The Taurobolium: Its Evolution and Terminology

Lactora (Lectoure) n° Ji2

ROBERT DUTHOY

THE TAUROBOLIUM ITS EVOLUTION AND TERMINOLOGY

W ITH A F R O N T ISP IE C E A N D O N E M A P

LE ID E N E . J. B R IL L 1969

CONTENTS Abbreviations-Bibliography..........................................................

ix

In tro d u c tio n ...................................................................................

i

P art I: The Sources......................................................................

5 5

A. The In scrip tio n s.................................................................. B. The Literary T e x ts ..............................................................

54

Part II: Analysis of the In scrip tion s.....................................

57

I. The Non-verbal T e r m s ...................................................... II. The V e r b ...............................................................................

57 77

Part H I: The Evolution of the Taurobolium........................

87

In tro d u c tio n ...............................................................................

87

I. The Successive Phases of the Taurobolium . . . . 92 a. Taurobolium fa c c r e ...................................................... 92 b. Taurobolium accipere / tr a d e r e ................................. 95 c. Taurobolium percipere / tauroboluUx.........................101 d. The Unclassified In s c rip tio n s ................................. i l l II. An Explanation of the Evolution.................................112 III. The Origin of the Taurobolium..................................... 122 C on clu sio n ....................................................................................... 126 Index of Corresponding Inscriptions......................................... 128

A B B R E V IA T IO N S A N D B IB L IO G R A P H Y AE A JA A llard Allm er A nrich

Arch. Zeit. A rq. P ott. Ath- MitL B a iley B ayet BCTH Beaujeu

Bloch. Document

L 'A n n ie Epigraphique. Revue des publications ip igraphiques relatives u l ’antiquiti romaine. American Journal o f Archaeology. 1*. A llard. Julien I’ A postal. I, Paris 1906, 30-35. A. Allm er-P.Dissard. Inscriptions antiques du musee de Lyon. I. L yo n 1888. 15-47. G . Anrich, Das antike Mysterienu*sen in seinem E injluss a u f das Christentum, (k itiin gec 1894. 54-57; 161. Archaeologische Zeitung O Arqucuktgv P vtIukm£>. Mitteilungen (Us Deutschen Archdologischen Institute (Athen. Abt.). C . B ailey. Phases in the Religion o f Ancient Rome. Berkeley 1932. 201*203. J. B a ye t, Histoire politique el psychologique de la religion romaine, Paris 1957. Bulletin Archiologique du C om ili dcs Travaux Historiques. J. Beaujeu, La religion romaine a Vapogie i t I'em­ pire, 1, La politique religieu.se des Antonins. Paris >^55 . »°3 *. io 5 : 3 1 3_3 1^ H. Bloch. A S e w Document o f the Last Pagan Revival in the West in Harvard Theological Review. 38 (1945), 199-244

B loch. Revival

Boissier Bom er

Bonner

B ouyer Briem Carcopino

H . B loch. The Pagan Revival in the West at the End o f the Fourth Century in The Conflict between Paga­ nism and Christianity in the Fourth Century. Essays edited by A . Momigliano, O xford 1963, 193-218. G . Boissier, L a religion romaine d‘ Auguste aux Antonins. T. Paris 1874, 412-4x7. F . Burner, Untersuchungen uber die Religion der Shlaven in Griechenland und Rom. Vierter TeU: F.piiegamena in Akademie der Wissenschafien und der Literatur. Abhandlung der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Klasse 10 (1963), 35; 38: 40 43; 44. C . Bonner. Some Phases o f Religious Feeling in Later Paganism in Harvard Theological Review. 30 (>937 )# 119-140. L . Bouyer. L e saint dans les religions a mystires in Revue des sciences religieuvs, 27 (1953). I -16. O . E . Briem . Les socittls secretes de mystires, Paris

*94 *• 313-314-

J. Caroopino. Aspects mystiques de la Rome palenne. Paris 1941.

X

A BB R E V IA T IO N S AND BIBLIO G RA PH Y

CE Cesano C IL CIM RM

Clemen. Ckrisl. Clemen. Mysl. CKA1 Crazannes

Cum ont, Anahita Cum ont, A ttis 1895 Cum ont. A tiis 1901 Cum oni. Bellone Cum ont, Criobolium Cum ont, Mithra Cum ont, RO Cum ont, R P h D e Boissieu D e Boze

Dcfradas D e I-abriolle Derchain

Dessau

F . Buecheler - E. T-ornmatzsch, Carmina Latina Epigraphica, Lipsiae, I, 1^95; 11, 1897; i l l , 1926. L . Cesano, Criobolium in R u gg II, 2. Spolcto 1910, 1275-1278. Corpus Inscriptianum T-alinarum. M. J. Vermaseren, Corpus lm criptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae. TTagao Com itis I. 1956; IT. i960. C . Clemen, Der E influss des Christentums a u f andere Religionen. L eipzig 1933, 25-27. C. Clemen, Der Einfluss der Mysterienreligionen auf das attest* Christentum. Giessen 1913. Comptes-Rendus de VA cadimie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Chaudruc de Crazannes, Dissertatiun sur la taurvbvte et sur les inscriptions tauroboliques de la ville de Lectoure in Mimoires de la sociiti royale des antiquaires de France 13 (1S37). 121-180. F . Cum ont, L e taurobole ft le culte d ’Anahita in RA 12 (188S), 132-136. F . Cum ont, A ttis in Ru^g T. R om a 1895, 763-766. F . Cum ont, A ttis in R E II. S tu ttg a rt 1901. 22472252; Suppl. 1, Stuttgart 1903. 225. F'. Cum ont. Le taurobole el le culte de Bellone in Revue d’histoire et de literature religieusss o (1901), 97-110. F . Cum ont. Criobolium in R E IV . S tu ttg a rt 1901, 1718-1719. F . Cum ont, Les mystires de Mithra, Bruxelles 1900. 71. F , Cum ont, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme ramain. Paris 1929*. F . Cum ont, notice on Esperandicu. Lectoure in Revue de Rhilologie 17 (*893), 194-197. J. D e Boissieu, Inscriptions antiques de Lyon, L yon 1846. 21-39. D e B oze. Explication d ’une inscription antique ou soul decrites les parhcuiaritis des sacrifices appeles tauroboles in Memoires de literature, tires des rigistres de I'AcadSmie royale des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. II. Paris 17 17 , 475-509J. D cfradas, L e symbolUfne- du taureau in L ‘ Infor­ mation litUraire 12 (i960), 204-212. P . D c T-alniolle, L a reaction paienne, Paris 1934*. 349, passim. P h . Derchain, Siegfried et le taurobole in Annales de I'Insiilut de Philologie et d'Histoire orientales de I’ University de Bruxelles 15 (1958-60). 83-87. H. Dessau, Inscriptions Latinae Seleciae, Berolini 1954- 55 *

A BB R E V IA T IO N S AND B IBL IO G R A P H Y

D ey Diels Dieierich D rcxler Dussaud D u th o y , Beneventum

D uthoy, Note D u th oy. Zadar EE Hisele

Esp^randieu, Lectoure Esp& aadieu. Recueil

Fabre

F arn cy G arcia y Bellido Geffcken

Goehlcr Gordon G raillot Grenier Gressmarm Gruppe Hepding Hoefer

XI

J. D ev, n ctX iffsw ils , M onster 1937, 65-86. H . Diels, Sibyllinische Blatter, Berlin 189c. 69-70. A. D icterich. E ine MUhraslilurgie, L eip zig 1923*, 53. W . D rexler. Meier in Roscher 11. L eip zig 1894-97. 2854-2931. R. Dussaud. Introduction a I'histoire des religions. Paris 1914. 232-235. R . D uthov, La Minerva Berecyntia des inscriptions tauroboliques de Ben&ent (C T L I X . 1538-1542) in I.’A ntiquiti Classique 35 (1966), 548-561. R . D a t boy. Note sur Vinscription T. L. A jr. 356 = A .E . 1917-18 no. 17 in Laiomus 25 (1966), 567-569. R . D u th o y. Traces archlologiques de tauriboles a Zadar ? in luilomus 27 (1968). 622-629.

Ephemeri3 EpigruphitM. Th. Eisclc, Die phrygische Kulte und ihre Bedeulung fu r die grieckisch-romische Welt in S e v e Jakrbiicher fu r das Klassische Altertum, Geschichle und deutsche Liter ulur und fu r Pddagogik 23 (1909). 620-637. E . Esperandicu. Inscriptions antiques de Lectoure, A uch-Paris 1892, 15-63; 94-128. E . Esperandieu. Recueil gdntral des bas-reliefs, statues et busies de la Gaule romaine, Paris-Bruxelles 1907-1928. P . F abre. U n aulel du culte phrygien au M usle du luilran in Mdlanges d ’ arcJUologie et d’kiiSoire de I’Ecole franchise de Rome 40 {1923). 3-18. R . F a m cy , La religion de Vempereur Julien et le mysticisme de son temps, Paris 1934. A . G arcia y Rcllido. I-es religions orientales dans I'Espagne romaine, Leiden 1967. J. Geffcken. Der Ausgang des griechisch-rimuchen Heidentums, Heidelberg 1929* 6; 24; 25-29; 159; 252; 297. II. Goehler, De Matrix Magnae apud Romanos Cultu. Lipsiae 1886. 52-59. A . E . Gordon, Album o f Dated I-atin Inscriptions, 3 voL ! 3 voL o f P lates • Ind., B erkeley 1958-1965. H . G raillot, Ls culte de Cybile, P aris 19*2, 150-187. A- Grenier. Les religions itrusque et romaine. Paris 1948, 210-211. H. Gressmann. D ie orientalischen Religionen im keUenistisch-r&mischen Z d ia ller. Berlin-Leiprig 1930. O . G ruppe. Griechiscke Mythologie und Religionsgesckickte, 11, Miinchen 1906, 1552-1554. H . H cpding. Attis, seine Mythen und sein Kult, Giessen 1903. 196-201. O. Hoefer, Meter in Roscher, II. 2, Leipzig 18^4-97, 2848-2854.

xn

A BB R E V IA T IO N S AND B IBLIO G RA PH Y

IG IG R R

TLAfr

IL A lg . I iL G a u l.

Narb.

LLTun JH S Jullian K aibel K a u tz K oerte L agrange. Attis L agrange, Christ. L am brechts, Attis Lam brechts. Fites

L am brechts, Grens Lam brcchts, Ililaricn Lam lwcchts, Myst. L atte Lavergne Lebeguc L e GaD L oisy Mai ten

Jnscriptiones Graec-ae. I*. C a g n a t-J . T outain - 1*. Jouguet -G . L afaye, I nscripticmes graecae ad res romanas pertinentes, I, 111, IV . Paris 1906-1927. R . C a g n a t-A . M criin -L . Chateiain. Inscriptions latines d’ Afrique, Tripolitaine. Tunisie. Maroc, Piiris 1923. St. Gscll. Inscriptions latines de VAlgfrie. I, In­ scriptions de la Proconsulate, Paris 1922. E . ‘E spcrandicu, Inscriptions latines de Gaule, Paris 1928-1929. A . Merbn, Inscriptions latines de la Tunisie. Paris Journal o f Hellenic Studies. C . Jullian. Inscriptions romaines de Bordeaux, I, Bordeaux 1893. 33*37 G . K aibel, Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta, Berlin 1878 = HiWcshetm 1965. N . K au tx-J. Schm iedel, De taurobolio. lip s ia e 1738. A . K oerie, Kleinasiatische Studien, 111 c, DelicJitasch m Athen. M itt. 23 (1898). 97 ‘ io 5 M. J. Lagrange, A ttis rtssuscite in Revue Biblique 36 (1927). 5«>i -566. M. J. L agrange, A ttis et le Christianisme in Revue Biblique 16 (1919). 419-480 P. L am brechts. A ttis. van herdersknaap tot god, Brussel 1962. P . Lam brechts. Les fetes ,,phrygiennes” de Cybile et d"Attis in Bulletin de FTnstitut historique beige de Rome 27 (1952). 141-170. P. la m b re ch ts. Op de grens van heidendom en Christendom. Brussel ' 955 P . T-amlmschts, Attis en het feest der Hilaricn, A m sterdam 1967. P . T-ambrcchts. Over griekse et: oosterse mysttriegodsdiensten. de zgn. Adonismysteries, Brussel 1954. K . L atte, Rnrmsche Religionsgeschichte. Miinchen i960. 353- 356 . A . T jtw rg w i, J?*vue de Gaseogne 23 (1895). 5^7. nirtf a bou t vires excipere. G . T-cbcguc. Note sur les '.auroboles et le christianisme in Revue Historique 37 (1888). 315-318. J. L e G all. Inscription criobolique dicouverte & Utique in Karthago 9 (1958). 119-127. A. L oisy, Les mystires patens et le m y stire ckrStien, Paris 1930*. 112-120. L . Maiten. Der Stier in Kult und mythischem B ild in Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaeologischen Tnstituts 43 (1928). 9*i39

A BBREVIA TIO N S AND BIBL IO G R A P H Y

XIT1

J. M arquardt, Le culte chei les Romains. I. Paris 1889. M arquardt, Staatsverw. J. M arquardt, Rumische Staalsverwaltung, III, Leipzig 1878, 87-89. C. H . Moore, The duration o f the Efficacy o f the Moore, Duration Taurobolium in Classical Philology 19 (1924), 363365. ( 3. H . Moore, On the Origin of the Taurobdium in Moore, Origin Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 17 (1906), 43 *4 ^MMnoires de la Soci&e national* des Antiquaires de M SA F France. M . P . Nilsson. Geschichte der griechische Religion, II. Nilsson Miinchcn 1961s, 651-654. is'ulisie itegli Scavi Ui Aniichitd. N SA W . FHttmlJcrgCT, Orientis graecae inscriptiones O G 1S selectae, L eip zig 1903-1905 Hildesheim i960. H . Oppcrm ann. Taurobolia in R E I X . Stuttgart Oppermann 1934, 16-21. R Pettazzon i. I m isten. Saggio di una teoria stoncoPettazzoni religiosa, Bologna 1924. 107-108; 131-134. PIJW Poetae Latinae Minores, ed. Baehrens I’reiler L . P rcllcr-T I. Jordan. Rrmtische Mythologie. Berlin 18831. 390-394K . Pruemm. Religionsgeschichtliches Handbuch fur Pruemm den Raum der Altchrisilichen Umwelt, Rome 1954*. 262-263. A. R ap p. Attis in Roscher, I, L eip zig 1884-1890. R app, Attis 716-727. A. R app. Kybele in Roscher. II, L eip zig 1S90-1897. R ap p, Kybele 1638-1672. RA Revue Archiologique. RE Pauly-Wissoxva, Real. Enc. Class. Altert. Revue des Etudes Anciennes. REA R . Biritzcnstrdn, D ie hellenistischen MysterienReitzcnstcin religionen, L eip zig 1927s, 22; 4 5; 46; 165. K iv iflc J. R cville. La religion a Rome sous les Stveres. l ’aris 1888. 68-69; 96-97. H iclianl T.. Richard. T/autel taurobolique de Texon in Revue Archiologique du Centre 6 (1967), 101-118. Richard T.. Richard. L'aiite! taurobolique dtt Pouzin in R E A 69 (1967). 255-265. Roscher A usfuhrliches I-exicon der griechischen und rcmiscken Myihologie. herausgegeben von W. H . Roscher. L eip zig 1894-1926. Rugg D e Ruggiero. Diziotiario epigrafico di Antichita romane. Rummens A . Rum m ros, ITel taurobolium. doct. thesis, Leuven 1942. typescript. Marquardt. Culte

xrv S a yon 5 Schepclern Schutzc Schwenn SE G Sem per Show er man

A BB R E V IA T IO N S AND BIBLIO G RA PH Y

E . Saym is, L e taurobole in Revue d'Hisioire des Religions it> (1887). 137-156. W . Schepelem . Der Montanismus und die phrygische Kulte, Tubingen 1929, 105-122. A . Schiitze, Mithras-Mysterien und Urchristentum, S tu ttg a rt 1960*. 118. E . Schwenn, Kybele in R E X I . S tu ttg a rt 1922, 2250-2258. Supplemenlum Epigraphicum Graecum. M Semper. Rassen und Religionen im A llen I'orderasien. H eidelberg 1930, 187; 258; 301; 307. G. Showerman. The great Mother o f the Gods in Bulletin o f the University o f Wisconsin, Phtlol.

1, j, 43 (1901), z3o-jfif

TA M TU LL T on tain V an D ale

W ickert

W illoughby W issowa Zippel

Titu li A siae M inaris. Yindobonae. I, 1901; II . fasc. i . 1920; fasc. 2 ,19 3 0 ; fasc. 3. 1943; TTI, fasc. r, 1941Tkesaurus Linguae Latiiuu, Lipsiae 1904 fi. J. T outain, Les cultes paiens dans I'empire romain. II, Les cultes de I’empire romain, Paris 19 11, 84-91. A . V an Dale, Dissertationes I X antiquitatibus quin el murmorions cum Romanis turn potissimum Graecis iUustrandis inservtenles. Dissertatio I: D e origine et ritibus sacri taurobolii. Amstclcxlami 1702, I-174. L . W ickert. Benefit itber tine xiveite Reise zvr Vorbereilung von C I L 11 suppl. 3 in Sitib. Preuss. A had. Wissensch. {Phil.-H ist. K l ) 32 (1931}. 827-^44. H . R . W illoughby, Ragan Regeneration. Chicago 1929 - i960. G. W issowa. Religion und K ultus der Rdmer, M line hen 1912*. 322-327. G . Zippel. Das Taurobolium in Festschrift xum fu n fxigjdhrigen Doctorjubildum I.udw. Friedldnders, Leip zig 1895. 4^8-520.

INTRODUCTION When in the fourth century of our era the struggle between paga­ nism and Christianity was at its fiercest and it was gradual!}* be­ coming deas that the new religion would be victorious, the taurobo­ lium was one of the weapons the worshippers of the old gods made use of. One has merely to consider the names of a few of the dedica­ tors from the second half of the fourth century to see that this is so— Sexiilius AgcsOaus Aedesius. Quintus Clodius Flavianus, Vettxns Agorius Praetextatus, Ceionius Kufius Volusianus. A passage in St. Gregory of Nazianzus (Oratio c. Jul., 10, 52) seems even to imply tliat the Emperor Julian himself received the taurobolium. B ut before this stage the taurobolium had already been through a long evolution. Indeed the word in its Greek form— -roupofJoXiov— occurs in inscriptions as early as the first century B.C., while xpio^oXiov is found in one that dates from about r35 B.C. The total number of inscriptions that record a taurobolium or cruhnlium is 133, and of these all but five, dated before A.D. t6o belong in the context of the cult of Cvbele. The taurobolium inscriptions have been found mainly in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Only the four oldest inscriptions, which record taurobolia and criobolia in Asia Minor (and do not, moreover, belong to the metroac cult), and two rather late ones from Athens are from the East. The remaining 12S come from all the western regions, but especially from Africa, Italy and. above all, Gaul. Rome is the city that has produced the largest number of inscriptions. It is strange that not one of them is earlier than A.D. 295. Other cities in which large numbers of taurobolia were celebrated were I-actora, Narbo, Ostia, Carthage, and Lugdunum— that is if we m ay judge by the relative quantity of in­ scriptions. As well as these cpigraphical sources, varying greatly in date and place oi origin, we also have a much smaller number of literary texts, all of which were composed during the second half of the fourth century and consequently refer to the last stage of the

evolution of the taurobolium. Moreover, with the exception of an unhelpful passage in the Ilisloria Augusta, they were all written b y Christian apologists who would naturally stress those aspects of the horrible heathen habits that supported their arguments the best. In previous studies of the taurobolium these factors have not always been taken into account, and the explicitness of the literary texts has led scholars to make far more use of them than of the inscriptions. Indeed this study is only the latest in a series that began in 1702 with the publication of Van D ale’s 174 page thesis on the origin, nature, vires and terminology of the taurobolium. Scarcely thirty years later K autz and Schmiedel published a shorter and rather uninteresting study that remained the last word on the subject until Chaudruc de Crazannes’ book with its detailed consideration of the inscriptions from T.ectoure appeared in 1837. The last scholar to investigate the problems of the taurobolium before Cumont set his stamp on the whole subject was Sayous, whose conclusions and interpretations have in many cases been shown to be correct by further research. F . Cumont and II. Graillot brought the taurobolium into the centre of scholarly interest, and the picture they sketched of the rite is the one generally accepted today and given in the m ajority of the handbooks of religious history. Cumont was especially interested in the origin of the rite; Graillot in the place it had in the whole context of the cult of Cybele. These two scholars based their investigations mainly upon the evidence provided b y Pnidentius, and tried to find as much confirmation as possible of his description in the various inscriptions. The taurobolium we find in their writings is one that underwent almost no change either in form or intention. Zippel paid more attention to the inscriptions, and even proposed some form of evolution in the rite, but did not develop the idea in any detail. The article written by Oppermann for R E is merely a summary of the traditional interpretation, in spite of the fact that Lagrange had meantime subjected it to a certain amount of criticism. D cy's study of 1937 was even more critical and was, at the same time, more or less the last important contribution to the subject to appear in print. Rummens’ important thesis of 1942

3

was never published. He was the first to appreciate the great value of the inscriptions, but although he did not hesitate to criticize the traditional theories one could not say that he made use of all the information that can be extracted from the sources. In reading these various treatments of the subject one cannot escape a feeling of incompleteness. Scholars have attached far too much importance to the literary texts, and have not always treated them in an adequately critical fashion. All too often they based their investigations on assumptions about the oriental origins of the idea of resurrection in the cult of Cvbele and of all the ceremonies in the various oriental religions. T h ey could not always resist the temptation to make comparisons and apply Christian terms to pagan rites, or to take an expression such as in acternum renaius that only occurs once and assert that this could have been used in all UturuMium iusci iptious. These mistakes of method together with disregard for the chronology of the sources naturally led to the drawing of many mistaken conclusions. In the present book we have tried to avoid these errors as much as we could. The plan of the volume reflects the path our investigation has followed. The first thing to do was collect all the sources, and the result of this process was Part I in which all the documents both literary^ and epigraphic have been assembled. The inscriptions, with the description of any representations on the stone, have been checked, so far as was possible, against the MS of the Cybele corpus that M. J. Vermaseren has in preparation. The literary texts have been taken over unaltered from the most satisfactory editions. The purpose of this first part of the study Is merely to put all the available sources in the reader’s hands so that he can immediately check any statements in other chapters of the book. The second part is an analysis of the inscriptions in which the various elements of which they are composed are successively considered. A distinction is drawn between the verbs and the other data such as motive, intention, dedication, costs, and the name given to the ceremony. And finally in Part TTI we have sketched a picture of the taurobolium based on the results of this analysis. Now that we have completed this study it is our pleasant duty to express our thanks to all those who have helped us in carrying

it out. The first to be mentioned must of course be Professor P. Lambreehts, Prorector of the Rijksuniversitcit in Ghent, who suggested this subject to us and supervised the preparation of the thesis out of which this book has grown. It was he who pointed out the importance of a more detailed study of the terminology, and it was in his course on the History of Religion that we first saw the significance of a chronological arrangement of sources. During all the time we have been working on this publication his advice has always been made avaible to us. Responsibility for the views expressed herein is, however, ours alone. Professor G. Sanders has shown his interest in our researches ever since their beginning, and, with his criticisms, suggestions and inexhaustible fund of bibliographical information, has been of the very greatest assistance. We have never sought his help in vain. We should also like to thnnk D r W. Buchwald o f the Thesaurus Linguae Lalinae who so kindly sent us his material for the article Taurobolium, and Brill's classical editor, T. A. Edridge, who translated the present book from the Dutch manuscript. And last but b y no means least we should like to express our gratitude to M. J. Vcrmaseren for all he has done for this book. He has not only helped in its preparation, but has also provided many corrections and additions for Part I, has permitted us to make use of the proofs of Garcfa y Bellido’s volume in this series, has found a copy of Etienne's article that we had looked for without result, anti has furnished the frontispiece in this volume. W e are most grateful for his including our work in this series.

PART I TH E SO U RCES

A. T H E IN SCRIPTIO N S A number of inscriptions that arc supposed b y some scholars to reconl taurobolia have not been included. They axe C IL VI, 500; C IL X III, 1827 and 2922; E E V III, 455, in which we find not the slightest hint of a taurobolium. Those taurobolium altars that have no inscription (i.e. C IL X II, 4324 add p. 845; C IL X III, 2529; Esp&andieu, Recueil, I, 315; 317; 318 and II, 1070; 1399; 1582) have also been excluded. L. Richard,1) who has studied this altar in great detail, claims that there are still a large number of un­ published taurobolium altars in the former tres Galliae. CIL V III, 1407 — 14.907 does have the phrase occisis tau . . . , but this hardly seems sufficient indication that it actually was a taurobolium inscription. ASIA MINOR

1. ILION Caskey, New inscriptions from Troy in A J A 30 (*935), 5^^591 with pUte.

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6. A T H E N A E (Athens) The following description has been taken from H. Ileydemann, Die Anliken Marmor Bildwerke zu A t hen, Berlin 1873, no. 380. H. 0.37; B. 0.40; T. 0.36. Pent. Marmor. Sehr grobe Arbeit. ObcrflSche hier imd da bestossen. Oben fehlen die vier an den Ecken licgendcn 0,15 langen Lowen die alle nach vom hin gerichtet warcn: in dcr Mitte /wischen ihnen findet sich ein 0.07 tiefes Loch (Dm 0,12) — zum Einlassen eines Weihgeschenks ? Oder zur Spende? Ringsum Ablauf und Gesims. I. Aui der V orderseile die Inschrift. IT. Auf der HintersciU sind zwei diagonal gekreuzte brennende Fackeln angebracht: in dcm dadnrch gebildeten oberen dreieckigcn Felde finden sich cine geriffelte Oenochoe und eine Pfanne (Patella), im unteien ein Tympanon und ein Pedum. R ed its und links je ein Palmenbaum mit Fruchten. III.

JitchU NebensciU. Oben bestossen.

I n d e r M itte th r o n e n d ie z w e i G d t tin n c n D c m c t c r u n d K y b c l c ,

in Vorderansicht: jene (links), in Schuhen Chiton und Mantel, der das Hinterhaupt verhullt, halt die Rechte mit Aehren (?) auf dem Schooss und in dcr erhobenen Linken eine brennende Fackel, die auf dem Linken Schenkel aufruht und um die sich eine

T2

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Schlangc emporringelt; diese (rechts) in Schuhen gegurtetem Chiton und unterwarts bemantelt. auf dem Kopf die Mauerkrone, auf der Brust zwei herabfallende Haarlockcn, halt die Rechte mit der Schale auf dem Schooss und in der im Ellenbogen gehobenen linken Hand das Tympanon. Zwischen beiden liegt der Lowe, in Vordcransicht. Links steht ein Mann, in Vorderansicht, mit linkem Spielbein das Gesicht n.r. gewandt, in kurzem gegurtetem Chiton Ilosen und um den Hals geknuptfer Chlamys, die uber den Rucken her­ abfallt, er halt in jeder Hand eine brennende Fackel uber der Brust n.r. empor; sein K opf ist weggestosscn. Rcchts steht auf einer Basis cine Frau (Kore), in Vorderansicht, in Schuhen gegurtetem Chiton und Mantel, der die rechte Schulter und die Brust freiiasst, sie neigt ein wenig den K opf n.l. und halt in den gcsenkten Handcn je eine lange brennende Fackel umgekehrt zur Erde. Oben eine Fruchtschnur, von drei Bukranicn gehalten, mit zwei kleinen Hangeleuchtcrn, die mit drei Bandern an je einem Feston herabhangen. IV. Linke Nebenscitc Rechts und links je ein Palmenbaum mit Fruchten: an dem links hangt eine Syrinx, am anderen hangcn Cymbeln. Zwischen beiden Baumen ist oben baldachinartig cine Decke aufgespannt. Darunter sitzt auf einem Thron (mit Fussbank) Kybele, in Vorderansicht, in Aermelchiton und unterwarts bemantelt, auf dem Kopf die Mauerkrone, auf der Brust zwei herabfallende Haarlocken, sie halt in der im Ellenbogen erhobenen Linken das Tympanon und legt die Rechte auf die linke Schulter des links nebcn ihr stehenden Attis, welcher in Vorderansicht. mit rechtem Spielbein, den K opf zur G ottm wendct und die Linke in die Seite setzt, wahrend die gesenkte rechte Hand sich auf ein Tympanon und das umgekehrt auf die Erde aufgesetzte Pedum aufstutzt. E r ist in Schuhen kurzem langarmeligcn Chiton und um den Hals gcknupfter Chlamys. die uber den Rucken und linken Arm herabfallt; auf dem Kopf hat cr die Fln ygisd ic MQtze. Rechts nebcn Kybele liegt n. r. am Boden der Lowe, zur Gottin umblickend. IG HI. 173.

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27th May A.D . 387. D A LM A TIA

7 . ASSERTA (Podgradje) Vir tcgatus stans manu dextra asciam, sinistra cornu copiae tenens, in sinistra latere patera. In dextro praefericulum simpulum, culter, caput arietis. C IL III. 9935 -

-

- [MatriJ M(agnae) - - / Q(uintus) Petr on ins / Philippus. IT A L IA R f.g io X I

8. COLONIA IU L IA A U G U ST A TAU R IN O RU M (Torino) In sinistro latere patera, in dextro urceus. C IL V. 6961.

Viribus I aeterai / taurobolio / Sempronia / Eutocia.

9 COLONIA IU L IA AU G U STA TAU R IN O RU M (Torino) Columna marmorea malis litteris. C I L V . 6962.

Viri[bjus I aetemi / taurobolio / P. Ulattius / Prise us. R f.g io V ITI

10.

FORUM P O P IL 11 (near Carinola)

In sinistro latere urceus; in dextro patera. C IL X , 4726-

Munatia / Reddita sa/ccrd(os) XVvir(alis) / taurobol(ium) / fecit I X II kal(cndas) dec(embres) / Glabrione / II cons(ule). 20th November A.D. 186.

Laitvm 1 1 . ROMA (Rome) Ara marmorea.; in latere dextro pin us, ex cuius ramis hinc syrinx, illinc pedum pendent; in latere sinistra capita tauri et arietis, tympana duo. C I L VT, 497; Dessau. 4145-

M(atri) D(eum) M(agnae) T(daeae) / D(ominis) N(ostris) Constan/ tio et Maximia/no nob(ilissimis) Caes(aribu)s / V cons(ulibu)s X V III k(alendas) Mai(as) / Tulius Italicus / v(ir) cl(arissimus) X V v ir s(acris) f(aciundis) tauro/bolium percepi felic(iter). 14th April A.D . 305.

12 . ROM A (Rome) C I L V I. 498.

__ T l i n e ...........I Antonin[us] / v(ir) c(larissimus) pontif(ex) et [quin]/decemvir sa(cris) f(aciundis) / taurobolio / confecto III kal(endas) / Ma(ias) Fl(avio) .\nicio et / Nigriniano cons(ulibu)s / aram feliciter / consecravit. 29th April A.D. 350.

13. ROMA (Rome) CTT- VT. 499; Dessau. 4147.

Matri Deum Magnae / Idaee Summae Pa/renti Hermae et Attidi / Menotyranno In\icto / Clodius Hermogenianus / Caesarius v(ir) c(larissimus) procons(ul) Africae / praefec(tus) urbis Romae / X Vvir s(acris) f(aciundis) taurobolio / criobolioque perfecto / XIITI kal(endas) Aug(ustas) diis animae / suae mentisque custodibus / aram dica\it / D(omino) N(ostro) Gratiano Aug(usto) ter / et [Fl(uvio)] Aequitio cons(ulibu)s. 19th July A.D. 374.

14. ROMA (Rome) C I L VT. 501; Dessau. 4149.

M(atri) D(eum) M(agnae) I(daeae) / et Attidi Sancto / Mono-

tyranno / Q(uintus) Clodius Flavianus / v(ir) c(larissimus) pont(ifex) maior / X V v ir s(acris) f(aciundis) septem/vir epulonum / pontifex Dei soils I taurobolio criobo/lioque percepto / aram dicavit / nonis Aprilibus I FI(aviis) Merobaudc II / et Satumino / cons(ulibu)s. 5th April A.D. 383.

15. ROMA (Rome) In Jaevo latere ardentes faces duae decussatae, patera, urceus pedum et cochlear. CTT- V I. 502; Dessau, 4150.

................ u(xor) c(larissima) f(emina) / sacerdus maxima / M(atris) D(eum) M(agnae) I(daeae) taurobolio / criobolioque repeti/to Diis Omnipotent!/bus M(atri) D(cum) et A tti / aram dicavit I nonis Aprilibus / Fl(avio) Merobaudc / v(iio) c(larissimo) iterum / et Fl(avio) Satumino / v(iro) c(larissimo] cons(ulibu)s. Line 1 has also been supplemented as: v(iri) c(larissimi) f(ilia). 5th April A.D. 383.

16. ROMA (Rome) C I L V I, 503; Dessau, 4 15 1 ; Gordon, 342.

Diis Omnipotentibus / Lucius Ragonius / Vcnustus v(ir) c(larissiraus) I augur publicus / p(opuli) r(omani) Q(uiritium) pontifex / Vestalls maior / percepto taurobolio / criobolioque / X kal(endas) Ion(ias) / D(omino) N(ostro) Valentiniano / Aug(usto) 1111 et / Neoteric cons(ulibu)s aram consecravit. 23rd M ay A.D. 390.

17. ROMA (Rome) Basis magna marmorea; in dextro latere pinus, a qua crotala et fistulae compactac pendent ct subtus adslal aiics alligaLus, in sinistro item pinus, a qua pedum et fistulae duae pendent, et inferius stat taurus. C I L V I, 504; Dessau, 4153; C IM R M no. 514; C E . 264.

1

Dis Magnis / Ulpius Egnatius Faventmns / v(ir) c(Iarissimus) augur pub(licus) p(opuli r(omani) Q(uiritium) / pater et hicroceryx D(ei) S(olis) I(nvicti) M(ithrae) / archibucolus Dei U beri / h iero fanta Hecatae sa/cerdos Isidis percepto / taurobolio criobolioq(ue) / idibus Augustis D(ominis) N(ostris) / Valente Aug(usto) V et Valentinia/no Aug(usto) cons(ulibu)s feliciter / Vota Faventinus bis deni / suscipit orbis / U t mactet repetcns aurata / fronts bicomes. 13th August A.D. 376.

18 . ROMA (Rome) Ara marmorea; Cybele turrita in bigis sedens a leonibus vecta, dextra spicas et milium, sinistra tympanum gerit. Stat contra A ttis puer pinui innixus, braccatus et mitratus, dextra mento subiecta, sinistra tympanum ad p**des a tergo adstat pedum. In pinu avis sedet. Tn latere dextro incisae erant faces duae decussatae cum crotalis, in sinistro fistulae ac tibiae, in parte postica j)inus visitur, de qua pendent crotala, syrinx, vasa variae formiae, inter ramos eius aviculne tres et gall us, adstant taurus et aries vittati et coronati. CIT- VT, 505; Dessau. 4143.

M(atris) D(eum) M(agnae) I(daeae) et Attinis / L(ucius) Cornelius Scipio Oreitus / v(ir) c(larissimiis) augur taurobolium / sive criobolium fecit / die IIXI kal(endas) Mart(ias) / Tusco et Annulino co(n)s(ulibu)s. In the ' Provinzialmuseum’ at Bonn there is a fragment of an inscription concerning the same person. The text is as follows: - - Oreitu - - / - - bolium ---- / ----- m fecit. See CLL V I, 30.781 ad CTT. VT, 505; J. K lein. Rdmisches Inschriftfragment aus N eopel in Bonner Jahrbucher 88 (1889), 245-246; H . Lehner. D ie A niiken Sieindenkmahr (its Provinzialmttstums in Bonn, B on n 1918, no. 1404. 2 6 th F f h n m r y A TV 295

19. ROMA (Rome) Ara magna marmorc-a, in parte antica infra inscriptionem pileus

TH E IN SCRIPTIO N S

17

sacerdotalis sculptus e s t; in dextro latere tibiae; aliaque instrumcnta srmphoniaca coitus Mithraci; in sinistro faces. C IL V I. 506; Dessau. 4144; Gordon. 308.

M(atri) D(eum) M(agnae) et Attidi / L(ucius) Cornelius Scipio Orfitus v(ir) c(larissimus) / augur ex voto / taurobolio sive / criobolio facto. A.D. c. 295.

20 . ROMA (Rome) c n . V I. 507; C lM K M no. 523. D(ominis) N(ostris) Constantino et / Maximino Aug(ustis) III co(n)s(uLbu)s / C(aius) Magius Donatus / Severianus v(ir) c(larissimus) I pater sacrorum / Invicti Mitbrae / Hierophantes / T.iberi Patris et I Hecatarum [tjau/robolium feci(t) / XYTT k[a]l(endas) Maias. 15th April A .D . 313.

21 . ROMA (Rome) C I 1. V I . 508; Dessau, 4146.

Potentiss(imis) Diis [M(atri) D(eum) M(agnae) I(deae) et At]/ti M enotyranno---- / Serapias li(onesta) f(emina) sacr(ata) [Deum] / Matris et Proserpinae / taurobolium criobol(ium) caemo / perceptum per FL Aatoni/um Eustochium sac(erdotem) Phr>-g(em) /max(imum) praesentb(us) et tradentib(us) / c(larissimis) v(iris) ex ampliss(imo) et sanctiss(imo) / coll(egio) XVvir(orum) s(acris) f(aciundis) die X III kal(endas) / Maias Cerealibus D(ominis) N(ostris) / Constantino Max(imo) Aug(usto) V et / Licinio lun(iore) Caes(are) co(n)s(ulibu)s. 19th April A.D. 319.

22 . ROMA (Rome) Ara grandis; in dextro latere Cybele turrita cum tympano a leonibus vehitur; prope pinus stat subtus taurus; m sinistro latere mitratus Artis bis cinctus, dextra fistulas et crotala, sinistra pedum tenens. Superius est tympanum; a tergo ipsius stat pinus et sub

ea aries in parte a versa sunt tedae transversae, iituus, patera, guttus sive urceus et simpuvhini. C I L VT, 509; I G X T V . 1018; C 1M K M no. 524.

M-rj-rspi TTj tmcvtgjv ‘ Pet?) [6sup] -re yEvsOXcp 'A tts i 0' -jyurrcp xai ctjv'£y_o]vn to tow Ttp Tcacnv itxipov; Oeuefpor^Jpa -xvrx ©uovn Kpio(36Xau teXsttj; i][$* £ri rjxjpo^oXou 5 MootwcqXoi; tsXetmv [Isp&v ajvsfrfjxaTO {Scojiov Aoipov ’AtioXXwvo; [to’jvo{x']e/cov ferrixXijv. Petronius Apol[lod]orus v(ir) cflarissiraus) / pontif(ex) maior XJVvir s]acr(is) fac(iundis) / pater sacr(orum) Dei In[vic]ti Mithrae I taurobolio crio [boli]oq(ue) percepto / una cum Ruf(ina) Vo[lus]iana c(larissima) f(cmina) con/iuge X V I kal(endas) Iuflias] D(ominis) N(ostris) I Valentiniano et Val[ea]te Aug(ustis) I I I co(n)s(ulibu)s. 16th June A .D . 370.

23 . ROMA (Rome) Ara marmorea grandis; in latere dextro pinus. e cuius truncis pendent tibiae et tiara, item aries, in latere sinistro pinus itidem, e cuius ramis pendent tympanum, fistula item taurus, a tergo item faces patera et vasa. C I L VT, 510; Dessau, 4152; CIM RM no. 520.

Dis I Magnis / Matri Deum et Attidi Se/xtilius Agesilaus Aedesius I v(ir) c(larissimus) causarum non ignobi/lis Africani tribunalis ora/tor et in consistorio / principum, item magiste/r libellor(um) et cognition(um) / sacrarum magister epistu/lar(um) magister memoriae / vicarius praefector(um) per / Hispanias vice s(acra) c(ognoscens) pa/ter patrum Dei Solis Invi/cti Mithrae Hierofanta / Hecatar(um) Dei I.iberi archi/bucolus taurobolio / criobolioq(ue) in aeter/num renatus aram sacra, vit D(ominis) N(ostris) Valcn/tc V et Valentiniano / Iun(iorc) Aug(ustis) cons(ulibu)s idib(us) / Augustis. 13th Augustus A.D. 376.

24 . ROMA (Rome) Magna ara mutilata. In quattor angulis superioribus tauri cassi iacent; in sinistro latere aries ad pinum, in qua tympanum est; a dextris ad pinum taurus, ex qua pedum, fistulae, mitra pendent; a tergo faces lucentes transvcrsae decussatim. C I L V I , 5 1 1 ; C D IR M no. 522; C K , 1529.

M(atri) D(oum) M(agnae) Idaeae et Attidi Menoturanno S(ancto) I nobilis in causis forma celsusq(ue) Sabinus/ hie pater Invicti mystica victor habet / sermo d u o s------ reservans / consimiles a u fert------- / et vencranda movet Cibeles Triodeia signa / augentur mentis simbola tauroboli / Ruf(ius) Caeoni(us) Cae(oni) Sabini f(ilius), v(ir) c(larissimus), p(ontifex) m(aior) hierof(anta) d(eae) Hecat(ae) aug(ur) I pub(licus) p(opuli) r(omani) Q(uiritium) pater sacror(um) Invicti MeLhrac(sic), tauroboliatus / M(atria) D(cmn) M(agnac) Id(aeae) et A ttidis Minoturani et aram ITII id(us) Mart(ias)/Gratiano V etM erobaude consulibus dedicabit. Antiqua generose domo cui regia Vestae Pontifici felix sacrato militat igne Idem augur triplicis cultor venerande Dianae Persidiciq(ue) Mithrae antistes Babilonie templi Tauroboli(que) simul magni dux mistici sacri. 12th March A .D . 377.

25 . ROMA (Rome) Ara rudis ac male habita; supeme arietes quinquc, singuli scilicet in singulis angulis atque unus in fronte mactati iacent; in latere dextro stat arics sub pinu; a qua tympanum fistulae compactae et crotala dependent; in sinistro taurus stat sub altera pinu, a qua pedum et singulares fistulae duae suspensae sunt; a tergo sunt faces transversae. C I L VT, 5 12 ; Dessau. 4154.

[M(atri) D(cum) M(agnae) I(daeae) et Attidi Menotyranno Dis Magnis c]t I [t]u[t]atoribus suis / Ceionius Rufius Volu[si]/anus v(ir) c(larissimus) et inlustrfis] / ex vicario Asie et Ceio/ni Rufi

Volusiani v(iri) c(larissimi) / et inlustris c x prefecto [pre]/torio et ex prefccto ur[bi] / et Cecine Lolliane clar[issil/me et inlustris femin[e] I Deae Isidis sacerdotis fi[lius] / iterato viginti annis exp[le]/tis taurobolii sui aram constitu[itj / et consccra.vit X kal(endas) Iun(ias) D(omino) N(ostro) Va(len]/tiniano Aug(usto) I III et Neoterio c{o(n)s(ulibu)s]. 23rd May A.D. 390

26 . ROMA (Rome) Cippus marmoreus, littenie male exaratae sunt, ut saepius distingui non possint. C I L V I . 1675: C IM K M no. 516.

Kamenii / Alfcnio Ceionio luliano / Kamenio v(iro) c(larissimo) q(uaestori) k(andidato) praeton tri/umf(ali) VTIviro epulonum mag(istro) / p(atri) s(a)c(rorum) Summi Invicti Mitrai icr(o)/fante Accate arc(hi)b(ucolo) Dei Lib(eri) XV/viro s(acris) f(aciundis) tauroboiiato D(eum) M(atris) / pontifici raaiori consula/ri pro\-indae Numidiae / iustitiae eius provisioni/busq(ue) confotis omnibus / diocescos / g e n t i li s ------ p ( ? ) m ( ? ) Restitutus comicu/ larius cum carticularis officii statuam / in dome sub acre posuerunt. c. A .D . 380.

27 . ROMA (Rome) Basis marmorea. C I L V I. 1778; G ordon. 339; C D fR M no. +20.

Agorii I Vettio Agorio Praetextato viro clarissimo / pontifici Vestae / pontifici Soti(s) / quinjv£gXgv euajy£tov TsXstojv | avsOTjXi S a l i v a jjtov

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D(omino) N(ostro) Gratiano Aug(usto IV )/et Fl(avio) Merobaude co(n)s(ulibu)s. A D. 377.

32 . ROMA (Rome) Fragmenta basis magnae marmoreae. C I L V I, 31.940; C IM R M no. 395 A .

Alfenio Ceio[nio Ijuliano / Kamenio v(iro) c(larissimo) [quaest(ori) k(andidato) prajetori / triumfali VT[Iviro epujlonum / mag(istro) numfmis) patrji sacrjorum / Summi Tnvicjti Mjithrae Iliero/phantae Hec[ata]e archibucolo / Dei Liberi XV[vi]ro s(acris] f(aciundis) taurobo/liato Deum M[atri]s pontifici / maiori con[sul]ari Numidiae / iustitia eius e[t pro]visionibu[s] / confotis omnib(us) Diocejseos] / s[ua]e I Ianuarianus [Nym]fidius eti — / promoti cum [c]ollegis / officii I statna[m] in d[omo suaj / d[edica]verunt. c. A.D. 380.

33 . ROMA (Rome) The following description is taken over from P. Fabrc in Melanges d’archeologie et d’histoire 40 (1923), 3-18.

m e,

D v.iur i i u ^ o

“J

L'autel a environ 0,75 m de large, 0,60 dc profondeur, et, dans

1’dtat oil a nous est parvenu, 0,57 m de haut. Sur le cote droit est sculpts un arbre qu’a sa forme, a ses feuilles en aiguilles et a ses fruits, on le reconnait ais^ment pour un pin. A ses branches sont suspendus, a gauche une syringe a cinq tuyaux, a droite un tympanum, et peat-etre un pedum. Au tronc de l ’arbre est appuy&s la double flute; dans la partie infdrieure dtait represents un taureau, dont on pent encore voir la t£te, le cou et la croupe. Du c6t£ gauche est repet£ le mcme arbre, aux branches duquel on voit, cette fois, d ’un cdtd les cym bales, de l’autre le bonnet phrygien, qui coiffe l’extrdmitd d'un rameau, et la sviinge, ici a quatre tuyaux seulement. A u pied de l'arbre on distingue encore malgrd plusieurs cassurcs de la pierre, la tete, le cou, et la croupe d'un beJer. Ces deux reliefs sont ex6cutfe> sans