Ear Surgery - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

EAR

SURGERY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ear Surgery: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00393-7 1. Ear Surgery-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ear surgery. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EAR SURGERY ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ear Surgery................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EAR SURGERY.................................................................................. 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ear Surgery ................................................................................. 45 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 46 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EAR SURGERY ........................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 49 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 General References ....................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON EAR SURGERY ........................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patent Applications on Ear Surgery............................................................................................ 55 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON EAR SURGERY ............................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 60 Chapters on Ear Surgery ............................................................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EAR SURGERY .............................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 64 Academic Periodicals covering Ear Surgery ................................................................................ 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 86 EAR SURGERY DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ear surgery is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ear surgery, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ear surgery, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ear surgery. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ear surgery, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ear surgery. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EAR SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ear surgery.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ear surgery, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ear surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Diagnosis and Initiating Treatment for Peripheral System Disorders: Imbalance and Dizziness with Normal Hearing Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 33(3): 563-577. June 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Summary: There are a number of disorders that selectively involve the peripheral vestibular (balance) system, causing dizziness without hearing loss. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment for patients with these types of disorders. These disorders include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, recurrent vestibulopathy, familial vestibulopathy, and bilateral idiopathic vestibulopathy. The authors stress that a careful and thorough history is the most important part of the

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clinical work up of patients complaining of dizziness. History should include mode of onset and description of the first episode of dizziness; frequency and duration of individual episodes; whether the episodes are spontaneous or provoked by certain factors like head movements or specific positions; associated auditory symptoms such as hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing or other noises in the ears); head trauma; and concomitant ear disease or previous ear surgery. The authors cover pathogenesis, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for the disorders listed above. 6 figures. 44 references. •

Long-term Effects of Chronic Otitis Media on Binaural Hearing in Children Source: Archives of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 121(8): 847-852. August 1995. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the long-term effect of otitis media with effusion (OME) on binaural hearing in children. The research design consisted of longitudinal testing over a 4-year period following insertion of tympanic membrane grommets, employing clinical and normal control groups. Twenty-two children with a history of OME were tested before grommet insertion and at 3 months and 1 year after surgery; some of the children were followed for up to 4 years after surgery. An age-matched control group of 40 children was tested. The results indicate a significant improvement in the masking-level difference (MLD) with increasing time after middle ear surgery; the MLD remained significantly reduced even 2 years after hearing threshold correction. The MLDs of the OME did not differ significantly from those of the control group when tested 3 years after middle ear surgery, even though a small proportion of subjects with a history of OME continued to have MLDs smaller than normal limits. The authors conclude that the results generally suggest a slow recovery of binaural function in children with OME after restoration of normal hearing thresholds. 3 figures. 17 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Ear Surgery The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ear surgery. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ear surgery. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ear surgery. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ear surgery:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Project Title: AFFERENT INNERVATION OF THE POSTNATAL COCHLEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hume, Clifford R.; Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this award application is to allow me to develop the skill and knowledge necessary to establish a successful independent research program in the development of the auditory system and hearing rehabilitation. As an otolaryngologist, I am keenly aware of the impact of hearing loss on the lives of my patients. Because hearing loss directly affects the ability of people to communicate, these impacts can be far reaching. Although I have an extensive background in basic science research, I have only recently entered the auditory field. In addition, during my medical school years and residency, the time that I was able to devote to research was limited by clinical responsibilities. The training period supported by this award will allow me to become knowledgeable and proficient in the field of auditory neuroscience. An outstanding group of scientists has agreed to assist me in this process. This time will also enable me to broaden my understanding of limitations with current modalities of treatment of hearing loss, including cochlear implantation, middle ear hearing aids and reconstructive middle ear surgery. It is my expectation that this training period will enable me to establish the foundation for an innovative research program in auditory development and give me insight into new strategies for the treatment of hearing loss. Auditory perception is encoded by neural circuits that interconnect hair cells in the inner ear and the central nervous system. The assembly of this exquisitely ordered network is dependent on the precise arrangement of multiple cell types in the inner ear and the establishment of accurate axonal projections to the cochlea during embryogenesis. The Iong-term, goal of this research program is to identify the molecular signals that regulate the specification of hair cells and their synaptic connections during development and use these signals to design strategies to treat human hearing loss. In this proposal, I have outlined a series of experiments to characterize the normal developmental process of hair cell innervation. I will then utilize an in vitro culture system to test the ability of postnatal auditory neurons to innervate new hair cells, a model of regeneration. Finally, I will use molecular techniques to begin to dissect the signals that regulate axon guidance in the developing auditory system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AUDITORY EXPERIENCE AND ADULT NEURON TURNOVER IN BIRDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kirn, John R.; Professor; Biology; Wesleyan University Middletown, Ct 064590241 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) Neurogenesis persists into adulthood in many vertebrates including humans. An understanding of the factors that control neuron addition and survival may ultimately lead to insights on the functions of adult neurogenesis and suggest mechanisms for brain repair. In adult warm-blooded vertebrates, the most widespread production of neurons occurs in the avian telencephalon. In songbirds, many new neurons are inserted into the High Vocal Center (HVC), a region necessary for the perception and production of learned vocalizations. New HVC neurons replace older neurons that have died. Recent work shows that auditory input is necessary for normal rates of neuronal replacement. Available data suggest that deafening decreases the numbers of HVC neurons incorporated and

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prolongs their subsequent survival. Proposed work will directly test whether the life span of neurons that have been successfully incorporated into HVC prior to deafening is augmented. Additional studies will determine whether deafening influences the production or early survival of adult-formed neurons. A lesion study will test whether the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (lMAN), an area necessary for song learning, participates in the auditory control of HVC neuron turnover. Playbacks of conspecific song produce increased rates of HVC neuron activity and maximal rates are obtained with playbacks of the bird's own song. Thus, the effects of deafening on HVC neuronal turnover may be due to depriving birds of song-related auditory stimulation. Proposed experiments will systematically deprive hearing-intact birds of access to self-generated auditory feedback and/or conspecific song to test this hypothesis. We will contrast these effects with those following manipulations that alter, without completely blocking, self-generated auditory feedback from singing. Collectively, these studies will explore the sensory requirements for the control of adult neuron addition and loss within a discrete, well-characterized neural system controlling a learned vocal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILD DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO EARLY OTITIS MEDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Paradise, Jack L.; Children's Hosp Pittsburgh/Upmc Hlth Sys of Upmc Health Systems Pittsburgh, Pa 152132583 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study's main objectives are to determine whether persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) in the first 3 years of life results in lasting impairments of speech, language, cognitive, or psychosocial development, and if so, whether they are prevented or lessened by prompt tympanostomy- tube placement (TTP). From 2 hospitals and 6 pediatric practices 6391 well infants aged