Electra and the Empty Urn: Metatheater and Role Playing in Sophocles

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Electra and the Empty Urn : Metatheater and Role Playing in Sophocles Ringer, Mark. University of North Carolina Press 0807823910 9780807823910 9780807864135 English Sophocles--Technique, Greek drama (Tragedy)--History and criticism, Electra (Greek mythology) in literature, Mythology, Greek, in literature, Role playing in literature, Sophocles.--Electra, Drama--Technique. 1998 PA4417.R56 1998eb 882 Sophocles--Technique, Greek drama (Tragedy)--History and criticism, Electra (Greek mythology) in literature, Mythology, Greek, in literature, Role playing in literature, Sophocles.--Electra, Drama--Technique.

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Electra and the Empty Urn Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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The University of North Carolina Press | Chapel Hill and London Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Electra and the Empty Urn Metatheater and Role Playing in Sophocles Mark Ringer

Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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© 1998 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Designed by April Leidig-Higgins Set in Electra and Kadmos Greek by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ringer, Mark. Electra and the empty urn : metatheater and role playing in Sophocles / by Mark Ringer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8078-2391-0 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-8078-497-x (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. SophoclesCriticism and interpretation. 2. Greek drama (Tragedy)History and criticism. 3. Electra (Greek mythology ) in literature. 4. Mythology. Greek, in literature. 5. Sophocles KnowledgeTheater. 6. Role playing in literature. 7. Sophocles. Electra. 8. DramaTechnique. I. Title. 97-24548 PA4417. R56 1998 CIP 02 01 00 99 98 5 4 3 2 1 Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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For my wife, Barbara, my father, Gordon, and most of all, for the memory of my mother, Professor Virginia Hartt Ringer,

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Contents

Preface

ix

1 Introduction

1

1

Polus and the Urn

7

Metatheater and the Greeks 2 Politics, Sophism, and Deception

Thucydides, Pisistratus, and Solon

Gorgias

21

21

27

3 Ajax: The Staging of a Hero

31

4 Trachiniae: Staging a Double Hero

51

5 The Theban Plays: Illusion into Reality

67

Antigone

Oedipus Tyrannus

Oedipus at Colonus

68

78

90

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6 Philoctetes: Roles within Roles, Plays within a Play

101

7 Electra

127

127

Prologue

146

Electra and the Eccyclema of Logos

152

Chrysothemis and Clytemnestra

161

Lying Words

172

Undanceable Shames: Electra Rewrites Her Play

185

Small Dust in a Little Urn: Nothing into Nothing

199

The Unshakable Hounds Notes

213

Bibliography

235

Index

247

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Index A Abel, Lionel, 1112; Metatheatre, 11 Acropolis, 91 Acting: Sophocles and, 56; Electra and, 150 Actors: role-playing-within-the-role, ix, 8, 30, 214 (n. 21); three-actor rule in tragedy, ixx, 10, 92, 93; as celebrities, 12; and method acting, 23; as super-numerarics, 10; casting configuration in Oedipus at Colonus, 10, 9293; role doubling, 1011, 93; casting configuration in Ajax, 4748; casting configuration in Trachiniae, 52; casting configuration in Antigone, 7374, 131; casting configuration in Oedipus Tyrannus, 8182, 131; casting configuration in Philoctetes, 122, 131; casting configuration in Electra, 13132; and tragic masks, 19596 Aeschines, 69 Aeschylus, 162; influence on Sophocles, 6, 7; file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20S...sta/Nova%20pasta/0807823910/files/page_247.html (1 of 4) [26-01-2009 23:53:37]

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Eumenides, 3435, 45, 95, 119, 221 (n. 24); Prometheus Bound, 39; Oresteia, 39, 95, 129, 177, 203, 217 (n. 25); Suppliants, 94; Seven Against Thebes, 94, 133; Choephoroi, 130, 13839, 143, 156, 191, 227 (n. 43); Agamemnon, 136, 177, 202, 2078; Septem, 225 (n. 13); and deus ex machina, 23132 (n. 88) Alcibiades, 102 American National Theater, 217 (n. 10) Apate, 27, 41, 4243, 8687, 103 Arete, 39, 42, 61, 69, 105, 12223, 180 Argos, 133 Aristocratic class, 151 Aristophanes, 106, 182; and deus ex machina, 122, 23132 (n. 88); Frogs, 132; Birds, 212; Acharnians, 219 (n. 6) Aristotle: on Sophocles, 6, 10, 101; on conventions of tragedy, 8, 79, 86, 196, 207; Rhetoric, 1012; Poetics, 196, 22930 (n. 61); complaints with Electra, 22930 (n. 61) Arnott, Peter D.: Public and Performance in the Greek Theatre, 1516, 230 (n. 67) Athenian Empire, 22, 23, 69, 90 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20S...sta/Nova%20pasta/0807823910/files/page_247.html (2 of 4) [26-01-2009 23:53:37]

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Athens, 26; Peloponnesian War and, 22, 91, 103, 110, 211, 227 (n. 44); Ajax and, 46; Antigone and, 68, 78; Oedipus Tyrannus and, 78; plague of 420s in, 78; as setting for tragedy, 90; Oedipus at Colonus and 90, 9192, 95, 97, 98, 99; politics of, 1012, 103; democracy in, 102, 205; Philoctetes and, 110 ; Electra and, 167, 205, 211, 227 (n. 44) Audiences, 14, 8687, 172 Audience-within-the-play ("internal audience"), 89; in Ajax, 9, 34, 4849, 53, 84; in Trachiniae, 9, 53, 54, 58, 84; in Oedipus Tyrannus, 9, 54, 84 B Bain, David, 15 Bassi, Karen Lee: "Euripides and the Poetics of Deception," 214 (n. 36) Batchelder, Ann G.: The Seal of Orestes, 18, 228 (n. 57), 231 (n. 77) Beckerman, Bernard, 14 Beckett, Samuel, 11; Endgame, 89 Bers, Victor, 222 (n. 18) Bierl, A. F.: Dionysos und die griechische Tragödie, 16, 219 (n. 10) Brecht, Bertolt: Caucasian Chalk Circle, 7 Burian, Peter, 96 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20S...sta/Nova%20pasta/0807823910/files/page_247.html (3 of 4) [26-01-2009 23:53:37]

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C Cacoyannis, Michael, 233 (n. 107) Calderwood, James, 1213 Casting: three-actor rule in tragedy, ixx, 10, 92, 93; in Oedipus at Colonus, 10, Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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9293, role doubling, 1011, 93; in Ajax, 4748; in Trachiniae, 52; in Antigone, 7374, 131; in Oedipus Tyrannus, 8182, 131; in Philoctetes, 122, 131; in Electra, 13132 Chorus: as internal audience, 9; self-referentiality in, 9, 43; in Ajax, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 55, 77, 119, 182; in Trachiniae, 43, 54, 55, 5657, 62, 77, 18283; in Antigone, 43, 76, 77, 182, 183; in Oedipus Tyrannus, 43, 77, 8790, 12728, 182, 183, 22021 (n. 20); in Electra, 43, 153, 156, 177, 18182, 18384, 199200, 203; in Philoctetes, 11112, 11516, 11920, 223 (n. 25) Cook, Albert, 228 (n. 54) Corrigan, Robert, 226 (nn. 28, 33) D Death scenes, 4647 Democracy, 102 Democritus, 7 Demosthenes, 69 Derrida, Jacques, 216 (n. 27) Deus ex machina: in Philoctetes, 104, 12122, 123, 124, 224 (n. 39), 23132 (n. 88);

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Electra and, 193; in Ajax, 216 (n. 4), 23132 (n. 88) De Wet. B. X., 227 (n. 44) Didaskalos: playwright as, 8, 33, 68, 1067, 132 Dionysia, City, 24, 135 Dionysia, Greater, 228 (n. 54) Dionysus, Theater of, 5455, 91, 167, 227 (n. 49) E Easterling, P. E., 65, 21415 (n. 40), 219 (n. 19), 22930 (n. 61) Edmunds, Lowell: Theatrical Space and Historical Place in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, 18 Egan, Robert G., 22829 (n. 59) Else, Gerald, 25, 26 Errandonea, Ignacio, 224 (n. 36) Euripides, 145, 162, 195, 211; Trojan Women, 15; Orestes, 17, 102, 218 (n. 6), 224 (n. 39), 227 (n. 45), 233 (n. 108); and sophism, 30; Phoenician Women, 92, 94; Suppliants, 94; Children of Heracles, 94, 221 (n. 24); and deus ex machina, 122, 193, 22132 (n. 88); Helen, 14142; Electra, 191, 227 (n. 43); Hippolytus, 202 Bacchae, 30, 102, 231 (n. 81); Pentheus in, 10, 17, 77, 136, 188, 218 (n. 13), 227 (n. 51); role doubling in, 10, 82, 218 (n. 13); metatragedy in, 18, 188; and Thebes, 133 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20S...sta/Nova%20pasta/0807823910/files/page_248.html (2 of 4) [26-01-2009 23:53:38]

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F Falk, Eugene H., 22425 (n. 6) "False reversal," 18283 Fergusson, Francis, 22021 (n. 20) Film noir, 202 Four Hundred: oligarchy of, 1012 Fraenkel, Eduard, 143 Furnish, Shearle, 213 (n. 16) G Gellie, G. H.: on Ajax, 3536, 41; on Trachiniae, 5859, 65; on Electra, 156, 189 Gellius, Aulus: Attic Nights, 14 Gentili, Bruno, 16, 130, 221 (n. 31) Geras, 39 Goldhill, Simon, 16 Gorgias the Sophist, x; on "deception" in tragedy, 2728, 30, 41; On Nature, 28, 216 (n. 27); on logos, 2829, 21516 (n. 21); Encomium of Helen, 29, 216 (n. 27) Greek National Theatre, 220 (n. 17) Greek tragedy. See Tragedy Greengard, Carola, 222 (n. 12), 223 (n 21) Grene, David, 71

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Grote, Dale Allan, 151, 226 (n. 39) H Halleran, Michael R.: Stagecraft in Euripides, 15 Haslam, M. W., 225 (n. 11) Heiden, Bruce: on Trachiniae, 62, 14546, 218 (n. 1), 219 (n. 19); on Electra, 146; on self-conscious rhetoric, 149, 21415 (n. 40) Heracles: myth of, 65 Herodotus, 24, 27, 221 (n. 25) Hogan, John T., 215 (n. 2) Homer, 15; Iliad, 46; Odyssey, 129, 22930 (n. 61) Hornby, Richard, 1314, 214 (n. 21) Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Hubert, Judd D., 15051 Huizinga, Johan, 216 (n. 27) I "Illusion" and "elusion," 15051 Intertextual reference, 94 Irony, dramatic, 6768 J Jebb, R. C., 213 (n. 11); on Trachiniae, 65; on Oedipus Tyrannus, 78; on Oedipus at Colonus, 93; on Electra, 129, 192; on Ajax, 216 (n. 4); on Philoctetes, 223 (n. 25) Johnston, Brian, 93 K Kabuki theater, 14 Kaibel, Georg, 228 (n. 59) Kairos, 29, 225 (n. 16), 23132 (n. 88) Kamerbeek, J. C., 216 (n. 4), 22021 (n. 20) Kells, J. H., 141, 193 Kirkwood, Gordon M., 92, 231 (n. 73) Knox, Bernard, 88 Kott, Jan, 124 L Language:

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metatheatrical, 9, 204; Thucydides on corruption of, 2223, 2930, 160, 215 (n. 2); rhetoric and, 28; Gorgias the Sophist and, 2930; Ajax and, 39; Electra and, 105, 12930, 144, 14849, 15758, 160, 17174, 17778, 198, 204, 206. See also Logos Lattimore, Richmond, 224 (n. 36) Lattimore, Steven, 220 (n. 17) Lawcourts, 26 Leinieks, Valdis, 225 (nn. 8, 17) Lesky, Albin, 5 Liddell, Henry George, 182, 232 (n. 90) Linforth, Ivan M., 122 Logos: Gorgias on indeterminacy of, 2829; meanings of, 54; words and language, Electra and, 105, 12930, 144, 14849, 15758, 160, 17174, 17778, 198, 204, 206; and ergon, in Electra, 11819, 129, 130, 141, 14849, 225 (n. 8) Lucas, D. W., 22930 (n. 61) M Masks, tragic, 1011, 19596 Mastronarde, Donald J., 216 (n. 4) Menander, 16; Aspis, 142 Messenger scenes, 16465, 185, 22930 (n. 61) Metatheater: Sophocles and, ix, x, 5, 9, 18, 2122, 24, 67; definitions of, ix, 12, 16, 130, 221 (n. 31);

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Electra and, x, 45, 18, 103, 128, 13031, 146, 152, 157, 182, 185, 18990, 199, 212; Shakespeare and, x, 5, 1213, 18; Philoctetes and, x, 22, 103, 104; Ajax and, x, 3132, 43, 4445, 49, 66; Trachiniae and, x, 51, 5253, 66, 81; forms of, 79, 1112, 13, 21; effects of, 1314; and appearance versus reality, 6768; Antigone and, 70, 72; Oedipus Tyrannus and, 80, 8889, 90; Oedipus at Colonus and, 9495; messenger scenes and, 185 Metatheatrical criticism, x, 7, 11, 21314 (n. 19) Method acting, 23 Molière: Le bourgeois gentilhomme, 21 Moore, John, 216 (n. 5) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus: G Minor String Quintet, 211 Murray, Gilbert, 224 (n. 1) N New Comedy, 16, 142, 197 Noh drama, 195 O Oedipus: myth of, 68 O'Higgins, Dolores, 46 Old comedy, 16 Orestes: myth of, 5, 128, 129, 163, 199

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P Padel, Ruth, 232 (n. 94) Peloponnesian War, 78; effects on ethics and language, 2223, 160, 211; Oedipus at Colonus and, 91; Philoctetes and, 103, 110; Electra and, 127, 140, 160, 173, 211, 227 (n. 44) "Perception": as theme, 13 Performance criticism, 15 Pericles, 78, 92 Phrynichus: The Capture of Miletus, 221 (n. 25) Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 216 (n. 4) Pindar, 228 (n. 54); Epinecian odes, 43 Pirandello, Luigi, 11 Pisander, 101, 102 Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Pisistratus, 2425, 27 Pity, 79 Plato, 25, 27, 128; Protagoras, 29; Republic, 1067, 132, 207 Plautus, Titus Maccius, 16, 17, 72 Play-within-the-play, 7, 9, 1617; in Ajax, 34, 35, 37, 48; in Philoctetes, 11213; in Electra, 16263, 165, 170, 17374, 176, 188 Playwright: as didaskalos, 8, 33, 1067, 132 Playwright/director-within-the-play ("internal playwright"), 8, 1112; in Electra, 17, 18, 132, 13637, 157, 169; in Ajax, 33, 87, 103; in Antigone, 76; in Oedipus Tyrannus, 81, 85, 87; in Philoctetes, 1034, 107, 122, 132, 222 (n. 12) Plutarch: on Sophocles, 67; on Pisistratus and Solon, 2425, 26; De Gloria Atheniensium, 27; on Gorgias the Sophist, 27, 30 Poe, Joe Park, 36, 37, 48 Politics, 132; Gorgias the Sophist and, x; theater and, 24, 25, 30;

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Pisistratus and Solon and, 2425, 2627; Ajax and, 39; Sophocles and, 1013; Philoctetes and, 102, 103 Polus, 14, 189 Pound, Ezra, 51 Probouloi, 102 Pythian games, 138, 228 (n. 54) R Racine, Jean: Phaedra, 150 Reality-versus-appearance motif, 6768, 183 Rehm, Rush, 16 Reinhardt, Karl: on Ajax, 42; on Ajax and Trachiniae, 61; on Antigone, 71; on Oedipus Tyrannus, 83, 85; on Oedipus at Colonus, 96, 97; on Philoctetes, 106; on Electra, 148, 180, 228 (n. 55) Reissman, Leon, 147 Rhetoric, 28 Righter, Anne: Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play, 12 Role doubling, 1011; in Bacchae, 10, 82, 218 (n. 13); in Oedipus at Colonus, 10, 9293; in Ajax, 4748;

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in Trachiniae, 52; in Antigone, 7374, 131; in Oedipus Tyrannus, 8182, 131; in Philoctetes, 122, 131; in Electra, 13132 Role playing, literal, ixx, 8 Role-playing-within-the-role ("internal actor"), ix, 8, 30, 214 (n. 21); in Ajax, 4243, 61; in Trachimiae, 61; in Philoctetes, 103, 104, 1056, 114, 119; in Electra, 103, 140, 150, 151, 163 Roman comedy, 16 S Schlegel, August Wilhelm, 9 Scott, Robert, 182, 232 (n. 90) Scale, David, 83; Vision and Stagecraft in Sophocles, 18; on Ajax, 34, 21617 (n. 7); on Trachiniae, 53, 55; on Electra, 142, 161, 231 (n. 81); on Philoctetes, 222 (n. 12) Segal, Charles, 6; "Visual Symbolism and Visual Effect in Sophocles," 17; on Bacchae, 17, 18, 30, 188, 231(n. 181); on Electra, 17, 129, 18889, 231 (n. 81); on "metatragedy," 1718; on Ajax, 42, 46, 217 (n. 26); on Oedipus Tyrannus, 87, 22021 ( n. 20); on Oedipus at Colonus, 97; file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/Nidia%20S...sta/Nova%20pasta/0807823910/files/page_250.html (3 of 4) [26-01-2009 23:53:39]

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on Philoctetes, 222 (n. 14) Self-referentiality, theatrical, 78, 22; Sophocles and, 5, 9, 11, 22, 30, 18283; Shakespeare and, 12; Greek tragedy and, 15; Trachiniae and, 51; choruses and, 18283 Sellars, Peter, 217 (nn. 10, 17) Setting, 9091 Shakespeare, William, 232 (n . 93); and metatheater, x, 5, 1213, 18; A Mid-summer Night's Dream, 9; The Tempest, 125, 199; Macbeth, 140; Julius Caesar, 179; Sophocles' Electra and, 180, 204; The Merchant of Venice, 219 (n. 6); Henry V, 224 (n. 37); King Lear, 22829 (n. 59) Hamlet, 81, 107, 150; Sophocles' Electra and, 5, 140, 165; play-within-the-play in, 7, 9, 165; and metatheater, 11 Sheppard, J. T., 232 (n. 91) Shucard, Stephen C., 224 (n. 36) Skenographia, 6, 91 Slater, Niall, 1617 Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Smith, Craig, 225 (n. 16) Socrates, 27, 29 Solon, 2526 Sophists, 30, 128 Sophocles: and metatheatricality, ix, x, 5, 9, 18, 2122, 24, 67; and role-playing-within-the-role, ix, 30; and three-actor rule, ixx, 10, 92; and theatrical self-referentiality, 5, 9, 11, 22, 30, 18283; and acting, 56; and skenographia, 6; influence of Aeschylus on, 6, 7; Aristotle on, 6, 10, 101; death of, 6, 99; development as dramatist, 67; as didaskalos, 8; and play-within-the-play, 9; traditional critical view of, 18, 190; and truth and deception, 27; and dramatic irony, 6768; elected to generalship, 68, 78; and theatrical setting, 9091; public veneration of, 97; sons' lawsuit against, 9798; and Oedipus at Colonus, 9798, 99; and Athenian politics, 1013 Ajax, 3149;

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metatheatricality in, x, 3132, 43, 4445, 49, 66; audience-within-the-play in, 9, 34, 4849, 53, 84; date of composition, 31, 217 (n. 25); playwright-within-the-play in, 33, 87, 103; play-within-the-play in, 34, 35, 37, 48; and Aeschylus' Eumenides, 3435, 45; and instability of friendships, 38, 41; and language, 39; suicide of Ajax in, 4142, 44, 4547, 206, 21718 (n. 28); role-playing-within-the-role in, 4243, 61; Chorus in, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 55, 77, 119, 182; messenger scene in, 4344, 138; and Homer's Iliad, 46; and Athens, 46, 167; casting configuration in, 4748; Trachiniae and, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, 66; "diptych" structure, 52, 73; stage tyranny in, 70; Oedipus Tyrannus and, 87; Philoctetes and, 103, 104, 109; Atreidae in, 109, 208; Electra and, 206, 208; deus ex machina in, 216 (n. 4), 23132 (n. 88) Antigone, 6878; illusion-versus-reality motif, x, 68; and death of Sophocles, 6; Chorus in, 43, 76, 77, 182, 183; "diptych" structure, 52, 73, 74; Trachiniae and, 53;

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date of composition, 68; and Athens, 68, 78; and generalship of Sophocles, 68, 78; and tyranny, 6869, 70, 74, 7879, 80, 81, 136; Creon's "ship of state" speech, 6970, 83; metatheatricality in, 70, 72; casting configuration in, 7374, 131; Thebes in, 74, 133; playwright-within-the-play in, 76; Oedipus Tyrannus and, 7879, 80, 81, 8283; Oedipus at Colonus and, 94, 95; Philoctetes and, 1045; Electra and, 130, 17980, 208, 209; "Ode to Man" in, 173 Electra, 127212; metatheatricality in, x, 45, 18, 103, 128, 13031, 146, 152, 157, 182, 185, 18990, 199, 212; Polus as actor in, 12, 4, 189; empty urn in, 2, 45, 17, 128, 139, 156, 185, 18789, 191, 192; and Shakespeare's Hamlet, 5, 140, 165; playwright-within-the-play in, 17, 18, 132, 13637, 157, 169; and Euripides' Bacchae, 17, 188, 227 (n. 51), 231 (n. 81); moral decay and social background for, 22, 127, 128, 211; trickery theme in, 23, 106, 13738, 140, 152, 170; Chorus in, 43, 153, 156, 177, 18182, 18384, 199200, 203; prophecies of Aegisthus at end of, 65, 123; opening speech of Paedagogus, 91, 105, 13236; and Philoctetes, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 11819, 137; role-playing-within-the-role in, 103, 140, 150, 151, 163; and words and language, 105, 12930, 144, 14849, 15758, 160, 17174, 17778, 198, 204, 206;

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and distinction of logos and ergon, 11819, 129, 130, 141, 14849, 225 (n. 8); and Sophocles as dramatist, 127, 128, 12930; and Peloponnesian War, 127, 140, 160, 173, 211, 227 (n. 44); as tragedy about tragedy, 128; and Orestes myth, 128, 129, 130, 163, 199, 212; date of composition, 128, 142; and Oedipus Tyrannus, 128, 182; "Homeric" and "ironic" interpretations of, 12829; and Aeschylus' Choephoroi, 130, 13839, 143, 156; Electra and Chrysothemis in, 130, 152, 15355, 17881; and Antigone, 130, 17980, 208, 209; casting configuration in, 13132; Argos Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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as setting for, 133, 148; and Euripides' Helen, 14142; rhetorical style of Electra in, 14649, 15960; Electra and Clytemnestra in, 14748, 15152, 15561, 165, 17677, 200202; and "illusion" and "elusion," 15051; false-messenger speech on death of Orestes, 16175, 177, 22930 (n 61); play-within-the-play in, 16263, 165, 170, 17374, 176, 188; and Athens, 167, 205, 211, 227 (n. 44); death of Aegisthus in, 17778, 20811; recognition scene of Electra and Orestes, 178, 19092, 231 (n. 81); and Euries, 184, 211, 231 (n. 75); and deus ex machina, 193; and tragic masks, 19596; death of Clytemenstra in, 199203; and Aeschylus' Agamemnon, 202, 2078; and Ajax, 206, 208; Aristotle's complaints with, 22930 (n. 61); and Euripides' Orestes, 233 (n. 108) Oedipus at Colonus, 9099; and appearance versus reality, x, 94, 9697; casting configuration in, 10, 9293; moral decay and social back-ground for, 22; date of composition, 68; and Athens, 90, 9192, 95, 97, 98, 99; and Sophocles as dramatist, 93, 9798, 99, 102, 127; and Antigone, 94, 95; and Oedipus Tyrannus, 9495;

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metatheatricality in, 9495 Oedipus Tyrannus, 7890; and appearance versus reality, x, 83, 8586; audience-within-the-play in, 9, 54, 84; moral decay and social background for, 22, 78, 12728; Chorus in, 43, 77, 8790, 12728, 182, 183, 22021 (n. 20); date of composition, 68, 78; and Athens, 78; and Thebes, 78, 133; and tyranny, 7879, 80, 81; and Antigone, 7879, 80, 81, 8283; metatheatricality in, 80, 8889, 90; playwright-within-the-play in, 81, 85, 87; casting configuration in, 8182, 131; and theater audience, 8384, 8687, 182, 220 (n. 15); and Ajax, 87; Oedipus at Colonus and, 94, 95; Electra and, 128, 182 Philoctetes, 10125; moral decay and social background for, 22; demigod Heracles in, 33, 114, 117, 118, 12223, 124; Lemnos as setting for, 91, 104, 105; prize won by, 102; and political allegory, 102, 103; Electra and, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 11819, 137; and Sophocles as dramatist, 102, 124, 125; role-playing-within-the-role in, 103, 104, 1056, 114, 119; and Ajax, 103, 104, 109; and deception theme, 103, 106, 10712, 116, 121;

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and Peloponnesian War, 103, 110; playwright-within-the-play in, 1034, 107, 122, 132, 222 (n. 12); deus ex machina in, 104, 12122, 123, 124, 224 (n. 39), 23132 (n. 88); Chorus in, 11112, 11516, 11920, 223 (n. 25); play-within-the-play in, 11213; casting configuration in, 122, 131; and Shakespeare's Tempest, 125; messenger scene, 138; rhetoric of Odysseus in, 149 Trachiniae, 5166; metatheatricality in, x, 51, 5253, 66, 81; audience-within-the-play in, 9, 53, 54, 58, 84; Chorus in, 43, 54, 55, 5657, 62, 77, 18283; Pound's translation of, 51; and Ajax, 51, 52, 55, 58, 61, 66; casting configuration in, 52; "diptych" structure, 52, 73; and Antigone, 53; opening speech of Deianeira, 5354, 14546, 218 (n. 1); messenger scenes, 5556, 59, 60, 138; ceremony-within-the-play in, 58; role-playing-within-the-role in, 61; and theater audience, 6566 Sparta, 98 Stanford, W. B., 37, 216 (n. 4) Stanislavski, Constantine, 2 Strasberg, Lee, 2 Supernumerary actors, 10 Suppliant dramas, 94, 96

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T Taafe, Lauren Kathleen: "Gender, Deception, and Metatheatre in Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae," 214 (n. 29) Talma, François-Joseph, 3 Taplin, Oliver, 27, 187, 220 (n. 18), 222 (n. 16), 232 (n. 90); Greek Tragedy Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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in Action, 15; The Stagecraft of Aeschylus, 15 Technology: and theater, 14 Terence, 16 Theban Plays, 68 Thebes, 133 Thespis, 9, 2526 Thucydides, 92, 14041; on corruption of language, 2223, 2930, 160, 215 (n. 2) Tragedy, 232 (n. 94); three-actor rule in, ixx, 10, 92, 93; metatheatricality in, 5, 9, 11, 15; Sophocles and, 5, 10, 18, 199; tragedies about, 5, 128; and mythology, 9, 130; and politics, 24, 102; Gorgias the Sophist on, 2728, 30, 41; Ajax and, 32, 36, 37, 4243; Aristotle and, 58, 79, 86, 196, 207; theater audience and, 86; and social criticism, 90; Plato and, 1067, 207; messenger scenes, 16465 "Tragic" emotions, 58, 79, 86 Tragic poets, 33, 68, 1067, 132 Tyrannos, 78, 80, 81 Tyrtaeus, 230 (n. 68)

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V Verdenius, W. J., 28, 29 Verdi, Giuseppe: Falstaff, 93; Otello, 93 Vickers, Brian, 227 (n. 51), 230 (n. 72) Vickers, Michael, 222 (n. 8) Vita, 5, 213 (n. 3) Volanakis, Minos, 220 (n. 17) W Wakefield Master, 213 (n. 16) Waldock, A. J. A., 129 Walton, J. Michael, 16, 217 (n. 9) Wasserman, Felix, 23 Webster, T. B. L., 223 (n. 25) Whitman, Cedric: on Trachiniae, 61; and arete, 61, 69, 1222; and Philoctetes, 122; on Electra, 129, 179, 2023, 230 (nn. 68, 69), 23132 (n. 88) Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Tycho von, 22223 (n. 20), 228 (n. 59) Wilshire, Bruce: Role Playing and Identity, 14 Wilson, Edmund, 104 Winkler, John: Nothing to Do with Dionysos?, 16 Winnington-Ingram, R. P., 117, 129, 160, 231 (n. 75) Woodard, Thomas, 12930, 141 Words. See Language; Logos

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Worthen, William B., 214 (n. 23) Z Zeitlin, Froma, 17; Nothing to Do with Dionysos?, 16 Zimmermann, Bernhard, 224 (n. 39) Start of Citation[PU]University of North Carolina Press[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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