The German Language: A Linguistic Introduction

THE The GERMAN German LANGUAGE Language A Linguistic Introduction Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge

THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) Bilabial Labiodental Plosive

Dental

Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal

t

b

p

Nasal

m

Trill

b

d

β f

F

Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Î c

J k g q G

≤

¯

˜

v T

D s

z

¬

Lateral fricative

V

Approximant

R ΠS

Z ß

Ω C

Ô x ƒ X ‰

… ®

„

j

M

l

Ò

¥

L

Lateral approximant

?

N

r Q

Tap or Flap Fricative

t

n

Â

Velar

Ó

¿ h ˙

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

VOWELS

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Voiced implosives

Clicks

\

Bilabial

∫

Bilabial

|

Dental

∂

Dental/alveolar

Ejectives

’ p’

Examples:

Close

Front

Central

Back

i y

ˆ ¨

µ u

Bilabial

Close-mid

!

(Post)alveolar

S

Palatal

t’

Dental/alveolar

»

Palatoalveolar

©

Velar

k’

Velar

«

Alveolar lateral

ç

Uvular

s’

Alveolar fricative

I Y e Ø

Open-mid

Open OTHER SYMBOLS

∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative w Voiced labial-velar approximant Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant H Voiceless epiglottal fricative ˘ Voiced epiglottal fricative ≥ Epiglottal plosive

Ç Û W Í

Alveolo-palatal fricatives

Simultaneous

SUPRASEGMENTALS

‡ @ ts

n 8 d 8 3

Breathy voiced

b 3 a3

9

Dental

t9 d9

6

Voiced

6s Q

Creaky voiced

b ` `a

ª

Apical

tª dª

Aspirated

th d h

Linguolabial

t d

)

More rounded

O)

w

Labialized

tw d w

0 Laminal ~ Nasalized

t0 d0 ~ e

(

Less rounded

O(

j

Palatalized

tj d j

u±

ƒ

4e

¿ Pharyngealized

4

Retracted

A Å

S and x

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

Voiceless

± Advanced

√ O

Alveolar lateral flap

8 h

Ï o

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ˚˜

`

U

e ø @ E “ ´ „ { å a ”

Velarized

ƒ

ƒ

t¿

d¿

t d

n l

Nasal release

dn

Lateral release

dl

No audible release

d

#

Centralized

#e

`

≈

Mid-centralized

e≈

>

Raised

>e

(> ® = voiced alveolar fricative)

æ

Syllabic

N

:

âÎ