Encyclopedia of Wood (Art of Woodworking)

GUIDE WORKSHOP o Wearappropriate safetygear:safety g l a s s eosr a f a c es h i e l da, n dh e a r i n g protectors or earplugs.lf thereis no d u s tc o l l e c t i osny s t e mw, e a ra d u s t mask.Forexoticwoodslikeebony,usea maycausean the sawdust respirator; when Wearworkgloves reaction. allergic h a n d l i nrgo u g hl u m b e r .

o T u r nt h em a c h i noef f i f i t p r o d u c e s a n u n f a m i l i av ri b r a t i oonr n o i s eh; a v e resumt h e m a c h i nsee r v i c ebde f o r e ingoperations.

s a w d u satn dw o o ds c r a p cs a nb e a firehazard.

. D on o tu s ea m a c h i n ief a n yp a r to f i t is wornor damaged.

. Wearsafetygoggles, protection, hearing workbootsanda hardhat.Makesure y o u rc l o t h eas r ec l o s e - f i t t i n ag n dl o n g h a i ri s t i e db a c k .

. Rollup longsleeves rings andremove a n do t h e jre w e l rtyh a tc a nc a t c hi n movingparts.

saws Chain

. O p e r a taec h a i ns a wo n l yo u t d o o rosn a dry,clearday.

. Makesurethatworkshop and lighting andthatwork areadequate ventilation arelargeandsturdy. surfaces

. K e e py o u rh a n d w f r o ma s e l la w a Y turningbladeor cutterhead

. Readyourowner's manualbefore o p e r a t i nagn ym a c h i n e .

r F i n da c o m f o r t a bsl e t a n c ea; v o i d ing. over-reach

. Keepchildren, andpetsaway onlookers fromtheworkarea.

. Concentrate on thejob;do notrush. Neverworkwhenyouaretired,stressed or using alcohol or havebeendrinking drowsiness. thatinduce medications

o Tostartup thesaw,carryit to thework ; ake a r e aa n ds e ti n o n t h eg r o u n dm anything. surethechainis notcontacting t h et o o lw i t hy o u rf o o ta n do n e Brace r a n dt o P u l l h a n da, n du s ey o u ro t h e h the startercord.

. K e e py o u rw o r ka r e ac l e a na n dt i d Y ; c l u t t ecr a nl e a dt o a c c i d e n tasn, d

. W h i l eo p e r a t i nt hges a w h , o l di t f i r m l y w i t hb o t hh a n d s .

. Unplug eerforming a m a c h i nbee f o r p perations. s e tu p o r i n s t a l l a t i o n . Keepblades knives sharp. andcutterhead

A TREE FELLING andthebackcut Makingtheundercut To fell a treeto makeyourownlumber (page36), beginwithan undercut onethetrunkontheside thirdthewaythrough in whichthetreeshould facing thedirection up fromthe angling fall.Cutthewedge baseof thetree.Knownasthe Humbolt thismethodsaveslumberfrom undercut, partof a tree-the lower the mostvaluable partof thetrunk-a chunkof which technique willbelostwiththetraditional Thenmakea backcut of undercutting. from of inchesabovetheundercut a couDle sideto fell thetree.The the opposite shouldstopan inchor twofrom backcut to leavea hingethatwill the undercut of thefall andhelp thedirection control prevent bladekickback.

Direction of fall

HACKBERRY

(H) Ootanical name: AaLrontum 7raveolene SeauLifal,durable and etronq, qoncaloalvee eomef,imee bears a reeemblancef,o bolh roeewoodand Macaeaar ebony.II ie ueed,lor fine applicalionelikeknife handlee, billiardcue butt a, bruah back.e,and dampero in grand pianoo.SecauEeLhe tree has becomean endanqered epecieo,qoncaloalvee ie difficult.Lofind in NorLh America. lL ie availableprimarilyin veneere. Olher Name:Iiqerwood 5ourcer Srazil. Characteristice: Dense,very heavy wood; irceqular, int e rlocked,qr ai n: m edium LexLur e: r ed dieh-br own marbled with black elreako: large variatione in color and qrain. Uses: FinefurniLure,cabineLmakinq, Lurninqand veneer6. Workability: Difficult: blunLecu|I;inq edqee moderately to eeverely;Vre-borefor nailing. Finiahing AcceVX.o finieheewell. Weight:59 lb.lcu.fL. Trice: Expeneive.

(H) Ootanical Name: CelLtaocctdenta|te lackberry ie elaeLic,ehack-resi""tanLand eaey to bend, characf,erieLiceiX eharee with elm and,aeh',iL ie ofLen uaed ae an aeh eubstitut e in Lhe farniLureindu""fry, HackberryLreee qrow to more fhan 1aO fueI Lall. All,houghmoeL hackberryie ueed for conetraction, the wood'sdistinct,figure makeo if, an att racLivechoicefor veneerg, cabineLworkand,lurniLure. Olher Names: euqarberry, hack-f,ree,baeLard e m, net XleIree, beaverwood. Sourceet Eaelern U.3.A.and eouLhernCanada. Characteristics: lrregularqrain; moderalely coaree t exture: liqht brownwith yellowbande. Usest Furnif,ure,I?orlo equtpmenL,cabineAwork, plywooa and veneer?. Workability: Generally qood: dulle cuttero moderately: interlocked, qrain requireereduced planinqanqle;qood bendinqproVerLies, Finiahinq Accep|e ftniehea well:ea?eciallyaLLracLivein naLuralcolor. tNeight':40 lb.lcu.fL Tricet lnexpeneive.

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WOOD DIRECTORY

HICKORY

HOLLY

(H) 9otanical Name:Caryaepp. For ol;renqLh, hardneoaand flexibiliLy, hickoryia the besL commercially available woodin NorLhAmerica.lL ie ueed for Loolhandlee, euchae axeeand,maule,and,foreporL' inTequiVmenL. EveniIe woodchiVeare ueeful:Ihey are oflen uaed,in emokinqmeal. Other NameetShaqbarkhickory,piqnuthickory,mockernuLhickory,red hickory, whitehickory. 9 ource:Eaef,ernU.5.A. Charaoleristice: NormallyetraighLqrain,buLcan be irreqularor wawi coaroet"exlure:brownto reddieh-brown hearlw ood; whitreeapwood. furnilure,chaire, Ueee;SporLtnq equipmenL, benLwood eLrikinqhandlee, and veneere. plywood Workability:DifficulL:blunLecutLingedqeemoderaLely: whenplaningirregularqrain,reduceblade'ecutf,ingangle; veryqood,bendinqproVertieo. Finiohing: Acceptefinieheewel| Weight:51lb./cu.ft. ?rice:lnexpeneive.

(H) 6otanical NametIlexeoo. A clooe-qrained, almoetrwhitewood,with vtrLually no viaible fiqure,hollyio valuedfor inlaywork.Hollyveneer, for ebony.Very dyedblack,eubatiLulee little of thie timberie cut,eachyear,makinqil a difficullwoodLo obtain.Spri7eof holly,however, with Lheirehinyleavee and red berries, are commonChrietmaedecoralione. Olher Names:Whiteholly. Sources:Europe,U.9.4.and weelernAeia. Characterielice:lrreqularqrain;fine,evenlexLure: whiLeIo grayioh-white; ?ranelo blueeLain. Uees:)rnaLe Lurninqe,musicalinof,rumenle, inlay, rnarquetryand veneere. Workabilit"y: Difficult:keeVcuNNing edqeovery oharV and reducecuLbinq anqleof planeblade. Finiehing;AcceplefinieheEverywell. rNeightz35 -5O lb./cu.ft . ?riae:Expeneive.

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(H) 9otaniaal Namet Hymena ea courbaril A etronq, hard wood,iatoba has shock-reEist'ance qualitieosimilarto ash and hickory,and i6 olLenueed Althouqha diffiin tool handleoand eporte equipment. cult woodIo work,lat obalakee on a e?ecialglowwhen it io planed,lte bark is similarto that' of paperbirch of iL are usedin canoe-makinq. and eheeNe Olher Namee Amerelo,cuapinol,courbaril,West lndian |ocuet,(U.9.A., U.K.);|oouet,etinkinqtoe (Weot,|ndieo): guapinol(CentralAmerica):jut'aby,iatai vermelho (Arazil):alqarrobo. SourcesrCentraland )outh AmericaandtheWestlndies. qrain;mediumto CharacteriEtiaaMootly int'erlocked ^almonre+Lo oranqebrownhearLwood coa?6eteKVu?ei with dark brownstreake,darkeninqto reddishbrown: whiie t o oinkishoagwood. UeeetF urniiur",c)binetmakinq,turnin4,tool handles, and veneero. o?ortin7equipment,froorin4,Vanelinq Worl'abilityt Faia lough to sawi interlockedqrain hard bendinq?ro?erbiee. to plane;poorfor nailinq;moAeraNe Finiehin1Accefio stains well,butdoesnot poliahto a hi7h-qlooofinioh. tNaighrz4B'56 lb./cu. tN. ?riaezModerate.

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KINGWOOD SN) v(H)

1ot aniaal Name; Dalberqtacearenaia Likemost rceewoodo,kinqwoodie heavyand very aLiraclive.Oeeewinqof ite reqalname,NhieNimberwas ueedin lhe finesLfurnilure built for LouieXIVand ie an endanqered LouisXVof France.Today,kingwood epecieolhal is becominqe*remely ecarce.Thesmall amounf,olhat are availablefind ueein reetoralionwork, finelurninqoand veneere. violetta (U.9.A.); Alher NameezVioletwood, violete(brazil). 5ouraetOrazil. Characterislioez )traiqht qrain; line texlure: violel' brown,dark violetand blacketripeeaqainet'yellowlo violeL-br ownbackqround. UseezTurninqand veneerofor inlayand marquetry. WorkabilltyrOenerallyqood;blunto lool and blade cuthinq edgeemoderalely. Finiahingl Aaaepto finishes well;well euit'edto a naturalwaxfinieh. Weiglrf,r7O-75 lb./ cu. fN. ?rlcelVery expen6iv6.

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LIGNUMVITAEN (H) Aotanical Namer Guaia cum officinale "wood of life"receivedile namelor the Lignumvitae or oupVooedly curaf,ivequalilieeof its resin.ThieeVecieo, whichis extremelyolow'qrowinq, produceeoneol t'he world'sheavieslcommercialtimbere,and io virLually self-lubricatingdueIo ito hiqhraeinconhent.This makeait idealfor ito prinaiValuse,ao bearinqoand buohin7blocksfor ehiVpropellorshafas,lor whichthere oubot'ilute. ie preoentlyno elfective oynNhebic Olher Nameerlronwood(U,5.A.);7uayaaanneqro,palo oanio (Cuba);boisde gaiac (Franae). 5ouraea Trooical America and Weet lndieo, Charact'erlEblaetHeavy,denoe woodi intarlocked, irrequ' to blaak. lar qrain:qraenioh-brov,n lJEes:Manne bearin4a,mallebheads,pulleyoand u)minqz. Worlability, Difficuli'; dulls autters moderawlg not ouitablefor qluinqunleaotreated frroL, Flniehing AcceVto finishes w ell. .' Weighb-77lb.lcu.ft, ?riaet,Veryil?eneive. ,j,;i;l

MADRONE (H) 9 otanical NamezArbutu a menzieeii Madronevarieogreatly in size,sometreeo reaching 125teeLin heiqhtwilh enormouobnnchee somelirnee oLrelchinqaut overan area of IO,OOOequarefeet.lt offerea beaulifult imber,which,thouqh diffiaultto srnoothfinish.Smaller dry,canbeqivena remarkably madronetimberoften has burlqrowthoatit's baee; these are frequently developedinf,ootunningveneers, It ie also knownas one of r,he beat,sourceeof charcoal for makin16unpowden OhherNameal 7aoftic ma*rone,arbutuo, madrona. 9ourceat Canadaand western U.5.4. Chalz,otnriallcet5t raigWbto irreqularq?aini fine,even iet&urei palereddioh'yellowto deeVerred or brown. UeeszFinefurniture, htrninq ani decoraiiveveneero. Wo*abiltq6 9 atisf act'oryt blunto cutting edqeo r aiher eevar elyi mediumbandin6 ?r o?efti es. FlnlehingzAcce?t o finishes well Waigltu48lb.lcu.ft. ?dcrltModerata.

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MYRTLE

HARD MAPLE,,

(H) caltforntca botanical Name:Umbellularta wellknownfor iLeclueLerand burlfiqareA Eopecta)ly lor myrLleio a favorif,e amonqftnecrafLErnen veneerg, c a b i n e t n a k i naqn d m a r q u e L r y . W ht tl lhea ea e t r o n q Lendency lo checkand warpin dryinq,oncezeaeoned myrtleio a touqhwood,ableLo withet'andmuchwear turntnqwood,myrf'leie and,abuse.Aleoa preferred amanq frequenLly madeinlo bowlaand,canaboticko, o t h e r f i n eq o o d e . laurel,mounlainlaurel, Alher Names:Californta bayrtree, epiceLree. I).3.4. 1ources;Oreqonand California, Characl eristicotGenerallyoI raiqhLqrain,bul occa 5ionqol)enLanXoyellowieh-qreen, fineLexXure: allyirreqular; joinery,cabineImakinq, panelUees;f urninq,furniLure, inq,and veneera. Fair:dullscuLtinqedqeeeeverelyand quick' Workabilisyt l y :r e d u c ec u t L i n ga n q l e f o rp l a n t naqn d e h a V i n q . Acceptsfinieheeverywell. Finishing: Weight:3b lb.lcu.ft. ?rice:ModeraLe', burlio exVereive.

(H) Oolanical Name: Acer eaccharum f' denee wood, harA maple'eueea afLenLake advantaqe of ite reeiet,a.ceto wear and,abraaion.)i ie ueed in a w i d er a n q eo f c o n o L r t c t i o n ,i n c l u d i n qb o w l i n qa l l e y oa n d dance floora. Olten poeeeeeinqan atlraclive liddleback o r c u r l yf i q u r e ,L h i e i e a l e o l h e m a p l ew h i c hp r o d u c e el h e veneere. f arroue bird,'a-eye Other Names: Rock maple,euqar maple,whiLemaple ( e a p w o o d )b, i r d ' e - e y em a p l e( 1 tt h e d i o t i n q u i e h i nqqr a i n ie preaent). S o u r c e s :C a n a d a ,U . 3 . 4 . Char a ct'erist'icot 3t rai7ht qrai n, o c c a eio nally c urly, wavy or bird'e-eye;f\ne texLure:hearLwoadia reddiehbrown: eapwoodio whiLe, mueical Ueee: Turning,furnilure, 6?arLo equiVment', inetrumenf,s,butcher'a block.e,floorinQ,plywood and veneerg, Workabilit'y: Dttficult: blunle cutLing ed4ee mod,erately: pre-borefor nai inq:qood bendinqproVerLiea. Finiehing:Acceple finieheowe1l. Weighi 42lb.lcu.ft. ?rice: lnexpeneive lo moderaf,e, on fiqure. depend,ing

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OAK,RED

OAK,WHITE

(H) botanicalname;Quercueepp. Kedoak,l:hemoEt.caffirnan oakvarieLyin North America,qrowaveryquickiy-younq treeo olLena2rout a foot.a year.fhe wooAia an al,lracliveand valuapte hardv,tood and,hae beenoneol Lhemoef,popularNor1h Americanoako'ueedin EuropeeinceLheearlylBLh Century.Il ie coneidered uneuiLable for exLerior work. Olher Names:NorLhern red oak,Americanred oak, Canadianred oak,qrayoak. Sources:Canadaand eaeternU.3.A. Characterietice; 7tr aiqht.qrain; coa ree texLure: pinkieh-redcolor. Uses:Furniture,inLerior joinery,floorinq,Vlywood and veneerg. Workability:Generallyqooii moderaLeblunlinqof cuLlere; moderate bendinq?ro?erLiee, FiniahinqSatiefactory:becauoe of openporee,iL ehouldbefilled,beforeanyfinishingor painLinq. Weight:40 lb./cu.fL ?ricet N4oderale.

(H) Ootanical Name: Quercue epp. Thie oak-a wood of uniqaeveroatility-prodacee Lhe fineeLoak veneerzand lumber,and ie very reej",tanL t o wear.Tieae qualiLieemaV.eit eiqnilicantlymore vallable Nhan red oak.7ut perhapeita moeL-valuedproperty ie lhe preeencein iLe cells of tylosee, a honeyconblike",ubetance thaL makeeI;he wood waLerLiqhLand idealfor whiekeybarrela.Kecently,lheee barcelshave bequnLo be reuaed,red,ucinqthe larqe drain on whtLeoak.for that purpoee, Other Namee: American while oak, burr oak, swamV while oak, cheotnJf,oak, overcuVoak, ewamp cheetnuL oak. Sourcee: Canada and l,).3.A, Characteriatice,t1f,raiqht qr ain: moderately coaroe lexLure: liqhl Lan wif,h a yellowiehLint. joinery,cabinef,making, Ueea: FurniLure, boat buildinq, barrele,Vlywoodand veneers. Workability: Good; pre-bore for nailinq:qood bendinqproperLiee. Finiahing;Accepte finioheawell. rNeight:47 lb.lcu.ft. ?rice: ModeraL.e.

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OLIVE,WOOD

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(H) Aotanical Name:)lea europaea caaot,European oliveGrownalonqthe lr4ed,itrerranean wood woodie a comelytree,andyieldea fine,att'racLtve Thietree Lhat,ernitaa oweelscent.wheniL is worked,. in very ie aleof amouafor iLefruil and,oil.Available ia olivewood amallamounte,and proneLo d,efecte, or cawedqoode ofLenuaedto produceemallLurned anAiT'ie aomefimee for salein EuroVe'e trourislmarket', cul inLoveneer. OtcherNametlNalianolivewood. Califarnia. 1ourcee;ltaly and,eouthernEurope, 9Ir aiqhl'to irreqularqraiwfiner'exCharacteristicat f,ure;liqhLLo dark brownbackqroundwit'hd,arkereNreake. carvingand lnlaywork. UeeetTurninq, WorkabilityrGenerally good, t'houqhrelatively difficult' to oaw. FiniohinqAcceVtofinieheewell. W e i g h t : 5 &l b . l c u . f t . TricetExpeneive

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PADAUK, AFRICANN

(H) Ootanical Name: ?t;erocarpueooyauxii 6f,ronq, durableand slable. Africanpadaukie exf,remely than f,herareAndamanpadauk, Thouqhleeawellknown ana i6 Lrulya iL compareewell,is muchmoreavailable handaome woodin iNeownriqhL.ln eomeVarteof lhe ueedfor floorinq, worldAfricanpadaukie commonly whereif,iEconeidered, of excepLional qualiNy: pad,auk veneera are no leasvaluedfor their beauty. barwood,camwood. Olher Namest7ad,ouk, 1ourcetWeetAfrica. grain;moder' )traiqht' xo intrerlocked, Characleristiaet wif'h alely coaroelexfroreideepred to purple-brown red et"reake. Ueest Furnilure, cabinetmaking,joinery,lur ning, ha ndlesand veneerg. WorkabiliNyz Good:dullscuttere eliqhlly. FiniohinyAcceplefinisheeverywell. Weight:45lb./cu.tL. ?riaetModerate.

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PINE,PONDEROSA

PINE,SOUTHERNYELLOW

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(e)

OotanicalName:Finueponderoea Oneof the mo6Laf,f,racf,ive pinee,t"heponderoeaqrowe acroeawegternNorf,hAmericaand eometimeemakeo iLehomeatrelevaf,ions of morethan 1O,OOO feeLin the K o c k i e eD. e c a u e eo f i L s r e s e m b l a n cien c o l o ra n d texLurelo whiLepine,ponderoea has increaeingly been usedas a eL)boLiLute for that wood,Tonderoea pineie eornetiffie.elicedinLoknoLIypineveneer,buLi|e primary ueeis in conelruclionand ae inLerior frim. Other Namee: 3iq Vine, bird'e-eye pine, knotty pine, polepine,pricklypine,weoLern yellowpine. Sources:Canadaand wesLernU,3.A. Characteristics:Wideliqhi-yellowsapwood;darker yellowto reddieh-brown hearLwood: qenerallyeilraight, qrain:eventexture. Usea Furnit,ure,turninq joinery ani cawinq(eapwood): and qeneral conelrucLion (hearLwood ): occa eionauy panelinq and veneers. Workability:Good;blunLscuLLinqed4eealiqhr,ly: ooor bendinqproperl,iee. FiniohinqAcceVLofinieheewell,butdoes not etain ae wellae whibepine. tNeighfr32\b./cu.tL. Tricezlnexpeneive.

DotanicalName:Finueaoo. 7ouf,hernyellowpineie Lhe heavieetcommercialeofLwoodand cerLainlyof foremoetrim?o-ancefor the conef,rucf,ion and pulpinduef,nee. 7ut, becaueeof the d e c r e a e i nogu p V l yo f w h i t r e p i n e , i l h a er e c e n t l yb e q u n to be usedexleneively in veneere,which are darkerand, markedby dieLinclgrowLhrinqe.TheeeLreeoaleo s u p V l yl u r V e n L i n ep,i n eo i l a n d r e e i nu e e di n l h e c o e meNiceinduetry. Other Namea ?il,chpine,shorLleafpine,longleaf pine,loblolly pineand severalof,hertree namee. 5 ourcetI outheaetern \J.3.A, Characteristics:SLraighLqrain:coareeNexf,ure; yellow-brown to reddieh-brown hearLwood. Uses: FurniNure, conetrucf,ion, plywoodand veneers. Workabilityr Fair;highreeincontentwillcauaeqummy build-upon Loolo:LendeLo Learwhencrooecut.. Finiohing:AccepLofinisheefairly well;becaueeof hi7hreeinconhenL, finisheeeomelimeebubbleup,eeVec i a l l ya r o u n d k n o l e . Weight:3O-3B lb./cu.lt . ?riae:lnexoeneive,

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PINE,WHITE

POPLAR,YELLOW

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(H) 9otanical NameszLrriodendron tulipifera Muchof the remaininq eupplyof thie wood,reqardedao oneof lhe moeLvaluable timberein Ihe eaelernU.3.4. lieein the Appalachian Mounlaine.l-)eed, in ex\eneively |,hewoodie ueed, Europetnf,heearlyl9OOs,Loday mainlyin the l-).3.for a ranqeof woodworking applicaNioneandfor Vulp.Theeapwoodie eometimescalled whilewood. Olher Names; Ca noe wood, xuliVpopla r, tuliplree. SouraetU.3.4. Characterieliaa:Straiqht qrain;fine,evenLeKLorei whif,eoapwoodLo pale-brown hearLwood wiLhgreen or darkbrownef,reake. UaeozJ oinery,f urnilure, cabinelwo rk,mueical ineLru' rYtent7, cawingand veneerg. WorkabilitytGood:dullecu+vLere onlyeltqhtly. Finiehingz Accepbefinieheewell. Weight:,30-35 lb.Icu.ft. Trice:lnexpeneive.

9otanical Name:FtnueeLrobue WhiLeVine'e verealility,workabilily and non-reeinoue naturemadeif,a preferredwoodfor both conolruclion lor cenf,uriee. EarlyAmericanseLllero and woodworking olLenhonored, Nhewhibepine,puNtinqit,on the coloniee' f l a 4 d u r i n qI h e A m e n c a nK e v o l u t i o an n d o n o t r h e r flaqe and coinethrouqh Lheyeare.l-)nforf"unalely, becauaeof iLewideeVread uee,whitepinehae become ecarcera , l t h o u q hb e c o n aq e n e r a t i o ng t r a n i ga r e preeentlymaLlrinq. Olher Namee:EaeLernwhiLepine,norLhernwhiLepine, norLhernpine,QuebecVine,sofl pine,baleam pine, whif,epine. Canadian 1ources:Canadaand,U.3.4. Characterielicet)Lraiqht grain;event exLure:liqhty ellowlo reddiah-b rown hearLwood. joinery,boat buildinq, Uses':FurniLure, conef,ruclion, plywoodand veneere. Workability:Good;blunte cuLf,ereeliqhf,ly; poorbendinq propertieg;too sofLfor somefurnilure uses. Finiehing:Acceptefinieheswell. Weight:28 lb.lcu.ft. Triaetlnexpenetve.

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PRIMAVERA N

(H) DotanioalName* Cybiotaxdonnell-emit hii, eyn.Tabebu ia donnell-amithti SomelimeewronqlyreferredLo ae"whilemahoqany," ie oneof the fineetr"blond"cabineL woodein Vrimavera the world.Secaueeof the depleLion of oupply,however, today iNio relativelyhard to geL Thewoodie wellknown for ile beautifulliqht-coloredveneere.OfIenLheyare elriped or havea handeomemoLLledfiqure. Olher Nameo:Duranqa(Mexlco);)anJuan (Hondurae): Valo bla nco (Guatemala); cortez, corLezblanco (El Salvador). Source:CenLralAmerica. Charaateristiae;SLraiqhtto irregularqrain;mediumLo coar ee tefrure: y ellowieh-white to y ellowieh-brown, Ueeq Cabinetwork,fine furnitureand veneero. Wo rkabilityt Very good: moderale bending properLiee. Finishingl. AccepLefinieheeverywell. Wei6ht: 3O-bB lb./cu.fL ?riaezExpeneive.

PURPLEHEART (H) gotaniaal Name: Feltogyneepp. A uniquely altraclive and durablehardwood and a challengeLo workwiLh. Cuttinqcan be hampered by qum depoeiLe, whichwilleeepouLof Lhewoodif iI io heahei wiLhbluntcuttinq ed,geo. Sladee,Lherelore, mueNbe keVN exlremelyeharp,and woodehouldbe run elowly throuqhmachines. WhileLhewoodie purple,lheee qum deposiLs can ranqefrom coalblacktowhile,and olten etreakthewood. Ot,her Na mee:Amaranth, violelw ood ( U.3.A.); eakavalli, oaka,koroboreli (Guyana);?auroxo,nazareno(Venezuela): (Orazil):Lananeo(Colombia). ?auroxo,amaranNe 5ouraeetCenLral and 9ouLhAmerica. CharaateristiaetStraiqhLqrain;moderateto coarae Lerture:deeppurVle,maburinqLo a rich brownafLer lonqexpoeure. Uses:Veneers, turninq,indoorand outdoor,furniture, tool ehafls and handlee, and butls of billiardcues. Workabilibyt)ifficult: moderaLet o eeverebluntin4;preborefor nailinq; propertiee. moderaLe bending Finiohing;Acceptefinieheswell:lacoruer ?reoeNeopurplecolor:alcoholbasedfiniEheeremovelhe color. Weightz54lb./cu.fL. Trice:Moderate.

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REDWOOD,CALIFORNIA (e)

gotanical Name: I equoia eempervirene ThetascinalinqCaliforniaredwoodqrowoto an incredibleeize.NaIiveto coaslal Californiaand )reqon, it io capableof reachinqwellover3OOfeex in heiqhN and oneLreemayyieldlhoueandeof boardfeet of lumber, Allhouqheupplieeof this woodhavebeeneeriouely depleted,redwoodcan eomelimesstill be acquiredin ertremelywideplanko.Thewoodie noted for ito stabiliIy, durabiliLyand resisLanceto decay:ito larqeburle are cul inlo veneers. Olher Namet Redwood, SouraetWestcoast of U.9,A. Charaoteriatioez?traight qraini fine, eventexf,uretaeep reddish-brown. Ueea Joinery,furniture,Vooto,panelin4,?lwood and veneere,and muchliqht ouldoor con;lruction. Workabiliiy: Good:dulls cuttera only sli4htly:moAerate bendin7properliee. Finiehin6zAccegta fi nishee well. Wei6ht;26lb./cu.ft, ?ricet lnexpengive to moAerale,

ROSEWOOD, HONDURASN) (H) 6otanical Name; Da Iberqia eteveneonii Thiehard,heavy,durablerosewood ie primarilyvalued in lhe makinqof marimbabareand qrowsonlyln Selize, lhe formerDritishHondurae. Ao euppliee are verylimited,iLs other mainuseeare confinedto fine cabinelwork, marquelryandlurned iteme.1omeepecimene are very oilyand willnottake a hiqhnaturalpolieh. Other Namet Naqaed. 5ourcet 1elize. Characteristicst3t r aiqhLIo somewhal,streaked t o purple 6rain:moderatelyfinetexLurctpinkieh-brown with dark,irre4ular 6rainlinee, Uaes:MueicalineNruments, veneerofor fine aabinetworkand Lurning, Workability.Fair,toughlo machinebecaueeof hardnesaiseverelydullocuLtingedqee:poorbendinq?ro?ertiea. Finiahin1zAccepto finishes well,Vrovidedthe wood io nottroo oily. Weight:60 lb./cu.fL. ?rlcet Exoensive.

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SATINWOOD, CEYLON .,

SASSAFRAS (H) 7otanioal Name: 7aeeafrae albidum S a s e a f r a a .a m e m b e ro l L h e e a m el a m i l y a e c i n n a m o n , ie beel knownfor it e fraqranl oil, ueed lor flavorinq and ocentinq,and Lhe Nea made from iLe roof, barK. \ N h i l ee t m i l a ri n c o l o r ,q r a t na n d L e x L u r et o b l a c ka o h , aaeealrae Limber ie briLtle an), aoft and ie ee dorn availab)ein larqe aizee.ILe decay reeietanceand reaonance rnakeiL an alLractive choicefor eorneepeciAt z e da p p l i c a t i o n e . Olher Names: Cinnamonwood,red aasaafrae,qumbofile. Source: EaeLernU.e.A. Charact erieiice: 7Xraiqht. qrain; coar ee f,exture: ljqhL io darkbrown. Uees: Aoar"buildinq,kayak Vad,dleo, conlainere,furnitJre and,mueical ineLrarYentg. Workability: Fair: wood is briLLleand eofL, oo keep tool edges very eharV:pre-borefor nailinqLoavoid eplittinq: qood bendinqproperLiee, Finishing:AccepLefinieheewell. Weight:2b lb,lcu,ft. Tricet lnexpeneive f,o moderate.

(H) Ootanical Nam e: ChIo roxyIo n ewieLen ta Ihouqh Lhe name eaLinvtoodhae beenqivent"o many world Limbero,CeyloneaLinwoodle one ol very few that h a v ef o u n d o i q n i f i c a n L u a e i n N o r t h A m e r i c a .) l h a e b e e na e e d i n f i n e w o o d w o r k i naqn d c a b i n e L m a k i nf qo r c e n l u r i e e ,b u LL o d a y t a v a l u e dm a i n l yf o r i t e e t l n n i n q veneere-ea?eciallyIhe f amoue bee'o-winqrnot;Lle.)n aoliAforrn it qenerallyie ueed lor fine Lurned qoode euch ae brush backa,reaordereand inlay v',ark. Olher Names: Eaet lndian eattnwood.'yeltow eanAere; billum , a a h w a l( l n d i a ) :C e y l o no a L i n w o o d( . 3 r iL a n k a ) . S o u r c e s :l n d i aa n d 3 r i L a n k a . Char a cterieli cs : Inle d ocked qr ai n; f ine, eve n *'exLLlr ei l i q h t y e l l o w L oq o l d . U e e a tC a b i n e L m a k i nfqu,r n i t u r e ,L u r n i n qj,o i n e r ya n d decoralive veneere. Workability:)ifficult: qrain lende ta tear in planing quarLerbawn maLerial:qood bendinggrapertiea. Finiehinq AccepLofinieheewellwhenfilled, Weightt 6l lb.lcu. ft. Tricet Expeneive.

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J ,N SNAKEWOOD \:X

(H) gotanical Names:Fiet inera7uianenoio. eyn.Droeimum 4uianenbio lLomarktnqo, whichreeemble thoeeon enakeektn, qive r.hteemall,relaLively raretimberile name.Foundin limiNedquantitieein Guyanaand Surirtarn, it.ie predominanlly ueedin Lurneditemsand carriesa cerLaincachel . A enakewood canear umbrella,lorinsf,ance, miqhLbe considered a oreciouepoeseeeion. Secauseof iLshardnese,enakewood, ie verydifficultto work. Olher Namee:Lelterwood,leopardwood, epeckledwooa. SouraetSouLh America. CharacteristiaotStraiqh| qraln;fine,evenLextrure; deepredLo reddieh-brown wiLhirreqular, horizonLal blackmarkinqe. violinbowe,knifehandlee, UseszFineturnedqood,e, marquetryand veneers. WorkabilityzDifficult:d,ullocutt inq ed,qee. FiniehinqAccepr"o finiaheswell. W e i g h tB ; 1lb./cu.fL. TricetVervexzenoive.

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SPANISH CEDAR

(H) Ootanical Name:Cedrelaeoo. A.lLhouqh manyopecieo are markeledunAerf,hename Spaniehcedar,the moel imporLanL inLheNorLhAmerican woodLrade,Cedrelamexicana, qrowein CenlralAmericaand Mexico.ExlremelyVrizedin iLenativeregionlor ito eLabiliby, weatrhering qualitieeand relatrive eLrenqth,iNie expor1ed on "cedare," a verylimiLed, scale.Likeolher this hardwoodwill arouoeLhesenseswitha pleaeanl, aroma. Olher Names;Srazilian cedar,Honduraecedar,cedro, ced,rorouqe. SourceszMexico, Centraland SouthAmerica. Charaateristiae;)tr aiqht,occaeionallyinf,erl ocked, qrain: fineLo coarse,uneven Lexf,urei pinkieh-toreddtsh-brown hearLwood, darkenewif,hexpoaurelo a deeeerred,occaeionallywilh a purpleNint:eaVwood ia whit,e f,o Vink. joinery,boal building, Usea:Furniture, cabinef,work, muaical inetrruntente,lead pencile, ciqarboxee,plywood, and decoraveneere. T,Me good:difficulttroboreand veneeremay Workability:Generally goodbendinqproperLiee. tend to bewoollyin cuLLing; FiniehinryFaicwood conlaineoilsandqumwhich maybetroubleeome,bu|if filled,rt canbebroughttoa emoothfrniah, Weightt 3O lb.lcu.fL. TricezVoderaLe.

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SPRUCE, SITKA

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Ootanical Name: Ttcea eitchenato C,iVa

- - ' - a- nrr r e l h e l a r n e a l a n e e i e a a f a a . t e e r-a-n ' ,, r o w marethan ZaO feeLhighwiLhd,iametera exceed,inq eix feet,.Albhouqh it.ie probablymooLvaluedlor newepaper prod,ucLion becauee of iLewhiLeneee,ite etrenqthand workabiliLy rnakeiLa favorilein wood,workinq an) conoLrucLion.lL io alooa veryrezonantwoodand ie widely ueedtnall typeoof otrinqand keyboard inef,rumenls. SiLkaeoruceie olLenauarLereawn. Other Namesz1ilvere?ruce,eeq,-toia eilverep'uce,tide)ande2ruce,Menzieso?ruce,coael,g?ruce,we6f,ern g?ruceandwesl coaoLo?ruce. 5ources:Canada.U.K.and U.9.4. CharacteriaticotSLraiqhLqrain;med,ium, evenlexfure: whibeLo yellowieh-brown wiNha eliqhLVinkioh tinge.Very hiqh etr enqth-t o-weiqht,rabio. UaeatlnNerior muaicalineNrumenr,a, boat build1oinery, inq,oare,rowingeculla,qlidero,plywood, conotrucLion and veneers. Workability:Good:ver! qood,bendinqpropertiee. FiniehinqAcceptefinieheewell. W e i g h t ; 2 bl b . l c u . f t . ?riaetMod,eraf,e.

AMERICAN SYCAMORE, (H) Ootanical Name:FIaLanuo occtd enLaIte Arowingto heighlelhat tropZaO fuet,thie opeciea and f,ulip2oplarare r.helargeolhard,woode in eaelernNor|h America.With iIE liqh|qreenleh-gray bark,American lycarAoreie a prominentr in anyforeoi,and ie ?reeence eomeLimes calledthe qhoallree.WhenquarLereawn, Lhietimber?abaeaoee fleckfiqure.Ueed, a d,iolinctive to a qrear eKterLin furnilure,Arnericargycaorcreocca6oaallyia roLaryculfor veneer6. plane Other NameetAmericanplaneNree, buLLonwood, f,ree,water beech. 9ouraeetEasf,ern and centralU,3.4. CharacterieliaaUeuallyetraiqhl qrain:fine,evenf,exture: pale reddieh-brown. Ueea Furnibure, buXcher's blacke, and,veneere, 1oinery, Workabililoyt Generallyqood:may bindon eaws',mainlain v e r yo h a r pc u t t i n qe d g e e : h i 7ohh r i n k a q e w i a l ht e n d e n cy to war?. Finiohin1AccepNofinieheewell. tNeightt35lb./cu.fL. TricetlnexVeneive.

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TULIPWOOD

WALNUT,BLACK

(H) Ootanical Name: Dalberqiafruteacena Thieie an extremelyvaluablelimber,liqhterin colorlhan normallyavailableinsmallcultinqo any olher rosewood, only.Likeall rosewoods,it qrow6very olowlyand needs for the heaibwoodio develoVr,op-qualitycolor. cenNurieo 1ecaueeof ita pooravailability,tulipwood i6 not,uoually ueedin eolidform, bul ae veneerfor inlayon frnepieaeo. Whenit, is worked,this woodt ends tn oplinf,erantd,like manyof the rosewood^,qiveooff afraqirant'aroma. Ath er Namea b razilian pinkwood, pinkw ood ( U.9.A,); pau de fuoo,jacaranda rosa (Orazil), 9ourae:5outh America. t*xhure: Charao't'enetlcatlrre4ular4raint meAium-frne rich qolden-pinkiohhue with salmonto red otripeo. j;auelryboxeo, Uaeal Turnin6,brush backs,woodware, cabinztwork,inlay work,inlaid bandin1o,marimbakoyo, decorativeveneersfor inlay workand marquetry and antioLuereVaire. Workablffty: Difficult; extreme dullinqof cuttnr6: ?re borefor nailinq. Finfahing: As6ePo frniahesvery wallicah be brouqbb w ahigh naturalpolloh. WeQltu65lb./cu.fr,

(H) 6otanical namet Juglane niqra Owin4to itreqreatbeauty and 4oodworkinqcharaclerisLice,blackwalnutris oneol Lhemool valuablenaLive woodein NorbhAmerica,1incecolonial times,it e wide ranqeof figureahas qracedLhefinee| Americancabinetwork.Alxhouqhknownfor iLeworkability,walnutdoee aontainjuqlone,a chernicalbelieved to caueedermatitie in gomewoodworkerg. OI,herNameetAmericanblackwalnut,Americanwalnul, Virqinia walnut(U.K.); walnui,Canadian walnuf. 5ources; EaeNernU,9.4.and Ontario,Canada. CharacterielicslTouqhwoodof rnediumdeneity;4enerallyoiraiqht qrain:mediumcoareeNexlure;dark brown tn purVliahblack. UaeotFinefurnil,ure,qunof,ocke,interior joinery,cabinobmakinq, t urninq,boai buildinq,muoicalinslrumenls, clockcaeee,carving,?Wood, panelinqand veneere. qood Workabifiiy: Good; blunts cuttere moderaNely; bendinqproperlieo, FlniehingzAccefio nal,uralwoodfrnishesee?eciallywell. WeQhtl40 lb.lcu.ft. ?naezModerata

WOOD DIRECTORY

WE,NGE,"..

WILLOW

(H) 9otanical Name: MilleLl,taelp, t', eLronq.lteavy",laravtrtod,vtenqeoffere a f amiliar combinati:n lo Lle vtoodvtorV.er. )L ie difficllL Lo work, bul A e t i q h l f ul o o o ? a. L . a r i q i n a t t n q f r o ma L r e e o f m o d e r a"te.ize, Lh e dee2 crovn and blackwood can offer distincLiveveneer. vtit"hcharacleriotic ItqhLetreake of -"reelieeae involvedin food eLoraqeand, 2arenchyrna,a con6um?Lio..For beoLreautLe,wenqeehoula be worked V'/ia.t), very 'f)ar? Cl,Ller7, Other Namee: Dikela,mibotu, African palieander. 9 o u r c ee: 7 oruaio r tal Al ric a (Ca rner oo n, G abo n, Zair e). Characteristico: Heavy,denee wood:etratqht 7rain; coarae LextJre: dark brown wiLh blackiehveinoand, e o m e l i f f i e ee L r e a k e dw i L hf i n e . l i q h Lb r o w n1 i n e a . Uaee: Twninq, inLeriorand exLeriorjoinery,cabinef,rnak'.1q. ear'eirq atd deco'ar.lveve('eerq. WorkabilitytGenerallyqoad; blunte cuLtinq edqeo rapid, 1y:pre-borelor nailinq;poor bendingproVerLiee. Finiohing:SatielacLoryt mu.JLbe filledlor qood reeulto. W e i g h L : 5 5 l b . l c u t, L . ?rice: lloderaLe.

(H) gotanical Name:)alix ni7ra W h i l ei I e E u r o 2 e a n c o u a i ni e u e e dm o e f ,n o L a b l yt n c r i c k e Lb a L e ,b l a c kw i l l o wi s m o e Lf r e q u e n t l yu e e di n NorLhAmericaby echoolwoodworkinq ehope:iL ie LAe moel commercially valuab)e of lhe moreLhan1Oatypee o f n a l i v eN o r L hA m e r i c a nw i l l o w eW . i l l o w 'e L r e n q L h a n d ,r e l a t i v el i q h t n e e em a k ei t ,L h ec l e a rc h o i c ef o r a r t i f i c i al i m b e . Other Name:3lackWillow. Sources Canad,a, Eaef,ern U.9.A,and Mexico. Characteristiaer Liqht,Louqhwood;otraiqht,grain;fine t eKLure; qrayieh- br own with r eddieh- brown eNreaks. Ueea ArLificial limba, t oye, wickerwo rk,ba skete,boxee, craf,eo,decoraLive veneero. Workability:SaLiefactory: mainLainehar?cLttteraf.o ?revent,f rayinq: poor bendinq properf,iee: ofLenconLaine reacLionwaod. FiniahinqAcceptefinisheewel| Weight:26lb,/cu f t.. ?ricetlnexpeneive.

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WOODDIRECTORY

ZEBRAWOOD N) (H) 9 otaniaal Name: Microberlinia brazzavi||enaie OiehincLive in appearance, zebrawoodcomeefrom Lwo opecieeof larqeNreeefoundmainlyin Cameroon and Gabon,Wes| Af rica.While il ie ueually eeena6 a veneer ir NorthAmerica,whenquarLersawn lhis Nimber can givebeaulifulresulte in eolidform.kbrawood ie difficult Nowork,however, and veneerstend Nobefragile. Other Names:Zinqana(France,Gabon):Allenele, amouk(Camercon): zebrano. Source;West Africa. Charao.t erietiaozWavyto interlockedgrain;mediumt o paleyellowbrownwilh lhin coa?oeteKVureihearLwood, darkerstreaks;eapwoodwhite. UoeozTurninq,tool handles,ekio,inlay,furniLure, cabineLwork and decorative venee(6. Workabili?y: Fair:dulls cuttinq edqeomoderately: interlocked{ain willtend to leari suffersfrom hiqh ohrinkaqeand may be unslablein use.Flal-aut boarde hardlo dry. FiniahingzFaic may be difficult,to finieh becauseof inLerlocked 6rain. Weightz45-50 lb,/cu. fL, ?ficetExoensiva.

ZIRICOTE (H) Ootanical Name;Cordiadodecandra A ehunninq, darkwood,ziricoleio eaeytroworkanI can be broughttoa veryemooLhfinieh,fhough difficulLNo dry, onceNhisie achievedit ia relabively etableand hiqhly durable.Likebocote,ziricoteie a CenbralAmerican memberof the cordias.Thetwo woodoare,in f act, quite eimilar,differingmainlyin color, Olher Name:Cordia, 5 ourceszBelize,Mexico. Characteristiaa:Sbraightqrain,mediumNomoderately finetexlure; black,gray or dark brownwith blackebreake. Us e s t Fu rn i t ur e , ca b i ne I wo r k , in t e r io r j o i ner y and veneers. WorkabilityrVery qood:liLllebluntingof cutLers. FiniohinglAccepte tinieh well. Weightz45-50 lb./cu. fN. TricetExpenaive.

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GLOSSARY A-B Absolute humiditv: A measureof the weightof watervairorper unit volume ofair, usuallyexpressed asgrainsper cubicfoot; seerelativehumidity. Air-dried lumber: Dried lumberthat hasreachedits equilibrium moisture contentby exposureto the air. Angiosperm:Belongingto the botanical sub-phylumor group ofwoody plantsthat haveencapsulated seeds suchasa walnut or acorn:includesall hardwoodtreespecies. Annual growth ring: Thevisiblelayer of growththat a treeputson in a single year,includingthe earlywoodandthe latewood;seenin the endgrain ofwood. Bark The outermostlayerof a tree's trunk that protectsthe innerwood and cambiumfrom the elements; composedof the outer,deadcork and the inner,living phloem. Bird's-eyefigure Figureon plainsawn and rotary-cutsurfacesofa few speciesof wood-most commonly maple-exhibiting numeroussmall, roundedareasresemblingbirds' eyes; causedby localfiber distortions.

Bucking: Crosscutting a tree into logs ofa desired length. Burl veneer: Highly decorative veneer taken from bulges or irregular growths that form on the trunks of some speciesand on the roots ofothers. Butt veneer: Veneercut from the area in a tree'strunk just abovethe roots; also known as stump veneer. C Cambium: A layer of actively growing tissue, one cell thick, between the phloem and the sapwood, which repeatedlydivides itselfto form new cells of both. Cant A log that has been debarked and sawn square in preparation for further cutting. Case hardening: A lumber defect resulting from drying a board too rapidly; the outer layersofa board are in compressionwhile the inner layersare in tension.

Chedc A lumber defect in which splits develop lengthwise acrossthe growth rings during seasoning becauseof uneven shrinkage of wood.

Boardfoot A unit of wood volume measurement equivalentto a pieceof wood I inch thick, 12incheswide and 12incheslong.

Clear: Describesa board facethat is free of defects.

Boundwater:Moisturepresentin wood found within the cellwalls; seefreewater. Bow:A lumberdefectin which a board is not flat alongits length.

Cross grain: Generally, lumber in which the wood fibers deviate from the longitudinal axis of the board; seespiral grain. Cross section: A viewing plane in wood identification seenin the end grain of lumber, cut perpendicular to the axis of the tree trunk: also known as a transyersesection. Crotchveneer: Veneercut from the fork ofa tree trunk. Crown-cut veneer: Decorative veneer that is cut from flitches using the flatslicing method. Cup: A lumber defect in which the face of a board warps and assumes a cupJike shape. Curlygrain: Seewavy grain.

Celft The smallestunit of wood structure, eachwith its own specialized function; cells include vessels,fibers, rays, and tracheids.

Blister figure: Figureon plainsawn or rotary-cutsurfacesthat lookslike various-sized elevatedand depressed areasof roundedcontour.

Bookmatch:In veneering,a decorative patternin which successive veneers in a flitch arearrangedside-by-side in a mirror formation,like pagesof an openedbook.

Crossband: In plywood with more than three plies, the veneersimmediately beneath the surface plies are oriented with a grain direction perpendicular to that of the surfaceplies.

Common grade lumber: In softwood, lumber with conspicuous defectssuch as red or black knots and pith. Compression wood: Reactionwood formed on the undersidesofbranches and leaning or crooked stemsof softwood trees. Conifer: Any of several families of softwood trdesthat bear cones;see softwood. Crook A lumber defect where there is an edgewisedeviation from end-to-end straightnessin a board.

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Cuttinglish A list of the sizesof lumber neededfor a specificproject. D-E Deciduous: Any of severalfamilies of trees that shed their foliage annually; seehardwood. Defech Any abnormality or irregularity that lowers the commercial value of wood.by decreasingits strength or attectrng rts appearance;seewarp. Dendrochronology: The scienceof dating past events and changesin environmental conditions by comparative study of annual growth rings. Diamond match: In veneering, a decorative pattern formed when successive veneersfrom the same flitch, usually with a diagonal stripe figure, are arranged in a diamond shape. Diffuse-porous wood: Hardwoods in which the pores tend to be uniform in size and distribution throughout each annual growth ring.

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Earlywood: The portion of the annual growth ring formed in the early part of the growing season;seelatetuood.

Free water: Moisture present in wood found inside the cell cavities;see bound water.

Hygroscopicity: The ability of a substanceto readily absorb, retain, and desorb moisture.

Equilibrium moisture content The moisture content that wood eventually reacheswhen it is exposedto a given level of relative humidity and temperature.

Grade stamp: A stamp applied to most softwood and some hardwood lumber indicating the grade, strength properties, speciesof wood and the mill that manufactured it.

Interlocked grain: Wood that features repeatedalternation ofleft- and righthand deviations of fibers from the axis ofthe tree trunk, usually over several growth rings; results in ribbon figure on quarter-sawn surfaces.

Extractive: Resinsand other substancesdeposited in the heartwood during a tree's growth that impart both color and resistanceto decay.

Grain: Generally,the direction, size, arrangement, appearance,or quality of the elementsin wood or lumber; specifically, the alignment of wood fibers with respectto the axis of the tree trunk.

F-G Faceveneer: Veneer used for the exposed surfacesin hardwood and softwood plywood. Fiber: A specific hardwood cell type, elongated with narrow ends and thick walls; contributes to the strength of the wood. Fiber saturation point (FSP):A condition in which wood cell cavities are free of all water, yet the cell walls remain fully saturated. Fiddlebadc An attractive figure resulting when wood with curly or wavy grain is quartersawn; commonly used in the manufacture of stringed instruments. Figure In the broadest sense,the distinctive pattern produced in a wood surfacebv the combination of annual growth rings, deviations from regular grain, rays,knots, and coloration. Finish gradelumber: Softwood lumber graded for appearance,not strength, seasonedto a moisture content of 15 percent or less;includes superior and prime categories. Firsts and seconds:The top or premium grade ofhardwood. Flat-slicedveneer: Veneer that is sliced offa log or a flitch with a veneerslicer. Flitch: A section ofa log cut to extract the best figure and yield ofveneers from a log; also known as a cant.

Green lumber: Freshly sawn, unseasoned lumber having a moisture content abovethe fiber saturation point. Gymnosperm: A botanical sub-phylum or group of woody plants that have exposedseedslike a pine seed; includes all softwood tree species.

H-r-J-K-r Hardboard: A type of manufactured board with smoother surfaces than particleboard, made by breaking waste wood down into its individual fibers, mixing them with adhesives,and matforming them into a strong, homogenous panel. Hardwood: Generally, wood from angiosperm tree species. Headsaw: The large bandsaw or circular saw at a mill that cuts logs into large slabs of timber for resawing; also known as headrig. Heartwood: The dead, inner core of a tree extending from the pith to the sapwood, usually distinguishable from sapwood by its darker color. Herringbone match: In veneers,a decorative match createdwhen successiveveneersfrom one flitch, usually with a diagonal stripe, are arranged to form a herringbone pattern. Humbolt undercut: A method of felling treeswhere a wedge is cut in the stump of a tree rather than in the upper log before it is felled.

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Key: A master list of wood species used in identification, ordered by criteria such as gross anatomical features, macroscopic features,or microscopic teatures. IGln: A heated chamber used in drying lumber, veneer,or wood products where temperature, humiditS and air circulation are controlled. IGln-dried lumber: Lumber that has been dried to a specific moisture content. Knot: The baseof a branch or limb that has been overgrown by the expanding girth of the trunk or other portion ofthe tree. Latewood: The portion of the annual growth ring formed in the latter part of the growing season;seeearlywood. ksser-known species(LKS) : Woods recently introduced to the market, such as chactacote,tornillo and chontaquiro amarillo, many of which come from sourcesthat practice sustainable torest management. Linear foot A measurement referring only to the length of a piece of wood; seeboardfoot. Lumber: Logs that have been roughly sawn into timbers, resawn,planed and sawn to length. Lumber-core plywood: Plywood in which softwood and hardwood veneers are glued to a core of narrow, sawed lumber. Lumber ruler: A tool used to measure the board-foot volume of a piece of lumber with a flexible wooden shaft and a hook for turning boards.

t GLOSSARY

Luthier: A builder of stringed musical instruments such asviolins and guitars. M-N-O Macroscopic features: Referring to anatomical featuresof wood identification visible with low-power magnification, typically a 10x hand lens. Marquetry: Decorative inlay work done with veneers,metals or other materials. Medium density fiberboard (MDF) : A tFpe of tempered hardboard with a fine texture used in cabinetmaking. Moisture content: The amount of water contained in wood, expressedas a percentageofthe weight ofthe ovendried wood. Mottled figure: A type of broken stripe figure with occasionalinterruptions of curly figure. Nominal sizs The rough-sawn commercial sizebywhich lumber is known and sold. Non-porouswood: Wood devoid of vessels,or pores; softwood. Oven-dried weighfi The constant weight of wood that has been dried in an oven at temperatures between 2l4o and22l" F. to a point where it no longer contains moisture. P-Q Parenchvma: Thin-walled cells in wood; reiponsible for the storage of carbohydr ates. Seeray. Particleboard: A tyoe of manufactured board made by breaking waste wood down into small particles, mixing them with adhesives,and extruding or mat-forming them into panels ofvarying thickness. Particleboard-core p\nuood: Plywood in which hardwood and softwood veneersare glued to a particleboard core for added strength.

Phloem: The inner bark. which distributes nutrients derived from photosynthesisin the leaves. Photosynthesis: A processby which plants synthesizecarbohydratesand other nutrients from water and minerals in the presenceofcholorphyll and sunlight. Phylum: A botanical group or class ofplants. Pitch pockeh A pocket found within the grain of some conifers, containing an accumulation of liquid or solid restn. Pith: The small, soft core occurring in the structural center ofa tree trunk. Plain-sawn lumber: Lumber that has been sawn so that the wide surfaces are tangential to the growth rings; also known as flat-sawn lumber when referring tb softwood; seequartersawn lumber. Plywood: A manufactured board consisting of an odd number of layers or Dliesof softwood or hardwood veneer;may also be made with a solid core, seelumber-coreplywood. Pors A cross-sectionof a vesselas it appearson a transversesection of wood; see?esseL Porouswood: Wood that has vessels. or pores, large enough to be seenwith a hand lens; hardwood. Quarter-cut veneer: A veneer created by slicing a flitch to exposethe quartersawn surfaceof the wood. Quarter match: A decorative veneer pattern createdby arranging successive veneersfrom the same flitch, usually with a burl or crotch figure in a circular or oval formation; also known as fourway centerand butt.

Quartersawn lumber: Lumber that has been sawn so that the wide surfacesintersect the growth rings, at anglesbetween 45oand 90o;also known as vertical-grained lumber when referring to softwood; seealso plain-sawnlumber. Quilted figure: A distinctive, blisterlike figure found in bigleaf maple. R Radial section: A viewing plane in wood identification cut acrossthe grain perpendicular to the growth rings and parallel to the wood rays; the plane that extendsalong the axis of the tree trunk from pith to bark. Radial shrinkage Shrinkage that occurs acrossthe growth rings as wood dries. Ray: A ribbon-shaped strand of cells extending acrossthe grain from pith to bark that appearas streal$ on quartersawn surfaces:sometimesreferredto as medullary ray. Reaction wood: A lumber defect causedby stressesin leaning tree trunks and limbs; known as compression wood in softwood, and tension wood in hardwood; characterizedby compressedgrowth rings and silvery, lifelesscolor. Relative humidity: The ratio of the water vapor present in the air to the amount that the air would hold at its saturation point, usually expressedas a percentagefigure; seeabsolutehumidity. Resin canat Vertical passagesbetween wood cells in conifers that conduct natural resins and pitch. Ribbon figure: Distinctive vertical bands ofvarying luster found on quartersawn boards of wood with interlocked grain. Riftsawn lumber: Lumber whose growth rings are at anglesbetween 30o and 60" to the board face;also known as bastard-sawnlumber.

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Ring-porous wood: Hardwoods in which the pores are comparatively large at the beginning ofeach annual growth ring, and decreasein size toward the outer section of the ring, forming distinct zonesof earlywood and latewood. Roe figure: Figure formed by short stripes lessthan I foot in length, found on quartersawn surfacesof woods with interlocked grain. Rotary-cut veneer:A continuous sheet peeled from a log or flitch by rotating it on a lathe against a stationary knife. S-T-U Sap: The water in a tree, including any dissolved nutrients and extractives. Sapwood: The outer portion of a tree's trunk extending from the heartwood to the cambium; distinguishablefrom the heartwood by its lighter color. Sawyer: The person at a sawmill "read" whosejob it is to a log before it is cut and selectthe appropriate cutting patterns. Seasoning:The.processor technique . of removing moisture from greenwood to improve its workability. Selects:In softwood, defect-freelumber graded for clear appearancerather than strength, separatedinto firsts and second,C selectand D selectgrades. In hardwood, selectsis one grade below firsts and seconds. Semi-diffuse porous wood: Wood with pores exhibiting the clear distinction between earlywood and latewood that is lacking in diffrrse-porous wood, yet not so pronounced a difference as that shown by ring-porous wood; also known as semi-ring porous wood. Slipmatch: In veneering, a repeated decorativepattern createdby laying successivesheetsofveneer from a flitch side-by-side.

Softwood:Generally,speciesfrom the familiesof treesthat havea orimitive cellstructure,bearconesand for the mostpart haveneedle-likeleaves; wood producedby softwoodtrees.

Tensionwood: Reactionwood formed occasionalyon the upper side of branchesdnd leanin!br crooked stems of hardwood trees.

Solarkiln: A kiln that drieslumber with solarenergy.

Texture: Refersto the size ofthe cells in wood, indicatedby adjectives from fine to coarse;often'confused with grain.

Sound:Describesa boardfacefreeof defectsthat would weakenthe wood. Specificgravity: The ratio of the weightof a wood sampleto that of an equalvolumeof water.

Twist A defect causedby the turning or winding of the edgesof the board, so that one corner twists out of plane.

Spermatophyte:Any of a phylum or groupofhigherplantsthat reproduce V-W-X-Y-Z by seed;includesalmostall treespecies. Veneer: A thin layer or sheetof wood Spiral grain: A form of crossgrain causedby the spiralalienmentof wood fibersin a staniing trei. Stain:A discolorationin wood caused by fungi, metals,or chemicals. Sticker:A pieceof wood, usually3/+to l-inch thick,usedto separate boards of lumber in a drying stackto permit arr crrculatron. SubstrateA pieceof plywood,softwood or hardwoodusedin veneering asa core. Surfacing:The waylumber hasbeen preparedat a mill beforeit goesto a lumberyard.Alsoknown asdressing. Sustainable forest management The processof managing forest land to ensure future productivity and maximize the flow of forest products without placing undue strain on the physical and social environment. Thngential section: A viewing plane in wood identification cut along the grain tangentialto the growth rings;plainsawn lumber is sawn tangentially. Tangential shrinkage: Wood shrinkage that occurs tangentially to the growth rrngs.

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Tiacheid: Long, fibrous cells that conduct sap and help support the tree.

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sawn,slicedor rotary cut from a log or flitch. Veneer-coreplywood: Plywood that consistsof three or more plies ofveneers, eachlaid at right angles to each other with respectto graln direction. Veneerpress:A commercialor shopbuilt pressused to apply veneersto substrates. VessehWood cells of comparatively large diameter found in hirdwoodi, set one atop the other to form a continuous tube for conducting water and sap up the trunk; when viewed in cross-section,vesselsappearaspores. Warp: A lumber defect or distortion of a piece of wood; seebow, croolgcup, and, twtst. Wavy grain: Grain resulting from repeated,undulating right and left deviationsin the alignment of wood fibers from the axis 6f a tree's trunk; also known as cuily grain.

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INDEX Pagereferencesin lralicsindicate an illustration of subiectmatter. Pagereferencesin bold indicate a Build It Yourselfproject.

ABC

Air-dried (AD) lumber, 43,79, 87-88 American Lumber Standards Committee,48 Arno, Jon,l0-ll Aversdon,Sven,45 Bark, 15 Bird's-eyefigxe,27, 59 Blue stain (wood defect),50, 5l Board-foot measurement,42,43, 44 Botanicalnames,17,98 Build It Yourself: Log crosscuttingjigs, 39 Solarkilns, 84-85 Veneer-trimmingjigs, 66 Burlfigure,27 Burl veneers,59 Butt veneers,59 Cambium,14,i5 Cant,37-38 Centerfor Wood Anatomy Research,34 Common gradelumber, 45, 46,47, 48,49 Crotch veneers,59 Cutting lists,44

DEFG Defectivelumber, 20-21, 50-52 SeealsoWarpedstock Density.SeeSpecificgravity Diffirse-porouswoods, 16 Dowels,95 43,50, 78-79 Drfttg processes, Air drying, 43,79,87-88 Solarkilns, 84-85 Earlywood,15, L6,37 Edgebanding: Plvwood,74 shop-madeedgebanding (ShopTip),75 Veneers,64 trimming edgebanding (ShopTip), 64 Edge-grainsawnlumber. See Quartersawnlumber Edgemarks,T2 Endangeredspecies,98 FASgradelumber,46,47 Fiberboard,56,77 Fibersaturationpoint (FSP),80 Fiddlebackfigure, 26, 27 Figure,2G27 Veneers,59 Finishgradelumber,48,49 Flat-cutveneers,59 Flat-grainedlumber. SeePlainsawnlumber

Gradestamps,48,49 PIywood, T2 Grading.SeeLumber: Grades;Plywood: Grades Grain,26,28-29 Growth rings,.15,24,25,33 Gum (wood defect),5O 51

HIIK Hardboard,56,77 Hardwood,16,98 Grades,46-47 Identification,33 Plywood,70,71,72,73 Heartwood,14, 15,25 Identificationkeys,34 35 InternationalWood Collectors Sociery34 figs: Log crosscuttingjigs, 39 Veneer-trimmingjigs, 66 Jointing,53 Concave/convex surfaces,55 Kiln-dried (KD) lumber, 43,78-79 Solarkilns, 84-85 Knots (wood defect),20, 50

tM NO Landscapefr9ure,26,27 Latewood, 15,16,31 Leaves,16 Linear-footmeasurement,42 Linnaeus,Carl,17 Logs,13 Sawinginto lumber, 22-25,36-39 Squaring,37-38 log crosscuttingjigs, 39 Storage,87 Veneer-cutting,59,60-61 Lumber: Abbreviations,back endpaper Carryinglumber by car (ShopTip), 42 Defects,20-2I,50-52 Grades,40,41,42,45 hardwood,46-47 softwood,48-49 Measurement,42, 43 cutting lists,44 Moisturecontent,43,49,79,80-83 making a moistureindicator (ShopTip), 86 readingmoisturecontentin thick stock(ShopTip)83 storingwood to preserveits moisture content(ShopTip), 89 Purchasing,42-43 Recycled,4l Sawingfrom logs,24-25,3G39 Seasoning, 43,50,7&79 air drying,43,79,87-88 solarkilns, 84-85 Selection,4l 24, 80-82,86 Shrinkage/swelling,

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Sizes,42,48 Storage,79 racks,89-92,95-97 storingwood to preserveits moisture content(ShopTip), 89 Surfacing/dressing, 43, 53-55 Seeabo Manufacturedboards;Plywood Lumberyards,4l Machineburn (wood defect),5l Manufacturedboards,56,57,76-77 SeealsoPlywood Microscopicexamination,3I-33 Mottle figure,26 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA),46,47 Newsprint, 17

PQRS Particleboard,56,76 Phloem,15 Pith, 15,25 Plain-sawnlumbet 24-25 Shrinkage,24, 86 Planing,54 Grain,29 Plywood,56,57,70-71 Edgeconcealment, 74-75 shop-madeedgebanding (Shop Tip),75 Grades,72-73 Plywoodcarrier (ShopTip),73 Storage holding plywood panelsagainst a wall (ShopTip), 93 racks,92-94 Temporaryplywood pallet (Shop Tip),94 Types,71 Poynter,Andrew, 8-9 Quartersawnlumber, 24-25,37 Shrinkage,24, 86 Rays,15,25,31 Reactionwood,50, 52 Resincanals,3.1,33 Ribbon frgtre,27 Ring-porouswoods, 16,33 Safetyprecautions,front endpaper: Chain saws,front endpaper,36 Sapwood,14,-15 Sawmills,22-23,4l Selectgradelumber,46,47,48,49 Sharp,]ohn, 6-7 ShopTips: Lumber carryinglumber by cat,42 checkinglumber for twist, 52 making a moisture indicator, 86 readingmoisture content in thick stock 83 storingwood to preserveits moisture content,89 straighteningout an uneven edge,55

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Plywood holding plywood panelsagainst a wall, 93 plywood carriet, T3 shop-madeedgebanding, 75 temporaryplywood pallet,94 Veneers salvagingwarpedveneer,62 trimming edgebanding, 64 veneeringa curvedsurface(Shop Tip),68 Softwood,16,33,98 Grades,4&49 Plywood,70,71,72,73 Specificgraity,27,28 Splits(wood defect),51 Stripedveneers,59

TU Through-and-throughsawnlumber, 24,37 Tools: Chain saws,36 Lumber mills, 36 Moisturemeters,79,83 readingmoisture content in thick stock (ShopTip) 83 Veneering,63 Wood identification, 30 Seealsoligs Tracheids,16,3l Trees: Anatomy, 14-15 Botanicalnames,17,98 Conservation, 7,98 Felling,front endpaper,I8-22 Industrialuses,l7 Twisting. SeeWarpedstock

VWXYZ Veneers,57-58 Application, 63-68 trimming edgebanding (Shop Tip),64 veneeringa curvedsurface(Shop Tip),68 veneer-trimmingjigs, 65 Cutting bandsaws,6l-62 from logs, 59,60-6I Decorativepatterns,69 Salvagingwarpedveneer(Shop Tip),62 Warped stock,50, 5l Checkinglumber for twist (Shop Tip),52 Salvaging, 53,54-55 salvagingwarpedveneer(Shop Tip),62 straighteningout an unevenedge (ShopTip), 55 Woods,13 Color,26,33 Figure,27

Grain,26,28-29 Identification,7, 30-35 Luster,33 Odot27,33 Species African mahogany,27, 120 African padauk,123 afrormosia,99 agba,99 Alaskayellow cedar,82, 107 alder, 100 amburana,100 Americanchestnut,/I0 Americansycamore,82,87, 133 aromatic cedar,107 ash,82,87, 101 avodir6,58, 102 bald cypress,111 balsa,102 basswood, 82,87, 103 bayo,103 beech,59,82,87,104 birch, 104 blackash,I0I black cherry, 82,87, 109 blackwalnut,58,82,87, 135 blackwillow, 82, 136 bocote,I05 Brazlian rosewood,I 7, 58, 98 bubinga,105 butternut,82,87, 106 California r edwood.,129 Carpathianelm,27,58, 59 catalpa,82, 106 cedar,82,107-108,132 Ceylonsatinwood,58, l3I chactacote,109 cherry 82,87, 109 chestnut,I l0 chontaquiroamarillo, I.l0 cocobolo,IIl qpress,Ill Douglas-fir,12, 18,82,87,112 EastIndian rosewood,59 ebony,112-1lj e l m , 5 8 ,5 9 , 8 2 , 8 7 , 1 1 3 Europeanbeech,59 goncaloalves,.l14 grayelm, 87 hackberry 82, 114 hard maple,I2I hickory 82,87,115 holly,82,I15 Hondurasrosewood,129 imbuia, 58, 116 Indonesianrosewood,130 iroko,.l16 jatoba,1l7 kingwood,-117 koa,l18 lacewood,58, 118 lignumvitae,i19 macassarebony, l.l3 madrone,82, 119

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mahogann58,59,82,120 maple,27, 58, 59,82, 87, 121 movingue,26 myrtle, 58, 121 oak,82, 87,122 olivewood,58, 123 padavk,123 paperbirch, 104 pauferro, 124 pear,58,124 pecan,125 perobarosa,26 persimmon,35,82, 125 pine,31,82,87,126-127 ponderosapine, 126 poplar, 127 primavera,128 purpleheart,58, 128 red alder, 100 redcedar, l08 red oak, 82, 87, 122 red spruce,87 redwood,87,129 rosewood,17, 58, 59,129-130 sapele,58, 130 sassafras, 10,82,131 satinwood,58, 131 sitkaspruce,133 snakewood,132 SouthAmericanmahogann 82, i20 southernyellow pine, /26 Spanishcedar,132 spruce,87, 133 sugarmaple,82, 87 sugarpine, 87 sycamore, 82,87,133 teak,82, 134 tornillo, 134 tulipwood, 135 walnut, 58, 59,82,87, 135 wenge,136 westernred cedar,82, 108 white ash,82,87, 101 white birch,26 white cedar,108 white elm, .l13 white oak, 82, 122 white pine, 31,82,87,127 willow,82, 136 yelTowcedag107 yellow poplar, 127 yew,58 zebrawood,58, 137 ziricote,137 Texture,26 Weight,27,28 SeealsoHardwood;Logs;Lumber; Manufacturedboardi; Plywood; Softwood;Trees;Veneers Wood samples,30,34 WoodworkersAlliancefor Rainforest Protection(WARP),8

I

r ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Theeditorswishto thank thefoUowing UNDERSTANDINGWOOD DeltaInternationalMachinery,Guelph,Ont.; SheilaFoley,Councilof ForestIndustriesof B.C.,Vancouver,B.C.; fim Gundy, AppalachianHardwood ManufacturersAssn.,High Point, NC; Haddon Tool, Chicago,IL; Richardfagels,Dept. of ForestBiology,Universityof Maine, Orono, ME; LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont.; Doug MacCleery ForestInventory and Planning,U.S.Dept. of Agriculture,Washington,DC; Duncan McTaggert,MacMillan Bloedel,Vancouver,BC; David Mitchell, CentennialAcademy,Montreal, Que.; JackPitcher,National Hardwood Lumber Assn.,Memphis,TN; Woodcraft Supply,Parkersburg,WV SELECTINGLUMBER LesBoisM & M lt6e.,St-Mathieu,Que.;fim Carse,A & M Wood SpecialtyInc., Cambridge,Ont.; Communication Masters,Norcross,GA; Delta InternationalMachinery,Guelph,Ont.; DaveDoucette, Highland Hardwoods,Brenfivood,NH; Hitachi PowerTools U.S.A.Ltd., Norcross,GA; RogerLandreville,Montreal, Que.;JackPitcher,National Hardwood Lumber Assn.,Memphis,TN; American Bob Sabastina, National Hardwood Lumber Assn.,Memphis,TN; Tom Searles, Lumber StandardsCommittee,Germantown,MD.; Shopsmith,Inc., Montreal, Que. VENEBRSAND MANUFACTI.]RED BOARDS AdjustableClamp Co., Chicago,IL; Delta InternationalMachinery/PorterCable,Guelph,Ont.; LeeValleyTools Ltd., Ottawa,Ont. DRYINGAND STORINGWOOD LeeValleyTools,Ottawa,Ont.; Bill Simpson,U.S.ForestProductsLab,Madison,WI; WOODDIRECTORY A & M Wood SpecialtyInc., Cambridge,Ont.; PeteAtkinson,World ConservationMonitoring Centre, Cambridge,England;R.S.BaconVeneerCo., Hillside, IL Tom Barrett,GeneralWoods and Veneers, Montreal, Que.;Jim Carse,A & M Wood SpecialtyInc., Cambridge,Ont.; Iohn Curtis, The Luthier's Mercantile, Healdsburg,CA; Michael Fortune,Toronto, Ont.; R€jeanGarandenr., St-R6mi,Que.;DebbieHammel, Scientific CertificationSystems,Inc., Oakland,CA; BruceMacBryde,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,U.S.Dept. of the Interior, Washington,DC; Gary Meixner, Pittsford Lumber,Pittsford,N.Y; Mark Platin,Wildwoods Co., Arcata,CA; JohnShipstad,WoodworkersAlliancefor RainforestProtection,CoosBay,OR Thefollowingpersonsalsoassisted in thepreparationof this book: Adrienne Bertrand,ElizabethCameron,Donna Curtis, LorraineDor€, Graphor Consultation, Marie-Jos6eHarcc,CarolynJackson,LeonardLee,Ednaand William Mills, Brian Parsons,Maryo Proulx

PICTURECREDITS Cover RobertChartier 5,7 Mark Tucker 8,9 Bob Anderson 10,11 BobAnderson 12 CourtesyWesternWood ProductsAssociation 13 Gloria H. Chomica/Masterfile 17 Bob Anderson/Masterfile 18 Ed Gifford/Masterfile 19 Erik Borg 20 Al Harvey/Masterfile 21 CourtesyWesternWood ProductsAssociation 22 Erik Borg 23 Erik Borg (2) 33 CourtesyU.S.ForestProductsLaboratory(2) 36 CourtesyBetterBuilt Corporation a0 Philip C. Jackson 60 CourtesyDavid R. Webb Co., Inc. 78 Erik Borg

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I I I I I I I I I I I I

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I I I I I I I I I I \l I I I I I I I I I

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WORKSHO GPU I D E USEFUL LUMBER ABBREVIATI()NS AD BD BDFT CLR COM CUFT DIM E FAS

Airdried Board

LINFT MC

Linear, or lrneal, foot

STD

Moisture content

STK

Boardfoot Clear -

0C

0n center Ogee Planed

Common

0G P

Cubicfeet Dimension

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Edge

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Firstsandseconds FT Foot (infeet) RIP FTSM Surface measure GR Green RL HDWD Hardwood RND HRTWD Heartwood SAP lN

lnches

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Jointed K i l nd r i e d

LBR LGTH LIN

SD SE

Partially airdried Piece Random Regu lar Rough Ripped Random lengths Rou nd Sapwood Seasoned

Lumber

SF

Square edge Select Surface foot(1 square foot)

Length L i n e aorr l i n e a l

SM S0

Surface measure Square

SEL

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Stock ' Footorfeet SYMBOLS " Inchor inches x by(asin2x4)

a / q6 h . 8 h( a n ds o o n ) ' R o u g ht hi c k n e s isn f r a c t i o nos f a n i n c h

S&E

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Srrrfacod nnc pdoo

sls s2s s4s

S u r f a c e od n es i d e

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Surfacedtwo sides S u r f a c efdo u rs i d e s

s 1 s l E S u r f a c eodn es i d e ,o n ee d g e

s 1 s z E S u r f a c eodn es i d e ,t w oe d g e s T&G VJ

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WDR

Wider

WT

Weight width

WTH

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REC()MMENDED MOISTURE C()NTENT FORCABINETMAKING LUMBER Ave"ane

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Standard

Average moteture conl;enL 6%

Average moteLure contenL 11%

Asthismapprovided bytheU.S. Forest Products Labshows, theideal moisture content forwoodusedto b u i l di n d o of ru r n i t u rdee p e n dosn t h er e g i o fno rw h i c ht h ef i n i s h e d a r t i c lies i n t e n d e dI n. t h er e l a t i v e l y drySouthwestern states, forexample, lumber should bedriedto a moisture content of 4 to 9 nercent. A levelof 8 to 13 percent wouldbe betterfor theSoutheastern region of thecountry w h e r eh u m i d i tiys g e n e r ahl liyg h e r . Thenational average fallsbetween 5 and10 percent moisture content.