The logic of sense

THE LOGIC OF SENSE GIlles Deleuze TRANSLATED BY Mark Lester WI TJ-l

Chark'S Stival\'

EDITED BY

Constantin V. Boundas

THE ATHLONE PRESS

London

Contents

I'irsl I'uhli.,h",l in (;rcat Britain in '!l9O h)' Ttl\' Athlol'" l'rOlld ligures which arc not onhhistorical hut topological and logioreal ewnts at the surfacOllies) than substance is; the}' are a part of substancl', and in this sense thl')' arc contras1(.'(1 with an e,\'Ira-&·rfl.'l which (·onstitut

SHUt·, 01·

I'AltAl>OXI'~

(n "'lll(I'ACI, I,H;I,CTS

7

~dl'l}t'mlt'nll~' of til(" Sioic Il'rminolog)·). TIlt' most conn'all'd Iwcollws

tile Illost Illanilt'st, All thl' old paradoxI~s of Ix'coming IllUSt again takt' shap... in a IlI'W ~'outhfulness-transmutation, BI'coming unlimih'd conws to be tilt.' ideational and incorporl'al I'wnt, with ,1.11 of its eharactnistic reversals Ix'twel'n futuH' .,nt! IlolSt, ,\l'tiH' and Ilolssin', cause and elTect, more ami Ined and that \\ hich b .,hout to happen, but n.lradox in a l'Ornpletd)' new malllU'r-both as an instrument for the anal~'sis of language and as a means of synthesizing ewnts. D,akCflcr is pn'Ciscl~' this sdcnce of incorporeal t'H'nt:> as they arl' expn.."SSl.xl in propositions. and of till' ('Ollll('("'tions lxtwL't'n e,'enL" as they are exprt"SSl..'(1 in relations oct\\'('Cn propositions. Diall"t1.ics is, im!l.,.."t.!. the an of C"onJufJOHon (.5('(' thl' rorifawha or S{'riL'S of e\'ents which depl.·1ll1 on one another). But it is the task of language both to establish limit:> and to go I)(')'ond them, Tha...fore languag dial\"t·tical prindpl.., or its natural plaC(' and its pun: phiiosophicall'Onn'pl. Lewis CJ.TTolI Glrrit's Ollt this 0l)('ration, inaugurated b~' the Stoics, or rather. he takes it up ag.'in. [n all hi.. works, Carroll cxamint-s the dilTl,'I'ence bctwf--en e\'ents, thing:». and stat...' S of alTairs. But the entire first half of Aha still St.'(,k... till' s('CTI.'t of events and of the becoming unlimited which the~' impl~" in the dt'pths of the earth, in dug out shafts and holes which pillngt' IX'lwath, an
"AKAllOXI'S 01·

~llKI'ACIo 1·1-I·1·('"r~

sian of the first part is to till' glor~' uf thl' East, frum which l"OnU's all that is gOOt.I. "the substann' of thing~ hop"-'t.1 for, and til{' existence of things not St.'Cn," Here e\Tn till' 1>.l~IT1l'tI'r lwitlll'r riSt.'S nor falls. but goes lengthwise, sidl'wa~·s. and giH'S a horizontal wl'ather. A strctching machine e\'en It'ngthens songs. And J-onunatus' pUTSC, prcsclltl"(l as a MObius strip, is madc of handkt'rd1it'fs sc.'wn m the lI-ronS wa.y, in sU(,h a manncr that its outer surfan' is ('ontinuous with its inner surface; it ('ll\'c1ops the entire world.•mel makt"S that which is inside lx- on thc out'sid\' and "in' \"t'TSa.t> In .~dll" fJlld Bruno, thc tl't.'hnignizing thre..• distinct rdations \\ ithin tilt' proposition. '1111' first is caJlI"(1 denotation or indication: it is the rdation of till' proposition to an \'Xtcmal state of affairs Mmum). '111(' stall' of affairs is ",d,,',duuted; it indud(·s particular Ixxlit.-s. mixtuR'S of I)()(lil's. qualities. quantities, and relations. l:lt'llotation functions through till' assodation of the words thcmscln-"s with paTllcufar imagl.'s which QlWhl fO "n'pre~nt" the state of affairs. From all thl.' imag~-"s associate'd "ith a word-with a particular word in till' Prolx>sition-lH' must du)()Sl.' or s~'I('et those which l'OI'rcslxmd to the gi\'en whol". 'I'll(' d~'notatillg intuition is tllt'll l'''prl'sscd h~' tlU' fonn: "it is that," or "it is not that." TIlt' llm'stion uf knowing who.:thl.'r till' ass()('iatioll of words and imagl.'s is Ill'imitiw or dt'rin-d, Ilc("t'ssarv or arbitrary, C,ln not wt 1)(' fonlllll.l\t'd, "Vllat math'rs for tilt: n~oml'nt is tl~at certain 'words in tilt' proposition, or cl'rtain linguistic Ihlrtid(-"s, function in ,1I1l',lSl'S as ernl)t~' fonm for tIl\' .'l,ll,t·tioJl of illlagl's. al1d henc\' for till.' denotation of t'.wh

"

Ill' wrotl1! to In'.lt tlwlll as Ilnin'rsall'olll'{'pts,

-

I'Hllltl\IHII'O/·TlIl·I·IlOI·O .... I'l"ION

I~

denotation to manifestalion. a displaCt'llll'nt of logical \'alm's ()(TUrs \\ hich is n'pn'S,..M..... rtt·s is not at all looking for that which was dwelling in 11ll' wax-thi:. probl('m is not ('\"('n fommlatC(! in this (('xt; rathl'r, he shows hO\\ tilt' I, manifL'St in th(' Cogito, grounds till' judgmt'nt of tkllot,ltion In' whid, the wax is identified. W\, ought to n:st'n'(' til\' t('nn "signiticalion" for a third dimensioll of Iht' proposition. I-kr
Imagc lor ano~l1l"r in lilt' lonn "this is not that, it's that:' l:an I",· n:pl,lim'd onl~' hv tlll" ('onstanc)' of the signified conn'pl. Similarl)', tlvsirl's would not li;rm all order of demands or t'\'('n of duties, distinct from J .~impll' llr~l'1ll'Y of needs, anti 1X'lkfs would not fonn an ordvr of infen'nn'S (Ii;tinc~ from simple opinions, if the words in which tlll'~' \\1'1".' mani+ !l:stt'd did not n'fer lirst to conn.:pts and conceptual implit"ations n'n· d....ing tlwse d.'sin's and bdicls signilicatin-. TI~e presupposed primal"~' of s~ignitication on'r denotation. howt'n'r, still raises a delicate problem. \Vlwn \n' sa)' "thercfort'," whl'n wc consid(:r a proposition as concluded, we make it thC" obit'("t of an assertion. Wt' set aside the premises and affinn it for itself, indqX'ndendy. We rclat(' it to til\' state of affairs which it denotes, indl'lll'ndentlv of the implications which constitute its signification. To do so, how~n'r, two conditions haw' to I)t,' tilled. It is lirst nL'Ccssary that tht' premis(>s be positcd\l':- in Ih... oTd"'T of languagl' flanglN). If th{"S(· signili{·.ltions mllal)S('. or an.' not l'Slahlishl'tl in thl·Il1S~.'k('S. Ix'rsonal idl'ntit~· is lost, as AIiC(' l).linfull~' l'xl>crit'n('('s, in conditions \dlt'Tl' God, tilt' \\orld, and the sdf IX'('olllt' till' blurred dl.lra('t('rs of tilt' dr~alll of SO!lWOllt' who is poorly dl'tl'rmill{'ll. This is why dll' last rt'COurSl' st.'l'ms to Ilt' idenlifying Sl'nSI' with signifi{'ation. \V(, an' thm sent ba(-k to til(' circll' and It't"l back to Carroll'.ll llJ.radox, in \\ hich signiti('ation can llt'\'('r (·x('rdSt.' iL'i roll' of last foundation , sinn' it PTl"SuPPO!>t"S an irn'tlucibk' denotation. But IX'Thaps theTt' is a ,"CT\' g('Il('ral n'ason wh\' si~nifi(-'Hion fails and \\ h\· t!WT(' is a l'irt·ularit\· Ix,t:\"('cn ground ami grm;nd('(1. \Vhcll \\T ddil~l' signification as th~' ('ondition of truth. WI' gi\"t' it a charaCh'ristic which it ~har('s with Sl'nSI" and which is alrl'ady a dlaral'horistk of 1
.

"

IHlltl) " I l t l l " 01

1111 l'ltO!'(hl rio,\:

d.'lIot,ltlllll n'mains t'xh'nlal til till' Ort!l'r \\ hidl t'ontlition~ it, .lIlt! til(' trUt' ,lilt! till' falSt' remain inclill.'rt'nt to till' prindplt, \\ hi('h t!t.'t~nnhll's !Ill' po~~ihilit~ of tilt' Ollt', bv alloning it nlll~' to .llUlhi~t in itz. fOnlwr rt'!,ltiun tel tlU' other. One b: pt'rIX'tll,lll~' rl'feIT('(! from tilt' contlitiom..t1 to tilt' umdition, and al:.o frum tilt' nJlldition to till' ('onclitiOlwd, ~OT lilt, lontlitillll of truth to ,l\oitlthis d.-ft'CI, it ought to have an dt'mt.'nt •II It-. 01111, distinct from the for'lll of til(' ('onditiom·d, It ought to han' "ml.lnieul,lr image:-, Jx'n..onal Ix'lit{.;. and ulli\·('rsa.1 or general COIICl'pts, 'nll' Sloks ...lic! it all: ndthl'r \\onl nor bod~" ndtlwr M'mihJ t' rq>Tt'Sf'ntatiun nor ""1011 ' l i t " , OJ '111" l'ltOI'(hl rio:....

19

\'t'rs)' is tah'll up ant.:\\' (Andr':- 11,,-' Nl'lIrd~atcali and Pierr(' d'Ailly against Rimini Brt'nt,lIlo and Russell against ~klllong). In truth, the "th'IUp' 10 makl' tilis fourth dilllL'llsiOIl ,·\·i{knt is a little like Carroll's Snark hUlll. Pcrh.,ps till.." dimension is tlw hunt itself. and sense is tlw Snark. It is

dillicult to respond to thost' who wish to be satislll·d with \\ord:.. things. imagl's. and ideas. For \w may not (,\'..:n say that st'n~' ,'xisls ,-,ather in things or in tlll' mind; it has neither phJsical nor nwnlal l'xish'IlCl', Shall \\'e at least sav that it is lIS(·ful, and that it is m:n·ss.1fJ

to admit it for its utilit,,? N~t ...· nn this. since it is cndO\H.'d "ilh an incfli.1 Ilol'mati('-l"olor or attrihu!t,. "Thi.' /fee areens"-is this not finall~' tlw "I'm(' of til(' color of lilt' tn'l'; .llltl is not "the tri:r areens" its global flll'aning? Is the noema '\Il\'thing morc than a purl' ('\'cnt-th(' trl'C oc(·urrt~lt.·l' (although Ilu.s..,~·rl (I~'" not slx'ak of it in this manner for tl'mlinological rea~ns)? And is that \\hkh 11(' L-alls "appearan and languagl'. This is tilt' l>UlIrn..' of lin- altematin.' \\hich rims through all the \\orks of Carroll: 10 l'al or to slx'ak, In 5..lfn.. ond BTltflO. thc ;Ilcrn,ltin" is l)('tw("("1\ "bits of Ihings" am! "hits of Shak..·sl>ean·... At Alin"s coronation dinner, ~·ou ... itlwr ~'al what is pn·St'nh'(l to ~·ou. or ~'Oll are prl'scnh'd to what ~'ou. (·at. To ('al and .10 I~. ~'ah'~l-this is the operational 1ll00Id of Ixxhl"':>, Ih,,· 1~'lx' of tht'lf nllxtllf(' III depth, their action and pa. n"'ilt'(l ar;' .1!lOUt ~'(Iihll' h,Il, If \\~. Ilwn :.Ik·ak of food. l1(m ....111 \H' .Hoid ~Ix'aking III lront III lilt' IJlll' \dw i... to IX' .....·r\"('d .1.'1 flxxl? ..:n that although sense dOt-'S not exist outside of the proposition which expresses it. it is nen:rthclL-ss the attributl' of statl.'S of affairs and not tht> attribute of the proposition. The e,'ent subsists in language. but it hapP'""ns to things. Thin£.s and propositions arc less in a situation of radical duality and morc on tilt' two sides of a frontier repn'SCntl.'(! b)' sellSC. This frontier dOt-os not minglt' or rl'unit'e tht'm (for tht'rc is no morc monism here than dualism); it is rather sonlt'thing along the line of an articulation of tht'ir diffeR'nee Ixxl)'! languagt', Comparing tht, ("'cnt to a mist rising o\'Cr til(' prairie. WI,,muld sa\' , that this mist rises prt-''(.'iscl\'. at the frontit'r, at tht: jun('tun' of things and propositions. As a rcsult, thc dualit), is rcflt.'{·ted from hoth silk'S and in cach of the two tem1S. On the side of the thing, thert' art' physical qualities and real relations which mnstituh' tilt' statt: of affairs; tht'n' an' also ideational logical attributes which indicate incorport'al e\'('nts, And on til(' side of the proposition, there art' names and adjcctivl,-'s which denote the state of affairs; and also then' an' "crbs which e.lprei.S l'vents or logical attribut twoand that the person situatC1! 011 the frontit'r. pf('('"iscl~' as Humpt~' ~)umpt~· is seated on his llaITO\\ wall, has ooth at his disposal. !x-ing the impent'trahk' master of tht., articulation of their dm~~rt'nc(' ("... howc, I'r, I can managt' the \\ hol{' lot of t1lu\k: "ii'" gl'Ilt'ra1J~' a frog. or a woml, 'l1w (Itw"tion i~, II hat Ilid th,' an. hhi"IMlJ) 11Il
1)(· g,'ttillg Iwnw.'· lit" ""it!: "'l1w nighls ar(' \','r~' damp!"

I It- thought he saw .m ArgUIllt'lIt '111.11 prowt.! hI' II as till' 1'01""; II.· lookt'll a.gain. an
"

illlpoh'110' of the speak('r .1IId to thl" higill'st pO\\'l'r of language: m~' illlpoh·m."(' to state til(' S('nSl' of \\ hat I sa~·. to sa~' at the saml' timl' ~)nwthing and its meaning: but aiM> till" infinite I)()Wl'r of lan.suage to ~I""ak al)()ut words. In short, giwn a proposition \\hkh (il'notes a statl' of aA:lirs, olle mol)" alwa~'s tah' its :.l'IN.' as that which another proposition ,knotl'S. If we agn.'(' to think of ,\ proposition "5 a name, it would tlwn appl'ar th"t c\'er~' n.lIIll" whidl tknoh'S an objl.'i-·t mol)' itsdf lX'co!lle thl" ohject of a new nanw \\ hit-h d('noll's its scnse: III ref('rs to nl' which tknotl's thl' s('nse of n l ; 1\1 n'fcrs to Ill: etc. For ('ach one of its names, I,mguagt' must contain a nanw for thl' Sl'nSl' of this nanlt', This infinih' proliferation of verhal entities is known as Fregc'l> pa-;:-ae!ox, l Hut it is also Carroll's paradox. It appears in rigorous fonn on the oth('r side of the looking-glass. in the nlt.'1.,ting of AliC{' and th.., Knight, 1111' Knight annOUlU1'S the title of thl' song he is going to Sing: "-111t' namt' of the song is (-alJl'(l 'Haddock's f~m' "-"Oh, that's tlw name of tilt.' song, is it?" AJiCt' said, tf)'ing to (l."t,1 intl'festl"tl.-"No, )"Oll don't U1u!l'rstand." the Knight said, luoking ,1 little \"I'xed, "That's what thl' naml' of til(' song b wild The naml' rt'alJ~, is Tilt /t9~d A!J tIlt' song and which appears as far back as the first stanza, 2) Hut. it b. not th.., nanl(' i!f the song, Ht.'ing itself a na!ll(', th.., song is d('Slgnah"t:! hy anoth..'r name. The S('cone! nanl(" (n l ) is ""Van and ~kans:' \\ hid1 fonns tilt' theme of til(' Sl'Cond. third, fourth, al;d fifth \t,Ulzas, "Wa~'s and Ml'ans" is thus til(' name whi(·h d..'signates tilt' song, ur I\'hm rllt' .WIl,l/ I.~ callc(l. J) But the '''al nanl(', Carroll adds, is "Thl' Aged ~\gt't~ Mall," who in fact apl""ars in tilt' t'ntif(' song, The denoting na!ll(' lt~'11 has a meaning which fonns a nl'W naml' (n)l. 4-) This third naml'

in iI., turn, hO\\\'\\'r, mmt l)t, dl':.ignah'd by a fourth. Thai b to :-"lY, till' Ilwaning of nl' n,lIllt'I~' n" mUl-l Iw designatl'{l b~' n~. TIl\' fourth IMIll\' is IIMI (he 11.li..1 tilt' Dudlt':>.,.... '''lIld til(' Illor.ll of film b, ·Tolk..· l"lr,' of tilt' St.·11.'\t,'. olnd tilt' M>unds \\ ill lak,· (",1ft. of t1lt·lIlsd\"t's.' ..

In thi!' p;l.~sag(·. il is not a q'll':oitioll of asso....iation of idl'as. from on... ~ ..·ntenn' to anotller; rath...r. tilt' moral of l·a(.'h proposition ....onsi:oits of 'Ulotlu:r proposition \\hiclJ d,,·nott·s the S('nSl." of til(' first. Making Sl.'nSl' lilt' obJ('(1 of the nl'\\' proposition amounts to "taking l,tr..· of the S('nSt:., .. in such {'omlitions that ProlXJSitions prolifl'ratl' olml "the sounds take "'are of tlll'msch'l-s:' Thus. thl' IXJSsibilit~, of a profouml link b..~tw('('n tilt' lngit' of Sl'IlS(' and l'thks, morals or moralit\'. i.~ conhmwd

.

nit· parado.t cif sUfl/... dIl1slI1n.

or of dn

"

TI1('re is ind.."t.'f.1 a wa\' of "widing this infinit(· rcgn-ss. I~ is "to fix thc proFXJ.sition, to immobilrl.l' it. just long enough to ..'xtr,ll't from it its Sl.'nso.·-thl' thin film at til(' limit of things anti words. (Hl'nCl' Ih douhling up which we just " ob:oil'fwd in Carroll's work at "',lch stag... of tIlt' n'gress.) Hut is il til(' tI"'stiny of Sl.·nso.· Ihat this diml'nsion Ix' indislx·nSolbll'. or that \\'e do not knO\\ what to do \\ ith il ,1S soon as w..' attain it? \Vhat ha\'c w(' dOlll' imh·d, aside from disc.·ngaging a llt'utralu..l"f.1 douhll' of thl' proposition: .1 phantom. and a phantasm withoul thi('klll-SS? Is it b('t-.luSt:' the Sl'nS(' is ~·xl.)rl~St'(1 b~' a \'l'rh in the proposition that tho.' ......rh is expn'SSl'(1 in ils IIlhnith ..·. llanicipial. or inlt'rragati'" foml: Goo..l.to I'll.'; or thl' I'll.'ing"h.... of ~Iw sk~', or is th" sk~' bhlt'? SI·nSt· hring!' ahout tilt' sllspl'nsion ~f ~~)~h afllnnalion and nt"'gation. Is Ihb th..~ nw,lIling of the propoloition!' t ... ltl i:.." "1111' sk~' is blu..·.. ? As an altri!>uh' of SI,llt'l- of affairs. Sl'ns... is "':tr'l-I~'ing. It is nol of I'll.·ing; it is an ai/qUId \\ hieh b ,'ppropri.1h' 10 Ilnn -I){'lllg. r\s thai which i.~ ,'xpr,,·ss..,tI hy tilt' proposition. st'nst' d,){.s 1101 .. ·xis!. hUI inh.......,s or sllhsisl:oi in thl' proposition. 011,' of tilt' most I"I'nMl"k •llll I . pom . t ... n ," .," tOll' " IOJ.:I..' " IS " t'1..• sh'rt"'"It\' 0 f !'l'ns..·,..·\"t·nt: (Ink hodi,':' ,1 to cite th,' en.-nl as past. Ont' of c.lrroll's gt'llCral tt·dmiqu{'·s cOI\:-.bts of pn"smting the t'nont !II'let, pn'cist..ly l)I,x'ausc l've0·thing ()('('urs h)' wa~' of. and within. languagl·. It i~ prl'St:nh·d once in the proposition in which it subsists. and ,lg.lill in the state of affairs when' it nops up at the sllrfacl'. It is prest'nh'tl OIlLl' in thl' \'l;rsc of a song which n..lah's it to till' proposition, and again in till' surfan' l'ff'll'tinrlar things in "hidl it is ill\"ol\'l'. \n' considc'f that \\ hit-h altcnlatcs in this sllcc('s.~ion, WI' S{'{' that ('ach nanw is takt'n hrst in tlw denotation which it brings about, and tl1IXTII ~IIUI';) UN ;)HUAt I/'ATlON

J7

si~nil;l.d b till' .,t,ltt· or all:1irs togt't1wr with its (Iualitit's ,md n'.ll n~.lIitl'l:--. Til\' :--ignilit'r i:-- also

Ill(' t'ntin: proposition. inMII:1r .1S it

illl'llI(II'~ ,Iinl\'minns (If dt'1lI1tation, manifl'station, and ~ignitil·.1ti(J11 in

tlw :--Iritt M'n:--,'. And tilt' signified is tilt' in
1/:>oth human and rair~" which guarant('t's tho.: CtllTt'sl>ond('ll("{' of tilt' two sl'ril.'s in each IMSSc conlloted othcT\\'isc. and tlMt th" portmanteau word d()('S not find in thcm the foundation of its Ill·n ·ss ity. The d('finition of the p0rtlllankau word, as l'ontral'ting S('\'n.ll words and l'nL'Ompassing sl'wral S('nSI'S, is tlwrcfof(' a n~ninal ddinitioll onl\, ~.

tTt..'tI, This is the n'aSOl1 \\ 11\ it Ill'\,'r ('xists alOll\', It lx't. kon:- 10 utlwr portmanh'au

\\onl~

\\hidl

I'n·~-t'(I,' or follow it. ami \\hidl "ho\\ tllat .'\'(.~. :-I.'rit'S is aln'ady r.llnili,'d in prindpl,' and still funha r.lIlliti.lhl,'. Midlt'l Hutor l'.lid it \\1,11: "I'ach of Ihl'S(' \\'on!.' Ian .let ol:- a :-\\it('h, .lnll we c.ln mO,"I' trom 0111' 10 anotll('r h~' nll'.lll~ of many p.lssag('s; hl'lU'I' tllt' idl'a of .1 book \\ hich docs not silllpl~' n:ll'r,ltl' mit' stor~'. hut .1 w!Jol.. oo'an of 'turin,,"· Thus WI' lllay no\\ .\I1:-I\\'r tilt' (IU('stion 1>OSl'd at thl' outst't, \\'11t'1l tilt' t'SOIl'rit· \\onl fWKtinn:. not onh' to connotl' or l'oonlinalt' 1\\0 h,,{t,rog("WOUS s...ri,'l' hut tn introduo' (lisjul1ctions in th., so,'ril'S. tlll'll til(' portman{('all \\onl i:- 1ll't·.'S.'W~, or 1U'C.'Ssarily foundt't:l. In this \.1:-,,, Ill(' l'SOtCriC word itso"lf is "nam..'t:'" or dl'noh'tl b~' a portmal1lt'all \\on!. TIlt' l'Sotcric word in g_'llI'r.ll r1.:fl'rs al onn' to til(' empfy ~lwre .mll to th.. occlIl>''lnt without pla(.... , But. in Carroll's work, WI' must di:-tinguish thTl-'C sorts of I'sotaic words: co/llwC/ln.9 ll"ords, which Ix.-rfoml a s~·nth.'Sis of sut'('('SSion o\('r a singl,' s,·ri..' S and Ix'ar upon th.. ,~Ilahi(' d('mellts of a proposition or .l SUl"c:l'ssion of prol>ositions in unln to extract from thl'm tlwir coml>ositl' so,'nS
"/I"

Il.:J

IJ. This i:- J \ Jlu" "in itM·lf void of Sl'nSl' Jnd thus su:-nvtibk of

tJkin~ 011 ,lIl\" :-,'11."". Ilho:-quart.· and an ah\'a~'s displan'l.l placl' without ,In oc.·("ul)J,nt. \Vhat is lad;,ing in the signili('(1 st'ril'S is a supl'rnumera~' ami non~situat("d ginn-an unknown. an oc·l·ul>.lnt without ... pl.l(,(·. or l>(JIlwthing always displacl·d. Thl'S(' arc two sidl'S of till' same thingtwo Ulleven sides-hv Illl'ans of which th~' st.'ril'S communkat{· without losing thl'ir ,Iiff{·f(·nn:. It is tlw adn'nturl' in tilt' Shl...·p·S SllOP or tilt' stor), that till' esotl'rk \\onl narrah'S. 'Wt' ma~'. Ix.'rhaps. d,'h'rmint' cert,lin minimal ('onditions I0..' detcnnillt'd as "sillnifving" and Ilw ;ltlwr as "signilil'd" (a singl(' series Ilc\,("r sullin's to fon~, a'" stnlctun·). 2) tal'll ~f tllt'Se sl'rks is constituh'l.l IJ\' tenns \\ hkh exisl onl\' through 11ll' rt,lations the\' maintain with OI;C anolher, To tllL'SI' rd;tions. ;;r rathl'r 10 tilt' l'al~l's of thl:-'SC rdations. t1ll'r(' correspond wry parti"-''lIlar l'\'l·ntS. that is, slngtlJanua \\ hich an- assignable within till' stnJctur1'. TIll' situation is n-n' similar to that of difT('n'ntial calculus. \\1U'n' till' distributions of singular points corn'Slxmd to til(" ...alm'S of difT('n'ntial rdatiolls,! RJr {'xampl(·. tht.' difTl'f('ntial fl.·lations among pholl('Ill{'S assign singulantil'S \\ ithin languagl'. in the "\ idnit~·" of whi{'h til(' sonoritil'S and signifil·a. tions charal·tl'risti(' of till' 1.1I1guage art' ,,-·on:-tituh'll. t\·'ofl'OH·r. it Sl'l'ms that til(' singularitil'S attach~1 ~o a St.·rit'S dl't,'mlinl' in a {·ompl!.'x malllwr til(' tt'mlS of till' otlll'r Sl'Ti('s. In any {'as ,-,wry·thing function.

~l'ril's cXh'nding in a dl'lcrmilll"(l din' "dim's til(' problem h~' nWJlIS of till' H'IlIS which conw to allt,l'! .l logi(',,1 subj''lwl1:o.ahlthori/on of ,lllth,lt (K'cur., or .1PIJol'.lr:o.. H-

""1""111 " ' U I ' O I

rllll'ItOIOIMAllt

TIll' 1"\,Ialiol) Iwtwe(-'n matllt'lIlatin, ,Illd m;1ll Illa\' Ihus lx' ('onCl'in'(! in ,1 lll'\\ wa~': thl' question I:. nol Ihat of cllI.lIlti(\,ing or nwasuring human propl'I~' in a text t'ntit!('(1 "A Tanglt-d T..1le.... lhis sto~' is {'olllj)()S('(1 of k/lOB \\ hielt, in {'aeh caSt', surround the singul..1ritit's {'orn'Spontling 10 ..1 prohlt-m: characlen; incanl.ltl' tlll'!'I' singul..1riti('s and an' displan'd or n',lrrangt'd from on{' problem 10 illlOtlll'r, until the\' lind t'ach otlll'r ,lg,lin in the tt'nth knot, (·..1ught in till' lwtwork of tlll'i; kinship rdalions. TIll' Mousl"s iI, which lIst,d to rd"(-r t'itlll'r 10 consllmahl\, Ohjl'cts or to ,'xprl'ssiblt' S{'nSl'S, is now rt'pl.Jn·d b)' dara, whidl r,,'f{'r sOllletimes 10 'lliment.1r)' gifts, and sonll'tinll's to giwlls or prohk'lll ronditions, 'Illl' ..t,("OIul, .lml mon' profound, atl{'mpt appt"ars in The ~rnamj(j l:?f a Par.

,,-de ... t\\O lillt'l'i might m.\"l' bt."'11 ob..'nl,(! \\emling t1l('ir \\i1~' ok.TOSS a plJlll' "up,'r1idl.'S. '111(' elder of thl.' 1\\0 !l,lll h~· long pr.u.'tit't' .ll"quin.'(1 d .... art, so l),Iinful 10 yuung and impull>iH' lod. of I~'ing ('\l'nl~' b(,twt'l..·n his ('xtn.'n1t' point...; hUI lilt' ~'oungt'r, in Iwr girlbh imp':tuosit~', \\Jo:. t'HT longing to diwrg'" .ulll htTOlllt' . 1 h)l,,:rhol,l or SOlllt' sUl:h romantk ,1nll boundl{'Ss cur't'. , , , FaIt' ,llld till' illlt'r\'l'ning sup.:rlidl's h,u[ hitlwrto kl'pt tlwm

{f>

NINTH SI,Rlh~ OI'TIII·.I'KOliLI,MATIC

NINTll "HUI'~ eH Till· I'JUIIII I',\IATIC

f)7

dl~tint"t. beh

Tenth Series of the

Ideal Game

Not only dOt"S u'wis Carroll inwllt ganu'S. or transfoml the n.lt'S of known games (tennis. C'rlXl\J('I). but hl' inmkt'S a sort of ideal gamt' whost· nwaning and function an' at lirst glance diAicult to asSl.-'Ss: for t·x'lmplt,. thl' l"alll':lls-rao... ill IIlIft.. in whid, Olll' IJI..'gins wlwn onL' wislll~ ami stops at will; and till' ~Toclul'l match in whid, lhl' halls ak Iwdgl'hogs. tlw O1"II\,{s pink tlJ.mingos, and till' loops soldias who l·ndlt·s.~k displ.1Cl· tlwmsl'ln's from OIl\' ('nil of til(" g.lIllt' to till' otln-r.

·11U'.~· g:1TlWS han' the

following in commun:

tlwy I;;J.\(· .1 gn"J! tlt'al of

1110\"('111 ontologil'all~' Ont'. bell thro\\ is itself a seri('S. but m a WllC much {mailer fhan 1M mmlmum of continuous. thinkable tinw; and. to this st'rial minimum. a distribution of singularitil'S l'orn'SJX>nds, I J--..ach thm\\ ('mits ,ingul.lr points-tilt' points on tilt' din', for l"xampll'. Hut tllt~ St't of thro\\~ i~ indudt'll in the aleaton' point, a uni{lut' t'a.~t "hich is t·mlll"s.~I\' d"pl.ln·d throughout all s,·rit·s: m a 1I1ll.. yri:(I/l'r fllt/ll Ihi: ma.nmlllll ttll1tinllnll.~. thinkahlt' tinl\'. Thl'St' throws ar,' SlIlT('ssi\'(, in rdalion t(1 °11\' .motlwr. ~·t·t .~imllitarwous in n·l.lIion to this point \Vhil'h alw.ws t h,~ngt.~ tilt' rult', or coordinatt·s ami rarnilil's tilt' ('()rn'~I)()llding SI.'ri;'s .h II in~inuah'~ dl.llw,' ()("('f till' t'ntin' It'ngth of t'at'h st'rit·S. The uniqm'

(;r

11':0/'111 ~Iltll' (II' Till Illl/t1 (;/tM ..

{')

cast is a (:hans, ('adl throl' of which is a fragment. l:..lch throw 0lx'rates a distribution of singularitil's, a constellation. Hut instt'ad of dividing a dOSl.d span' Ix.'t\H·l·n fi,H'(1 n'sults which corn'Spond to hypotheses, th(· mohil(' f('sults an' distrihuk"tl in the open SllaCC of the uniqu(' and undh·ide.1 cast. This is a nomadIC' and non-S('(lentary dlSl"bu/lon, wherdn ...wh S\'sh'm of singularitil'S L"Ommunicates and rcsonak'S with til(' othl'rs, Ix:ing at once implicatlod by the others and implicating tlll.:m in thc most imPortant cast. It is the game of problems and of the qUl"Stion, no longl..·r the ganll' of thl' catl..'gorkal and the hypotht:tical. 4) Such a game-without milos, with neither winner nor loser, \\ ithout responsibility, a game of innocel11..·c, a caucus·racc, in ",hkh skill and chann' art: no longer distinguishable-St.'Cms to han' no n'alit)'. lksidl'S. it would amllsc no one. Certainly. it is not till' game pla)'L'd b)' Pas('('n ilct:omplislu"tl, how('wr. othcr than Im'athc a little man' chann' into the game? This is how J. L Horgl'S t1t'M'"rihc,'s tlU' B.1bvlonian lotta\': "

"

if !Ill' Ioltt'~' is an intell.'>ilic.'aIKm of challCt', .l 1:N,'rioc.lic infu.'>ion of I..·haos illiO tilt.· C&.inlOS. would it not I"" ll.-sirahle for chant.'1..' to intcrwn.., OIl all stal!("S of til llot inlinih', Ioinn' it lll'\('r ('emw:- h;H"k Upllll it!'o,·lf; it i" unlimit.1.' ganw is Iimih'(l to a plTlx'tll,ll .lllu"ion, \\ ithuut Ilf"(',lkmg till' mirmr,"~ blCh ""t'nt is till' sm,llll'st tinlt', :-.malla than tilt' 11linill1ulll of cuntinuous thinkablt' tinw, !k.'I',H1S1· it is di\'idt'tl into prOXima'" 1'."'1 and illllllim'nt future. But it is al:-on llw longest tinlt'. longlT thall till' nl.lXilllllln of nmtillllOU,~ thinkahl l' tillit', IwcausI' it is t'ndll'~~J~' Mlhdi\ idt'd h~' thl· Aion ",hidl n'mllTS it ,'clual to its own lllllirnih'd lirlt', Ixt Il~ 1I1ltlt-r~talld Ih,ll t',ll'h l'\'I'nt in tlw Aion is sm,lllt'r ~igns

I I " III .,IHI1., (11'1111 11>1 Al

t;AMI·

6J

/

than tli", smalk'st SUIKlidsiun of Chronos; but it is also grcau'r than the gn.'at,,"St di\'isor of Chronos, namcl~', till' entire c~Tk.. '111rough its unlimih'(l sulxli\ bion in both tlin'ctions at once, t'ach t'wnt nms along the ('IHirl' Aion and IX'1-'Om
TI-NTII ~1,H.llo~ 01- Till; IIH"1 GAMI,

60,

~l'l'," \Nortl=x ill" S\'ries hut ,11 till'

Elen'll th Series of Nonsense

tinll', thillg=x in anoll1('r ~l'ries; perhaps (W(' shall SI'~' thi" 1,1It'r) it i., rll'(·I'l>s.,r~' loL.,dd to tlw Aion \'t'l .1 third asp"-'Ct. ,)(:tiOIi = x. in,of.lr .b til\' :-'l'ril's resonate and COlll4 mUllicatl' and fonn a "t"ngl('{! 1,'Iv." "Sn.uk" is all llnlll'.lfd-of nan1\". hUI it is also an in\'isibl v n:on:-.tl'l'. It n,ri'rs to a fonnid.1hk .lCtion, till' hunl, at til(' I'lld of \\ hkh thl' hunh'r is dissipal('d alltlloS('s his idl'lltit\', "Jilhl>l'n\'lx'k" is :1Il llnllt'anl401 1l.1Illl'. ,1 fantastic I)(.'ast. hUI i1lso tl~t' ohjl'I-·t of a fom1idabl(· .U·tiOIi (lr of a gn'at munier, Thl' blank word is d('signah'tl In ':Mlh'ril' \\onls in gl'lll'ral (it. thing. L ~nark, ('te), -111 \\hd; it denotl'S. It (·xpT"{"S.'it'S its deflO{a~ /lim and dl'Signatan of sud1 a wo~d d,,nOh's till' M'nS(' of till: other or exprL'l>sl'S till' otlll'r l>art which in turn d"nolt's it. L11l(It'r till" sanll' form, the ,'ntirl' \\onl s.ws its ol,n SI'IlSl' ,md is. for this rl·ason. nonM'IlM'. Indt'l,tI, thl' second nomlal law gmlTning nanws t'ndowl'd "ith Sl'ns" is thaI t1wir Sl'nSl' can not d('h'rl1lill~' an alll'rnalin' into whil'll till'\' thcmsdn's t'nll'r. NOnl'l'llli" thus has two silks, Oil" corn'sJ)()Ilding I~ tilt' rq~n's.~i\'e sVllth,'sis, till' otlwr In tilt' disjullclil't' ,~yntlwsis, '" L , Om' ('ould ObjVl't that ,111 of Ihis nll'.lII~ nothing, [t is a h.ld pl.,~, on \Iord" tn MIPIXISf,' that nonSt'ns,' "xprvss,'s its own M'nSl' smn', hv :.,1l1ll'

";rsr

us summarize til(' dlaral1..-ristil'S of this paradoxical (~I('m{'nt or perpetuum mob./e. Its fUIKtion is to tran"r'S{' th(' hetl'rogt'm"ous Sol'nt'S, to luordinatl" t1wm. to makt' them n-sonat{' and ronn'rgl', hut also to ramify 1I!l'rn and to introducC' into l',u'h one of t1wm muhipll' disjUlw. lions. II is both won.1 = x .uul thing = x. Sinn> it IX'longs simlllt'anl'OlIsl~' to bOlh S('ril"S. it has two sidl'S. Hut thl' sitll"S aR' IWH'r balanCt"tI, joinl'tl togt.'t1ll'r. or ll.lirL'(1 ofT. b('cauSl,' til(' IMradoxica! t'!"mt'!lt is always in diSl"Cluilihrium in rdation to itsdr. To an'Ollll1 for this ('orrdation ami this dissymml·t~· Wl' madl' liSt' of a llulllh...'r of dualities: il is at onn' ('Xl'l'SS and Iat'k, l'mpt~· sa1lt without a plan'. "lIo.11ing signilier" and t1o.1ted sigllilil'{l. I'soh'ric word .md I'xokrk thing. whi~' \\~nl .mil blad:. ohjl'l·t. This is win' it is l'onstantl" t';':'('ntial point in common otllt'r than thi.,,: :.t'nSt', rt'£,anl('tl not at all .'I" aplx'ararWt' but as surfaCt' 1'01'1 t .'Inti I>osition t'fTt'Ct, ;lld produCt'll b~' tilt' drculation of till' ('mpt~· MIU.lrt· in tilt' strul'1ura] Sot'rit,s (th(· pl.l('t' of tilt' dumm~', the plan' of till' king, tIlt' hlind spot, lilt' lItld.ting signifier, tht' \'alut' d('gn"t' Zl"rtl, till' oll--~I"Ct' or "h.~t'nt C,llISt', ('tl·,). StnKturalbm, \,hetlwr consciousl\' or' not, t'l~t'hralt's nt'\\ filldinc.~ of a Stok ,lilt! l'arrollian inspiratia'n. SlnKtun' i~ in faci a rnadlim' for Ihe prtxlm·tion of inc0'l>ort'al SC"1lS(' (sJ:mdapsos). Hut \\ ht'll structuralism shows in this rn.ll1l1t'r that S('IlSt' is protlUI't't! b~ llonsc.'nst' and its lli:rpt'tual displan'Jllt'nt, and that it is horn of tilt' rt~pt.'l·ti\"t' IXl... ition of demt'llts \\ hkh Mt' not by tht.'m.'iCI\"l'S "siglli~\'ing," Wt' should not at allcompart~ it \\ ith \\ hat was called the philosophy of the ahsurd: Carroll, ~'t'S; Carnus, no. This is so hecause, for tilt' philosophy of lilt' ahsurd, nonsenSt' is what is nppos('d to St'nS(' in a simplt' rdation with it, so that lilt' .lhsurd is ,Ih\a~'s ddilll'd b~' a ddil'i('n('~' (If Sl'IlSt' and a lad.. (t1ll'rt' is not ('nough of it . , .), from the I>oint of \'it'\\ of stnlt:turt', on tll(, contru\" thtTt' is al"a~'s too much Sl'IlSC: an t'Xet'SS produCt"t1 and O\'('r-pn~Jul'('l1 h~' nonSC"llSt' as a lack of itself. Ja.kob~on ddines a phont'm(' zero, ha\'ing no phol\t,ticall)' detennined valut', Iw its opposition to tilt' absence o{ fhe ('''ouem!: rather than to till' phonl"mt' itsl,lf. Likt'\\'ist', nOlllil'nSt' dOt'S not h,I\'(' an)' p.lrticular St'IISt\ but is oplx)St'd to tilt' ahSt'Ill'I' of St'nSt' ralllt'r tlMn to tilt' S('IlSt' thai it prodU('I'~ ill l'xl'loss-without t'\('r maintaining \\ ith its prOlluct tht, ~ill1plt, relation of t'xdusion to which some 1)('Opl~ \\Huld likt' to rt-duCt' tht·lll. I NOllsellst, b that which ha...'i no sellse, and th,}t "hidl, as such .1Ild as it t'naos tht' donation of scnsl'ak-in short. to produn' St.'nSl·_

on-aning. in cithcr a God \o. hich was 110t well enough understood. or in a man not fully fathonu-'(-1. It is thus pleasing that there rl'SOunds tl)(la~' til(' Ill'\\'S that sellS(' is 11('\'t'r a prineipl.., or an origin. but that it is pnxlucro_ It is not sonwthing to diSt"Q,-er. to rL'Storc, and to rL'-emplo~'; it is sonwthing to prod un' b}' a new m.ll'hi,w~'_ It belongs to no height or depth. but rather to a surfaCl' effect. IX'ing inseparable from till' surfact· which is its prolx'r dillll'nsion_ It is not that st'nse I.leks depth or height. but rather Ihat IWight and dt'pth lad.. surface. that thc~- lack sensC'. or have it onl), by virtue of an '\,ncxl" which pn'suppoSl'S sense. We no longer ask oursch'('s whl·tln-r the "original'}' meaning" of religion is to Ix· found in a G()(I lX'travt·d hv Ilwn. or in a mall alil'nah'{l in thl' imagl' of GCKI. We do not, for l'xampll', S{'C'k in NiN7_~che a prophet of n'n'rsal or transcendence. If tllt'rc is an author for whom the death of GCKI or the free fall of tht.· asn.. tic ideal has no importance so long as it is compensated by till' falSt.· dt'pth of tht· human. by bad faith and (('wnllmem. it is indlx"(l lit.'r/..schl'. He pursues his disco\'erics elsewhere. in the aphorism and tht.· poem (wht.'re nt.·itht.·r God nor man slX'ak). in machines for the production of sense and for tht· sllrw}- of th(' surface_ Nietzsche cstablishl'S the effct."ti\"e ilk'al game. \\ft.' do not Sl-'t.,k in Freud an explorl'r of human depth and origina~' S(.. nSt.·. hut ratlwr the pn:xli4 gious discowrer of tht· machin.... ry· of the lIn....onsdous b~· means of whk-II St.'nse is pnxlucffi always as a function of nonSt.'nse." And how ('ould we not feci that Ollt frt."t-'l:lom and strength residt·. nol in the di\'ine unin'rsal nor in th... human personality. but in tht·S(, Singularities \\hich ar... marl' us than we oursd\"l's ar(', more di\'irw tharth...· gods.•1S Ilw)' animate (·oru·rl·tdy IxX'm and aphorism. pl·mlam'nt.f('\"ollltion ami partial action? What is bureaucratic in tlll'st.' fantastic machines which an' Iwoples and I)(wms? II suniCt,s that \\'(' dissipate oursdn's a link·. that \\"l' Ill.' .1hl(· to Ill.' at thl' surface, that \\"1' stn·tdl our skin like a drum, in ortilT that till' "great politks'" Ill'gin_ An \'mpt~- S
H I-VI:.NTII 'I-RII-l 01- NONSI,NSI,

13

Twdfth Series of the Paradox

!Ion b .lppfil"lhll' to tht' real .mel tilt' po......ihll'. hut not to tilt' impo...sihle lrorn "hidl it dl'rin"S. that i... to I),lratloxt·... or r,ltlwr ttl "hat polradox(·... rq)(l·.....·nt. '11l\' paradox,,,, of ... Igllililalioll an' t"SM'ntial1~' that of tilt' ,,""ormol >ef (\\hkh is indutl,.. I.l'" a lllt'ml>t'r or "hkh inducil'S mt'mlx'n, 01 ditli.·n·nt t~·!x'S) and tholt of tl1l' rd,,'/ t'11'f1I('nf (\\hidl fonns part of .l "I·t \\hoSt· C:'xistl'lln' il pn·...uppo...I·... ami hdongs to \\\0 ... lIb-St·ts \\I.il·h .t t1t'!t·nnirws). The paradox\·... of ",(·n"'I' an' t'ssl'nlially thai of tilt' \lIh.:/Jll5lon (Id "ymllum ("h\,l~"" past-fllwn' .lIld m'n'r pn·sl·nt). and that of tilt' flOmud,c dlSlrJbtlflO" (t1i...trihllting in .111 opl'n Sp.KI' instead of di..trihllting a dos('d span',. Tlw~' .lh\a~·s h.Wt' thl' char.Kh·rislic:- of going in hoth difl'("tions at onn', ,md of rt'IUII'ring idl'nlilicalion impo~...ihlt-, a~ tllt'~· t'mphasizl' som(·timl·~ til(' li"'t. MlIllt.'linlt'S till' M'Coml. of tIWM' I·ni...,:ts. This is Ihe caS(' \\ith Alin"'" doubl(' atin-Illllrt,-tlll' Ix,("ollling. m.ld and thl' losl name. I'aratlox is oppost.,\\"l'r of tht' paradox tlu:n'fort' is not all in follOWing till' otlwr dirl'(.·tioll, but rather in showing that :.('nSl· alwa~'s takt-'S on both S('llSt.'S at 01\(.." (', or follows two dirl..,,, If \'islusity wcnt on accelerating itst'lf, it \\ould e1iminatc the reasons Ix'hind n'st in all unpredictable sense. "Whidl way. which way?" asks Alit-(·, The question ha.~ no answer, sinn' it is the characterislic of SI'IlS(' not to ha\'l' any dirl.'Ction or "good M'nSl·." Rather, sense always g()('S to lX>th dirl..'ctions at once, in the infinitcl~' subdi\,jdcd and c1ongatt..'(II>.lst-future. Thl' ph~'sicist lkJltzmann l'xplained that the arrow of timl', mo\'ing from past to future, functions olll~' In indi\'idual worlds or s~'stems, and in rdation to a pn..'SCllt dt·tl'nnincd within such s\'stems: "':or the entire uni\'l'rse, the two , din'Ctions of time arc thus impossible 10 distinguish, and the same:' holds for space; t1ll're is Iwither alX>H' nor hdow" (that is, theT call('(1 "('olllmon," h...'t.-aUM' it is an organ, a function, a

ami

.

TWIII'TIl '\1 KIl:.3 01· Till- I'AIlAUUX

17

facullY of idl'ntlli(,lIioli tll.lI bring:. diwr..it~, in gt',wral to h':,lr upon till' foml of tilt' ~mw. 4.· idl'lllilil"S 'lIld n"l of t1w dream as unitt, of till' \\orld-\\Iwrein l'''ell indi,'idual ,,:.h·1ll t·oml..'S undOlw to till' ht'ndil of a UniH'f"S(' in \\hil'h Olll' is ,1'1\\,1\':' . ..Ill l·ll·ment in sonW(lIll' dSt·\ dn·,)m-"... .\'ou'n' onh'. OIW of Ill\' things in his drt'alll. You kllO\\ H'r~' well ~'ou·rt· not n·al." Ilow l'ould t\lin' haw any common l'l'rlSl' Il·ft, sint'(· she no longa had go(xl M·ns.·? l..anguag(" in any caSl', .~l·t·IllS imIXlssibll·. having no l'Uhjl'l't which l·spr.·ss(·s or manifests itsdf in it. no Objl'(-I 10 (It-note. no daw's ,md no propertil'S 10 signify according to a lixl'tl onlt-r, It is Iwn·. hO\\"('\'l'r, Ihal thl' gift of Illl.'aning OlTUrs. in this rl,£ion \\hich pn'Ct'l!t"S all gOOtI S('nSl' a~l(1 .111 common St.'rISC, For Iwre, ~'ith til\' IMssion of the p...rados, Iangllagl' attains its highest power. Ik~'ond good Sl'nSl·. Carroll's doubks rl..·pn·sl·1lI the two Sl'nses 01' t\\"o dirl'l..'tiolls of tilt' Ix'('Oming.mad, L(·t us look tirsl at Ih(' douhlc-t of Ihe Hatl('r and tilt' .\larch Ilart.' in },IKe: (·...eh om' of Ilwlll lin'S in all(' dir{"("tion. but tilt' 1\\0 dirl'('t:ions arc inSt'!>arabl('; ('a('h dinxtion subdi\"idt'S itsdf into tilt' otlwr. to Ihe poinl that both an' found in l·itlll.'r. T\\"o are ne('('ssar\' for IX'ing Illad: olle is alwa)'s Illad In /emdem. TIlt' I'lalter and till' I-Iar~ \\I'nt Illad togl·tht:r til(' da\' tllt'y "nllrrdl'rl'tl tinw," th,lI is. the da\' "" , till'\"/ d\':'lro~·t·t1lhe nwasun'. sUpprt'Sst'tl tilt' 1l.1USl."S and Ihe rest's which relate qllalit~, to ~m{'thing fiXlod. -Ill(' I-Ialh'r and till' 1-1.11'(' kil1l't! tilt· pn'Sl'nt \\ hidl no long.·r sUI'\'in'S 1)('hH~n Ilwlll ('xn'pt in Ihe slt"('py imagt' of till' DonnotlSl'. their torturcanion. But also thi:. prt':>t'llt 110 longl·r "uhsists t'SCt'pt in tilt' 'lbstrat1 monwlll• .11 tl'a linlt'. IX'ing inddinit\'I~' :'>uhdi\'isihl(' into p,lst and futun', 'I'll{' n'sult is thaI th(')' 1111\\ dungl' pl...el'S 1·IlIIlI"S..sl~'. tllt'~· an:' ah\a~'s I... t(, and l·arl~·. in Ix)\h dlret lion... at onn·. hut Ill'\l'r on timt', On Ihe otlwr :.id{· of till' lookin~­ ~las." tilt' Ilan' and thc..· I latter ... n· takt'n up "'gain in till' 1\\0 ml."S.......ngl.~. lillI' going am! tilt' otlwr coming. Olll' warching ,md tlw otlwr hringing 11.1\ k, Oil till' Il..lsi:. or tilt' t\\O :;inHrlt,lIll'ou.~ direclion:. of tilt' Aion, I l\l·l·dlnl.,\· ,mil '!'\\t·l·dkdum t('slif\, 10 tilt' indist'(·rnibilit\· of the two din·dion,..lllt! 10 till' inlinite slllx'!idsion of tlw t\\O s.:nsl's in {'ach ll.rq tion. OH'r tilt' hifurcating roult· IXlinting In their hmlM', Rut. just 'I WI I 1,'111 ... 1 "II· ... tH' Till

I'''KAI)OX

79

as til(' doublt's n.'Il(kr illlpossibJl' any Iimil of IX'l"oming, .lIlY lixing of quality, and IIlUs ,]n~' t'xl'rdsl' of good s..:nSt" Humpty Dumpty is 1'0)',]1 simplicit~" tilt' ,\'I.lsh'r of words. the Giver of S{'IlSC, Hl~ dl'stroy'" th(' eXl'n'hl' of I,:0O1l11on S('nse, ,]s Iw distrihuh'S (lifTerences in ~ut.·r of t·\"t·r mon' rdined pron~llln's. First, Ill' ('ats Iikt' a glutton, crams himself full of food, and stomps 011 tilt' cannisters whil\' repeating l'ndkssl), SOllle foreign \\"ords. At a decl>t.'r le\'(·I. he ensures a reson.10ce octwecn thl' t\\"o s('ri(~s and a con\"crsion from ol1e to till' other, as he translates I:ngli~h words into fon.'ign \\"ord~ al'l'ording to their phonetiC c1ellll'nts (l'OnSollilnts bt'ing the lllost important). "Tn'("" lor cxamplc. is con\"('rh'd ilS a result of the R which recurs in til(' hench word ".TII "!-KII" 01· 1111 "CIIIL.Ol'llltl·NIC

8'}

fr.1gnwnh,d organi.,rn, TIlt' t,lsk is that of transfonning tllt' word into a fusion of ('onslll1anb-fmion through tlw use of soft .,igns ami of consonants \\·hieh cannot I"" d('ColllpDSt"tl. \Vithin this langu.lge, onl' ('.111 .llwa\'s lind \\onl:. which would 1)(' (' t1l1'ir real caUSl', but al:o 10 the \",uialions of a surface t('nsian on \\!lich th('~' depend as their (idl',ltinnaJ or "Iicti\'(''') qu.lsi-callSt'. We han' trk'tl 10 ground this M'n)lld (:ausalit\' in 01 wa\' which would cclllfonn to the incorporcal ('haract'lT of lil;' surfacl' a;ltl til(' l'\'('1l1. It M ...·llll'tl to LIS that till' l'n'nl, IIMI is. Sl:nse, rl'f('rnxl fO a paroJo.ncol dant"m, InUn"fnlng as I"IOnsen\l'ndt'nl or tilt' m()(lalitil's or eonsl'iOllsrwss and tht, tlwtisitl'(! as n'al (foT l·xampl... pure pn'dica(('s, like llocm:'Iti of tht' do.m? \VIMt h tilt' f,1I1' of a philosoph~' which lle\'('rthdc'S:, nmSl'rH'S til{' l's~l'nti.ll (tiMt is, tilt' fonn), and is satislit'd with raising to the transCt.'Ilcknt,ll ,1 llwre c'l1lpirkal ('xnl'isl' in an image of tho~ght pn',',"'ntl:d as originar~'? It is not olll~' the dinwnsion of signification that is gi\"l'1l n,.ld~'-madl" wh{'Ill'wr s('n5(' is concciwd as a gl>lll'ral pn't!icate; and it i~ not onl~' tbl' t1im('nsion of dl'notation that is gin:n in the alll"gl"ti rdation Ill,'{\\"("('n ~nst' and an~' (It'tl'mlinahk' or indi\'iduali7.ahll' Ohjl't.'t \\ hatSOt'H-r, It is tht' t'ntire diml'l1sion of manifestation, in the ~ition of a transccnc!l'ntal subj('Ct, which retains the form of the I>o.'rson, of Iwrsonal consciollslWSS, and of subjl'ctivc itll'ntit)', and which is satislicd with cn'ating tilt' transccndental oul of till' charactl'ristks of tlw ('mpirical. \Vhat is t'vtel{'nt in Kant, Wlll'll Iw directl\', dl"tluccs till' thrtx' transct'ruh'ntaJ s~'ntll{'5('S from rorn'sl)()nding pS~Thological s~'nth('S{'S, is no 1t'S.Ill'SS or a suhjl'l"tin' idt'ntitv-with till' ~ubj(,(1, on till' contrar\',lx'ing al\\,)\':' con1>litutl'tl.> Tht' fo~ndation t'an Il('wr r('S('lllblc what' it fou~lds. I't dOl.'S not suOin' to sa\' of thl' foundation that it is another m,llta-it is also anotha gl-~raph~', without bdng another world. And no kss than the fonn of tIll' Ix'rsonal, the transcl'mlentaJ fidd or SI'nS(' IllU~t l'xdudl' the form of thl' gl'neral Jnt! the fonn of the indi\'icluJI. hJr tho: tirst ehar,lc!t'rizc's onl)' a ~ubiect whit'h mCJn!feslS itsdf; hut till' S!.'('ond dlararh'ril.l-'S onlv objl'l:tiw dasSl'S and Prolx>rtk'S whif(';. ring to subjective points of \'il'\\ \\ hi('h an" themSl,h·cs 1n{J,nJuoufl.q and desISflatlna· It docs not st'Cm to u.'> tlll'reforp that thl' probll'm is rt'alh· advanced, insofar as Husserl insc.-ril:ws in the tranSl'cncJl'ntal fidel ccntl'~ of individuation and indi\-idual s~'slt'ms, monads, and points of vicw, anel Sch'rl in the manner of L('ilmi7., rather than a fonn of the I in till' Kantian manncr. 6 Onc finds there. n('\'("rtlwJess. as we shall SC(', a \'cr\' important OllHII-CAU"AIIT)"

99

Fifteenth Series of Singularities

two moments of St'IIS(" impassibJit~, and g'°llt'sis, llculr,llity and prOt!ucth·ity. an' not sudl that onl' ma~' 1>.1ss for thl' appcarallCt' of the otlwr. N('utralit~,. 11ll' impassihility of til(' ('Wilt, its indifT('ren('(' to the dc('cmlinations of tilt" insitll' and ,he OUl'sicil'. to til(" indi\'it.,tin'. th('I>.lnicular and till' gt'ncral-allliwS(' fonn a constant without which thl' ('Will would not haw ('{('m,,! !nllh and could not Ix' distinguisht't.! from ib 1{'mporaJ ,lctuali7.dtion:.. If 11ll' l),Jull' is not an "xampk' of an ('\'l'nl among otlWfS, but rath('r ,ht' bt'n1 in its ('SS('IKe, it is no doubt 1X'l';HlS\' it is J("tualiz{"(1 in di\'('~' lll.mOt'r:. at Ollt'{". and IX'i:auSt.' each parti(:ipant lna~' grasp it at a diffl'n'nl It'H" of at"tualil"".llion within its \"ariabll' pr('S{'nt" Ami thc same is tmC' for tht' IlO\\ dassic ("ol1lparison..~ Ix,tw(,,-'I\ Stt'ndahl. Hugo, and Tolsto\' wlwn tlW\' "S('(''' tht' battle and mah· tlll'ir Iwr<x'S "sc.,,-'~ it. But it is 'al)(}\'e all I~"(·aust.' the h.lttll' ho..ers on'r its (m n lit'ld, Ix'ing Iwlltral in rd,Hion to all of its h'llllx,ral .Ktualizatiol\s, lwutral ami impassh'l' in n·lation to till" victor and tht" van'luislwd. tlw ("o\\'ard and hra\"('; hl'(-.lLlS(' of this, it is all the more IlTrible, N('\'l'r pn'St'llt hut always ~·('t to ('onw ami alrl"ad~' passed, tilt' batllt' is graspabl\' on I)' by tin- \\"ill of an()n}"lllit~, which it it.~,,-'Ir inspin's, This will, which \\(' nHI.~1 ("all will "of indilTl'n'nC\'," is pres('nt

11('

,~

in th.. mortally wOllllded soldil'r \\"ho is no longl'r bran' or co\\ardlv, no longlT \"il"tor or vamluislll'd. hUI ratllt'r :-0 nHl~h [wyond, al tilt' plaZ't. \\ hlTl' till' I:\"('nt is pl"C'Sc.'nt. partidpating tlwn'fon' in its tl'rrihll· impas:'oihilit~" "WIll"n'" is thl' hattie? This is \\h~' tIlt" soldit'r IIt'('S \dwl\ It(' IIt"('S and surg"-'S when Ill' surge:,>, dt'h'nnill('(! to nmsidt'r t'at-h temporal ,Ktualization from the height of tilt' ('h'mal truth of Iht, ('wnt \\ hich incamat('S itself in it and, "'al.ls, incarna((,:,> itsdf in hi:. own fI{'Sh, Still, tit(' soldier nN"(ls a long struggle in ordt'r to am\'(' at this be..ronJ of ('ourag(' and l''Owartli('('', 10 this pun' grasping of till' ('\"cnt b~' Illeans of a "\'olitional intuition," that is, In- nlt'al\S of til(' will that the ('wnt H('at('S in him, 111is intuition i:- di..'i~in('1 from all the ('mpirical intuitions \\hich still mrrl'spond to t~'J)('S of a.lrtinllar nor gt.'lwral. ll('ith('r unh'('rsal nor Ix'r...onal" from til(' point of "it·w of qualit~.. it is t'ntird~' independent uf hoth affimlaiton and m-gation" from tilt' point of \"jew of moclalit~'. it i1'l n('itht.~r assc:-rtork- IKlr alxx!t.'il."tic. nor ('\'('11 intt.'rrogati\'C' (Iht-' mod(' of :-ubjl'l1.i\'(· unl'l'rtaint~· or ohj("Ctiw possibility), From the point of \ in\ of rdation, it is not confused \\ ithin thl' proposition whi
'Tn' well: Til,: lil';n!.! li\'t'~.1\ till' limit of itself, on its limit. ... TIlt' char.lClt'rbril' POIM;I~' of lif., i.' ~11 til\" Int-[ of th(' Ilwmhram'; it i., Iwn' lliJ! lifl' exists ill ,m ,-sM'nti,,] I11,1I1I1t~fore we kllow what tlwy are, likt'wisl' hert' \\"(' know of tlw l'xist('IKe and distribll~ion of Singular points hefort' wc know tlwir natun' (bottl"lll'('ks, knots, foy('rs, c('nters , , .). This allows us, as Wl' ha"c Sl'l'n, to gi\"l' an entirdy oi)jecti\"e ddinition to th.. term "prohl..matic" and to till' imktt'rmination whidl it colfrit's along•.sinn' '04

I·II·TI·I·NTI, :-.1,1(11,:-. 01' :-,INCUI AHITII':-'

tilt' nature of directed Singularities ,md their ."xistencl' and dir.~·tionl('ss distribution dqwnd on obj.,(:ti\"l'lv di..i1i,wt installl't's.4 I-!enn', til(' conditions of the t;·lIl' g,'lwsis 1ll'l'on1l' appan'tll. [t is tnl.' that sens., is tilt' charact('risti(' disol\·.'r~· of transeem!t'ntal philosophy, .lml that it n'plaC(~s the old nwtaphysk.11 Esst'nSt's. (Or rath('r. Sl"nse wa:lirst O\'j' all, this altt'mati\(' \\ hich tht·~' hoth imp0S(' on us: t'I/her an undilli..n·ntiat...·t! ground, a groundkss,l('ss. fonnlt'ss nonhcing. or an abyss \\ ithollt dilll·r· :'ncl'S and \\ ithout propcrtil'S. or a suprcmd~' indh'iduatl"t! Being Jnd an intt'llsd\" 1>t·r:iOnalil."--"tl Fonn. Without this Ilt'ing or this Fonn. ~'Oll will haH' o,;ly l·haos.... In otl1('r words. m...taphysics and tranM'('lllk'ntal phiIOMlph~' f('ach an agn"('nwnt to think about I~ determmable sms"fonfles ontl nhlch are alread), Impnsom:d msult' a supreme Self or a superior I. It Sl·~..ms tlwrl'for(' ('ntircly n,'tural for metaphysics to lktt'mlin...· this supn'nw Sdf as that whidl characteriz('s a Iking inlinitel~' and COIn· pldl'l)' dett'rmilll'{1 by its concept and which thereb), po..~St·SSt·s the entire originar)' rea lit)". In fact, this Being is necessarily indi\"idllah'd, sinn' it n'll-gatl's to nonlx'ing or to the bottoml...ss abyss e,"cry pn'dicat... or propt'rt)' which exprcsSl.'S nothing real, and dek-gatl.'S to its ('Tl'atures, that is. to finite indi\"idualitil.'S, til(' task of rcrei\'ing deri\"I.'(1 pn'dk-atl.'S which express only limitl'(l n'aliti
.

.

Il

HI·TloI-NTH 'I-RII"

01- :-,INGUI

"RlTlh~

'07

profound task. OIlI' \\hkh \\,1,' mort' grandioSt' ilnd al);() mort' d,lIlgl'rous: in hiJi lliscon'rv. II(' :,>,1\\ a Ill'W w,ly of t'Xploring till' dt'pth. of bringing ,1 distiJU"t ('\'1' ~o I....·ar upon it, of disC('rning in it a thou~and H)in's, of making all ~)f dll':\t' \'oin.'s slX'ak-breal surfal'l'. Ni('t7sche, it Sl"Cms, I>l.'t'dnw insam' and dilXi of general paralpis. a orl'ai syphilitic mixt'llre. But the palhway which this l'\'ent followl'tl, this tinw in rdatioll to thl' '1uasi-callse inJipiring his entin.' work and co-inspiring his life, has nothing to do with his general paralysis. till' Ol'ular migraines ,md the \'omiting from which he suITt:rcd. with lhe ('xccptioll of giving tlll'111 a m'w causality, that is, an ct('mal lrulh indl'IX'ndl'nt of their corlx>rcal realization-thus a styJ,..' in an a'llI'rC instl'ad of a mixturt' in tilt' I)()(I~', \Vc st.'\' no olher way of raising thl' question of the rdations b('twc('n an a'UI'-fI.' and illrll'ss exeq>t b~' nwalls of this double l·ausality.

lOS

I·II·TI-I·NTII :- ...1.11·:- 01' 'INt;UI ARl"l 11:-

Sixteenth Series of the Static Ontological Genesis

1l1is surfacl' topology. thl'Sl.' imlx'rsonal and preindi\'idual nomadic ,~inglilaritil's constitutints up to the \·icinitl' of anothl'r singul.lrit\'. etc A \\orld tlll'rcfor.: is l'Ollstitlltc:'t.! on til(' l'o;ulition that sc"ri7'S l"on·\·('rgt.. (",'\notlwr" world would Ixogin in th., \'icillit~, of thOSl' points at \\hil"h tilt' rt'Suhing !wries would di\'t'I'gl'). :\ \\orld alrt'.ld\' "I\\'
fn..c dlar;Kh'r uf this

pla~" sinn' Iw lU'ithl:f wanted

nor klWw how to

brc3tlw \·nough (:hanet' into it. or to make of diwrgl'nn' :Ill Ohjl'ct of · "., I '" •.,S ,sudl • Ill' Ilt'\'('rtlwl('ss .lsscmhll'd all consl'(llIl'Ill'I'S at the a 11 Inn,. lewl of the .Ktualization ",hidl preoccupi\' of Fang. As far as Ihl' absolutch' common object in gCIU'ral is ('ont't'rlu'(I, with fL'Slx'ct to which ail worlds art' \'ariablcs, its predit.'ah'S "n' tht, prima~' possibilitit'S or the l.'aIL-goril.'S. Instead of each world Ix'ing th.' analytiC predicate of intli\'iduals dcs which 'It'cessaril)' signify das."CS and properties, and thcrcfof(' as L'SSt.·ntiallv . a!T(.'Ctl.'1.l b\', an increasing 0' de(:reasing generalit)' in a continuous sp('('ilication against a catcgorial background, Ind t'unt'l'iwd on tht' ha.si~ of a giwn (or ('apab/t' of ht'in~ giwll) ~ollition ,11111 that it is onl.\' thl' lIl'utrali/l'(l douhlt, of a ;1~I)()n:.t' ~U~)I)(N,t11~' Ilsoh-ahilit\' and the solutions pfl'scnt in this domail~, the fonn of till' prolXlsiti'ans and t1wir c\"tl'mlination in this foml, signification as till' condition of truth and prolXlsition as tht., contlitional truth. Thl' problem bears n'SCmblann' nl'itlwr to till' propositions which it sul:buml.'S unda it, nor to thl' rdatioll.'i which it t'ngemkrs in till' proposition: it 's nol propositional. although it doc'S not .'xist outside of the propOSitions which expfl"SS it. Wt' cannot therdore follow l-IuSS('rl whe:-n Ill' claims that the exprt'SSion is a nwn' doubl,' and nt'Cessarih' has the ~nll' "thl'Sis" as that which ft'("('in'S it. for, in this l'aS(', thl' 'probll'matk is no more than OIl\' propositional tht'Sis among othl'rs. and "nt'utralih'" falls to the otllt'r sidl', Ix'ing oppoSC-"l1 to all tlll'St'S in general, hut ~nl~' in onkr to repfl.'Sl'nt yt't anotlwr mann('r of t'oncl'iving of that which is l'xpn'SSI'l1 as the:- doubl,' of tilt' corrt'Sponding proposition. Onn' again WI' lind the altc'rnatin' of ('onsciousness, at:'onling to Hussl'rl, Ihe "mcx.ld" .md thl' "shadow" l'IJIlstittlling the two modI'S of t1w c1oubl\,.l But it Sl:l'mS, on till' contrar)', thai till: problem, as t1ll'nw or l'xpn'ssed Sl'nSl', POSSt:SSI'S a lU'lltralit~· which 122

,>I·\,I·NTII·NTII ~1'KII''> 01' I Ol;Il'AI GI-NI,,>I:.

lx-longs to it esSt.'ntially, although it is nc'\'l'r a modl'J or a shadow, nl'\"l'r tile' douhJI' of liw propOSitions ~\'hich c'xpress it. Till' prohlem is neutral with fl'Sp.. 't.1 to ,'wry mOtlt' of the proposition. Animal tantum. , . , A cird..· (Ilia cird.' is Iwither a parti('ular circl£', nor a conn~pt n'prcscllll'(l in an "'(Illation till' general tl'mlS of whid\ must take on a particular \'alUl' in t'adl instance; it is rathl'r a difft.'rl'ntial s~'stt>m to which an l'mission of singularitil'S l'Orfl'SlX>nds. J That th(' prohll>m dOl-'S not l'xist outside of the propositions which, in their SCIlSses," henil .. "C('rtain propositions art' dt'lXlsitiw (abJicOIil'oe): thc)' deprive an objt..·ct of, or fl'fu!'C it, soml,thing. 'nlllS, when we say that plcasure is not a good something, we depriw it of til{' qualit)' of goodness, Ilowe\"er, the Stoics thought that ('n-n this proposition is positi\'e (JedKolira), sinn' tltC~' argut'll that for a pleasure to not be good, amounts to stating what has happenctl to this pleasure,., ... 4 We must, thl'f('fon.. di'iSOCiate the notions of the double and of nl'utralit~" Sense is neutral, but it is Ill'\'er tht, double of the propositions which express it, nor of the stat('S of affairs in which it ocrurs and \\hkh arc denott'(l b)' the propositions, This is wh~', as long as we rt'main within the circuit of the proposition, Shall sc.'t..• Ct·rtain prolx,rtit'S or sound in rdation to the surfact·. making possibk' t1wrebv .1 distinct distribution of language .md bodit'S. or or tI~, mrporeal dt'pth ami the sonorous continI/urn. In all till'sc..· rt'Sjlt't:ts, tilt' surfan' is the transCt'naration, but ratlwr tilt' dt'mt'nt of an articulation, so that M'n~' is pn-st'lltt'tl both as that \\hkh haplx'l1$ to 1)()(lit'S and that \\hich in...ists in proposition$. \Vt, nlll~t tl1l'n'fort, maintain that sense IS Q Jouhlms lip, and that 1M nt'Ulral'f) of sen51:' IS lnSC'ptJrabft from liS SWillS as a JotlbJ... 'I'll{' fath; t'\ ('rythin,!; f,ll1 s h,H-k ,'gain into tlw an(ln~'mous plIl:-atiol\ wlwrl'in words art' no longt'r anything hut ,1ffl't:tiollS of till' hudy-,'\'erything falls l>'lCk ill to tilt' primar~' ortler whkh gntmbk's hl·l1l \lth till' sl'nmd,lI'Y organization of SI'IlSI'. On Iht' other hand, so IUI.l,g ,1S tilt' sllrfan' holds, not onl)' will SI'nSt' Ill,' unfolded upon it ,1S .m dl'Tt, hut it \\ill al:-o l>.lrtak,' of tilt' tlliasi-l'.lUs\' attached to it. It, in

;,1'

. l"\"idu.ltion and all that l'!lSUt'S in J prou.'ss of . ' [. I ... ,'I I" " 1II1! tlll'ir nwasurcc! nllxlures; II a so pro< uees ddcrTmnalulT1 () lO( It S , . . f . ." I II Ihal t'IlStlt'S in a process of dctcnnmatloll 0 proposlglllhcal10 11 alll a I I I . :-, I I " assigned relations. It produces, in ot 1••:f won s. t 1C , turn brings , , '

"\lIons allt

I

.1 )Ollt

t It 1

lilt I

,..

.

..

~,,1tirl' tl'rtiar~' arrangement or the objCt'! of the statIC g'·lll'SIS.

Eighteenth Series of the Three Images of Philosophers

Ill' popular and the technical images of tIl(' philosopher seem to have

)

".

SI,VI,NTI'I-.NTII SI,flll,S 01· LOGICAl GI:NI:Sl~

lX:t'n set by Platonism: t1w philosopl\('f is a Ix-ing of aSct'llls; Ill' is the one who I":Jn's the cave and riS('S up. TIll' more 11(' rises the more he is purified. Around this "ascension",1 ps)'chism." moralit), and philosoph)'. the ascNil' ideal and the idea of thought, ha\'(' established dose links. Tht' populaf image of til(' philosoplwf with his head in the douds d\'p\'nds upon it. as wdl as the sdl'ntitic imag(' acmfding to which til(" philosopher's hl'a\'('n is an intelligibl(' Olll', which nonetheless docs not distract us from tIll' ('arth sinn' it includes its law. In both cases, hO\\'('\"er. ('\'('fything happl'ns in the heights (en.·n if this is the height of tIl{' pnson in the hea\'('n of the moral law). As we ask, "whal is it to 1>1' orientl'd in thought?". it aplx'ars that thought itself presllpp0S{'S aXl'S and ork·ntations according to which it de\"elops, that it has a gl'ograph~' hd, th.. IdO:\',!j1uchl, As Platu S.lyS of Ill\' Idt"l, "it H('1'S or it p\,..blw", ' , ," ;\ml l'\'l'll in the dl"lth of Sunah's t1ll'n' is ,1 t",ln' of a depn':-.sht'suidde, ;'\.'i\,tl'_,dw ,listnl!'>h'1! till' ori\'nlation In- Iwight and d~kt·d \\Iwtlla, far frolll n'pn~'nting till' fulliluWl\1 of philosoph~" it mark\'" rallwr, from ~()....r,lkS on\\ard, it" (Ill:t'rwralion ami \\,}full'ring. In Ihb m,lIl1wr, Ni.'ll.sdll' reopenNI the \\1101,' probll'm of til(' (lri.·n~,llioll of tholll!:ht: i:-. it not ..atllt'r in lilll' wilh other dinwnsions that tilt' al't of thinkin~ is ,'ngl'lllk..\·d in thought and tlw thinker \'ngerul\'r\'(1 in lifl'? Nil't7_,,~'Ill' h'll' at hi.~ disposal a nll'lhod of his own inn'ntion. \Vl' slmuld not 1)(' :-,lti:.fil'1! \\ ilh either hiography or I>ihliograph~': \\{' must rt"'ll'h d S('nl't point wherl' tIlt' ant'(,dotl' of lift, and tht, aphorism of thought amount to 0111' and the sanw thing. It is like St'nSt' whi('h, Oil onl' of ils sid.'S, is attrihuh'd to stalt's of lift~ ami, on thl' ollll'r, inlwn's ill propositions of thought. Thl're ,In' dillwnsions here, tinll's and plan's, gladal or torrid zonl'S nl'wr nl{)(!t'ratl'(I, till' ,'min' exotil' gl-ograph~' which dl'Ual1.t'rizt'" a modI' of thought as wdl as a stylI' of lift'. Diogt'lll'S uenius, perhaps, in his Ix'St pagf'S, had a fordxxJing of this ml,th<x.!: to lind \C;ta] Aphorisms \\ hich \\ nuld also ht' Anl'l·tloh'S of thought - thl' gl--stu~' of philosophers, 'I'll(' stor), of bnpedoc!l's and ttn,l, for exampl.,. is sudl a philosophic.ll al1etxlOh', [t is ,IS good as till' dt'ath of Sol'rates hut till' point is pn'Cisd~' tildt it 0lx'rall'S in anoth"r dinll'llsion, Tilt' pn'Sonatil' philosopher dOl'S not leaw tilt' caw; on till' I-'Ontrary, he:' thinks Ihat \\1' an' not imoht'(l ('nough or I'unil-it'ntl~' l·ngulft'1.l tlwn'in. In Thescus' stor~.. Ilt' rcjt·e:·ts thl' thrl'.ld: "'Vllat dOl'S )'our aSl·l·nding path math... to ll:-, ~·nllr thrl'ad leading olltsidl" II'ading 10 happi'll'ss and I·irtm'. , , ? [)o ~'I)U wi:.1l 10 saw us with this thn"ld? As lor us. \\(' ask you in t'arrwst to hang yoursdws with this tlm'ad!" "nw prl'-Soc.-ratics plaCt'11 t!loughl in:.idt· tilt' l'a\('r!\S ancllift" in Ilw dl'1.'p. -nlt'~'~ght the ,\>\'l·n't of \\ah'r anti lin·. And, as in till' ('a~' of I:mlx"tlodl'S' smashing till' statlll'S, thl'~' philosophizl'1.l Ilitl1 a h,unnwr, tilt' hamnll'r of till' gt'lllogist and till' Slwl\'ologisl. III a ddllgt' of wah'r alllilirl', Ilw \'okano ,'pib tip (111). a singl., n'mindt'IO of bupl'dodes-his I('ad sambI. To the \\ ing:- of till" Platonit' :.oul till' s.lndal of Ernpt'(I(X'll's is 0PIX)Moct. pro\'ing Ih,ll IJ(' \\ ao\> of till' earth, umlt'r till' t'anh, and autodllhonou.\>. To tht· 12l(

IHoIIllI NTII "HI.II·" 01' 1111

11110.1· 1;\1"1;1"

Iwating of tilt" Platonic: \\in~' tlwrt, l'orn"lxmds Ille prl'-Sc",-'ralichammer-hlm\; to tilt' Platoni(~ ,-onltninll tht'H' ('orH-spClmls til(' prt'ScX:r.JtH: su!Jn'rsion. on\(' t'nl·.l:.o.~1 Ilqllh:. strike Nil,t"I'_'iC.-lw as the n'al oril'ntatioll of philosoph~.. till' pn'_:'oIT'lIk t1ist:on'r~' that must I)t' "I'\'jITtI in a philosophy of thl" fulun', II ilh all till' forn's of a life whidl is also ,1 thought. and of a langu'lgt' \\hich is also a hotly. "Bl'hind t'\'t'r~' ('.11'1' tlll'n' is another, t'\'t'n tlt'1'I>I'r; and hl'~'ond Ihal another still. Tlwrt' b,) \'a,'tt'r, strangt'r, ridler \\orld Ill'lwath thl.' SUrl:1Ct'. an abyss unt!t'rl~'ing t'wr:o' foundation." I In till' I'll'ginning was S('hil"opllrl'nia; prt'~ Socrati(' philosophy is tht, philosophic'l! S('hizophrt'nia par .'lCCf!CII('C, Ihl' ,Ihsoluh' dt'flth dug out in hodil's ,md ;n thought \\ hieh hrings I-!i-,Itlt'rlin to discol't'r Empcdtx'il's Ixof'orl' Ni.'tz:.dll', In till' famous ErnIX'1ltx:ll'an Jlh'mation, in tht" rompl\'nll'ntarit~' of hatl' and Ion', W(' t'nCounh'r. on tlw OIW hand. the Ixxly of hatn'1l. till' parcdlt'(I-out body sil'w; "h('ads \\ ithout a nl'(:k, ann.. without shouldt,rs. l'~'('S \\ ithout a fan'''; but on till' otht~r hand, we cncountt'r till' glorious botl\' \\ itlloUl or,£ans: "fomll"d in (;m' pkcl'," without limbs. \\i'th n\'ilher .\'oke nor s:'", Likl'wi.~t,. I)ion~'slls holds out 10 liS his 1\\'0 lan's, his 01X'n and lan'rau~1 I){)(I)'. ,md his impassil>k' organles... Ill'atl: nion~'sus disnwml.'I('rt'(l. hut also I)ion~'sus thl' imlx'netrablt,. Nti'tzsche was ahlt' to n"l,h(,'s pronouncement is partie. \llarl~' apt: how prolound th('st' Grt't,ks wcrl' as a consequence of tht'ir hdng sllpl'rlicial! l Tlws(' third Grcl'ks arl' no longt'r I'mird}' t;rl'l'k, Tlw~' no longl'r ""Ixx't sakation frolll till' dqllhs of Iltl' l'arth or from ,1utot:hthOlw, anv mon' than tllCv t'''IX'l·t it from h,'a\'t'n or from the Itlt·a. Ratlw·r. t1lt:~· t'xpcct it lalt''';II~', from thl' t.'wnt, from the bst\\ hlTt', a" l'.uroll S,H'S. "all Ihat is g(X)(!. , ' , ri:-(I's) \1 ith the tlal\ n of I)a~'!·· With till' Mt~arians, C)'l\iCS."'lllti Stoks, \\1' haw till' I'll'ginning of a n\'\1 philosoplwr and a llt'W kind of am'nlotl'. RI·n"lding Diogt'lws I .wrliu:.' most l>t'autiful l'haph'rs. thoSt, on Diogt'IlI's till' C)'nk and on l'hr:o':-ipptb thl' Stni", \\1' \\illll'SS tht, dt'\'dopnwnt of a l'urious s~'sh'm l·ll;IITl ... Nfll "I·RII, (H Till' TllR ...... 1MA() t,.hil~· rdil'n'(I: he (loc'S flOt rundl'mn inn':.t with thl' mutlwr, til(" :.i1 but l'\"('nt, On til(' otll('r front, it will h(' argu('(1 that depth is a digl'StiH' illusion which rumpll'ml'nts the idl'al optical illusion. What. in fact. is signifiL't1 by this glutt'()n~'. this apolog,\' for inc,-"St and cannibalism? While this latter tlwme is rummon to both Chry'sippus and Diogl'Jl('S tht' C~·nic. Lacrtius ofT('f"S no cxpl~~ nation of Chrpippus' views. But he d(){'S propose a particularl~' ,-"'On\'incing explanation in th(· cas,,' of Diogenl's; III' S,l\\' no impropriet), , " in cating tilt' t1\'sh of any animal; nor ('\'cn anything impiom in touching human f1{'1.1(."k the hdl.huund and till' n'k:-liai hound. tilt' St.'r"Jx·nt of Iwll am( lilt' .sc."l~:nl of dw IWJ.H'lh. It is no long..r ,1 Cllit'stion of Dion~'su:'> down Ix-Io\\', or of Apollo lip al~ hut of I kl'l'ul..·s of the surf,KI', in his dual hattl,· against hoth d('pth and Iwight: rcoril'ntatloll of the ,'11Ilr(' thought .llld a nt'w gl·c>graphy. Stokism is sometimes pr(':'>{'ntl'd as l'J).ll"ting J. sort of rdurn to thl' pn·.Socratll'S. IX'yond Plato-to the I-kraditt'an world, for ...·xamplt·. Hut it is ratha a qUt'Stion of a total fl'l'\'aluation of till' pre-So(Tatk \\orld. By ill1...·rpn:'ting this \\orld througll a ph~'sics of mixtun'S in ll,,-,!>th, tht, Cynics and til{' Stoin abandon it partly to all th~ local llisorders which nil be f('Con(:ill'd onl~' in till' Great mixtun.. that is, in tilt' unity of C.1USt-'S among t1wmsdn's. This is a world of h'rror anti ('rlldt~" of inn'st ami ,lIlt!lrolx)phag~'" But tllt're is of ('ourSt' another story, nanll'I~" the story of th,lt which, from the Hcradih'an world, is ablt, to dimb to tilt' surfaet' ami n'("('i\'(' an entirdy new status, "111is is til(' t'n'nt in its "'iITt'renn' in natUf(' from causc.'S-hodit'S, til(' Aion in its (liITerclll'c in nature from till' (Ie\'ouring Cllronos. In a parallt'l manner, Platonism undcrgQl..'S a similar total reoril'ntation" It lIad aspif('(1 to bu~' tilt, pre·Socratic world ("n'n dl'('pt'r, to fl'pr,,'Ss it ('\'('n mon', and .0 t:nlsll it under till' full w('ight of till' lIeights: but no\\ we St't' it d('priwt! of its own height, and till' Ide.l again falls to the surf,l("t' as .1 simplt' inn)rpon'al t·I1'et-'1, ~ulonom~' of the surface, ind{'IK'ndl'nt of, and against dt'plh ,lIld height; till' disco\·t'T)· of im:orpon'all'\'t'nts, JIl('anings, or l'IT{'(-ts, whkh an' irn'(lucihle to "d('ep" IXKlies and 10 "Ioft~·" ld('as -t!lt'S(' an' tilt' important Stnk discon'rit'S .lg.linst tilt' pn'-Socratks .lnd I'lalo. En',:\'Ihing tllat !lappt'ns and l'\'('~'1hing that is said happens or is said at till' surfaa'. 'l1w surf..l("t' is no It~~ t'xploTabl(' and unknown th.Jn dq>th .Jntl Iwighl \\ hi(:h an' nonSt:'IlSt:'. I'or the prinnJ?'l1 frontit'r is tlispl.lnxl, It no longt'!'" I>.JSS4.'S, in h'rms of Iwight. Ix,tw4.'t.'n \Iw unin'rsal anti til(' p,lTtit'ul.lT: nOT, in tl'm1S of dq>t!l, tloc's it l>.lsS between ~uhslann' and acddent. It is pt'Th.lps to Antistlll'llt,S that ('n,dit must I'll' giWll for till' Ilt'W dl'man:.1tion: I)('tween thillgs and proposilions t1ll'IllM·h(·~, It is a frontier drawn I)(·twt't·n tilt' thing such ,lS it is, tit-noted hy tilt' PrulXl1>itioll, and thl' expr('Sst'tl, which dOl-os not t'XiM out~idt, of tht, Ip

Hl;IlTII NTII "'HII'" 01- Til 1- TIIHII IMAGI· ...

propo~ition, (SubstanCl' is no mon' Ih,1I1 a ~t't.:ond.1T\· dt'h'rminalion of

till' Ihing, Jnd Ihe unh'l'rsalno IllOTt' th.m ,I M'('onda~\ deh'nnin.Jtion of Ilw l'XP;"~'l't1,) 'Ilw C~'nio .lnd the Stoin, ,."t.Jhlb.h Il1l'msdn~ .Jill! \\f.,p tllt'lllst,I"." lip \\ ith till' surfa('C, tht~ ("urtain, lilt' t .1IlX·I, and Ihe 1ll.Jl1Ill'. TIll' (louhlt, ~,'nSt' of tht, surfact'. thl' n)fltinllil~ "f till' f('\·l'rst· and right sidt'S, n'pl.Jn' Iwight and I.It'pth, Tlwn' i~ nothing behind the nlTl,lin ('xn'pt 1Illnan1l'ahlt' mixtures, nothing ,lhol"t, till' t"aflx't ,'xn'pt thl' ('mpt~' sky, ....cnsc apl)('ars and is pla~'('d nut .1t till' SUd:,l't' (at least if OIW knows how to mix it propt-'rI~') in ~u('h .J \\,'~' that it fomb !l'Ul'TS of dust" It is likt' a foggt'(l-up win(lowpanl' on \\hi("h Ollt' loan \\rih' with Olll"S lingt·f. The st.lfl·-blow philosoph\' (phllosophl/: Q coup de oolOnj of tilt' Cmit'S ami . tht, Stoin rt'plac,"-'S the lIamnll'r-hIO\\ philosoph~'. 'Ill(' philosoplll'r is no longt'r tht' lX'ing of tht~ l"an'S, nor Plato's soul or hinl. but ratlll'r lilt, " " .mimal which is 011 a In·4.'1 \\ ith tlw surfact'-.J Iil'k or 10uSt.', 'Ill(' philosophical s),mbol is no longt'r tilt' Platonic wing, or EmpcdcX'll.'S' Ito,HI So1l1dal, hut the rc\'('rsihlt' dO.1k of Antistlwlws and J)i~l'nl's; till' ~tafr and Ihe mantle, as in tlw ('aSl' of I!tornllt's with his duh and lion ~kin. What an' we 10 call this n.. . w philosophical opt'r.,tion, insofar as il 0PPOSl'S at 011('(" Platonic co!lwrsion and pre-Socralic SUb\"crsKm? Perh.11>S Wt· ("all ('all it "pc"'n'('rsion," \\ hit'h at I{'ast lx'fils the S\'Stl'lll of pm\Ql..·.Jtions of this nt'" t~'J>C' of philn..oplwr-if it is Inlt' tllat pcn'('r,ion implies an ('xtr.lordil1ar;-' .lrt of surf.l(,('S.

.

I l t . l t l l l .... III ... ' l t l l ... (11 "IIII"TIIHII 1,\\\(;1'"

.I~

Nineteenth Series

of Humor

It

aplx'ars at first as though Ianguag(' \\WC' incap.ablc of finding a suffidcnt foundation in tht' stall'S of thi.· Oll(~ who expresses hi..'rsdf. or in th... denoted sensible things, and that such a foundation were to be ]ocatl'(l ani)' in thl' IOSt:':. t1w prohkm of ~lut('n('SS. of consumability. and of the consonant in till' \\l·tlp.llatalizl..'ll c1erm'nt-in shon, th t, problem of language, Plato lauglll'ti at those who wen;' satisfi(xl with g,iving ('xampl('s, pOinting or :1l'sign,1Iing, rather than attaining till' l:ssenn'S: I am not asking }'ou (lw IIst·d to S.1)') who is jllSt. but what is justino • It is therefore easy to ask Plato to follow down the path which ht' dairnt.xl 1'0 havc made us climb. Each time we are askl--.d ahollt a signification, we rt."SI>Ofl(1 with a d('Signation and a pure "monstration." And. in order to persuade the slX'Ctator that it is not a question of a simple "('xample," and that Plato's probk'm was poorly posed, we arc going to imitate what is designated, \\'(' arl' going to eat what is mimkkcd, we will shatter what is shown. Th(, iml>ortant thing is to do it qUidd~': to find quickly soml,thing to d('Signatc. to cat. or to break, "hich would replan' the signification (the Idea) that you han' b(ocn in\'ik-.d to look for. All the faster and Ix,tlt'r since tlWrl' is no rl'SCmhl,lIlee {nor should then' he ont'} l)Ctwcl'n what Oil(' points out and what one has 1)I,'('n asked. Tlll'r(' is a difiicult relation. which rejects the r.llse Platonic dtlalit~· of the
.

Ill'.

N1N ...nl·NTll :-1-1(11':- 01· 111ll\lOI{

of its I'Xl'{'SS (word = x for a Ihing = x). "'\Ie ~'ar1 SIT this dearl\' in thl' Z{'n .uts: not onl\' in till' art of {lr,lwill~, ",Iwn' the hrush l'ontr..lMUrl· and a springbo.ud, hut to 1)(' also n'l'()\l'n~1 at till' l'nd of the operation. with tll(' unin-rsalih" of the Idca ho:ing likt' a IlW.lnS of ,'x:changc oct\"I'Cn the two. This dos~rl' or jX'rfl-ct l"irdl' of iron~' is still al)S('nt from 1}lato. or it appears only Und('f tht' glib... of the comic and of dt·rision. as in tht> "xchangc ~...twl't·n St)('ratcs ~nd Akibian,~·nts tragiCIlI. But hl'n,..l th till's.., t\IO t1iM:ourM.':-, IlltTturning 111..'111 ill \.I~iou~ \\a~~, till' fan,lt'lls Ground ~p,'ab llClII II hilt- rumhling, \Vt' 1Mit' :-.. 't'n th.lt thill languagt' of tilt' ground. till' langll.lg.'" \\hidl is nmh''I'd II ith lilt' dq)lh of til\' hud~.. had a tl\o-fold 1)(1\\id., till' maximum iTOn~' lit'S. It ill for this rl"aSOn th,1I it is \Jin to S("('k I a unitlu.' fonnula, a uni(llI" conn'Pt, whidl would hl' Jppli,·"hk to t"'t'':'' t"Sl.)It·nc languag.'; for tilt' grand litlTaL s~'lIabil" and phOlwtic s~,nth(':,>is of Coun dl· Gt'·l>din, for t'xamplt'. "ilh \1 hidl till" dalllli(·al \\odd comt':'> to .l dOSl·. .ll> 1\1'11 01.'" tilT tilt' t'\ulutiw lonil' llyntlll''l>i... of Jt'an-Pi,'rr{' Hris.'il"t, "jilt which }{nm,mtidsm {"J.ml' 10 an ,·nd (\\t' ....1 \\ ,11:0.0 tholt tllt'r.. is no unifonnilY in til\' l'ol:-t' of pOnlllJnh'aU l\ortIJ-), To thl' 1.' of moral notions likc just or unjust. ml'rit or fault, \Vhat dOl'S it nlt'an thl'll to will tht' ('\'cnt? Is it to accept war. wounds. and dl'ath wlwn th(:y occur? It is highl~' probable that rt'Signatkm is onl~' OIlss rt.'pr('Sents, but what he or she rcpR'Sl'nts is always still in the futun' and all"l'ad)' in the p,ast, whereas his or her n'prcsentation is impassiblt· and I·l'OND :..1:H.ll-:..-I'(lIH·'·1 AIN AND VOl L'ANO

the dq>ths? If to will is to will tilt' t'\'t'lll, how could we not also will its full actualization in a corpon'al mixtut'l', SUhjl'ct to this tragic will which presides over all ingestions? If tilt' ordt'r of thl' sllrf.1C(' is itself crach'd, how could it not itself bre.lk up, how is it to he prCClS, ami till' two proc 01· Till, i\ION

manner of a pod which releas('s its spor~'s). Third, til(' straight line which extends simultaneously in two directions traces the frontier Ix,tween bodies and lang~ag(" statl's of alfairs and propositions. Language, or tht' s)'stem of ProlXlsitions, would not exist without this frontier which renders it possiblc, LlIlguagt' therefore is endlt'ssl)' bam, in the future direction of til(' Aion wh~'re it is (~stablishC(1 and, some· how, anticipatPf\'S('nt has then,fon' Sl'\,cral nwanings: tht, 1ll('asurdt'SS or disllX.·dtl·d pn:Stical propositions (if it is day. it is light). the Stoics nott:d that contradiction must IX' defined on a singlc len·l. Ratlll.'r, contradiction must be ddined in till' space betwccn the prindplt· itst'lf and thc negation of thc conscCJul'!lee (if it is da)', it is not light). lnis dilTerence of Ixplain this inrompatibil~ 170

TWI Nl Y-H)llH.TlI .... 1·H.1l.., 0 ... CUMMllNICA'IIClN

it~·, a homlOne. for t'Xampll" on which till' predkatt' gra)' would dt'lX'nd, ami which would soft('ll or \wah'n the corTt'Sponding class. Ami Wl' can condude from this ('ausal condition that then' is a logical contradiction between gray and \ igorous. HUI if wc isolate thl' pun:' en.'nts, we Sl~ that to tum Bray is no less positi\'e than 10 /11m block: it t'''presses an increase in sccllrih' (to he hiddcn. to be takcn for thc b,lrk of a Irc(~J. as much as the IX'(~oming hlack is an inneas(' of vigor (to ill\'igoratt'), Hetw(.'Cn these two ..leh'mlinations. each one of which has its ad\'antage, there is initiall~' .1 rdation of primaf)', "en'ntnll'ntal" incompatibility. Phpic...1 causalit_\, inscribes the incompatibilit~, only Sl.'condarily in the depth of thl' bod)', and the logical contradiction translatl'S it onl)· in the content of Illl' concept. In short. the relations of evcnts among themselves. from til(' point of view of an ideational or noematic quaSi-causality. first expn'SSl'S noncausal correspondencealogical mmpatibilitil.'S or incompatibilities. The Stoics' strength was in committing themseh·l.'S to this linc of thought: according to what niteri... are e\'ents coptJ/ota. corifotaha (or mronjaralitJ). con/uncIa. or dIS. JUOCIO? Astrology was perhaps the first iml)()rtant aue::mpt to establish a theol)' of alogical incoml>atibilitics and noncausal coITl.'SI)()ndcnccs. It seems, however. if we follow the surviving partial and dL"Cdving texts, that the Stoics mOl)' not havc lx't'n able 10 resist the double temptation of rl'turning to the simplc physical causality or to the logical contradktion, 'Ine first theoretician of alogical incompatibilities, and for this reason the first iml)()nant thcoretidan of the e\'ent, was Lcibniz. For what Lcibniz called "compossible" and "incompossiblc" cannot be rl.-duct'd to the ide::ntical and the contradictol)·. which gm'cm onl)' till' pos....ible and the iml)()s.~iblc. Compossibility dOl'S not (,\'(:n prcsupl)()S(' till' inherence of prcdicah's in an individual subjl'Ct or monad. It is r'lthcr the in\'erst'; inhere::nt pn'llicatcs arc those which l.'Orrcspond to c\'Cnts from the beginning compossibll' (the:: monad of Adam the sinner indudcs in pn'(licatiw foml onl~' future ...nd past ('wnl.'> which an' l'Ompossible with th(' sin of Adam). lC'ibniz was thus exlrenwl" COll~ "l'ious of the anteriorit~' and originalit~· of tlw l'\'ent in n·lation -10 the pn'(lil'ah·. Cornl>ossibilit)' must bl' d"'finl'd in an original m.mnt'r, at .1 pr('-indi\'idual b'el. b)' the cotl\'ergcnLl' of S(Tit'S which singularities of \'\'l'nts form as till')' stcl'tch tlU'msd\'t.~s out o\'cr lilll'S of ordin.lr)' points. 11l(·()ml)()ssibilit~· must be ddilll'(l h~' the di\'crgi..·nec' of SUdl Sl'rii..'S; if anoll1l'r St.·xtus than til(' one wc kllOW is incompossible with our world, TWI·Nll'-I-(lUH.Tlllo,l·H.II·~01·
'71

poinls or vit'w 10 exdusi\'t' rules such that each 0PCIl('t! itsdf onto tilt' otlldth ahogetlwr diff..' rl'nt from tht. ordina~' on,,-". For ordinarii)' the disjuru1ion is not properl)' spe.1king al s~·nthl..'5ls. but onl), a regul.1th·t· anal~'sis at the sen'icc of conjuneti\'e s.\·nthSIX"l't to l'\'t'r)' othcr CWIll, As tilt' individual aAinns the distance, she follows anti joins it, passing through all til(' otlll'r individuals implkd b}' the other ('\'{'nts, and extracts from it a uniqul' I:"cnt which is ann' again h~'rsdf, or rather th(· uniwrsal fTt'~'(lom, 'IllII' (St't" for uampk. Ilw tripll' dislinction in thl' proposition of dt'llOtation, manif('Stalion, and :.ignificalion). How doc'S thc Cl'Cnt makt' language possibll'? \Ve hal"(' ~'t'n that its ('S..'i('IlCC is that of the purc surface dT('ct, or the imlla,ssibl(' int:urp0rl'al t'lltity, Thc o2\'cnt results from !)(){lil--S, their mixturt'S. Ilwir actions. and their IlaSSions, Rut it differ'S in natur('" from that of which it is tilt.' rl'Sult. It is. for ,'xamplc, attributed to bodies, to st'atl'S of affairs, bUI 1I0t at all as a physical qual it)'; rathcr, it is ascribed to t111'1ll only as a wI")' spl'('ial orwbule. diak'Ctical or, rath{'r, not'matic and int'orpor{'al, 'Illis attributl' doc'S not exist outside of the proposition which express('s it. Rut it differs in natuf\" from its ('xprcssion. It exists in th(, proposition, but not at all as a name of Ixxlics or qualiti('S, and not at all as a subj('(·t or predicate. It exists rather onl~' as tha~ which is exprl'SSible or expreSSn'S('ntatin- of primary action and of the root tI\l' primary state of tilt' n'rh. For it is not InlC' that Ihe n'rb rcpr('S('llts ;on action; it ('xpn-sSt'S an (·\"(.·nt, which is totall~' diff(,rt'llt. Mon.'o\"l'r. language is not t!1-'\"l']upt'(l from primar)' roOLpl,.,king is dTe incorporeal e\'l'nt n~lll;s from Ixxlil)· statl'S, \Vlwn \\t' sa~' that th(· sound IlI..'Conws indqx'nd,'nt, wc mC.ln to sa~' th,lt it n'aso."S to Ix- a slx'Cifi
01- OIt,\LlTY

1')1

I)l,.'rislws"-it l)l'rislws lImkr the blows of internal ul*,l't's, but it !Iel's in re!.ltion to till' ego, sin('(: the Ided prL'(.-edl'S it; till' hka withdraws as till' l'gO alh-ann's. lca\'ing with it onl), a little Im'e or h,lte. These, as WI..' haw SCC'n, are the characteristics of the depressi\'e past Ix:rfect. The manit'-depfl'SSin' position, being determirll"d by till' good object, pn'Sl.'nts t1ll'reforc all sort.'! of new characteristics at till' sanll' time that it inserts itsdf in the paranoid-schizoid position, l1'L'! is no longer the
uut ~·(·t l)l:ing able to grasp the organizing principle acmrding to which Il'ft outside M'm,,, r.lf from it, this time in a pre-sense (prc-sens) of height's: thl' voke:' d{)('s llot ~'('I han- at its disposal the uni\'odt)' which would make:' it a 1.1Ilguagc:". and, having unit)' onl~' in "inut" of its eminl'nn", r('Sls ('rltangll'tl in the:' cqui\'ocit~, of its dt'notations, the analog)' of its signiticaliolls. .lllli the ambivaleno' of its manifl"Stations, Truth to tdl, to the extl-I\t that it denotl"S thl' lost olljfft, one dOt,S not know what the voice ~knotl's; one docs not know what it signilies since it signifies the order of pn."existing entitks; one d()(·s not know what it manifl'st's sinl.'C it manifl'sts withdrawal into its prinCiple, or silence. It is at Olll."(" the objl'Ct. the law of the loss, and the loss itself. Indct--d, as the superego. it is the \'oice of God. that which forbids without our knowing what is forbidden. since we will leam it only through the sanction. This is the paradox of the voiean~I~'lic notions of stagC'.,,\,d ZOIW do not cOllle,dc. A stag{' IS charactcrlzL,1 h~' a tYJx' of act"")' whi(-h assimiiat'L'S OtlU'f activitil's and n'ali7.l'S in .a l·('rtain m<xlc a mixture of drhT'S-ahsorption, for exampll', in th... first oral stagl". whit-h also as...imilat(·s till" anus, or ('xcrction during tht.: anal stage, \\hich prolongs it. anel which also takt'S on'r til\' mouth. Zonl'S, on the contrar:". n'pn'scnt the isolation of a t('rrito~'. acti\'itil'S which "im'l'St" this It.:rritor.... anti drin's which now lintl in it a distinct source, Tht~ I>t'ing horn tog('tlll'r with tl1l'm and substituting introjt'l'h'll ami proje("tl'll partial objt"Cts for ol1jt'(-ts that an.' out of n·ach. A striL't compl,'nwntaritv exists hctwrtn sl'xual dri\'es am! simulacra. Destruction, t1l('n, d()('s' nol dt.'signah:: a ("('rtain l,harat·ter of till' rdalion to the fornu'(l n'al Ohjl'ct; it {IUalili~'S ralher thl' t'ntirl' n'lO(!e of thl' fonnation of the inl('rnal llartial ohjl'ct (pin't'S) ,lIld 11ll' (,ntire rdation to it, sin('l,' till' s.lmt' thing is (!t'StroYl'(! 19N

TWI·NTY-I'It.;11"I1l :-.I·I{II· .. 01, "I'XlIAIIT"

and destroYl'r. and SCI'H.'S to (It-stru~' tht' l'gO as mUl-h as the other, to till' I~int that dl.-'Stroying/heing d,'stroy('d ('Q\'l'rs all interndl scllsibilit),. In thiS senS(', all three dri\'l,'.~ nll'rgl' togt·tlwr in depth, urukr such ('onclitions that prcscn'ation pnJ\"id,'s till' l:rmit~ him to havl' sl.'xual relations with thl.' mother without offending thl' 1:1tlwr. What is l'ss(~ntial is thl.' prl'(Oalition .1nll IllOtkst)', at the IX'ginning, of the (ht:t of the heights was, as a wmpldt, organ, hoth p.'ni.~ and Im:ast-moth..r pro\'idt'd with a jX'nis, f.ltlwr pro\'idt'd with ,1 hn..Hl. Wt· bclit'\'c now that til(' c1.'a\'agt' is at:hit'n't.l as follows: from tlw t\IO disjunctions subsumed under the gOCKI objed (unh,mm'dwoundt,d, prt'sent-.lhsc.'nt) tilt' dlild hegins b~' extrat·ting thl' lU-gati\,I' and makt'S USl' of it in order to t:rl'atl' a surfat"\' to this I)(KI\' at the saml' tinw that h(' crt'all'S a surfan' for his own I)()(!v. As for thl' withdrawn ohjt'("t. Ill' \\ islu'S to hring about its return, t~ n:ndl'r it prl'SCnt with his l'I'Ot:atiw phallus. In till' unconscious, e\"l~'~'onl' is the oAspring of dit·on."N! part'nts, drl'aming of rt'Storing the mother and bringing about tilt' r\'turn of thl' fathl'r, pulling him back from his rctn'al': it St."t.'ms to us that this is tlU' hasis of \\hat Fn'ud calb! thl' "familial romalln'" and its linkagt' with til(' (k't.lipus (:'Omplex. NeH'r has the child, in his nardssistk ('onfidem"th and alliNI himself with the Ix>wers from on high. And in his t'mlca\"our. the restoration of the mother and the summoning of thl' fatlll'r are the targets: this is the trut' Ck't!ipus complex. But why dOl'S it all tum out so badl~'? \Vh~' i.~ the product of this affair a new anguish and a new l."'U11l.lbility? Wh), dOC'S Hercules find in Juno a st('pmoth('r fillN! with hatrC(1, rt"Sisting e\'e~' offl'r of rcll.lration. and in a'us a falh"r e\'('r morc withdrawn, turning awa~' from his son after ha\'ing fa..-on'(! him? One could sal' that the affair of the surfaces (gOCK! inkntion, the kingdom of the l'arth) encounters not only an rxPl.'C'l.('l! enemy from thl' inf('rnal depths. whOSt' defeat was the question at hand, but an unexlX'Ct{'(! enemy as well-that of th(' heights which. howe\'er, remlt'n't.l tht, affair !x>s'''ihlt' and can no longer bail it out. The supen-go as the gOCKI Ohjl'(·t IX'gins to condemn the libidinal driws themSl'!n'S, In fal't, in his (It'Sirl' for incest-restoration. Oedipus saw. \Vhat h(' saw (oncl' the cleavage has bl""('n made'), but should not han' Sl-cn. is that tilt' \\'oundl'(!lxx!v of tilt' mother is not onl.- WOUndl'll b~' till' internal pt:niscs it contain;; insofar as its surface i; lacking a Ix'nis, it is woulldC(1 like a l·astr.1tl'(l hody, The phallus as a proj('l'tl't.l image. whkh Ix'stowl'l! a Ilt'W foret· on the child's I)('nis, dt'signatl's, on tilt' eontrarv, a lack in the rnotlwr. This disco\'er\' threat('ns the child in an I'ssl'ntiai manrU'r, for it signilie.~ (on the oth~'r sidl' of til(' deavage) that the j>t'nis is tilt' rropert~' of Iht' father, Wishing to sUlllmon till' f.ulwr hack and to rnakt, him pn'St'nl, tilt' child llt.'tra~'s Ih.. paternal l'.~s('nCt' of withdraw.ll. This "SSt'IKI' ("ould not IX' found hUI onl\' as if H't.·O\,(,f"t'(I-rt'l"{)\'l'rt'd III al"!St'Ill't' and III forg{'lfulness-hut IW\"('; gin'll TWI·NTr·NINTIl :-.1·HII· ... - ( ; O l l l l INTI·NTION:-.

20~

in a simpl(' pn's\'llI'" of Ihl' "thing" which would \,Iim;n:lh' forgl·tting. 1 It Iwt'ollws tlwrd"i,rc true, at this monU-IlI, that b)· \\ishing 10 rt'slnn' till' lllotlwr. til\' child has in r.lel castrated and c\'('ntrah'd Iwr: and th.lt h)' wishing 10 bring back tht' faLlll'r. the child has 1)t'lra~·(·d .1Iltl kill!...1 him. transfonm·d him into a cadaver. Castration, assion which would be the relx'f('lIssion of the projected action. Rath('r it is something that happens. or sonll'thing wltit'h repn~nts all that can happen; Ix'Her still, it is the o('C"-'SSan' rcsult of actions and passions. although of an entirely difTt'rent na;urc. and itsdf neither action nor passion: e\"Cnt, pure e\'ent, hentum ltJntum (to kill the father and castrate the motht'r, to hl" (Olstrat('c.! and to dil'), But this amounts to sa~'ing that th(' accomplishl.'{1 al.1ion is projl.'('!L'(1 on a surface no IL'SS than the other al."fion, This surfaet", though, is entirel)' different; it is metaphysical or transel'ndt'mal. Ol1e might sa)' that the entire action is projl'Ctl.-d on a double sen'en-one s(:r,,-"('n constitut'l.'{l b\' tht, sexual and physical surface, the otlwr h)' an alread), mctaph~'sit:al ~r "Cl'rdlf-al" surfan', In short, intention as an Ckdillal cak-goT)' d(){'S not at all oppose a detemlint-'(I action to anotlwr, as, for example. a particular wilk·d action 10 a particular an'olllplisht'ti action, On the l'ontrar\" it tak('s Ihe tOlalil~' of e\'l'T)' possibl(' aClion and divides it in two, proi~'cts it 011 two :o.('.n'~'ns, as it dC'l~'nnines t'adl sick, according to tilt' n('n'ssar~' l'xigt'ncies 01 \'a~'h S(:r\'t'n, 011 olle ham\. Ill\' l'lllire image of action is projl'cl
TWI:.NTY-NINTlI Sb/{JI:.S-liOOD INTENTIONS

rt'Cognize th\.' pure lim' of tIl\' t\ion ,lIld the (kath instin(·t in its speculatiH' fonn, But tll('n tilt' Frt'lltli,m idl'a that tht, death instinct is .lIl affair of Sp"('ulation must. with good n'asnn, lx' takt'n Iitt'rally, At til(' samt' tinll', WI' must k('Cp in mimI thaI this last metamorphosis runs till' s.1ml' dang"rs as the othas. anti pt'rh.lps in a more anlte m.lIl1wr: til(' crack, in a singular fashion. rbks breaking up the surfan' from which it is ne\'athdl.'Ss inSt'!>'lrahll'. [t nllls til\.' risk of em'Ountering again on the other surface the simplt' tran' uf ('astration. Or e\'en worse, it nlllS til(' risk of being s\\'allo\\l'll up in thl' Spa/Ulna of depths and hcights-{dr~'ingwith it all tilt' lkhrb uf tilt' sur(.1('t· in this gencraliz('(! debacle when' thl' end finds again tilt' Ix,int of dl'JXlrtur\.' and the death instinct. the bottomless dcstructin' drin'S, All this would follow from tht.' confusion we previousl)' not('(1 !x'tw{'('n the two tlgun.'S of death: this is the central point of obscurity whil,h railws ('ndbsl~' tht" problem of thl~ relations of thought to S(.·hizoplm'nia Jnd d('pression, to thl' 1>S~'chotic Spa/tuna in gl'nl'ral a..~ \\1,11 a!' to neurotic ('astration. "For. of murs.lrricidt· "'('!Tect" ... ). But insor.,r as the)' are I·Al'i..'IS. tht,\, Illust 1)(' tied nol onl\' with l'ndogl'llolis ('aust:s, but with I'xog.lrriddt\ inn'st, poisoning, and ('wntration are not ('xaclly ahst'nt from puhlit' and priv,atc hi~torit,s, TIlt' f.ll't is, though, that phantasms, ewn "hell tlwy are t,ffel'ts and IX'{'aust' the\" an' efft'("ls. difft'r in nat un' from tlwir real

-

"0

l'auSl's, WI.: slX."ak of t'1l.lrty. it is nl'itllt'r at'liw nor passivl' and d()(,s IlOt allow itsdf at an)' moment to IX' fixt'd in a plan', ,'wn if this plao' \wn' n'wrsible, TIlt' originary phantasm "would bl.' charach'rizl'd by an ahs('ll('e of suhje-cth'ation an'Olllpan~'ing Ih... pn's('I1("(' of til(' sullje(·t in tilt' SCl'IW"; "an~' distribu· lion of SUhjl'l·t .lml ohjl.'ct finds itself alxl!islwd"; "tilCS of connl.'ction: the subject-objl"l·t connection, the active-passiv(' conjunction, thl' affirmation-nl.-gation disjunction, or th~' t~1X' of temporali...ation of which each onl' of these wrbs is calldbl(, ("to lin'," for l'xample, has a subjcrt. but one that is not an agellt and that has no difTercntiatt-"l1 object). She is th('n'foTl' able to dassif~' these wrbs in an order which runs from the least to til(' most rtann' ~thc~' attach to thl' pronomil;al and the scnsc tlw~' giw to till' grammatical transfomlations as such in the non-Iocalizahl(' position of ~Ill' SUbjl'Ct), Finall)'. Melanil" Klein dOl-os make an important rt'mark, d('Spi{(' her \'('r~' ('xtensi\'c ust.' of the word "phantasm," She ofto:n sa,'s that s\"mholism is the foundation of O:\'el'\' phantasm. and that the dl'\'da'pment of the phantasmatj(- Iif(· is hindl'rl.'(1 by thc pt-·r.;istt'nn· of the schizoid and deprl'SSi\'c positions. It Si.....·nlS to us. pn..'Ciscl~'. that til{' phantasm. properly speaking. finds its origin onl~' in till' {-go of the St..'Condan' narcissism, along Inlh thl' narcissistic WOlllU!. the ncutrali7.atiun. t1ll"symboli7.ation. an;1 tltt:' sublimation which ensue. In this sellse. it is insths of hOo:lil-S; dl-sin-s, Ion'S. pairings, copulations, and intentions which tranL'

220

~

TIIIKTY- .. IK,>T .. 1 KI .. " ()I TII()Ut;IIT

~

SC('nd ('\t,")·thing happcning at til(' :-urfat'(' of boo:.lil"S; and finall.\', IXl\\'l'r!csslwsSl"S and d('atlls which transo:xnd all that t'ould haw happenl.-'{I" This is tlw illC'Orporcal splcmlor of thl' l'\"('nt as that l'ntil~' which addn-ssl's ilsdf to thought, ami \\hidl al()lll' ma~" in"l'st it-t'xtraBeing. We argul:d as if it w('rc possihlt- to slx:ak of the e\"l'nt as soon as a n-suh w.1s (!iscngagl''lcify, But tl1l.' gl-t! and symholiZI-"tI, J Hetwt'('!l this mouth and this hrain c\'l'r\'thing Omlcdi.11)' surface. Depth is not organized in series. TIll' fragmentation of its objon anotlll'r series). Thl' .'t-rial form on tilt' crogenous ZOI1('S, thl'refore. is founded on a matllt'matin of liingular lX>ints and on a ph~'sics of intt.'llsit·c quantities. But it i:. in yt't another mannl'r that each erogcnous zon
227

ddid('IK\' when il dl·~i~.l.lh',', OIl the Iwart of til{' alTair lilt' ahsenn:' of 11ll' peni; in lilt' caSt' ~f lilt' mal her. It is in relalion t:l its\,:!f Ihat tl\(' pll.llilis is hoth a dl"fl'CI ami an ('xn.-ss, lI'htn fhe I,ha/he 11/1 l?f COS/ralwn. and tilt.' {'xn-ssh'I' imag\,' no long('r dt-sign,lh's an~·thing otlwr than its own lad, as it takl's away the child's IX'l1i~, WI' are nOI going 10 f('lx'at till' ('haracteristk's of til{' phallus that Lat..\lll has anal~-l:('d ill M'\{'r.ll wdl-known t('xts, It is th(' paradoxical ..I t'mt'nt 01" object = x, missing always ill; own t..'<Juilibrium. at onIT ('XC('SS and detlcicnn;. llI,'wr l'<Jual, missing its 0\\ 11 Tt,·sl:mblance. its own id.'ntih', il.~ O\\:n urigin, its own piau, and ah\a~'s displacl'{l in relation to itself, It is lIoating signilit..'r and lIoatt..'t1 signifil.'(l. plan' without on:up.mt and (){'('upant without plaa', the .'mpt)' square.(whkh can also (Teate an I,');C('SS through this void) and a supernunwral')' obj('{·t (which l'an also n('alt' a lack b)· being this t'xct.'ss number), It is the phallus which brings about th{' n:'sonancl' of Ihe two serif'S that we earlier calk'(l prL'gcnital and oedipal, anti which l'an also ren'i\'(' diO~'rent <Jualitlcations, provided that, through all possible (lualiticalians, the 0Ilt.' is (ktl'm)ined as signili('d and tlw othl'r as signifying, I [t is the phallus which is surface nons('ns(', Iwin' nonscnSt', as \\'{' have S\.'t,'n, and which distributes sc.'mw to tI\(' two sNies, as sonlt.'thing hap~nin9 to the one and .lS something InslS/lna in Ihl' other (it is thus ineI,'itablt., that the first S\.'ril's docs not ~'et impl)· a ('omprehension of what is in question), But the whole prohlem is this: how docs til(' phallus, as thl.' object = x, that is, as the ag('nt of castration, GlUJi(' th(' S('rics to rt'SQnatc? It is no longer a qUl-'Stion of a COIWl'rgo>nC(-' ami a ('Ontinuit)' at all, as it was who'n we \\'{'!"C consid('nng th.: prt.-genital senl'S for t1lt'mselws, insofar as tilt' still intact phallus was n){)rdinating th..'m aroullli th(' genital zone, lOW, th(· pr('gL'nital fomls om' series, with a prt'-comprehension of infantile pan'mal imaglos: an{l tlw ()('(Iillal fomls anoth.'r seril'S, with otlwr and othl..'nvisc.' fomw{l llan'ntal images, 'l1w t\\O sc.'rit'S arc discontinuous and di\'ergt.'nl. Tht' phallus no longt'r t'nSlirt'S a roll' of COlwcrgt'IK(', hut on tilt.' t'ontra!")', Ix'ing I'XCl'SS ami lack, it ensurL'S a role of resonanc(' far St'ril's whidl diwrgl', For, howe\'('r much thl' two scri(~S rna~' H'S('lllhll' Olll' anotlwr, tlwy do nol resonate b,I' Iheir resemblance, hut ratlwr by tlwir dilft'rt'nCl', This ditTcrcnn' is ri'gulah'd t'aeh time by tilt' rt,lati\'(' di~pla('('ml'nt of Il'mlS, and Ihis tlisplac('nwnt is its(,[f regu~ I.lh'd hy the ahsoluh' displal.'l.'nwnt of tlw objt,(,t = x in thl' Iwo series, AI [eaSI in it,~ Ix-ginning, tilt' phantasm is nothing ..1St' bUI Ill(' internal

fI.'sonann' of IWO indq>cndent St'xu.ll ~I'rit's, insofar as this r(',~onance prellafl."S the emt'rgl'ncl' of t1w I.'wnt ,md signals its comprdwnsion, This is why. in ils third slx-ci\,'s, till' Iot'rial fonn is pn..'Sl'nh"t:l in a foml irfl."t:lucibl.., to till' prL'violiS Ont'S, th,lt is, a~ a J.s/UOCtll'j' s~'ntl)('sis of tilt' hl'terog('Ilt'oUS !wril.'s, sinn' thesc.' IWh'rogt'nl.'Ous St.'rio's now di\'('n:J('. , , "0 'J11is is also a poslHn~ and eiffirma/lre UX' (no longer Iwgatiw and limitatit.'I') of the disjunction, sinn' thl' diwrgem S('ri('S resonate as sudl; it is a ('ontinuous ramifi
OIW'S e~'l's,

OIll"S ears, OIll''s mouth), and ('onlloh's s(.'n'ral dramalit' S{.'elWS ratlwr Ihan ollj('(,ts of sati:.faction," Should WI' rather think, to thl' t'xtent that tilt' phonellw it.s('lf is .l clu$fu €!f drSflnnm' /rIJIIS or differential relations, that eat'h ZOIU' would rath{"r lx' analo:gous to one of these:' tr.tit... amI dc:'tenninl't:l Ill" t1ll'm in n'lation to anothC'r ZOIlt'? In this {'t-1in· syntl'll'SC."S Ix'aring on a hornogcm.'Ous Jit'rks; thl.' phallic ('oonlination of zonl.'S and til(' conjunctin synthl.-'Sis bl'aring on heterogeocous. yet ronn'rgellt and continuous Sl·rit.'S; and tht' ('\'olution of Ot'dipus. the transformation of tht, phallic linc into the traCt' of ('astration, and the disjunl1in" smtlll'sis. Ix'aring on dh,t.'rgelll anti rt'SOnating seri{'S. Now" thl'Se st'rit'S- or rnanwnts l'ondition tht.' three formati\'e dements of language-phonemes" morphcml.-'S, and sernant('mcs-as much as tht,\, an' rorulitKnwd In' th('m in a circular rcal1.ion. N"'cn'rthck'SS, thl.'f'(' i; still no languagl.'; \\'~ an' still in a pl'"l'Iinguistil.' (Iomain, TI1('se l.,lcnwllts arc not organiz('(1 into fom11.-"ndular struCltlTt': thl' basic series tran'n;('(! h~' the mo\'t'lllent of tilt' obj('{·t = x, tilt' r('sonann', and the forced 1ll00'{'Illl'nl of an amplitude gn'alth and tlw nlt'taphysical surfaH" tilt' t!t-stru('tiw (·annib.llistic driws of depth ,lIld til(' Spt'L'('t to that which dh·l'r.gl·S). TIlt' \l'rh, howl'\'('r, is sill'nt; ~lld Wl' must take litL'rall~' the iel('a "that I:ros i... sonorous and that th(' llt'alh instinl't is sil~'nn', In t1w \'l'rh, tlw :-'\'('OI11la~' organization is brought al)()ut, and trom this organii'..ltion Ih\' l'ntin.' ordering of language pTOl'l"('(ls, O/lS\'nSl' funl,tions as th\' It'ro point of thought, thl' alt'ator" point of dCSl'xualizl'll enl'rgy or tlw pUlll1uai In....tinct of death; Aion o'r 1'lIlpt~' fom.. ami pure Infiniti\'(' is tilt' lim' tral'l"(l hy thi." point, that is, a ('('rebral l'rack at the limits of" hi inlo play only a parti.,l homogt'lwOllS snics. or a ,'ontiIllIOUS global seril's, s,.'xualily dOl's not haw tlw ('omlilions which \\ould rend('r pos.,ihll· ils being maintainl"d in l'Ollsdousnl'S.'i (nanwl~" till' possibilit~, of Ix'ing dl'nOlnJ. manifl~tt'd, and signifil"ll b~' linguislil-' dl'nll'nts rorn'Sponding 10 it). '1111' Ihird rt~~n must hl' sought on till' sid(· of till" nwtaph~'sical surfan·. in IIu." maOlll'r in \\hieh this surfan' repn'SSl-'S til(' :.I'xu,ll lOurfiln' at til\' saml" timl' thai it impost·s on till" l'll\'rg'y of till' driw Ihe n('\\ liglln' of d("St'xualization. It should nOI he surprising that til(' mctaph~'sical Sllrf,ll"(" in turn. is not at all idt'ntical to a l'CJIlsdousllt'ss. It should be enough 10 recall that till' sl'ril'S of amplilUdl' \\ hich char.ll'tl'rize it ('~~,'nLtiall\' transcend whatl'\'I'r m.l\' I~ conscious allli fOnl1 an impersonal anti pn'-indil'idllal Iransn'Jl(I~'lltal lidd. Finally, consciousness, or r,lt1wr tilt' pret.'ollsl'iolls, has no uthl'r lidd than thai of possihl\' denotations. ll1anili.·stations, and !>ignilications-that bo, till' order of languagl' \\ hidl aris('S from all t1~at \\ hil·h has prl"(·t·tlt'll. Hut the play of s\'·llSt· anti nonSl·IN.... and ,\ollrfa~'l' I·lli."l"ts, on till' m(·taph~·sical ,lS wdl as on thl' ph~'skal !>urfan·. do llot IX'long to ,·tlllS4..'ioul>n("S... ,ln~' more than do l~, alwJ~'s stri\"l" to .1SSlln· th.ll n-gn'ssion itsdf l"(-grt':>.-'n'!>\'nlations (tknol,uion. m,lllift'st,lli'lll. !>ignilil.,tillll; ;n,lhi,lu.ll. p\·rsllll. conl"l'I)l; \\()rl(l. st·lf, and (;od).

ditl~'n'lU"t' in nature Ix-tw("('n

l l l i l t l Y-HHlltlll ' I I t l l ' 01 I'ltlMAltY Oltlll K

2.:g

But what matters Ill'n' i~ tilt' prdimina~'. founding. or poetic organiz.1tion-that is, this pla~' of surfaces in which onl~' an ,H'osmil', imp('r. sona!' and pn'-imlh'iduallidd is d
10 thl'

""."rh, or \\h"'1\ \\\.

("OI1lI)()S('

Spt'l'ch, and from spl'l'ch 10 tlw \I·rb. cOI1 ... trtll·ting this .l/lls,k fle/Us. in order al" .1~·S to rl'cm t'r t Iw intlq)('ndl'nn' o(..aunds and

10

to tix tilt" thtllldl'rboh of till' unhOl·al. This 1'\I'1\t is, of course.', . On th(· rontran'. "to n':'>('rn' P!aton· j"m" must Ilwan to bring this moti'",Jlion Ollt inlO til(' Iighl of th(· c1a~" 'f to ·'tra{·k it c1fl\\n"-I!le wa~' I'lalo tr3(·ks dowl1 Ihl' Sophist.

In \t'n' gt'neral h'rms, tlw 1110Ii\'{' of Ihl' t1won' of Ilka., mU,'1 Ilt' ;"oughl ir~ a~ \\ill Itl ...dect aml to dlOOSl'. It i~ ,l.!l~l 0 Ill,) 'm/! a tlifli.·Tl'lwt="," 0 (ist~l~.ds ling I 11" Hljling:' itself frolll J!,~ ~ht' ·origill,lf]rom-.J)w COP)', till" tllQlld [rom tb\· ... illlllianum, Bllt ,l~'~ Iht'M' t·xpr\'...sions t'<jUi",ll\'nt? TIlt' Platonic projt·(·t l'lllllt'S 10 light onl~' \dlt'n \\t' turn h.ll'k to til tilt' c,'!ltin' sYSh·m. One might at lint \\allt to sa}' that

this method amounL~ to tilt' dh'ision of a genus into t:ontrar:' SpC.'l"ilOS in onkr to :'Uh:-Ulllt' till' thing inn"l'tigat{"(1 Undt'f tilt' .tppropriaw sparticipatt.-d in, giving it to tilt' suitor, who poSSl'SSl'S onl), Sl'Condarily and insofar as he has lx"Cn ablt, to l>ass the tt.'St of the foundation. The panicil>atC'd is what the unparticil>ated posst'SSeS primaril)', The unpanicip.atlXl gin'S it out for l>articipation, it OfTl'rs the l>articipatl-d to the panicipants: Justice, thl' (Iualit~· of Ix'ing just, and till' just men. Undoul)(,'(II~', ant' must distin. guish all sons of Ik-grCt.'S, an entire hierarchy. in this c1l't-"ti\'c l>articipa. tion. Is tlll''''' not a posst.'Ssor of tht' third or the fourth rank, and on to an inlinit~· of degradation culminating in th.., one who I>ossl'sses no more than a simulacrum, a mirage-til contains no founding myth? Thl' 1",'aSOIl for this is simple, In thl' Sop/lISt, thl' lllt.:th()(1 of division is l'mployed paradoxirally, not in nnll'r to ('valuatl' the just pretl'nders, but, on thl' contra~', in orcler to trad-, clown the false prt'tenclt'r as sussihle hierarch)', no second, no third ... , Res('mblance subsists, but it is produced as till' external dfect of the simulacrum, inasmuch as it is built upon diwrgent series and makes them H'sonale. Identity subsists, but it is produced as the law which nJlnplicat(·s all the series and makes them all return to each onc in the coursc of the forced mon'men\. In til(' r('\'ersal of Platonism, resemblann' is said of interna1iz{·d difference, and identity of the Different as primar)' power. The same and the similar no longer han- an essence except as simulated. that is as ('xpressing tilt' functioning of the simulacnun. There is no longer any possibl(' sell:ction. The non-hierarchizcd work is a colltll'nsation of nX'xistenCl's and a simultallt'ity of c\"ents. It is till' triumph of thl' I:lls(' pretender. It simulates at once thc father, the prclt'nder. and the Ilano:- in a superimposition of masks. Hut the falst· pretender cannot 1>1.' callt'd false in n,lation to a presupposessible. It establishes till' world of nomadic distributions and crowned anarchies, Far from being a new foundation, it engulfs all !()lllldations, it assures a uni\'ersal hn'akdown (~lJondrement). but as a io~-ful and lX>sitive e\'cnt, as an un-founding (q]Ondement): "!>ehind each ca\'(' another that opens still more deepl),. and l:>c)'ond each surface a subterranean world yet more vast, more strange. Richer still ... and ~' 'under all foundations, under ncr)' ground, a subsoil still morc pro9 found ... How would Socrates be n.'Cogniz(~d in these ca\'erns. which an' no longer his? With what thread, sinc(' the thread is lost? How would he exit from tlwlll, and how could he still distinguish himself from the Sophist? That the Same and the Similar may be simulated docs not mean that- j tl1(')' arc appearances or illusions. Simulation designat($ the Ix>wer of producing an ~[frct. But this is not intelll..lt·d only in a causal sense. since causality would remain completely hypothl·tiGll and indctenninate without the intervention of other meanings. It is intC'ndchocb, t'IKOUnlt'rs, concurn.'nCl-'S, and motions."1

-

Naturalism Tl'quin'S a highl~' stnll1.urt'(1 principlt' of "ausalit}' to account for the production of tlw din'TS(' insidl' difTt'n'nt and non-totali7.ablc compositions ancll-'Omhinations of till' dt'menl~ of I atun'. I) '111c atom is that which must IX' "lOught. and that \\ hich can onl)' Ix' thought. TIll' atom i~ to thought what the S('llsiblt' Objl'(-t is to the Sl'nst"S: it is thl' object \\ hkh is l"sscllliall~' adcln'SSl.'C1 to thought, the objt"1I1ll of thl' ,"oid antlthl' atoms is it~t'lf inlinitt'. This third inlinit~ I·xprl'.~."l·:' tilt' fundaTlll.:lllal corrl'lation Ill'tllt'I'n thl' atoms and till' I·oid. lip .md dO\lIl in till' ,"oid rt'sult from thl' corn·lation 1)('1\\·I....n till' \'oid 1I,,,,·lf .md tilt' atoms; lilt' wright of ,ltom~ (mOIl'llwnt from top to bo!tom) n'sults from tilt' ('orrdJtion of tilt' .Hom... II ith tilt' \"oid. J) In thl'ir fall thl' atonb collidt', not hl,.-auSl' of thdr difTl'ring \\t·ighb. hUI Ix'Causc of th ,• rlm01rk.'n. Tllt'dmorm:n is till' reason for th:' ,·ollil>ioll. it rdah'l> Olll' atom 10 anolh('r, It is tiC(1 in .1 fundamt.'ntal malllwr to tht' I:pkurt'an th('Or:o' of till1l' and is an t'SSCntial l),lrt of thl' l'~·slt'm. In the \'-oit!, all atoms fall \\ ith l'qual n-locit\': an atom is no mon' or It'S.... rapid with Tt"Spl'{·t to ill> \\t'ight than o;hl'r atoms whidl moTt· or JI~ hindl'r its fall, In til(' \oid, tht· \·c!tx.'it)" of th,' atom is ('qual to ib mon'nU'nt In a unique JJr«lJon In a mInimum f!f (ontmuous lime. This minimum (·xpn'l>.'it."S the smallt'St pos~ihll' tt'rm during which an atom mml'l> in a giwn din'{·tion, IX'fort.' bdng ablt' to tah' ~noth"r direction al> tilt' rt"Suh of a collision with anotlwr alom" 'J1l('rl~ is tht'rt"forc a minimUlll of timt·, no 1t.'S.~ th"n a minimum of mattt'r or a minimum of til(' atom. In agrt'C'mt'nt \\ ith til(' natun' of th(' atom, this minimum of l"(mtinUOliS lim,' n·fas 10 the apprdll'n.~ion of thought, It t'XprCSSl"S the 1111);0,1 rapid or In"lt'ft'l>t thought: till' atom I1lt)\"l'S "a.~ s\\iftly a... thought,"\ But. as a n'sult, \\t' must t'Onn·ivl· of an oril!inan' dirrt1.ion for t'aeh atom, al> .1 s\'ntlwsi!> \\ hich would gin' to tllt' l~lO\"t'~'1ll of th£' atom its initial dirtx:tinn, without \\ hil'h ~ tlll"n' would 1)(' no collision. This ~yntlll'sis is Ilt't·,·s....u il)· an.:olllplishl'(! in a tilll!' smaller than thc minimum of ('ontinuous tinlt'. This is thl' elmom.-n, 'J1w cJmamcn or swcn"t' hal> nothing to do \Iith an ohlique mO\'I'!lll"nt whidl Ilould COlllt' .Wddt'IlI.1Jly to tll()(lify a \"l'Ttical r.ll1." It has al\\a~'s IX'l'n pn·sl·nt: it is not a MTondar\' 1ll0n'nll'lll. nor a M,,'ondarv dt'lt..'rmin.llion of till' m"H"nwnt, \\hi;'h Iloult! Ilt' pnMlun'd ,n an~' "thm·. at an~' platT. TIll' '''/I'll/len i~ th.· origin,ll dl'tl'rminatioll of till' din·,·tion of tilt' 1ll00't'lllt'nl or till' ,110m. It is ~ kind of (Q11,1/1I~-a dilTt'n'ntial of malll'r and, b\' thl' ",m\\" lokt'n, ,1 ditr"Tl'nti.l1 of thought, ha~t'd on tht· nwlhex[ of . 'xllaus. lion, TIlt' nwaning~ of tilt' tt'rm.~ II hieh
bl Not 1'\"I.·r)' atom comhilU'S wilh another as thl'\' meet; othen\'iSlx'ls a... much as it ('ombinl.-"S, Atoms cumbinl' as lung as their shap("S allow it. Hath'rt"l.J b~· other atoms which bn'ak apJn their hold. t1u-ir combinations t"om,' undone. losing tht'ir "It'nll'nts which go on to join other l'OIllJ>OUlllk If atoms are said to Ix' "spl'dfiC" S4.'l-ds" or sperms, it is 1","I.·.luSl· atom... cannot be joim>d tog,·tht·r in ('\'ery' pos,..ibl(' mannl'r. 7) 1:\"('1)" l'Olnbination being linih'. then' is an infinit~' of combinations, hut no combination is fonllt'll of J single slxx"it'S of atoms, Thus, Jtom....1fe slX.'cific sCl'f.ls in a sl'coml st'nsl.'-t!l('\' constitute the l1('tl.'rogelll'ity of thl' diverse..' in a singl(' hotly. Ncn·rtlll'lt·ss. different atoms in thl' hod)' h'nd, in \'irtu(' of thdr weight, to he distributt.'ll ;n .l('cordann· with their shape."S" In our world, atoms with tlu- same shap(' group togl,thl.'r. forming thcrl'h)' vast coml>ounds, Our world distributes its d('me'nts in a way which allO\\s thl.' ('anh to Ot:cupy th(· (,l'ntl'r, "t'xprcssing" those dements which go on to fonn til(' sea, the air, and tlu- ctlll'r (rntJ9f'/(1(' res).9 Th(' philosophy of Natun' pn'SCnts to us the Iwterogt'lll'ity of th(' din'fS(-' with itsdf. and also the resemblance of th l. di'"e~ \\ ith itsclf,

8) Tht're is the power of the di\'efS(' and its produ
i\I'I'I'NIJIX

IrtJubkfl hl.lmanit~'. mort' terri/it'll th.m in pain (e\"t'n tht' plagut' is

deli nt'll not onl~' b)' the pain and suffaing it transmits. but h~' the di.turh.llll't' of th l· spirit whkh it in:-titutt's). It is this disturbancc of the .Old which increast's sufft'ring, n'lldcrs it im indhle-although its origin i,., mon° profound and is to IX' found cIM'\dwrt', It is l'omlxJsl'tl of two I'It·lllt'nt..: an illuSKll1 which ariSo.·~ from till' hody of an infinite capacit~· lor plt'a~lln': tht'n a st't.'ond iII11!oion. l ..l ...t ill thl' mind. of an infinite t1ur.ltion of till' soul itself. which i:- l!l\cn O\t'r without rt'l And tlw two ilJu,..iolls an' linkt'tl: thl' fl'ar of inlinite punishnwllt is tilt' natur,ll prk(' \I) Ilt' paid for ha\'ing unlimit('(1 t1t'~irl's, [t is 011 this ground that Olle mu~t St..,..):: out Sis~'Phus and Tityn:-: "till' fool's lif(, at length IX'l"Ol1lt'S a 11 twit on (·arth... Epicunl5 g<x"S so fM as to say tllat if injustk(' is an t·,'i!. it gn'l'd, ambition. and e"f'n dch.llldwn' are ('\"ik it is b(TaUSl' thc,' t1di\'~'r us up tn tlw idl'a of a pllnishn~l'nt whkh m.w occur at an~' irhlant, III To lx- owl'r, Ix~auS(" t'wrlasting punishnwnt is to lx' ft'an'(l aftl'r death," 19 This is wIll', for IU(Tl.'tius as for Spin07.,l later on. till' rl.'ligious man displays two asi:Jt'cts: .l,idit~· and anguish, CO\"l'tousncs..~ and n1lp'Jbilit~·-.l strangt' complex tlJat gl'lll'ratcs I.Timl'S, The spirit's disqui(·tm!e is th('rl'fon' brought ,lhout b~' tht' fcar of dying \\ hl'n we an' not wt dl.'ad. and also b,' the I",lr of not ~'t't IX'ing dl.'ad once wc already a~t', TIll' I'mirc probr~lll is that of til(' sourn' or this disturbann' or of thest' two illusions. . It is at this point that WI' nott· thl.' inh'f\'('ntion of a brilliant. though diOieult. i:picurean throf)" Bot!ies or atomic n)llll>ounds newr ClOdS(' ~o ('mit I)'lrtinllarl~' subtlt" Iluit!, and t('nuous d('nlt'llts, -1111.'St.' st'COnd. lll'gfl'f' l.·ompoumls an' of two sorb: l'itlwr tllt'~· t'manatl- from tht' dt'pth of hotli\'s. or the~' detach thcmst'ln-s from thl' SUrl:1CI' of things (~kins. tunics. or wrappings. ('llI'dopl'S or harks-\\hat Lucrdius ('alls simula(ra and I:picl.lnl~ calls idol~), Insofar a.~ till'\" afft'cI til(' anlmllS dllli til(' ''''lnla, thl'~ a(Tount for sc·nsihlt· ion!>, tht.' distdncc tlw~' ha\'t.' to (:fOSS OWf, th(' olhtadt.'S the)· t.'nt.'Hlmh'r, tilt' distortions to "hich tht')' submit, or the t.'splosions of \\hich thl')' an' til(' Ct'nter, At the t'nd of a long journe~" tilt' \'isual ('11\ dopt.'S ti~ not strikt.' us \\ ith tilt' samt.' \'igor; shouts lose their db-tinction. But alwa~'s, thl' prOpt·rt~' of being rdatt'tl to an object subsists. And. in tilt' ca.nJlb!C time no It'sS than tlwrt.' is a minimum of thinbhlt- tlnw. fllsr a~ till' :,>WtTn- of tilt' atom UlTlirs in a time smaller th'lIl tilt.' minimum think-llll., tiuw, so that it has i1lft.'"ady happened "ithin till' :'>malle:'>t tinlt.' that (,,1Il lx' thought, I,kelnw the l'mbsion of :-imulana Otxurs in ,I timl' ~mallt'r than tilt' minimum st'nsihk' tilllt'. SO that tlll'\'. .Irt' .llrt.'ad". tlwrt' ill tilt' sm'lllt'St timt.' that can 1)1.' wnSt'(! and M't'lll to Ill:' still \\ ithin till' Ohjl'l't aft"r tllt'\' hdH' ft.·adlt.'(! u~. ", .. In llllt' monlt'nl uf tinll' IlI:'tlt'iH't1 b~' L1li, thaI is, "hilt~ Ollt' "onl is being lIttl'rt'd, Ill,my tim.'", an' lurking \\ hidl rt'ason untlt-not.mlls to 1)1.' thert." th,ll i" \dw in am' gi\t'o mOlllent all tht.·lot· \arious imagt':' an' prcscnt. ft'at" in t'~t'r~ pl;tt~ ... ,,·1 TIll' ...imulacnlm i... thus imPt.·n·l.!>tibl('. lnc 274

.... 1'1'11'11 simulacra \\ hidl S('1'1ll to dance, to change their gl'sturl's, ,lIld to shout at us promising ell'rnal punishment-in short, to represent til(' inlinitl'. J 10\\

are \\'(' to prewllt illusion, if not hy means of the rigorolls di~tirll"ti()n of till' trul' intinitC' and til(' correct appreciation of times Till: ",IMUI Al"RllM AND ANell-NT 1'1111 OSUI'IIY

277

ithin til\' othn. ,1IId of the pas...agt's 10 til\' limit "hich tlwy ill1pl~'? ~lIdl is tilt' Ilwaning of Naturalism. I'hanta"'ll1' tlwn I)("l:onlt' ohjtx·ts of plt'a urt" t'\t'll in lilt' ..tTe(:t "hidl the~' prod un', and which linall~' app.:al'l> ul'h a... it I'; ,111 t·lTeet of swiftnt'S., or lightllt'S:. \\ hkh is att.ldltxl 1U lilt' t'xlI'rnal inh'rll'rt'nn' of \'t'~' di\t'n.t, ohjl'~:ts-as a t"ClIldt'll!>iltion of MI~'n'N>iun:,> ,md simultaneities. '11lt' IdlM' infinilt' is thl..' prindpk' of tilt' t1i...turl>.lion "\\ hat is tilt' u,'>C' of rhilosoph~'?" tht' an:.\,,'r 11111:'>t l>t,; whal otlwr ohjt"t·t \\ould hat"(' an illtl..·r!..·st in holding forth lilt' im.lg'" of .1 fH't' Ill.:an ..1Iltl in denouncing all of the forn'S whit:h Ilt'1.'t1 I1wth and lrouhlt"tl spiril in oHlt'r to ('stablish tlwir power? Nature is not oppoSt.'t! to nlstO!ll, for tln-n' an' natural ('ustoms. Natun' is nut opposed 10 conH'ntion: that till' law dq>cnds upon cOll\'cnlion.~ deX's nlll {'xdud\' Ihe I'XiSIt'IU"t' of natural law, that is, a natural function of law II hii'll nn-asun's tilt' illt'gitimac~' of desir('s again.~t Ihl' disturhanl.."l' of spirit which an'ompanit's tlll'm, NatlJr(' is not 0pp0st't.l to inwl\tion, inn'ntions lX'ing di:'("(l\"t'ril's of N,ltun' itst'lf, But NaLUrc is oppose{1 to m~,th. IkstTibing tilt' histor~' of hurnanit~·, Lucrelius olTt'rs us a son of 1.1" of cmnpl'nSdtion: man':, unhappim'ss ('Olnes not from his C'lbtom:., (·onlt'ntions. in\"t'ntinns, or indu~tn·. but from tilt' sid... of nWlh , whit'h i:. mixed \\ ith tllt'l11, anti from tht' falst" intinitt, "hidl it intnxluCt,s intu his fel'lings ami hi:. \\ork:", To til(' origins of languagt'. thl' (liS("(l\t'~' of lirt:,. .:and the tin.t nlt'tals ro~·alty. \walth, and proptTt~' aH' ;uMell. "hidl an' m~·thil"al in tlll'ir prindplt·; to the eonwnlions of la\\ and juslin', the hdi~f in gods: to tilt' uS(' of hroll7.(" ami iron, til(' t!e\"t'lopnwnt of \\.:ar; to tilt' ill\"t'ntioll:' of art and industry'. luxu~' and rH'n;t~·, Th(' ('WiltS \\ hkh bring about lilt' unh,lppim':"S of Ill1lnanit~, art' inSt'llarahll' from th..· m~·ths \\ hid1 n'llIln tlwm possible. To distinguish in lllt'n "hat amounts to myth and "hat alllounts to' N.:atUH', and in Natlln' itself, 10 di"tingubh "h.lt is trul\' infinilt' frolll . \\ hat is Ilot -sIKh is tilt' pral"tkal and Spl'('Ulat iw ohjt'ct of Naturalism, The tirst philosoplwr is a nalllr,llist; Iw slwaks ahollt natun', ratlwr than "llI'.lking ahoul till' gOlIs. Ilis condition L, lhal his disnlUrSt' shall lIot itlll"llllu:'t' into philo~,ph~' IW\\ myths that Ilould dt'Jlri\l' N,l{un' of all it!> Ilt)siti\'il~" Al'Ii\l' gClll... alv til(' nwth of r.·ligion.•1S dt·...till\" i., till' ne...tvd

0Ill' ,\

-

-

111\ th of ,1 1:11."" phpics, and Being. til\' Om' alld tlw Wholt' an' till' In~ th 01 .1 1:11....· philosoph)' totall~' impn'gn.lh'd h~' tlll'olog~" :\""\I'r lI,ls tilt' t'Ilt,,·rpriSl..' of "tkllw...till,,·.lIion" Iwen ('.lrri('(1 furtllt'r, Til., 1ll~lh i., ah\a~'s tht' l'xprt,;,>.~i()n· Ill' tilt' f.lIM· inlinill' .lilt! of tilt' tll~ltlrh.lIlt ..· of :,>pirit. Onl..' of tilt' mo~t profount! n)ll~t.lIlts of Naturalism I' tu tI.·noun(·..· "''''r;o·thing that i:. ....lolm·:.:.. I..·It'I'}·thing that is tht' l'auSt' of .......In.......... and t·\t'r~·thing that nlx"ll:'> 1>.1t1nl':"S to t'xl'rdM' its pO\\t'r. lO hom Im·n:tiu:. to Nil·t:t.~dl{·, tin- 1>.1n1o.' t'nd i:. pursut't.l and attainl.."tl. :\"alllr,lli~m makD. uf thought and M'lbihilih' all .:aAiml.:ation. It tlirt't.'t:. its alt,l( k .lg.:aimt thl' pn'Stigl..''''of till..' nt'g.:ati\ t'; 'it dl'(>ri\t'S tilt' nt-gati\t· uf all Ib pm\l,'r; it H'fus,:s to till..' spirit of tilt' m-gatiw tilt' right to spt.'.lk in lilt' nanw uf philosoph~'. The spirit of tilt.' nl-gatiw madt' an appl..·arann· out of till' St.'llsihlt-; amllinkt.-d tilt' int..tli~ihlt' to till' Ont' or the Whok'. BUI Ihi:'> Wholt', this Ont', was but a nuthingnl..·:>\ 11 .... 1 1'1111 (1'01'11'

179

II. Phantasm and Modern Literature

J.

KI

O~~OW~KI

OR ItUUII-::'-LANttliAGI:

Klossowsk.i's work is built ulx>n an astonishing parallelism lx'IWttn lxxl~' and Ianguag\". or radWT on a reflection of one in thl' other. Reasoning is the operation oflanguage, but pantomime is the operation of till' hady. On tht, basi.. of moth"lOS ~'('t to be dt'(t'mlincd. Klossowski thinks that reasoning has a thrologi, hut onl~' shows ~'oung suspend('(1 Ixxlit'" \\hich Iwsitate and fall in a frozl'1l mOl't'ment. In Klossowski, \\hn mJkt·~ usc of a rompl a "glorious body" for ~pu~ miJl(i~, Tl1l'rt' is no obsct.'ne i~ itself. s.l~'~ I\.lossowski; that is, the ohs(.'t't'nds itSt,lf as it rdk't.'b a I)()(I~'. "Tlwl'l' is nothing more \'('rhal than tht, t'X("('SS('S of tht' Ilt'Sh.... TIlt' rt'itt'ratL'(1 deSCription of the t'arnal act not only n'l'il'\\S till' trJnsgn'ssion, it is it.~'lf a transgrt'Ssion of languJgt' h~' languagt'," I In anothtT n'SI}('l't. it i.~ our \.'Ixx:h whkh h,lS disco\"t'rt'(l theology. Ont' no langt'r nt,(,ds to 1ll,'lit'\(, in Gutl. \Vt' St't.'k rathl'r the "structurt'," that is, tllt'It-lllll whi('h llla~' II\' till('(! \\ ilh 11\'Ht'[~. hut the structurt' has nl/ nt't'd to 1)(' tilted in ordt'r to Ill.' t..lIlt'd "tlll'ologit'al." Tln'Olog~' is nO\I tilt' ~\'i\'nn' of nOllt'xisling ('llIitit'S, tilt' m:\lltll'r in Ilhieh tlwst't'mitit,., -di\il1l' or anti-t!i\'int', "Christ or Antidlrist-animatt' langllagl~ and I1Mk t' for it Ihi~ gl()ri()ll.~ hod\' whit'll i.' di\'idt'd into t!i;jlll~'ti()n.~. :'\il'I/_,dw\ pr\'dit'tion ;ahoul th~' link IWt\\'t't'n (;od ,lilt! grammar ha~ 1'II'I'n n"lli/.l·d; hUI thi~ tilll!' it b a I't'("ogni,.t,t! link, \\'illt'~I, ,lctl'd out. lllln1l"1, "hl'~ilatl'd," dl'\l'lopt,t1 in tilt' fu~ st'n~l' of till' disjunt'lion, .lIlt! pl,lll'cl in lIlt' .'I·nin' Ill" tllt' Alltkhrist-llilln~·...m tTucilit'd. If p,'rwrl'1I \ N I A ... ,\\ A N I) M

(J J)

I

I(

N I I , I It -\., U H I'

2~

I

sion is til\' PO\\VT Iwtittillg the hody, "~·lIogism. TIll' rapt'S of Rohertt' pun~ur.· till' luss of pl.'rsonal idt'ntit~· and to t!issokt, till' sd{ This is the :!>hining troph~' that Klo!:oSO\\ski's CharaCI('rs hring ha('k from a \'o\'age to tilt' ,,·dgt· of madm'ss, But a~ it hapl'Il'ns. till' dissolution of Ihe S('lf t';:aSl"S to I'll' a l)dthoJr~j('.ll dl'l('nllinJtion in order to 1'Il'Conw til(' miglltit"St pow"r, rit'h in I~siti\l' and ....'IUI,l":'· promiSl's. 'I'll(' St.,lf is "corn~ptl'tr' onl~' I)(·('au~t'. in till' lirsl inst.l1U"l" it is dissoll'l"' MtllJllt'i IITI'l(A'lllIU,

2S1

, \

"

of thl' idea of I::vil. TIll' 1'~sl'lltial rdation. thai is, till' complkil}' of sight with sIx'I'ch app.,..ars. For what can olle do. \>is-a-\'is doubles, sim~lana, or rd!l'("tiom. utlwr than speak? With fl'sfX't-"t to that which can unly Iw Sl'l'n ,mil Ill'.lrd, ",hidl is Ill'wr c:onfimll.:d by 3nutllt'r organ and is tlw ullin'! of Forgl:uing in Illl'mof)'. of all L1nimaginahll' ill imagination, ami of an Unthinkable in thought-what clSl' Gill DIll' do, otlu..'r than spt·.lk of it? L"lllguagc is itself the ultimate double which I'XPn.'SS(.'s all

doubks-lhc hight'Sl of simulacl'"a. Freud daboratl'tl SOIlW actin·-r.assi\,c (:oupk's conct'ming till' \'oYI'uris! . ami exhibitionist modes. This schl'ma. howewr. docs nol satisf" Klossowski, who thinks that slxx"t.'h is thl' onl~' acth'it~' corrl"Sponding to thC' pas.~i\·ity of sight, and thl' onl)" actiOll corrl"Slx>nding to the llassion of sight. Specch is our acti\'C' conduct with rl"Spect to rdk'Ctions. cchoes. and doubles-for tht, sake of bringing them together and also of eliciting t1ll'm, If Sight is pen·cl"SC. so too is slx'CCh, For dearl~' it is llot a matter, as in the case of a child. of speaking 10 doubk"S and to simulacra. It is a malll'r of speaking of them. To whom? Oncc again, to spirits, As soon as we "name" or "designate" something or someone, on the condition that this Ix- done with the nea.."Ssary precision and alX>H' all the nea..-ssan' st\'le. we "dl'nouncc" as well: we rcmo\'c the name, or rather cauS: th~ multiplicit~, of the denominatl'tj to rise up under the name; we divide, \w refll'Ct the thing. we gin-. under the same name. many objl'Cts to sec, just as S("Cing gives, in a glance. so much to slx'ak about. One nC\'er slX'aks to soml'Onl', but e!f soml'One to a pO\\t'r apt to rcllrt1. and dh'idl' it. This is wh~' one dOL"S not name something without also llel10uncing it to a spirit. which scr\"l"S a... a strange mirror. (A-tan:. in his spl('ndid conceit, says: I did not slX'ak to Hobent', I did not nanll' 'a spirit' for her. On the contrary'. I nanuxl Holwne to til(' spirit and, in this \\'.1)'. 'denouncM' hC'r-in order that the spirit might n'wal what she hid. and in order that sl1(' finally lil>l'ratt' what was gathel"l'd undt'r Iwr namc. 6 Sometimes sight induces spl'el'h, and sOI111'tinll's spet'l-h It'Mls Sight. But there is always the Illultiplication and th(' rdleetion of what is secn and slx>kt'n-as well as of the pc.'rson who sel'S and speaks: the slx'akl'r participates in the grand di...solution of sel\'l's, and e\'en commands or pro\'okt's it. Michel hlucault has written a fine article on Klossowski. in which he allalp~l's 11ll' play of doubles and simulacra, of Sight and languagl\ I k attrihutes Kloss()\\'skian cah'gorit's of sight to them: simulacrum, similitudt', and

.

21f4

AI'I'I-NlIlX

simulation. Call'gories of languagl' nlrn'~l)(llld to thc.'m: ('\'ocation, prol"()(."alion, and rc\·ocation. Sight .'pHIS what it sec.'." inlO two and llluitiplies tilt' myeur; likl'wisl', languag\' dt'nOllnccs what it says ami multiplies thl' speaker (thus tht' rnultiplidt~, of slllX'rimlx>sl'd \'oicl"S in 7

I,' .'WUUJ':lIf).

That Ixxlil'S slx'ak has bl"'11 known for a long timt'. Klossowski, hO\\t'\l'r, dL'Signatl"S a Ix>int \\hil'h is ,llmost thl' cc.'nh'r at which I.lngu,lgt- is formed. Bdng a Latinist. Ill' inmh"S Quintillian: the lxxl~' is cap,llllt· of gl"Sturl's which prompt an ul1dt'rstanding contrar:' to what thc.'~· indicate, In language, thl, ('(Iui\',llt'nts of such gc.'stures are call('(j 8 "so/«ums... For example, one aml may IX' USL-d to hold ofT an aggTl"SSOr \\ hilt, thl' other is held open to him. in SL'eming welcome. Or the samc.' hand ma\' IX' USl-d to hold ofT, but is incapahle of doing so without also offering ;n open palm, And there is also this pla~' of the fingers, some bdng held 0lx-n, and others, dOSl'lI, l1ms, Ocun' has a collcction of S("Crc.'! paintings by the imaginaf)' paintt'r Tonnl'rrc. who is c10S(" to Ingn'S. Chasseriau, and Courbet, and knows that painting is in the solecism of bOllies. as, for example, in Lucrt'"l;ia's ambiguous gesture. His imaginary' dl"SCriptions are likl' shining Stl'reol~'pes punctuating La P.bOCQflon. And in his own drawings-canvasses of great beaut~'­ Klossowski willfully lea\'es tht, scxual orgao indett'rminate, pro\'idcd that he o\·t'T{letl'mlin.lrah'! And Roberl ce scm ('mls \\ ith Rohl.. n(·'s gl'Sture-lwr holding out "a pair of kl'~'s to Vit'tor, which he toudll"s though IW\'I'r tak{'S," This b. a suslx'mled sn.. ne, a genuindv frozi.'n caS('adl', \\ hich rdle(:ts all thi.' dikmmas and s~·lIogiS;;S \\ ith -which "the spirits" had aSl>olilt'(l Rubl'nt' during Iu-r ralx". BUI if the body is f1..xion, so too is languolgt'. An t,ntir(" rdll'(.'tion of words, or a rdlt.'(1.ion in \\onls, is nt·l.'I'SS.l~' for the lIuional d)aracter of languagl' to appI'ar, tina II)' !ilx'rah'(! of ('\"e~,thing thaI l·on'rs it up and l"Ono,-'als it. In an admirable translation of till' ,"I'MW, Klos.~wski makl'S this point ob\'ious: st~'listic rl'Sl'arch must bring forth thl' image out of a IIl'xion rdll'(-h'(l in two \\ortls-a IIl'xion that would I>t., opposl'(l to itSl,lf ami n,n,'ctl..1on itself in words. Sud) is 1111' pusitin' I>owt.>r of a sUlx'rior "sol.'{·ism,'" or the lorcI' of PClt.. t~· l"onstitutt..1 in tilt' dash and t·opulatinn of \\onls, If languagl' mll/Of{'{ IXltli.'s, it is not through onolllatopoei,l, but through tll'xion. Ami if Ixxlit'S imit,l{(' J.mguagc, il is not through org,lIls. but throllgh 1I1'xion, There is an entin' p,mtominU', inh'rnal to langu,lgl" as a di~I·Ollrst' or a stor~' within tlw hod~', If gestllTl's spt'ak, il is tirst of all IWI'ausI' words mimic gl'stlin'S: "Virgil's ('pic IX)('tll is. in fal't, a t1watl'r II hl'l"I' words mimk tilt' gt'stun's 'lnd tilt" nwntal ~I,lh's of till' ell.uach'rs, \Vords, not botlit's. strikt· a IXIS!'; words, not g,lrnWIlIS, an' WO\'en; \, (Jl'Ils, not ,1rI11tlrS, sparklt,...." HI Tlwn' would Ilt.' a gn'at dl'al to sa)' alllllll Klossowski's ,s~'nl,lx, which is itself madt' of t'ascad•.'s, suspt'nsc, ;md rdk('h'd t1.'xions, In 1I.'xion, .ll"l"ording 10 Klossowski, tllI'n' is a (1Illlhl., "tran~gn's~i{lI\"-of langllage b~' tI~t' tlt'sh ,md of tilt' lIl'sll b~' ll'lh

AI'I'I NIlIX

1,H1gu,lgl', II I [I' was ahl t ' 10 tll'ri\!' from thi~ ,1 st\'11' alld a rniruicr\'-, a particular IlIld)' al onn':

l"lI~tin~I'lr langllagl' and

\\'h,lt i~ til(' rull' of tllt'SI' suslx'llIl\'d ~t'I'IlI'S? [t is It-s~ a {IUt'stion of ,1 nmiinualiull Ih,ln of grasping tllI'm ,1:' tilt' obj.,!"t of a funtlanwntal rt'fll.'tition: "Lili' rdh'Talillg itsclf in onkr to n'{'Owr its hold on il~df during it~ 1;"II-as if holtling it:, hrt'.lth in all instant,lIlt'ouS appn'lwnsioll uf i;s origin; but tilt' rt'itera~tion of Jill' h~' itSt'lf would Ill.' hopdl'~''i \\ ithnllt tilt' simulacnllll of tht' artisl \\110, h~' repr<xlucing thi:. Spt'('tadl', ~IIl"I'I.....ls in (!t'li\"('ring himself frolll ft'ilt'r.ltioll. ",I! This is till' strang~' t1wnw of a Sol\"ing Tl'lx,tition, that ~\I'!> (L'i tirst and fOTl"IllQSt fron~ n'I>l.'tition, pS~·t-hoa~lalysis, it is tnll', tJught us that \\'(' olr(" ill from rt'I",..titiun, hut it also taught us that \\"(' art' Iwal("(1 through repetition, l..e Sm.!Uklir is, pTl"Cisd~" thl' an'ount of a :.dhatioll or a "cure.'" This cun', hOWI'\'I'r. OWl'S 1t.'SS to tht" attention of tilt' disturhing Doctor Ygdrasil tholn tu t!ll'at~'r Tl·hearsals and to th(".1trK-al Tl'lx,tition. But what must thl'atril'al Tl"lx,titioll lx, for it to be (-aIMbll' of Sl"Curing sah'atton? '111(" RcMX'nl.' of l..e ~ffI..ur pla~'s ce SO" ,md shl' di\·id{'S herself into two Rolll.·rtt'S. If sht., rept'ats too t.'xact!\', if silt' at'ts tht.' rol{, too naturall~', Tl'!x,tition miSSl'S its mark. no k'SS th~n if sill' pla~'e(1 the role badl~' and rl'l)r()l.lun...1 it ,)wkwardl~', Is this a nt'w in~()luhlt' dilt'mllla? Or should \\1' ratlwr imagine two sorts of repetition, Olll' fdlM.' and till' otlwr truI', 0111' hOIX'I{"S.~ and the other salutan', one (·oll:.lraining and til(' otha lilwrating: Ollt' \1 hit-h would haw cxa·ctnl."SS a~ its {·ontradictor~' crill'rion, and anotlwr whit·h would rt.'Spond to otl\l'r critt'ria? Onl' tlwnw runs through till' ('ntin' wurk uf KIQSsowski: thl' opposition Ilt:I\\I'I'n I'Xdlangc and trut' n'lX"tition. For ('xdlangt' implil'S onl~' n'M'mhlann', {'\"I'n if til(' rt'S('mhlant"l' is t'xtn'nll', Exactlllon gh'ing without n'turn and nCl'l'r rt"n'i\'ing! You ("annol Ii\"(" wilhollt submitting to the unin'rs;al law of \'xchange. ". '1110.' pr3('tlee of hospitality, sudl 3S ~'()U ('OTlccit'c it. (.'annot be uni13h'r31. Like an)' hospit3lit~', this (and cslx'("iilll~' this) requin.-s an absolule n'ciprocit~' in .order to lx' \'iabll'; that's the hunllC('no.:s which dl'rin' tlwir l>l-,rn'n;it~' from th.., mutual I'IIANTA~M ANI> MODI,H.N IITI-H.ATUH.I,

289

indil1;:rclln' onl\' of lilt' vuung rl1.'opll'; but also !>ecrU's \\ hidl culminate with a dtmlll:,11 or a liitl;'rel1~'t' of It'wl, n'sunwd in ,1 n'\Wlition of blll:!.u.'~t· and \ bion; sn'11I'S of pOsst'ssion. properly Sl>lu...1 thl'lll OWL II

It is gooO nl'\\, so important, and ~'l't so diffen'nt. 1·Ilt.uuntt'r ('at·h other on tlw theme of boc:l~'-languag(', of pomograph)·. rl'JX'tition. pomograplwr-R'pcater, and writl'r-itl'rator (lJllfriJfl'ur-lthafCllr). What is tl1l' dilt'mma? 1-101\ is thl' disjunct in' s~'lIogism, \\ilk-h t'''presses tht· dilemma. made UI)? Tht· lxxl~' to; language; hut it mJ~' mnn'al the :'Ix'('('h that it is-it l'an hide il. "111(' boc:l~' may, anti ordinaril~' d()('S, \\ish for silt'fll1: with r'l'Slx·t't 10 its works, In this ('aSt·, rqln-s.-.t'(1 h~' the hod~' but abo proj('('h'(I, d,~kgatt-d, ami alit'nateel SI)('('('" bt'('onws the diM'our'St' of a Ix'auliful soul that sp'·ak... of la\\~ and \'irtUt'S while kt"-,ping sil('nl OWl' thl~ I)()CI~" It is dear, in this (·aSt." Ihat Sl)l."('('h itsdf is pun'. sn to slx'ak. hut that tin- silenn' on which it n's!:; is impur\', My holding its sill·Ill'\'. at Ollt·t· ('()wring up ami ddt'gating its ~I)l.'t'('h, tht, hoely (kliwr'S us O\'t'r 10 sill'nt imaginings. In tin- Sl'c'l\(' of Iwr ralX' by till' ColOl!!sUS anti thl' Ilurwhh.1Ck (Ihat is, h~' spirits \\hieh in tlwlllsdn..'S Ill,uk a difl~'n'Il('I' of I,'\'ds as till' ultimah' n·alih'). WI' Iwar Hohl~rh' say: "Whal an' \'flU goinl:!. 10 do with liS, and what ;r\, \\"1' going to do with \'our 11\'sh? Shall\\"I' :'al il sinet· il is still ablt' 10 spl:ak? C)r ~hall W(' In'at i, as if it had to mainlain sill'nn' lon'\"I'r? ... Ilow could ion. Th\')" ;'It·t I'll ht'r IWllly, insid"'Il(~r l)(x!\·,Il.llillg takt'lIll1l til(' form tJf"Ullelt-sirahll' thought..." .It ono' colossal'aml dl\:lrlish. SIIl·h is thl' lirsl tl'nn of til\' dilt'mllla: either Rol)(·rte kt·c'Ps (Iuid hut provoke':'!! tilt' .lggn's"ioll of ,pirit:., l1idl'l> in this silenl't'...Sp.....:ak ,md 1\1' dll!!olppl'ar," :iay tilt' spirib 10 I{ul"lt,'rh', 'I ()Ol-:- Kloss()\\ski sirnpl~' mt'Jn that ~1'II·.:aking pn'w!\ts liS from thinking ahout na.st~· things? No; till' pun' IJngmg..., which proclun..' S an impure sill'nn' t'i a pronxul!on of thl' mind b~' till' bod~'; similarl~" till' impllrt· Iilnguagl' whic:h protlul't'S a pun' sill'Ill'(' is a rCHJCUl!on of thl' bocl~ b~' the mind. A.'i Sad(·'s heTOl'S SJ~', it is not tht, Ixxlit'S \\hich an' pn'S('nt that (·xcit(· thl' lil)(·rtin(', hut ratlll'r tlll' gn'Jt id"a of what is not th"'rl', In SOldt', "!lOnlOJ;?,rall!w . is a foml of till' hattl...' of tht, mintl aoainst th..., ll....~h ... Mort, pn't.'ise:h', what t.. rt'mh..d in tilt' Ixx,,"? Klosso\\ski's illll>\\l'r is that it is till' i~tt'grity of til\' hoc:l~'. and that 'lx'(OlUS(' of this tilt' id"lllit~, of tilt' I)l..'rson is SOlllt·\\ h,ll susp('mlcd anel \"Oliltiliz("(1. This anl>l\t~r il> undoubtt"t.lly "'-',:"' rompk·x. It l>u01t,(·:.. how('\'er, to makl' us M'!lM' thill thl' bod~'-Iangllagt' dilt'nuna is t'Stahlbhl'(l Ix·twt'(·n two rdatiolll> of Ihl' hod~' i1nd languag"·. '111t' l'tlUplt· "pun' 1.1llguagt'limpun' ...i1"lIn·" d"l>ignilh'S a ('('nain rl'lation, ill \\ hidl languau(' brings tilt' idt·ntit~· of J p..·1'"S01l and tlw inhogrit~, of a hotly togl.t111~r il~ a n'Sl~nsihl(' ...d f, hut maintains a :.ill'nl'I' ahout all Ih\' fOKI-s \\ hich ('auS(' till' db,,'\olulion of tltb M·lf. Or langu.lgl· it.wlf 1M,'('om...'S OIl(' of tht,St· fOrn'l> and tdkt.... dl.:arg'· of alt till'S t',lM,', \\1' han' tilt' olllt'r tt'rm of tl1I' dikmma: "illlpurt· Iilnguilgt'/purl' l>ill·/1(·I·... In ullwr \\ord..., tilt' aht'rIlillill' i.'\ 1M,'II\I"'n t\\O purili,''', thl' f,llsl' and till' tnlt', lilt' pllrit~· of n·sl)()nsihilit~· and tilt' pllril~' of inm)("'nn', tlw purit~· of l"ll'rnor~' Jnd lilt' purit~· of I;orgdful. n,"~. J'u~ing tht' prohlt-rn from a Iinguistk point of I'it'\\', l,e Baphomel '.IY~: "I/ha tlw Ilords ,In' r,'(',llll'd hut tlwir S,'I1."" rem.lins ohseun'; or thl' .'t'lhl· allpt·.1(l> \\ IWIl tilt' Illt'mor~' llf tl1I' words dis.1Plwars, Mon· profound I\' ."ill. til\' n"tuft· of tI\I' dill'mllla is tI\I'ologit'al. (htalt· i,~ ,1 11(()li·~.,or ill" tht·(llll!.~" Il' RUl'homend upon the Ixxlr Hl' suhmits til\' spirits to the privati\'\' function of the !X'TSOn and to 11ll' pri"ati\'(' funuul:- a (,(·rtain rd>l'llious intt'ntion, an intention to I'Sl'alx' fr~m (;lX!·S judgnwnt: "TIll' most ancic..'nt soul:- lit, in wait for till' most rl'Centh· ,lrriH'1I. and merging b)' m('ans of aOinili('S, ('ach agn'\'S to dract' withi;l tilt' otlwrs his own rcsponsibilit~,.,,16 One da~" tht~grand mastlT r('cogni;on would pOSl' no IMrticul.u pralll('m if it did not rllll lip .lgainst a ditlil'ulh·-tl.lllll'l\', th.ll tilt' um!t-rstanding Inak(·s u~\' of origir;al ('onn'pts cal/e(1 "('ah'g~­ rl\'~· TIll'S4.· an' aln'ad)' attrihuh'd to aJ! ohjt'l'ls of po~sihl,' ,'xlx'ril.·rU",'. "-t,. "Ill'n n'ason ('n('Olillters a ('.It\'gor\". ho\\ is it going to lx' abk· to irnd Jllotlll'r ('onn'pt (·al>.lhk. in ~II 'it~ "stl'nsiol~ to" condition tht' ,Ittrihution of the l'atl'g0T':" to 011 Ohjl't'tS of possibl,' l's!x·ril.'nel'? It is at Illb point that n·a.~n is forn'tl tn inH'nt :o.upra-conditioning notions, \\hidl will lx' calk-d "Ideas." It is tlwrdor(' in a ii\'l·onda....·" wa" that rc'a~n is ddilll.'li as the ranllt\' of Idt·as. W,· will (0111 "Jde~" a ;lotion laken in all its extension whk-'; c-,onditions tlw attrihution of a (OIt('g0T':" nf rdation (substance. causalit}'. (·ommunit~·) to all Ohjl"C"ts or possihl,' l·Spt'ril'Il(·l-·. Kant's gcnilL'i lil.'S in his shO\\ing that till' sdf is the Idea \\ lIich ('om'Spon,L" to th,· catl'g0T':" of sllbstdr~'('. In(I('('(1, th,' Sl·lf conditium not onl~' the attribution of this ('ah-g0T':" to plwnonU'na of illlll'r :>(·ns('. hilt to those.' of OUh'r S('nSl' a.'i \\dl. in \'inlle of tlll'ir no kss gn'at inmU'diac~" Thus, til(' Sl'lf is rl.·w.. . ll'(! as the uniwrsal prinieplc of thl' (dt'-gorkal s~'"ogism. insofar as this rdatl'S a ph"nolllt'non d('temline
r ",\\ \ N

I J \ltJ

l)

I I{'" I

rI

J I{.-l. J

Ill{ I

"is dl'rin"tl" fmlll it: it rt'sts in dTl·t:t on thl' limitation of this totality, "inasllludl as l>.lrt of it (r.lrtIClIXlllon: ,,' am not a l,"n'a.tor who ell:-I.H\'" Ix'ing to \\hat ht' nt'alt'S. his C"r't'ation in a singll' !'o\·Ir, ami th~ :odf in,l ~ingl:' IKKI~ ...... 'l1w s~'stem of till' Antichrbt is tilt' s~'stl"m of sinm1.lcr,l l,1)IJCN,·,J to th,' \\orld of id"IHitks. But • .l:- lilt" :-imlilacnim di:-lllb.,,'!'o i(klltit~" SIX'l'(:t to :-Ollll'ont' wllo ('XpfL"SSl'S hilll.. . dr ,lilt I \\ ho would lx' mon'(l. hut \\ ith n'~lx t to something thaI is pun'I~' l'Xprt':-S!.'(1. pun' motion or pun' "~pirit"-wTl!A' as a pn'-intli\idu,)1 :.inglilarit\', or an int('nsit\· \\hit·h l"(>Illt':- hal'k to itself tllrough others. 'rllis is how thl' naml" "Rolx,rtc" did not (!.-signate a person, but ratlwr ('xpn'ss('d a primal)" intl'nsit~" or th,lt B'lphomet ~'ruits the difl'cn'nn' of in1ing into til(' otlw.......1Ilt! \\ ills it.~I·lf nnh· through a Sl'ril'S of roll'S \\ hkh iln,' nol its "~\ n, Intt'mi'y, Iwing alrt'a~I~' difl'(;"-'ncl' in it.~I'If. opens onto disjoint or d'\I'~"llt M·ril.·..... But sinn' till' sl-rit's .lrl' not SUbjt'l·t to till' condition of th l, itlt·lltit~ of a l'mK"pt in g,,-·Ilt·ral, no mort.' than til(' l·ntity \\hkh tr,l\ ....... ~." tlwlll b :-Uhjt't1 to tilt' idt.·ntit~· {If a :-df il:. imlhidual. til(' 1'1'''''-1''''':'1 " ' I ) :'1111111l' 11'IIIl"Ttllll

disjullLlions sta~' di.~junctions. Their syntlwsis. hOWl'n-f, is no longer

take on, to the contrar\', all allimlati\'(' , Sl'n.~t' b~' rlWJns of which Ihl' mobile entity pass('s through all the disjoint SI'rit's. In short. di\'l'rgl'nn' and disjunction as sudl Ix'conn- the ohit'I'1 of aAirmation. The trw: subject of til(' ('h:rnal return is the inh'nsil~' and Singularity; ,hI..' relation bctWL't'1l til(' ('I('rnal n'tllnl as

l'XdllSh'I'

or

llt'
II ('alth or Job a~l~1 fhl.' child or Ahr;lh,ull, tilt' Tt'SlIrrtTtet! hody and the rt'(,o\'lT~'d sdr. I hl'Tt' is a diOi-rI'IKt' in naturt· betwcell what returns "on('(' and for all" and whal retllrns for ('aeh and cver\, timt·, or for an inlinih' numbl'r of times, The d~'rnar n·turn is indt'l"tl t'he Wholt" but it i., dw \Vhole which is said of disjoint lllt'mlx'TS or di\"Crgent seril'S: it do~'s 110t bring e\·er)·thing I"'l'k, it dOl's not bring about ~h!.' return of th.lt \\hidl returns but oncc. nanwly. that which aspires to reet'nt!.'r lhe drde. 10 render the scril'S cOllwrgl·nt. anti to r~'stOT(' the sdr. the \wrld, and God. In thl' cirdl' of DiorwSllS, Christ will not r!.'turn; the ordt'r of the Antil-hrist chast'S till' athl:r or it in ,1 cI,'ad tre'", in order to produCt· an instantant"'Ous s~'mphon~' \\ hos.: ;,ok pc.'rfomlt:r !1lUl't ht, til(' \\ Ind. 'nlis is how tilt' din of tilt' ('anh is in tllm transpont'C.l 111 tilt' ht'an-ns ami h,'Colll'':> an organiz,'C.I. Cd('Mi.ll :-cnllul-pansonorit~· - a "nm:;k Ihat was trul\' of tilt' d"ITlt~nb.'· I In th,·S(' 1\\0 \\a\'s. the gn'at goat fn...'S th.· I::lt>nw;lts. It \\ ill 1)(' nOIl'(lthat tht' "arth and '.IiI' act 1,'Ss as I),)rtit"ular .:fo.:'s '-Rohinson, It h,lS ofh'!l I)('o'n said lhat til\' t1ll'nw of Rohinson in D"fi)o,"s work was not onlt' a ston'. hut an "inslrUllwnt of I'l's.'arc!l"-a n'St'ardl which starts ~lIt frOl~l tilt' tkl'l'rt island and .lspirl's to rl'l.·onstiwt\' tilt' origins and rill' rigorous nrd,'f of \Iurks an~1 t'ClIltlUt'sts whidl happ.'n with lillW, But it is dl',lr that til\' ro'st'arch IS tt\in' fal.~ili.,d, On Ollt' hand, tilt' imagl' of Ill\' origins pn'slIpp0sc.'s that "

102

,'1'1'1 "I>IX

"

\\hil'll il Irit's tn gt'IlI'ralt' (!'o''t',/or I'x.lmplt-, all th.lt Rohinsnn hal> pull.'{! \\ft'('k). On the otlwr hand, lilt' \\nrJd whit-It is f\'produn't1 on Ihl' h.bis uf this origin is til\' ''(Iuitalt-nt nf til(' r("al-Ihat is, t"('ollOlnk -\\odd. or of lilt' world as il \\oultll)(" a:. it would ha\\' 10 Ix· if t1lt'n' \\I'ro' 110 s,·xualit~· (SC:'C th l ' \'·limin.llion of all :o.t'xualit\' in Dt'foc"1' Rubin• I " "011), f\ list \\1' t'ondudt' that ~'xllalil~ i:o. tilt' onl~' fanlastit' prindpl,' .lhl,' tu hring about th., de\ialinn uf Ilw \lorld from th., rigorous .,\ollomit' onlt-r as.sign.'C.1 h~' the origin? I>"foo.·'s \\ork \las, in "'short. \\.·II-intt'llliOllt'C.l: \\hat 1)('Comt":S of a man \\ho is alolle. \\ithout Otllt.rs, 1111 a dO'M·rt isl.lIld? BUI Ihe problt'lll \\as poorly POSt'C.1. For, inSh'.ld of hringing .m d .... ·xual Robinson to .1Il origin \l hich rt'produn's an 1'(.'0. lIt/mi(' \\orld similar to ollr own. or to an ardlt't~·I>C.' of our own. one l'hould h.Wt, 1,'(1 an ast'xllal Robinson to ends qUIl(" dlfft'rt."n/ and dllw9cnI from our,:, in a fantastk world whidl has ils,'lf dt·\·ialt·d, B~' raising tilt' prohlem III t,'nus of ~nd, and nOI in It'rms of origin, Tournicr mak"s it impossibl,' for him 10 allow Robinson 10 le.wI' Ih;' island. Tht' .'nd, thai b, R~JI~illson's li~laJ g~ll. is "dehumanization," til(' coming togt'tlwr of tI~1' lrllltio and of tilt' /n"1,' d"'IJl(,nts. Ih.. dis('on'ry of a cosmic (·ll\.:rg~' or 01 .1 greal ,'I"/llt'lllal I-It'alth which t'an ,~lIrge onl~' on lhl' isle-.lIlt! onl), to 1I11' arable from d.'StTt ~·xll.llih'? Toumit'r's Robinson 1~ 0pp0l't'C1 to IkfOt··s in ,'irtllt, of thrl'C' strit-th,'rdat."(1 eharaetrristit--s: Ill' b rdalt'd 10 ,'nds and ~(),lls ratht'r th.lll to ~ri"ins: Ill' is sc:xual; and I '~ ~ II",' t'llll_" n'pn'.wnt a f,Ultastit' d,'\-ialion from our \\01'1.1, under Ill\' Inllu"llt., 01'.1 tr.ln"lilnllt·d sexual it \', ratlwr th.lll .m 'Tonomk rt'Proclm _ tUIII of our \\orld, undn til(' i;llpaet of a t'ontinuous dlilrt. Thb Roh ll1MJIl dnt,l' nOlhing pl'ft,'rl't', prop,-rly I'pc:akillg. )'I·t. hO\\ an' \H' 10 11'0'1' our"I',,"' I '1Il1pn'SI'IOIi 'I • l' '"nlln ,It' t lal I11' 'IS "llmM'1" p"rHTsI', ,)(Tonlilll!. ' " to hl'ud' ," IIVI 1111','Ion u I" t l\' mit' \\ I\0 tI o'\'Iat.,1' \\ it II rnpn't to ainh! rO!, I)dlk' it \ II , ' I I ' \ ,l!o It' .",11llt' t ling 10 n' ,H., Ho 'JIbon to till' origin ,md to h.h'·hillll)rIk I til.I ,1 \\01'II· I t onl'lM. lit \\ II lour 0\\ n: II 11' tlU' sanlt' IhllW L

. , . ,

I'll"

,.

'-

1 \ .. ,\\ " ' l l \101)11(' 11111( \ 11l1(1

•

,

for Toul'lli~'r to n'l,lll' him to aims and haw him dl'vi,lh' or diwrg~' with rl'spn" to til\' aims, H.('lal~'d to origins, Rohinson must P\'{·~'ss..1ril}· rl'lm~llll'~' our world, but rdatf.:d to t'nds, Ill' must dl'vi,lh'. This is an (wid d..\ ia(ion, although it is not one of thosf.: of \\ hkh Frl'ud spoke, ...inn· it i:- :-olar and take's clements as its ObjfftS: such is till' sense of L1r.lllUS. "If this Isobr ('oitionl is to be translatL'll into human language, I mu.-.t ('onsidf.:r nwsdf femininl' anel the bride of til(' sh, But that kind of anthropomorph'islll is nl('aninglO\\l'rful dement of distraction, not onl~' Ix>cauS(' thl')' constantl), bn'ak into our acti\'itK"S and interrupt ~ur t:ain of thought, but I)("('ausc till' mt'ft' I)():>!>ibilit} of their {Ioing so IlJumlllt'S a world of cooo'ms ...ituat('(1 at tilt' l'(lge of our mnsl'iOllSIll.'SS hu~ callabl(' at J.n~' momellt of !>('('oming its ("('llI('r.'" '11l(" llart of the Oh/l'('1 that I do IlOt Sl'l' I posit as \'isible to Otlwrs, so that when I will ha\'(' \\alk('(1 around to ft'ach this hidden llart, I \\i11 have joined th(' Others l>l.'hinel til\' obj('(,t, and I will haw 10taliz('(1 it in tht' wav that I had aln'ady antidllall'tl. As for tilt' obj('(·ts lX'hind Ill\' back, 'I sense th\'1ll coming togt,tlll'r and fonning a world, pr~'l'isdv b..xausc th('\' are \isihl t' to, Jnd an' s('~'n b~" Otlll'rs, And \\h.lt i,~ ·dt'pth. for m;', in at'('ortlann' \\ ith 1\ hich ohjf.:(·ts ('nno.1t'h upon orw another anc! hid(' I""'hi.nd 0I1l' .lnotlwr, J also lirl' thmugh as Iwing /'On/ble w/J,h for Otlwr:., J. \1 Icltl~ UpOll \\ hit'h tl1\'." an' aligned and pJcilil'd (from till' point of \1('\\ .1~1 anotlll'r dt'pth), In .~hort, till' Otlwr ,l~,'lIn's tht' margins and Ir,1lbltlons in tlw II odd. I Ie is till' S\\,~·\'tll(,.~S of n)lltiguiti~'s and rl'St'mhl,111l"\':-.. 1['" ' " ~ Itgu Iali'S t Iw tranSlOrmatlon.~ 0 f"lorm Jnl II lal'kground and till' \ ,1"I.ltIOI1:~,. I" I I " 0 I t'pt I, I!l' prt'\'~'nls a....'ault.~ lrom Ilt'hind. lit' fills till' \1' 'rid \\ ilh a IlI.'nt'l'nknt murmuring. I k nl.lb'.~ things indinc (O\\',1I"t!

or

I'll '\ N

r ....... ,\1·\ 1\' l)

MOD I It N

r 1 r I· It " r u It I·

,

OIW anotlwr ,1Ild tintl tlwir nalural compll'l1ll'nts in OIl\' another. When 011,' l·olllplain.~ ,lhuut t hl' ml';UlIll'SS of OIl1l'rs, Olll' forgd~ thi.'> olher and l'\\'n mort' frightt'ning Im'alllll'SS-nalm'ly, the ml'amll'~S oflhings were tlU'fl' no Otlll'r. Th,' I,lttn fl,lath'izl's Ill\' oot-knO\\ n .md lIll' llonp,:rn·in.. 1, 1)('('auS(' Otln-rs. from m~' Ix,int of \'it''', intn)(lun' the sign of till' llllSl't:n in \\ hat I do S("('. making nlt' gra~p \\ hal I do not !)('n'\'i\'c •l~ \\ hat is (X'n't'ptihle to an Otlwr. In all tlWSl' fl'Spl"t1.:., tn~· desire paSo'>!.':. through Otlwrs.•mt! through Otlwrs it fl'('\'i'l'S .lI1 obj''('1.. I dl'Sin' nothing that cannol lx' St'l'n, thought. or pos."l's.~'(1 h~' a pos..'iible Ot!1(.'r, Thai is thl' basb of nw d\'Sirt:'. It is ah\a\'s . Otlll'n. \\ho fl'late m,' dl'sin' 10 an ohj,'(,t. \Vhal happl'ns \\ hl.'n Otlll'rs art:' mis-'iing fmm tilt' stnJ(.'1.urc of the world? In that 1"1.'1(.'. tlll'rt· r\'igns alolll' tilt' hrutal opposition of 11ll' sun and t'arth, of an lllll:lt'arahlt- light ami an oh:,{'un' ah~'ss: the "summa!)' law of all or nothing." TIll' known and till' unknO\\ n, till' pt:'n:eh'cd and unpncein,d nmfront (JIll' anotlll'r ahsolllh'I~' in a hattl" with nu,mccs, "My vision of till' island is redllct'd to that of m)' own I'}l·ara· hk rl'pdition:., luoking Iikl' prt'l i~l'l~' 1>upo:rimpoSo,.. lll'nglh.. . . " B~ t·Orlll>.lring tilt' prima~' dl;'·t·b of tilt' Otlwr':. pn':-\·nt"t· .md Iho:-.t· 01 hi.. . ahlol.·nH·, \\t' art' in a pu:.itiun to '\,}~ \\ hat till' Otlwr b. TIll' elTOr 01 philo.. ophit-al tllt'orit':. il< to n·dUlt· tilt' ()t1wr :-ollwtinu'S to ,I IMrtil·• 111,11' ohjn. t, and .-.onwlinlt's to anutlwr ",ubjt·cl. (h
_ulljn·t \I it h till' "hjt,,:t, whos,' l1I\'slt'riotls n·latiol1.~hip to hims,·lr Iw s" ..ks to d,·litH'. Hut suhjn·t and obj,'et '''ll~not ,·Xl.-I .1lMrt from ont' anoth..r .~in('t· tilt'\" ,11'" onl' and tit" .'\ilnlt' thing. at tir.~t ilH,'gr.n,·d into tilt" 1"",]1 \\orld Jm! tl1I';l . Il ' ,,1',( (Jut h~' It. Th,' Other thus assures the distinction of troplll's haw b..'Cn nCCt'Ss.l~ for this pnxluction of oll sh,1ft's with till' pl'n"lril's: "Only his ('~'l'S, now, and mouth ,\,'n' al·ti\l', al..rt for I,tlibl., \\I'I,d ,lIld load spa\\n ,Ill

I'll,\.;-'; ..... , ,\\ "'''1) ,\tC)I)1 K'II IITI KA·IIlKI·

J11

drifting on till' surlJ.('l·. Iud of all terrestrial homk hi... thoughts in a half .~t~lpor pursued wstigl'S of nWmOf)" which cnwrg,·d likl" p1lantoms from til\' past to d.mn· in 1Ill' hlue gaps between motionlt'ss foliage." 1\1 TIl\' st'{'(md moment, ho\\,('n-r. rcn.., ls that till' strllclun'-Othe.r hOll had establislu.'(! on the isl'llld. It is he who brings Robinson to dislikt' the coomb. ha\'ing grown for his own pleasure anotlwr :-pt_'l'it's of Mandrake. It is he who blows up the islan(1 as he smull'S th(' forbidden tobaCl"O ne.lr .l powder kt.'g, and restorl'S the ,'arth, but also water am!lirc. to the sk~'. It is he who mah'S the dead goat (= Robinson) f1~' am! sing. Rut it is he. abo\'e all. who prl'st:nts to Rohinson till' image of thl' pl.'rsonal double as the nt.'CeSJi.lry' complement of t1w iamg(' of the island: "Robinson turned the question o\'er in his mind, for till.' first timl' Ill' was ckarl)' CIWis.lging the possibility that within till.' crude and brutish half-c,lsh~ who so I.'xaspcr,ltl.'d him another hiday might lx' conceal,'d-just as he had once suslx'Cted, lx:fore (:xploring th(' caw or dis(."owring till.' ("(>omb. that anotha Speranz.l might oc hidckn ben('ath his culth'atl.-d biland."l1 Finally. it is hI.' who leads Robinson to the disco\'e")' of tht"' Free EII.'mt"'nts, whioor simula
lj. ZOtA AND Till:: CltACK-lIl'

In I.a Beti' ill/maine the follOWing C(,Il'hrah..d passag(' can be found: -111l' fall1il~' was rcalJ)' not quite nonnal. and many of tlll'm had sonw flaw, At n'rtain timt'S. he coull! dearly fc..'C1 this h('f\'(litar;' taint. not that his health \\',u bad, for it was onl\· nen'ousll{'SS allli shamt: about hi.~ attacks that had malic him los ;\!OUJoltN I l'l1·ltATUIU·

Pi

ill-l,lf: tlw n'rl"lJr,11 l'r,lek in a \'igorous hod~' or tl1l' IT,'\ in' of thought. \Vith lilt' "XCl'ptioll of Jl'ddl'nls, as w(' shall Sl'l', till' '$ow,," is \'igorous .1IId Ill'altl\\', HUI tilt' ':9amen" is tlw nal'k-nolhing hUI till' naek, Linder Ihe~' l"ClIlditions. thl' nack lakt'S on thl' apP"d~r'1IIn' of .Ul l-pil' llt-:-tim', going from onl' sian'. or 0111' b(xh'- 10 anotlwr, fonninlJ till' red ,thn'del nf til, and l"'l'n st'nilit~· .In' in,..tim'ts. In!>tincts tend tn tUnSt'n'I', insofar as Ihe~' alwol~'s l'xpn'Ss til(' ('!Tort of Ix'rfX'tuating a wa~' of lift', But this 1Ie1) C!f f!f~, ami the instinct ill-df, m.l~' Ill' no less c!estnlcti,'e than '\·on.sc:'n'ath'C" in tilt' strkt SI'ns,' of tilt' word. Instincts manifest d'~"IllTatioll, tilt' suddell arri\'al of .In illrll'ss-the loss of Iwalth no less th.1II health itsl'lf. No Illath'r what fonn it takes, instinct is Ill'\"t'r l'onfus,'d with the crack. Rather, it maintains slrict though \'ariabl,' rdalions wilh till' na('k: sOllll'tinws, and thanks to Ihl' health or tilt' I)()(I~', it CO\'l'rs il O\"l'r and nwnds it, as Ill'st it can, for a gn'atl'r or sllOrh'r Il'ngth of timl': sonll'tim,'s till' in.~tinl"1 Ilid,'ns till' lTack, pm\'itling it \\ ith anotlll'r ori"IHation whidl l'OkUSl'lo till' pil'l"'s to splin~

P2

AI'I'I-NI>IX

~

tl'r, pro\'Oking tlll'n'h)' an aCl'id"nt in Ihl' decrl'pit ."atl' of Ihe hotly, In 1. 'Jhwmolf, for l'xample, in tilt' hou!>l' of l;l'n'aist.', lilt' ak'uholil' instim't l'Onlt'S to dOllhl,' till' original dl,fl'l·t of 11ll' nal'k, W,' 11' import of this inspiration which was tkrin·d from till' mCi:lical research of his time? It bean; precisely 011 the distinction Ix,twccn th(: two hercditi('s, which was e1aborate(! in the contemporary medical thought: a homologous and wcll-dett:rmined heredity and a "dissimilar or transformational" heredity, with a diOtls(' clla'racter. which is defining a "neuropathological family."l Now, this distinction is interesting because it easily f('places the dualism of the hereditar~' and the acquired, or cven because it renders this dualism impossible. Indeed, the small homologous heredity of the instincts mOl)' vcr)' well transmit aC(luirl.'{! charac~ teristics, This mav, even be inevitable to the extent that the formation of the instinct is inseparable from historical and social conditions. As for the grand, dissimilar heredity. it has with the aCCJuired charal·tcristics an entirely different, though no less essential. rdationship: it is a question hert' of a diffuse potentiality which is not actualized unless a transmissihle aC'luirl'd propl'rt)'. whether intern.ll or external. were to gi\'c it some particular dt'tcnnination, In other words, if it is truc that the instincts are formed and find their objl.'Ct onl), at til\'t'rim'. And as he Il(.'gins to 10\'1' SC\'l'rim' and to dist:owr th~ n'alm of tilt' instinct, death ~~pr~ads out within him-for this lo\'(' has l'OI1W from dl'ath and must return to dt'ath. Bt'ginning with tilt' (Tinw that till.' Rouhauds "Olmnitlt'd, an ..ntin' :o.~·stelll of id..ntilication)'; and rq>t'titions is tk\"t'lopt.'d which forms tlw rhythm of tilt.' hook. Initially, Lanticr idt'ntilil's immediatel)' with til,'iUllli.' di\-crst· functions (l-h, 2). The train appl..·ars first as that which rusIn'S hy, a lllobilt· slx'ctade linking the "holl' earth and nwn of e\'{'~' origin or l'n:r)' cOllntrr ~'et it is already till' slx'ctad,' spTl'MI Otlt Ix'forl' a d~'ing woman-an immobile crossing guard being rnurlkrl..,dral~~I.I't.1 motlwr of th,' mUTtI!'T \ it't im, pr''Sl'nt throughout the d,'('(>mpo:.ition of thl' lawn.. TIlt' JWllkJ. thl' .It.!wnturl· of tilt' in:;linl.1.s, is rt'ik'(·t('tl only in tilt· losm rt'J>n~'ntl'tl h~' Ihe Ilmt\·!\t'S., of the old \\oman anll b)' Iwr t'xpn~i\t' lixit~. III 1111' ('an' l.l\"islu'tlujxm heT I)\' l.....un'llt and the' theatril'al d,'(·lar,ltioll:' m,llil' Iw 'l1u"rt'S(' on hl'r 1>I'half, then' is a Iragic intensity \\ hich hJ..~ ral'd~' I>I... ·I~ 1'qll.lIlI,(1. Kut 10 1)(' precist." Ihis is onl}' the tragi

O~

DUAl-ITlI·l>

I. The GUtlener's song, in Sy/ruo Qnd Bruno, is fomlc\TH SI-Itll' ON SI:IUAl lLATION

I.

2.

J.

4. S.

6.

Janlut.'S Lu:an, F.cms (Paris: SeuiJ, 1')66)... I....• Scmin;lirt" sur Ia /wr~ ,-o/k." Sl"t, Mkhd Foucault, Ro)monJ Aound (Pni.~: Gallimanl. I'}&}). dl. 2; with n'Slx'Ct to serit'S. Srt' in paniruur PI" 780: Pit·ITt" Klossowski, Ln I,OIS ck fltospllol"i (I'aris: (J;ll1imartl, 1'}6S), A\·crtis.....nWlll, p. 7. Witold Gomhrnl\"k'l., Co.>nlOS (Nt·w York: Grovt' Prl'ss, 1')70). With rt'SIWI·t to tIll' prl'C(."tling diSl'ussion, Sloe appt'ndix I. St..... Ln,m's "Ll' M\'tlll' ind"'klud dll NcnoSl..... (paris: CD.U .• PH J). This host is ('S,S("ntial 10 ~ht· M'rial nwthod. but l~ not r('prin 1 in f~ms. &ms, p. 2~. Tl'll' paradox h('f(' tk"sc,"ribo.'d mu~t he nam II.....can·s l),lr,loIlll\' J.\lo 1.1 murglw \'l>t .a rouarglw a rangmhd\' .·t r.lngmhc.l\' a rouargIJamhtl.·: TOllS 1o.'S falomit.lrds '·taio.'nt 1o.'S chals.huants I:t In GhonIlIk'llalts .lan~ J(" (;raoogt".lnWnl."

J. u-ttc-r to Ilt'nn I'arisot, l.l.'flrt1 de Rodez (P,lris: G.LM., 1946). 4· Louis Wolfson, "1.£ Schizo ,'t Ics b.ngul'S ou 1.1 phon'''tiqut, ('ht~1. 1\, psychotiqUt,," La Trmp1,IfO(,: "This nmtinuum is mon" dOSOc'1\' (ldirK~1 JS infinitt, in ail din'l'tions, ('ollsisting ill all its phJsl.'s of apl)('~ranres or the sam.. d,.t\'rl11inahl\· X. 4-- lIusSo.·r1" ~'t:tions

100-101, and IOlff. ~. s,.•. 1·-1'. SJrtn', 11>e 'frullsct'nd"nrl: It! ,he /:,'/0 (Nt'\\' York: Noonda\' I'n'ss" 19{J). Th,· itlt',l of an "illllx'rsoliJI or pn'-rwrsonal" tranSl..·I,ntkn;al tid(l, pn)(:]udng tilcrhaps had no 1l("('ondeno: with Anuult: Gotl di.1 not lTl'atl' a sinning A(Llm ('x,Ktl~" but tilt' world in "hieh Adam has ...inned. l. St't' (Clrlt$lOn ,lftdllOllOns, sl'ction 48. Ilussl'l'l irnnwdiatl·I), orkllts thi... prohll'm toward J transcl'mklltJI thl>()~' of tilt' Otllt'r. With rt'gard to til\' roll' of th.· Otlwr in a static gosition tak"n ,l.~ a response to ;r, simple question of th(' sort "wht'll was C.lCSdr born?" With rt-gard to lhe differenc," hl'twt't'Il Ihe problem or theme 300 t1w prO(>OSition. set' LcihniJ., l\'~N' f:SSOys. Book 4, (·h. I. 1, //has, sections 114, 124, I, In a \'('n' tint, hook "ntitlt't! /.... (arlisiallisme au la r':'uable rloomlKJn des SCHonUJ (i'aris: Gauthier-Villars, 1841). Bonlas-[kmoulin shows dearly the diff.,",,,,c," bctw('t'f\ d...........· two expn.'Mions of dm.rnfcn.."l'lCt': Xl + ~,) - Rl = 0, and ,. d,' + x dx = 0, In Iht· first, I 3m doubtll'M aht.... 10 attribute [Ih'ersc ".llu~ t~ [,3ch h'nn, hut I must 3uributt' 10 them Oil(' "allK' in rarticular for ,'aeh case. In the Sl'{.·ond, d~' and dx an' imlependelll of an)" I>'lrticular "aim" and their rdation rt'f('rs onl)' 10 th,' singularitil's which ,1.·fi,1t' the trignnom,'trit' tang,'nt of the angl., whkh tilt' tang"nl to Ih....un'" n1
',WI'NTII·TH ~1·IUI-:-' I'IHIKII·M IN :-.TOIC 1'1111 O:,>OI'11Y rWI·NT"-'>I·CtlNn :-I-!{'I":--I'ORCI·I AIN AND VOlCANO

H9

tiM' imponance of "empt~· tinll''' in th.., dahon.lion of tht, C\'('nl, S("(" B. Gro... thu~·st·n, "Oc <jud<ju,'S a.~JX"''tS oIu wmps," Rtchtn'~S ph,losoph"lutS (Iupen.'go in connt'Ction with homor dding that there r'nnaint..1 much for u.~ to le....m with rt'gard to the l'SSCTICt" of the supen-go. ~. Robnt rujol T't'Ill.lrk.~. in L...c....n·s lenninolog.v: "nw lost objt.'ct c...n onl~' Ilt· signif1t't:1 ami not rtx~\"Cn..1. ..." "Approche tht'-orlqu\> du fant.-a.sme,'· 1.0 PSJdl()IkJ~~ (19f4). no. 8. p. IS, f.. s..,. lkrgson. L '£lH'r9~ spIT/IUd//' (Paris: P.U.E. 1976). PI}. 101-102.

TWI-NTY-UGIITII loUUI·lo (H lol'XlIALITY

Gililert Simondoll. I.'/ndindu rf JaBeneSl' phplco-bio1onique. p. 263. 2. This fomlS a constant tlll'IlW in Mdank Klein's work: 01 firs!. the superego n."St.·n'cs its rq)ression nOI for the libidinal drives but onl)· for the dcstruc· tive drin.'S which an'omllan)' them. Sec. for exampl." "l"ht PS)-,ho.ona~I'sis if [h,ldr/,n. p. 134- It is for this reason that anxiC't)' and gUilt do not find their origin in the libidinal drivcs. cn'n incl'Stuous on...... but in dc:"tructive (Iri,'cs and their reprt'S.~ion: "not onl~' would it bo.' thl' incestuous trends whkh gin' rise in thc first illstanCC' to a S("fl(' of guilt. but horror of incest itself would ultimatd~' bo.' dcrin:d from the dl'Struetiw impulses whK:h are bound up pemlan.... ntl~· with tht' (:hild's earliest incestuous desires." J. The firsl point-that th... s.:xual (Irh'CS art' frt'C1.1 from th(' impulses of conscn'ation or ft'eding-is dearl)" indicatC"t1 b~' J. LaplallCho..:s it suffiC(' to I'l"COgnil" in tilt' fant;lsm of incorpor.ation tht· ''luh'aI{'ncl.' bctwC('n I.'ating .and h... ing e.aten? InsofJr as the itlea of till' suhject's I>osition is maintained. ,'wn if it is p,lssin·. hal'(' Wl' Teadw(! thc most fundamental stnlctun~ of thl.· [mtasm?" J. On tht' link hctwl'cn the rewrsal of l'ontrari\.'S lond th\.· tumin£ back 011 OJl\.:sclf. as wdl as on the "lolue of till.' pronominal in this see Fn'ud. "The Instilll"ts lond Their Vki'Situtll.'S." in .lfefQps.,rcholog.r. Freud's text on COntrudlC/OfY moontn,qs In p"m",rt MTmls h.as been critkil....d by EmilI.' Bcn\'cnistc, "Remarqucs sur Ia fonction du lang,lge dans 1;1 dcr-ou\'crte fn'udicnnc," Prob/tmt's d( IlnBlIIs/I'Il/c !lnew/e. Benveniste shows that although a langu.age might 1I0t l-arry' .a certain Cilt\.'gOl)·. it \.';annot grant it a contradietol)' expression. Reading Iknl'{:nistt'. howcn>r. OIl(' has the impression that I.angWige (1oTJ[Je.w) is rlCCCSS.lril~· confused with pure processes of rationali7.ation. But dOl."S not l.angu.age (lungogt) 1lC\-erthcless impl)' paradoxic.al proct.·dul'l'S with rl"Slx'Ct 10 its m;lnift'St organi7.alion. e\'cn though these procC{lurcs arc not at all rcdudblc to the i(!(~nlitication of contraries? .... Luc\.· lrig.ara~·, "Du F.antasme t·t e1u ,"('rh..·... L',irr (1')68). no. J+ Such ;In attempt must of course rely on,) linguistk gerK'Sili of grammatiatol rdations in the \'em (\·oie..•• mood. tense. person), Examples of such geneses art' to be found in the work of Gusta\'e Guill.aunlt'. I:poques ef nll'eUI/.l umpords duns ,( .~r;{/;Im' dc fa conjl/gO/son jron(QISt', arl(I in till.' \\'ork of D.lmourdtl' arl(I Pichon. E.,iSai Jc Branrmuirc jrun(aise. 1"01. ~. PidlOn himself underlines the iml>ortance of such stu,Iit.'S for l)3tholog~'. {. Susan lsauos. "Thl' Nature .lond Function of Phant.l.~~·." in Dtrdopmems In ~r(ho-,ina~'SlJ.

Q;'X'ct.

·rIIIHTr .. HItST

.sl,ltll,~

0" TIIOUGHT

St" L.aplolnl.'he ,llltl Pont.alis. "hnt,l~mt· originain·. fantJosllll.· tit'S origin..·s. originl.· ,Iu fant.a."nlt.':·ln Tem['f .I/odirna (1')64). no. 21{.ll. 180: l'oc1 IlIKTl·-:.l-CONIl

'1·H.rl·~

ON Till· nIH·I,KI·NT KINIl:-.

H7

Sih' of l'un~i(I"rin~ initiOlIl\' th,· lirst olspt-'l:t in its own rit?,ht, without wt di~:us.~illg St·1L...•• ~\ hich l.'~l.'rg('S onl" with the second. h~ thb rt'Spt-'l."t: h,' rt'mirtCro, 1970), p. 101. 7· On till' nltxll'rn work of art, and on JoyCl.' in l:litrtk'ulitr, Sl't.' Um~rto I:co, L n.'u.'te OUletlt (Pari~: Seuil. ''}6{). On thl' constitution of dit'l'rgt·nt SC'nL'S

'In:.

H.

and lilt" manna in whidl thl')' n-sonate ;lnd communiG11t· .u th(' h.·art of •1 I·ha()~. Sl...· the profound comnwnts madc h)' \V. Gomhn)\\·ic/. in the pnfan· tn hi~ non·l Cosmos_ iI. s...... Blandlot. "Lt, Rin.: Ill'S dieux," Lo Noortlk &lW rroJrI(<JISower. llri\'ing bal.--k the so-calll...1 character, submerging it at timl'S to the I>oint of exting\,ishing it. "

I.UCRl:TlUS "NU TIll- ~1'\\Ul"CIotU'\\

L

In the entin.: critical part of Book I, Lucretius doc'S nOI c('ast~ to demand a reason for the din·m·. The diffen'nt aspects of Iliversit)· arc dl'SCrilx-..J in Hook 2, J42-]76. Sill-S88, 6(, 1-6i1 I , and 10p-I066. 1"ranslalOrf' 110ft: pas.Qgcs of the Dt &rum ,\'alUra l·itl....1 art' from RouS(' .lnd Smits' transl.ltion (Cambridge: Lnl.'!> CI.1ssil"3l Lihra')·. Han'anl Universit), Press, 1~7S)' 2. Si.'l' Hook I. the l-ritiqul' of Heraclitus, ElI1l)clloclt.'S, allil Anaxagora.~; on the nothingness which ,oats into Ihese pre-Epicurt'an l'Onceplions, see

l.

1:6S7-6OOll tilt' following opposition: to a\'oid pain as much as J>OMihll', ,1 f(,\\ Ihillg~ will suffict,; bUI 10 On"rcon11' the soul's agitalion rl, M ...·n \\'hl'lI Epicurus sa)'s of simulal'Ta, and of atoms. lhal tI\I'\' .lIT "as swift ;IS thou~ht" (umr 10 Hm"kHus. 48); it is also apl),a,rcnt \~'hcn LUCTl"tius applit"S t; lhe swiflncs.~ of simulacra the same expressions .lS IhoSt., he USl'S when s~aking of the swiftness of af()ms in thl' \"oid (~206-208 and 2:162-164). 2S· ~lJo-142. !6. S:II6<j1I In fal't, Lucretius apl>cals to two ox'xisling dements-tht" mobility of Ihe phantasm and the pcnnanelKc of tIl{' 1.'(·leslial order. n· 4:772ff, 962fT, !8. ~1094-I0M t\ND MOIlI:.RN LlTI:.RATlIRE

us

u.

1>.67.

2~. l'p.21'-212.

P. 1'1.

Sn' tl](' (·oll,-..:tion I... DeSIr tl 10 pmw5101l (Paris: Sl,'uil, 1')67). (iuy Ro!.olato's articlc, "(:tud(, (Ies lX'n'crsions sexudks J 1>'1Ttir (Ill fClichisme," (:ontains some \"l'~' inleTCSting, though too brK{ ft'marks on ".wxual dilTl,ft'nc,'" and "the doublc" (pp. 2~-26). Jean CIaI·n·,II's artk..... "Le Couple pt.'n·· el'S," shows tllat neither the I'ictim nor th,' aa:omplicc lakes Ihe plan- of an Other; (on "desubjcctil·i7.ation," Sl'l" p. '10; and on lhe distinction betwccn the cause and the object of dNin.', S('t' th.' r;arn(' author's "Remarqu('S sur 1,1 question (Ie 101. rtalitc dans IN I)("n'crsions," l.n P~..dl(Jll(]~rSl', no. 8, pp. 29OlT.). It seems thatlhcse sludies, fO\ll1de,181; ""'r:o',Ia~' .11111 IJUn' n "~n!o 138; of ,'x"'rlMl (·,,'nb. 177111; in I.lllguag", IK4; opposition bt·""..'n int'·lld,..1 .md .i("(·ompll,lk..l, 107-8; I>lWllt"'Ill. rt....uh of. 110 0\, hul",... tion. 114; lin-I ..·....1 of, I 1·11. Ill, IIS,116:ullk'of, 168 ·\.tuJIII.ltion ofdk' ""'nt, 146, 147, 14K, 149, 151. 186,lI0.1I1;"~ IllUrl:K"." 175-76: 1\\0 ,ilIlUh.ll1(~HI> dir...·lion~ "f. 7'1; lin;"". ,'.II B,.. ing ..., pun' f"rm of, 1110 ,o\lml...I, li6, 161 Ak..h,.I,~m. 154. I i7. 15K-GO. 19J, 11".

cr.

,,,,>

Akoholi~1ll

lr"""nU<J ,

H9nS; .In.1 IT.ah~. ~",,,,l.lf. rum .In.1. 15 1.7<J An,..·~'c1HlJnaJ~lit ,Ii...gn,,,is of tilt' 'IOrl.: uf. 1)7; "'·(.",,·... tlOl),I1 rn.uh.TlhltiI's of. 55-56; !olhil.Oplm·IIY in. 91-91; !ol'IN'JnooSt'n",' in. 11 I. 1 17; so·ri...1 11M-llm.1 in. 36. 41-4~; St'ric'S in. 64. M. 116-il7; .....d ...~ ,mel &ll/W'. 10. II. H. 16-n. 41_43. 44. 55; "Tim..' \'oin"'. th.·... H':In I; Ihm''!Ih Ih~ 1.....mil-('I.. ~. 1.9-10.43. H6; 10 ••... ttto h.· .'.I!t·II. 'p.,,·itK ...!t.·rrJ.lti",,, in. 1 I. 16-n. 37; ""1",\(. KrutIK·"'. tll I'" ill. l'lg-9'); .·ff.,,·t. 110; I·g." ill. 103; .·xl>lor~t"..u of. 108; f,·ar. ii ln4; g..o.1 ohl'''Cl I·"lurts. \'u;'-.· fmm. 19i-94; hi~t()~ of. 1117-95; 1",110" full. Iggg9; humor "Iltl. 141; inll'nul tl'mion of. Ig9-'JO; los.... of '·'l·~,tll>ug. in. 119; in Nit·l..:dl in. 131; ml{1iou of Iwight ttl. 199; n·pr.-s.......1 b~' h'·ight. 14 J-44; ri~k. 136; in :,>wici,m. 141; :,>uhn·""ion ..f. 143; tMllke'r of. .!I9 C...,trnion Ir",-..: I>,'("on"", lillt' of thought. 11':1·10; ll"\'t"lopm"111 ufo .11"1 pll.lntolSlll. 1111-19; pllalli(' Ii,", n"'rging ",ith. 118. lH C... 1t~Oric.·.lt s~-lIogi.~m. sdf ...s uni\'l'rs.J1 prin.:ipl.· of. 29, CrJtlo.... 3; ill IluJo. rl. ':17-98; proc.lllCt,,1 by I~~_ M'" gnIUll' 1II'IIIliti,,' wonls. llJ; ",-hi/uphr"nK1l1JrllWr uf li,ing. 87. 811, 89. 'JI-'Jl; principl... H_ H. 35. 74_7, C'HltrJrit'!>; ,1fiimhltloll of .llst"fl( t· of. 171-73~ '-Ulllildtihilil}' of. 177 Con"·rg'·'lI"'·. 159. 160; cin-k' of. 183; OIf .li"''l,'''TIt st"rit-s. 18!; it!t-,ltiorlJ.l t'l'n\t'r of. 174-75; phallus,l~ agC'1l1 of. 117; of poilils of 174; of ",,·rit.,.. 171. 171. 176. 11'). .!l6. !27. 218. 11'9. 134; w(lrlt! OlII.~titut("(1 011 th.· h.I,i.• of ",·rit'S. 1(19·10. 1 I. I 13, 114. 116 Cuonli,uticlll. 168; of ''gO. 103; of '""og_ ,·noll.. I .. n,.,.. 100; phdllus ,IS .lg,·n! nf. ll? 13 I. H; of s.:rit.~, 125 Cop~·. 2. 7. 163. 16,. 166; Pl.atonil'. 159; ,imul.lC'nml Jncl, 2SJ. 156-,8; world of. 261. 166; alld iron. 156-,7 (0)>>lIlr. 411 ('ollnlt·r-a...ttl~Ii7.;)liun. I SO. 151. l'il. 157.161,175_76.1711_79. lll; pro'....nt or. 168; ill ps~,hoalhll~sis. 111; uhinuh' 1IS(" of, 178 (·nulll,·r·,..·I1 71. 141 III Cnun ll.· l;.","·till. [40 Cr;k I.: (t1wJ. ;k·lu.llil:.~l .........kllth... of ht"l~. lll; n·n·hr... t. 241; in d,·\o·loptlWIII ph.ll1t....~m. 1111-19; in hi__ l"~' ..f 1II,lill< b. Bl; I......... l.l~ of. i!4-1'. H6; of II... ~df. 176; ... il..,"",. 1'i')-,S. 160-61; in ..urf",,', 16$: Ir.l'·'· uf •. ~'_

ur.

,-i.·".

171

Cr,ld" Imrnm....J I lratll'" .I~. 208·9;

III

!'ul.l. HI-B.

H4, III (r....t fir. II>" IH"/~...r..kli. 154-55 Cr.. ').tnl)On. 106. 107; in (·"cnt. 156; ligun'S of, 109; im"O'llOn'allp"fliOnal, 156; prot>!t'm of, IH 1:),:,ltll instinct, 1')8.108, 20'), 139. 140, 318,316·27; in ,~il('nCl', 141; in '1.,.01,1, 317·19, BO, HI Ilt·fOt·, IJaniel, 301·3, 314 D,.'t"ll'g\'l'IJn'~sion of. 172; of inlj,,,(1 of .lflinn.nion, WO; in pm,nlolSm, 215; ITl'.1tions of. 170, 171; singuluitK"l ..Iistrihuh'tl in, 214 I)i.~ju .....· tin· s~'lIogi5m, 364n2: (ilKl ;as prindpl..· of, 194-97; in Klos."O\\'ski, 280,181. 282, 285, 190·94, 300-1 I)isjum:tin' synthesis, 67. 611-69, 174, 114.116; .If1irmalion of, 176, 177, 178. 179; in C.lnull, 13'1; of hl'l,'r~ S('rin., 129; portfTl.llnh'au word, grountk-d in. 46-47; in ~xu.l1 ",..rit."l, 2J 1·32; uni\'ocit~' of tking, 179-HO l)i~I"'rit~·, 261-61 I>i~pl.ln'nlt'm, 50, 51, 53, 117, 114,

~"nn'

of. IH3; in simu[J.Crum. 161,

'M DI"''''''' (Iht'),.

1"N; o.JUt>k1~),.

""

I )i.,~ymnwlr~', 161

I>o"hl.· (·auulit~·. 102. 108; l)dr~,lox of, 144; of ph.lllUSm-,-·\',·nt. 211; s.'rit'5 of, 94-99 I )r;." n'ilt'ration, s« P;lr.f{lox of slt·ril..· tli.ision (or dr;.' rl'ill'r.ltion) DU.lJi~m. 6-7, lB. 3OH-9; ht'n'llil\'/olC_ " quin't!. 315; 11.llonil". 1 1>u.llit~1M'!oJ. lJ-17. 37,66; of .leS1t....'1ics, 260-61; Ick',l/inl.lgt,. 157; of "",Iil~" 1\4·85, 86 Ouns S!.u!U', 344nl, 151n3 ~Iltlmla r.I>L,.on" nf Otl..·rs. JO'I-IO "h",rth P'''''''''''l singul.lr:· HI I-r.~,", llolr."lnx, 29 h,'wl, ;o.iglllund, 71, liN, I'll, .10\. 1011.11 \.11 ... ,131.14.... 161,284. kH. \04, I4ln". Jiln1: /k,onJ 1M NN<MI, 711. 110. 138. 139. 14). 147, ~1. Jot"'n I: I...lirf in. 181; nk"llbting. dll,,>;.ing, 171: a~ ('hrnn,,~. I)(); "x_ Ill·ri,·m..· of pn'",·n!. 161; Jntl dL,. iurK·li,,". 176: ...Illi gr,lI11lll.lr. IHI;.ls gwr... nlor of itk'''III~ of ,,·If. 19...; Im_ mutJhilil~ of, Wi: nu.k· nun 111 In, Im.lg.·, 157-5H; nn"'r .. 191-94, WI; ." I'rilwil'l,· Ifr th.· .1 isjull< I i\rnl""", ..·,. W'lolti. l'J; PlK""!I's<Jnlt'll umk'r. 104; l."l(tr~ to, Voio- frolll Ill('f'h~', 118-19 ".·gd. 19, 173. lIl, 153; ~nomt~l. l"6n I; rt'pl"('S('nlation, 259-60 ""ighl(s), 101, H7nl; in ."'Iin·'s .1(1.,,,. 1'i+-i5, 1,6; .... "r.. 'IIlg4

:\l.lIlif,."t.llion. I i·H. 15-17. 19·10, lS. 51, %, 'J8, 9"), [01, 104.141,14'); ,'mllln.ll. 111; n'bti"n "r. 1111I'J, 120; ",If 01' prlnnpl,' of, 176; ... ·"U.l[lt~ .In' I. 142. 144; on ,;gnIIK·r. ill; ""UI"I in, 166. 11I7; "'rh .Inti, IH4; Ill' '''K'·. 194. of Ill.1ll1 wilhuut.l plal't·, 41, 47. 66.

"

O.~lipoll so·rit'S. 116. 117, 118, Hl, 141 Ot..lipoll siluollitMI, N. IBn4: ill Ah..··, a,lwllIun.,.. 137 O.~liptl.•. ISII. 101. 101, 105. 106.7, 111,211.116. H7, 144: ",olulion of, 130, lJI. HZ o.-dipus "olllpk'x, 100-1, 101-.1. 10-l-5, 108. 137, 35Jn4. J56nl On.:iric phitnl.nrns, 175. 176, In, 178 OnloKJgK-al gt'11I-Sis: logical go..~ and, 119-10; ,·k'men! of, 118

Onilliog,.'·. 17'I-SO ()r.a1-it~1

n-gn-ssion. in All«s ..\J\'tnrur~ j7. 136. H7 Uralil~" 37. 44. 84-85. 86, 181, 187. 188. 196, 199, 119. 113, 115, HI: sl....1I1l.l1l1, III; p.lr,l,lusi,.11 .·l,'nwnt .l~. 66; ph.lllu~ .1.'. llll. in ~il!nif..·il1l! s,·ri,·s. 50. 51 Pial';, 1-·1.7.1111. DU. H2. I II. l14. 115. l'JI. 264; ('o1l.oI"s. 1. 15; b",·nn.,.. I ~5; un tI... "t,t,m!. 166;

2W-

irnn~' in. I III. 147. 154-55. 156: m,,li'·.lli"ns in. 251-54. 156·57; r,mrwnttkj. 164. 165; JIllI simlllacnllll, lSI. 66; fhdc&"j. 1511; Ph<Wrus. 154. 255. 156; Irillil~ nf us...r/prOtluC'f'rlimil.:a_ lllr. 1:511-59 1'1a1.mism.7. 19. 191.154. 26J. 265; .lim of. 159; .1"Cluin of r'·prt-slt- ""rid; lilt· Ulll.-r .IS '·"prt'S.,ion

"r. mM.

J~. JIO·11. JI6

I'n·dit:dh"(.~!. 11; ,Idining IM'rsons s~'n­ 1I\(·lil·.IIJ~·, 115, 116~ •·....,·IU.•itlll

CIt:

174; prim.I~·. 106, 1117; I"gi, "t: 111 I'n·g,·nil.ll ,,·ri,·,. l!6, 111l. H1. 142. l'i7n1. J511" J l'n··ind"i,[u.ll (1Iwl. I"'U. 144111

I'n·-"'n,..·. 194; ",i.T from l1l"ighl.~ as.

IB I'r"""l1l (th'·I. 1..... 5,61-62.75.76.77. 166; in Aion, 164-65. 1611; "I' lh.· .:ak"I."lio.·. 158-59. 160; in 1>L'C'tlflling. I. 1; in Chronos. 161-64. 168; .Ii'11M'. 150. 151;of"\,·nl.6J_64. 151; 1;...1 1;..':'0 in. 150; lunlt'ning of. ISS. S'J. 160; nlt·.Inings of. 1611; rt'lath'it~ 01, 161. 16J; unlimt'''· rt·I.llion 10. 26); "I' ,,·rh. 18... . I'rt·-~r.llio.- philosoph~·.

1111-19. lJI. I H. IJ.... 191 1·R'lt·mlt·r{Sj. 159. 160: distinguishing Irw: fmlll fal....·• 154. 155. 156. 157; fal",,·. 156. 161-6J. 165 l'rmlJ~ I1.ln·wism. 10J l'rinu~' onltT. 91; ..... riC'"s of. lJ9-49 l-'nrnilin' \\ORb. llJ "mhlt·m. 56. II J. 114; t·....nl.. Ix-u on. 54. 56; g.lrnt' of. 60; minimum of ht'lI~ in. 56; n.-'ulr.lliIY of. 111-11; ""'n.ul.· of, 11; dn·r.· o( 1114; ... ,ndiliondJ. 14. 16. Ill; ,'olllw,'liOl\ .,( 69; n,rr""IK,mling II) pr()hl\'m~, 111·l!; din""L,ion "f. 44. 162; oIu.II_ ih in. 11. 14.115; ""'111 in. 1111. 1111,

Prup01>ilion kQ'lIlnUN I 214; fonn of p.",~ibi'ity of. 18-19; frontk·f'. Sb-ln. 115, 131-B. 166. Ib7. HI1-81; hyp(){h,:t~:..I. 170; log;' of. 10;; mo,ulit~'S of. 101; not.... l.Itk .Iunl>Ulyllogism. 195 ~·nt·ca. 111·31 :-"·I\s•.-. 81. 171. I li4, 146; in Ainll. 166; JtllOnOm~' nf. in ...·blinn to ,]mocaI""'. 1 I; .I, ho.md.l~' 1"'1" ''''n propoI N Ill- X

3S?

s.·n,,· (ronrIlJlJ..J l ,iti"l1s dnd things, ll; in C.lrrull. xiii. 26; "'llI"'_dl'Tt ,lI1d, 94, '.15; or '·Olllr.lri,·s, 175: .1'·llOtdtioll uf, in rlOIL",·n."·. 67-68. 69-71: .lirtx·tiun in, I. 77. 78, MI; di'lribution or, h.·l'''','n ""xudl Sl'rit's, 242; dOI1,lIion or, 67-M. 69-71. 76, 80-81; ,Imlhl~' gt'llt'rativ,', 10, I 20-1I , 125-26; as .·O;X·I, 70·71. 86, Hln4; ,·lahora!<xl .1long lim'S on surf.l"'·, 86; ,·,s.'m;,· in. 34-35; dml tilt' e",'nl, 107, 149, 167. 176. 180,11 I; ,·xprt·s.~,·c1 h~' nOllSl·IlS,·. 67-68; ,·xpn·s.~,'(l .IS pmh. 1"11\ to which proposition, n,rrt'spolltl, 121-23; figurt'S in. 81. 82; form,}1 and trdnsH'ml"ntal I~it:. 9699; fragility of. 9-4-95, 120; g"IWli" pown of, 114-16; illt'0'l>on"ll "wnts in. IH; l.tnguagt'ralion of, 16b; rgani1.ation of, 241. 344u3; in p.lradox uf nt·utralily, H-J'i; in par.1dox of r"gr,'S.~. 18- J I; in para.lox of st"rile division. JI-Jl; pdradox.'s of. 75. 77, 81; P.lradoxil"dl eI"nwllt h,'S1Ows in signify_ ing/signitinl s...ri,·s, 51; p,lssiw g"lw_ sj,~ of. 116-17; of IlI.· causalit~·. 94_<J'J; of tIlt' ''\'''l1t. 148-53; tirst stag'" 35657n213; in Ganlt-n..r·, .'iOng /.\J},;e anJ 8nmo). 16-17; good inllln·,·lJin .1Ild \"01_ (·,uU). 154-61; primdr~' onlt'r .1I1d "'"i"(}l1lb~' organi1.,lti"n, 119_49; of till' prublt-mati,', 51-57; n'gubl,,ortm.11lt,·au \\'onb (C,lrrotl). 44-47; r.lIl1ifi(·ation of. 18J; n·"lll.lIK"· of, 104,17'), 2J2; r.·\t·rs.1Is of. 8; "'IMr.11ion. "'riJliz,}tiol\ of: ,It surf.ll:'·' 183. 186; of "'1(uality, 1'.16-201; of ~ingul'lriti.,s, 100-8; Of,l.llie logil"dl g"Ilt',i~, 118-16; of ~l.lli(· outologi('al g.'llt'sis, 108-17; "I' ~lnl('tun'" -18-51. 52-51; "f thoughl. 217-2l; of lhr,·.· imdg"s or phih""phns, 1!9-B; of

unin)ll\\