Duelling discourses, shared weapons: rhetorical techniques used to challenge racist arguments

Discourse & Society http://das.sagepub.com/

Duelling discourses, shared weapons: rhetorical techniques used to challenge racist arguments Farida Fozdar Discourse Society 2008 19: 529 DOI: 10.1177/0957926508089942 The online version of this article can be found at: http://das.sagepub.com/content/19/4/529

Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com

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INTOQUESTIONIF ONEDOESNOTUSETHELANDPRODUCTIVELY 2OBSUGGESTSTHATITIS UNREASONABLETODEMANDGENERALLYTHATLANDMUSTBEUSEDINPARTICULARWAYS 2OBS EXPOSITION OF THE GENERAL LIBERAL PRINCIPLES OF FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE TOGETHER WITH THE RIGHT TO USE ONES PROPERTY AS ONE SEES FIT APPEALS TO NEO LIBERALECONOMIC RATIONALIST DISCOURSES ACCEPTABLE TO THE MAJORITY OF LISTENERS "ILLIG 7ETHERELLAND0OTTER   (IS DIRECT RESISTANCE OF THE DOMINANT DISCOURSE IS FRAMED AS AN ARGUMENT AGAINST@WHATSOMEPEOPLESAY4HISCONSTRUCTS2OBASACOMPETENTMEMBEROF .EW:EALANDSOCIETYWHOISAPPRAISEDOF CURRENTOPINION BUTITALSOSETSUPHIS ARGUMENTASACHALLENGETOTHESTANDARDSTORY ASTORYUSEDBY@SOMEPEOPLETO SUPPORTTHEIRCONSERVATIVEVIEW)TCONTRASTSWITHANOTHERDEVICE COMMONIN RACISTDISCOURSE OF SPEAKINGFORALL ASTHOUGHONEISSIMPLYVOICINGAMAJORITY VIEW4HIS CONTRASTING APPROACH IS A COMMON FEATURE OF ANTI RACISTDISCOURSE ASWILLBESEENINTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLES)TISSOMETIMESFRAMEDASANACTUAL INSTANCE OF SPEECH AS IN THIS CASE AND SOMETIMES AS GENERALITIES ABOUT WHAT @THEY THEMAJORITY THINK3UCHFRAMINGSOF SOCIALREALITYFUNCTIONASCOMMON SENSE KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS @TREATED AS GIVEN %DWARDS   AND ARE INCLUDED IN THE MONOLOGUE SPECIFICALLY IN ORDER TO SET UP THEIR DIRECT CONTEST ATIONSEEALSO,E#OUTEURETAL  FORAN!USTRALIANEXAMPLE  !FEATUREOF RESISTANCEDISCOURSESSUCHASTHISISTHEIRAPPEALTOFACTSWHICH ARE MISSING FROM STANDARD VERSIONS4HIS PROVISION OF FURTHER INFORMATION POSITIONS THE SPEAKER AS SOMETHING OF AN EXPERT ON THE TOPIC $EVELOPING %DWARDS AND 0OTTERS ARGUMENT THAT VAGUENESS CAN SOMETIMES FUNCTION SYSTEMATICALLYINORDERTOPRODUCEAPARTICULARRHETORICALEND SUCHASTHEIM PRESSION OF COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE OR TAKEN FOR GRANTEDNESS !UGOSTINOS ET AL  HAVE ANALYSED THE @STUDIED USE OF VAGUENESS P  IN CONTEMPORARY RACIST DISCOURSE IN !USTRALIA4HE DIRECT OPPOSITE OF THIS DEVICE IS THE EXPLICIT USE OF FACTUAL DETAIL BY THOSE ARTICULATING ANTI RACIST DISCOURSES )T SERVES TO CONTRADICT AND CHALLENGE THE TAKEN FOR GRANTED ASSUMPTIONS HELD BY MANY WHICH USE THE VAGUENESS INHERENT IN GENERALIZATIONS AND THE USE OF UNDER DETERMINED TERMS TO DOWNPLAY THE INJUSTICES OF THE PAST OR THE MAGNITUDE OF CURRENT PROBLEMS4HUS 2OB PROVIDES GREATER LEVELS OF DETAIL OF THE LAND USE AGREEMENTTOCOUNTERTHEIDEATHATTHELANDWASGIFTEDUNCONDITIONALLYANDIN PERPETUITY $ESPITE THESE EMPHATIC ASSERTIONS OF A DIFFERENT TRUTH 2OBS EXPRESSION IS GENERALLYTENTATIVE FULLOF DISCLAIMERSSUCHAS@THATSHOW)SEEIT @YOUKNOW @EH EVENTHEEMPHATIC@CRIMINALISSOFTENEDWITHAREPEATED@THAT7HILETHISMAY PARTLYBEARESULTOF HISRATHERGENTLEPERSONALITY ITALSOSEEMSTHATITISAFEATURE OF THELESS POWERFULDISCOURSEWHICHMUSTAPOLOGIZEFORCHALLENGINGTHESTAND ARDSTORYOF RACERELATIONS)NTHESAMEWAYTHATDISAGREEMENTSAREADISPREFERRED OPTIONINMICRO LEVELINTERACTIONSANDHENCEARECHARACTERIZEDBYTENTATIVENESS SEE %DWARDS  AT A MACRO LEVEL DISAGREEMENT WITH THE STANDARD STORY ABOUTMINORITYRIGHTSISALSOMARKEDBYHESITATIONS PREFACINGANDDISCLAIMERS MAKINGITLESSTHREATENING9ETINANIRONICWAY TENTATIVENESSALSOFUNCTIONSIN THEOPPOSITEMANNERTOCORRECTIONINVITATIONDEVICES3ACKS  MAKINGCOR RECTION OR CONTESTATION DIFFICULT BECAUSE THE OPINION HAS NOT BEEN OFFERED AS

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DEFINITIVE /FFERING AN OPINION AS PERSONAL ALSO PRE EMPTS CRITICISM OF THE ARGUMENTASAGENERALIZEDPOSITION

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UIBU ! FEATURE ENDEMIC TO THE RACE RELATIONS CLIMATE IN !OTEAROA.EW :EALAND IS THE IDEA THAT WHILE THINGS MAY NOT BE PERFECT THEY ARE CERTAINLY BETTER IN .EW :EALAND THAN ELSEWHERE 7ETHERELL AND 0OTTER  4HIS TAKE ON THE RELATIVE MORAL RANKING OF .EW :EALAND IN A GLOBAL HIERARCHY OF RACISTNON RACIST COUNTRIES GIVES A POSITIVE SPIN TO ANY CONSIDERATION OF RACE RELATIONS ISSUES ALLOWING .EW :EALANDERS TO SEE THEIR HISTORY AND CURRENT PRACTICES THROUGH A @ROSE TINTED MIND SET &LERAS AND 3POONLEY   WHICH SETS THEIR COLONIAL HISTORY ABOVE OTHERS4HIS FREQUENTLY TAKES THE FORM OF A COM PARISON WITH !USTRALIA .EW :EALANDS TRADITIONAL RIVAL WITH THE NOTION THAT -AORI ARE MUCH BETTER OFF THAN THE !BORIGINES BEING COMMON !LTERNATIVELY COMPARISONISMADEWITHMOREOBVIOUSEXAMPLESOF ETHNICCLEANSING SUCHAS THESITUATIONINTHEFORMER9UGOSLAVIA4HISTHEMEISOFTENARTICULATEDWITHINAN ARGUMENTTHATSUGGESTS-AORISHOULDBEHAPPYWITHTHEIRSITUATION6ERKUYTEN  AND THAT THEIR COMPLAINTS ARE UNJUSTIFIED BECAUSE THEY ARE RELATIVELY LESSBADLYOFF COMPAREDWITHOTHERS 4HE ANTI RACIST RESPONSE DIRECTLY CHALLENGES THE PRESUMPTION THAT THE EXISTENCEOF WORSECASESSOMEHOWEXONERATES.EW:EALANDFROMTHENEEDFOR IMPROVEMENT "OTH EXAMPLES BELOW ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SITUATION OF INDI GENOUSPEOPLEIN!OTEAROA.EW:EALANDISPERHAPSBETTERTHANINSOMEOTHER COUNTRIES BUTARGUETHATTHISDOESNOTMEANTHATTHESITUATIONISPERFECT ORTHATIT CANNOTBEIMPROVED4HUSTHERESISTANCEISCONSTRUCTEDAROUND@WEAKAGREEMENT THEPARTIALAGREEMENTSERVINGASAPREFACETODISAGREEMENT0OMERANTZ  MAKINGITMOREPALATABLE &ARIDA

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9VONNES AGREEMENT IS INTERESTING IN THAT IT APPEARS BOTH PERSONAL @IN MY OPINION AND UNQUALIFIED @WHICH IT IS @IT IS  GOOD  -AKING THE VIEW PERSONAL RATHER THAN SAYING THIS IS WHAT EVERYONE THINKS PRODUCES9VONNE AS SOMEONE WHO HAVING CONSIDERED THE SITUATION HAS COME TO HER OWN INDEPENDENT CONCLUSION RATHER THAN SIMPLY ADOPTING THE MAJORITY POSITION 9VONNEALSOUSESTHEREASONABLEMIDDLEGROUNDDEVICE PRESENTINGHERSELF ASABLE TOSEETHEPOSITIVESASWELLASTHENEGATIVESOF EACHSIDEOF THEARGUMENT(ER POSITION IN CHALLENGING THE MAJORITY VIEW IS ALL THE MORE STRONG AS A RESULT 3HESUGGESTSCOMPARISONSSHOULDNOTBEMADEBETWEENCOUNTRIES NOTINGTHAT

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TO ACCEPT THAT THE SITUATION IS BETTER IN .EW :EALAND IMPLIES THAT -AORI ARE @LUCKIER WHICHTHENLEADSTOTHEEXPECTATIONTHATTHEYSHOULDBEGRATEFUL AND STOPCOMPLAINING ANOTHERCOMMONTHEMEOF RACISTTALK7ETHERELLAND0OTTER  (ERRESISTANCEOF THISREADINGISEVIDENTINTHEVARIOUSHEDGINGDEVICES USED INCLUDINGTHEHESITANTFRAMINGOF THETERM@GOOD WHICHISSUCCEEDEDBY @TYPEOF THING UM YEAHWHENFIRSTMENTIONED ANDPRECEDEDBYASIGNIFICANT PAUSE THE SECOND TIME MAKING CLEAR HER DISAGREEMENT WITH THE STANDARD CONSTRUCTION 9ET LIKE 2OB 9VONNE IS QUITE TENTATIVE IN HER ARGUMENT (ER USE OF THE PHRASES@PERHAPS @TYPEOF THING UM YEAHAND@INMYOPINION ASWELLASHER CONSTANT FRAMING OF HER ARGUMENT AS @WHAT SHE THINKS MAKES HER CHALLENGE LESSEMPHATIC ANDTHUS PERHAPS EASIERTOACCEPTBECAUSEITISNOTCLAIMEDAS DEFINITIVE AND IS EXPRESSED IN AS NON THREATENING A MANNER AS POSSIBLE )T IS ALMOSTAPOLOGETICINTHEVOICINGOF APOSITIONOPPOSITETOTHEMAJORITYVIEW AND CARRIESTHEGENERALFEATURESOF DISAGREEMENTASOUTLINEDBY0OMERANTZ MAKINGTHEDISAGREEMENTMOREPALATABLE )NTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGE !WHINA A-AORIWOMAN MAKESTHESAMEARGU MENT DIRECTLYRELATINGITTOCONVERSATIONSSHEHASHADWITHTHOSEHOLDINGTHE MORECOMMONCONSERVATIVEVIEW &ARIDA

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/NCE AGAIN THE RECOUNTING OF HER OWN RESISTANCE ARGUMENTS IN THE FORM OF @WHENPEOPLESAY8 )SAY9 WORKSRHETORICALLYTOPRODUCE!WHINAASACOM PETENT ENGAGEDMEMBEROF SOCIETY BUTONEWHOISAPPRAISEDOF FURTHERKNOWL EDGEORFACTSTOSUPPORTADIFFERENTARGUMENT4HISAPPROACHHASADISTINCTIVE @SOAP BOX CHARACTER TO IT WHICH RESONATES WITH THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL -AORI ORATORY 3IMILAR TO 2OBS CONSTRUCTION !WHINAS ARGUMENT MUST BE HEARDASEDUCATIVE BEINGACALLTOREJECTWHATTHELISTENER LIKEOTHER@PEOPLE HAS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT4HE DEVICE OF RECOUNTING ONES OWN ARGUMENTS IS AN INTERESTINGCOUNTERPOINTTOTHEUSEOF DIRECTREPORTEDSPEECHOF OTHERS IDENTIFIED BY(OLT WHICHFUNCTIONSASAFORMOF STAKEMANAGEMENTTOPLACETHE SPEAKER OUTSIDE A GIVEN DEBATE AS A DISTANCED OBJECTIVE OBSERVER2ECOUNTING ONES OWN ARGUMENTS PRODUCES THE SPEAKER AS SUBJECTIVELY ENGAGED IN THEIR EVERYDAYINTERCOURSE WITHTHEDEBATE9ETITSERVESTHESAMEFUNCTIONASDIRECT REPORTED SPEECH IN PROVIDING A SENSE OF IMMEDIACY AND HEIGHTENED REALITY TO THE UTTERANCE BEING RECOUNTED IN A SENSE AS IT OCCURRED SEE ,E #OUTEUR ETAL  

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,IKE9VONNESRESISTANCEOF THEASSUMPTIONTHATNOTBEINGTHEWORSTMEANS BEING THE BEST !WHINA CHALLENGES THE NOTION THAT SINCE THINGS ARE WORSE ELSEWHERE ONESHOULDTHEREFOREBESATISFIEDWITH@SECONDBEST ENGAGINGWITH THE SORT OF CRITICISM DIRECTED AT -AORI FOR NOT BEING @HAPPY WITH THEIR LOT 3HEEVENSUBTLYQUESTIONSTHEASSERTIONTHATTHINGSAREWORSEELSEWHERE WITH HER@WELL)SUPPOSEAND@BYWHATTHENEWSSAYS7HILETHETONEOF THISEXTRACT ISMOREDEFINITEANDASSERTIVETHAN9VONNES THEREARESTILLANUMBEROF DEVICES WHICHPRODUCEASIMILARTENTATIVENESSnFOREXAMPLE SHESTILLFRAMESTHISASHER OPINION@)SORTOF THINK@TOME "UTITISINTERESTINGTHATTHISTENTATIVENESSIS CHARACTERISTIC ONLY OF THE FIRST PART OF HER STATEMENT 3HE GRADUALLY BECOMES INCREASINGLY DEFINITIVE AND HER VERY DECISIVE CONCLUSION CONTRASTS WITH 9VONNES ASDOESHERFORCEFULSTATEMENTOF PRINCIPLEWHICHISNOTCOUCHEDAS A PERSONAL OPINION @WE SHOULD ALL STRIVE  BUT AS A GENERALLY VALID MORAL IMPERATIVE (ER USE OF THE TERM @VALID BUYS IN ONCE AGAIN TO RATIONALIST DISCOURSES (ER FINAL STATEMENT SERVES TO CLOSE DISCUSSION WITH ITS EMPHATIC @MY'ODANDAPPEALTORATIONALISTDISCOURSE

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UIJOHT ! STANDARD ARGUMENT WHICH IS OFTEN VOICED IN RELATION TO MEDIA REPRESENTA TIONS OF PROTESTS FOR -AORI RIGHTS IS THAT CERTAIN TYPES OF PROTEST ACTIONS ARE LEGITIMATEWAYSOF ATTEMPTINGTODEALWITHGRIEVANCES ANDOTHERSARENOT"Y CALLING INTO QUESTION THE LEGITIMACY OF TACTICS USED BY PROTESTERS RACIST DIS COURSE AVOIDS THE QUESTION OF THE LEGITIMACY OF THE PROTESTERS ACTUAL CLAIMS 4HOSE INVOLVED IN PROTESTS ARE CONSTRUCTED AS STIRRERS MILITANTS AND HARD LINERSSEE-C#REANOR A B.AIRNAND-C#REANOR 7ETHERELL AND0OTTER FORFURTHERDISCUSSION ANDTHEREFOREASNOTREPRESENTINGTHE MAJORITYS OREVENASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOF AMINORITYS VIEWS ,IKE THE EARLIER EXAMPLE THE RESISTANCE DISCOURSE SOMETIMES COMES IN THE FORMOF @WEAKAGREEMENT APARTIALADMISSIONTHATSOMEPROTESTACTIONSARENOT SUPPORTEDBY-AORIGENERALLY BUTTHATSINCETHEACTIONSACHIEVETHEIRAIMTHEY AREULTIMATELYLEGITIMATE!LTERNATIVELY ARGUMENTMAYBEMADEFORADIFFERENT DEFINITIONOF LEGITIMATEANDILLEGITIMATEACTION4HEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLEDIRECTLY CHALLENGESASTRONGTHEMEWHICHEMERGEDINMEDIACOVERAGEOF DEMONSTRATIONS ATTHE7AITANGI$AYCELEBRATIONS WHICHQUESTIONEDTHEAPPROPRIATENESS OF DIFFERENTFORMSOF PROTESTSEE!BEL    &ARIDA !NNA

/+(OWDOYOUFEELABOUT7AITANGI$AY INGENERAL ANDALSOTHISYEARAS WELL WHERETHEREWASTHESPITTINGONTHEFLAGANDTHAT ;=4HEMEDIAHYPEDITUPANDITUM BEFORETHATTHEYWOULDNTHAVECARED LESSREALLY ITWASAHOLIDAYANDTHATWASALLTHEYWEREWORRIEDABOUT YOU KNOWANICESUMMERSDAY"UT)DONTHAVEAPROBLEMWITHWHATHAPPENED AT7AITANGIATALL)THINKFIRSTLYPEOPLEHAVEGOTTOUNDERSTANDWHERETHEY WEREWHENITHAPPENED AND-ARAEPROTOCOLANDWHATCANHAPPENONTHE -ARAEANDWHATCANTHAPPENONTHE-ARAEANDUMJUSTEXACTLYWHATTHOSE SYMBOLSOF THETHINGSTHATHAPPENEDMEAN YOUKNOW)MEANTHEFACTTHAT ABOUTTHESPITTINGATTHEGOVERNORGENERAL THEYTOOKITPERSONALLYLIKEITWAS

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ATHERANDTHEYDONTUNDERSTANDITWASNT!NDTHATSWHEREBICULTURALISM COMESINAGAIN BECAUSEPEOPLEJUSTDONTUNDERSTANDWHYTHEYDOWHAT THEYDO YOUKNOW

!NNA A 0AKEHA WHO IS MARRIED TO A -AORI DIRECTLY ENGAGES WITH MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS IN THIS ACCOUNT 3OME CRITICISMS OF THIS PARTICULAR EVENT HAD DRAWNON-AORICULTURALTRADITIONSTOARGUETHATTHEACTIONSWERENOTONLYIN APPROPRIATEWITHINA0AKEHAFRAMEWORKOF RIGHTANDWRONGWAYSOF MAKINGA POINT BUTTHATTHEPROTESTWASILLEGITIMATEEVENWITHIN-AORITRADITIONS!NNA DIRECTLYCHALLENGESTHISVIEWWITHHEROWNDESCRIPTIONOF THESETRADITIONS3HE SPECIFICALLY CRITICIZES MEDIA CONSTRUCTION OF -AORI PROTEST ACTIONS 5SING THE @CLAIMING SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE DEVICE WHICH WORKS RHETORICALLY AGAINST COMMON SENSEUNDERSTANDINGSOF EVENTS"ILLIG  !NNAEXPLAINSTHATPEOPLETOOK OFFENCEATTHEACTIONSBECAUSETHEYDIDNOTUNDERSTANDTHEIRSIGNIFICANCE AND ARGUES THAT BICULTURAL EDUCATION WOULD OVERCOME SUCH MISUNDERSTANDINGS 4HEUSEOF REPETITIONANDDEFINITIVEWORDSSUCHAS@EXACTLY @FACT @UNDERSTAND AND@CANCANTREINFORCETHEVERACITYOF HERARGUMENT4HISCONSTRUCTS!NNA ASSOMETHINGOF AN@EXPERTONTHESUBJECTOF -AORITRADITIONS ANDTHEMASSES THE@PEOPLE;WHO=JUSTDONTUNDERSTANDASTHOSEINNEEDOF ENLIGHTENMENT A REVERSAL OF THE USUAL MAINSTREAM CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROTESTERS AS THOSE IN NEEDOF EDUCATION !NNAS USE OF IDENTITY CATEGORIES DESERVES SOME EXPLORATION 3HE REFERS SEVERALTIMESATTHEOUTSETTO@THEYnACOLLECTIVITYSOBROADASTOINCLUDEMOST .EW:EALANDERSnWHOSIMPLYENJOYTHENATIONALDAYASAHOLIDAY4HIS@THEY BECOMES @PEOPLE WHILE FOR A BRIEF MOMENT @THEY ARE THE -AORI PROTESTORS !NNAREVERTSBACKTO@THEYBEINGTHEMAJORITYINHERCRITICISMTHAT@THEYTOOK ITPERSONALLY AND@THEYDONTUNDERSTAND4HEMAJORITYBECOME@PEOPLEAGAIN INORDERTOCONSTRUCT-AORIAS@THEY THOSEWHO@PEOPLEJUSTDONTUNDERSTAND 4HE FLUIDITY OF THE IDENTITY CATEGORIES IS REMARKABLE AS THE SAME WORDS n @THEYAND@PEOPLEnAREUSED BUTTHEIRMEANINGMUSTBEDERIVEDCONTEXTUALLY FROM THE ACTIVITIES THEY ARE INVOLVED IN AND THOSE THEY ARE CONTRASTED WITH 4HESE MOVEMENTS OF IDENTITY ARE MORE INTERESTING BECAUSE !NNA IS HERSELF 0AKEHA AND THEREFORE COULD BE EASILY IDENTIFIED AS A MEMBER OF THE MAJORITY BUTSHEDOESNOTTALKOF @WE EVENIN@SCAREQUOTES DISTANCINGHERSELF FROMTHE MAJORITY OPINION 3HE IS ALSO PRECLUDED FROM IDENTIFYING WITH THE PROTESTORS AS @WE BECAUSE SHE IS NOT HERSELF -AORI4HIS LEAVES !NNA OUTSIDE ALL CAT EGORIES NEGOTIATING THEIR DIFFERENT POSITIONS AND ABLE TO PRESENT HERSELF AS A DISINTERESTED OBJECTIVEOBSERVER4HEFLUIDITYOF THEIDENTITYCATEGORIES DEEPLY CONSTRAINED BY POLITICAL CONCERNS DEMONSTRATES THAT @MAKING AN IDENTITY SALIENTISDEMONSTRABLYANDIRREDEEMABLY ANINDEXICAL LOCALANDOCCASIONED MATTER SHOT THROUGH WITH SPEAKERS INTERESTS 7IDDICOMBE   INTERESTSWHICHINCLUDEACONCERNWITHAPPROPRIATEALIGNMENT )N TERMS OF THE LEGITIMATEILLEGITIMATE THEME !NNA CHALLENGES THE DEFIN ITIONSOF WHATISACCEPTABLEWITHINA-AORICONTEXT ARGUINGTHATSPITTINGAND OTHERACTIONSWERELEGITIMATEINTERMSOF TRADITIONAL-AORIFORMSOF COMMUNI CATING DISPLEASURE 3HE CRITICIZES 0AKEHA FOR BEING UNAWARE OF THIS 3HE THUS

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AS @SWAP @STEAL @OUTRIGHT THEFT @CONTRACT @BELONGS AND @OWN TO REINFORCE THIS ACCOUNT 3HE USES A LEGALISTIC CHALLENGE SUGGESTING THAT @CONTRACTS HAVE BEENBROKEN ANDTHATNOONEWOULDSIMPLYIGNORESUCHABREACHWITHA@NEVER MIND ATTITUDE )NSTEAD REGARDLESS OF HOW LONG AGO THE BREACH OCCURRED ONE LOGICALLYWILL@WANTWHATBELONGSTOYOU4HISISADIRECTCHALLENGETOTHESTANDARD VERSIONWHICHRELIESONTHEIDEAOF ANIMAGINARYSTATUTEOF LIMITATIONSFORUN JUSTCONTRACTSORBREACHESOF CONTRACT(ANNAHFORCEFULLYARGUES USINGRHETORICAL QUESTIONSFORWHICHSHEPROVIDESDIRECTANSWERS THATTHEPASTISNOTTHEPAST ITIS IMPLICITINTHEPRESENT ANDTHEQUESTIONOF WHENAPARTICULARINJUSTICEOCCURRED ISIRRELEVANTTOTHENEEDFORRESOLUTION (ANNAH CONSTRUCTS HER ARGUMENT IN DIRECT CONTRAST TO WHAT @PEOPLE SAY !S AN ENGAGED PARTICIPANT IN SOCIETY SHE KNOWS WHAT PEOPLE SAY SHE HAS IN FACT @HEARDITALLTHETIMEAFORMOF CREDENTIALIZING ANDCANRE PRESENTTHEIR ARGUMENT2ATHERTHANUSINGDIRECTREPORTEDSPEECH(OLT  HOWEVER HER PARAPHRASED ACCOUNT IS A FORM OF CONSTRUCTED DIALOGUE 4ANNEN  WHICH IS EMBLEMATIC OF A STANDARD STORY COMMONLY HEARD4HIS SERVES AS THE POINT FROM WHICH TO EMBARK ON DISAGREEMENT4HE DEPARTURE IS INDICATED BY HER DISMISSIVE@RARARA WHICHPRODUCESTHISVERSIONASBOTHSOCOMMONASTONOT NEED REHEARSAL AND AS NOT WORTHY OF REPETITION (ER DISAGREEMENT PROCEEDS THROUGHACLAIMOFSPECIALKNOWLEDGETOARGUEAGAINSTTHEMAJORITYVIEW7HILE STARTING A LITTLE TENTATIVELY WITH A DISCLAIMER IN THE FORM OF THE PERSONALIZED @)LOOKONIT (ANNAHTHENBECOMESMUCHMOREFORCEFUL STATINGTHEALTER NATIVEVIEWEMPHATICALLY4HEUSEOF THEPARTICLE@LOOKSIGNALSTHISCHANGE PRO DUCINGTHEREMAININGARGUMENTASVERIDICAL,E#OUTEURETAL  4HEORATOR IN(ANNAHEMERGESINTHEDIRECTADDRESSINGOF THEAUDIENCEINTHISCASE SIMPLY THEINTERVIEWER TAKINGTHEMINTOHERCONFIDENCEBYTELLINGTHEM@WHATSHESAYS TO PEOPLE FOLLOWED BY EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE PARTICULAR PERSONAL AND FICTIONAL FORMS TO ILLUSTRATE HER ARGUMENT /NCE AGAIN WE FIND THE RECOUNTING DEVICE PRODUCING(ANNAHASANENGAGEDANDACTIVERESISTEROF THESTANDARDDISCOURSE )T IS ALSO QUITE CLEAR HERE THAT THE ARGUMENT IS BEING DEVELOPED AGAINST A KNOWNDISCOURSE ASITISHIGHLYOPPOSITIONALINTONE4HESPEAKERPROVIDESTHE MAJORITYVIEW ANDTHENPULLSITAPARTUSINGTHEDEVICESMENTIONED TOMANAGE THECONCLUSIONTOWHICHTHELISTENERISLED 3IMILARLY IN THE FOLLOWING EXTRACT !WHINA USES A CONCEPTION OF THE PAST ASFOUNDATIONFORTHEFUTUREINHERARGUMENTSUPPORTINGTHEHONOURINGOF THE 4REATY OF 7AITANGI $ESPITE ITS AGE OR PERHAPS BECAUSE OF IT THIS DOCUMENT SHOULDPROVIDELEGALSANCTIONFORANYCLAIMSTOCORRECTPASTWRONGS )TSSTILLTHEFOUNDINGDOCUMENTFORTHISCOUNTRYANDTHEREARESOMEBASICTHINGSTHAT WERENTKEPTTO)THINK%VENTHOUGHITWASSIGNEDYEARSAGO IF WEWEREFOUNDED ONITTHENITSTILLHOLDSTRUE

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