This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Why the Uilitotl Stat« C.,pitul huil, with" dome" A,. parti cul,,, imtance of thc form We might ,.11 "monumental domed building," the Unit, ed S",,", C,ri'oI hoclong' to, venerable d,,, of "'"Ctme< , Thi. d,s> includ", Hod,i,o', P.,n,h."n in Rome. Cons.,ntine·, An,st.,i, Rotund, in Jom>alem, Ju,tini,n', ,hurch of Hagi. Sorhi. in Constantinople, Mi,hdangdo's ,,",_ Pc· to'" Ih,ili "" in R"mc, Wren', St. Pou l', Cothed .. 1in London, and M,m"rt', dlUrch of I "" I",·.,Ii.,," 'ort hi",o ,y in th" ' 97< " building ')'1'" th." hu, ,".. mified in ""'era l d iffc«nt di'«o'ion" 'hr Rom. " bo tlt . by CO"tr~ ... h.. ,,0 Si\eh continuou> tradi,ion. On" g_ "i,io~ , ;"",. Ao, iqui, y, n,i." tbe older - tr,,,"ni ,,ion" I""'I,,-"< » ;,1 !I\< " ' Ithy pi,,, ,nei, tomb; worn e ",he, impOrlon t f'O,"'n might w. nt to emul,.o ce nturie, iate,. Thi, i, the P''''pe ", ""fry it f, ,,hu. R"c~pt ion th,n ry therefore « mccrn, i""lf wi,h 'he ,qu;,,,', pe'" j" church. I" • ""'",I)' <nofmoo,ly '''1>lie Ch,i.«i.n; ,y '" e"comp'" ooh ,he F.;th and the Empire, while .t the .. m" .ime mo,fo,min): "'>lh. Some ••peelS of p,imi,ive ChristianilY .nd nf .he impe.;.1 ilk. We.e inc';IODly .""ndoned in .he r ">r an .....ga"i«",;oo, i, thr "n. "'flockootc. Uk were 0' t""cd con,iS!entiy. Il i ~· rd alj"llships, nur d o dll:y rd ah: to the a n istic me rit or si,t::nifican ce o f thl' b uildi n,t::. for that arises :mcw in each ac· tLI:ili ;wtio n IIf a fo rm. The mCJning~ ,ITC: I'ery much of an a prinri n,lI L1 rC in th at t h ~·y jlo int Illward;l higher n llltrnl, lOw;lrd;l spc.:cinc Cf.lIlt cst\laliz(·d .l~· soc iatinn of ideas. III tilt: Midd k· AJ.i e~ . mC:ln ing parti cipated in the making (I f a \\" ,rk uf an to .. icc, or. now ,v.il· .bl e . on"" that no long., I"rl.kc oft h•• ph .,e ofth •• rti,tic.' l:lc"Us< of the in",umemal ,haracter uf ,hese -.i~nifying" and "rneon· ing" fottn" ,he imcractiun of the bdwld.. wi,h the wurk of art was hardly a noi,'e une. Rother, 'he OOser .. r originally engaged in an .ct." of the meaoing co", .. ,h . for •• 11 the d ••1tly. The work of art Derome' the "m"tJphoric.1 circumlocution of, taboo' (Worn" t9IW. " For 'he Middle Age •. the coneept that "on ideo .. kes precede",c over the con _ crote char. cter of. vi,ual fcpre""o"tion" (Hegel) w" "i ll ch>rged wirh cf. fico'ol >Tt sctm. to be pullod .c[('so the bo"kr be,w""n 'he twO b)' historic.1 e,'en" and Je"ciofHTlents, either back to the ma~';c, ohjoct_bound ,rt hy newly >Tri"ing peo[>loo (m.inl)' h)' the Ger_ m,nic propl«)" Or forward through g 1lI
II . . " " H ' "
0 .
"' . . ~,~"'~ AOCli'Tl CTU " ,
M< ,here for "oo;,«tu,,1 PU'POleJ, wi,h contriv.d oonmuctions' (Hobsch ,8,S), Sime the h hocn to d;m;n.1t. , u,h cr;teri, "' color. orn,ment>tion. , nd column pattern. ;n o,do' to obta;n, "pure ' building. As .th;,, ]]), ,nd "ti"i-p'"'" of the picture to on. am.. he,. The o\>. ",,'er e.porH:: nct. the picturo ,wt through the lugio of oompMi,on wit)' • mood but through the picture'. imm«liate odd,u, to hi, "inne, .. If: which «.pond. to colo" .nd ;hof'!ion of the m>!erial _ the intellectual pmce .. ofinlCg"lting the d · <menU into the .p«u!otive structure of m •• ning......,voked the tran'position .,nd t'ming of ,Il" p,imitive_ It w" " hon,,)' from the ,--me,"";ng w", alluwed to ;hi,,~ forth. ond ph)"'icol ,u~tancc wo • • llowed to be: fo rj;OIton . Whil e me,llo,".]!,,,,,],]e e"I'''ri~''c ",p,«" in 'hi ' k nS!: wo< n"', .'"~>"' •• '~~lOUO OllJ() I"!J~'"W 'UO)O .i'!I"nb ;'~ l llu!H'J'U"" "Iftmw=. "''''' "'I" "I'>O~ '(K:IA;' J01I""!A) . ""om ".-0 \J~\OJ~' '! q'!~,,, len,!,!d, 0 '" WJO) ~4'" :)1"'1! ," ~.,(>J 1"!"l"W I'"~I' ~']I 4"'1'" 'I'!'" . ~U!~,ol>" liO"'1\\' .1""1". 0, UO!'»uuo, < J!nh" '''"um ."," ~~J 'l:lno,'1' puc '"~'u"" 1"!"lCW 1 0U!~!'O )~, U! p->, ''1')0 ,Ym,,! ,~, lllO'''I ,nq (6.:6.6, n.bwvo,~) .'">ill."O" I" , m,1 'P,,",,!wnll ! P'" [,-"ol1 , nll' AII"nb;, "'!u"'lJ>w I'u~ " !'C" 'w,!,
ple,.ly .Iien eul,ure., 1V;1' enrollnt.. od in hi'lOri •• 1 document lIe"n claimed that the mood rA' the 1"li." Ron,;".nc. doe, not . uffice to exphin ,he.. e.. Iipb in the .pl"'a •• ncc or form, (hat are 'imilar til th ..... of cul tmes of the po>!: that of """lld, in growth , The ide. of growth impli"" that the >r t of. ["'''pie 0'" region i"n organi.m that thon exhibits, devolopm.nt f'om o.,d!O h["...,m "nd eventuall ), declines to deCly. Wh"n thi, m(~ld is . w I"' ,ollcl in growth hut with 0 "'n«iou. intl a,«p' ,ha, it w,,' truly bclined that the copy did indccJ ",p",Jucc 'he building on which it w;o. ""-,, Ided. The notion of , copy. thefefore, must h,,,, f>rati,-dy unified 'pP"',,,mc ("' Ie",.,. f,. os the Middle Age, arc comern«I). ,nd '" the)' will bc Ire"e" "'["""ei)' r""" th"", th" exp''''' the hi"or;cool mo "n;ng._ Th. ,d'lion,h;p of ,h. furm 10 lh~ meaning (wh«h~r [Ile tnc,ning h,J ,Iw,y' " nJe, l,in [he form Or whehelt '938:fIo) m to liturgic,1 'It lit--i, In an~ degroc h,..,d on ".Iowly fading cnns";", .. ne,", of ,he .~mholie conm', ,tion, of ,h.", furon. (which wuuld h",c bttn undccul.. i'.cd u.r nf th"", form. hy "the opJ'O'itinn "). or whether tli< "'pi r;,u.l- J'O'i' ion fundamcnully pl.1i, . At ,ho "~ry I•• ". hi""ric.,1 meaning j(i,'''' u, 0 hy tn,. eM bo '1'PlicJ cr;,ie"II)' to> tho quc.q~ l q "llu!,,!cl! '(lIcnp,,~ I0'lM 'o~eu ~'1' O L U'." '" 'u>!~"" puo ' !0'l' "J>,,"" ''1' 1'unOJ~ "ofl"l!uo> >Xl" ~'!'1'" """"I" '" ,uo,,'01jj~IU! J" dno,~ ")1) , n""J ~'1' "'n!!""0, P"" 1\"1" O<j PI ""~< '",,,u'n" '"[''''''"d ·"u,uociww lonp!'!p"! JO uo!,.;f!,f>.,u! ~'1' ,oJ ,u"u()(lw! '! "~.l ',c;J,h "".oJ 1.,,,1.(, "~'1~' ;fu!pl!nq ~'1' U! ~"IJ O< 'l' "'I'ou II!'" ,;J.(, J" L10"""""J -'>'"q 1"" 1""" ><j 0, OO!"'"D "'! '!'lL ' u;J" 'PI "'III!." J~'I''''
u"
,"""e.""'""
I'""
..o n " . . ,",. .
N' ' "'B' '' " . ... .. . " •• ""'
t !-
_"I building' rn" don"e form. to e"ch ,,,her. wi,h form . from "",uiar cin._ .i •• I.1rchi!cc""," •..,Ia «, r.c . ubj<elw v.,iou. t",,,.fo,,omions .cross histork,1 epoch •. Chang., or. J.fined by mean, of vi· .,,"1 comf'lrison ond ... «d to ,'ariou. o."""i,'e f. when we P;"" the qutllion of cstabli.hing the un· ,h.,oging 111ean ing th .. i. grounded in til< fi)fm or of domon"'oting th""" form"l p1 ,moly.i, .;cert,in, the "ri~in"1 fortn th., wo, fOotN in nrtd Je'ertrlined by tho buildi ng'. purpo"', i, artistic .ul>st""cc "nd th oi, roI< HI «\Surin g i" ~fiduring e~i. tence a. ~ work of , rt. In this hook. howe"cr, .ttcntion will be focused On th"", rom>ebble feature> that ~re hold in cOmm On. OClItterrd ""curren'" 'peeilio 'ype' in different ,imes .nd ,m""g di[[< fur ,h~ i r rece ption. We uilding. , wi,h ,hei, ,,,,,xlIh, plan . ,urfacc'. COlt11C to hoc im'>wrti[\g fmm . impl . p'.~ mi~ art ro""m blind g~lkri« and niche galleries on the apse, ,,"abl i,he' i ~lf heginnin s in the d ".lu c. ,nd the morphological me!h"d. by . ur,,~)'i ng , lorge' ""ntext. i, ken to be c'p-,blc of obt,i ning ",,[Ie ' r<sult, . Whcn ke n [,"'" !h. poi'" or ,·iew ,uggc"ed b)' tho fu,,,,, of ,ho Rom.n gal . k,i«. the r= l't;o,,, in Spe)'ct "Pl'," r in" "ery 'pcen,," of displaying , ionil., p'e\libi!ity of ,pc,king fmm it " n ' pcei"l <xc ..i,,", or o hihiting ""mcthing)'-o ll "rry littl . ",.,ight_ Th o)' h,,'o 1"')\01)'1""' rh" oro un ,d.1!cd 10 tho formo l "I' pta"ncc of !he i" rh ei. ehonging 'Plle",,,n,,,,, in order ,,, determine thorn more do,dy_ true,,,,,,1 ,n"ly, i, pren«:, it con help forge link. h' the .d igiou. ",,,,,n,,,, of the work of art.'"
2 Th~
Symbolic M~an iflg of Buildings
According to Written and Visual Sources
Th~ W rill~n
Til L ... . ,
nu ronttrn,ng {xt> tIw ,0 ,he of tho: bu,klln~ p rch docurncnu,ion for ;" om, ....... '''''''' u/UCk"",,-lnlged inilucn mcmo< .. l" I[)wonk 193&53). "T11< building< of ,he E~n~i.n k",~. w~ •• Ottion. \Krmthc imer '94~b; Mott" '80. ,StfS). n>ro< ur four rept",ical Con«;",,,ne» in ,he Middle Age. In the Middle Age•. • &'ding of hi"",i,,1 di".nce i, alm",t nne, prescnt, Th" ro""" ~,,, uf*old- . nJ "ne ... - ore ell held w on eo>cnti"Ily ",Jitio""li,, posi,ion. Th"", on powe, de rivcd th< inoon,ei.,blco "Not hing , ,"mid ,,," m,d" ., n."" ~"'e "'h" h" been h,nd«l down" (Ni hil inno"ctm, ni .i quod , ... t , quoted in l)I;Ig« 'Y>! to til< ok! i. nO< imp.. m mind I".. p"' pCe n ", wurking wi,h", the PI,n "fSah"ti",,_TIl< "eW, then, i, " blomi'h," TI,i. h .. dl), "'ean' th .. "n" d"", IIO! ",joice ill inrli>'idu . 1 ochievement and sec c,;h wOfk" unique, but the unlquen.., fthe ,rtistic ,chievemen, Ii". in tIK .plendor with which i, ,ccl"ims the fulfillmont of tho Pion of S,I"otion, n", in t],e ,rtistie individ""lity ur originolilYof tho form .. " The I',nct'« of ,derting ,11 foe .. '" 'he PI." ,,( S"I ,"~)1\ ''c,bI by Ch,ist_ in which "II hi' to.iml chonge>, oIl inc""o>c of power, werl low iI, Thi, pictUfo "f histD,y .ppli oxpound«1 by CI,u,li"" !,,,,I~,,,y' ,h~ As;y,i,n _lhbyl"ni,n, rh~ MeJ,n -!' to the f"''' expl.in. how the r .,. h, ping "f ' IW:""" an,l "mo"ing"lO wer. "ill r""ogni ..d", ,n;'li. categoricaui"i .. and hap1;,mol '" determine. 'he ""ke,ion from .mong poten,i.1 hu ilding type' _ How It mu,t be "atcd .. the Outset that in mroiev,1 ",chitc. o. in the .)'"hitr • •• , in ,he "'p"" ,j,,n or ,he mm in""'" .upport< "rrying ., ".lull re .."'hling " b"lda"hi,,,1 ,h o'''~'' in ,I", B.;ilic' of Maxontiu T".OC, O .. . .
.••
ta ··· .
I~
,
~
,
••••••••
,
• • • •••
, , , , • • • • -I ' I' • •
,• !
, ,I.
, , , , , , • •
.. .... .. . .. .... .
· ..
~' " .~ . n lC. ' ~ .'
,
, -I .. -I
~7
.,•
..
Fir«'" _. s,.JA. UIao .. I''-V'''''''' "w•. rf'-Dnt....... '~ 'i for........,., .. or/-in , 1\l >ide by tide. , ,be ",me ,ime .nd in ,he: .. me region. h UI m"" pa.toph ,0
,h.,
w.
0"oct",.1 Lt!lic ciemen " stemming (rom hou", .buiIJ ing in funcr>ry ()f «mple buildin~", thu. de. ign o'ing 'hose
«"" ."
"''''e''
building' as the "hou", of the ~e.d- '" tl>< "hOll"" of gucl " ( K.",hni",_ Weinlx'g ' 94'1'38; S< ",,-,;d tlw purf""'< ,~" lx ere,,;,' •. H"we,'or. the '1uo"i"n i, whethe, , ,["'ti,1 ,rr,ngement . I,Ion . (D"",- 3~:' J)- (j). Our lim line of quc>tioning ,hould he On the I>o,i . "fth. ~i"ori"lIy dcvdoped and "'corded meaning. uf the form . ur their imm,nent foreuk ,he f'''m'' t""i'!"'in «onoaril)', b)' "' m,n t .1)" 11a in ts. and or th,' hou ", h ,~d of Goo, , nd arc l>ui h upon the round,,· 'ion . of th e .postks "nrl proph the Apostle Poul', ··wo[(I." whit, by on< «.Im w" .. wide ~, hi , power could reach, The roof of the building w., the ho, .. n" the floor, the .. nh; th~ SUPp"'l>, plan" or . u_ l""hum. n ""r.on" lh,'1 hdd up th. w!>ok Sueh , t A,ian l"'S'od.s, .nd in Mycon.con thol""_t()mhs--c. riy on , I", bcoame connected with the Chri,,;,n ~h"rch huilding, which w,,, ablo to finrl ",,,.. pondone. in with ,h~ ..,in"." And ...."'on,!, 'hcren ", "f th" wo,d-Ih,t wo"Iample, the im.go of'h< churon Ih. f'llleq"en", of the .cgui.ition of new meaning con boo th.1I 'he me.ning ~ml~'w." form, hitherto uncneumr.,red with m•.,ning .,nd ,('con" ,hem. InJcierICe. for only wilh them can we "i'icaliy ~nd ' '''''pawi,'ely judge Our 1IOU"c:l-,ho work . of >c'. l"c'·cnhek.... i, i, ""''''''. r)' to ",\: wh'e"rching mc.ning of ,I>< wh"l~ l>uilding, .... far .. th~ j)Jrti",[ar "'patiali,y" of the m ~d",\'al church buildittg i. concerned. the euncel't uf 'p"cc. intr<x]uced., a form. 1criteriun into ort hi, . tory br Sohn"", ~nd Sohm.h"w, ho> httn claborotcd onl y with in , hi""fi. eal idc "iewer 0> in tho m h." g jwn ri", '" ,he .Iogan " 'hc Go,hi< Ii" ilT the key""",,: ow« it> iml~"un~< f'up!"""d to ,~",d fur ,I,. l){)u«:.; ' Th., So,nl",",i,·e. "tId demem, or tho ",,,<w« th.1I wac h i,h",'o "ncnc!lmh< the metapho" "hUll"'" .nd "c&lm"" "ill ,1:1 ,1 th~, although n'" mark.....! with ,ny ' p«i.1 ,·;,ual [nnic pccific di,e"ion undor th o inAuoncr of mot"phor. In the h"lU< of,h. world_god, it l ignified " tr ... or , rla",-i","g~ ~'" benOlh ., roof .yml>o:~izinH the hCtlvcn •. I, carried. f()li"ge " ', own en'ironment. The 001umn rem.i Cl cJ . n .mhrnromorphic r< p'e..-tl[orion nf. divine heing "r an im.gc ofn h I !I" r:I5~ff.), in the , upcrhum.n ",rv. n" lin ing the w.y le.cli ng to the , hrine, in the trocts of 'he go If the b"ilding as" whok rom~~ to be int.. prete FIg" '" 1.6 CoIunlfl fiv m u dum'h '" ,,'11.1IIJ. (F''(Jm
Loffi" 188F~ ' }
undcni;lblc supporting functic'1n of thc col umns in th l.' int erio r- that is. the t n.:c- rcsonancc
of the colum ns- cvcn rhough thi s latter
pl ctel y )(,st. ) The simples! snhuil)n
i ~ 10
5t: ll SI.'
had ncen com-
be found o n pill:t rs in the imcrio r of
l,OIh ic churches " ,hert: statues resting on consoles were :m .lchccl
to
the
col u mns (e,g .• Cologne Ca thedra l) OX-issei t 880:1; t 37). On lht: Goth ic pOria I tbnkcd by colu mns, w here: the st ructura l fu nction
of the colu mns is less impo rtant, a prog ressin: development in the ,'isual aspec t of the symbolic mc::tnin)! of the column s can be obsc n 'cd. The Gothic portal. bedecked with figur es. vis uall y rccapiru!:ltl.'s. Sf! to spt':lk . the mc:tning of the ea rhed ral as H ea ve n Iy Ci t y (F fey ! 9-16b: Sauc:r ! 9.2-1 :-17. 308ff.) , fO f whe n decoded, i( m;lkes (he: rC;1 1 m ea ning of tht" whole building I'isib le to the se: n scs;~ ~ \Vhosocvcr (hou a n. if thou st'ekes( ((I extnl the glur)' of these doors. 1ll:lr\'l~1 not al (he gold :and Iht" expense bUI ;I.l the craftsmanship of the wurk. Br igh [ is [he noble work; hut. be ing nobly b ri~ ht the wo rk
lil t!: S \' M ''' ''. ' I:
~'H"" " , t;
" '
11111 '. "' :-';'
7',
should b rig hten the m inds, so th;II they may travd th ro ug h the tr u ~ li~ h l.s. 10 the True Lig ht where C hrisl is the true door. ill I/)h(l1ll/(l1l11~r
be' i llhae'1/f ill th is /fIodd the' goldt'll dool' llt'f i lle'S: ,hI' du ll mil/(l I';"('s II) mllil tfu'Q//gh ,hl/t which it /III/tail/land. i ll Sf'eillg thi" light. is 1'( 'il/ r/,c'c'It'l1 from iujormcr j/fblllcriio ll .~'1 it
obse rve tha t a t fi rst t hese colum ns Ran king the doms :Ife dl'COrated and co\'cn:d w ith richly lexlIIrcd pal\'c rns that visuall y e x p r e~s the ir sta\Vt'.
C HI
tus. In Fr:lncc.;. d r'lmatie ide" then occurs, :IJ1J the columns seem III sprout fig u res. At li rst the figures ap pear halfas lecp, as if still imprisoned wi thinlhe architectonic rcqui rcmelilS o f Ihe column (fiJ.:un.: ;!.7).'1IJ T he d ement s of Ihe
Fig/fU
l. 7
Chal1rCl. ((Ilhnlrul. FWIIUJ 011 Ih.. pllI"r hr:'l< un /h ..
middlr am/ ;Oil/hUll d"m",' IIf"lI' II_ T il p<mlll. ( P M II M IIJ"hlll"g)
80
'fll ~ $\' M IJO LI C ME ~ I< ',"(: 01' IlLO I LVIS(;S
Frgm'c 2.8 Ch"nl'u, I"lI thl'llral, Fig" rrs 011 the 1I011h pu,'/'h, I FQIO McaJIIle a mor~ li, h«l. ,n .lIegoric.1 in'~rp,etation C. n iW'e ",,,ny ""d c"mplc~ con«_ quence•. h c;,n ""icubtc ,nd highlight,n dement, like 'he key"on", tI,,,, had originally i> . f s)'mbolic me.ning. In ti,< ron," ", Oflh~ ,I,
""'IS only minim oil y ,b'd "!,,,1 ,," t)'l""
Until 'he fi>urth
~ •
.
Fi!!"r.. 2 . In Spl,-" DiodflU11I:; r"/!J II·"
co,."
',,,,'cr ""oJ tlk ri'clc ,,' "'I""'" of 111< Ccb. ial City m"ildi(11: loxo ", " , l l o~o'i,«1 "","h.. 1;,1\",1. , 'yp" of the ohler ci,y """cOl". with it> olre,dr height~nc-J prop,:,,'; . ty to "lIu;iort. I"""mc the ",odd. ~nd it; fc",ur adol"ion hr Con".nti n.\3'.17 J), ,,,,I i" fo,m th., "'ai,, "" ,,: i, ,I", ,~I"c..! '0 'h< I';~ ",c~" '" p'n"r.. ,ional .... ,,)' (i:kichm,nn t95"")' How·c"c'. whtern 1"'''' of the building did not grow to remhle cit~ ~,, by .imply cop)'ing their protot)'pe. Werdeo I) ",Idnm .how rhe« oIden . i" . dc",~n,,_ We turn nnw t" t.hc innu; J\IIOIJi r93':57). E,'cn in pre ·C hri sti"n ,im"" the portal with twO flollking ,ewer, hod tak_ ~n on this highor formul,i" me,ning (Licglc '936). Thu , fraught with
"C'Cu.
Yi'
TH~
Figw'f'
2. "
S\' ,\lI\ O U I:
~1E."S Il>(;
OF
1It: ILPI ....
':S
Gold ",,. 19rXJ-191J, I:pl. 14-4)
F iglll'e
;J.. 1
5
MaitJ~,
nlfhrd"fll/. Rr.lntuft"Cm. (U. 1Qf)Q. POTch rt"; /otl'd m
,II,.
fIIIl(f("("lIfh ((,IIII1T)" I PIWlfJgTllph, fnmu:r S/lIi/lIIl'II(" Bdtl; Ir/It', nul",)
from ti me and place. :rnd lhe h;]ckg rou nd d emc.:m s that J dine the scene are froze n into hera ld ic attribuh:s. On the ci ty seal ofSt r:rsbourg, the visua l organiz;][ion employs simi lar d · ("ments (fi gure 2.28). T he ~'bd on n a is t:nthroned in the open g;]te s ur rou n d ~ ed by 3fchitectural fo rm s Ih;]t ~H e :H r:mged !ik e ;] baldach in abo\"(: her. While the Outc.:r A:lnk ing toW('rs are prcstnted in the manne r of a rortress and allow thl' opening 10 be percl'i\"ed as a ci ty g:ltc. the"}' arc clea rl y set aparl from the three-tower g roup---the contemporary church bui l din~- th a t Jppea rs ;]bo\"e the mai n a rch. The f:JC( that the c;] thcclr:ll of St r:lsbou rg is dcdic:lted to the Moth er or God would seem to suppo rt the :rssumption that the outlines of the Rom :r nesqw: S1f;] soourg Minster :l re depicted as in a portrait (Rein hardt ' 935), Bu! in spite of th is. wc have the right, bascd o n the C\'idl'n! mixing of
"111' ''' '''' ''l. l!;
" E "";I "; ,, " I'
B U ILI>I r-,.S
I Ol
or
build ing elelllt' nt s frolll the city :l nJ church, to mak..: the city Str;lshou rg cqu iv;ll..:nt to th..: City ofGocl. T he til·c line I)f archi tectura l forms is evc n morc cl e:l rl y I·isi hlc on;1 penny of Abbess AJelheid J II of Quedlinhu rg (t t 61 - t I 8A ) (figure 2.29). H ere the three-tower g roup is compressed in to an archi tectu ra l throne, the lbnki ng towe rs have become the wings o n the hack of the throne, ~ Il d the mid d le tower h:ls Hlrned into a lXlld;lChin. \Ve are therefore in vited LO sy nthesi ze the rne:l nings uf:1 nu mber of eq ui v;,] enl rep rescnt:ltirHls: H (', rle m,gn~', I':d"i"" (:h,,)"",1 in A,,S ,Ii,~"dy in it> fo"n,btion. c'mc~i,·td ",)"",,tai,_towe" ore in_ "'n"''luor"iJI. Wh
\'C ni,hc. hut r.1tI>; Hornd"""" I. I" 'h" "",,k~ ,of ,1 .. Ch,,,i,., ref",,", . ,I", .h,) roughl)' undc,".nJ,blt: -cic. n.ing·· of .h" churcb. hut "onM of , uen • thrb.cn-«I in ;nton , i_ fie,) furm ~11 "" i"ory ""I,..,ging to the ",me group (fi~'llre '--1')' Here. i" )~.« or the t"'oo<x"I" "' ~H' ",dlC>. "" Ii",! t""o , ,,,,II. junc,i",") """ oro ,"'" ,Imo" let " ' for!:,,' tho ",d motif of toe th,"" ,,,he r.: ar g",~1 thot th.: ,nc;';n! city inHucnccJ the ""ium of the < h~ilding,. hut , ny , harg" of cop),ing i, rcfutc'gie>1 dai ,'ation> ,hnt do no' poi n' towa rd :"ili,,, '" which it i, "t.tocn",i. n", unl y 3 p"'l'fict~r)' "hurch [,,, ,he 100, II"rd. but 01>0,"' ~ 'f mhol for the ci,y. ,n a{,. ("c'·'.';or' of th~ whoJ le ehurch .m Thi,d. ,h,' ~..n«'rt 1 . plit of ,wICJ;a ",i!iran, and crrlnia ",'umphun, in , , ;ngl e 1>\li l . "'"' "f i"dgmen ' , "nd 10 on_ m,ke the . ",chm"n' of city .ym bol> ", ,hat . p«ific Itiv" und"rsr.ln,bhk. t'" And, f....""h, tone. fo, ex.mplo. would ,orr"'poml in SOm e way «, the IltUPlt"~,,, ", . upport , ueh, ,"b, ion. hip, < « en a. P"'>">,i.", (i .•., do, J>"" I"AJ."'I" "'I ,,", '"4' .. >,."d. JU UO!,"",!.>J .-'~, ,',"' ' !I"Il Plno." ,,,,,,,1 ," " " 0OJO "1"" nJ ,.,,':>J " ,,,,~,o>J' ' !4 pu c ""flow " 1'''4:) J" :iun,..,. "'I '''~''4 ""'1" '''1' "~V '1I'1"1·~ "1' J'-' ~' "'>O '!4> _J< ,~, U! .,,,1.(, )0 .\JO,,,'I V -.,.""", I"'!"');!'! U! U(~W~! IJJ" 'Flno"l' I~J"'b .,. ,ifu!"",,,, '" II"" I;' ,'U! ." Ul "Jo UO!'"'Y! I"'W ,' ~, 1'''1 ~U!",,)J ' 1',,,o,,,,,,,1 '''''J,.-" I " 1' p'.," _.-" ,,,,wJolo_"j> ,,"UU! uc JO "'~n' .(" U!'''!I"J 'U"'~JJ~J n:!uol "u .»u.,,,b -'" >tIl U' '~\l 'rl''''1 >t1.L '''''I",' '''''''l!!!' .\1~'·'1du"" " 'K! .,~ "' W!~4"'I'I !H 0, 1II'I'J""H ," I I'I'J"'H WOJJ ,,-, '''nb->< "11 ""'!., J" 1l,!,.1 '!'I' WOJ:I ·(tS-6L. , ·J d »I' ~4' .. ' l~'ll 'rlJO)-"! ""'I'."o"JO_\O '" j"_,!., ,,,,,l ,"," J!0'l ~ ' 4' '"4 ' ~U!UC'W 'wo"", m o!>"'iQ 'u""J~:>:>J "4' JU Ul,llU.'lU' l"U'~lJ" " 1' ""JJJ 'mued~". I""jj!, '''"J U! ' ~u!l' l!n4 ICU!:!!J" !iU"'1' ' ttl. ."" !'I' l',m>UJool"'''P J" ,,,,!,,,,,In ~'{l ,. lOU '(u""OJl! 1'"4 "'''!Jd JO "''Jwnu "'I' "'nc,-"l J!'>'1"'-'0J "Jo ~U!U 'l>Il'. "I' "~" ) """,1",,1 "'" 1""'''-''''"'' I=u • ,"OJ) ~u!' ln"" '" ' >OO"'~I' -u" "'I U"~ u~~, u"!"I",,, U"!~O!jOJ'J "'[I ul ,"",b."'ln, '~""'I' ~J!r:~ '(6,-;;, < ·dd ...... ) , .."" '!"'I' ~~.w 01 I'-"U,,"" "'"!~U!~)J'D '4' ',,,,,, ,.,, I~"'!'o",~ .oj 1'''" '''!I''' ",!m,u;)O "'o'J """1' '"4' ,uo ',d."u"J) UmlO}! U"!U!'UC"UO:::J '''1' JO "o!,J~~J "",!"'lJl>.} "4' 1'''1 Ul'~ ml''''' " "p"wun 'p"",,,h!,,,.,,~",,, . ,u=>J.!" 'ld"'''"J) ,,"UK>}! 'nQrlU"UO, >J! 'I'!'" '1 I'PJ"·>I·! "IJw,,» ,ud "~ ~!I,u~J>l!'1' ,{1"'ldll"" • U! '"1"" ""'1' ",,,,,,Jd .. " ",,(d o ,,,~,,,,101"" 1' ":'-''''1 "'1'n~ U! ''''''-tc '41""J'I .,Hll O'P '4' 'lIm""D I>.>llO!,!ued ,n" "'1' ""lJ) "",I",,,,,, "! u»< ""1,\\ '(f'f _ " f .omfl!!) .,~"" I''''',''U"'' """!"",, d ~Jl JJ" ",. "-~'"''')J ' '4,- ,d~","J) ' 4' JO ~.'lU'"
1''''
'IOU"",
,'"td
'4' '"
"""""""! ".
''"4'
",n_"',,, '" '''0''''' ,. .
-,=
F1!tI1I'I'1.1 H,-""fi"". ,,(;bel' church, fir,-/ ph,,_,,'. fiJI-fijI). Flwr pltlfl. (""'0/11 Lt.-hmol/Il l!JjlJ- pt. 37. ill. 1fJ';)
origin,lly lacking , It w" only .ftc r Ak~ander and under 'he intlueme of ,he olde, c"ltm,.> of'h< Ncar F."t 'h" 'ho ,onccp' "f 1 -holy >c,ip'" wa, in"..,. 'eligio", d,,«11 (C",,;o, '943;6, IT,). Wh«el'cr w< fin'! til< ' ... f • we find ,ulou uening ,ltemsc:h'« ' 0) ",1I ph~,iognnmy. , h•• )'mooli , portr,1i, fu nction. " , "cry important ;ndicatOl_ It roint< un· .mbig"on.ly irnp",nt the eh ri" i.n' and . h"t ,hey 5lf, 7j1f)'" ,It"" no' im _ 1'1)'" d,v,l uptn<M.ll br~,kth,,,,,gh bving ,he un i.,~ , ..,li'm of ,h, Midd le Age.< i:> were now ". live Or from h,r~ th .. 'h~~ Wloa .nd tM dwelling or. the fi", "'Jni f",,,, ,i"h< uf self_ 3""."e,,om" dcci.i,·e change (SchMff ' 'H'I- ' 'f46). Among nomndie 1>001'1« it had .Ir•• dy ,ffectw the g"". ConfincJ !O one Spol. lh~ gr",·. had to be left behind .nd was tberefore gio.n Mchiteclonic t""tment thot 'levclopctl ou, of ,h. lransitory mucluro of the lent. A . uhtcrr,ncan tent wo, built fur lhe dead ou, of !.OrT1e la>!ing materi,l; the pl,« "'a' gi"en" I~.,,,,,bry 'n~ wo> identified by • slOn~ m."k". A dwelling wo, thereby im,grd for ,he first ,im e. ond on ,\r.hi'cctur~ w., cr.a .. d ,h., i, hoth .)'rnhoI1e .nd rcpro«:ntation,l. Thi' "'I'"' "tion of the d.,d f,om th~ intimoting tn.t we dwell ill th.." hut, briq 'u'4'" U',U p""n -;q 0, ponu!,u"" I~u,>l! ~~, JO ~l!"U!! ~4' 'po""lqum4)OlU~ ,~, puo """,,,ll' '41 ~1!M '!XO u< uu .{'I "''l,my' '~'!U ~4' "U!S 'OSnlJ 0 1"!:I!uJ!!! ' lI0u ~!-,u ,v4' '4 ' W" JO , u., ,,',(q po.' "Juod .".,,~,n"'l . ""11\'" """4 ~U!"I' 0 U! -~l!'" ~U!J~' V "' I,llu" ' 4) U! . p"c:xl,h o 1'011 "'l.L -19' .~, '", ',lfy 'or " l:of6 , ,.Jl'u\:> 'lu~pu:>d~PU! »u""""l'1'1> ' ~J OJ 1"",.. lIu'pt"''l "1' "uO tlJffo '"'PUV ) SU!II''''P ~J"U!P'U uo ilIO') ,u"'lJ!P "II~,u'Ul~pun) "A ,oU '"," '0(>1 '''~I"d I~'{O' '4' -'IAl< mo _n,own , "ow "! 'lmq ~"'>q >1!d'>(J "S"'lJ>"'1' ,{,,'OOW>1UOJ WO') ,{OM ou U' PO"lJ!P In,,v pu , '.'4'110 " I du'~l .{IJ"~ ' 4.L '(~ j :0,6, , ", pUV) uo,nJj,,,, "1' 0, JO osno~~u(li u"4uOU '4' 4"'" p>J"clwm ~ un _ uoIAqng)o Jo"nh -UOJ "'"1 puo Jq4~!~U ' 4' '"!LI"V JO ~Idu", "1' '! 'I""" pm,_ RU!II'_"'P YJO"":I J~N 'u ~'u< ,~, ',,>Qn i••1$0 rc"uling (0' uooe .... nding ,hc ,u~ pc"i" in lI.>J:>,-loni,n bfi< ~ bu;lding. IAndroe '930:8. 33) a,. ,.... 1... ,,,,,hniq,," '.i"n of , religiou. concep'........ ring upwa.d, M...opoo"ni.n .ochi'""tu«, e,'en in ,hc more ad .. nccd fotln nf tlo< ",a'''''c bri< k huilding. dc,-eloIJcd.,." of rttd - "'~t ronm .... '''''' ,h.. ;, hdd ",g~he' by n'e.n, of bc:nding .nd bracing, Hence i, i. r.l"" '0 al'p1~ .... 'hctic c"c_ gorie' ,hal der;ve f'om ,Iu:- G,,,,,k .nd th". rro", ",.-.-..:1 ,Bd "Oil< building •. which mu" "'-", of prim",·. 1 dwelling> '0 ,he meaning> di,,,,,dy "",n"",,,,1 wi,h pr' lune i,tem Mcdite. "neon. whero. de.pitc lh o .bs< nce of 10mb aod « mp]e hui]ding', building with stOne hod lung becn commOn p"elirc, the working of SlOno oc· curred or a 'l"--cinc hi>loriol mOment (Gluck ' 9.H i Sehu,h,rd, 1935). It is one ,hing if lh~ stone ca" in whi,h one tal: .. , helter i, huilt ofbould.ro piled on i, "'''r\:ed. £,'.n the di,_ tup of One anothcr .nd 'lUil~.' .1nu1h« i f rho C(I\'ery of met.lworking crfle withd.ew in defe.ence tu thot of tl", whole ,,;cmbl'gc. TI,e hou", of tho dcad----lom. the fals< ,·.ulting thor resulted from "one, ill"ing Ollt tow,,~ . >eh ,,,h.. rould I>«ilio.ll y constructed in thi, m.nner'! [f"'e ask um ... h·", wh.d, .! the ... m. baoi. imdlec mu. t be me nti onod that will limit the univen.litr our f'C ro]>«tiv< h., hith erto h.d . For one thing. it is likely th .. the ",,cu,.< rould 1''''I'OiJ e it> (o ''''~ ' Ix",k" ",hcre no ",dition.,1 holy p b ,,~, Wete )',., e",bl i, h. " ,he whole of th< "ruc'urc might "mc.,n" , oJilding axi, (Oclnunn ' 9'7. ,oli5ff_l_ T''' 'f\mb, '""". die .i"'ri"" ",astory of m ,ta,,,,
'''''If'''''''
Ca n"", d strict .ymmetry. Thi. m ntr, ,, between the ocqu thot h.1d '«lui",,1 hi"oriol """"i.1tion> with In"'" .,pi,.lion. 1o "oi,·.,,,,1 ,,,I.,,hil>--w", to Aow ;nto the Western Meoito,,"nc-.n ,egion. Thc"" tenoencies low"d me'ningful or hili,,uJJ" "1' JO >w~J jjU!I'I~'''1 '!4' 'd!4""'\\ "! J(~ ~u!l'l!n'llc-J!""!JJ '4' '" ('U!~!J"el",d,,! 'I '!''') "'!I!''''' "1' ""''I> u"'1"""!J4:) ""!S · 'U~lJ(.'~lJ(:J" "4' JO 'II'I'!W "4' U! P-'''lJ , .." ~u!l'l! r"l I"'X" .illoUfl',"!:lu"1 »-------u!""d '"In:l" " II .,,!J)"U,);):l'"~J:! ' G' J~,unOlu.' "" ':'lU!' J'''!'''II'H U! ",'(1-/ ", ,,,,!l!JJ 1".""11"'1 '> '1' 01 d!'1"k)!'"I~J "' I"il>J "II"' _!""u",-,:I .(U" U! I"'"" "'" 01' (C IOJJ ''l1 U! >-»J"J ll>OJ"1I!I' '''11 u" ,!,"~Jw, ~"!"u.\ 4'!'" 1!"'1 ' I~ 'J""I!J ;»;>!, ll.>C>' \!'uo:>.>J 'II "'" 'I'J p.II' pu . 'I" " " ')I ~ "1' U! '"~, ''''-'!l "l''WJOJ 1"4' !1'I"l
... te , inee ,"" time of Comt.n"n" (Co ... 'on 1936:1off,l: it " '0'. how.,,-,r. rbrs'c:.lly ..... rot.,.J ffQll1 the g • do"at;on t (Fmm Sf'r,/fa 1')-17)
i/" 'PI!ng e U!'I"M "'O<jJ~j" ~,, v I"!' V ",' ''''!'''JJ:> .• ,, ,.0' '''",''''
ijl'
~." ~ ,
Howe,·er. du~ to m,n', inbmn in"inct fr !uTI·iv,1 .n did nl pr~I',il, and 5e,vcd " the ideal .nd legitimiza,ion of 'wo an,;,hc ,i>< new 'Yi>< "',·mr of ,ne world ,nd ","nn,ure' hi, wi.-nti,y wi,h !WI in virlUl (L·O . .,ng~ '935: Ni""n , goo
,h."
'94-1 : , 6; V"gt '9-1 9:' 73). Wh~,",·cr w< cnCU,,,"en "re" w." t" be cO\"cr«l, thc two io, "i,b were froc for other purpo"'. It "'" only ou ... ide thcse ri rcum>eribing rorrioorS that tnbunal;, ctm,Aar, Or ,I>< lik e "'et< ,'I!;t< Chri"ian b;"ilico in «>'ttl th." the portiru no long« e w» , thc Tma · mm/urn Uomini nOllri I~u Ch,illi (Rahma ni t Sen) .nd th e ApIJJm/jc C,mrr;lu _ ';0'" (Punk '905),'" ef
.It,,")
In the ""'" of . moller, h:J.1l·like .. ructures, .uch • "'parOl",n c~n I>< indica,· Thi, Simiun tkfin;,d)' w,,' 001 the Ii"" OR< in <noath it, "" ,hal the "I""" c,n be ","utm",1 :tS 0 funerary nief> S.vcr.,1 "~l1rreh.n,il·< wo,k, hal'" l"",n pui>l;,h«1 on ,he cominu;"g 'p,~ad uf the cl,ss'c .•1 fune,"ry of ch""h and "at., I""P" and emperor in .arly ehti,,;an time.tate-supported or conf... ion_h,..,d kg., L,nMr., n 0' Roman Catholicl v;~w. that ar~ baS«! on ,h. hi,toricnl .; ,_ "at;"n .. ;, .me rged around ,h. ,im. of ,h. e",,,ling;'''', beIOuthern build ing th.n the nQnhero Otk' the I.tter W", lorgd y JostruyeJ by the sub.., · qlLont co"",,,,,eui\ding . nJ f., long, r«:""gubr church ,nd i, "'I~"at_ ~ hr . m.",i,·c ,h,«·"e repro""",,,,1 i" its 'Wic,1 ,""'"n~ul ", Io ru u, (Kempf '9-;7). Yol ",,,,,he' <XI,i. nation for 'h i' rO!na,bblc r~builJing h.. hcctcr within roy,1 I"'b' in smaller bui ldi ngs. and that since threc o penings in -
cv it:Jbl y result when a basi lica is connected with a b ui lcl in).! plan.·d c ros 5 wi ~ ;11 its end, the ,hrcc-a rchcJ g roup is merely the conseq uence of the con junc-
tion of basilica and transept. Nonetheless. l'ven if we accept this argu ment p rov isiol1l'lll y. it m ust be adm im d that a simi larity is th ereby created that links itsdf with the offi ci:.1 bUilding fo rm thaI enjoyed the hig hest statLl s at the time -the em pe ror's throne hall. F urt her evide nce of;J tex tual, pI( to ri. al. liturgiclL and histor ica l na ture en:!bles us
[0
S3}'.
howevcr, that th is co n-
nectio n is much close r than one that w:!s at first merd y coi ncid ental and (hen became tf:ld itio n:ll. T h is three-:trched g rou p embcxlies :lspir:uions; it symboli c:!ll)' depi cts :lnd pcrh:!ps even , in :l manner we can no longer complet!!Iy pe rceive, acts as a deput y :.nd equi valent. The ide:}, att ested by many
sources, th at the bisho p o f Ro me was pe rceived as the de puty fo r the West-
ern imperium of Ifle emperor ",ho flad emigroled 10 Con.tontinople b<ar> wimes. to Ihe ,upreme degrooc or re. li' m of Ih< layoul_ it; idenlily wi,h tho imp! are ~xtr'ordin"il y .imilor. Among such mu6:36o;1T.). '" rn W"",,,n architectu re, on 'he cont "'r)', ' he predomin, nce of 'he commu"i,y cult .... ftcn,,1 thi, ",ict -«:1'".1I;u".", were in"alk~ .nd ,onfirmed by him, .nd church low, Wore """ of im!",rial l< connoction between the life of the "ate ond thot of the church brlHJgh, ,h • .,ninee itse[f into a p.rticul .. rdorion,hip with the emperor. It was in hi. uWn I"'rlOon,l church_he principal ,tcran 1'",1,,"O<JO '''1' J" ~ u,""."" I"' -J )4 J--<J! 1!"~1 uc""".'1 "4' JO " do> r.-------wJ "4' "U!'UC"uo::;. '"4' ,e." P"'ll"W ''''I,'' "(lJo," J~'IU) ul .",1.;, "1' p"~J"'" " "0 POll ll)lP 1I1J1U1l'>W '!["'lw.(, AU" UC4' .(\~UOJ" >JOW UO!,,J""'" J!",\' 0, 1" [ ' [' 1"-'''' ~Y!'''.,j, JO '\'!Icnb p",ou04""u!' 'O I4"'~u~" ' 4.L -i!U!u",w '!['XjWh' ' 4' 1'' ''"ld.!p '"~ w' ''J ~~, J" nU!U . OlU 1" !JO"!4 '~'_WJO) [>yo "I' "ln'!lJoo------4~' InJ'qnor S! 'I ·(,..sf6, "!MO!)!> ["' 1"4'"' IdoJ .,~, 01 ".["d '!~ WOJJ I"">;)O,,! llu'~ ,~, ',,"uli',,,,, ""111" 'I"'" 1'''"'0»1' 1''''' P"""').l) ,,-,{op IC.!''') 4~!~ uo "i'J)<ji:rr(i , UU"'U4'!3 ,f,·uolt:' I"6, ~",,)JOl U")!) "W!' l1~,lIu'IOJ "'.) "! " "'14" Idol Ul l'u< ~wo~ U! ""u"'I'~. ~,n' JO w (xbJ 'PI '''' I"''S P!'J" t' ."" 'J ,,~ ,n xllllo,,1 ·, n,,,,,!,,,,, ,,,"U lII! [O .. \SO( d>J 9 .nd Ii!] iKoch '9+: 15iff.). "'we'u .... while ronncc'cd Chor,ct63; P,ulu. 19-\4' 78) (ligur~ ,,.,7), Thc middle port uf thc tra","~r'" mUquore. In thi., i. ,e;cmbles all ",h6j.fig. >r in , tages in the imaginI~)",d to • larger. munumen"i S0 ''i.H;t"..j fr., d. Kasch";,,._Wei"ber~ ' ~H:&) rf.). and 'he . 1:>W>(] JO ~' !I!'.!I ~'1'
1'' . 1jt6 .~~ '~L:~ '~f6,---fr n.~ • JO U,,!'OU
",., .""~ UO!"u,,!u. ,nri "'. must ."um. th" ,h. if original meaning w " , no longer cOmmon Im(lwl_ cJge. lndocJ. we ho" o numerOU' rcports about o). Thq werc ch,racterizcd by thei, for«hoir .nd tOwer and formcd an im[>Oft. nt b,.i, foc 'he oo..ili ea_with_ segr.g.1fe crncu
the weahh of "i$u.1 clements from San Vi.,I". the r. con nection ' . , consideration of .och written ! !.O W.... rn CO"" p;tla« chmch«. The eupolo b..iliea. i" tile I,au,i,,, Kuja K"!cfore th~ Arah im- .. ium. After mo ron"e"i"" of ,h . ",,,,,,ian royal hou .. '0 C."holk i,m. nOW fore r."n~ inlcginning or the thirteenth century (Wulff , ~'4- '~ t S, ~:4&S' fig, 3931; they are .1 .... pr"", in the Hagi", P. nt""rator in Con,u ntinopk, hegon in the twelfth « ntury by Empcror John Comnenosa. a fune,a,)' church for himsdf "nJ hi,< wif~ (W ulff t9'4-'9,8 , ~:485). Looking" all these building' and ",mpa fing 'hem with Western o n .. of a , imil .. purpo>c (i.~ .. th,t of palo« chapel), we ,hOI' Byz,ntine huilning •. Th. p.:olacc eh,pcing introduced thai poim 10 Rom e ,lid r p/(/IJ ()/ lh" "" ·NfI'nrl,:. fFr",>,
''Jf'".I!III
18iJ intention of the w«twork's me.,,;ng OS proprieta ry ~UCS, ch"rch for ,hc em!",mr in ,ftc ~"idcn' .n,lgy to A.chen (F uch , '94F>OflA3'Other interpretationdod >lj1 Ol 'I'lCl>."'u, All:»' -!? pu. U"! .!",,,Jn' I<Jo"'"!m'l> ,(,"",!,do,d • JO 1"01 ' '1' '-,--,,~u~~>'!!{U~;tI.'l u~ "'l Plno> "'1M
""''l.L
'I""
'1'1'0_"
''I'
JO ,lipn! ''1' '~ "!''1J lIu!lu=ld" ,1I0W! 10n' !A 0JO uo!,n!w!,!lI~1 ' '1' '11!'" puc JO ",u'U ,d.>ql u, UOlJO '",u""d '1"04-' >II' "! ~,!"n! I~XlI P,,,,,!U!W p.!Jn , ,,,, . '1 '''' !'''' ' U'MP ~'1' 'V ·tpm'l~ -po ~'1 puc '''"IJ 1U, u!w»Jo, ,~," pu. I',,,!,,:>tI U! .(,!'O'll _no .no!:!!P' ~,ew!'ln ' '1' :~'!""JJ 'I,m f"'l'!'" Ie'll .("U~!""'1J '" ."'0J 10!'u>lI.l. ' Let us take :m example. Thanks to the resc3 rch of vVilhe lm Effm;H1!l (t899), we arc very wdl info rmed abou t the circu mstances surrounding th e westwo rk of \Verd en. Leg:llly, the whole rnonastl'ry was a propriet3r y church; th:! t is, it had been given in fiefhy the empe ror into tht~ possession of the Ludgerids. The church ; IS :es :lnJ administe r justin':H the lower le vels. Medi cv:d fcud:di srn is thcrcl;x e not rll:cu liar to any ethnic group (\lugt [949:2(6). An answer to the question rt:ga rding th e d c ri v:oin n of th e propriO",'e depu,ies of 'hc un,,'cr_ .ol religion, the bishop., in 'heir .. ote organiza,ion b), making them lord s of Ih. inherited communit)" princc., ~~d oivil ","·~nt1. But Rome', claim. t(} represcnt the uni,-c",",1 ch","n« of Ch,i"<ussing [>Ower "'''ggl •• in the SC'noe of nineteenth_ oentury rcol[>Olit;k but On< of th< m.... t wm prd,{ cbiming horo th>t the we",,"orl: can be deri,-ed exdu,ivcly from c~mral_i>lan won churche, th." woro then. unrler .ho infiuen,c of .ho ncw conneotion with Rome, "tt.ched tu b,,,ilica •. The ,,'cst work uf u-mu], (79-;99). whi,h is oarli er ,h,n that of A,chen . nd pr~datC$ the imperiol wruna1ion, would com"rli" ,h.1t Among 'he full~ dcvdopod w""'twork>, wc mu" di"inllU;,h bctw1 ,,,mpone n, is ur,,,,,i,'o in f"l l",~, and, ,f>tinia .. ic phii:lllll' li me, F ro m Ihl..' di!lc renccs in the way the' !{Irms were shaped . Ernst (;:111 ded uced Ih:!I on l ~· Normand y had a tr ue relationsh ip with tht" \':luh, for only Iht' rc did Ihe \-:loh a ppc .r< to ~ understcod "' emo""ing from the wall •. Tbe'e 'he pruj..."ing ong"g.d that of [hgobcrt, do'ing from 6i!!l6~~ing" mona'le'Y ehu ,C-pbced 3",ipOOn.lly. .., IU . pc. k, at ,h. oppic rcll«ond f" ... "em Fhnki'h a" hi'«',,"e. Doubl• ..: hir I.)·""".re . Ire.dy ,,, k found in I'.e-Ch.i.,i." , in'"" (..,., ~g ure •. j6) .nd '" 'he Ch.i"i.n pre-Co.oIingi.n j> . ",1 Tum (ne. , l.{czyc:a in PI,nd), They ,u. ((lund only", ron ..«.i"" wi, h
mw.
'c'''''
or••
.f,••
",,"'.,,«;.,.. culkj;i.,e ch,,«h... ,nd "",hc. M",t d.fi_ nitdy. the: tcr, it would «rter nf Speyer. which he complcte:d. from th~ g,ounJ up. in .dmirable ma"_ ing< , od fich c.,,'ing, SO that that ochievement i. worthy uf p",i5< ,nd ,dmiwion .hove all 'he work. of ,h~ king. of Antiquity, (_70) (Heu. Mgon tia qU.11Ium I"',didi"i. '1u,e .d rcparandam mon,"e,;i ,ui ruinam ",lem artificem ami,isti. Si 'upe"'"' co«t, dum mon.ste,ii tui, quod inoper"t, ex"em. m monum im pocw, nimirum illud illi ram050 Spircnoi mona>tcrio tum u"lue rnito mol o '" seu l]Kili op! fb I-roofed for m will1 OU I ;lny decor:ll ion of the kind found in the e:lste rn pariS. The stnllem:]Sons moved on to Brunswick . whe re H enry the Lion. a riv:ll to the em p..:ror wilh impe rial pretensio ns of his (lwn, was cnV;lIgcd in bll ilding the (:lsd/., D:ln kwarderode (Guth 1932:li7ff.: Joachim 1935).1IX
ur
The Em pem,s Ri v;lls We ha ve seen that the Western Imperium diffe red from Ihe classica l ,mel Byza ntine empires in a gre:lle r degree of dependence on the church. ;Kknowlcdgi ng the church's powe r as embodied in the persvn of the Roman pope-indeed, even owi ng its ex istence to tht· recogniti on by the pope. Since Ihe recognition of C hri stinnity : I S the stntc religioll a nd the esta b~ lishment of ilS community under the bishops flf Rome, the c.hu rch had J.\ f(JWI1 ill iO a legit imate heir nf the Impaiufll. :l lbeil unde r lhe supreme aU Iho r i t ~, of the Byzilntine emperor. The church's Ii rst reception of imperia l fo rms-perhaps this is ben er seen ;'IS an act of enfiefme nt- ha ppened after Constant ine's rl·cognitiun of r;h ri .~ lia nity. Privi leges and ce remon ies :IS well as insigni:1and costu mes of the impe rial court and the highest civi l administra tion we re adopted by bishops :lIld cleric~. The episeop;'l1 throne or cathedm, li ghts and incense, the kneeling. the kissing ofh:md and foot, ;Lnd the pope's right to have hi s picture set Lip in ,,[. neia l places (i.e. , churches) were originall y imperia l att ribUl es and priv ileges and met with opposition from inside the church, pri ma ri ly from reforme rs. Because the pnpncy W;lS officially under BY'l.:lIl1 inc p:tt roonge unt il :1 ))prox imately 750, its relationship to the basileu.1 was incln~d prone to instabi lity, and unde r the great fXJpes Leo 1 and Gregory I , it nlmnst broke down. However, de faC IO independence was ensured only under Po ~ H Ml rian (772- 795) afle r the break with Hyz:mtium over the iconocbslic controversy and under the intluence of the Lomba rd men:1ee, whi ch result ed in a Illu tu al ;'Ill iance with th(' Franks. The in de~nd l.'n t position of the chuTch, represented in the Donation of ConsIan tine :Ind recogn ized by the new i mptTIuIII. is su bsmmialcd by IIlnn)' sources. T he insignia and dOlhi n ~ of the JignilMies
of the ,h"'eh nO longer ,C>'cai«1 the fact that they wcT< o,ig;n" ll y wlOwod h)' the empe'o', ,nd in the pi"o'i,,1 r"l""",,,,,,,io,,, in ",hich the ct1tf>C'O' ,,,.I [101''' 'Pf'Cte wit h Old St. Pctot,,, rcprcsen t>t;" CI",,~ > "r
fi""".
r",1 ha vc: scc n ho w th e:
m ean -
ing of a build ing. once it had becom e ;J historic;!] unc, cuuld occa sion rece ption by v;lri o Ll S subsequent po w e rs. All t il t: powcrscntering into the tr;ld ition were m oved by the need to establ ish and legiti mize I lll~ msd \'cs . Each of these n:ccptiuns, in rd ation 10 Hdle niSlic a rchitecture in gc:nera l and Conslantinia n in part icular. led [Q the constr uct ion of d isti nctive build ings in certain regions; Ihey d eposi ted a stratu m , SII to speak, of structures that became, in turn, the basis for regional a rti st ic tr:ld i[ ions. InJ ivili tw[ a ll iances Ix: t wccn t he \';l ri o ll s
rival powers were al wn ys possible. T he emperor, the ch urch, the monastic orders, the cities, ;lnJ the local lords could eithe r combine forces or fig ht Ollllong themsclves. To the degn.·c that they a ll sought to ma intain themsel ves as historical powe rs, their fi nal goal rema ined within a single unifi ed sphere th;H ca n be best summed up by the phrase, "cominuation of the int /'"I'urn rornanurn ." For despite all the conflicts. overtu rning the Pl an of Sa lvation once it had been re\'caled was nO! allowed . only rifmm lllio a nd renal/alia, which were mostl y d irected against the hubris of those powe rs th:\t we re the strungest at the time. It was the reform orde rs that wanted most of all to restore the origi na l condi tion of the chu rch. T heir idc:l of primiti\'c C hristian ity is w hat the councils of the ninth (enm ry. the synods of the eleve nth centu ry. and the reform councils of the fourtee nth a nd fi ftccnth ccn m ries n: pe:lI cd 1r strove to realize. 1 Eve n th e Cluniac re form . which was so
inHuential in Wostorn arehit«tur~. initially cxp rcn won the upper h.nd. With th~ mn,truction ofClun)' Il l. it found ;,,,,If on "" " enriaLed heighTs (h igh ove r the n:lve and a ltar, low over the side a i sle~) disappears, and common saddle roof cove rs both 11:1\'e and ;) i sle~. In thl' design of
,I
rhe chu rch bui ld ing, the involvement of the laity, r;lthc r th:l!llhe represellLalion of ;) hier:uchy, became the prime cons i der~l.tion . r. lust as the C istercians reformed the C lun i:lCs ;lnti we nt a step furthe r ( lIb" ,o{i"i on. th e CO'I",,~, I 1"= 0« of Cb,i,t in ,h. E"eh." i, t. w." ob·."",! { o dogm. , It ",a' "I ... alx,u, thi' ,ime ,he -' I~IC of ,IO<SC in' er;'" fX2 _ ' e an"ao'pbo'~ from the "",,,,rio< of.he building. As pon of ,IK ph vsic.ll cun"'tIC\ion proce», «ImpuncnIJ like the pcdc1i .... of KR!Itlf)' per«]>" liD-On a"i,ud. , ~, ... . he roa'en'_Kb.cd maning of... he. bui lding fo ..... ;DCKa,;ngly .ecnIcJ. beame prn1lknt ;utd. since: ,he nin",ccnl h ce:nrury. ~ iOOccd been 1M ..,I...tioudc. All ' h"", (u."'. .... Iccoi,-dy delimiting ,he cull ~ of the church buikl_ iog.re b). n>tu.e fo.",. from .he building·, "'~';"', lhe cnun.a'ion of a phys;""1 obi"" ,b. , eng.ga the g .... of the beIJukl .... and pracnu >Omcthing '0 the "l"". H ence:, in ,hi, situation. i. not the .. p . ... ion of on pul ... An ani "ie .tri.;n~.I:>u'. pbcc for dccl.... ion. In ,hi , p.",.... tI", . ur· .nu"dil\~ ."mpune n. ""uc'ure cng"~CI wi,h wh .. i, . .. ftoun d, 'nd ga ther> it t"1(eth«, • 1""""" .ha., in turn. moh. arc hi'« t"r.1 Kll lpw'e I"".,bl e. Th. ' pa.cc i. m.de to .... nd OU', no Ionge. '0 be t.ken for g .. "'....: i, i. m:We ."i1>1e tt, 'he cye by meanl of 'hose fwecolxrund up wi,b , he ,ymbul •. Th;,
1"'' ' ,
.",.,n,
TIl"""
'0
'p.o.'"
,h.
."j"" ,m-
symbolic ' paccc 'pplie,] to the . "eri"r , ttrfi,ccs: • •)'stom "f """r",,,,> \\"',' ",),1 « 1 (0 ""'I,lonl;>. A., r",,,lt. tl,c o~to rio. appc,r.n (sn' fi g"u re l, ,), "S pa c~ " gn:l\ved al their sulid slr..:ngth un ti l " nl}' [he
hollol\' grno\'t's rl'm':lincd
: IS
visu:l ll y d ti:ctin: p:ll hw;IYs for ~ h :td o \n to rll n
:don£. The ri bs. rctlecling what was once:1 tec hn ica lly IlI.:(ess:IT)' :1j'I':l raltls fo r the v:lldting lInd !Tu ssing of Illellts, tl) he
;lT rang ~'d
~paCt.,
eam(' to he
pcrce i \'~' ,]
lik e d cru r;l\ive stars nr l1' he ... ken into ("",ideration much mo", th,n they have beoi"" ,,,,,,,,d ' hi ghe, re,lit)'. In this ,e'pco ndin)! to toc communi1)' "f ..,in.. "'mt;'"tin~ ,hr c,,',n., I chu'ch. Th" lhe eh " ,ch-indc... d. d",,,h-----symboliz... He,we"l y ler"", I" ", j,. «'I ""' well known on,] ['"'1"0,,,1), dCl''e"';'" me''''ge 10 an im"'c.t i " ,~ ,,,j,licot:l ves remain ou r !1ln.~ 1 prom i nent Ml tl H·CS o f inform:ttion. In orde r to d iscnn :r tht' IIH:;lIl ill)! of mediev;11 ;lrrhiterT ure. therefon:. schula rshi p has conCl:nlraTed o n theSl· e,HI;er pt: rio(ls since The hcgin ni ng of the twenTieth cen tury. culmi nating in Richard Kr:ludl eiTllt:r\ sl' rnina l article, ··Jlltrlllluct;on to an ICfl1lllgriljlhy o f Med iev;11 Ar~hitl"[t llrt·" ( t9-12). Those S:IilH: yea rs pav ed the wa y for and crea tn l th e .. chularly interest for Gunter B:II1(II11:1nn\ colll rilm tion 10 the tkciphc rinJ! of mcan ing in mtdi('v:II architectu re. First publisht:d in 1t)5 1, fh ndm:tn n's Miftdlllt('1"lich~ Archild{tul" ills Ht' dl'lItlfllgj/rkgt"1" rn;lrked an im portant turn in~ poi nt in th e hi ~ tl!r y 'if art and architect urt: in postwar G L'rlllanY :lI a time when the di sc ipline was undergoi ng an important and neceSS;ITY reor icnt;lti un. The [loliti c;'! circulllst :lll ces of the p recedi ng two decades h:ld isobtcd Gt: rman scho brshi p fronl its intern;uionall-ontcxI, ;111( pow« b,,,, ,nd field of act i"n wa, «.mcentr>ted in th" area, n,~ limi101io", of th< grogrnphi".1 a]>prooch (rti\'c 1:o,u,..
< rOOM in W~I"m s.:.1o:: .00 Eti< o..ndoIui.,od. "ul«'n"; n~· ~"" ",,,..I. ,n , ,d,,;"',~,; 1' "f ""'"., w;,h n .." .. l1 r ... pi.;t...... Il, """fl'"",""I>I.n "·;,h;n , .... n ;" . n.1 g' O"·;"g ;"'0 ~,m,"h,ng .Ii,·;",'. 'PI'''''' «l"" lly ok """, .... 111< , .. ",..., 1 fl. ~",",k". t], ;, · d, ,,,,,,,;, in ~ of .,,- ,h"" IJ I>< -«n " ",,,,Iy ;n,oIk" ..... Ii'l'----o: olrfC" obw~1 '''''.,'' ,"'>d1 on ,he ' ....df,h """u'Y ' ·1,..., i" F"' .... h < """,,.nol ,~"",ioo.off«i"~. < .. k '" I>«..J'K "" kli0< ,,,,, il>< ; "'~,,"I>«~' ,lit "";"~'. 00' ",het w ,Ile coo,,=ion w th< .~fi, ,,. 1 Pl>n ufSakuion ;" which 'h< bibli",1 0 ,I", .:. ", .. " ,k(,";, .... <Jf -""""p,- "HI hen« ,1-0.,1.11>< 0"'1" ..."", .. ",,1 w; ,h i" 0., ,hi, b.~, ".01",«''" ~ " )' ('9-Ik9,fc). J9- TI>< h . II'lfO'">a..", ronfi .... him",lf .." he ",lopIy oh. ""'" d:o,,~""" Tb< < .kplu ... 10 , ... 110< _I to> oh. .w, n, 11K """",~ . ...
7" Tbi, i< "'0" , k.. " y """ in ;"A'I< ....""'I< """«ing tl>< ho ,ly dld",,_ Th~ ~"n,ifi,"", i> i"'I""""'" ("" rI", "".1"",,,,,, ,,r ,«hi=",,1 J=ripciott in ~HJJk HiJ!h Go m" thin~ ,im il". FOf ,hem, 'he he..,,,", .... «c ",,;.,J hr r"" , f",~,,1 , U)1""" lik, , ,,1,,,,,,,, " , h< r."I",,, , ,, r wa nle. Tht· Sl'l up
1'1.: (Riidcr 8~ .:\
01' :1
(lilt im:r;:t· in ;' G"l1"-R,,man IXTil'leral rem-
I <j./9'1')0).
( unneeri',n tir" " ",de
h~'
H ai"[m:rrlll
(IQ N:~IT.).
Sj . The Illt'n h irs , ,t the' S'.al! h S,'a "h n..i("f' ,-" r r: ! Ill"
'''!II 't:) " f ! h",r dUll' )rs. Sincc' t h,
name i, p:!lr "lIr
:'\\" : 'H' n~"
l':tn;( ul:rrly (k,rly.
,\lonUlll,,1l1 a nd a rc hit < )"'" ,," of ,ho: ,,,,,~I ""o! ",n"l"" wi" " II", wodd ', d",~, 01"", ,,,,, 1,1 . hu Ix n >< "' ~ (S< hJf« ' 9.S"Q, IL fi~~ » -'1} n..., HO ;, ,,(,,,, I';c,u",d On II,. f«>o" of , "Ulf'k ,h.. "" ,I.>.
M,'i,.,iom.
"w ,o. iO< (; i'}' ro mp'-
"1'1""'''
,h., ... ,""
fur"'.
1',"00,1 "n, il ~',\ I ,n'n , .... f,~ .. ,h ,,"wry in Norkum. A~,,;ld.. (EAA" Gc""'"y \&1;11 ho>< h,d only • , ;" ~k .',k-f,~ ",pl< ,r..'Y'« "nt"I-f>l,n !!""'u«>. they ... ",-,"n,-~ ." bu;h " "' ... "" 11,,,, tI" (.1 ,"«1, of St. M,.. , in H" h, ,,,;, "I"K ,«I .. ho,';"~ o..n -bu ;I';n ,he r.,h..., ,of, 'QU'- (i. ">dum II"~ ,;, n """-0'" ;" ,k r~" , ,,,"oJ 'ht '"'n of ,he ,i"h «oru,)' ;mf>lie> , ,kf"""" from 'ht ' 0;,,, ,oo. W< ""0 , ""Iy '''ltnK. ,hou~h .• ,[mU"ity ",;tI, Hellon ;"., ,l"",· ~
to nJ"r
Ih"t thc
:l
,ymj,{)1 uf thl' churrh, but ~ig nitied th e empire to an
~r,"y
( tY42:1 4(j, .1 1911.29 1).
I rs - l\, ' \ill<Jrsihk "Illy «r" 'p"cifIt" l11"lll ~ nr. ,I fl eT 111 t ro
l"'tt (J)II'c ril'li,,1lS and piCi ures :' OOUI n:u ion:ll e\,ents Ih ~ 1 arc ehiso.:J..t1 in m the rocks in Ira n so.: n ·,· n", s.. much :, ~ duclltm:ms and rcprt'scnwlinm. lmle:,,!. IIt" r GlplUa' an ('ve nt fm rhe J"i lr by m can ~ of an im:!}!c (Erdmann 19-13:47). Thi. ""t"luC! ~ ,ill bears Ir;lC"\ "fth,' "Ider ;11\1m iSIic conce]), ,hat the ~pi ril li"i ns WI, h i n Ihe SlOne lila kes Ihe name' I, pin lJ re CH r' c' I (,n slIrfa" las ting 'I!ld hoi)' (Kaschnil z- Wcinbt:rjl; 1 ~4-1:3 5 ). l k, In .. still wider sen..e, we l11 ighl "hsc rv e 11 II li,
n:,;tilu~
q ua li .• ha bilus cr.,, ·' (T her"
tI,,,
,·d
J[ore lllcn llonrtl q ue... n h ui h herself a
pa b ce in which she ca u.-.ed somc .... f Ihc he mic d«d~ flf Ih,- Lmn b:mh 10 be: pa tnt ... d_ I n
I hi~
plC lUre II W~, pla inly Ill-r ined h(.w the Lmll h.1fd. "fthal age no t tI ...·ir hair (n,,1 wha t thei r c,»tu me< :md po)tures wn Ihe soil, 111: 14)· 47, In A~s}'ri;l. thl' pr'l(li("~ was fur thi: livin).! 10", Icavt: their hUll"'" :md j.!i\C il ove r I" tilt" ,k"d unl' IA mlr:,,-, l<Jj"!- Illili:.t IY. lhe tomh huur...·c\'c n had" halh :Ind:l l" il cl ti ,r lhe dea d (:icharff 1944 - I ~WJ :dl). 4H. T ili, i, srill clearl y vis ihk in lh,' wrill~!l H:.t'y l"niall 'yrnb.,j f"r tomh (,\ ndr. ie 1930 : I IJ. 49. Th i ~ CUnn'pwln i, also im Ca r-
:tnce "I" d. e gud is .,,[ ifllo the all nch"d zig).i" r:l r, whic h i nacecssiblc. d \\'('11 ing " f Ihe gl Kl
(~el'
figure 3,(;), T he I"K!
rLpr~,ented
dt:Sn' nJ ~J
fmlll
Ihe tru e, alho:il hi.~
ll"1l1 pic :lfld
showcd himsd f. 'i l . Although Ihe h it:rogIYI'I, fo r "tcm plc" .' !ill . hows ils o ri).!ins in tht: wil .. ll l re~k
conSl ruClcd om of m ats (An(lrae t9.io:ft~ff.). it is doubtful w heth er Ihe E)'!I'Pli,,,,Mesu put:lll1i:11I ucdiClllu of th(' god wul i! r~'a ll y still h:O \'e hee n unde rstood :0< ~ Il c h . thl' ir huil< "",,,h;p of (!.oil, , ~ ,ht- "'" .. , "I' II .. """ ~',"I. WI.d , ('9J8,,6) , ",I IkKhm'"" (,""« , ' Sff.). ~ •. j>:',a "f ,ht: builditlg' f",,,, Amiqui,)' "n b< ron«i,nj of .. ,d ie. in. doubl, ", n o' "Khol., V , 11"",,,,1 'he bu'kl· ing' of Antiqui'T ,~ b< ~i'm<mt.: ,od '" < -prof, ning of on«,,,,,
,J",,,,,,"" ';''''
""',,«h',
,pI.i.
,hef,"
6i, Surh -,1,.,(, - i> , I", ",,'iJon, in AntiquI,y. T~" Iootek>- in • row.,( «>Iumn, 1",-
.,,1.:0.
,,,,,il,lI< ,"" "(,h.., >I"""",, .. , p,".ron"" will, "" y «m.u y. try. It i, sUn d", pl. ,). 1,- P,,'mpln .r< tho -lmp,"'1 B,,",' i" T,;", ,,>< r .I>,,,,, dO Om .,r H,Jr;,n', ~1I1 , i" -Y-;,o/i (K"n,h. ' 9>9 ; fi~ ' >9> . ..0) , 7:PI. jJ. ~ ~g, 7. ''Iol&l . n" \ 'ogr' ('W" 'SfL ;~).
«1 ' 9'" 1,"""",,)"\jfL). 117. Naturall}'. th ere arc rl-.;: ra nJ!ul~r sin~le-n:l,'eJ halls Ih:'1 serl'(:d a s humes uf{;lxl
in ea rly Chr ist ian limes. Th('~ St.·(:m I .. hal'c been vc ry wiJ~s p n.'ad,l·'·l·n in Inl' secund :Intl Ih ird ,'emu ries (Liesenhe rJ! 1918: Iqo- 1.. ,f«1 By",,,,i,,,, ,,,,"h;<m, ." titk,. >tU< nn,,"' to 11I"" (Gni., '9'p6~. f,~. ",) • >-II. 710;, ~'"" I ,I ....-.1 1,h. " .li"" pi""" of th" Hp.o,,'in< ,,,,cC:J lIS" "f i t ~ r ..c.. plin n in C:o rotin )!ian l illlC.~ . rel:Hdcd Ihe dcveillpmcnl I ,r the trut crucifo rm In x::: " Dnub tl ess. in " i" w tlf th e (;ree k cruc ifo rm d lU rch wi lh , c g n'g:,, ~d crossi ng. the ;[dupti"n by Ch;[r\" magne .... ( Ihe Rnm:l ll tr:,nse pt hi"i tic.1 repre ~cnt cd n ~ I IlIlL".2, I I'}. Il}4 ff.), 159. In t h e~ e c~ scs . l hc tr;ln ~el' ll ~ IJsua ll y pre 'e nt" ~ ~ ma lr,'r I)r(()\lr~t'. 100. For c x ~ mpl c . In Wl'Idell II Il:::ffm:mn 1< 'ow", 1.,;)0 br !I" h,,!, AI'"IIi"",;, ...rU,,,,,,,,,,. I< ,win,,< ~ ' " ""Ir ,\""" ,10" 1\00,,,,, \',,,\,0«,,"n by'''''. "'" ,\;»imil", '" 'hot ,of ,1>< II!,,,,, ,,,;,,,, "'"" thm..: lc It ..." ;n So. Go,,,,,,, ,I"" Ck,.;, ~.. , , h,.",1 ,~ ,h,. )';";,hi". n.,.". ~ "it [I =...\k",,·ingi;m _ I · ;,'~,~ h' , I.. 1),,,,,,1 "I~)
iot> """",' (Hi" ,ng '9'Ho/TJ.
"'-.J • W'"'"
,,,n",,,« .. ,,f>< Sr';'" 1"",'; I')'·
.So. Ex:mlp!":s :I re the churc h dedic;l u:tI hy Juni nian
to
the ,,~c h~nJ.!d l- lic hacl "n ,I,.,
nonhern 5hoTe of the Bosphnrus :md the C hurc h (lf SS. Ser,l!ius :lnd Ho rm iscbs 1).1 b ee (W ulff 19' ~- 191 II, 1:371.). 1.':1 1. i\ b y('ur I·e ry ~im i br tu th;lI in M ~ inz has nnw
1"1(:OOftt! in OOflOO I,,. 10 " ron~ Bruntinc wdi; -h ,." 'M 9 ~ ">' In , .. I'o.m or. ""'I ;n Il;l"""'g (L..I,,,,,,un j9JS ' ~ I ff, 1.; n [,,,,,," (1..< .. ,,,,,", ' 9.1;"5#,)•• n ( ' 'f>''' of,h ,,>1' ,,,'" Wn=1 tbe fig"'" of [)o~ ... " . 1. ....< ,ho." of Au~u"u, . ,xl Crut,k".,~ ,,,, {SrGhp< of,o., Rom," eh"..-h by Ill _ who ,ook lu"';".m., hi, ".ood_,],ooIJ "" """ i" Ii,;, li~l" (U"",kil' '''n> I>b. " J. O~ ,be O,,'"; " ~ of th i, r",..... of ,h .,Kl D, ,';,II >txl
,,,,,,,f,,,,
n,,,,,,,
Clt.,rkm'g"', "","u [Ar,;d iSf>1It l '93" J ' ; ). "1, So • .\"~"" i,,,, ,,;ll A "~u"u,. "],,,;, ,,. M""" A""liu, .tnOflg ,h, g"",1 , ul«>. bu, " ,n.: ,i"1< .of ,be C;',," i "~ ,",,,- .. , Ir Cv"" .. "i " , • .,,1 11~" I ,~i " , ~ ~ " -'" {nuwd (K" u,hci",,, '?I":JII. lO S, Fot Ch"' ''IU~f'Ic u Ipture In t he IIH·Ift h (e ntur y. which will be di K u ~~ed laIn.
,!3u. Thc "uthllr thank> Pr Cr~.<s u'. \\,i th rh eir leg,, 1 and luaary kn(lwkd.l!.«' So. ,he ."iIi .. (rom 'N nr""""h ".'U? on in ,Iw """" PO Mu........... <mbodi ....... '" ,"" kingdo", 0(("....1(~n""" ' 9o!1'54ff.}. - . (;.'''''''''','''' h;,., .... ic.1 pk." •• in ,hr C~ __ ... "p.wwlV. " 1"< ""'''go, of flntiqu i,y'.... ,.i.. , 1in T...:.ny in ,i>< MidO .. A"", >« !l« • • , n
,,,,,"toI P'''''''« tl>< .-,rti~i""", Iw,i~h' ,.' d,m'l.:>. ,hoi, "".,-,~""' kog,h. ,t.,i, ;""" . A, fOr rho 01,1\.>0"", of COO. in which 'h')' ' ''-« 1 never Ix; hllilt.
Lih\\'i~(',
there
~h,-,u IJ ~ 110
hi ,to riated tor
rt: l'rl:" :l11ali,,,,,,1 lI'i" d,.>\\'s , c'xcepllhal in Ihe 111:1;" win, I"", behind ill,>1, F"r :1 halanced n '"lu;lti"n
of I he q Ul'S! i,,", '"'' P:r n"f,k \' (J 9+. )
Bibliography
/If iUl'wltrrli.-hr A rrhilt'l(wr uli IJrdrllllmgJlr,;grr
,um ph:rcd in I(j5u. Thl' l'nt ries mark ed wi th an aSIC risk (* ) appea red in the lllJlhur\ u n~ inal I.ihlin$tr:tl'hy hur we re 3ccl'ssibh: tn him un ly artc I th,. wor k was cum pkt ~·{l. The t ra m b I, Ir '.~ ..ou fees a fc in .- I9 27. D ie Flnrenti ner Ink ruSIJliunsa rchill'klll r de\ 7..rilsrhrift /fir bi/dn ldr Kuosl 6":U I-.1I•• 145-')').
I I.
J :. hrhund.:rt~.
Becnk.:n. H. ' 93()' Die a usJ.t"schird': lll· Vi" rLlng: K ri risch" Ik m.:rk Lln ):"1I ZLI ,·i"i~.:n Re konslfuk ri unc n ka mling ischn Ki rchrn hehrif, 1'57:l7-(,H. Ik hn. I~ H,lj3. Die "" >Thalle zu L" "ch. FursdlllllKtNl IIl1d PWfJrhriflt' '.H .B - .15 ' Be hn. E '934. lJjr kuro/illgisrhr Kloirrrkirrhr /101/ Lorst'h UII dt'r lirrKS/I"(Ji.:.rkc::it. Ous lYt:rk 29:1 ~ 5-~ S. Beissel. S. 11!8oa. ~r Own ,'()n Killn. S,immt'n UIIS Muria Laurh 19:&:;-8.1. 1.1~-~ .1' Beissel , S. 1SSnb. Dcr Dom V()n Kuln. Slimmcn Ulll Muriu Laurh l O:I")-Sj • .11lH-4,)(I. Ik rchcm , M. van. 19!(). Amida: MutaiatIX PO'" I'ipigruphir rr t hisroil"("' 11II1S1/11I/UIIrt:ilr'"llil III .In chrisllich-"rit'lIIali'cht"JI lInd .I", "Ilell"i,chen 1-IauklinsL AUim·hlle!" !uhr!Jl/('h (kr bildl'11d"" KIUJ. Cag;:lIlo .1lu
C;md;, Ius. I HHi. Vila F.igilii . III MOlllllnl'llflJ gCnlulllia I~.
I 1;1n, "Tr.
Nt:II' Y,!rk.1 his ~UI' Hiill1-' :IIJ' ..Ififtl' tlt'.' 14. /ahrlllllld""I; . '\ III nidL
DiI. (,:1 (, 1----l Zit K;;{II. I ~i+S. Eliskircht·tl . Dombart. T. 19.B ' Da l. wt'i-tlirmi)!(' 1""mpd Pylon in dl'r .iltii,l!),pli sch c: n B,mkllnsl lind nn. 2.
Dygg vc. E. 1936.
D:J ~ M :H IMJ k ufll von Mruu J)"m . Wmfiilisdrr ZeI/schrift 97, pI. :1:3- 34' Fu n k, E X.. cd. 19I''j. Didascillia rl rowlillllillllrs ,.!posw{omm. :1 voL•. Padc rl) luli"'l. Vu l. [[ I. Paris.
1""i'Il,..
H uocrt, I. I(.iJ S, CArl prfmm/Ill. 1';lri s. H ii bsch. H . [8",8. In ",ckhn>! SIH $(,fflt"lI ,..il" baurn? K" rlsr uhc.
Hijb5ch. H. 1862- , 86J. Oir u/rch,.ii,lichC1l Kirchell /jurh den HtJlldellirmulclI mid iill"I"cII f)cichrcibltllg"l1 Itlld dr,. E;nfltm dc, ultd",'ll/irh"" [Jawli/l allf dm K;'~'h(")/hall ,,//n Jpiitar1ll'crirldtseins. I'nrr I : Miud:lhcrliche.> Nati"n:llbC:: lI'ussls.ein. J II WrgC" de,. Kullurgo chidlf(, 2ull-n. Munich. Humann, G. 19 1R. De r Zem ralh.1l1 7. U Mcu l:lch IIml die "on der Aachcner I)f:thk apcl lc beeinl'l umell KaUlen. Zrilschrift fiir chrisl/fr.-hl" "'lInIl 3,:8 1-(}4. H iirlilllann, M. 11)46. f~lIg/ischl' Ktlthrdralc". Zurich. Husso ng. L. !9J !!. Qbcr die Milglichkl"itel1. di e die frlihgndlichtl iclw J3ud ellf()rK hung dn fll im: laltc:: rlichen Kun slgc::schi(htc bierd bei Hn<w5sldhmg d ~ ~ gcrm an;~,hcn Erbes in den lI'es tliche n Na chharlandcrn. Rhrillill"hc lIil"rldjuhrsbliillr,. 11:1112- 11;. II gmnim o ( :\mi"ch. 1<J68. Epistle IUlhe E phc~ i;lIl s. In r:ariy ("h ..imall II'rili"Ks. t r"ll ~blcd by M. Stnnif" rrh. 73- 1'4. H :r rlllnn-61. K hluscr, T. [937' 1)a5 Qucrschi rr (kr rom isc he n P ra chlb:(siliken
d~s
4. r"hrhuT\(krts.
FQI.,.h flllg~Il /lnd "'ortJCh,.iff~ 13:57-;:lt
Kla use r. T. ['}42. Vom HmJii" !l:lfT Miirtyurl){uiliklJ. Krit'gsvunriigc cI~r Rhciniscln:n Fried rich- W ilhc:l m s-Unive rsi liil , vol. 61. non n. Klau§e r. T. ' 9--\4. Abendliindisc he Liturgiegcschidu o,:; FnrK hllngshericht und fksin nung. EI(uUriu: BOlllll'r rhrologischl' Bliillerftir kri~glgr/Illlg~tlt' S fu dctllrll t :3-J'" Kl ause r, T. 19--1i. Hcmcrk ungen ;\llr Geschidllc dcr Bonner M 'irtyrcrl'riil~ r. G(Jchichubliilll'r [/JUIIII /Illd s~ill M iillrfl'r: P(srschriji J. H illi~tlkll"'p [ 3:35- --1 1 . Klelzl, O. [935. Titd Imd Num(n VOII Baum(iJ'~11I d~lwcht:r GOlik. Mun ich.
110111/malln. E. 19' 01 . Docr dt'" hdlcni ~ liSndon. 19 7 1 1 KrtJting, A. 1937 . Sr. Mi,.had IIlId 51. Gl'org ill ihm' geHll'_'g,'schu'htfic!Jl'll H(l!u·hllllg. lena. K r~ncker. D. 1929. Di{' Trichichl f W,,'1c, und Recht. F()r$rh "ngm Imd Forts,h rjlft' I,J:I-j . ~-kycr- Barkh au st'n ,
w.
'91q--193". K~ rolinll iKht' Kap itdl e in Hcrsfdd, H& hsl a. M ..
lind F ulda. z..irs~'hrift fii l" biidt'ndt' Kif/1St 6Y I 26---Ji . 1I--Il·ycf. H.1rk h" u-sl·n, W. ' 9,J9, Oit' Ak :.mhusbpi.dle in Wudt""n und Hd rn stedl als ;o..::,chklang der ka roli nJ:"i Kh-otlOnudlcn Ornamcntt' ntwic klunJ:" in Esse n. Jf'aff,OI/ RidlOrlz Jah rbll,h 1 I :!)-25. r-,·Iichcl. .... . 190') . L"Hi;lOirc dt' /'al"l. Pu is.
Miclwl. V. 1902. Crbrr IIl1d 8iM illjriih"hriJtf;"ht'f Z,·i/. Leipzig. /l1il"an,fi S. Li/{/",;n;. 1887- 18118. In M CJll um('lifa gamallit/t' hi.'(OI"Iou rccs d'ufig int lnu(lut', Bul/"Im monflm..-,JI<J1 7 1+f2-1'5, X·lorl e!. \ '. I IJ I I. Rt'Cl Pli , In. E 192+ Epiph" 11 it:. [11 Rculmzyklopiidit' . Porn tow. ,\ 1. 1 885. Gbel' d"11 I:'ill/ftw da "f'I'iiIlIlSCh"1I l 'O Iwrllllll/i"1I /'om Sf,,"l 1I1~( dil' 1'01itilr drt' I:l'ifr" Dt:"lIts,"hrll Kwwhi.,rurikrnu/!,l11g
IJI<jS,MNJ IMihi. 194;;' io- f!3, Hn lin . V",rsm in "ub ccdcsi;1C ill "q u is pa In t i, >. I SR,>-- t Sll t . I 11 ,\10/"'111,",1111 f,;rl'mlll1iu,' hiJ/oriOI , I',, · t:"flU futi"i tl('"ii ruro/i"i. Vol.
Ik rl in. Vince nt. J.. H . ",137. o..-\l~ ('ri~ines de r~ rchitt:('1ure chreriennc. In (JU T i.i bin)!.en.
VonderJu, ). '9 ' 9. Dit:" Amgrubllllgt:"lIuIII DoIII UI F/I!d/l. ,,;08- 191 J. Full!;,. VOnderJll. J. 11}25. Dic Al<sgruhlmgm Ii" Sfi[tJkirehc;1I HrrifCld in d,." /uhrol 1'J21 192L F uld;l. W; lchlsrnuth. F. 1t)ly----1935. Dt'/' Rail", . .1 vok M:lfhur~.
1111,}
WadllSmuth. F. 1'J3u. D..:r Ursprun).\ d es Quc r,'lChirrs. Zt:ilsdmft /ib'lltlu " ' Z,·i, schrijr 2.TI-I9"-,i. Wdg" nd, E. 1928. Propylun unJ Bngenwr in .In uSlll dlel! Rr;ich,kul!sl. aus~dlellJ "om M ith rill.! teSlUr in Ephesus. I VIOl('/" /ilhd;uch fiil" f,:,.,I.rfg(',chlchlI'.2('jn . 1 6 :\ IIscllll t,f Ik ....~I~ . j0211.2j I '\ 11>13CII' (ahl>1 of /Io lcncn). ~ 8 l\m i' lI"h ITu rkC'yl. '95 Anlwc rll (lk lJ!iu m l. ,ui AI'"I lin;" " Ib,shop "r Clcrnmn'). , 8i. l.
ISq.
W}- l~. ~j.l.lj3.
2 j~.
2.+ I. 26;;111.38. 2jQ" ' H. 291 nn.IO', I 10. I, I. 29jn .•• i. 194n . l j~. 195n" 4" 1. 1jl>, 1;tm.9Il: cat hcd ra l. II '). IllS- iO. rbl}. 'il. li4' '7i' i,'orYC3, kcl 1('3''"34. 16~ " -1 i
1~Ibt,k
(Sr m ). Ip.lj9n.llj iL bc!. To...er of. 9'J BJ h)·lon. IP: Sou,h I'OftrtU. r6.J. ' H. l'}On .ji B~):~r~n
(ArrnmI3 ). t9'>
'3".
A.ca.hu, (elll!""rm ), .11··9 In ·95 .\ mold "f BrC!>CI.-l . 1b~n , l l Arngh:l7.ko, (Turkey), ~n .7S Bona"enlure, SI., j06n.6 &lOi (a(o:, S\ .• 2'9. HO
Boniface VIII (~j, j Ojn .24 I H"n n (Germany), ' 50. 280n.1j', jOjl1.1 j(', 30~" . 2SJ
llooo» an dcr "ahe ((;c r m~")')' joon,lOl Bor< lc~ux (Fr3OCC ), ~ 6 ~ra
'u~"'f.!br ·" tJ 'U ' Sf 'I hl("F 'bI - LI r 'H r 'H -::: 'n, '"u ·W. 'SS' " !! ."', . I t '\Jew JI I:J I ! I 'u!(,r 'Ho I '( '11 U1:1 ,I '''1' J" )j," ~ ) '!" 'I: , w""""): 1
," I '''::S '
'( :;U UI·' .--I )
)b,ihl
(Germany I: SI. Georg. 73 Diu Cassius. '75 Diu eh,)',o,torn, 2('H"'~4 Di()d~tia" (rmpcror), ~,. '~4. '3'" 26i"" 4. 275n·95. 29'",,85. Z9~n.177 DiLodonll.1 in, 26rn.25 Etch", iad zi n (f\ nm:" iaJ. ,\/11. 21)n.,,,,, '77 n . ,07 Dyggvc. E .• 10,e.h:!ch Il;erm:"'r). 1. IUj. 15;:. 11-{. u ... nl!. ljl. l J8; n... lal h ..fl.l "f. Ir.l,.
fcru!o.lh:m. 10 M, 2~ 1II.ljS; ..\n lOnlan Fortrn,. 2811>. 1'>4; r:hurch of ,he H"l~· & pu lchte, 4i1. 5". ' 9O. ltu; Tr mple uf Solt/mon. 1> •• ill
I"I/I. X ,oha lm e. o( Ketham. 30611.10 lohn Co","em... (eml",rorl. zoo I osc:phu~. l!:1w"54 Jul iu~ Cae~M
(e mperor). 16; lumicge, (Fr~llce). r9z, ~ 78n. 12 I 'iinger. E., 20sn.59 hlSlin I[ (emperor). 195 luslrnian (empen>rl. III. 1101. 151. 17/), Iii, ' 94. 195.1I J . 218.1&,n.137.lS4n.IS. 185n.28. 29'9"' I 80. J 304",;[.5j: Sl. Alban. 150. 1115 Male. E.. l;on'47 Marcu s Aurd ius {cml... mrl. 177. 175n.6. 161:1. 17g----l:lj . 18". d:l4, ,!'II'>. '1I7-!k), ' 91. '9J. "6119. 1;(>0.""'. 'l.9Jn. I 1(" 198nll.1 77. 1711. 1!),}Il. ,114. J05n.5 :-'Iuyeul (ahoo\ "f CI uny). 227 M.·aux (Frao(e). 154 mrgaron. 74. 140.
q 7 ~ 4'1
3')0
ISD[X
~ I( inu'crk (bl~hol' ..
r Pa,le. bom I. 1 j l
~k l",c n (G ~ "" .• nyl. ,\ I ~ rnl'h I5I EJ;)"I>l. I.
17m .6o",l
IJ 7
,\ l cna. C il)·. Su /\ bll
M !n~
mendicant.l. of I. 5S. 1;8. 1J9. jo(m .6 m ~ nh,r. i6. 1i -+"n.SI. 83. l.!\6n . .p Mcr;amJik (Turkc)'). 'if' l\1': mb (Spa in). 1iin. 10(, l\k"md~
IEjl"ypl ). lS7n.-+ h Mcr""bur)! (German)").ll,}. 110. l Sfm' 39 M{'~,;nn (11:.1)").
Hi Men b ch (Germany l. 2{)O. 17S".12 I '''ICI~ ( Ffa "cd, I~.f. ISs. l<j)n. llII ~ l lchad. 51,. 'h~pd~ dcd '( Jl cn.<J1II :-:or m~ n'.18. Ill.
Ij 1. Ij .;.1 1'; - lj. 2j .;. l p . '-46. 111sn. j5. 1116I1n.j('. j5. 1'1 ' n·9 1.
JOIIl .l ' S
N(l[k.l. ' 79 S o,.!!or".:! ( R u~"a ). 197 Oh:l(h"h. 99.
lUI)
Olxrzdl ( R(lChcnJul(Gcfm:o"~· ). 2I)6n. IOJ 0.10 of Sully. 2H Ol)'mpl a IG rC"Ccd. 1St, OplalU\ o f l\1,1(\(. ,1)0
O rdc", \·i"I". 5j . 135 Ure n..,. (SI',.. n):
S~ml
C.omb.1 de Band •. ,Sl
",nenmion. (00. Sf). I 19. I';; . I .;S. '50. '51 • Ifll-63. l jOn-l; . li(,n ., 00. l <jO r~derborn {Gl:r rnJn) I. !Oi. 201. 1'9 J'3lacr fi,,,r., rrg"' ) ;5- ;b. H. ~ S. 5i. 66. 8J-88. . 1rt r.lII.
' jo. 13j-.H, ,;6, 12~, 231. 261n.JQ. lKon.1 ,6, z,'jsn.jj 1""I'. ie,:o. y church . Su /:·'lIrrlklfch .. P~" I. ~ . "f Huh"'t de !.Ianof~k )" E., ~o,;I1 .~ '. l"iu. U
Qal'at S,'''''II1 ,S)·.;,,), r8;, llIg
p.ua~la~b,
Q".\ ••ibn _W~,dan
l'~rel17.".
'H
5. 2580.]
l'il'l'in II I (kingnf.hc Fran"'), .'14.1.S-' !), J. 114,211j. 1951tn. I 37. I 3\1; So, n Si"o \ ·~rc h;(I. ,S,,; SantO :\na sta sia. ,Son. 19 Sch0l'cnhaucr. A.. 33 Schrade. H .. 16'j".5n.20;; 1:h,oI'C3
or
2-;;"n·4 i . ' 99n,. 8, . 3(ljll,' .lb. 3"4" ,'H '«u lprur( d pm lfl l. S,- 83. '43. l ,nn ... ; Sc,dl ma )·r. H .. ;6. , 6.. 11 ... 1. 265"'W, 27on.W' :8,n. I .. 8
of .\ bxcnl lu " 55. 2q. 21 6. 2f)5 n 'S8: Co rr i!c of I he tiel, r,krf (\ "'1ie an