Electrostatics 2003
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Other titles in the series The Institute of Physics Confere...
122 downloads
1895 Views
14MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Electrostatics 2003
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Other titles in the series The Institute of Physics Conference Series regularly features papers presented at important conferences and symposia highlighting new developments in physics and related fields. Previous publications include: 180
Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials 2003 Papers presented at the Institute of Physics Conference, Cambridge, UK Edited by A G Cullis and P A Midgley
179
Electron Microscopy and Analysis 2003 Papers presented at the Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conference, Oxford, UK Edited by S McVitie and D McComb
177
Optical and Laser Diagnostics 2002 Papers presented at the First International Conference, London, UK Edited by C Arcoumanis and K T V Grattan
174
Compound Semiconductors 2002 Papers presented at the 29th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Lausanne, Switzerland Edited by M Ilegems, G Weimann and J Wagner
173
GROUP 24: Physical and Mathematical Aspects of Symmetries Papers presented at the 24th International Colloquium, Paris, France Edited by J-P Gazeau, R Kerner, J-P Antoine, S Métens and J-Y Thibon
172
Electron and Photon Impact Ionization and Related Topics 2002 Papers presented at the International Conference, Metz, France Edited by L U Ancarani
171
Physics of Semiconductors 2002 Papers presented at the 26th International Conference, Edinburgh, UK Edited by A R Long and J H Davies
170
Compound Semiconductors 2001 Papers presented at the 28th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Tokyo, Japan Edited by Y Arakawa, Y Hirayama, K Kishino and H Yamaguchi
169
Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials 2001 Papers presented at the 12th International Conference on Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials, Oxford, UK Edited by A G Cullis and J L Hutchison
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Electrostatics 2003
Proceedings of the Electrostatics Conference of the Institute of Physics held in Edinburgh, UK, 23–27 March 2003
Edited by Hywel Morgan
New York London
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published in 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016
Published in Great Britain by Taylor & Francis Group 2 Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-7503-0949-0 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-7503-0949-3 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www. taylorandfrancis.com
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Electrostatics is a diverse and expanding field with an ever increasing range of applications. This trend is reflected in this conference, the eleventh in a series that has continued to grow since its inception in 1967. For the first time, the conference was held as part of the Institute of Physics Congress, which this year was held in Edinburgh. The electrostatics conference attracted over 80 submissions, and was attended by well over 120 delegates. A large number of these papers were submitted for publication, and I am pleased to say that 58 papers made it through the refereeing process to appear in these proceedings. I shall be eternally grateful to all the reviewers who demonstrated such patience and diligence, and without whose help this proceedings would not have seen the light of day. A glance through the proceedings will bear testimony to the diversity of research and technology in modern electrostatics. The Bill Bright Memorial Lecture was given by Prof. T. B. Jones, University of Rochester. His talk on Electrostatics and the Lab on a Chip was also the plenary scientific talk of the Institute’s Congress. Prof. Jones’ obvious enthusiasm captivated the audience as he highlighted recent advances in the application of electrostatics in microsystems, particularly for the manipulation of fluids and particles. Several eminent speakers were invited to provide us with up to date reviews on their research. The first plenary lecture was given by Dr. Ulrich von Piddol of Physik Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany, on ignition hazards. He described the general issues associated with electrostatic detection and hazard prevention, focusing on fires caused by electrostatic discharges. Dr. Carol Livermore from MIT described how electrostatic machines operate on the micro-scale, and demonstrated how MEMS technology has lead to a new generation of electrostatic machines for micro-turbines and motors. Prof. Masao Washizu from Japan gave an illustrative talk showing how electrostatics can be applied on an even smaller scale to manipulate and hold single molecules of DNA. Prof. Antonio Castellanos provided a detailed insight into the effects of electric fields on fluids in micro-devices, where the scales are different and it is relatively easy to generate extremely high electric fields with only a few volts. Dr Jaakko Passi from VTT Industrial Systems, Finland presented an overview of ESD issues pertaining to the use of protective materials and garments routinely used in the electronics manufacturing and fabrication industry. Prof. Bill Greason from the University of Western Ontario gave an informative review of measurement methods in electrostatics. The conference was brought to a close with a lecture by Prof. Peter Castle from the University of Western Ontario who showed how electrostatics is ever present in our environment, from lighting conductors to complex electrostatic precipitators for recycling plastics. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the members of the organising committee and to the papers advisory committee for guidance and suggestions. I would like to thank Dr Jeremy Smallwood, the conference chairman for all his support and advice, Belinda Hopley of the Institute of Physics for ensuring that the conference ran smoothly and for organising the conference dinner, and to both Belinda and Geraldine Coyne for assistance in editing and compiling the proceedings. Once again, the conference lived up to expectations. The range of international attendees from industry and academia, came from as far a field as the USA and Japan, as well as the UK
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi and Europe. The equally wide range of excellent and stimulating papers, all demonstrate the continued international interest in electrostatics and its nearly ubiquitous practical relevance to the modern world. Finally, I would like to thank everyone who attended and contributed to making this conference such a memorable event.
Prof. Hywel Morgan Chair, Programme Committee
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface
v
Bill Bright Memorial Lecture Electrostatics and the lab on a chip TB Jones
1
Section 1: Hazards Electrostatic ignition hazards—occurrence, detection and prevention U von Pidoll
11
Ignition hazards associated with earthing and bonding of charged conductive objects K Schwenzfeuer and M Glor 19 An investigation of the electrostatic ignition risks associated with plastic coated metal G P Ackroyd and S Puttick 25 Flow electrification in transformers: sensor prototype for electrostatic hazard O Moreau, T Paillat and G Touchard
31
Explosibility of shredder dusts for electrical appliances M Nifuku, J Gatineau, C Barre, S Horiguchi, H Katoh and M Hatori
37
Section 2: MEMS and Applications Microscale electric induction machines for power applications C Livermore, A Forte, T Lyszczarz, S D Umans and J H Lang
45
Micro-machined variable capacitors for power generation P Miao, A S Holmes, E M Yeatman, T C Green and P D Mitcheson
53
Electrostatic charging of trigger actuated spray devices L F Gaunt and J F Hughes
59
Unipolar charging and contact discharging of insulating particles on the surface of a grounded electrode A Samuila, A Mihalcioiu, A Urs and L Dascalescu
65
The investigation of the ozone productivity of a new discharge type I Jenei, E Kiss and I Berta
71
Electrostatic forces on ion-charged toner particles D A Hays and J Q Feng
77
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Optimizing the process parameters of injection moulding to minimize the static charge of polypropylene test rod M Murtomaa, S Kankaanpää, J Nurmio, M Leino, J Mäkelä, P Järvelä, E Laine and 83 V-P Lehto Section 3: Bioelectrostatics Bio-nanotechnology of DNA based on electrostatic manipulation M Washizu
89
Electrorotation of dense colloidal suspension K W Yu, J P Huang and G Q Gu
95
The effect of disaccharides on the transport of lipophilic ions in cell membranes studied by electrorotation R Reuss, M Horbaschek, J M Endter, U Zimmermann and V L Sukhorukov 101 Cell sorting and separation using dielectrophoresis D Holmes and H Morgan
107
Dielectrophoretic transport and sorting of particles using an electrode micro-array B Malyan, J Kulon and W Balachandran
113
AC electrokinetic focussing in microchannels: micro- and nanoparticles H Morgan, D Holmes and N Green
119
Section 4: Measurements A wide bandwidth probe for electrostatic discharge measurements J M Smallwood and G L Hearn
125
Predicting the maximum voltages expected on inhabited cleanroom garments in practical use J N Chubb, P Holdstock and M Dyer
131
Contact charging method for the measurement of charge decay in electrostatic dissipative materials J Paasi, T Kalliohaka, T Luoma, R Ilmén and S Nurmi
137
A particle charge spectrometer for determining the charge and size of individual dust grains on Mars S Fuerstenau and G Wilson 143 Measurement of optical intensity and fluence generated by spark discharges J C Crager and M N Horenstein
149
Atmospheric ion spectra and the rate of voltage decay of an aspirated cylindrical capacitor K L Aplin
155
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ix Spray current dependence on flow rate and conductivity in cone-jet mode vacuum spraying K L Smith and J P W Stark
161
Visualization and particle image velocimetry measurements of electrically generated coherent structures in an electrostatic precipitator model J Mizeraczyk, M Kocik, J Dekowski, J Podliêski, T Ohkubo and S Kanazawa 167 Section 5: EHD & Numerical Modelling Electrohydrodynamics in microelectrode structures A Castellanos, A González, A Ramos, N G Green and H Morgan
175
Electrohydrodynamic atomization of viscous liquids A Jaworek, W Balachandran, A Krupa, J Kulon and W Machowski
181
Pumping of electrolytes using arrays of asymmetric pairs of microelectrodes subjected to ac voltages A Ramos, A González, A Castellanos, N G Green and H Morgan
187
Electrode polarisation, dielectrophoresis and electrorotation N G Green
193
Numerical simulation of fine particles charging and collection in an electrostatic precipitator with regular barbed electrodes L MDumitran, P Atten and D Blanchard
199
The numerical simulation of multi-field wire-plate electrostatic precipitators D Brocilo, J S Chang and R D Findlay
207
Numerical modelling of dielectrophoretic effect for sub-micron particles manipulation B Malnar, W Balachandran and F Cecelja 215 Modelling studies of charged particle interactions for a space application K L Aplin and V P Tarakanov
221
Analytical solutions of surface potential distribution on thin insulators having grounded backing conductor and their applications to electrostatic characterisation A Ohsawa and M Ohuchi 227 Towards an improvement of thermal modelling and mathematical deconvolution in FLIMM D Marty-Dessus, A Petre, L Berquez and J L Franceschi
233
Section 6: ESD Electrostatic testing of ESD-protective clothing for electronics industry J Paasi, S Nurmi, T Kalliohaka, G Coletti, F Guastavino, L Fast, A Nilsson, P Lemaire, J Laperre, C Vogel, J Haase, T Peltoniemi, G Reina, A Börjesson and J Smallwood 239 Assessment of ESD threats to electronic components and ESD control requirements J Smallwood and J Paasi
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
247
x Calorimetry in the detection of discharge events Z Kucerovsky, W D Greason and M Wm Flatley
253
Electrical circuit topologies for pulsed corona plasma generation K Yan, E J M van Heesch, P A A F Wouters, A J M Pemen and S A Nair
261
Martian Regolith simulant particle charging experiments at low pressures in the presence of corona fields F B Gross
267
Influence of an insulating flat plate on a DC surface corona discharge at various air relative humidities C Louste, E Moreau and G Touchard
273
Detachment and reattachment of a low velocity airflow along an inclined wall actively controlled by a low frequency square wave corona discharge A Labergue, L Leger, E Moreau, G Touchard and J P Bonnet 279 Surface corona discharge along an insulating flat plate in air applied to electrohydrodynamically airflow control: electrical properties E Moreau, G Artana and G Touchard
285
Optimized geometry of a corona electrode arrangement for water ozonization I Suarasan, R Morar, L Ghizdavu and L Dascalescu
291
Characterisation of ESD waveform and peak current from charged printed wiring board to ESD hand tools T Kalliohaka and J Paasi
297
The role of capacitance in corona-electrode arrangements C G Noll, N R Greene, S T Ashman and M A Catino
303
Section 7: Environment Electrostatics and the environment G S P Castle
309
Measurement methods in electrostatics applications: review and trends W D Greason
315
Pulsed arc discharges for water treatment and disinfection H Z Zastawny, H Romat, N Karpel Leitner and J S Chang
325
Electrostatic spray application of decontaminant agents onto the human body as a bioterrorism countermeasure: process development and evaluation S E Law, S C Cooper and M A Harrison
331
Atmospheric turbulence and surface atmospheric electricity observations R G Harrison
337
Dust particles removal by a novel two-stage electrostatic precipitator A Jaworek, A Krupa and K Adamiak
343
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xi Dust particle removal by wet-type electrostatic scrubber A Krupa, A Jaworek, T Czech, MLackowski and J Luckner
349
Expert system applications for electrostatic separation processes L Dascalescu, A Samuila, M Mihailescu, A Iuga and R Köhnlechner
355
Comparative analysis of computer-simulated and experimental sparking voltage of the wire-plate system Z Dudzicz 361 Decomposition of diesel particulate materials and nitric oxides using a dielectric barrier discharge Y Yamagata, T Matsui, T Ebihara and K Muraoka 367 Questions and Answers
© 2004 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
373
1
Electrostatics and the Lab on a Chip T B Jones University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14625, USA Abstract. At the heart of the laboratory on a chip are chemical or biochemical probes designed to detect specific molecules or reaction products. For these probes to perform their function, a microfluidic “plumbing system” is needed to accept samples, then manipulate, dispense, and distribute tiny liquid volumes on the chip. The most promising mechanisms for handling such small quantities of liquid, from microliters down to tens of picoliters, are all electrostatic, e.g., electrocapillarity, electroconvection, electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, and dielectrophoresis. Despite years of study of these effects, the body of existing work is an imperfect guide to their effective exploitation in microfluidic applications. Attempts to harness electrostatic forces in structures κm and κp2