Elephantiasis A Medical Dictionary

ELEPHANTIASIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Elephantiasis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84408-9 1. Elephantiasis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on elephantiasis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELEPHANTIASIS ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Elephantiasis ................................................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELEPHANTIASIS ............................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Finding Nutrition Studies on Elephantiasis................................................................................ 31 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 32 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ELEPHANTIASIS......................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 35 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 General References ....................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ELEPHANTIASIS ......................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 41 Chapters on Elephantiasis............................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ELEPHANTIASIS ........................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 43 Academic Periodicals covering Elephantiasis .............................................................................. 45 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 ELEPHANTIASIS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................ 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 85

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with elephantiasis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about elephantiasis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to elephantiasis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on elephantiasis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to elephantiasis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on elephantiasis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELEPHANTIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on elephantiasis.

Federally Funded Research on Elephantiasis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to elephantiasis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to elephantiasis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore elephantiasis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for elephantiasis: •

Project Title: BRUGIA MALAYI GENOME PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ghedin, Elodie; Institute for Genomic Research Rockville, Md 20850 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that causes disseminated disease in the lymphatic and respiratory systems, in addition to chronic

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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disfiguring elephantiasis. Accounts from ancient civilizations describe the role that filarial parasites have had on human hosts for centuries. Presently, the World Health Organization estimates over 140 million cases with over a billion people at risk for infection. All filarial parasites share a biphasic lifecycle within arthropod vectors and mammalian hosts, but only B. malayi can be cultured in the laboratory by passage through mosquitoes and gerbils, serving as a model for filariasis. B. malayi has six chromosomes (five autosomes and an XY sex-determining pair) comprising the estimated 110 Mb genome. The chromosomes are difficult to resolve individually and they are at the smallest 10 Mb in size. We propose to begin large-scale sequencing of the B. malayi NIAID/TRS strain genome by generating, in phase 1 of the project, 8 Mb of discontinuous single-pass sequence implemented by end-sequencing 8,000 BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) from a large insert (greater than 100 kb) library to be constructed and from an already existing library (approximately 60 kb). The purpose of the first phase is to enhance early gene discovery and to provide markers that will be important for construction of a high-resolution sequence-ready map. During phase 2 of this proposal, 13 Mb of contiguous sequence will be generated representing chromosomal regions rich in genes that are of interest to the filarial community. These regions have been agreed upon by a consortium of filarial parasite experts around the world as being of most immediate biomedical importance as targets for new therapeutics or potential vaccine candidates. Chosen were also regions representing areas of evolutionary importance for which comparisons to genomes that have already been fully sequenced (such as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans) or to ESTs from a large collection of filariae will be the most informative. The genome sequence of B. malayi will provide invaluable information to researchers around the world, including the (1) identification of genes involved in basic functions of filarial parasites; (2) construction and mapping of BAC clones, which will facilitate easy, inexpensive and fast cloning of genes encoding proteins being actively studied by filariasis laboratories; (3) immediate access to genes and their products for functional/structural studies; (4) prediction of metabolic pathways on the basis of candidate genes; (5) identification of parasite-specific gene products by comparison with other genomes; and (6) starting point for whole-genome analysis of B. malayi. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMBRYOGENESIS AND LARVAL MORPHOGENESIS IN FILARIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Fuhrman, Juliet A.; Associate Professor; Biology; Tufts University Medford Boston Ave Medford, Ma 02155 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUN-2002; Project End 14-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Filarial parasites infect a wide variety of vertebrate hosts, including man. Considerable morbidity results fr6m filarial infections such as lymphatic filariaisis (elephantiasis) and onchocerciasis (river blindness). These parasitic nematodes display complex life cycles, requiring arthropod vectors for development and transmission to new hosts. In the vertebrate host, the parasite reproduces sexually, giving rise to first stage larvae that migrate through host tissues or blood. These first stage larvae, or microfilariae, must be ingested by feeding vectors, which support their further development, for transmission to occur. This application proposes to investigate several aspects of filarial reproduction and larval development that may serve as therapeutic targets. Chitin synthesis has long been known to be required for nematode eggshell formation. We have recently cloned the genes for chitin synthase from two different filarial parasites, and demonstrated expression in oocytes and early embryos. We will investigate the regulation of chitin synthesis during the

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transition from ooctye to fertilized zygote, as well as the role of chitin metabolism in subsequent embryonic growth. We will also investigate the role of chitin synthase in later larval stages and in adult somatic tissues, to understand if this enzyme may be a protective antigen. The relationship between chitin synthesis and development of a functional gut will be determined. Methods for posttranscriptional gene silencing (RNA interference) will be developed to study the loss-of-function phenotype for genes involved in chitin metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MASSAGE THERAPY FOR EXPERIMENTAL LYMPHEDEMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Witte, Marlys H.; Professor of Surgery; Surgery; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-FEB-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Massage therapy (in the form of Manual Lymph Drainage (MLD) or Manual Lymphedema Treatment (MLT) is an integral component of the international consensus-recommended optimal treatment for lymphedema(LE) of the arms and legs, which according to the World Health Organization affects hundreds of millions worldwide. Indeed, for more than a century, close links between various forms of massage and salutary effects on lymph circulation have been postulated. Nonetheless, experimental work and clinical trials have not yielded clear evidence that MLD alone (without accompanying mechanical compression) is efficacious in preventing or ameliorating LE in its early stages of high-protein fluid accumulation or particularly when lymphostasis has been long-standing with associated soft tissue hardening (elephantiasis). Furthermore, the precise protocol of MLO as part of CPT or for testing as an independent modality as well as the optimal quantitative measures to be followed have not been objectively evaluated. This exploratory proposal will utilize our newly refined standardized LE animal model, closely resembling the clinical condition following radical groin dissection/radiation for cancer. Unilateral hindlimb LE is produced in Wistar-fuzzy rats by unilateral surgery + radiation (consisting of sequential operative inguinal lymphatic ablation and lymphadenectomy followed by localized groin irradiation). Control contralateral limbs and control unmanipulated and sham-manipulated rats will serve for comparisons. Aided by refined lymphatic/soft tissue imaging/analytic modalities, we will examine and compare quantifiable evidence of the efficacy of varying "doses" and regimens of MLD alone and in combination with mechanical compression including "mechanical massage" by sequential multi-chamber pneumatic compression pumping in enhancing lymphatic absorptive capacity to meet the lymphatic obligatory load, reducing LE volume or preventing LE, and remolding the LE limb in early largely fluid LE and subsequently, in chronic LE with fibrosis and bulky fat deposits. We will also assess additive and synergistic interactions among the various manipulative approaches miniaturized and standardized for the rodent model. This exploratory study will lay the groundwork and evidence-based rationale for the subsequent design and implementation of randomized cross-over clinical trial of MLD alone and in combination with different forms of mechanical compression in prevention and treatment of various forms and stages of upper and lower limb LE in children and adults. It will also provide a useful practical standardized LE animal model for detailed delineation of physiologic mechanisms/effects in the lymphatic system, and (lymph)edema postulated for a wide array of inadequately tested alternative/complementary approaches (e.g. herbal remedies, manipulative methods, diathermy) in current popular use around the world as "lymphotonics" and/or for LE treatment.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for elephantiasis in the PubMed Central database: •

Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) Elimination: A public health success and development opportunity. by Molyneux D.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=200964

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with elephantiasis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for elephantiasis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A clinical study of the effective operative procedure for the treatment of elephantiasis of the lower limb. Author(s): Punyahotra V, Harinasuta T. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1978 February; 61(2): 103-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=632710&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A modification of the standard technique for repair of scrotal elephantiasis: case report. Author(s): Altchek ED, Hecht H. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1977 August; 60(2): 284-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=887669&dopt=Abstract

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A possible genetic factor in non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1972 July; 10(3): 87-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4670473&dopt=Abstract

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A reconsideration of the problem of elephantiasis. Author(s): Oomen AP. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1969 September; 21(3): 225-35. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4902966&dopt=Abstract

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A study of the pathologic changes in endemic elephantiasis of the lower limbs. Author(s): Soliman LA. Source: J Egypt Med Assoc. 1966; 49(2): 138-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5959543&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAPs) of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis, and hydrocele among residents in an endemic area in Haiti. Author(s): Eberhard ML, Walker EM, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1996 March; 54(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8600770&dopt=Abstract

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About the paper “Elephantiasis neuromatosa and Becker's melanosis” (J Dermatol, 26: 396-398, 1999). Author(s): Metin A, Tuncay I, Ugras S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 February; 28(2): 112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320707&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse reactions following diethylcarbamazine (DEC) intake in 'endemic normals', microfilaraemics and elephantiasis patients. Author(s): Haarbrink M, Terhell AJ, Abadi GK, Mitsui Y, Yazdanbakhsh M. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 January-February; 93(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492800&dopt=Abstract

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Angioedema, elephantiasis nostras, and cheilitis granulomatosa. Author(s): Cranberg JA, Patterson R, Caro WA. Source: Allergy Proc. 1990 March-April; 11(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2338241&dopt=Abstract

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Angiosarcoma in a limb with arteriovenous fistulas and elephantiasis. Author(s): Faggioli GL, Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Stella A, Gessaroli M, Gargiulo M. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1989 July-September; 8(3): 161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592800&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral groove sign with penoscrotal elephantiasis. Author(s): Aggarwal K, Jain VK, Gupta S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 December; 78(6): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473811&dopt=Abstract

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Bone scintigraphy of elephantiasis neuromatosa in Von Recklinghausen's disease. Author(s): Lorberboym M, Trejo L, Lampl Y. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 October; 25(10): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11043722&dopt=Abstract

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Buphthalmos and progressive elephantiasis in neurofibromatosis. A report of three cases. Author(s): Bardelli AM, Hadjistilianou T. Source: Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1989 December; 10(4): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2516898&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic elephantiasis. A case report. Author(s): Richman B, Young G. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 May; 85(5): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776217&dopt=Abstract

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Classics in oncology: lymphangiosarcoma in postmastectomy lymphedema: a report of six cases in elephantiasis chirurgica. Author(s): Stewart FW, Treves N. Source: Ca: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 1981 September-October; 31(5): 284-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6793218&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical, parasitologic, and immunologic observations of patients with hydrocele and elephantiasis in an area with endemic lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Addiss DG, Dimock KA, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 March; 171(3): 755-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7876636&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography of elephantiasis neuromatosa. Author(s): Hertzanu Y, Hirsch M, Peiser J, Avinoach I. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1989 January-February; 13(1): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2910937&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital elephantiasis-like lymphangiomatosis of a lower limb. Author(s): Imiela A, Salle-Staumont D, Breviere GM, Catteau B, Martinot-Duquennoy V, Piette F. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636021&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital lymphangiectatic elephantiasis. Author(s): Castillo M, Dominguez R. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1992; 10(2): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1564999&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous metastatic carcinoma and elephantiasis symptomatica. Author(s): Lillis PJ, Zuehlke RL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 January; 115(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=760664&dopt=Abstract

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Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) with vulval pseudo-elephantiasis. Author(s): Salomon B, Alemaena OK, Scrimgeour EM. Source: P N G Med J. 1982 December; 25(4): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6964022&dopt=Abstract

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Dramatic improvement in acquired elephantiasis with a diuretic. Author(s): Kawamura K, Setoyama M, Usuki K, Higashi Y, Kanzaki T, Mera S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 November; 36(11): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427088&dopt=Abstract

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Early-stage elephantiasis in bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Grobusch MP, Gobels K, Teichmann D, Bergmann F, Suttorp N. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 20(11): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783706&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis and a curved pew-end in Suffolk, England. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 March-April; 84(2): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2202108&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis and complicated varicose veins in a tropical population. Author(s): Rougemont A, Balique H. Source: Lancet. 1978 August 5; 2(8084): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=79117&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis and its relation to filarial immunity. Author(s): Partono F. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1982 June; 13(2): 275-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7147010&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis and silicates. Author(s): Oomen AP. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1972; 66(5): 808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4345985&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis in early Polynesia. Author(s): Laurence BR. Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 1991 July; 46(3): 277-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1680896&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis in Pawe settlement area: podoconiosis or bancroftian filariasis? Author(s): Birrie H, Balcha F, Jemaneh L. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1997 October; 35(4): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214438&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis in Sao Tome and Principe. Author(s): Ruiz L, Campo E, Corachan M. Source: Acta Tropica. 1994 June; 57(1): 29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942352&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis neuromatosa and Becker's melanosis. Author(s): Akyol M, Ozcelik S, Marufihah M, Elagoz S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 26(6): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10405488&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis neuromatosa in von Recklinghausen's disease. A review and case report. Author(s): Harris WC Jr, Alpert WJ, Marcinko DE. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1982 February; 72(2): 70-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6802894&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis neuromatosa of the penis. Light and electron microscopical studies. Author(s): Fethiere W, Carter HW, Sturim HS. Source: Arch Pathol. 1974 May; 97(5): 326-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4818737&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis neuromatosa. A light, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Holck S, Medgyesi S, Darre E, Lassen M. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1984; 404(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6437075&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis neuromatosa: a clinicopathologic study of four cases. Author(s): Roy SM, Ghosh AK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1992 July; 90(7): 185-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1401977&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras 1984. Author(s): Hollander DI, Halwig JM, McKinney P, Patterson R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1985 April; 75(4): 450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3980880&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras of the abdominal wall. Author(s): Chernosky ME, Derbes VJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 December; 94(6): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4224251&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras of the lips: a case report. Author(s): Sollecito TP, DeRossi S, Stewart JC, Ettlin D, Mowad C. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 September; 84(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9377195&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras streptogenes. Author(s): Harwood M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 August; 100(2): 255-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5797977&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa of the ears. Author(s): Grant JM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1982 May; 29(5): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094628&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa of the panniculus. Author(s): Rudolph RI, Gross PR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1973 December; 108(6): 832-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4271798&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Vaccaro M, Borgia F, Guarneri F, Cannavo SP. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095196&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Schissel DJ, Hivnor C, Elston DM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1998 August; 62(2): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714902&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Rietschel RL. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1996 February; 148(2): 43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746159&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Brantley D, Thompson EC, Brown MF. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1995 July; 147(7): 325-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7650433&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Allen RK, Leveck TW. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 January; 6(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7356700&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. A case report. Author(s): Saccoman S, Rifleman GT. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1995 May; 85(5): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776216&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa: beneficial effect of oral etretinate therapy. Author(s): Zouboulis CC, Biczo S, Gollnick H, Reupke HJ, Rinck G, Szabo M, Fekete J, Orfanos CE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 October; 127(4): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1419764&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras. Author(s): Rowley MJ, Rapini RP. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1992 February; 49(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1563290&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras. Author(s): Schiff BL, Kern AB. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1980 January; 25(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7353400&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras. A case report and review of the subject. Author(s): Fields GS, Imanuel H, Marcus S. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1976 January; 66(1): 28-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1244391&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras: a case report. Author(s): Ditto AM, Patterson R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 January; 97(1 Pt 1): 12931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568126&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras: an eight-year observation of progressive nonfilarial elephantiasis of the lower extremity. Author(s): Sanders LJ, Slomsky JM, Burger-Caplan C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 November; 42(5): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3058397&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis nostras--a case report. Author(s): Baughman SA, Beninson J. Source: Angiology. 1988 February; 39(2): 164-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3348492&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of external ears: a rare manifestation of pediculosis capitis. Author(s): Mahzoon S, Azadeh B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1983; 63(4): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6195874&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of eyelids following repeated craniotomy. Case report. Author(s): Amine AR, Sugar O, Patterson V, Crouch ER Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1977 August; 47(2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=874554&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of female genitalia. Case peport. Author(s): Khanna NN, Joshi GK. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1971 October; 48(4): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5097745&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of the legs with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis and scrotum. Author(s): Wille S, Niesel T, Breul J, Hartung R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 June; 157(6): 2262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146642&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of the lower extremities in Ethiopia: failure to implicate onchocerciasis as an etiologic agent by skin-snip and fluorescent antibody staining techniques. Author(s): Ten Eyck DR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1974 January; 23(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4589500&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum. A review of 350 cases. Author(s): Dandapat MC, Mohapatro SK, Patro SK. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1985 May; 149(5): 686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3993854&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis of the scrotum. Author(s): Fulmer LR, Fye C. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1982 March; 10(3): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6804519&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis tropica. Author(s): El-Zawahry M. Source: Dermatol Int. 1966 April-June; 5(2): 79-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5988600&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis. Author(s): Hajdu SI. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002 Spring; 32(2): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017205&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis. Author(s): Routh HB. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 December; 31(12): 845-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1478760&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis: a disease of development in north east Ghana. Author(s): Hunter JM. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1992 September; 35(5): 627-45; Discussion 6459. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1359648&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis--a method of treatment. Author(s): Mansoor IA. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1968 October; 21(4): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4880660&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis-like appearance of upper and lower extremities in Graves' dermopathy. Author(s): Singh SP, Ellyin F, Singh SK, Yoon B. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1985 August; 290(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3839974&dopt=Abstract

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Elephantiasis-like cutaneous metastases from signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach. Author(s): Heidenheim M, Hansen U, Andersen J. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1989 December; 44(6): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2558852&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis as a paediatric problem in the tropics. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1987 June; 7(2): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2441655&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs as a health hazard of barefooted agriculturalists in Cameroon, West Africa. Author(s): Price EW, McHardy WJ, Pooley FD. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 1981; 24(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7235457&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Ethiopia an epidemiological survey. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1974 April; 12(2): 77-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4459134&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1976 December; 28(4): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1014068&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in the United Cameroon Republic. Author(s): Price EW, Henderson WJ. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1981 March; 33(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7245337&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs--natural history and clinical study. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1974; 68(1): 44-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4818661&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic elephantiasis: early signs and symptoms, and control. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1983 October; 21(4): 243-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6628370&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic non-filarial elephantiasis in Iringa District, Tanzania: a study of 30 patients. Author(s): de Lalla F, Zanoni P, Lunetta Q, Moltrasio G. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1988; 82(6): 895-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256993&dopt=Abstract

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Enormous elephantiasis of the scrotum. Author(s): Holubec K. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1972; 14(3): 191-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4116739&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental factors in the etiology of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in tropical Africa. Author(s): Price EW, Bailey D. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1984 March; 36(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328708&dopt=Abstract

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Erysipelas and elephantiasis of the scrotum--surgery and drug therapy. Author(s): Geyer H, Geyer A, Schubert J. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1997; 58(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9253127&dopt=Abstract

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Experiences with the surgical treatment of elephantiasis. Author(s): Kamayev MF. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1969; 11(4): 328-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4189087&dopt=Abstract

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Facial elephantiasis neurofibromatosa--excision and skin graft. Author(s): Chen YR, Chen KT, Noordhoff MS. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1989 December; 23(6): 547-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2516422&dopt=Abstract

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Filarial elephantiasis among Haitian women: social context and behavioural factors in treatment. Author(s): Coreil J, Mayard G, Louis-Charles J, Addiss D. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 1998 June; 3(6): 467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657509&dopt=Abstract

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Filarial elephantiasis in French Polynesia: a study concerning the beliefs of 127 patients about the origin of their disease. Author(s): Carme B. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1979; 73(4): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=45325&dopt=Abstract

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Filarial elephantiasis of penis: a crippling manifestation. Author(s): Rakesh K, Kumar MV, Anant K, Ashutosh T. Source: Arch Esp Urol. 1991 September; 44(7): 891-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1953079&dopt=Abstract

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Filarial elephantiasis of the leg. Author(s): Mukherji M, Benerjee D. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1974 January; 1(1): 83-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4609666&dopt=Abstract

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Filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis of lower limb: a review of 44 cases. Author(s): Dandapat MC, Mohapatro SK, Mohanty SS. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1986 June; 73(6): 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3719269&dopt=Abstract

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Genital elephantiasis. Author(s): Sarkar R, Kaur C, Thami GP, Kanwar AJ. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 June; 13(6): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015020&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of elephantiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ocholo, south-west Ethiopia. Author(s): Mengistu G, Humber DP, Ersumo M, Mamo T. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1987 October; 25(4): 203-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3665892&dopt=Abstract

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History of elephantiasis. Author(s): Routh HB, Bhowmik KR. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 December; 32(12): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8125703&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and elephantiasis in lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E, Kruize YC, Kurniawan A, Partono F, Maizels RM, Schreuder GM, Schipper R, de Vries RR. Source: Human Immunology. 1995 September; 44(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8522456&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and elephantiasis revisited. Author(s): Yazdanbakhsh M, Abadi K, de Roo M, van Wouwe L, Denham D, Medeiros F, Verduijn W, Schreuder GM, Schipper R, Giphart MJ, de Vries RR. Source: European Journal of Immunogenetics : Official Journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. 1997 December; 24(6): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534043&dopt=Abstract

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Images in vascular medicine. Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Dean SM. Source: Vascular Medicine (London, England). 2000; 5(4): 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213240&dopt=Abstract

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Is elephantiasis on the lower legs a geochemical disease? Author(s): Price EW. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1976 October; 14(4): 213-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1026427&dopt=Abstract

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Kaposi's sarcoma with elephantiasis associated with AIDS. Author(s): Harbit M, Srinivas PB. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 1995 September; 22(5): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550778&dopt=Abstract

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Lay reporting of elephantiasis of the leg in northern Ghana. Author(s): Gyapong JO, Dollimore N, Binka FN, Ross DA. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 November-December; 89(6): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8594671&dopt=Abstract

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Lower leg edema and lichenification. Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa. Author(s): Bargout R, Malhotra A. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 May; 109(5): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381666&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphedema and elephantiasis in basidiobolomycosis. Author(s): Kamalam A, Thambiah AS. Source: Mykosen. 1982 September; 25(9): 508-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7144812&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphovenous shunt as supplementary treatment of elephantiasis of lower limbs. Author(s): Sedlacek J. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1969; 11(2): 157-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4184616&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of elephantiasis neuromatosa. Author(s): Stevens KJ, Ludman CN, Sully L, Preston BJ. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 December; 27(12): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921933&dopt=Abstract

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Malignant schwannoma in neurofibromatous elephantiasis of the upper extremity. Author(s): Wehbe MA, Mickelson MR. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1982 July; (167): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6807594&dopt=Abstract

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Massive haemorrhage in elephantiasis neurofibroma. Author(s): Mosavy SH, Khalily B. Source: Angiology. 1976 April; 27(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1053529&dopt=Abstract

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Massive haemorrhage in elephantiasis neurofibroma. Author(s): McMaster P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1972 December; 59(12): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4196337&dopt=Abstract

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Microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for treating scrotal elephantiasis. Author(s): Huang GK, Hu RQ, Liu ZZ, Pan GP. Source: Microsurgery. 1985; 6(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3990547&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of elephantiasis neuromatosa. Author(s): Munte TF, Matzke M, Johannes S, Dietrich B, Dengler R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 August; 243(8): 619. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865034&dopt=Abstract

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Neurofibromatosis, gigantism, elephantiasis neuromatosa and recurrent massive subperiosteal hematoma: a new case report and review of 7 case reports from the literature. Author(s): Steenbrugge F, Poffyn B, Uyttendaele D, Verdonk R, Verstraete K. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 2001 April; 67(2): 168-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383296&dopt=Abstract

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Nodular subepidermal fibrosis in non-filarial endemic elephantiasis of the legs. Author(s): Price EW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 November; 89(5): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4753706&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis in Ethiopia. Analytical study of inorganic material in lymph nodes. Author(s): Heather CJ, Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1972; 66(3): 450-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4339966&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis in Nyambene range: a geochemical disease. Author(s): Crivelli PE. Source: East Afr Med J. 1986 March; 63(3): 191-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743481&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis in the Mt. Elgon area (Kapchorwa District) of Uganda. Author(s): Onapa AW, Simonsen PE, Pedersen EM. Source: Acta Tropica. 2001 February 23; 78(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11230827&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs in Ethiopia. A simple method for rapid survey by school enquiry. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1973 March; 25(1): 23-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4693995&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Lancet. 1980 August 2; 2(8188): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6105431&dopt=Abstract

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Non-filarial elephantiasis--confirmed as a geochemical disease, and renamed podoconiosis. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1988 July; 26(3): 151-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2843362&dopt=Abstract

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Onchocerciasis in the south-eastern territories of Liberia. With studies on the role of Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria bancrofti in the pathogenesis of hydrocele and elephantiasis. Author(s): Gratama S. Source: Acta Leiden. 1966; 35: 1-135. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5333986&dopt=Abstract

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Onchocerciasis. Onchocercal dermatitis, lymphadenitis, and elephantiasis in the Ubangi territory. Author(s): Connor DH, Morrison NE, Kerdel-Vegas F, Berkoff HA, Johnson F, Tunnifliffe R, Failing FC, Hale LN, Lindquist K. Source: Human Pathology. 1970 December; 1(4): 553-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4256031&dopt=Abstract

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Penile and scrotal elephantiasis caused by indolent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Nelson RA, Alberts GL, King LE Jr. Source: Urology. 2003 January; 61(1): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559311&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent leg ulcers in an obese patient with venous insufficiency and elephantiasis. Author(s): Davis JM, Crawford PS. Source: Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing : Official Publication of the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / Wocn. 2002 January; 29(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810075&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic surgery on elephantiasis of the legs: a case report. Author(s): Sivaloganathan V, Cheah W. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1973 June; 4(2): 279-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4749088&dopt=Abstract

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Podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in two resettlement schemes in western Ethiopia. Author(s): Kloos H, Bedri Kello A, Addus A. Source: Trop Doct. 1992 July; 22(3): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1641880&dopt=Abstract

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Point of technique: Management of penile and scrotal elephantiasis. Author(s): Ndoye A, Sylla C, Ba M, Gueye SM, Diagne BA. Source: Bju International. 1999 August; 84(3): 362-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468738&dopt=Abstract

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Potential use of IgG2-ELISA in the diagnosis of chronic elephantiasis and IgG4ELISA in the follow-up of microfilaraemic patients infected with Brugia malayi. Author(s): Rahmah N, Anuar AK, Karim R, Mehdi R, Sinniah B, Omar AW. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1994 November 30; 205(1): 202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7999024&dopt=Abstract

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Predominant CD8+ infiltrate in limb biopsies of individuals with filarial lymphedema and elephantiasis. Author(s): Freedman DO, Horn TD, Maia e Silva CM, Braga C, Maciel A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995 December; 53(6): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561266&dopt=Abstract

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Pre-elephantiasic stage of endemic nonfilarial elephantiasis of lower legs: “podoconiosis”. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Trop Doct. 1984 July; 14(3): 115-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6464174&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of nonfilarial elephantiasis in selected towns in India. Author(s): Russel S, Rao CK, Rao CK. Source: J Commun Dis. 1983 September; 15(3): 216-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6672090&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in Wolaitta, Southern Ethiopia. Author(s): Destas K, Ashine M, Davey G. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 October; 33(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620426&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoelephantiasis induced by donovanosis. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Jain MK, Sharma VK. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1987 February; 63(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3817826&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudoelephantiasis of the penis following donovanosis. Author(s): Sehgal VN, Sharma HK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1990 February; 17(2): 130-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2329224&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity to bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens in patients with lymphedema and elephantiasis. Author(s): Baird JB, Charles JL, Streit TG, Roberts JM, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 February; 66(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135288&dopt=Abstract

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Reconstruction of male external genitalia with elephantiasis. Author(s): Holman CM Jr, Arnold PG, Jurkiewicz MJ, Walton KN. Source: Urology. 1977 December; 10(6): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=341462&dopt=Abstract

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Reconstruction of scrotal and penile skin in elephantiasis. Author(s): Raghavaiah NV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1977 July; 118(1 Pt 1): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=327094&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis by 5,6 benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin), and the effects of diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Jamal S, Casley-Smith J. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1993 June; 87(3): 247-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8257235&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction perineoplasty for scrotal elephantiasis: a method of surgical reconstruction of the penis and scrotum. Author(s): Khedroo LG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1976 November; 116(5): 679-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=789924&dopt=Abstract

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Research on elephantiasis nostras and elephantiasis tropica with special regard to their initial stage of recurring lymphangitis (lymphangitis recurrens elephantogenica). Author(s): Castellani A. Source: Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol. 1969 July-August; 50(7): 171-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5363963&dopt=Abstract

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Researches on elephantiasis nostras and elephantiasis tropica with special regard to their initial stage of recurring lymphangitis (lymphangitis recurrens elephantogenica). Author(s): Castellani A. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1969 July; 14(4): 145-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5377701&dopt=Abstract

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Researches on Elephantiasis nostras and Elephantiasis tropica with special regard to their initial stage of recurring lymphangitis (Lymphangitis recurrens elephantogenica). Author(s): Castellani A. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 April; 72(4): 89-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5769718&dopt=Abstract

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Researches on elephantiasis nostras and elephantiasis tropica with special regard to their initial stage of recurring lymphangitis (lymphangitis recurrens elephantogenica). Supplementary note. Author(s): Castellani A. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 September; 72(9): 214-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5346107&dopt=Abstract

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Results obtained with Gibson's operation (ablation of pathological tissue followed by dermo-epidermal grafts) in the treatment of elephantiasis of the lower extremities. Author(s): Bezes H, Roucher F. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1969 April; 11(4): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4893193&dopt=Abstract

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Scarification as a risk factor for rapid progression of filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Dunyo SK, Ahorlu CK, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 JulyAugust; 91(4): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373650&dopt=Abstract

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Schistosomal lymph-oedema (pseudo-elephantiasis) of the penis. Author(s): Abd-Rabbo H, Montasir M. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1968 November; 71(11): 288-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5724583&dopt=Abstract

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Scrotal elephantiasis associated with hidradenitis suppurativa. Author(s): Konety BR, Cooper T, Flood HD, Futrell JW. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 May; 97(6): 1243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8628808&dopt=Abstract

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Severe elephantiasis of penis and scrotum. Author(s): Prpic I. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1966 April; 19(2): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5931596&dopt=Abstract

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Silica and silicates in femoral lymph nodes of barefooted people in Ethiopia with special reference to elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW, Henderson WJ. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1979; 73(6): 640-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=231857&dopt=Abstract

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Simplified method for elaboration of tissues excised for replantation during radical operations of elephantiasis. Author(s): Vediayev IP, Antonov II, Kharitonov BB. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1978; 20(4): 221-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=88147&dopt=Abstract

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Skin plasty in the surgical treatment of congenital elephantiasis in children combined with congenital constriction in the extremities. Author(s): Butikova NI, Prokopovich VS. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1970; 12(2): 100-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4194204&dopt=Abstract

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Soil particles in the tissues of the foot in endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Blundell G, Henderson WJ, Price EW. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1989 August; 83(4): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2604475&dopt=Abstract

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Stewart-Treves syndrome in a patient with elephantiasis. Author(s): Hallel-Halevy D, Yerushalmi J, Grunwald MH, Avinoach I, Halevy S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 August; 41(2 Pt 2): 34950. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426930&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on elephantiasis of the legs in Ethiopia. Author(s): Oomen AP. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1969 September; 21(3): 236-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5361766&dopt=Abstract

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Subcutaneous phycomycosis mimics elephantiasis. Author(s): Riganti M, Charoenlarp P, Punpoowong B, Bunnag D, Harinasuta T. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1987 December; 18(4): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3502375&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of elephantiasis nostras of the lip. Author(s): Beninson J. Source: Angiology. 1971 September; 22(8): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5092606&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical management of elephantiasis of male genitalia. Author(s): Ollapallil JJ, Watters DA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 August; 76(2): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7663913&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of elephantiasis of male genitalia. Author(s): Khanna NN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1970 November; 46(5): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4919285&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical treatment of elephantiasis of the male genitalia. Author(s): Jones HW, Kahn RA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1970 July; 46(1): 8-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5430981&dopt=Abstract

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Syphilitic elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum. Author(s): Elsahy NI. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976 May; 57(5): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1273142&dopt=Abstract

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Testing your diagnostic skills (#62). Fibromatosis (elephantiasis) gingivae. Author(s): Baughman R. Source: Todays Fda. 2002 July; 14(7): 26-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174679&dopt=Abstract

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The association of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in East Africa with soil derived from volcanic rocks. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976; 70(4): 288-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1006757&dopt=Abstract

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The elemental content of lymphatic tissues of barefooted people in Ethiopia, with reference to endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW, Henderson WJ. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1978; 72(2): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=653784&dopt=Abstract

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The long term effects of repeated diethylcarbamazine administration with special reference to microfilaraemia and elephantiasis. Author(s): Partono F, Purnomo, Oemijati S, Soewarta A. Source: Acta Tropica. 1981 September; 38(3): 217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6118029&dopt=Abstract

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The mechanism of lymphatic obstruction in endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1975; 69(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1166487&dopt=Abstract

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The mineral content of inguinal nodes in barefoot people with and without elephantiasis of the legs. Author(s): Price EW, Pitwell LR. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1973 September; 76(9): 236-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4355230&dopt=Abstract

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The pathology of non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1972; 66(1): 150-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5048068&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs and the local soils and climate. Author(s): Price EW. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1974 September; 26(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4439458&dopt=Abstract

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The site of lymphatic blockade in endemic (non-filarial) elephantiasis of the lower legs. Author(s): Price EW. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1977 November; 80(11): 230-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=609104&dopt=Abstract

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The value of computed tomography in elephantiasis neuromatosa. Author(s): Birch PD, Davies AM. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1988 January; 61(721): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3126850&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of elephantiasis in a community with timorian filariasis. Author(s): Partono F. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1985; 79(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3992641&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin). Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Wang CT, Casley-Smith JR, Zi-hai C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 October 23; 307(6911): 1037-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251778&dopt=Abstract

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Two-stage reconstruction of scrotum for tropical elephantiasis. Author(s): Hasham AI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1973 April; 109(4): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4571909&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasonographic findings in scrotal filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Shen HJ, Gueng MK, Wu CJ, Huang GS, Wang J, Chou TY. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1995 November-December; 23(9): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8537481&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual gynaecological presentations of donovanosis as pseudo-elephantiasis and carcinoma of the cervix. Author(s): Leung YC, McCartney AJ. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1990 May; 30(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2400365&dopt=Abstract

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Verrucous elephantiasis of the scrotum: an unusual variant of genital lymphedema. Author(s): Skoog SJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 April; 135(4): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3959208&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELEPHANTIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and elephantiasis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Elephantiasis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “elephantiasis” (or a synonym): •

Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa: beneficial effect of oral etretinate therapy. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany. Source: Zouboulis, C C Biczo, S Gollnick, H Reupke, H J Rinck, G Szabo, M Fekete, J Orfanos, C E Br-J-Dermatol. 1992 October; 127(4): 411-6 0007-0963

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Reduction of filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis by 5,6 benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin), and the effects of diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Author(s): Henry Thomas Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Australia. Source: Casley Smith, J R Jamal, S Casley Smith, J Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1993 June; 87(3): 247-58 0003-4983

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Scarification as a risk factor for rapid progression of filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Source: Dunyo, S K Ahorlu, C K Simonsen, P E Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. 1997 JulAugust; 91(4): 446 0035-9203

•

The effects of 5,6 benzo-[a]-pyrone (coumarin) and DEC on filaritic lymphoedema and elephantiasis in India. Preliminary results. Author(s): Department Plastic Surgery, Madras Medical College, India. Source: Jamal, S Casley Smith, J R Casley Smith, J R Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1989 June; 83(3): 287-90 0003-4983

•

Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin). Author(s): Henry Thomas Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Australia. Source: Casley Smith, J R Wang, C T Casley Smith, J R Zi hai, C BMJ. 1993 October 23; 307(6911): 1037-41 0959-8138

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

Nutrition

33

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ELEPHANTIASIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to elephantiasis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to elephantiasis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to elephantiasis: •

“Filopin” efficacy in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Patnaik SK, Narayana MV, Rao PK, Kanhekar LJ, Raina VK, Biswas G, Kumar A. Source: J Commun Dis. 1991 December; 23(4): 278-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1842811&dopt=Abstract

•

A technique for microfilarial detection in preserved blood using nuclepore filters. Author(s): Dickerson JW, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Source: J Parasitol. 1990 December; 76(6): 829-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2123924&dopt=Abstract

•

Alkaloids and coumarins of Zanthoxylum elephantiasis [proceedings]. Author(s): Fish F, Gray AI, Waterman PG.

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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1976 December; 28 Suppl: 69P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12347&dopt=Abstract •

Antifungal activity of some Cuban Zanthoxylum species. Author(s): Dieguez-Hurtado R, Garrido-Garrido G, Prieto-Gonzalez S, Iznaga Y, Gonzalez L, Molina-Torres J, Curini M, Epifano F, Marcotullio MC. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 June; 74(4): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781811&dopt=Abstract

•

Community perception regarding chronic filarial swellings: a case study of the Duruma of coastal Kenya. Author(s): Amuyunzu M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1997 July; 74(7): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491170&dopt=Abstract

•

Cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis due to Brugia malayi in an endemic community in Malaysia. Author(s): Riji HM. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1983 March; 14(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6612423&dopt=Abstract

•

Filariasis (shlipada). Author(s): Warrier PK. Source: Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1995; 25(1-2): 38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618841&dopt=Abstract

•

Footcare among lymphoedema patients attending a filariasis clinic in South India: a study of knowledge and practice. Author(s): Babu BV, Nayak AN. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 April; 97(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803864&dopt=Abstract

•

Impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in Africa. Author(s): Pedersen EM, Mukoko DA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 December; 96 Suppl 2: S915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625922&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation and identification of 3 alkaloids from the bark of Zanthoxylum elephantiasis. Author(s): Awad AT, Beal JL, Talapatra SK, Cava MP.

Alternative Medicine 37

Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1967 February; 56(2): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6025791&dopt=Abstract •

Isolation of candicine chloride, laurifoline chloride, and xanthoxyletin from the bark of Zanthoxylum elephantiasis. Author(s): Tomko J, Awad AT, Beal JL, Doskotch RW. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1968 February; 57(2): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5641685&dopt=Abstract

•

Isolation, purification and characterization of surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata for the immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Author(s): Theodore JG, Kaliraj P. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1990 June; 64(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2201719&dopt=Abstract

•

Lymphatic filariasis and the women of India. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay L. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1996 May; 42(10): 1401-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735896&dopt=Abstract

•

Lymphatic filariasis related perceptions and practices on the coast of Ghana: implications for prevention and control. Author(s): Ahorlu CK, Dunyo SK, Koram KA, Nkrumah FK, Aagaard-Hansen J, Simonsen PE. Source: Acta Tropica. 1999 October 15; 73(3): 251-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546843&dopt=Abstract

•

Lymphoedema-management measures practised by cases of chronic lymphatic filariasis. Author(s): Nanda B, Ramaiah KD. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 June; 97(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831529&dopt=Abstract

•

Medicine in Egypt at the time of Napoleon Bonaparte. Author(s): Russell TG, Russell TM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 December 20; 327(7429): 1461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14684650&dopt=Abstract

•

Modern treatment of lymphoedema. II. The benzopyrones. Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR.

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Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1992; 33(2): 69-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1294055&dopt=Abstract •

Penile perception of Koro patients. Author(s): Chowdhury AN. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1989 August; 80(2): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2801167&dopt=Abstract

•

Permethrin-impregnated bednet effects on resting and feeding behaviour of lymphatic filariasis vector mosquitoes in Kenya. Author(s): Bogh C, Pedersen EM, Mukoko DA, Ouma JH. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1998 January; 12(1): 52-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9513939&dopt=Abstract

•

Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple coumarins: natural products with therapeutic potential. Author(s): Hoult JR, Paya M. Source: General Pharmacology. 1996 June; 27(4): 713-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8853310&dopt=Abstract

•

Rapid diagnosis of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis by an acridine orange/microhematocrit tube technique. Author(s): Long GW, Rickman LS, Cross JH. Source: J Parasitol. 1990 April; 76(2): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1690798&dopt=Abstract

•

Scarification as a risk factor for rapid progression of filarial elephantiasis. Author(s): Dunyo SK, Ahorlu CK, Simonsen PE. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 JulyAugust; 91(4): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373650&dopt=Abstract

•

Socio-cultural and behavioural aspects of mosquito-borne lymphatic filariasis in Thailand: a qualitative analysis. Author(s): Rauyajin O, Kamthornwachara B, Yablo P. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1995 December; 41(12): 1705-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746870&dopt=Abstract

•

Some historical aspects of dermatology in Sri Lanka. Author(s): Uragoda CG.

Alternative Medicine 39

Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1984 January-February; 23(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6373636&dopt=Abstract •

The feasibility of a bed net impregnation program to enhance control of Malayan filariasis along a swamp forest in southern Thailand. Author(s): Fumiya S, Chongsvivatwong V, Saburo U, Thammapalo S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 June; 32(2): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556569&dopt=Abstract

•

The pathophysiology of lymphedema and the action of benzo-pyrones in reducing it. Author(s): Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. Source: Lymphology. 1988 September; 21(3): 190-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3059075&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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Elephantiasis

The following is a specific Web list relating to elephantiasis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ELEPHANTIASIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to elephantiasis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on elephantiasis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “elephantiasis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “elephantiasis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “elephantiasis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Podoconiosis: Non Filarial Elephantiasis by Ernest Woodward Price; ISBN: 0192620029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192620029/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Elephantiasis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to elephantiasis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and elephantiasis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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43

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ELEPHANTIASIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover elephantiasis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on elephantiasis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to elephantiasis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “elephantiasis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for elephantiasis: •

Cheap drugs control elephantiasis-causing parasite Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 04, 2002

•

Gates donates $20 million to fight elephantiasis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 02, 2001

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•

Merck expands ivermectin donation program in Africa for elephantiasis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 26, 1998

•

SmithKline Beecham Donates Albendazole For WHO Elephantiasis Effort Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “elephantiasis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to elephantiasis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

Periodicals and News

45

BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “elephantiasis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Elephantiasis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to elephantiasis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering elephantiasis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2047 67 2 1 2 2119

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

53

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

55

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on elephantiasis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to elephantiasis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to elephantiasis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “elephantiasis”:

56

•

Elephantiasis

Other guides Lymphatic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphaticdiseases.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Vision Disorders and Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersandblindness.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to elephantiasis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on elephantiasis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

Patient Resources

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

57

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to elephantiasis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with elephantiasis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about elephantiasis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “elephantiasis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “elephantiasis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format

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Elephantiasis

option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “elephantiasis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “elephantiasis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

59

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Elephantiasis

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

67

ELEPHANTIASIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acridine Orange: Cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH]

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Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apocrine Glands: Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a hair follicle instead of directly onto the skin. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropod Vectors: Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists

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mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chitin Synthase: An enzyme that converts UDP glucosamine into chitin and UDP. EC 2.4.1.16. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermo-epidermal: A patch of skin taken from the patient is directly grafted on the wound. [NIH]

Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU]

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Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the

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blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gigantism: The condition of abnormal overgrowth or excessive size of the whole body or any of its parts. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hidradenitis: The inflammation of a sweat gland (usually of the apocrine type). The condition can be idiopathic or occur as a result of or in association with another underlying condition. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis is a relatively rare variant that has been

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reported in patients undergoing chemotherapy, usually for non-Hodgkin lymphomas or leukemic conditions. [NIH] Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident. Hormonal mechanisms are expected in its pathogenesis. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indolent: A type of cancer that grows slowly. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

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Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order

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Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Lichenification: Hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. [EU] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loa: A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphangitis: Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

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MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurofibroma: A fibrous tumor, usually benign, arising from the nerve sheath or the endoneurium. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU]

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Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Onchocerciasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Onchocerca. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, pruritus, and ocular lesions. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pediculosis: Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU]

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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a

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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,

Dictionary 81

and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Replantation: Restoration of an organ or other structure to its original site. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as

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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH]

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Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins

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of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

85

INDEX A Abdominal, 11, 67, 78, 79 Ablation, 5, 25, 67 Acridine Orange, 38, 67 Adverse Effect, 67, 82 Algorithms, 67, 68 Alpha Particles, 67, 80 Alternative medicine, 44, 67 Ameliorating, 5, 67 Amino acid, 67, 78, 80 Anal, 5, 67, 74 Anastomosis, 20, 67 Animal model, 5, 67 Ankle, 67, 83, 84 Anthelmintic, 67, 71 Antibodies, 67, 68, 76 Antibody, 14, 68, 70, 74, 75, 77, 81, 84 Antigen, 5, 67, 68, 70, 74 Anus, 67, 68, 79 Apocrine Glands, 68, 74 Arterial, 68, 75, 80 Arteries, 68, 71, 77 Arteriovenous, 8, 68 Arteriovenous Fistula, 8, 68 Artery, 68, 71 Arthropod Vectors, 4, 68 Asymptomatic, 68, 72 B Bacteria, 68, 82, 83 Base, 68, 75 Benign, 68, 77, 81 Biochemical, 22, 38, 68 Biotechnology, 6, 44, 51, 68 Biphasic, 4, 68 Blood vessel, 68, 73, 76, 82, 84 Bone Marrow, 68, 76 Bowel, 67, 69, 75 Brachytherapy, 69, 75, 81, 84 Branch, 63, 69, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83 C Carcinoma, 9, 15, 29, 69 Case report, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 69 Case series, 69 Cell, 15, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 Cerebrospinal, 69, 81 Cerebrospinal fluid, 69, 81 Cervix, 29, 69

Cheilitis, 8, 69 Chemotherapy, 69, 74 Chitin Synthase, 4, 69 Chromosomal, 4, 69 Chronic, 3, 5, 8, 22, 36, 37, 69, 74, 80, 82, 83 Cicatricial, 69, 74 Clinical study, 6, 16, 69 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 51, 69, 80, 81 Cloning, 4, 68, 69 Complement, 69, 70, 73 Complementary and alternative medicine, 35, 40, 70 Complementary medicine, 35, 70 Computational Biology, 51, 70 Computed tomography, 9, 28, 70 Computerized tomography, 70 Connective Tissue, 69, 70, 72, 76, 81 Constriction, 26, 70 Contraindications, ii, 71 Contralateral, 5, 71 Coronary, 71, 77 Coronary Thrombosis, 71, 77 Corpus, 71, 78 Coumarin, 24, 29, 32, 71 Craniotomy, 14, 71 Curative, 71, 83 Cutaneous, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 71, 75, 76 D Dermatitis, 22, 71 Dermatology, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 32, 38, 39, 71 Dermatosis, 71, 72 Dermo-epidermal, 25, 71 Diagnostic procedure, 44, 71 Diathermy, 5, 71 Diethylcarbamazine, 7, 24, 27, 32, 71 Digestion, 69, 71, 75, 76, 82 Direct, iii, 71, 81 Dissection, 5, 71, 76 Drug Interactions, 71 Duodenum, 71, 82 E Edema, 5, 19, 40, 71, 76, 78, 84 Efficacy, 5, 35, 71 Endemic, 7, 9, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 36, 71 Environmental Health, 50, 52, 71 Enzyme, 5, 69, 71

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Epidemiological, 16, 71 Epidermal, 72 Epidermis, 72, 76, 80 Epithelial, 72 Erectile, 72, 78 Esophagus, 72, 82 Etretinate, 13, 32, 72 External-beam radiation, 72, 75, 81, 84 Extravasation, 72, 73 Extremity, 13, 20, 72, 75 F Family Planning, 51, 72 Fat, 5, 69, 72, 82 Femoral, 25, 72 Femur, 72 Fibrosis, 5, 20, 72, 74 Filariasis, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 18, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 71, 72 Filarioidea, 72, 75 Fistulas, 72, 74 Fluorescence, 67, 72 G Gallbladder, 67, 72 Gas, 72, 80, 81 Gas exchange, 72, 81 Gene, 4, 5, 68, 73 Gene Silencing, 5, 73 Genetic Engineering, 68, 69, 73 Genital, 18, 29, 73 Genotype, 73, 79 Germ Cells, 73, 78, 82 Gigantism, 20, 73 Gland, 73, 76, 78 Governing Board, 73, 79 Graft, 73, 74 Granuloma, 9, 73, 76 Granuloma Inguinale, 9, 73, 76 Groin, 5, 73, 74, 75 Growth, 5, 73, 76, 77 Gynaecological, 29, 73 H Haematoma, 73 Haemorrhage, 20, 73 Heart failure, 73, 78 Hematoma, 20, 73 Heredity, 73 Hidradenitis, 25, 73, 74 Hidradenitis Suppurativa, 25, 74 Host, 4, 68, 74, 84 Hyperthermia, 71, 74 I Id, 33, 39, 56, 62, 64, 74

Idiopathic, 73, 74 Immune response, 68, 74 Immune system, 74, 76, 83, 84 Immunity, 10, 74 Immunologic, 9, 74, 81 Impairment, 74, 84 Implant radiation, 74, 75, 81, 84 Impregnation, 39, 74 Indicative, 41, 74, 78, 84 Indolent, 22, 74 Induction, 71, 74 Infarction, 71, 74, 77 Infection, 4, 22, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84 Infestation, 75, 78 Inflammation, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79 Inguinal, 5, 28, 75, 76 Inorganic, 21, 75 Internal radiation, 75, 81, 84 Interstitial, 69, 75, 84 Intestine, 69, 71, 75, 82, 84 Intracellular, 73, 74, 75 Invasive, 74, 75 Irradiation, 5, 75, 84 Ivermectin, 44, 75 K Kb, 4, 50, 75 L Large Intestine, 75, 84 Leg Ulcer, 22, 75 Leishmaniasis, 18, 75 Library Services, 62, 75 Lice, 75, 78 Lichenification, 19, 76 Life cycle, 4, 68, 76 Lip, 26, 76 Liver, 67, 72, 76 Loa, 71, 76 Localized, 5, 73, 74, 76, 78, 83 Lymph, 5, 21, 25, 76 Lymph node, 21, 25, 76 Lymphadenectomy, 5, 76 Lymphadenitis, 22, 76 Lymphangitis, 24, 25, 76 Lymphatic, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 18, 27, 28, 35, 37, 38, 56, 74, 76, 78, 82, 83 Lymphatic system, 5, 76, 82, 83 Lymphedema, 5, 8, 19, 23, 29, 39, 76 Lymphocyte, 68, 76 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 73, 76 M Malignant, 20, 76, 77, 81 MEDLINE, 51, 77

Index 87

Melanin, 77 Melanosis, 7, 11, 77 Mental, iv, 3, 50, 52, 77, 80 Mental Health, iv, 3, 50, 52, 77, 80 Metastasis, 77 Metastatic, 9, 77 MI, 65, 77 Modification, 7, 67, 73, 77 Molecular, 51, 53, 68, 70, 77 Molecule, 68, 70, 77, 81, 84 Monoclonal, 75, 77, 81, 84 Mononuclear, 73, 77 Mucocutaneous, 75, 77 Myocardium, 77 N Need, 41, 57, 77 Neoplasia, 72, 77 Neoplasm, 77, 81 Nerve, 77, 81 Neurofibroma, 20, 77 Neutrons, 67, 75, 77, 80 Nuclei, 67, 73, 77, 80 O Ocular, 77, 78 Oedema, 25, 78 Onchocerciasis, 4, 14, 21, 22, 78 Oncology, 8, 78 Oocytes, 4, 78 Ovum, 76, 78, 84 P Paediatric, 15, 78 Palliative, 78, 83 Pancreas, 67, 78 Parasite, 4, 23, 37, 43, 75, 78 Parasitic, 3, 4, 56, 75, 76, 78 Patch, 71, 78 Pathogenesis, 21, 74, 78 Pathologic, 7, 71, 78, 80 Pathophysiology, 39, 78 Pediculosis, 14, 78 Penis, 11, 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 27, 78 Peptide, 67, 78, 80 Perception, 36, 38, 78 Perforation, 78, 84 Peripheral Nervous System, 79, 81 Peritoneal, 78, 79 Peritoneal Cavity, 78, 79 Peritonitis, 79, 84 Petechiae, 73, 79 Pharmacologic, 79, 83 Phenotype, 5, 79 Phospholipids, 72, 79

Physiologic, 5, 79, 81 Pigmentation, 77, 79 Platyhelminths, 75, 79 Pleural, 78, 79 Pleural cavity, 78, 79 Pneumonia, 71, 79 Polysaccharide, 68, 79 Posterior, 67, 78, 79 Practice Guidelines, 52, 79 Prevalence, 18, 23, 79 Progression, 25, 32, 38, 67, 80 Progressive, 8, 13, 73, 80 Prophase, 78, 80 Prophylaxis, 72, 80 Protein S, 68, 80 Proteins, 4, 67, 68, 70, 77, 78, 80, 83 Protocol, 5, 80 Protons, 67, 80 Protozoa, 75, 80 Pruritic, 76, 80 Pruritus, 78, 80 Psoriasis, 72, 80 Public Health, 6, 10, 22, 26, 36, 39, 52, 80 Public Policy, 51, 80 Pulmonary, 80, 81 Pulmonary Ventilation, 80, 81 Purpura, 73, 80 R Radiation, 5, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81, 84 Radiation therapy, 72, 75, 80, 84 Radio Waves, 71, 81 Radioactive, 74, 75, 81, 84 Radiolabeled, 75, 81, 84 Radiotherapy, 69, 75, 81, 84 Randomized, 5, 71, 81 Receptor, 68, 81 Recombinant, 81, 84 Refer, 1, 69, 77, 81 Regimen, 71, 81 Replantation, 26, 81 Respiratory System, 3, 81 Retinoid, 72, 81 Risk factor, 25, 32, 38, 81 S Sarcoma, 19, 81 Schwannoma, 20, 81 Screening, 69, 81 Scrotum, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 27, 29, 81, 83 Semisynthetic, 75, 81 Sequencing, 4, 81 Shunt, 19, 81 Side effect, 67, 81, 83

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Signs and Symptoms, 16, 82 Skin graft, 17, 82 Skull, 71, 82 Soft tissue, 5, 68, 82 Soma, 82 Somatic, 5, 79, 82 Sound wave, 71, 82 Specialist, 57, 82 Species, 36, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84 Spleen, 76, 82 Stasis, 82, 84 Stomach, 15, 67, 72, 79, 82, 84 Streptococci, 76, 82 Subacute, 74, 76, 82 Subclinical, 74, 82 Subcutaneous, 26, 71, 76, 78, 82 Subspecies, 82 Suppression, 73, 82 Sweat, 68, 73, 82 Synergistic, 5, 83 Systemic, 74, 75, 78, 81, 83, 84 T Teratogenic, 72, 83 Testicles, 81, 83 Therapeutics, 4, 83 Thigh, 72, 73, 83 Thymus, 76, 83 Tissue, 5, 25, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83 Tomography, 9, 70, 83 Toxic, iv, 74, 83 Toxicity, 71, 83 Toxicology, 52, 83 Toxins, 68, 74, 83

Transfection, 68, 83 Translational, 73, 83 U Ulcer, 83 Unconscious, 74, 83 Urethra, 78, 83 Uterus, 69, 71, 83 V Vaccine, 4, 80, 83 Vagina, 69, 83 Valves, 83, 84 Varicose, 10, 75, 83, 84 Varicose Ulcer, 75, 83 Varicose vein, 10, 83, 84 Vascular, 19, 74, 78, 84 Vector, 36, 38, 84 Vein, 68, 84 Venous, 22, 68, 75, 78, 80, 83, 84 Venous Insufficiency, 22, 75, 83, 84 Veterinary Medicine, 51, 84 Viruses, 83, 84 Visceral, 75, 84 Volvulus, 21, 84 W White blood cell, 68, 76, 84 X Xenograft, 67, 84 X-ray, 70, 72, 75, 80, 81, 84 X-ray therapy, 75, 84 Y Yeasts, 79, 84 Z Zygote, 5, 84