Turkey, Islamists and Democracy: Transition and Globalisation in a Muslim State (Library of Modern Middle East Studies)

Transition and Globalization in a Muslim State

YILDIZ ATASOY

II.B.TAU RIS

P u b l i s h e d i n 2 0 0 5 by L B . T a u r i s & C o L t d 6 Salem Road, London W 2 4 B U 175 F i f t h A v e n u e , N e w Y o r k N Y 10010 w w w . ibtauris .com

For m y parents, F a t m a a n d M e h m e t N e d i m Atasoy, A n d for m y husband, Kenjalowica, W i t h love a n d gratitude

In the U n i t e d States o f A m e r i c a a n d C a n a d a distributed by P a i g r a v e M a c m i l l a n a d i v i s i o n o f St. M a r t i n ' s Press 175 F i f t h A v e n u e , N e w Y o r k N Y 10010

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Contents

List of Tables

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

1

I s l a m i n G l o b a l P o l i t i c s : T h e o r e t i c a l Perspectives

1

2

A S e c u l a r Vision

3

T h e Islamist S e a r c h for S e l f h o o d

60

4-

T h e C o l d W a r a n d the C r e a t i o n o f a N a t i o n a l Bourgeoisie

85

5

T h e Islamist N a t i o n a l V i e w

115

6

C o s m o p o l i t a n Islamists a n d G l o b a l i z a t i o n

146

7

T u r k i s h Islamists i n the P o s t - C o l d W a r State System

177

of Modernity

23

References

191

Index

215

List of Tables

Ï.

T h e Ethnic Distribution of Capital and Labour in Large O t t o m a n M a n u f a c t u r i n g industries. 1915

51

2.

Exports, Imports, T r a d e Balance, and Worker Remittances

112

3.

External Debt

114

4.

D i s t r i b u t i o n by R e g i o n o f the Largest P r i v a t e I n d u s t r i a l C o r p o r a t i o n s , 3 980

5.

U S M i l i t a r y A s s i s t a n c e , 1950-1980

118

130

6. Imam-Hatip L y c é e G r a d u a t e s W h o H a v e T a k e n J o b s i n the C l e r i c a l Professions

157

Acknowledgements

D u r i n g m y g r a d u a t e e d u c a t i o n a n d subsequent research it b e c a m e i n c r e a s i n g l y clear h o w i m p o r t a n t

it is t o

understand

world

h i s t o r i c a l context

and

to

overcome the l i m i t a t i o n s o f c o n v e n t i o n a l ways o f t h i n k i n g about social liiè. It was w h i l e w r i t i n g m y d i s s e r t a t i o n at the U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o that I first h a d an o p p o r t u n i t y to integrate these insights into m y w o r k . A t t h a t t i m e , I b e c a m e deeply engaged i n e x a m i n i n g t r a n s n a t i o n a l ^ l i n k e d , yet l o c a l l y d i s t i n c t , Islamist practices. A s I d e v e l o p e d m y thoughts o n the subject, m y w o r k c a m e to reflect a particular theory o f Islamic politics with a historical, comparative, and global perspective. M v c o n t e n t i o n is that I s l a m i c p o l i t i c s embodies h i s t o r i c a l l y situated social relations that express the m a t e r i a l a n d discursive c o n d i t i o n s associated w i t h b o t h domestic a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l power d y n a m i c s . M a n y people have c o n t r i b u t e d to m y i n t e l l e c t u a l g r o w t h . T h e w r i t i n g s of G i o v a n n i A r r i g h i , F r e d B l o c k , H a r r i e t F r i e d m a n n , P h i l i p M c M i c h a e i , K e e s v a n der P i j l , a n d C h a r l e s T i l l y were p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t to the development of m y ideas. I a m g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d to H a r r i e t F r i e d m a n n , m y thesis supervisor at the U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , w h o helped me w i t h the p r e l i m i n a r y research a n d d i r e c t e d me to m a n y p r e v i o u s works o f p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m y a n d h i s t o r i c a l c o m p a r a t i v e analysis. S p e c i f i c a l l y , K a r l Polanyi's The Great Transformation F r e d B l o c k ' s The Origins of International

and

Economic Disorder were c e n t r a l to the

overall project. T h e s e texts enabled me to fashion a research

strategy

that

incorporates the s e e m i n g l y d i s p a r a t e d y n a m i c s o f p o l i t i c a l I s l a m into a l a r g e r structural

framework

for

understanding

the

u n d e r l y i n g process

of global

transformations. I a m also i n d e b t e d to P h i l i p M c M i c h a e i o f C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , w h o has p r o v i d e d m e w i t h i n s i g h t f u l c o m m e n t a r y o n m y work. T h i s book was w r i t t e n w h i l e I was t e a c h i n g , a d v i s i n g g r a d u a t e students, a n d c o m p l e t i n g a n o t h e r p r o j e c t on M u s l i m women's v e i l i n g i n C a n a d a a n d T u r k e y . T h e support

of m y

colleagues at S i m o n Fraser U n i v e r s i t y m a d e

it

possible for me to p u s h a h e a d w i i h the b o o k despite the d e m a n d s o f reaching. I n the p l a n n i n g stages o f the b o o k I benefited f r o m the suggestions o f R o b e r t B r y m of the U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , W i l l i a m K . C a r r o l l o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f V i c t o r i a , a n d G e r a r d o O t e r o o f S i m o n Fraser University. I also owe m a n y thanks to the M u s l i m intellectuals a n d students w h o m I met d u r i n g m y research i n T u r k e y . T i l ™ VinHKj sh^rpH tVir-^ir v i e w s fin ïsiamisf nolitics i n the m a n v fascinating"

Xll

T U R K E Y , ISLAMISTS A N D D E M O C R A C Y

I w o u l d like to thank J a n e S p r i n g e r for her helpful comments o n the i n i t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f the text. I a m also grateful to Lesley C a m e r o n for copy e d i t i n g

1

the m a n u s c r i p t a n d to W i l s o n N a m for his t e c h n i c a l assistance i n typesetting. I n a d d i t i o n , I have benefited from the c o m m e n t s o f several a n o n y m o u s reviewers.

Islam in Global Politics: Theoretical Perspectives

P o r t i o n s o f C h a p t e r 6 were first p u b l i s h e d i n Studies in Political Economy ( V o l u m e 7 1 / 7 2 A u t u m n 2 0 0 3 / W i n t e r 2004). Parts o f C h a p t e r 7 have been previously p u b l i s h e d i n Global Shaping and Its Alternatives,

edited by Y i l d i z A t a s o y a n d

W i l l i a m K . C a r r o l l ( A u r o r a a n d B l o o m f i e l d : G a r a m o n d Press a n d K u m a r i a n Press, 2003). W i t h o u t K e n J a l o w i c a , m y h u s b a n d , I c a n o n l y wonder w h e n this b o o k w o u l d have been completed. I a m very grateful for his willingness to spend

f

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