Tools and weapons illustrated by the Egyptian collection in University College, London

5 57-7g

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS L BRARY I

BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT

AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWENTY-SECOND YEAR,

1916

TOOLS AND WEAPONS ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, AND 2,000 OUTLINES FROM OTHER SOURCES. BY

W. M.

FLINDERS PETRIE, HON.

D.C.L.,

F.R.S.,

F.B.A.

;

LL.D., LITT.D., F.S.A. (Scot.), A.R.I.B.A., M.R.I.A.

MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

LONDON BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C. AND

CONSTABLE &

CO. LTD.,

lo

ORANGE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE,

W.C.

AND

BERNARD QUARITCH,

ii

GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, 1917

W.

UToY rxD3D

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

h;tWYORK LIB:

Li

BB

Ln.,

ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT

BRITISH SCHOOL OF

GENERAL COMMITTEE

Mrs. Rt.

*Miss M. a.

Prof.

Walter Baily Henry Balfour Rev. Dr. T. G. Bonnev

Rt.

Rt.

Dechmont M. Burrows •Prof. J. B. Bury {Chairman) *SoMERS Clarke Edward Clodd Prof. Boyd Dawkins Dr. R.

Dill

*Miss Eckenstein Dr. Sir

Percy Gardner Hon. Sir G. T. Goldie

Gowland J. R. Green Hon. F.-M. Lord Grenfell

Prof. P. E.

Dr. A. C.

Haddon Haworth Rev. Dr. A. C. Headlam D. G. Hogarth Sir H. H. Howorth Baron A. von Hugel Dr. A. S. Hunt

His

Dr. Jesse

Northumberland. F. W. Percival

Prof.

Alan Gardiner •Prof. Ernest Gardner

Rev. Prof. Sir

Grace

Duke

the

of

Dr. Pinches

Dr. G.

W. Prothero

Dr. G.

Reisner

W. Richmond W. Ridgeway Mrs. Strong Lady Tirard Sir

W. Johns

Prof. F.

Macalister

Dr. R. VV.

*Dr.

Murray Newberry

Mrs. F. Ll. Griffith

Mrs. C. H.

Gregory Foster James Frazer

^

G.

*J.

Prof.

R. C. BOSANQUET Hon. Viscount Bryce of

Prof. Sir S.

Members)

Milne Robert Mono Prof. Montague Walter Morrison

Hon. John Abercromby

Prof.

{* Executive

Macan Mahaffy

E.

Towry Whyte

Henry Miers

Honorary Treasurer— *H.. Sefton-Jones Honorary Director Prof. Flinders Petrie

—

Honorary Secretaries— Mrs. Hilda Petrie and Percival Hart Bankers— The Anglo-Egyptian Bank.

Though will

in

last

winter the war hindered the continuance of excavations,

be resumed, so soon as the position

Government

service.

by various causes; and,

is

more

Meanwhile the volumes in

lieu of the usual

settled, with assistants

who

it

is

hoped they

are not required

on Lahun and Harageh are delayed

for 191 4

volumes on excavation

for 1915, subscribers

have

received a work on the scarabs in University College, with over 2,000 illustrations of objects

bearing royal and private names

The in the

;

and

for

191 6 the present

volume on Tools.

accounts of the British School are audited by a Chartered Accountant, and published

Annual Report.

Treasurer: H. Sefton-Jones.

ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL IN EGYPT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.

GOWER t

STREET, LONDON,

W.d

—

The

British School of

fund since

achieved

;

1914.

this

Hospitals,

We

in

Dr.

Elsie

Egypt has been making a

in

;^i,coo

raise

to

We

about a year.

maintain

to

Archaeology

undertook

now

are

the

Field

which

Hospitals,

W.

serving

are

subscriptions

usual

the

to

such are invested

School, as

Loan, and thus pass into the National Savings for the present. serving their country, but

when

to support their researches.

volumes of

volumes are

allies

the

(Hon.

London Units, Hilda Flinders Petrie). It is hoped that all subscribers make this the special War Work of our organisation. We have no hesitation

continuing to receive

the

Women's

H.,

will help to

in

Fund, and

Scottish

Serbian division of the Russian army in Rumania, and are greatly valued by our Sec. S.

war

for a

collection

Families

Officers'

collecting entirely for the

two

Inglis'

for

that sad duty

now

are

all

their subscriptions, ensure getting

The

be continued for the years of the War.

will

War

passed, they will again turn to the School

is

Meanwhile our supporters, by

catalogue, which

this

Our students

in

:

Amulets (previously issued by Constable). Scarabs, for 191

5.

Tools and Weapons,

Following volumes

will

Funeral Statuettes (Shabtis)

]

Weight Weights and Measures

J

be

Glass and Glazes (in colours)

a time

when

all

;

Beads

of this volume

instructed to retain

it

of College collections.

men

in public service,

;

(in colours)

;

offered

to

and the most

His

offer

work

resign

University

direct

also,

in

has been declined.

At

position

it

The

official

is

needful to state the

the beginning of the war the peace, but

until

duty of such position

two

;

;

produced.

is

Metal Vases

Egypt Games and Writing Materials and ten or twelve other subjects.

Prehistoric

;

Stone and

;

our energies are required for our defence,

conditions under which any historical writer

^

on Ornaments and Toilet Objects

Scarabs with designs and Button Seals

At

1916.

for

is

was

officially

the present catalogue

work of other volume has been left to be

enquiries, to take the

printing of this

produced entirely as deferred work, only taken up to level the output of the printers and plate-makers

;

thus equalising the conditions of labour, without employing more workers than

are otherwise needed. printers,

The

splendid early volunteering of over 250

shows that they do not hesitate

at

till

the firm of

complying with the national requirements.

delays in printing have necessarily occurred, and the one on Scarabs, can be issued

men from

it

after the war.

IV

is

doubtful

if

volumes beyond

Great

this,

and

.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

SECT.

PAGE

SECT. 1.

Limits of this work

2.

System of

3.

Detail of arrangement

this

I

work

I

....

Abbreviations

.

CHAPTER

2 3

I

THE PLAIN-BLADE AXE

(a)

4.

Difference of axe and adze

5.

Cypriote imports to Egypt

S

6.

Pillowy forms of axe

6

7.

Methods of copper working

6

8.

Flat cast axes

6

9.

Wide copper axes

S

6

10.

Plain blade of bronze

11. 12.

Round axes Axes with lugs

13.

Battle axes

14.

Scolloped axes

15.

Flanged axes

10

16.

Pole axes

10

17.

Edged batons

10

18.

Halberds

10

7

.

.

7

.

9

8

9

CHAPTER

II

THE SOCKETTED AXE 19.

Bronze axes

(o) II

.

20. Plain iron axes

II

21.

Deep socket axes

22.

Recurved blades

.

II

.

12

23. Circular sockets

12

24.

Long-back sockets

12

25.

Tubular sockets

12

26. Oriental 27. 28.

axes

Double axes ,,

„

13

in

use

ceremonial

13 13

CONTENTS

VI

CHAPTER

'

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

XI

SHEARS, CUTTERS, TOILET TOOLS,

THREAD WORK SECT.

134.

Shears (Q)

.

AND

Vll

\

TOOLS AND WEAPONS INTRODUCTION In touching such an immense subject as the history of tools and weapons, it is needful to accept I.

various limitations to the scope of the enquiry, as

otherwise it would be unmanageable. In the first place this account refers to Egypt, and only to other countries as illustrating that. material

is

ing types

given as completely as

and

dates,

The Egyptian

may

and photographs

be, regard-

of the speci-

University College, of which this is a dupUcates in other collections are not catalogue noticed, but only such specimens as amplify the

mens

at

;

subject.

From

other

countries

comparisons are

merely an index of outlines, to show varieties of types and their geographical range, but without any attempt to give all the minor variations of form or place. The sources and dating of each form

have been the main object in view. Other countries being only taken here in relation to Egypt, it was not within the scope to notice types which were unknown in Egypt. Thus the great series of the flanged and socketted axes, the very varied forms of sword, the pointed halberds, the British looped spear heads, are all unnoticed. These have been so well and fully studied in special

papers and books already, that there is the less need to say more about them. Stone implements are not touched on here, as the abundance of such from Egypt would require a volume to themselves. No doubt they are the but the parents of many of the metal forms of metal complex question of the reflex influence ;

forms upon the later stone working, makes it desirable to treat the metal quite apart, and then to apply the results to the study of the stone implements.

The main object being the relations of Egypt, most attention has been given to Mediterranean forms, rather than to the northern material which is

less

significant.

has not been thought needful to copy details of ornament, or damages, which do not affect the nor have precise details comparison with Egypt of localities always been given, as the district or country is all that is required here. As every outUne has the reference to the original source placed below it, there will be no difficulty in turning to the primary publication for further information. Such are the hmits which it has seemed necessary to place upon this attempt to unify the early

it

This being only a secondary

publication as regards materials outside of Egypt,

;

history of most of the tools and weapons of the last

The enormous mass

material renders selection needful,

unless a

of

life-

time could be given to the subject. All previous pubUcations have looked only to one country or one civilisation, or else handled only one type. There has been no corpus for reference to comparative types of various lands and their transmission,

or of various ages

change.

In

default of

and

their history of

such a corpus this volume

serve for general reference, though I am well aware that it can only be called materials for a

may

Much here has been gleaned tools. from the museums, particularly in Greece and Italy, which I have not found hitherto pubabout a quarter of the outHnes are directly lished cases in museums. from much neglected. 2. Hitherto tools have been Weapons have been ardently collected, but the historical evolution of tools has scarcely been touched. Even when the best samples of Greek tools have been presented to a national museum, they have been thrown away by the head of the Department, who remarked that they were ugly, and he did not care for them. We read of ninety camel loads of excellent steel picks being discovered at Khorsabad, but how they have vanished is unhistory

of

directly

;

recorded.

The aim here has been to regard the purpose of each form, the mode of its use, the reasons for its changes, the connections of its variations with It is only differences of climate and conditions.

I

!

few thousand years.

^^\h,| ynoii-

INTRODUCTION

by

looking at tools and weapons from the point of view of the actual user, that we can understand them, and put them in their place as forming an important support to the general history of civilisation.

At

the distinctions of tools and weapons

first

The same form might

hai-dly existed.

purposes, with more or less success

may out

see penknives ruined

still

of

bottles.

specialising of

Civilisation

men and

is

;

serve

much

many we

as

by levering corks marked by the

materials

;

and

after the

adoption of specific forms for different uses, it is them in the terms we employ. Even in standard works we may find no discrimination is made between the sword for slashing needful to distinguish

and the rapier for thrusting, or between the knife and dagger, or the axe and adze. In

the

classifying

material

here,

the genetic

connection of changes has been followed, where it was distinct but, in confused instances, simple differences which can be quickly seen may make ;

more practicable hues of division. Thus the spear forms are best arranged by the broad spear used for slashing, the straight cut-or-thrust spear, and the narrow pike only for thrusting. To some extent these belong to differences of clothing and

but they are not necessarily Unes of there is a great variety of forms from one place and age, only the Umits of the of climate,

descent.

Where

variation are given here, as limiting types. 3. As regards the detail of the materials, the scale of reduction of the figures has been unified.

Of all classes of objects which are not too large, the photographs are on a scale of one half, and the outhnes (being only secondary pubhcation) on a scale of one quarter. Where forms are taken from small figures, ancient or modern, they are generally one-twentieth of the full natural size, as it would be inexact to expand a rather vague figure to the size of the accurate outhnes. Such smaller figures are obvious among those of the uniform larger scale.

Where no

scale is known, the letters N.S. For unilateral forms such as axes

are appended.

and knives, direction,

it is

desirable to place

preferably

that

in

them

wlfich

all in one they would

by the right hand. So far as possible the axis of the handle has been placed upright, so as to display the direction of the cutting naturally be used

edge

would be well if all pubhcations would keep to these points, which are necessary in any comparative study ;— uniform scale, uniclearly.

It

form

vertical

direction,

axe-heads recently tion,

set

handles.

out in a

In a group of

museum

for exhibi-

they are mounted without any uniformity,

how far they resemble one another, or anything elsewhere. In the order of the outlines the different metals have been followed, so far as types would permit. There is always a presumption that the copper, bronze, iron, and brass tools succeeded in that and

to realise

it is difficult

some individual evidence of The objects of each metal have therefore been placed together, and marked thus as a class while exceptions brought in, by dating or by type, are separately marked with the order, unless there is

dating to the contrary.

;

name of the metal. The place names

are stated in a form for easy

Where

recognition of their meaning.

known,

it is

stated

;

if

the

a site

site is obscure,

is

well

the dis-

The purpose is to enable once see at from the plates the range of distribution. Further detail is often given in the text, or can always be found by looking out the reference. The list of abbreviations used for reference is given on the next page. Where more than one reference is stated to an outline, the first is the direct source, and the other references are to examples that are merely similar. The dates of Egyptian objects are given in dynasties, in order to avoid the confusion caused by various arbitrary reductions of the Egyptian dates in years. " Egypt" only is stated, as the place-names may not be familiar to all readers the exact place is given by the title of the book quoted, or in the text. For facility of reference the page is stated rather than the plate number and in series, the year rather than the volume number. In the Mykenjean obj ects at Athens, the Roman numerals are those of the circle graves of Schliemann. Many of these objects are unpubUshed. Having to refer both to photographs and to outlines there is unavoidably some irregularity in the numbering. Whether the plate numbers or the text number should be continuous, has been decided by the convenience of reference in each case. In many cases the outhne pages have cross references to the photographs or scattered figures. Usually the photographs and the outhnes of the same series are placed facing even if other plates intervene, such can always be held upright, so as to get a view of plates which should be compared together. A main consideration has been the trict or region is stated.

any reader to

;

;

;

—

ABBREVIATIONS one view

possibility of seeing in

comparison. Hence many plates are crowded in order to include the whole of one type. A few

have been passed on to an end plate to avoid breaking up the subjects by mixing them on

figures

subject of the dates of the introduction

and

British

Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana

B.R. B.T.

Abh.K.BayernRom.Alterthum,i840 Bayeux Tapestry, ed. F. R. Fowke,

C.A.

1875, 1898 Caillaud (F.),

use of different metals has not been followed here.

What

known from Egypt

C.C.

has been made to follow the movements of types as indicating the movements of

CD. CM. CN.

Egypt, 191 5,

p.

is

12.

No attempt

There is not enough yet known, to come to any safe conclusions from such arguments. Sometimes the distribution of a type may be referred to races.

historically

same

known movements

period, which

is

of peoples at

premature to deduce hisAll that can be said is that strong negative evidence may be drawn from proved dissimilarities, which contradict supposed direction of trade,

Curie

A Roman

(J.),

21

18 II

frontier post,

21

.

D. A.

Delgado (Rada

de I'Espagne, 1886 y),

Museo Espanol de

Antiguedades, 1872-80.

D.C

Dussaud

D.G.

Mer £g^e. 2nd edit. 1914 Davies (N. de G.), Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrawi, i

D.L.

Dechelette

it is

tory from types of tools.

lines of connection.

.

the fort of Newstead, 1911

;

and

I

le

Cartailhac (E.), Ages prehistoriques

but at present in our great ignorance of distribution of types, of the dating of objects, of the extent

123 60

les

CS.

the

a legitimate use of history

Recherches sur Arts et Metiers, 1837 Chantre (E.), Recherches dans Caucase, 1885 Carapanos(C.), Dodone, 1878 Cairo Museum

.

.

stated in Ancient

is

Museum

B.M. B.P.

plates.

The

.... .... .... ....

material for

all

Les Civilisations PreheI16niques dans le Bassin de la (R.),

.

.

.

(J.),

La

II

.

Collection Mil-

Ion,

D.M.

ologie,

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED A.

Archaeologia (Society of Antiquaries,

A. A.

London), i860 The American Antiquarian

A.A.iii.

Ayrton

A.C.

Athens, Central

(E. R.),

Abydos

iii.

.

.... Museum

AL.

Pro Alesia

AN.

L'Anthropologie, Paris

A. P.

Athens, Polytechnic

A.R.

A.V.

Anger, Graberfeld zu Rondsen AspeUn (J. R.), Antiquites Nord Finno-Ougrien, 1877-84, i-v Cabinet of Antiquities, Vienna

A.W.

Mitt. Anthrop. Gesell.

B.

Bologna

B.A.

Bissing (F.

A.S.

ischer

Museum W.

.

Museum

.

.... ....

von),

Wien

.

B.B.

Bertholon, Berberie Orientale

BERL.

Berlin

B.F.

Bologna Fonderia (great group of fragments found together) Bathurst(W. H. ), Roman Antiquities .

B.L.

at

Lydney Park,

1879

E.B. 12

38 I

Gloucestershire,

(J.),

1908

—

.... Manuel

d'Archd-

Deramin (A.), Weapons of War, 1870 Evans (J.), Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain, 1881

E.D.

Engelhardt (C), Denmark in the Early Iron Age, 1866

F.

Florence, Archaeological

F.M.

Foote(R.

I

.

21

logue

28

quities,

I

F.T.

13

G.A.

I

G.C

Feldhaus

B.),

of

Museum

.

1901

Prehistoric

20

.....

(F. M.),

Technik der Vor-

I

G.P.

Gross

I

G.R. G.T.

Papa GiuUo Museum, Rome Gross (V.), La Tene, 1883

G.W.

Gardner Wilkinson (J.), Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyp-

H.M.

Hoernes (M.), Natur- und UrgeschichtedesMenschen, 1909

37

Naples, 1870

3

50

(V.),

tians, ed.

16 18

Anti-

.

G.M. G.N.

28

19 2

Madras Museum, Cata-

the

zeit, 1914 Garstang (J.), El Arabah, 1901 Gozzadini (G.), Mors de Cheval, 1875 Garstang (J.), Mahasna, 1902 Gargiulo (R.), Musee National de

Kin Theban-

Grab fund, 1905

Museum

D.W. 100

1914

1913 Dechelette

....

Les Protohelvetes, 1883

1878

.

....

4 8 II

18 I

9

3

33

—

ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED riGORES

H.U. I.S.

Hempe\

m

....

Alterthiinier

(J.),

.

Ungarn, 1905 Bryan Fausset and Roach Smith, Inventorium Sepulchrale, 1856 Korte (G.) and Brunn (E.), vol. i, .

K.U.

Rilievi delle

....

Urne Etrusche, 1870,

1890, 1896

L.A.

Lissauer

der

Alterthiimer

(A.),

Bronzezeit in der Provinz Westpreussen, 1891

L.B.

Layard

(A. H.), Discoveries in the

ruins of Nineveh and

Babylon,

1853

L.N.

Denkmaler Lee (J. E.), Isca Silurum, 1862 Layard (A. H.), Monuments of Nine-

L.N.R.

Layard

M.

mains, 1849 Die Alterthiimer

L.D. L.I.

Lepsivis (R.),

.....

veh, 1849

(A. H.),

....

Nineveh and unserer

Vorzeit

nischen

its

.

.

Re-

heid-

Romische-

.

Germanische Central Museum in Mainz, L. Lindenschmidt, 18581911

M.A. M.A.F. M.B.

.

Monumenti

.

.

.

.

Antichi, 1889-1914

Mission Archeologique Frangaise.

Randall-Maciver

M.C.

Rosellini,

M.D.

Morgan i

Monumenti

(J. de),

1895,

and Woolley

(D.),

Buhan, 1901

(C. L.),

.

FouillesaDahchour,

1903

ii

.

Civile

.

M.E. M.LC. M.LS.

Martha (J.), L'Art £trusque, 1889 Montehus (O. ), I taUe Centrale

M.J.

Miiller, Juellinge

M.K.

Montehus

Montelius

(O.),

Itahe Septentrionale

Fundet Alteren

(O.),

Kultur-

perioden.

M.K.A.

M.KG.

Much (M.), 1889— Woolley

Kunsthistorischer Atlas,

(C.

L.),

and D. Randall-

Maciver, Karanog, 1900

M.L.

Munro

M.M.

Europe, 1890 Martin (F. R.), L'Age de Bronze au Musee de Minoussinsk, 1893

M.P.

Morgan

M.R.

Metaux, 1896 Randall-Maciver (D.),

(R.),

The Lake DwelHngs

(J. de),

L'Age de

of

la Pierre et

les

El Amrah,

1902

M.R.R,

Rosellini,

Monumenti

Religiose

;

THE PLAIN BLADE AXE handle.

Schafer (H.), PriesterGraber(Abusir),

S. A.

1908 S.A.N.

5

Memoires de

Roy. des Anti-

la Soc.

du Nord

quaires

.

.

.

....

de Sarzec (E.), Decouvertes en Chaldee, 1889

S.D.

—

S.F.

Bulletin

S.H.

France von Sacken

S.M.

Seager (R.

S.P.

Siret (L.), Premiers ages

S.S.

Espagne, 1887 Schuchhardt (C), Schliemann's Ex-

-19 Graberfeld von .11

.

.

.

(E. F.),

Hallstatt, 1868

.

.

.

.

Explorations in the Island of Mochlos, 1912 B.),

.

.

....

Schlemm

S.V.

(J.),

3

...

18

Worterbuch zur Vor-

1908 Virchow (R. ), Graberfeld von Koban, 1883 der

Anthopologie,

fiir

Berliner etc.

Ges.

.

.

V.M.

Viollet-le-Duc,

W.M.

Wells

W.P.R.

Pitt-Rivers (L. F.), Excavations in

.... .... .... ....

Mobilier Fran^ais,

Museum

Cranbourne Chase, cuts,

1887

Z.A.

Zeitschrift

Z.B.

Zannoni

Z.E.

Zeitschrift

fiir

(A.),

vol.

.

Ethnologic, Berlin

Photographs Miscellaneous

.

.

.

.

•

and C), Flet Menselyk Bedryf, Amsterdam, 1694

Luiken

1694.

5

41 7

Wood-

i,

Aegyptische Sprache La Fonderia di Bo-

logna, 1888 fiir

1858-75

I

3

3

19 7 31

(J.

.

CHAPTER THE PLAIN BLADE AXE

:

.

the adze has one face longer or

usually ground on one side.

wood

slip off

TO

;

the adze

The axe

and

to drive

to take a thin

is

usually has a short

;

attachment to the handle, as it was never struck in deeply. The axe is thick in order to bear shock and carry weight the adze is thinner, strength not being required. Those various differences were not all developed fully at first. In the stone ages a single tool seems to have served for many uses root-grubbing, breaking branches or skulls, and throwing at animals, were probably all done with one handy weapon. The growth of civilisation is means, until

of

men and

of

we now have dozens

of varied forms In the classification of the present material, as the axe is the earlier type, it has been credited with any forms that are not distinctive, and the adze is only accredited with forms

hammer

or of chisel.

unsuited for axes. 5. In Egypt, the adze long preceded the axe metal was scarce, and to squander a pound of it for a single tool would have been extravagant. It is only at the close of the prehistoric age, after the incoming of the dynastic people, and within a generation of Mena and the ist dynasty, that copper began to be freely used (A 7, 8, pi. i). Now, simultaneously with this, we find the adze

greatly increased in size (Z xv, xvi, 8, 66, 67, contrast ^"^^ the larger adze with the early forms 60-65)

was of a new form, widely splaying. This form resembles that found in Cyprus (Z 7) more closely than any other. As it would be absurd to suppose copperless

I

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