = l (slug-ft)/secZ 1 poundal @dl)= l (lbm-ft)lsec2 1 dyne = (g-cm)/sec2 1 newton = (kg-m)/sec2 At the sea level, g = 32.17 (ft)/(sec2)= 9.8066 (m)/(sec2), therefore, 1 Ibm weighs 1 Ibf (cf. weight).
The most common type of GC column is a liquid coated on an inert solid support contained in a small bore (118 in.) stainless steel or glass tube. The choice of the proper liquid mating is crucial and is usually similar in chemical structure to the sample components of interest. Organic compounds can be divided into five classes of solute polarity ranging from most polar (Class I) to non-polar (Class V). Compounds having similar boiling points can be separated by choosing wlurnn materials of the appropriate polarity. With the right choice, the order of elution of the sample components can be manipulated. Through selection of the best solid supportniquid phase combination, and through optimizing sample size, flow rates, column temperatures and length, and the sensitivity of the detector, a gas chromatograph can be adapted for almost any sample analysis situation (EPA-84103a). Once the compounds of interest have been appropriately separated by a gas chromatography, they are swept into a detector for compound identification. GC and its compound detectors include: GCIAFID (gas chromatography/alkali flame ionization detector) (EPA-84103a) GCJDD (gas chromatography/dual detector) (EPA-84103a) GCIECD (gas chromatography/electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) GCIECD (gas chromatography/electron capture detector) (EPA-84103a) GC/FID (gas chromatography/flame ionization detector) (Course 165.5) GCIHECD (gas chromatographyhall electrolytic conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) WAR (gas chromatography/infiaredabsorption spectrometer) (EPA-84103a) GCIMS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) (EPA84103a) GCIPID (gas chromatography/photoionization detector) (Course 165.5) GCITCD (gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector) (EPA-84103a) GCITSD (gas chromatography/thermionic specific detector)
Gas Chromatography (GC)-Compound Separator Gas chromatography (GC)-compound separator is one of the continuous emission monitors (see continuous emission monitor for various types). GC is a common technique used for separating and analyzing mixtures of gases and vapors. GC is an instrument which uses the gas chromatography separation technique to segregate the components of organic substances in a mixture (cf. chromatograph). A gas mixture is percolated though a column of porous solids or liquid coated solids which selectively retard sample components. A carrier gas is used to bring the discreet bands to a detector and through analysis of the detector response and the component retention time, the sample can be identified and quantified. Gas chromatography has been in use in the laboratory since 1905; however, it has only recently been used in continuous monitoring applications.
Ideal Gas Law An ideal gas law is a law or an equation that describes the relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas. A general form for any number of moles of an ideal gas is (cf. equation of state): PV = nRuT = mRT, n = m/M, R = RUM Where: m = mass, Ib or g; M = molecular weight, Ib/lb-mole or g/g-mole; n = number of moles (Ib-moles, g-moles or kg-moles); R = gas constant; Ru = universal gas constant = 82.0575 (atm-~m~)/(~-mole-~) = 0.082 1 (atm-m3)/(kg-mols~) = 0.7302 (atm-ft')/(/b-mole-R) = 0.0821 (atm-liter)/(g-mole-K)
3.
efficiencies. Consequently, costs for lime or limestone materials will be somewhat higher in dry systems. SO2 removal efficiencies: Regarding SO2 removal efficiencies, all of the wet scrubbing processes are capable of at least 90 percent removal efficiency. Most units are capable of 95 percent removal efficiency. These systems have been installed and operating for a number of years with good reliability. Dry scrubbing is capable of removing at least 75 to 85 percent SO2. Vendors of dry FGD equipment claim 90 percent capabilities. This technology is very attractive for utility boilers buming low sulfur western coal. With improvements, dry scrubbing may be used on boilers buming medium sulfur coal (2 to 3 percent) in the near future.
1o6 (g-cm2)/(sec2-g-mole-~) lo4 (kg-m2)/(sec2-kg-mols~) = 1545 (Ibrfi)/(lb-mole-R) = 4.9686 x lo4 (lb,-ft2)/(sec2-lb-mole-R) = 8.3 144 x 1o6 (Pa-cm)/(sec-g-mole-K) = 8.3144 x lo3 (kPa-cm)l(sec-g-mo1e-K) = 8.3 144 x 10' (kPa-m)/(sec-g-mole-K) = 0.1724 (psi-ft3)/(lb-mole-R) = 10.73 (psia-d)flb-mole-R = 2 1.83 (in-~~)(d)/(lb-mole-R) = 62.4 (mm-Hg-liter)/(g-mold) = 555 (mm-~~)(ft~)/(lb-mole-R) = 1.9872 Btu/(lb-mole-R) = 1.9872 cal/(g-mole-K) = 8.3 144joule/(g-mole-K) = 8.3 144 x (N-m)/(g-mole-K) = absolute pressure = absolute Temperature, R or K =460+F = 273 + C = volume, ft3 (EPA-81/12, p2-8; 84/09).
= 83.144 x = 8.3 144 x
P T R K V
Incinerator Operating Temperature The following information summarizes the typical ranges for temperature and residence time in six most popular incinerators (EPA-81/09, p2-2): (1) Rotary kiln: 500-2900 F. (2) Liquid injection: 1500-2900 F. (3) Fluidized bed: 840-1800 F. (4) Co-incineration: 300-2900 F. (5) Starved air: 900-1500 F. (6) Multiple hearth: (a) drying zone: 600 to 1000 F. (b) incinerating zone: 1400 to 1800 F. (7) In general, for gas or liquid waste, the residence time is less than two seconds. For solid waste, it is in the range of hours, depending on solid sizes and its nature. This general rule applies to all types of incinerators.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) IS0 is the International Organization for Standardization. Established in 1947, this is a non-government federation of national standards bodies from around 150 or so different countries. In fact, "ISO" is a word, derived from the Greek isos, meaning "equal," which is the root of the prefix "iso-" that occurs in a host of terms, such as "isometric" (of equal measure or dimensions) and "isonomy" (equality of laws, or of people before the law). BSI is the British Standards Institution, which is the oldest standards body in the world. It actually stems form a meeting of various industrial institutes in 1901 which created a long running committee for standards, which later evolved into the BSI as it is today. Incredibly, BSI alone has over 20,000 standards! (See http://www.standardsglossary.com/, 2004).
IS0 standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose. For example, the format of the credit cards, phone cards, and "smart" cards that have become commonplace is derived from an IS0 International Standard. Adhering to the standard, which defines such features as an optimal thickness (0,76 mm), means that the cards can be used worldwide. International Standards thus contribute to making life simpler, and to increasing the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use. The complete list of IS0 standards can be found at http://www.standardsglossary. com/isol.htm. The most commonly used IS0 standards are IS0 9000 for quality standards and IS0 14000 for environmental management system standards. (See http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introd ml, 2004).
I S 0 9000 The term IS0 9000 refers to a set of quality management standards. IS0 9000 currently includes three quality standards: IS0 9000:2000, IS0 9001:2000, and IS0 9004:2000. IS0 9001:2000 presents requirements, while IS0 9000:2000 and IS0 9004:2000 present guidelines. All of these are process standards (not product standards). IS0 first published its quality standards in 1987, revised them in 1994, and then republished an updated version in 2000. These new standards are referred to as the "IS0 9000 2000 Standards." ISO's purpose is to facilitate international trade by providing a single set of standards that people everywhere would recognize and respect (see http://www.praxiom.codisointro.htm, 2004). IS0 9000 is developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The IS0 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. An organization can be IS0 9000-certified if it successfully follows the IS0 9000 standards for its industry. In order to be certified, the organization must submit to an examination by an outside assessor. The assessor interviews staff members to ensure that they understand their part in complying with the IS0 9000 standard, and the assessor examines the organization's paperwork to ensure IS0 9000 compliance. The assessor then prepares a detailed report that describes the parts of the standard the organization missed. The organization then agrees to correct any problems within a specific time frame. When all problems are corrected, the organization can then be certified. Today, there are approximately 350,000 IS0 9000-certified organizations in over
150 countries (see http://searchcio.techtarget.com/gDefinitiod 0,294236,sidl9_gci512546,00.html, 2004). The new IS0 9001:2000 standard introduces some new requirements and modifies some old ones. These requirements are summarized below. For more detail, please see the associated IS0 9001:2000 clauses (in brackets). 1. Communicate with customers (7.2.3). 2. Identify customer requirements (5.2,7.2. I). 3. Meet customer requirements (5.2). 4. Monitor and measure customer satisfaction (8.2. I). 5. Meet regulatory requirements (5.1). 6. Meet statutory requirements (5.1). 7. Support internal communication (5.5.3). 8. Provide quality infrastructure (6.3). 9. Pmvide a quality work environment (6.4). 10. Evaluate the effectiveness of training (6.2.2). 11. Monitor and measure processes (8.2.3). 12. Evaluate the suitability of quality management system (8.4). 13. Evaluate the effectiveness of quality management system (8.4). 14. Identify quality management system improvements (5.1,8.4). 15. Improve quality management system (5.1, 8.5).
IS0 14000 The IS0 14000 series is a family of environmental management standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The IS0 14000 standards are designed to provide an internationally recognised framework for environmental management, measurement, evaluation, and auditing. They do not prescribe environmental performance targets, but instead provide organisations with the tools to assess and control the environmental impact of their activities, products or services. The standards address the following subjects: environmental management systems; environmental auditing; environmental labels and declarations; environmental performance evaluation; and life cycle assessment (see http://glossary.eea.eu.int, 2004). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is working with the Global Environment & Technology Foundation to implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) initiative. The EMS initiative allows EPA and the Global Environment & Technology Foundation to assist small and medium-sized government organizations to implement an environmental management system at a local facility or organization. An EMS is a set of management processes and procedures that allows an organization to analyze and reduce the environmental impact of its activities. First adopted by private industry, the EMS approach is increasingly common in the public sector. Through the EMS initiative, EPA is providing both direct and indirect assistance in the area of municipal wastewater treatment technologies. Direct assistance includes one-on-one discussions about design, operation and maintenance of systems, and the identification and solution of problems. Indirect assistance includes support for the development of regulations; technical information; guidance, assessments, evaluation, and cost estimates
for the design, construction, and operation, and maintenance of municipal wastewater treatment facilities (see http://www.epa. gov/OW-OWM.html/isol4001/ems.htm, 2004). The following chart presents the IS0 14000 family of environmental management standards and names the ISO/TC 207 subcommittees responsible for preparing them. Please visit the official ISO/TC 207 website for information on the current status of the individual IS0 14000 standards (see http://www.inem.org/htdocs/iso/ iso14000-intro.html#Preface, 2004). IS0 family and its standards include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Environmental Management Systems: IS0 14001, IS0 14004, ISO/TR 14061, IS0 14063 Environmental Auditing: IS0 14010, IS0 14011, IS0 14012, IS0 14015, IS0 19011 Environmental Labeling: IS0 14020, IS0 14021, IS0 14024, ISO/TR 14025 Environmental Performance Evaluation: IS0 14031, ISO/TR 14032 Life Cycle Assessment: IS0 14040, IS0 14041, IS0 14042, IS0 14043, ISOITR 14047, ISO/TS 14048, ISOITR 14049 Environmental Management Vocabulary: IS0 14050 Environmental Aspects in Product Standards: ISOITR 14062, IS0 Guide 64
I S 0 Acronym IS0 acronyms are listed below (see www.qualitydigest.com/ pdfs/0201CERT-INTRO.pdf, 2004): AS9100-Quality system requirements for suppliers to the aerospace industry (previously known as AS9000) CE Mark-European Union product safety testing requirements CEN-European Committee for Standardization CGSB-Canadian General Standards Board EMAS-Environmental Management Audit Scheme IS0 14000-International environmental management system standard administered by the International Organization for Standardization IS0 9000--international quality management system standard administered by the International Organization for Standardization IS-International Organization for Standardization NAP-U.S. National Accreditation Program QS-9000-quality system requirements for suppliers to the Big Three RvA-Dutch Council for Accreditation SA8000-Social accountability standard SCC-Standards Council of Canada TE Supplement-Quality system requirements for tooling and equipment suppliers to the Big Three TL 900GQuality system requirements for suppliers to the telecommunicationsindustry UKAS-United Kingdom Accreditation Scheme VDA 6.1-Verband der Automobilindustrie, quality system requirements for suppliers to German automakers
Measurement System Performance Specification For hazardous waste incineration, the performance of C02, 0 2 , and THC measurement is recommended below (EPA-90104): 1. For C02measurement 1.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): -1.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 5% 1.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/5% 2. For O2measurement 2.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): -2.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 0.5 2.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/0.5% 3. For THC measurement 3.1. Zero Drift (less than span value): +/- 3% 3.2. Calibration Drift (less than span value): +/- 3% 3.3. Calibration Error (less than calibration gas value): +/5%
5.
6.
Method (Analytical) Qualifiers Method (analytical) qualifiers are symbols added as a suffix to analytical results to identify the analytical method used to measure the analyte. 1. A-Flame Atomic Absorption (AA). 2. AS-Semiautomated Spectrophotometric. 3. AV-Automated Cold Vapor AA. 4. C-Manual Spectrophotometric. 5. CV-Manual Cold Vapor AA. 6. F-Furnace AA. 7. NC-Not calculated as per protocols. 8. NR-The analyte is not required to be analyzed. 9. P-ICP. 10. T-Titrimetric.
Mixture Property Mixture property includes: The mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its constituents: m = SUM mi. Where: m = total mass of a mixture; mi = mass of constituent i; SUM = summation of constituents. The total number of moles of a mixture is equal to the sum of the number of moles of its constituents: n = SUM ni, where n = total moles of a mixture, ni = moles of constituent i. The mole fraction is defined as: yi = ni/n. Where: yi = mole fraction of constituent i; ni = number of moles of constituent i; n = total moles of a mixture. Dalton model: When gases or vapors (having no chemical interaction) are present as a mixture in a given space or a given volume, the properties (e.g., pressure) of each component are considered as though each component existed separately at the same volume and temperature of the mixture (EPA-81/12, p2-9; Sonntag-71, p362). The pressure exerted
by one component of a gas-mixture is called its partial pressure. For an ideal gas mixture, the total pressure of the gas-mixture is the sum of the partial pressures, namely: P = SUM Pi. Where: P = total pressure; Pi = pressure of each component of the system. For this case, the partial pressure of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e., yi = ndn = Pip. Amagat model: When gases or vapors (having no chemical interaction) are present as a mixture in a given space or a given volume, the properties of each component are considered as though each component existed separately at the same pressure and temperature of the mixture (Sonntag71, p363). For an ideal mixture, the total volume of the gasmixture is the sum of the each component volume, namely: V = SUM Vi. Where: V = total pressure; Vi = volume of each component of the system. For this case, the volume fraction of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e., yi = ndn = Vi/V. A mixture of ideal gases is also an ideal gas.
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Control The techniques of nitrogen oxide emission control include: 1. Fuel denitrogenation (EPA-81/12, p7-4) 2. Combustion modification (EPA-84/03b, p7-5) 2.1. Staged combustion (or off-stoichiometric combustion) (EPA-84/03b, p7-8) 2.2. Low excess air (EPA-84/03b, p7-9) 2.3. Flue gas recirculation (FGR) (EPA-84/03b, p7-10) 2.4. Low NO, burner (EPA-84/03b, p7-12) 2.5. Reduced air preheat and load reduction (EPA-84/03b, p7- 13) 2.6. Steam and water injection (EPA-84/03b, p7-13) 2.7. Catalytic combustion (EPA-81112, p7-8) 3. Flue gas treatment: Nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced by treating the flue gas after it leaves the combustion zone. The techniques include: 3.1. Exxon thermal DeNO, process (EPA-84/03b, p7-13) 3.2. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) (EPA-84/03b, p7-15) 3.3. Shell UOP (EPA-84/03b, p7-20) 3.4. Wetsimultaneous NO, and SO2 reduction (EPA-81/12, p7-24)
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System (OHSAS) OHSAS 18001 was created via a concerted effort from a number of the world's leading national standards bodies, certification bodies, and specialist consultancies. OHSAS helps in a variety of respects. It helps: minimize risk to employees, etc.; improve an existing OH&S management system; demonstrate diligence; gain assurance; etc. The benefits can be substantial. There are six (6) primary sections that classify the requirements in OHSAS 18001. Within these six sections of
the Standard are the specific requirements that an organization must apply to implement an International Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS). The Standard tracks very closely with the IS0 14001 Standard and is designed to integrate with both the IS0 9001 and IS0 14001 management systems. Many sub-clauses are very similar, such as management review, document control, and corrective and preventive action. OHSAS 18001 system is geared towards reducing and preventing accidents and accident-related loss of lives, time, and resources. OHSAS 18001 can be applied to any type of business, organization, or industry that wishes to manage its risks for Health & Safety in the work place. OHSAS specification gives requirements for an occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system, to enable an organization to control its OH&S risks and improve its performance. It does not state specific OH&S performance criteria, nor does it give detailed specifications for the design of a management system (see http://ohsl8.vintara.com/ information~over~l8001 .html, 2004). The elements of OHSAS 18001 include: 1. Policy and Commitment 2. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, & Risk Controls 3. Legal Requirements 4. Objectives & Programmes 5. Organization & Personnel 6. Training, Communication & Consultation 7. Documentation & Records 8. Operational Controls 9. Emergency Readiness 10. Measurement & Monitoring 11. Accident & Incident Investigation, Corrective, & Preventive Action 12. Audit & Review
Pressure The normal component of force per unit area. Various pressure units are shown below (Course 502, p20, Student Workbook): 1 atm = 14.6959 pounds/inch2 (psia) = 21 16 pounds/foot2 absolute (psfa) = 33.91 ft. water = 406.9 in. water = 29.92 in. mercury (in Hg) at 32 F = 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) = 760 Torr = 1.013 E+06 dynes/cm2 = 1.013~10~ newtons/m2 1 inch Hg = 0.491 psi 1 r n i c r o n ~ ~l o=4 m = 1 0 ' m m ~ ~ 1.933 = x1 0 ~ ~ ~ s i 1 microbar = 1 dynelsquare crn 1 tom = 1 mm Hg
Property of Gas Mixture Property of gas mixture includes: Mass: The mass of a mixture is equal to the sum of the masses of its components. Mathematically, it can be expressed as m = x l + x 2 +... mi+... where: m = total mass of the mixture; mi = mass of component i Mass fraction: The mass of component i divided by the total mass of the system. Mathematically, mole fraction (xi) is defined as xi = mJm where: xi = mass fraction component I; mi = mass of component I; m = total mass of the mixture Mole: The total number of moles of a mixture is equal to the sum of the number of moles of its components, namely n = ni + n2 + ...ni + ... where: n = total number of moles of the mixture; ni = moles of component i. Mole fraction: The moles of component i divided by the total number of moles. Mathematically, mole fraction (yJ is defined as yi = niln where: yi = mole fraction; ni = moles of component i; n = total number of moles The number of moles, the mass, and the molecular weight of a substance are related by m=nM where: m = mass; n = number of moles; M is the molecular weight Pressure: The total pressure of a mixture is the sum of the partial pressures, namely p = p , + p 2 + p i +... where: p = total pressure; pi = pressure of component i. Partial pressure: The pressure exerted by one wmponent of a mixture. Partial pressure is defined as Pi = Y i where: pi = partial pressure; yi = mole fraction; p = total pressure of the system For this case, the partial pressure of component i is equal to the mole fraction of component i in the mixture, i.e. yi = ni/n = pi/p.
Property of Ideal Gas Mixture Properties of ideal gas mixture include (Jones-p397): 1. Gibbs-Dalton law: Also known as the Dalton law. The law states that in a mixture of ideal gases, the properties of each wmponent behaves as if it existed alone in the system at the volume and the temperature of the mixture (Holman-p312; Wark-p323).
Constant pressure specific heat: The constant pressure specific heat of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmCpm= mlCpl + m2Cpz+ m3Cp3+ ... Cprn = ( ~ I / ~ ~ )+C(m~/mrn)Cpz PI + (m3/mm)C~3 + ... cp, = xlCpl + xzCpz+ x3cp3+ ... where: Cp, = constant pressure specific heat of the mixture; Cpl, Cp2, Cp3 = constant pressure specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; Cpl, Cp2, Cp3 = constant pressure specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; XI, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Constant volume specific heat: The constant volume specific heat of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmCv, = mlCvl + m2Cv2+ m3Cv3+ ... Cv, = (ml/mm)Cvl+ (m2/mm)Cv2+ (m3/mm)Cv3+ ... cv, = xlCvl + x2Cv2+ x3Cv3+ ... where: Cv, = constant volume specific heat of the mixture; Cvl, Cv2, Cv3 = constant volume specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; Cvl, Cv2, Cv3 = constant volume specific heat of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Enthalpy: The enthalpy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. ... Hm=H1+H2+H3+ mmhm= mlhl + m2h2+ m3h3+ ... h, = (ml/mm)hl+ (m2/mm)h2 + (m3/mm)h3+ ... hm=xlhl + x2h2+ x3h3+ ... where: H, = enthalpy of the mixture; HI, Hz, H3 = enthalpy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; hl, h2, h3 = specific enthalpy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Entropy: The entropy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. S m = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 +... mmsm= mlsl + m2s2 + m3s3 + ... s,= (ml/mm)sl+ (m2/mm)s2+ (m3/mm)s3+ ... S, = XIS1
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
+ X2S2 + X3S3 + ...
where: S, = entropy of the mixture; S1, Sz, S3 = entropy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; sl, s2, s3 = specific entropy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively Gas constant: The gas constant of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. mmRm= mlRl + m2R2+ m3R3+ ... Rm= (ml/mm)R1+ (m2/mm)R2+ (m3/mm)R3+ ... R, = xlRl + x2R2+ x3R3+ ... where: R, = gas constant of the mixture; R1, R2, R3 = gas constant of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; m, =
12.
total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; R1, RZ, R3 = gas constant of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; xl, x2, x3 = mass hction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively For the universal gas constant (Ru), it can be expressed as Ru = MmRm where: Ru = universal gas constant; R, = gas constant of the mixture; M, = molecular weight of the mixture Internal energy: The internal energy of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. u m = u 1 + u 2 + u 3 +... mmum= mlul + m2u2+ m3u3+ ... u,,, = (ml/mm)ul+ (m2/mm)u2+ (m3/mm)u3+ ... u,,, = XlUl+ x2u2 + X3U3 + ... where: Urn= internal energy of the mixture; U1, U2,U3 = internal energy of components 1,2, and 3 respectively; m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; ul, u2, u3 = specific internal energy of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; XI, x2, x3 = mass fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Mass: The mass of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. m m = m l + m 2 + m 3 +... where: m, = total mass of the mixture; ml, m2, m3 = mass of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Mole: The number of moles of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of each component. nm=nl+n2+n3 + ... where: n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Molecular weight: The molecular weight of an ideal gas mixture can be expressed as M, = ylMl + y2M2+ y3M3+... The above equation can be derived from the mass equation, m, = ml + m2 + m3 + ...because m = nM, where m = mass, n = number of moles, and M molecular weight, the above equation becomes + (n3/nm)M3+ ... nmMm= (nl/nm)M1+ (n2/nm)M2 M, = ylMl + y2M2+ y3M3+ ... where: M, = molecular weight of the mixture; n = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; MI, M2, M3 = molecular weight of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; yl, y2, y3 = mole fraction of components 1,2, and 3 respectively; Pressure: Dalton law or the law of additive pressures: In a mixture of ideal gases, the pressure of a mixture of ideal gases equals the sum of the pressures of its components as if each component existed alone at the temperature and volume of the mixture (Jones-p393). Mathematically, it can be derived from the ideal gas law equation as follows: Pm = nmRuTflm = (nl + n2 + n3 + ...)RuTmNm = nlRuTmNm+ n2RuTmNm + n3RuTflm + ... Pm = P I ( T ~VmI , + ~2(Trn,Vm) + ~3(Trn.VmI +... where: p, = pressure of the mixture; Ru = universal gas constant; Tm= temperature of the mixture; V, = volume of
13.
14.
15.
16.
the mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; pl(Trn, Vm), PdTrn, Vm), ~3(Trn,Vm) = Pressure of components, 1,2, and 3 existing at the temperature T, and the volume V, Pressure fraction: Pressure fraction is equal to mole fraction (yi). Using component 1 as an example, mole fraction for component 1 is YI = nl/nm= [(p~Vd/(RuTm)I[(RuTrn)/~mvdI =P J P ~ where: yl = mole fraction of component 1; pl/pm = definition of pressure fraction; V, = volume of mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl = number of moles of component 1; pl = pressure of component 1 existing at the temperature T, and the pressure V, Temperature: The temperature of an ideal gas mixture is the same for each component and for the mixture. T m = T 1 = T 2 = T 3 =... where: T, = temperature of the mixture; TI, T2, T3 = temperature of components 1,2, and 3 respectively Volume: In general, for any gas or gas-vapor mixture, the volume of each component of a mixture is the same as the volume of the mixture because the molecules of each component are free to move throughout the entire space occupied by the mixture. Consequently, V m = V 1= V 2 = V 3 =... where: V, = volume of mixture; V1, VZ,V3 = volume of components 1,2, and 3 respectively However, under the Amagat law, Leduc law or the law of additives volumes, in a mixture of ideal gases, the volumes of a mixture of ideal gases equals the sum of the volumes of its components as if each component existed alone at the temperature and pressure of the mixture (Jones-p394). Mathematically, it can be derived from the ideal gas law equation as follows: V, = nmRuTJpm = (nl + n2 + n3 + ...)RuTJp, = nlRuTm/pm + n2RuTJpm + n3RuT$pm + ... Vm = Vl(Trn ~rn)+ V2(Tm, PA + VAT,, PA +.-. where: pm= pressure of the mixture; Ru = universal gas constant; T, = temperature of the mixture; V, = volume of the mixture; n, = number of moles of the mixture; nl, n2, n3 = number of moles of components 1, 2, and 3 respectively; VIP,, p d , V2(Tm,P,), V3(Tm,prn) = volume of components 1,2, and 3 respectively existing at the temperature Tmand the pressure p, Volume fraction: Volume fraction is equal to mole fraction (yi). Using component 1 as an example, mole fraction for component 1 is Y1 = nllnrn = [~rnV1)~(R~Trn)I[(R~Tm)~~mVrn~1 =VINm
where: yl = mole fraction of component 1; VINm = definition of pressure fraction; V, = volume of mixture; n = number of moles of the mixture; nl = number of moles of component 1; V1 = volume of component 1 existing at the temperature T, and the pressure p,
Reference Method (or Reference Sampling and Analytical Method) 1. The following reference methods are provided in Appendixes to 40CFR, PART 50--NATIONAL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar2001 (see 0800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfrfr2002/julqtr/40c50. 12.htm, 2004). Appendix A - reference method for the determination of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere (pararosaniline method). Appendix B - reference method for the determination of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere (high volume method). Appendix C - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere (non-dispersive infrared photometry). Appendix D - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of ozone in the atmosphere. Appendix E - reference method for the determination of hydrocarbons corrected methane. Appendix F - measurement principle and calibration procedure for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere (gas phase chemiluminescence). Appendix G - reference method for the determination of lead in suspended particulate matter collected from ambient air. Appendix H - interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. Appendix I - Appendix I to Part 50--Interpretation of the 8-Hour Primary and Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone. 1.10. Appendix J - reference method for the determination of particulate matter as PMlO in the atmosphere. 1.11. Appendix K - interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter. 1.12. Appendix L to Part 50-Reference Method for the Determination of Fine Particulate Matter as PM2.5 in the Atmosphere. 1.13. Appendix M to Part 50-Reference Method for the Determination of Particulate Matter as PMlO in the Atmosphere. 1.14. Appendix N to Part 50--Interpretation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. 2. The following reference methods are provided in Appendixes to 40CFR, PART 60 for New Stationary Sources. 2.1. Appendix A-1 to Part 60, Test Methods 1 through 2F 2.1.1. Method 1 - Sample and velocity traverses for stationary sources. 2.1.2. Method 1A - Sample and velocity traverses for sources with small stacks or ducts. 2.1.3. Method 2 - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate (Type S pitot tube).
Method 2A - Direct measurement of gas 2.1.4. volume through pipes and small ducts. Method 2B - Determination of exhaust gas 2.1.5. volume flow rate from gasoline vapor incinerators. 2.1.6. Method 2C - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate in small stacks or ducts (standard pitot tube). Method 2D - Measurement of gas volumetric 2.1.7. flow rates in small pipes and ducts. 2.1.8. Method 2E - Determination of landfill gas production flow rate. 2.1.9. Method 2F - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with three dimensional probes. 2.2. Appendix A-2 to Part 60, Test Methods 2G through 2C 2.2.1. Method 2G - Determination of stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate with two dimensional probes. 2.2.2. Method 2H - Determination of stack gas velocity taking into account velocity decay near the stack wall. 2.2.3. Method 3 - Gas analysis for carbon dioxide, oxygen, excess air, and dry molecular weight. 2.2.4. Method 3A - Determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in emissions from stationary sources (instrumental analyzer procedure). 2.2.5. Method 3B - Gas analysis for the determination of emission rate correction factor or excess air. 2.2.6. Method 3C - Determination of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and oxygen from stationary sources 2.3. Appendix A-3 to Part 60, Test Methods 4 through 51 2.3.1. Method 4 - Determination of moisture content in stack gases. 2.3.2. Method 5 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources. 2.3.3. Method 5A - Determination of particulate emissions from the asphalt processing and asphalt roofing industry. 2.3.4. Method 5B - Determination of nonsulfuric acid particulate matter from stationary sources. 2.3.5. Method 5C [Reserved]. 2.3.6. Method 5D - Determination of particulate emissions from positive pressure fabric filters. 2.3.7. Method 5E - Determination of particulate emissions from the wool fiberglass insulation industry. 2.3.8. Method 5F - Determination of nonsulfate particulate matter from stationary sources. 2.3.9. Method 5G - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a dilution tunnel sampling location. 2.3.10. Method 5H - Determination of particulate emissions from wood heaters from a stack location.
2.3.1 1. Method 5H - Determination of low level particular matter emissions from stationary sources. 2.4. Appendix A-4 to Part 60, Test Methods 4 through 10B Method 6 - Determination of sulfur dioxide 2.4.1. emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.2. Method 6A - Determination of sulfur dioxide, moisture, and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources. Method 6B - Determination of sulfur dioxide 2.4.3. and carbon dioxide daily average emissions from fossil fuel combustion sources. 2.4.4. Method 6C - Determination of sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources (instrumental analyzer procedure). Method 7 - Determination of nitrogen oxide 2.4.5. emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.6. Method 7A - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources--Ion chromatographicmethod. 2.4.7. Method 7B - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources (Ultraviolet spectrophotometry). 2.4.8. Method 7C - Determination of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources--Alkaline permanganatelcolorimetricmethod. Method 7D - Determination of nitrogen oxide 2.4.9. emissions from stationary sources--Alkaline permanganatehon chromatographic method. 2.4.10. Method 7E - Determination of nitrogen oxides emissions from stationary Sources (Instrumental Analyzer Procedure). 2.4.1 I. Method 8 - Determination of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.12. Method 9 - Visual determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources 2.4.13. Alternate method 1 - Determination of the opacity of emissions from stationary sources remotely by lidar. 2.4.14. Method 10 - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.4.15. Method 10A - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions in certifymg continuous emission monitoring systems at petroleum refineries. 2.4.16. Method 10B - Determination of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources. 2.5. Appendix A-5 to Part 60, Test Methods 11 through 15A 2.5.1. Method 11 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide content of fuel gas streams in petroleum refineries. 2.5.2. Method 12 - Determination of inorganic lead emissions from stationary sources. 2.5.3. Method 13A - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources-SPADNS zirconium lake method.
2.5.4. Method 13B - Determination of total fluoride emissions from stationary sources--Specific ion electrode method. 2.5.5. Method 14 - Determination of fluoride emissions from potroom roof monitors for primary aluminum plants. 2.5.6. Method 15 - Determination of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide emissions from stationary sources. 2.5.7. Method 15A - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from sulfur recovery plants in petroleum refineries. 2.6. Appendix A-6 to Part 60, Test Methods 16 through 18 2.6.1. Method 16 - Semicontinuous determination of sulfur emissions from stationary sources. Method 16A - Determination of total reduced 2.6.2. sulfur emissions from stationary sources (impinger technique). 2.6.3. Method 16B - Determination of total reduced sulfur emissions from stationary sources. 2.6.4. Method 17 - Determination of particulate emissions from stationary sources (instack filtration method). 2.6.5. Method 18 - Measurement of gaseous organic compound emissions by gas chromatography. 2.7. Appendix A-7 to Part 60, Test Methods 19 through 25E 2.7.1. Method 19 - Determination of sulfur dioxide removal efficiency and particulate, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emission rates. 2.7.2. Method 20 - Determination of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and diluent emissions from stationary gas turbines. 2.7.3. Method 21 - Determination of volatile organic compound leaks. 2.7.4. Method 22 - Visual determination of fugitive emissions from material sources and smoke emissions from flares. 2.7.5. Method 23 - Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from stationary sources. 2.7.6. Method 24 - Determination of volatile matter content, water content, density, volume solids, and weight solids of surface coatings. 2.7.7. Method 24A - Determination of volatile matter content and density of printing inks and related coatings. 2.7.8. Method 25 - Determination of total gaseous nonmethane organic emissions as carbon. 2.7.9. Method 25A - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a flame ionization analyzer. 2.7.10. Method 25B - Determination of total gaseous organic concentration using a nondispersive infrared analyzer.
3.
2.7.1 1. Method 25C - Determination of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) in MSW landfill gases. 2.7.12. Method 25D - Determination of the volatile organic concentration of waste samples. 2.7.13. Method 25E - Determination of vapor phase organic concentration in waste samples. 2.8. Appendix A-8 to Part 60, Test Methods 26 through 29 2.8.1. Method 26 - Determination of hydrogen chloride emissions from stationary sources. 2.8.2. Method 26A - Determination of hydrogen halide and halogen emissions from stationary sources--isokineticmethod. 2.8.3. Method 27 - Determination of vapor tightness of gasoline delivery tank using pressurevacuum test. 2.8.4. Method 28 - Certification and auditing of wood heaters 2.8.5. Method 28A - Measurement of air to fuel ratio and minimum achievable bum rates for wood-fired appliances. 2.8.6. Method 29 - Determination of metals emissions from stationary sources. The following reference methods are provided in Appendix B to 4OCFR, PART 61 for Hazardous Air Pollutants. 3.1. Method 101 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from chlor-alkali plants-air streams. 3.2. Method lOlA - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. 3.3. Method 102 - Determination of particulate and gaseous mercury emissions from chlor-alkali plants--hydrogen streams. 3.4. Method 103 - Beryllium screening method. 3.5. Method 104 - Determination of beryllium emissions from stationary sources. 3.6. Method 105 - Determination of mercury in wastewater treatment plant sewage sludges. 3.7. Method 106 - Determination of vinyl chloride from stationary sources. 3.8. Method 107 - Determination of vinyl chloride content of inprocess wastewater samples, and vinyl chloride content of polyvinyl chloride resin, slurry, wet cake, and latex samples. 3.9. Method 107A - Determination of vinyl chloride content of solvents, resin-solvent solution, polyvinyl chloride resin, resin slurry, wet resin, and latex samples. 3.10. Method 108 - Determination of particulate and gaseous arsenic emissions. 3.1 1. Method 108A - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters. 3.12. Method lO8B - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters. 3.13. Method 108C - Determination of arsenic content in ore samples from nonferrous smelters.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.14. Method 111 - Determination of Polonium-210 emissions from stationary sources. 3.15. Method 114 - Test methods for measuring radionuclide emissions from stationary Sources. 3.16. Method 115 - Monitoring for radon-222 emissions. Methodology for the determination of metals emissions in exhaust gases from hazardous waste incineration and similar combustion processes (40CFR266-Al9-3.1). Methods of sampling and analyzing for metals, as described in SW-846. Example metals and their sampling and analysis methods are as follows: 4.1. Arsenic(As) - 7060 4.2. Barium(Ba) - 7080 4.3. Cadmium(Cd) - 7130 4.4. Chromium(Cr) - 7 190 4.5. Lead(Pb) - 7420 4.6. Mercury(Hg) - 7470 4.7. Selenium(Se) - 7740 4.8. Silver(Ag) - 7760 Methods for organics chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater (40CFRl36-AppIA): 5.1. Method 601 - Purgeable halocarbons 5.2. Method 602 - Purgeable aromatics 5.3. Method 603 - Acrolein and acrylonitrile 5.4. Method 604 - Phenols 5.5. Method 605 - Benzidines 5.6. Method 606 - Phthalate 5.7. Method 607 - Nitrosamines 5.8. Method 608 - Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs 5.9. Method 609 - Nitroaromatics and isophorone 5.10. Method 610 - Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 5.1 1. Method 6 11 - Haloethers 5.12. Method 612 - Chlorinated hydrocarbons 5.13. Method 613 - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins 5.14. Method 624 - Purgeables 5.15. Method 625 - Baselneutrals and acids 5.16. Method 1624 revision B - Volatile organic compounds by isotope dilution GCIMS 5.17. Method 1625 revision B - Semivolatile organic compounds by isotope dilution GC/MS (Methods for chemical analysis of drinking water - analysis of trihalomethanes) (40CFR141-App/C): 6.1. Part I - The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water by the purge and trap method 6.2. Part I1 - The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water by liquid/liquid extraction 6.3.Part 111 - Determination of maximum total trihalomethanepotential The following 47 analytical testing methods are contained in the Third Edition of "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, PhysicalIChemical Methods" EPA Publication SW846 (November 1986) and its Revision I (December 1987), which are available for the cost of $1 10.00 from the Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402, (202)783-3238 (document number 955-001-00000-1) (40CFR260.11):
7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6.
0010 Modified Method 5 Sampling Train Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) 0020 0030 Volatile Organic Sampling Train 1320 Multiple Extraction Procedure Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes 1330 Alumina Column Cleanup and Separation of 3611 Petroleum Wastes 7.7. 5040 Protocol for Analysis of Sorbent Cartridges from Volatile Organic Sampling Train 7.8. 6010 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Beryllium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.9. 7090 7.10.7091 Beryllium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.1 1.7198 Chromium, Hexavalent (Differential Pulse Polarography) 7.12.7210 Copper (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.13.721 1 Copper (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.14.7380 Iron (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.15.7381 Iron (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.16.7460 Manganese (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.17.7461 Manganese (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.18.7550 Osmium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.19.7770 Sodium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.20.7840 Thallium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.21.7841 Thallium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.22.7910 Vanadium (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.23.791 1 Vanadium (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.24.7950 Zinc (AA, Direct Aspiration) 7.25.795 1 Zinc (AA, Furnace Technique) 7.26.9022 Total Organic Halides (TOX) by Neutron Activation Analysis 7.27.9035 Sulfate (Colorimetric, Automated, Chloranilate) 7.28.9036 Sulfate (Colorimetric, Automated, Methylthymol Blue, AA 11) 7.29.9038 Sulfate (Turbidimetric) 7.30.9060 Total Organic Carbon 7.3 1.9065 Phenolics (Spectrophotometric, Manual 4AAP with Distillation) 7.32.9066 Phenolics (Colorimetric, Automated 4-AAP with Distillation) 7.33.9067 Phenolics (Spectrophotometric, MBTH with Distillation) 7.34.9070 Total Recoverable Oil and Grease (Gravimetric, Separatory Funnel Extraction) 7.35.9071 Oil and Grease Extraction Method for Sludge Samples 7.36.9080 Cation-Exchange Capacity of Soils (Ammonium Acetate) 7.37.9081 Cation-Exchange Capacity of Soils (Sodium Acetate) 7.38.9100 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Saturated Leachate Conductivity, and Intrinsic Permeability 7.39.91 3 1 Total Coliform: Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique 7.40.91 32 Total Coliform: Membrane Filter Technique
8.
9.
7.41.9200 Nitrate 7.42.9250 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Fenicyanide (AAI) 7.43.9251 Chloride (Colorimetric, Automated Ferricyanide (AAII) 7.44.9252 Chloride (Titrimetric, Mercuric Nitrate) 7.45.93 10 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta 7.46.93 15 Alpha-Emitting Radium Isotopes 7.47.9320 Radium-228 Identification and listing of hazardous waste (40CFR261) 8.1. Representative sampling methods (40CFR261-All) 8.2. Method 1311, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) (40CFR261-A/2; 268-A11; SW846-method 1311) 8.3. Method 8280, method of analysis for chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (40CFR261-A/ 10) 8.4. Extraction procedures (EP) toxicity test method and structural integrity test(40CFR268-A/9; SW846-method 1310A) Compendium of EPA-Approved Analytical Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in Drinking Water, developed by US Department of Energy in June 1998 and available at http://tis.eh.doe.gov/oepa/guidance/sdwa.htm, 2004. 9.1. Methods - Gross Alpha and Beta 9.2. Methods - Gross Alpha 9.3. Methods - Radium-226 9.4. Methods - Radium-228 9.5. Methods - Uranium 9.6. Methods - Radioactive Cesium 9.7. Methods - Radioactive Iodine 9.8. Methods - Radioactive Strontium 9.9. Methods - Tritium 9.10. Methods - Gamma Emitters
Relative humidity Relative humidity (RH) is defined as the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor present in the air to the amount which could exist at saturation. When the radio or TV announcer talks about percent humidity, he means percent relative humidity (% RH) (EPA84/09). RH can be expressed in the following equation formats: RH = [actual vapor mass (m,)]/[vapor mass required to produce a saturated mixture (m,)]
Shell UOP Shell UOP is one of the NO, emission reduction techniques (see nitrogen oxide emission control for control structure). Shell UOP is a dry process that simultaneously removes both NO, and SO, emissions. This process can also be designed to remove either compound separately. The process uses a copper oxide (CuO) catalyst supported on alumina. These catalysts are located in two or more parallel passage reactors. Flue gas containing both NO, and SO, is introduced into the reactor where the SO, reacts with
copper oxide to form copper sulfate (CuS04). At the same time ammonia is being injected which reacts with the NO,. The copper sulfate, and to a less extent the copper oxide, act as catalysts for the NO,-NH3 reaction. The following reactions occur in the reactor (SO2and NO, reduction): c u o + 1/202+ SO2 c u s o 4 4N0 + 4NH3+ O2 4N2+ 6H20 When the reactor catalyst is saturated with CuS04, the flue gas is redirected to a fresh reactor and the spent catalyst is regenerated. Hydrogen is used to regenerate the catalyst by reducing the CuS04 to copper and producing a concentrated SO2 gas stream. The SO2 gas is then used to produce sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur for commercial sale. The copper in the reactor is oxidized to CuO and the process is ready to be put on line again. The reactions that take place in the reactor during catalyst regeneration are: CuS04+ 2H2 CU + SO2+ 2H20 Cu + 1/20 c u o The Shell UOP process can be operated as a NO, emission reduction process by eliminating the regeneration cycle. The process can be operated as a SO, emission reduction process by eliminating the ammonia injection (EPA-81/12, p7-20).
+ +
+
+
Sulfur Oxide Emission Control Sulfur oxide emissions &om fossil-fuel-fired combustion sources can be reduced by various techniques. 1. Fuel desulfurization (EPA-81/12, p8-4) 1.1. Physical coal cleaning 1.2. Chemical coal cleaning 1.2.1. Microwave desulfurization 1.2.2. Hydrothermal desulfurization 2. Combustion of coal and limestone mixtures (EPA-81/12, p85) 2.1. Fluidized bed combustion 2.2. Limestone coal pellets as fuel 3. Coal gasification (EPA-81/12, p8-6) 4. Coal liquefaction (EPA-81/12, p8-6) 5. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) (EPA-8 1112, p8-6) 5.1. FGD wet scrubbing process 5.1.1. FGD nonregenerable (throwaway) process (EPA-81/12, p8-7) 5.1.1.1. FGD lime scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-6) 5.1.1.2. FGD limestone scrubbing (EPA-81/12, p8-11) 5.1.1.3. FGD double alkali scrubbing (EPA84/03b, p8-15) 5.1.1.4. FGD sodium-based once-through scrubbing (EPA-84/03b, p8-20) 5.1.2. FGD regenerable process (EPA-81112, p8-17) 5.1.2.1. FGD Wellman-Lord (EPA-84/03b, p8-27) 5.1.2.2. FGD magnesium oxide (EPA-81/12, p821) 5.1.2.3. FGD citrate (EPA-81/12, p8-22) 5.2. FGD dry scrubbing process (EPA-8 1/12, p8-25) 5.2.1. FGD spray dryer with a baghouse or ESP
5.2.2. 5.2.3.
FGD dry injection FGD other dry SO2processes
Treatment Technology Treatment technology means any unit operation or series of unit operations that alters the composition of a hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated materials being treated. Treatment technologies are an alternative to land disposal of hazardous wastes without treatment (40CFR300.5-91). Potential treatment processes and their EPA Codes are as follows. See each technology for definitions (40CFR264-AppL-Table2): 1. Thennal Treatment--By Alphabetic Order T14: Calcination T16: Cement kiln T08: Fluidized bed incinerator T10: I n h e d furnace incinerator T17: Lime kiln T06: Liquid injection incinerator T15: Microwave discharge T11: Molten salt incinerator T09: Multiple hearth incinerator T12: Pyrolysis T07: Rotary kiln incinerator T13: Wet air oxidation T18: Other (specify) Advanced electrical reactor Circulating bed combustor Fixed hearth (controlled air, multiple hearth, pyrolytic, or starved air incinerators) Flare Infrared system Oxygen-enriched incineration Plasma arc Supercritical fluid WestinghouseIO'Connor combustor 2. Chemical Treatment 2.1. T19: Absorption mound 2.2. T20: Absorption field 2.3. T21: Chemical fixation (solidification and stabilization) 2.4. T22: Chemical oxidation 2.5. T23: Chemical precipitation 2.6. T24: Chemical reduction 2.7. T25: Chlorination 2.8. T26: Chlorinolysis 2.9. T27: Cyanide destruction 2.10. T28: Degradation 2.1 1. T29: Detoxification 2.12. T30: Ion exchange 2.13. T3 1: Neutralization 2.14. T32: Ozonation 2.15. T33: Photolysis 2.16. T34: Other (specify) 2.17. Alkaline polyethylene glycol
2.18. Hydrolysis Physical Treatment-separation of components 3.1. T35: Centrifugation 3.2. T36: Clarification 3.3. T37: Coagulation 3.4. T38: Decanting 3.5. T39: Encapsulation 3.6. T40: Filtration 3.7. T41: Flocculation 3.8. T42: Flotation 3.9. T43: Forming 3.10. T44:Sedimentation 3.1 1. T45: Thickening 3.12. T46: Ultrafiltration 3.13. T47: Other (specify) Physical Treatment-removal of specific components T48: Absorption-molecular sieve T49: Adsorption (activated carbon and resin adsorption) T50: Blending T5 1: Catalysis T52: Crystalization (suspension freezing) T53: Dialysis T54: Distillation including steam distillation T55: Electrodialysis T56: Electrolysis T57: Evaporation T58: Magnetic separation T59: Leaching T60: Liquid ion exchange T61: Liquid-liquid extraction T62: Reverse osmosis T63: Solvent recovery T64: Striping T65: Sand filter T66: Other (specify) Dissolution Freeze drying (Lyophilization) Zone refining Biological Treatment T67: Activated sludge T68: Aerobic lagoon T69: Aerobic tank T70: Anaerobic lagoon T71: Composting T72: Septic tank T73: Spray irrigation T74: Thickening filter T75: Trickling filter T76: Waste stabilization pond T77: Other (specify) Enzyme treatmentfmutantor adapted microorganisms Lagoon (stabilization pond or oxidation pond) Land treatment (landfarming) Rotational biological contactor (RBC) White-rot fungus
Uncertainty Sources of uncertainty include: (1) Accuracy. (2) Bias. (3) Error. (4) Precision (ACS-87/11): Accuracy: (1) The difference between a measurement and true value (40CFR86.082.2-91). (2) The agreement between an experimentally determined value and the accepted reference value. See ASTM El80 (EPA-83). (3) The degree of agreement of a measurement (or an average of measurements) of a parameter, X, with an accepted reference or true value, T. It is usually expressed as the difference between the two values, X-T, or the difference as a percentage, 100(X-T)/T. It is also sometime expressed as a ratio, X/T. Accuracy is a measure of the bias in a method (EPA-8611Oa). Bias: (1) A constant or systematic error as opposed to a random error. See analytical parameters--laboratory. See ASTM El80 (EPA-83). (2) An inadequacy in experimental design that leads to results or conclusions not representative of the population under study (Course 165.6). (3) The difference between the average value of a set of measurements, X and the accepted reference or true value, T (EPA-84/03). Erroc Any deviation of an observed value from the true value (EPA-83). Precision: (1) The standard deviation of replicated measurements (40CFR86.082.2-91). (2) Variation about the mean of repeated measurements of the same pollutant concentration, expressed as one standard deviation about the mean (40CFR53.23-91). (3) The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property. Also see ASTM El 80 (EPA-83).
Viscosity 1. Definition: Viscosity is the result of Newton's viscosity law. The law states that in fluid mechanics, the applied shear stress (S,) is proportional to the rate of deformation or to the velocity gradient normal to the velocity. Mathematically, it can be expressed as: S, = p(dV/dy) where: S, = shear stress; V = velocity in differential amount; y = distance normal to the velocity direction in differential amount; p = absolute or dynamic viscosity Viscosity is the result of two phenomena: Intermolecular cohesive forces and Momentum transfer between flowing strata caused by molecular agitation perpendicular to the direction of motion. Between adjacent strata of a flowing fluid a shearing stress results that is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. Viscosity is often defined as resistance to flow. See also Newton's viscosity law. Viscosity has the following unit systems 1.1. For dynamic viscosity (D,)
2.
1.1.1. In the cgs system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is pose (dyne-sec/cm2) 1.1.2. 1 centipoise at = 1 poisell o2 1.1.3. In the English system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is lb-sec/fi2 1.1.4. Dynamic viscosity of water = 1 centipoise at 68.4 F and atmospheric pressure 1.2. For kinematic viscosity (K.,) = (dynamic 1.2.1. Kinematic viscosity viscosity)/density 1.2.2. In the cgs system, the unit of kinematic viscosity is stoke (cm2/sec) 1.2.3. 1 centistoke = 1 stokello2 1.2.4. In the English system, the unit of dynamic viscosity is ft21sec 1.2.5. 1 centistoke = 1.076~10-~ (K,) ft21sec Viscosity measurement systems 2.1. Saybolt Universal viscometer is commonly used for petroleum products and lubricating oils. 2.2. Saybolt Furol viscometer is used for heavy oils.
Waste Paper Type Types of waste paper includes: No. 1 mixed wastepaper: Consists of a baled mixture of various quantities of paper containing less than 25 percent of ground wood stock, coated or uncoated. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 5 percent. No. 2 mixed wastepaper: Consists of a mixture of various qualities of paper not limited as to type of packing or fiber content. Prohibitive material may not exceed 2 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 10 percent. Super mixed wastepaper: Consists of a baled clear sorted mixture of various qualities of papers containing less than 10 percent of ground wood stock, coated or uncoated. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 112 of 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 3 percent. News wastepaper: Consists of baled newspaper containing less than 5 percent of other papers. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 112 of 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. Super news wastepaper: Consists of baled sorted fiesh newspapers, not sunburned, free from papers other than news, containing not more than the normal percentage of rotogravure and colored sections. Prohibitive materials--none permitted. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. Corrugated container wastepaper: Consists of baled corrugated containers having liners of either jute or kraft. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1 percent. Total out throws may not exceed 5 percent. No. 1 sorted colored ledger wastepaper: Consists of printed or unprinted sheets, shavings, and cuttings of colored or white sulphite or sulphate edger bond, writing, and other types of paper which have a similar fiber and filler content.
This grade must be free of treated, coated, padded or heavily printed stock. Prohibitive materials-none permitted. Total out throws may not exceed 2 percent. 8.
No. 1 sorted white ledger wastepaper: Consists of printed or unprinted sheets, shavings, and cuttings of white sulphite or sulphate ledger, bond, writing and other papers which have a similar fiber and filler content. This grade must be free of treated, coated, padded, or heavily printed stock. Prohibitive materials--none permitted.
9.
New corrugated cutting wastepaper: Consist of baled corrugated cuttings having two or more liners of eitherjute or kraft. Non-soluble adhesives, butt soles, slubbed or hogged medium, and treated medium or liners are not acceptable in this grade. Prohibitive materials may not exceed 1. Total out throw may not exceed 5 percent (EPA-83).
Appendix C: Definitions of Fuel Cell Technologies Fuel Cell.......................................................................................................................................................................... Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC).................................................................................................................................................. Direct Fuel Cell ............................................................................................................................................................... Direct Hydrogen Fuel Cell............................................................................................................................................... Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) .................................................................................................................................. Metal Air Fuel Cell (MAFC) ............................................................................................................................................. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)............................................................................................................................... Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) .................................................................................................................................. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) ........................................................................................................ Pressurized Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (PSOFC)................................................................................................................... Regenerative Fuel Cell or Reversible Fuel Cell .............................................................................................................. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) .........................................................................................................................................
900 900 900 900 901 901 901 902 902 903 903 903
Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. In a typical fuel cell, gaseous fuels are fed continuously to the anode (negative electrode) and an oxidant (i.e., oxygen from air) is fed continuously to the cathode (positive electrode); electrochemical reactions take place at the electrodes to produce an electric current. Through the electrochemical reactions, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy without combustion, producing pure water, a nominal amount of heat that can be recycled into other functions (via cogeneration), and a small amount of carbon dioxide (C02). A fuel cell operates in a fashion similar to a continuous battery, producing electricity as a result of an electrochemical reaction between two gases (primarily hydrogen and oxygen). However, it differs in several respects. The battery is an energy storage device. The maximum energy available is determined by the amount of chemical reactants stored within the battery itself. The battery will cease to produce electrical energy when the chemical reactants are exhausted (i.e., discharged). In a secondary battery, recharging regenerates the reactants, which involves putting energy into the battery from an external source. The fuel cell, on the other hand, is an energy conversion device that theoretically has the capability of producing electrical energy for as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied to the electrodes. See Figure below for reference.
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when operated at higher temperatures (approximately 250 C). The electrolyte is retained in a matrix (usually asbestos), and a wide range of electrocatalysts can be used (e.g., Ni, Ag, metal oxides, and noble metals). Therefore, the electrolyte contains K+ and (OH)-. The electrolyte is sandwiched between an anode and a cathode electrode. When hydrogen Hz generated from a fuel is charged to an anode electrode, Hz reacts with the hydroxide ion (OHY to produce water and electrons 26. Transporting from the anode to the cathode, the electrons pass through a power driver and transfer power from the fuel cell to a loading system such as an automobile motor. At the cathode, the electrons react with water and oxygen to produce hydroxide ion (OH)-. The hydroxide ions (OH)- then travel to the anode for reacting with Hz, thus completing the fuel cell cycle. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in AFCs include: 1. Fuel: ~ a t u r a igas (which is first sent to a fuel reformer to produce Hz) 2. Anode reaction: Hz + 20H- 2H20+ 2e' 3. Cathode reaction: %02+ H20+ 2 6 20H4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02 H20 + electric energy + heat (DOE-02112, pl-4 & 4-3) 5. See Figure below for reference
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Load
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(positive ion)
Ekrnlyte (Ion Conductar) Figure: Schematic of an Alkaline Fuel Cell PmdoaOlksOut
RoductOlsosOul
4
Anode
4
Cathode Electsolytc
(IonConductor) Figure: Schematic of a Fuel Cell Concept
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) As the name implies, an AFC is characterized by an alkaline electrolyte. The electrolyte in this fuel cell typically is concentrated (85 wt%) KOH and is operated at temperatures less than 120 C. NaOH has also been used in this type of fuel cell
Direct Fuel Cell A type of fuel cell in which a hydrocarbon fuel, such as methanol, is fed directly to the fuel cell stack, without requiring a reformer to generate hydrogen.
Direct Hydrogen Fuel Cell A fuel cell that is directly powered by pure hydrogen as the fuel rather than by the hydrogen that is produced from the reformation of hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, diesel, propane, natural gas).
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) As the name implies, a DMFC is characterized by the direct use of liquid methanol as a fuel. Unlike many other fuel cell types, a DMFC does not need a reformer and that has the potential to reduce the overall weight and cost of a fuel cell engine. As shown in the chemical reaction equations below, a methanoVwater solution (approximately 3% methanol) is introduced to anode electrocatalysts that spontaneously break the methanol molecules apart. Once broken up, the carbon atom combines with the oxygen atoms from the methanol and water at the electrode to form carbon dioxide. The hydrogen atoms are further divided into hydrogen protons Hf and electrons e-. The hydrogen protons pass through an electrolyte membrane to the cathode. Meanwhile, the electrons are forced to travel through an external circuit to the embedded cathode electrocatalysts where the hydrogen atoms (hydrogen protons Hf) and electrons e- are reunited and are combined with oxygen to produce water. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in DMFCs include: 1. Fuel: Liquid methanol 2. Anode oxidation reaction: CH30H + H20 +C02 + 6Hf + 6 6 3. Cathode reduction reaction: 6Hf+ 31202 + 6e: 3H20 4. Overall reaction: CH30H + H20+ 3/202 t C02 + 3H20 5. See Figure below for reference
+
allows the air to circulate through the cathode. The oxygen from the air moves through the carbon cathode and gets in touch with the electrolyte. As a result, the zinc of the anode gets oxidized and ZnO is generated. The free electrons released by this reaction can be used to drive an external electrical load. The cell voltage at open circuit is approximately 1.4 volt when a zinc anode is used. The cell produces electrical power as long as metallic zinc is available. When zinc is used for the anode, it is possible to recycle the ZnO back to zinc by an electrolysis process, which consumes energy. So it is possible to achieve a closed loop for the fuel zinc. The main electrochemical reactions occumng in MAFCs include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fuel: Zinc, aluminum and magnesium Anode reaction: Zn + 2(OHy ZnO + H20+ 2eCathode reaction: 11202 + H20+ 2 6 2(OH)Complete reaction: Zn + 1/202 ZnO See Figure below for reference
+
+
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Zinc Pellets Introduced into Top of Zinc Electrode Negative Terminal
Electrolyte Out'
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Positive Terminal
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Air Inlet from Air Blower
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Figure: Schematic of a Metal Air Fuel Cell (Source: Metallic Power Company,
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~ath"ode Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (Ion Conductor)
Figure: Schematic of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Metal Air Fuel Cell (MAFC) As the name implies, an MAFC is characterized by the use of metals as fuels. The fuel metals include zinc, aluminum and magnesium. The power stored in these metals is quite high (energy density) and therefore it is possible to achieve impressive power densities with such systems. Using a zinclair fuel cell as an example, it consists of a zinc anode, which is surrounded by an aqueous electrolyte (KOH). For the cathode, often a layer of carbon is used, which offers good electrical conductivity and
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) As the name implies, an MCFC is characterized by a molten carbonate electrolyte. Generally operating at high temperatures [650 C (1200F)], an MCFC consists of a molten electrolyte of alkaline lithium and potassium carbonates Li2CO3&CO3 in which the species CO? is transported from the cathode to the anode. The high operating temperature is needed to achieve the molten state of the carbonates to provide sufficient conductivity of the electrolyte. An advantage associated with this high temperature is that noble metal catalysts are not required for the electrochemical oxidation and reduction processes that occur within the cell. Molten carbonate fuel cells are being developed for natural gas and coal-based power plants for the industrial and electric utility sectors. The anode process involves a reaction between hydrogen and carbonate ions ~ 0 ~ frOm ' - the electrolyte that produces water and carbon dioxide C02 while releasing
electrons. The cathode process combines oxygen and C02 from the oxidant stream with electrons from the cathode to produce carbonate ions that enter the electrolyte. It is a common practice in an MCFC system that the C02 generated at the anode will be recycled to the cathode where it is consumed. This will require devices that will either: (i) transfer the C02 from the anode exit gas to the cathode inlet gas (TO2 transfer device"); (ii) produce C02 by combustion of the anode exhaust gas, which is mixed with the cathode inlet gas; or (iii) supply C02 from an alternate source. The main electrochemical reactions occurring in MCFCs include: 1. Fuel: Natural gas and coal 2. Anode reaction: Hz + ~ 0tH20 ~ +~ C02-+ 2e3. Cathode reaction: %02+ C02+ 2e- ~ 0 ~ ' 4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02tH20 5. See Figure below for reference
+
+
Anode reaction: Hz 2H' + 2e3. Cathode reaction: %02+ 2H? + 2 6 t H20 4. Overall reaction: Hz + %02t H20 2.
5.
See Figure below for reference
FU
PAFC
PRODUCT GASE RESIDUAL FUE
ROWCT GASES ESIDUAL OXIDANT ANODE'
I CATHODE ELECTROLYTE (ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell F
MCFC
PRODUCT GAS RESIDUAL FU
ODUCT GASES ID UAL OXIDANT ANODE' I \ CATHODE ELECTROLYTE (ION CONDUCTOR)
Figure: Schematic of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) As the name implies, a PAFC uses concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as its electrolyte. A silicon carbide matrix is used to contain the acid. Both anode and cathode electrodes that are made from Pt andlor its alloys also function as catalysts. Temperatures of about 390 F or 200 C and acid concentrations of 100% H3PO4 are commonly used now while the operating pressure can exceed 8 atm. The main electrochemical reactions occurring in PAFCs include: 1. Fuel: If a hydrocarbon such as natural gas is used as a fuel, reforming of the fuel by the reaction CH4 + H20= 3H2+ CO, followed by shifting of the reformate by the reaction CO + H20 = Hz + C02 are required to generate the fuel needed by the cell. CO is a poison when present in a concentration greater than 0.5%. Any sulfur compounds present in the fuel have to be removed prior to use in the cell (upstream of the reformer) to a concentration of