OXF O R D S T U D I E S I N A N C I E N T D O C U M E N T S General Editors Alan Bowman Alison Cooley
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OXF O R D S T U D I E S I N A N C I E N T D O C U M E N T S General Editors Alan Bowman Alison Cooley
OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT DOCUMENTS This innovative new series offers unique perspectives on the political, cultural, social, and economic history of the ancient world. Exploiting the latest technological advances in imaging, decipherment, and interpretation, the volumes cover a wide range of documentary sources, including inscriptions, papyri, and wooden tablets.
ALREADY PUBLISHED IN THE SERIES Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions Concepts of Record-Keeping in the Ancient World Edited by Maria Brosius Spirits of the Dead Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe Maureen Carroll Image to Interpretation An Intelligent System to Aid Historians in Reading the Vindolanda Texts Melissa M. Terras The Greek Theatre and Festivals Documentary Studies Edited by Peter Wilson
The Customs Law of Asia Edited by M . C OT T I E R , M . H . C R AW F O R D, C . V. C ROW T H E R , J. - L . F E R R A RY, B. M . L EV I C K , ¨ RRLE O. SA LOM IE S, M . WO and with papers by M . C O R B I E R , S . M I TC H E L L , O. VAN N I J F, D. R ATH B O N E, G. D. ROW E
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2008 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–955151–4 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Preface The stone bearing the inscription that embodies the Customs Law of Asia—a stone ‘covered in writing—just like a newspaper’, as the workman reported it to Professor Dieter Knibbe—was found at Ephesus in August 1976, and has become known as the ‘Monumentum Ephesenum’ (‘the Monument from Ephesus’). The use of this inauthentic Latin title has justifiably been criticized by M. Wo¨rrle (1999),1 though it will do for the physical object. The text of the ‘newspaper’ reported measures concerned with the customs dues of the Roman province of Asia from 75 bc to ad 62, and, on the basis of the wording of l. 7,2 it has been assigned various Latin designations,3 equivalent to ‘Asian harbour law’4 or ‘law of the Asian harbour toll’5 and referred to in English as a ‘customs law’, the title that has been adopted for this book. After discussions at colloquia in Vienna, Munich, and Cologne, a preliminary notice of the inscription was published in EA 8 (1986) 19-32, followed in 1989 by full publication by H. Engelmann and D. Knibbe as EA 14 (1989), with introduction, maiuscule and minuscule texts, German translation, commentary, and fourteen plates, including photographs of stone and squeeze. The introduction to the present volume is much indebted to that of the editio princeps. The work produced a rich crop of published responses, as the editors foresaw, many of them emendations of the text proposed by 1 M. Wo¨rrle (note for 1999 colloquium): ‘Den pseudoantiken und pseudomajesta¨tischen Begriff ‘‘Monumentum Ephesenum’’ sollte die Edition konsequent vermeiden, unter allen Umsta¨nden im Titel. Mit Lex portorii Asiae ist ja ein korrekter antiker Terminus technicus zur Hand.’ 2 ‘The lex for the telos of Asia on import and export by land and sea’ ( ºı Æ N ƪøªB ŒÆd K ƪøªB ŒÆ ªB ŒÆd ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ). 3 McGing 1995. The Law/lex has sometimes been referred to in English as the ‘Tax Law of Asia’, but its focus is narrower: it is concerned with the regulation of customs dues. 4 Lex portus Asiae: Spagnuolo Vigorita 1996; Merola 2001; France 2001, esp. 311 and 405–7; portus is narrow for the scope of the lex, which includes posts at inland crossings. 5 Lex portorii Asiae : Eck 1990; Scha¨fer 1991; Dreher 1996; Knibbe 2000.
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Preface
the editors or of their interpretations, others exploiting the text to gain new insights into the geography and government of the province of Asia, of the Roman tax system, or of the Roman Empire at large. Besides these publications (for which see the Bibliography), work has also gone on in seminars, notably in Paris. The inscription was an obvious subject for study at the Oxford University Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, and on 1–2 October 1999, under the auspices of the Centre, a colloquium was organized at Christ Church, by A. K. Bowman, M. H. Crawford, and B. M. Levick. Six scholars presented sections of the text of the inscription, with commentary, and six offered papers on the Customs Law itself, its context and implications, five of which have been revised for the present publication (that of R. P. Duncan-Jones was published separately in Latomus 65 (2006) 3-16). The contributors to the colloquium are listed in the contents page of this volume; the division of the text by lines for that meeting has been retained in the present publication and is as follows: M. Cottier, ll.1-26, §§1-9; M. H. Crawford, ll. 27-53, §§10-21; J.-L. Ferrary, ll. 53-81, §§22-33; O. Salomies, ll. 81-107, §§34-45; M. Wo¨rrle (in absentia), ll. 108-34, §§46-57; B. Levick, ll. 135-55, §§58-63. In addition to these participants, a number of other scholars were present and made valuable contributions to the discussion and to the points of agreement that were reached: E. Famerie, M. T. Griffin, C. J. Howgego, C. Katsari, A. W. Lintott, B. C. McGing, G. D. Merola, F. G. B. Millar, S. R. F. Price, N. Purcell, and G. Williamson. D. Knibbe, though unable to attend the colloquium, contributed his Latin version of the document, which he has since published,6 and has provided support throughout. Professor Bowman has not made a formal contribution to the volume, but he not only engineered the original colloquium but has facilitated the work with help and advice at every stage. It is also a pleasure to recognize the input and encouragement of the Joint Editor of the Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents series, Dr A. E. Cooley. 6 Edd. pr. 6 comment on the ‘word for word’ Greek translation of the Latin enactment; but the original Latin would have been very intractable; and M. H. Crawford thinks more highly of the work. For Professor Knibbe’s version see Bibliography, Knibbe 2000. Dr G. D. Merola also very kindly sent her work on taxation in the Asian provinces (see Bibliography, Merola 2001).
Preface
vii
Needless to say, a large quantity of paperwork and mutually incompatible floppy disks was generated. C. V. Crowther has shouldered the translation of disks from one mode into another, and the transmission of information between members of an international group over a period of time has been extraordinarily smoothly achieved by Ms M. Sasanow of the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, to whom we are greatly indebted. A particular debt of gratitude is also owed by B. Levick to the IT Managers at St Hilda’s College, Ms A. Wilson and Mr E. Glynn. ¨ sterThe colloquium was greatly helped by the generosity of the O reichisches Archa¨ologisches Institut, which sent us the latex squeeze of the inscription well before the meeting, and allowed us to keep it afterwards for two further months. With the permission of the Institut, C. V. Crowther was able to make a digital image of the inscription, so making the testimony of the squeeze available to students at the Institut and the Centre and elsewhere, as well as to readers of this volume. At the end of the Colloquium it was agreed that M. Cottier should draw up a fresh text of the document, based on the work of the colloquium, and that M. H. Crawford should provide a translation and that the revised texts should then be submitted to the original contributors for their comment and for the addition of the Commentary. The final work would be submitted to all the contributors and any irreducible differences of view noted in their place. A further meeting of those involved in the establishment of the text was hosted by C. V. Crowther and M. Sasanow at the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents on 1-2 June 2002. The purpose of the present publication is to take account of the work that has been done on the text and interpretation since the foundation was laid by Engelmann and Knibbe, taking advantage of re-readings of the squeeze and the stone, and to make an inscription that is of first-rate importance to students of the Roman Empire readily available to English-speaking students. The paragraphing adopted by the original editors has been subject to scrutiny, but although the views of the present editors differ from theirs at several points, as the Commentary indicates, we have retained the original numeration to avoid confusion, but have made the line number the main basis for reference.
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Preface
In the summer of 2000, M. Cottier and C. V. Crowther, the former with the help of a grant from the Oxford University Craven Committee, the latter with support from the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents and Wolfson College, revisited, photographed, and took a new set of paper squeezes of the Monumentum in its place in the Ephesus Archaeological Museum in Selc¸uk; this work on the stone provided the basis of the final text by Cottier and Crowther made available to the contributors for further discussion, and, with the digitized latex squeeze, it is also the basis of the photographic illustrations in this volume.7 Individual passages were twice further checked by M. H. Crawford and J. M. Reynolds. The text and Commentary were scrutinized throughout in 2005 by M. H. Crawford and these final changes reviewed and entered by C. V. Crowther and B. Levick. Since then C. V. Crowther has monitored all the adjustments that have been made to text, translations, and essays, managed the disposition of the Greek, Latin, and English versions on the page, compiled the Plates, drawn up the Greek index, and with B. Levick taken charge of the work in its final stages. B. Levick has compiled the indexes of Persons, Places and Peoples, and the General Index. The Map has been drawn by S. Mitchell. M. H. Crawford acknowledges an additional debt to the late P. A. Brunt for his advice, particularly in details of the translations. Details of the history of the Monumentum, its dimensions and lettering, will be found in the introduction to the text. The editors are indebted to the Turkish Ministry of Culture and the Directorate of the Ephesus Archaeological Museum for facilitating the close reexamination of the stone, and to the valuable advice and assistance of Gina Coulthard and Yaprak Eran and Gu¨lgu¨n Kazan of, respectively, the London and Ankara offices of the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara, in obtaining the necessary permissions. For the final version we owe helpful suggestions as to presentation, notably in the Introduction, to the Oxford University Press reader. We are also greatly indebted to Hilary O’Shea, Kathleen Fearn, and Dorothy McCarthy of OUP, who have seen the work through to publication. 7 Full-resolution versions of the illustrations are published on the website of the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at: http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/lexportorii/
For Claude Nicolet
The Customs Law of Asia Inscription in Ephesus Archaeological Museum
Contents Illustrations Abbreviations Map
xii xiii xxii
Introduction
1
TEXT AND TRANSLATIONS
15
COMMENTARY
87
Geography, Politics, and Imperialism in the Asian Customs Law s. mitchell The Lex Portorii Asiae and Financial Administration m. corbier The Elaboration and Diffusion of the Text of the Monumentum Ephesenum g. d. rowe Nero’s Reforms of Vectigalia and the Inscription of the Lex Portorii Asiae d. rathbone The Social World of Tax Farmers and their Personnel o. van nijf General Bibliography Greek Index Index Locorum Epigraphical and Papyrological Index Index of Persons Index of Peoples and Places General Index
165 202
236
251 279
312 328 348 351 355 361 365
Illustrations Frontispiece: The Customs Law of Asia Inscription in Ephesus Archaeological Museum 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–20, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–19, right side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–26, left side (latex squeeze) Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–26, right side (latex squeeze) Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 19–42, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 19–42, right side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 42–74, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 43–74, right side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 73–99, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 73–99, right side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 99–125, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 99–125, right side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 120–155, left side Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 120–155, right side
24 25 24 25 42 43 42 43 64 65 64 65 86 86
Abbreviations (see also General Bibliography)
1. Works of Reference and Ancient Texts ABSA AC AE´
Annual of the British School at Athens L’Antiquite´ classique L’Anne´e e´pigraphique (Paris, 1888– )
AJAH
American Journal of Ancient History
ANRW
H. Temporini et al., eds., Aufstieg und Niedergang der ro¨mischen Welt (Berlin and New York, 1972– )
Apokrimata
W. L. Westermann and A. A. Schiller, eds., Apokrimata: Decisions of Septimius Severus on Legal Matters (Columbia, NY, 1954)
AS
Anatolian Studies
ASGP
Annali del Seminario Giuridico della Universita` di Palermo
Ath.
Athenaeum
BAR
British Archaeological Reports
BCH BE´FAR
Bulletin de Correspondance Helle´nique Bibliothe`que des E´coles franc¸aises d’Athe`nes et de Rome
BGU
Berliner griechische Urkunden
BIAA
British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara
BICS
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
Bruns, Font.
C. G. Bruns et al., eds., Fontes iuris Romani (7th edn., by O. Gradenwitz, Tu¨bingen, 1909; repr. Aalen, 1958) Bulletin de la Socie´te´ arche´ologique d’Alexandrie Bulletin e´pigraphique, publ. annually in RE´G
BSAA Bull. e´pigr.
xiv
Abbreviations
CAH
Cambridge Ancient History (edn. 1, Cambridge, 13 vols., 1936–54; 2nd edn., 1961– )
CCG CE´FR
Cahiers du Centre Gustave-Glotz Collection de l’E´cole franc¸aise de Rome
CGL
G. Goetz, ed., Corpus glossariorum Latinorum a G. Loewe incohatum (7 vols., Leipzig, etc., 1888–1927; repr. Amsterdam, 1965)
Chrest.Wilck.
L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Grundzu¨ge und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde (Leipzig, 1912)
CIL
Th. Mommsen et al., eds., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, 1863– )
CJ
P. Krueger, ed., Codex Iustinianus. Corpus Iuris Civilis 2 (Berlin, 1877; repr. 12th edn., 1959)
Corbier, Aerarium
Corbier, Aerarium militare
M. Corbier, L’aerarium Saturni et l’aerarium militare, Administration et Prosopographie se´natoriale. CE´FR 24 (Rome, 1974) M. Corbier, ‘L’aerarium militare’, in Arme´es et fiscalite´ dans le monde antique. Paris, 14–16 octobre 1976. Colloques nationaux du CNRS 936 (Paris, 1977) 97–234
CP
Classical Philology
C. Pap. Lat.
R. Cavenaille, ed., Corpus Papyrorum Latinarum (4 vols., Wiesbaden, 1956–8) Comptes rendus de l’Acade´mie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
CRAI Crawford, RS
M. H. Crawford, ed., Roman Statutes, BICS Suppl. 64 (2 vols., London, 1996)
CTh
T. Mommsen and P. M. Meyer, eds., Theodosiani Libri XVI; cum Const. Sirmonianis, etc. (Berlin, 1905)
EA
Epigraphica Anatolica
Edelstein–Kidd
L. Edelstein and I. G. Kidd, eds., Posidonius. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries 13–14, 36 (3 vols., Cambridge, 1972–99)
Abbreviations EJ2
Ephesos
xv
V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones, eds., Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (2nd edn., rev. by D. L. Stockton, Oxford, 1976) ¨ sterreichisches archa¨ologisches Institut: O Forschungen in Ephesos vero¨ffentlicht vom ¨ sterreichischen archa¨ologischen Institute O (Vienna, 1906– )
ESAR
T. Frank et al., Economic Survey of Ancient Rome (4 vols., Baltimore and London, 1933– 40; repr. Paterson, NJ, 1959)
FGH
F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (4 parts, Leiden, 1923–63)
FHG
K. Mu¨ller and V. Langlois, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (5 vols., Paris, 1878–85)
GRBS
Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
Greenidge and Clay, Sources A. H. J. Greenidge and A. M. Clay, eds., Sources for Roman History 133–70 B.C. (2nd edn., rev. E. W. Gray, Oxford, 1966, corr. repr. 1986) HA
Historia Augusta
I.Alexandreia
M. Ricl, ed., The Inscriptions of Alexandreia Troas (¼ IK 53, Bonn, 1997)
I.Apameia
T. Corsten, ed., Die Inschriften von Apameia/ Pylae (Bithynien) (¼ IK 32, Bonn, 1987)
I.Cret.
M. Guarducci and F. Halbherr, eds., Inscriptiones Creticae (4 vols., Rome, 1935–50)
I.Ephesos
H. Wankel et al., eds., Die Inschriften von Ephesos (¼ IK 11–17, Bonn, 1979– )
IG
A. Kirchhoff et al., eds., Inscriptiones Graecae. Deutsche Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin (Berlin, 1873– )
IGBulg.
G. Mihailov, Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae Arkh. Inst. Bulg. Akad. na Naukite. Epigr. Poreditsa 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 (5 vols., Sofia, 1958–97)
xvi
Abbreviations
IGR
R. Cagnat et al., eds., Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes (vols. 1, 3, 4, Paris, 1906–27; repr. Chicago, 1975)
IK
Inschriften griechischer Sta¨dte aus Kleinasien (Bonn, 1972– )
I.Kalchedon
R. Merkelbach et al., eds., Die Inschriften von Kalchedon (¼ IK 20, Bonn, 1980)
I.Kaunos
C. Marek, Die Inschriften von Kaunos. Vestigia 55 (Munich, 2006)
I.Kibyra
T. Corsten, ed., Die Inschriften von Kibyra. I. Die Inschriften der Stadt und ihrer na¨heren Umgebung (¼ IK 60, Bonn, 2002)
I.Knidos
W. Blu¨mel, ed., Die Inschriften von Knidos. I (¼ IK 41, Bonn, 1992)
ILA
R. Cagnat and A. Merlin, eds., Inscriptions latines d’Afrique (Tripolitaine, Tunisie et Maroc) (Paris, 1923) Inscriptions latines d’Alge´rie, ed. S. Gsell et al. (2 vols., Paris and Algiers, 1922– )
ILAlg. I.Laodikeia
T. Corsten, ed., Die Inschriften von Laodikeia am Lykos (¼ IK 49, Bonn, 1997)
ILLRP
A. Degrassi, ed., Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, 2 vols. (Florence, vol. i, 2nd edn., 1965; vol. ii, 2nd edn., 1963)
ILS
H. Dessau, ed., Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (3 vols., Berlin, 1892–1916, repr. 1954–5)
I.Myl.
W. Blu¨mel, ed., Die Inschriften von Mylasa (¼ IK 34–35, Bonn, 1987–8)
I.Oropos
V. Ch. Petrakos, ed., ˇƒ ¯ØªæÆçb F æøF (Athens, 1997)
I. Sal. Chypre
I.Th. Sy.
J. Pouilloux, P. Roesch, and J. MarcilletJaubert, Salamine de Chypre, 13. Testimonia Salaminia 2. Corpus e´pigraphique (Paris, 1987) A. Bernand, De The`bes a` Sye`ne (Paris, 1989)
JEA
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Abbreviations JESHO ¨ AI JO
xvii
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ¨ sterreichischen archa¨oloJahreshefte des O gischen Instituts in Wien
JRA
Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRS
Journal of Roman Studies
JS
Journal des Savants
Libitina e dintorni
S. Panciera and A. Vauchez (eds.), Libitina e dintorni. Libitina e i luci sepolcrali, le Leges Libitinariae Campane Iura Sepulcrorum: vecchie e nuove iscrizioni. Atti del’XI Rencontre franco-italienne sur l’e´pigraphie. Rome, 2004
LSJ
H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek Lexicon (9th edn., rev. H. S. Jones, Oxford, 1940); A Supplement, ed. E. A. Barber (1968); A Revised Supplement, ed. P. G. W. Glare and A. A. Thompson (1996)
MAMA
Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua (10 vols., Manchester and London, 1925–93)
Mason, GT
H. J. Mason, Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis, Amer. Stud. in Papyr. 13 (Toronto, 1974)
MDAI (I)
Mitteilungen des Deutsches Arch. Inst., Abteilung Istanbul
ME ME´FRA
Monumentum Ephesenum Me´langes de l’E´cole franc¸aise de Rome (Antiquite´)
Milet
Milet: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899, ed. T. Wiegand et al. (Leipzig, 1903–5; Berlin, etc., 1906– )
MRR
T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Amer. Phil. Assoc. Monogr. 15 (3 vols., New York and Atlanta, 1951–86) Me´langes de science religieuse
MSR MW
M. McCrum and A. G. Woodhead, eds., Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian
xviii
Nicolet, Censeurs ¨ AW O
Abbreviations Emperors including the Year of Revolution A.D. 68–96 (Cambridge, 1961) C. Nicolet, Censeurs et publicains: e´conomie et fiscalite´ dans la Rome antique (Paris, 2000) ¨ sterreichische Akademie der WissenschafO ten
OCD3
S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edn., Oxford and New York, 1996)
OGIS
W. Dittenberger, ed., Orientis graecae inscriptiones selectae: Supplementum SIG (2 vols., Leipzig, 1903–5; repr. Hildesheim, 1960)
OLD
P. G. W. Glare, ed., The Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1968–82)
Oliver, Gk. Const.
J. H. Oliver, Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri. Mem. Amer. Phil. Soc. 178 (Philadelphia, 1989)
OS
Ostkirchliche Studien (Wu¨rzburg)
P.Amh.
B. P. Grenfell and A. D. Hunt, eds., The Amherst Papyri, being an Account of the Greek Papyri in the Collection of Lord Amherst of Hackney (London, 1900–1)
PE
R. Stilgoe, ed., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (Princeton, 1976)
PIR
E. Klebs et al., eds., Prosopographia Imperii Romani (3 vols., Berlin, 1897–8; 2nd edn. by E. Groag et al., eds., Berlin and Leipzig, 1933– )
P.Oxy.
B. P. Grenfell et al., eds., The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (London, 1898– )
PP
La Parola del Passato
P.Princ.
A. C. Johnson, H. B. Van Hoesen, et al., eds., Papyri in the Princeton University Collection (Baltimore, 1931– )
PSI
G. Vitelli, M. Norsa, et al., eds., Papiri greci e latini. Pubbl. della Soc. ital. per la ricerca dei Papiri greci e latini in Egitto (Florence, 1912–79)
Abbreviations P.Tebt.
RD RE
RE´G
xix
B. Grenfell et al., eds., The Tebtunis Papyri. Univ. of Calif. Publ., Graeco-Roman Memoirs 64. Graeco-Roman Arch. 1–4 (15 vols., London and New York, 1902–76) Revue historique de droit franc¸ais et e´tranger G. Wissowa et al., eds., Paulys Realencyclopa¨die der class. Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart and Munich, 1894–1980) Revue des e´tudes grecques
Reynolds, Aphrodisias
J. M. Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome: Documents from the Excavation of the Theatre at Aphrodisias conducted by Professor K. T. Erim, with some related texts. JRS Monographs No. 1 (London, 1982)
RG
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
RIC
E. H. Mattingly et al., eds., Roman Imperial Coinage (London, 1923– ); C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson, I2 (1984)
Riccobono, FIRA
S. Riccobono et al., Fontes Iuris Romani Antejustiniani (2nd edn., Florence, 1940–3)
RIN
Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini Revue de philologie, de litte´rature et d’histoire anciennes J. and L. Robert, Hellenica. Recueil d’e´pigraphie de numismatique et d’antiquite´s grecques (13 vols., Limoges and Paris, 1940–65) L. Robert, Opera Minora Selecta: ´epigraphie et antiquite´s grecques (7 vols., Amsterdam, 1969–90)
RPhil Robert, Hell.
Robert, OMS
Rotondi, LPPR
G. Rotondi, Leges publicae Populi Romani. Elenco cronologico con una introduzione sull’attivita` legislativa dei comiti romani, estr. dalla Enciclopedia Giuridica Italiana (Milan, 1912; repr. Darmstadt, 1962)
RPC
A. Burnett, J. Amandry, et al., eds., Roman Provincial Coinage I– (London and Paris, 1992– )
xx
Abbreviations
SB
F. Preisigke et al., eds., Sammelbuch ¨ gypten (Strasgrieschischer Urkunden aus A burg, etc., 1913– )
SCI
Scripta classica Israelica
SEG
J. J. E. Hondius et al., eds., Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden, 1923– )
Sherk, RDGE
R. K. Sherk, Roman Documents of the Greek East: Senatus Consulta and Epistulae down to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore, 1969)
SIG 3
W. Dittenberger et al., eds., Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (3rd edn., Leipzig, 1915–24)
Smallwood, G-N
E. M. Smallwood, Documents illustrating the Principates of Gaius Claudius and Nero (Cambridge, 1967)
Smallwood, N-H
E. M. Smallwood, Documents illustrating the Principates of Nerva Trajan and Hadrian (Cambridge, 1966)
Sel. Pap.
A. S. Hunt and C. C. Edgar, eds., Select Papyri: 2. Non-Literary Papyri (Cambridge, Mass., 1934)
SO
Symbolae Osloenses
Syme, RP
R. Syme, Roman Papers, ed. E. Badian (1–2), A. R. Birley (3–7) (7 vols., Oxford, 1979–91) Travaux et Me´moires du Centre de recherche d’histoire et civilisation byzantines
T&MByz TAM
R. Heberdey et al., Tituli Asiae Minoris Antiqua (Vienna, 1901– )
TG
Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis
TLL
Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. ed. auctoritate et consilio acad. quinque (Leipzig, 1900– )
WS
Wiener Studien
ZPE
Zeitschrift fu¨r Papyrologie und Epigraphik
ZSS
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (romanist. Abteilung)
Abbreviations 2. General h.
height, high
l(l).
line(s)
lth
length, long
th.
thickness, thick
w.
width, wide
All measurements are in metres.
xxi
Hieron (mentioned in Customs Law) [Smyrna] (restored in Customs Law) Cius Other places
Boundary of the Asian province, excluding Pamphylia and the Bosporus Contours at 1000m and 2000m intervals
Byzantium
Hieron Calchedon
Nicomedia
Pylae
Parium Cyzicus
B
Cius
Dascylion
I
T
H
Y
N
I A
Apamea Myrlea
Apollonia
Ga A
Pripaus Lampsacus [Abydus] [Dardanus] [Sigeum] Colonia Augusta Troas rus rus ga and [Hamaxitus] r nt Astyria Assus Adramyttium Poroselene
LES B O S
[Pergamum] Atarneus Elaea Pitane [Cyme] Myrine [Phocaea]
Amorium
P [Erythrae]
R
O
V
I
N
C
I A
[Smyrna]
A S
I A
Synnada
Teos Colophon
Apollonia
Ephesus
S AM O S
Apamea
Priene
Laodicea
Miletus
[Myndus] CO S
Iasus Bargylia [Halicarnassus] Ceramus [Physcus]
[Cnidus]
Caunus
PAMPHYLIA Perge [Aspendus] [Attalea] Magydus Telmessus L Y C I A Side
Xanthus R HO D ES
Patara
0
Phaselis
Myra
100
200 km
Introduction The inscription edited, translated, and discussed in the present volume is of immense historical value. It was set up in Ephesus, the principal city of the Roman province of Asia, in ad 62, and presents a series of regulations governing the administration and exaction of the customs dues in the province. It is a key document for our understanding of a crucial element of the administration of the Roman Empire, the collection of taxes in all forms, which was vital for the survival of the Empire from beginning to end. The document as a whole comprises information spread over an extended period of time and its signiWcance can be viewed against two separate time scales. On the one hand, it embodies regulations on the administration of customs dues in the province of Asia that date back to the earliest years of the Roman province, and beyond, to the time of the Attalid kingdom; consequently, it throws important light on the period of the transition from hellenistic kingdom to Roman province. On the other hand, the regulations were subject to a series of modiWcations over time, and the inscription presents these in the deWnitive form that they had reached by ad 62. The text was composed at a time during the Principate of Nero when the Emperor and members of the Senate had already, in ad 58, been concerned with the working of the tax system and the failings that had been brought to their attention by popular complaints against publicani (tax-collectors) and the advantage that they were taking of obscurity in existing regulations to make excessive, even illegal, demands. The document invites us to consider how, if at all, the publication of the customs law of Asia in ad 62, when three special commissioners were in charge of the Aerarium Saturni (the public treasury), is related to
2
Introduction
the discussions and subsequent reform of 58, as related by the historian Tacitus (Ann. 13. 50–1). A clause towards the end of the document (l. 147) also raises the issue, noticed by Tacitus in his Claudian narrative in ad 53 (Ann. 12. 60), of procuratorial jurisdiction and its encroachment on the prerogatives of senatorial oYcials. As an aggregate of regulations developed over time, the Customs Law is the most substantial and signiWcant of a corpus of surviving documents (listed on pp. 11–12 below) that oVer information both about imperial and local customs dues and their development in the Late Republic and the Empire, and about the relations between the publicani who exacted the taxes and Roman oYcials and the Aerarium Saturni. The composite and aggregated character of the document raises the question of the nature of this ‘law’ (as it refers to itself) and its authorship; this issue is explored later in the introduction (pp. 5–8 below). The document is full of detailed insights. From its opening lines we learn about the ways in which information stored in the archives at Rome was retrieved and communicated, in Latin or in an authorized translation, to enquirers. In the main body of the text, the variety and scope of the regulations, ranging from the size of customs houses to rates of duty on diVerent items, oVer sharp insights into two disparate perspectives on the tax system, that of the Roman authorities and that of the subjects of the Empire. The Wrst perspective is reXected, for example, in Roman concern for the smooth working of the system of taxation through the employment of publicani, whose obligations—the take-up of their contracts, provision of sureties, and the timing of payments—are carefully regulated, and for the integrity of military arrangements—for the free passage of war materials, soldiers, and their equipment. As to the second point of view, restrictions on the conduct of publicani, mentioned long after the original establishment of the system, may well be responses to complaints from subjects; indeed, the existence of the entire document may be seen in that light. That is not all. The document speciWes methods of payment and penalties for evasion, illuminating the practical working of the Roman tax-system, and it lists places where customs dues are to be paid, requiring the involvement of local authorities when the publicanus is not available. This evidence, with its geographical terminology, provides the opportunity to clarify the political geography of the province of Asia and, critically, its transition from hellenistic kingdom to Roman
Introduction
3
province, as well as the later development of the province of Cilicia. It also throws indirect light on politics at Rome, not only those of the early period of Nero’s reign, but also in the aftermath of Sulla’s Dictatorship, which, it has sometimes been argued, saw a vindictive attack on the order of knights in the shape of the abolition of the right of companies of publicani to farm the taxes of Asia.1 Finally, there is a wealth of information to be gained on other matters: most prominently, the rates of tax and exemptions, and their motivation, details of the relationship between customs-dues and other forms of taxation, and, more generally, the intrusive economic imperialism of the Roman state, and the concessions that could be wrung from it. Historians of law, economics, and the ancient world in general, then, should all Wnd much material of interest in the critical and commented text of the Customs Law of Asia and the essays that follow it in the present volume. That is not to say that all the old problems that are touched on, or the new ones raised, have been resolved. The inscribed text of the law is both complex and, at times, intractable. The present edition is the product of close scrutiny of the inscription and discussions of its content that have dwelt on important questions raised in and since the editio princeps. These are treated in detail in the Commentary and essays. In preparation for the close engagement with the text oVered in those sections, in the pages that follow the preliminary and over-arching issues of the proper title of the document, of its legal character, and of its internal chronology will be considered. It will be convenient if discussion of the character of the lex is preceded by a summary of its contents.2 The document opens by telling us that on 9 July, ad 62, records in the oYce of the curators of public records in the Basilica Julia at Rome were copied so that they might be translated, and eventually inscribed on a stone set up in the city of Ephesus, the principal port of the province of Asia and, with Pergamum, one of its two leading cities.3 These items constituted the 1 Edd. pr. 160, n. 2, in noting that the lex is the earliest evidence for the activity of publicani in Asia after Sulla’s dictatorship, cite but do not follow Brunt 1956, who argued convincingly that Sulla did not remove the publicani. 2 The following discussion is the work of M. Cottier, who has beneWted from suggestions oVered by C. Ando, J.-J. Aubert, and D. Rathbone. 3 It is sometimes described as the ‘capital’, but the governor was often on circuit: see Millar 1993, 94; Haensch 1997, 312 V.; cf. Bowersock 2000, 501.
4
Introduction
law for the dues on imports and exports into and out of the province of Asia by land and sea. The consuls of 75 bc, C. Octavius and C. Aurelius Cotta, are the earliest magistrates who are referred to, as leasing out the collection of the tax (ll. 73 and 75, §§31 and 33), in the text; they were working on the basis of existing regulations (see below, on the legal basis of the lex). The regulations concern the siting of customs posts, the items subject to tax and the rate to be imposed, the timing of the publicanus’ taking up of his lease and the security he must provide. The Wrst magistrates whose modiWcations are listed in the text (l. 84, §37), are the consuls of 72 bc and censors of 70 bc, L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus. The regulations of the previous paragraphs are undated. Some of them refer to King Attalus III of Pergamum, whose death in 133 bc and bequest of his kingdom to Rome led to the establishment of the system embodied in the law. They even refer, as in ll. 67–9, §28, to the adaptation and use of buildings and to the employment of slaves that had belonged to the royal house.4 No more modiWcations are listed until 17 bc, when there is a heavy crop (ll. 88–103, §§39–43). A gap during the period of civil war and revolution is not to be wondered at: consuls were preoccupied by domestic politics. But by 17 bc, the year of the Secular Games and ten years after the normal disposition of the provinces had been established,5 Augustus had his house in order, and it was only to be expected that there would be tidying up and Wnalizing of details. That there was already concern over the conduct of publicani is shown by the fact that in 19 bc a strong-minded consul, C. Sentius Saturninus, won praise for rigour in exposing their acts of fraudulence, penalizing their greed, and recovering public funds for the Aerarium.6 It is noteworthy too that the next modiWcations followed in 12 bc (ll. 103–9, §§44–5) and again in 7 bc (ll. 109–12, §§46–7) and 2 bc (ll. 113–15, §§48–9): the intervals of Wve years coincide with the period of time allowed for a publicanus’ tenure of the lease: the regulations would be modiWed when the leases were sold, whether 4 M. H. Crawford notes that the order of the clauses in ll. 9–69 excludes the possibility that we have to do simply with an Attalid nucleus and a Republican supplement. 5 Dio 53. 12–18. 6 Vell. Pat. 2. 92. 2.
Introduction
5
at the instance of the publicani or that of the magistrates (perhaps after representations from tax-payers).7 But this regularity is not maintained and, not surprisingly, the need for modiWcations seems to have lessened with time; the last consuls whose names may be restored are those of 37. There were two other interventions before those of the curators of the public revenues re-established by Nero in 62 (ll. 138–43, §§60–1). One of the last intelligible lines (147) seems to envisage disputes between the publicanus and (presumably) travellers subject to his demands being heard before the imperial procurator, a possibility that had been made legitimate by Claudius in 53 but which may have ended when Nero came to power.8 The document is not a lex in the sense of a statute introduced in the form of a question which, aiming at answering one problem or a set of related problems, was formulated by a magistrate in a given year, debated (or not) and voted by one of the Roman assemblies on a speciWed date, then published in a slightly revised form before Wnally being placed in the archives. But it is nonetheless a lex because this Latin term and concept was also used to encompass diVerent types of documents, notably sets of regulations devised by the censors and other magistrates when farming out the collection of state revenues and the construction of public buildings, or when selling or leasing public property.9 This second deWnition aptly describes our text. So the lex portorii Asiae presents itself as the result of an accumulation and aggregation of decisions taken and issued at diVerent periods of time by diVerent magistrates.10 Its compositional history is therefore close to that of such documents as, for instance: . at Rome, the edict of the urban praetor by which this magistrate promulgated a catalogue of actions open to litigants during his annual tenure of oYce—a catalogue that was largely based on legal formulae selected by previous praetors, with sometimes a few personal additions made by the current holder of the position, and that became Wxed by the time of Hadrian;11 7 The question of initiative is dealt with in G. D. Rowe’s paper below. 8 Tac. Ann. 12. 60. 9 Cf. Crawford, ‘Lex (1)’ in OCD3 848 f., and Bre´laz 2003, 27–56, esp. 43–8. 10 This tralatician and cumulative character of Roman legislation is also well attested in statutes, as noted by Ferrary 2000b, 69–93. 11 Cf. Kelly 1966; Watson 1970; Guarino 1980; and Brennan 2000, 2. 462–5.
6
Introduction .
in the context of a municipium or a colony, texts such as the Tabula Heracleensis, an assemblage of clauses drawn from diVerent statutes and regulations that seems generally more applicable to the city of Rome but appears nonetheless to have been extended to Heraclea; or the lex libitinaria from Puteoli, which regulated the funerary profession in that Roman colony;12 . at the provincial level, the governor’s edict certainly presented similar characteristics with, in particular, the repetition of regulations followed by predecessors of the magistrate, sometimes supplemented by commands (mandata) delivered to him by the Senate or the emperor and covering speciWc issues;13 . perhaps also the Gnomon of the Idios Logos, ‘the code of regulations that the deiWed Augustus established for the administration of the Special Account and of additions made to it from time to time either by the emperors or the senate or the various prefects or idiologi (oYcials in charge of the special account in which were collected revenues other than taxes) . . .’.14 Technically the lex can be described as a lex locationis, a private or public leasing contract.15 But we can place it more precisely in the category of regulations imposed by the censors, leges censoriae, since, as we know from Roman public law, to sell or to lease at auction and to establish the terms for contracting out public properties and revenues of the Roman state were traditionally the duties of the censors.16 However, if we look at the list of magistrates responsible for the amendments made to our text (from l. 72, §31 to the end of the document), we discover that, with the possible exception of ll. 84–8, §§ 37–8,17 all the additional clauses are due either to consuls or to the three Neronian curators. How are we to explain the complete absence 12 Tabula Heracleensis: Crawford, RS no. 24. Lex libitinaria: Bodel, 1994, 72–80; a parallel between this latter document and the lex portorii Asiae is correctly drawn by Bre´laz 2003, 45–6. 13 See for instance KatzoV 1980, esp. 825–33, and for the mandata the brief point made by Ando 2000, 113 and n. 177. 14 P.Berl. 1220 ¼ Sel. Pap. 2, 43–53, no. 206, with tr.; tr. N. Lewis and M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization 2 (New York, 1966) 379–83, no. 99. 15 On leges locationum see Biscardi 1964, 1429–48. On leges generally, see Crawford, RS 1, p. 1, with bibliography. 16 Cf. Suolahti 1963, 57–66. 17 See Nicolet 1993, 951 n. 49, and below, commentary on l. 84, p. 135.
Introduction
7
of censors in our text and can we still apply the designation lex censoria to it? We know that during the Wrst century bc there were gaps in the appointment of censors, notably before 70 bc and after Caesar’s coup of 49, and that from the reign of Augustus either the emperor undertook this magistracy himself or it was entrusted to individuals chosen directly by him; the last censors regularly elected by an assembly of the Roman People were those of 22 bc. Under Domitian the title of censor made its appearance in the imperial titulature and, although his successors avoided taking it, they nevertheless continued to assume the censor’s duties and powers.18 A series of documents conWrms that in the Wrst century bc other magistrates—praetors, aediles, quaestors, and notably the consuls—undertook the farming out of taxes, state revenues, and properties as well as all sorts of public procurements. Thus, the consuls of 80 bc auctioned to the highest bidder the contract for the upkeep of the temple of Castor;19 those of 75 not only made the contracts for temple maintenance but were also charged by the senate to farm out the right to collect the Sicilian tithes and, Wnally, as we learn from our text, also granted the concession for the collection of the Asian customs dues.20 In 19 bc it was the consul C. Sentius Saturninus who took steps against the exactions of the publicans,21 and it would be easy to Wnd other examples. From all this one might infer that consuls and other magistrates replaced the censors only during the periods of interruption known for this magistracy, as a form of palliative measure. The information provided by our lex, however, rather gives the impression that in the last years of the Republic Wnancial responsibilities traditionally linked with the censorship progressively fell into the hands of the consuls, thus leaving the censors free to concentrate on their main activity, the organization and running of the census—an activity which by that time, with the territorial and subsequent demographic increase of the Roman state, may well have occupied the greatest part of their mandate. Can we still speak of a lex censoria in this context? We believe that it remains possible to answer such a question in the aYrmative. First, 18 Cf. Suolahti 1963, 457 and 495–515. 19 Cic., Verr. 2. 1. 130. 20 Cic., Verr. 2. 1. 130; 2. 3. 18 and ll. 72–84, §§31–6. 21 Above, n. 6.
8
Introduction
it is a designation that can still be found in our text, in which an amendment of 17 bc refers to the Ø ıÅØŒe , i.e. the lex censoria (l. 98, §41). Secondly, it is important to note that a document such as our lex has a strongly marked tralatician character, which means that this set of regulations has been passed on from one magistrate in charge of the farming out of the customs dues to another without modiWcation made to the structure of the text itself beyond possible amendments that the magistrate responsible could choose to add or not. This tralatician character is attested by the repeated use at the end of several additional clauses of formulae such as a ºØa ŒÆa e ðÆPeÞ (‘the rest according to the (same) lex’, ll. 105 and 139, §§ 44 and 60) and, more complete, a ºØa ŒÆa e ÆPe Œ ı ı (‘the rest according to the same lex every year’, ll. 108–9, §45; 112, §47; 126, §55; 128, §56; 133, §57; 135, §58 and 143, §61). This traditionalist aspect, which reXects the conservative Roman mind, may also have been manifest in the persistent use of a designation which as time went by tended to become obsolete. The question of the internal chronology of the document is a diYcult problem which has given rise to a brisk debate among scholars. If we examine the structure of the text, we can note that it is composed, besides its praescriptum (ll. 1–7), of two parts: a series of clauses which forms the regulation itself (ll. 7–72, §§1–30), followed by a succession of amendments due to the diVerent magistrates in charge of farming out the customs dues of the province of Asia, from the consuls of 75 bc to the curators of ad 62. If the second part does not cause any real trouble, such is not the case with the Wrst. One can summarize the debate by distinguishing two main theories. First of all, that of the edd. pr. and G. D. Merola,22 who suggest a drafting in three stages going back in its origin to the Sempronian law on the leasing out by the censors of the uectigalia of the province of Asia (lex Sempronia de censoria locatione uectigalium prouinciae Asiae) of C. Gracchus (123 or 122 bc). According to them, this lex, which transferred the responsibility for the sale of all the Asian tax contracts from the hands of the governor of the province to those of the censors in Rome, was applied for the Wrst time by the newly elected 22 Edd. pr. 1989, 41; 96; 100; 160; Knibbe 1988, 131 f.; Merola 1996, 281.
Introduction
9
censors in 120 bc. From 120 to 75 bc the set of regulations was regularly amended, leading the consuls of 75 bc, L. Octavius and C. Aurelius Cotta, to publish a new lex portorii Asiae which probably only restated existing rights and duties—oVering, as it were, an update of the document. During the Claudian era the quaestor of the aerarium, T. Domitius Decidianus, produced his pascua perpetua, a compilation of regulations concerning tax-farming. Finally, the work of the Neronian curators consisted of updating the text of 75 bc on the basis of the work of Decidianus and including all the consular amendments produced between 72 bc and ad 37 or 42 together with the additions made by the curators themselves. This chronology for the text has been contested by C. Nicolet, who Wnds it surprising that the curators of ad 62 did not expressly recognize their debt to the consuls of 75 bc, the presumed authors of a new set of customs regulations for the province of Asia. He therefore suggests another scenario to explain the genesis of the lex.23 We know that among the diVerent tasks assigned to the consuls of 75 bc by the people and the senate was the farming out in Rome of the Sicilian minor tithes. In that case they faithfully respected the clauses of a previous lex locationis, the lex Hieronica, imposed by King Hiero of Syracuse.24 There is therefore a strong presumption that in the case of our customs regulation the consuls did exactly the same, by using and updating the lex Sempronia of Gaius Gracchus.25 Following another path, S. Mitchell (below, pp. 198–201) reaches the same conclusion, adding however the possibility that the Wrst version of our lex may go back to the origins of the province itself and be the work of M’. Aquilius, the Wrst proconsul of Asia between 129 and 126 bc. G. D. Merola has suggested an extremely satisfying solution to this problem.26 According to her, there is no diYculty in admitting that the date suggested for the Wrst version of the law (i.e. 75 bc) could be correct. If it is true that the curators of ad 62 did not clearly attribute the previous regulations to the consuls of 75 bc, one should also notice that there is similarly no speciWc reference in the text to the lex Sempronia. In this sense, it is quite possible to propose, as the edd. pr. 23 Nicolet 1993, 957. 24 See Cic., Verr. 2. 3. 18 f. 25 Cic., Verr. 2. 3. 12; Schol. Bob. 157 [Stangl]; Diod. Sic. 34/5. 25; Fronto, Ep. 125 [Naber]; Vell. Pat. 2. 6. 3. 26 Merola 1996, 281 (see also 2001, 201 f.).
10
Introduction
do, that the consuls of 75 bc published a new lex portorii Asiae, but that this was based in large part on the previous regulations. A series of indications tends to conWrm this last hypothesis. First, the clauses which can be attributed to the consuls of 75 bc (ll. 72–84, §§31–6) are on formal grounds clearly distinguished from the amendments of other consuls. In each case the Wrst clause due to a new consular pair is introduced by the formula › EÆ › EÆ oÆØ æ ŁÅŒÆ, ‘the consuls so-and-so have added’. This is completely diVerent from the wording of the two Wrst clauses in which the consuls of 75 are mentioned. In these two cases (ll. 72–4 and 74–8, §§31–3) the text reminds us that the two amendments are in accordance with the procedure that they have followed for their farming out of the customs tax. Although their names do not reappear afterwards, we are entitled to attribute to them responsibility for the three other clauses (ll. 78–81, 81–3 and 83–4, §§34–6) which precede those of their colleagues of 72. But again a singularity should be noted: the last two amendments attributable to the consular pair of 75 (ll. 81–3 and 83–4, §§35–6) do not concern speciWcally the province of Asia, but are applicable to any provincial customs district; a borrowing from a more general set of customs regulations seems therefore patent. Such a borrowing could only have been made by the consuls of 75 during a general revision of the leasing conditions of the Asian customs dues. Lines 72 to 84 of our text should, therefore, be clauses added by the consuls of 75 to the original text of a former lex, going back to the lex Sempronia of 123/122 or to the work of M’. Aquilius between 129 and 126. What the consuls of 75 undertook was, as indicated above, only a superWcial revision, consisting of adding a series of amendments to a document probably adopted as it stood. It is one of the principal characteristics of this text that the revision of this set of regulations was achieved by addition of new clauses without correction or suppression of the old ones. As work on the inscription has proceeded, solutions to a number of problems of text and interpretation have been proposed, but not necessarily agreed, and they will certainly be discussed further. The potential contribution of the document to historical knowledge is clear, but it remains to a large extent enigmatic. This is not simply because of the state of the text; partly it has to do with the fact that the problems that the text raises, of political geography, military, political,
Introduction
11
social, and economic history, and law, intermesh with each other. In this connection and to put the present regulations in another context, readers may Wnd it convenient to have a list of other documents from Asia Minor which are concerned with (partly local) customs dues, some of them treated by contributors to this volume: 1. Ephesus, Ionia. Trajanic republication of three SCC of the triumviral period concerning exemptions from customs dues and involving teachers, sophists, and physicians. Knibbe 1981; Bringmann 1983; H. Pleket, SEG 31, 952. Taken by Bringmann and Pleket as part of an archival dossier established by Ephesian Museum members in the period when their privileges were being Wnalized. See Rathbone below, p. 272, n. 60. 2. Caunus, Caria. Hadrianictext inscribed in at least three columns on the exterior wall of the fountain house. Customs duties at Caunus, as mitigated by a benefaction of 66,000 denarii, which the inscription celebrates. Bean 1954, 97–105, no. 38; SEG 14, 639; Pleket 1958; Ve´lissaropoulos 1980, 223–31 (translation and discussion); Purpura 1985; Brandt 1987; France 1999, 103–5. See Rowe below, pp. 245–6, Rathbone below, p. 272, n. 60. New fragments brought to light in the course of the complete anastylosis of the whole building undertaken by Turkish archaeologists in 1969 have rendered previous editions obsolete: Mellink 1970, 170; Mellink 1972, ¨ gu¨n 1978, 423; I¸sik 1994, xiii. A new edition of the whole 180–1; O text, including the additional fragments, has now been published in C. Marek’s Corpus of Kaunos (I.Kaunos 35), which appeared too late to be taken fully into account in the present volume. 3. Myra, Lycia. From the theatre. Regulation of customs questions involving the city of Myra and the koinon of Lycia by an unknown Roman authority of the second century ad. Wo¨rrle 1975, 286–300; Brandt 1987; Schwarz 2001a (cf. Lehmler and Wo¨rrle 2002, 562, n. 60); Marek, I.Kaunos pp. 200–15. 4. Calynda, Lycia. Eight fragments from the mid-second century ad concerning a dispute between Calynda and Caunus, and involving Iº ØÆ (B, l. 13). Balland 1981, 260–6, no. 86; Marek, I.Kaunos, pp. 75–8 [Test. 174]. 5. Termessus, Pisidia. The lex Antonia de Termessibus, ll. 31–6, 68(?) bc. Authorization for the city to levy customs dues at its discretion,
12
Introduction
provided that Roman publicani are exempt. Crawford, RS 1, 331–40, no. 19, with bibliography. Many of the questions raised by the text of the lex are dealt with in the Commentary and the essays. For S. Mitchell the geographical content of the document is inextricably bound up with the question of the date of the earliest phases of the lex; M. Corbier’s paper on the Roman end of the lex is very much concerned with the changes of ad 44, 58, and 62, as well as with the content of the Praescriptum, methods and timing of leasing and problems of posting, while D. Rathbone’s, dealing with the policies that lay behind the issuing of the lex in 62 (with conclusions comparatively favourable to Nero), makes a direct connection between Nero’s edict of 58 designed to counter the immoderate demands of the publicani and including the publication of the regulations of each tax leased out, and the appearance of the lex in Ephesus; G. D. Rowe’s essay deals precisely with the dissemination of such enactments. Finally, the paper of O. van Nijf sets the lex in a wider context. He assigns the agents a dissonant position in provincial society, in which their self-regard was out of kilter with the dislike felt by tax-payers for their oppressors. It will be clear that, although each contributor is aware of his or her colleagues’ views, we cannot agree on each and every point, even on textual matters. There are consequently diVerences of view between the editors of the text and between the authors of the individual essays; on the text, we have attempted to reconcile the diVerences by negotiation; diVerences between the essays have been allowed to stand for the most part, with the reader’s attention drawn to them when they are particularly signiWcant. In the Commentary, when scholars have concurred on a related point, their remarks have been sent to a single site. Work on the inscription will go on long after the publication of this volume. As Professor Knibbe has remarked,27 no matter how many times the comb is passed through the animal’s fur, there will always be something remaining to be caught. There are also other large animals to be pursued: in 1999 an 87-line inscription was found at Andriake in Lycia. It belongs to the same period as our inscription 27 In a letter to B. Levick, Jan. 2002.
Introduction
13
and provides further evidence for the customs law of the Lycian koinon.28 The inscription was presented by Bay Burak Takmer at the Wrst Greek-Turkish Epigraphic Colloquium, held at Athens in January 2005; he has been working on the document for his doctoral thesis. When this work is published it will certainly supplement, and may modify, what follows.29 28 Noted also by Marek, I.Kaunos p. 73 [Test. 168], quoting ll. 22, 31. 29 Dr Takmer submitted his thesis in 2006 and is currently working on the Wnal edition of the Andriake inscription, which he intends to see published in two years’ time (letter to M. Cottier, May 2008). In the meantime, a general overview of the inscription, of its context and content, together with a presentation and discussion of some of its most important passages, can be found in Takmer 2007.
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Text and Translations
Monumentum Ephesenum P H YS I C A L D E S C R I P T I O N 1 The stone on which the text of the lex portorii was inscribed was found during work in the Church of St John in Selc¸uk in August 1976 and is now displayed in the courtyard of the Ephesus Archaeological Museum, where it was restudied by M. Cottier and C. Crowther in September 2000. The stone had been taken to the church in the Wrst instance to serve as an ambo plate,2 for which purpose the left-hand side was cut back to form a curved edge. Later, when the ambo was demolished, the stone was laid face down in the central aisle of the church in front of the southern entrance to the narthex. The stone is of white crystalline marble with light beige to blue-grey shading and some inconspicuous veins of quartz; there is a patina of encrustation across much of its surface and the lower part of the stone is somewhat corroded. Its present maximum measurements are 2.82 h., 1.44 w., 0.305 th.; there is an uninscribed vacat of 0.125 above the Wrst line of text.3 The uninscribed rear was originally roughly chiselled, but has been smoothed somewhat by the passage of time and feet; it has two clamp-holes and six dowel-holes, which have all been enlarged with chisels for the removal of metal. The (probably) central section of the ambo plate was semicircular in shape, and there was a short concave section on either side of it; the curved edge of the ambo plate was given a decorative proWle (along the left edge of the inscription). 1 The description of the stone is derived from that in the ed. pr., supplemented by the observations of Cottier and Crowther (MC&CC). 2 Ephesos 4, 3, 176–7 with Abb. 50. 3 These measurements were recorded by MC&CC in September 2000, and conWrmed by Crawford and Reynolds (MHC&JMR) in August 2003; edd. pr. give 2.96, 1.46, and 0.30.
Monumentum Ephesenum
17
If the ambo plate was symmetrical, the original height of the stone, according to the calculation of the Wrst editors, would have been 3.15 (1.575 m. on either side of the maximum preserved width in 1. 89). The upper and right-hand borders have been preserved and show signs of the original working; the upper surface has an anathyrosis and a grappling-hole, which has also served as a grooved dowel-hole; if we assume that the position of this grappling-hole was approximately central, the width of the stone in its original function can be estimated at c. 1.47 (0.66 þ 0.15 þ 0.66), yielding an inscribed surface of 1.47 by 3.15. The rough-dressing of the reverse side indicates that the stone was not intended to be seen set up as a free-standing stele; while the shape precludes its being an integral part of a wall. The stone seems therefore to have been cut to Wt the inscription, and the Wrst editors’ conclusion that it was either part of a pillar set against a wall or part of a basis seems well justiWed. The lettering of the inscription is uniform, clear, and for the most part simple. Light serifs seem to have been applied consistently to the free ends of letter strokes (most noticeably in the case of , E, I, A, ), although surface erosion has in many cases now reduced or removed their traces. A is cut with a broken crossbar; Z has a diagonal rather than a vertical central stroke; the verticals of — are of equal length. , M, K, H are sometimes allowed unusual width, while the branches of tend to spread extravagantly. Letter heights, with the exception of the Wrst line, which is cut larger (c. 0.02 m.), fall normally within the range 0.01-0.015, with interlinear spacing of 0.007. and are consistently taller than other letters, ranging between 0.018 and 0.02 m. ˆ and T are also frequently taller than other letters, with their horizontal hastae extending above adjacent letters—allowing both letters to be ligatured with a following H, and T to be combined with a preceding N. Ligatures, often multiple, are favoured in the Wrst 100 lines of the text, but become less frequent in the remainder of the inscription.4 Their even distribution across the width of the inscription suggests that they were not used solely for spacing, although occasional concentrations of ligatures in the second half of lines (e.g. l. 71) may indicate that the stonecutter was attempting 4 MC&CC in 2000 recorded ligatures as follows: ˝˙ (42 times); ˙˝ (38), ˙ (35), ¯ (25), ˝¯ (21), ˙ (18), ˝ (15), ˙ (8), ˆ˙ (4), ˙¯ (3), (2), ˙ (2), ¯ (2), ˙˚; `; ˝´; ˝—; ˝; ˇ ; `; —¯; ´; ˙˙; ˇ (once each); the three-letter ligatures ˙˝˙; ˙; ˝˙˝ and ˙˝ occur once each, and the fourletter ligatures ˙¯ three times and ˝˙˝¯ once.
18
Monumentum Ephesenum
in these cases to reach an appropriate syllabic or word division to end the line. More generally, the stonecutter regularly leaves blank spaces at the ends of lines after reaching an appropriate word break. The number of letters per line varies considerably. The Wrst editors chose twelve lines for which they were conWdent of the restoration (100–111) and found a maximum variance of twelve letters (107 in line 108, 118 in line 101; both have spaces at the end of the line).5 Our estimate of line lengths is a little higher than theirs; lines 88–93 have an average length of 121 letters. On this basis line lengths over the whole document are likely to have varied between 107 and 126 letters. Breaks in the sense of the document are marked by small areas left uninscribed, often, but not always, marked with a heavy triangular punctuation mark, and the initial letter of the following paragraph is frequently written large. In the Prescript, spaces, besides being used to distinguish sections one from another (ll. 3 and 7), serve to highlight speciWc words or concepts: the word !Æ F in the imperial titulature (l. 4), the words KØØÆ ØÅ ŒB ºH ` Æ (l. 5). The extent of the damage to the stone, stressed by Mitchell (pp. 165–6 below), is considerable; Mitchell estimates that, aside from the lines lost at the end of the inscription (although the stone may not have been inscribed to the very bottom), as much as a quarter has been lost from the remainder of the text: about 40 letters from each of the Wrst twenty four lines, with the number rising until l. 32 is reached, falling to as little as ten at ll. 84–95, then rising again. It is important for the purpose of restoration that the lapicide appears to have been an accurate copyist (the original editors draw attention to slips in §§20, l. 49, and 57, l. 129). The stonecutter’s proneness to insert redundant iota adscript reXects a general tendency in the Wrst century AD.6
5 Edd. pr. 3 f.
6 Bull. e´pigr. 1971, 668, p. 523.
Text and Translations
19
THE TEXT OF THE INSCRIPTION Editio princeps: H. Engelmann and D. Knibbe, Das Zollgesetz der Provinz Asia. Eine neue Inschrift aus Ephesos, EA 14 (1989) x, 206 pp.; xiv pl. (text, commentary, and translation). Cf. Engelmann and Knibbe 1986 (announcement and preview of ed. pr.); C. Nicolet, AE´ 1989 [1992] 681, pp. 214–22 (text and commentary); H. W. Pleket, SEG 39 (1989 [1992]) 1180, pp. 367–87 (text and commentary); J.-L. Ferrary, AE´ 1991 [1994] 1501, pp. 411–14 (useful summary); Knibbe 2000 (reconstruction of the original Latin version); Merola 2001, App. IV, pp. 221–31 (revised text incorporating new readings from a preliminary version of the present re-edition). See also on individual lines and passages: Eck 1990 (ll. 109, 135–6); Nicolet 1990 (ll. 3, 4, 6); Heil 1991 (ll. 9, 107); Nicolet 1991 (ll. 59, 71, 73, 74); Salomies 1991 (ll. 64, 65, 135–6); Solin, 1991 (ll. 10, 11, 42, 55, 121). Wankel 1991 (l. 8); Nicolet 1993 (l. 8); Lewis 1995 (ll. 8, 61); Carrelli 1996 (ll. 8, 18); Dreher 1996 (l. 11); Merola 1996 (l. 9); Spagnuolo Vigorita 1996 (ll. 2, 3, 68); Nicolet 1999 (ll. 73, 83); Mileta 2002 (l. 27).
Abbreviated references to editorial contributors MC ¼ Michel Cottier (commentary on ll. 1–26) MHC ¼ Michael Crawford (commentary on ll. 26–53; and passim) MirCo ¼ Mireille Corbier (‘The Lex Portorii Asiae and Financial Administration’ below) JLF ¼ Jean-Louis Ferrary (commentary on ll. 53–81) BL ¼ Barbara Levick (commentary on ll. 133–end) SM ¼ Stephen Mitchell (‘Geography, politics and imperialism in the Asian customs law’ below) DR ¼ Dominic Rathbone (‘Nero’s Reforms of Vectigalia and the Lex Portorii Asiae’ below) OS ¼ Olli Salomies (commentary on ll. 81–108) MW ¼ Michael Wo¨rrle (commentary on ll. 109–33) MC&CC ¼ Michel Cottier and Charles Crowther: full collation of the stone in Ephesus MHC&JMR ¼ Michael Crawford and Joyce Reynolds: readings from the stone in Ephesus
20
Text and Translations
Editorial conventions In editing the text, we have used the sigla of the Leiden Convention as follows: [ ]
( ) < > { } º ø Æ ˝"¸¯`
....
---
vac
enclose letters supplemented by the editors, where the surface of the stone has been lost, to represent the sense, words, or letters of missing text enclose letters completing words abbreviated on the stone enclose letters mistakenly omitted or incompletely inscribed by the stonecutter enclose superXuous letters inscribed by the stonecutter dots placed under letters indicate incomplete letter traces in the inscription compatible with the letters printed, but not entailing them capitals indicate letters whose reading is or seems clear but for which the editors have been unable to oVer a secure interpretation single or sequences of dots represent lost or illegible letters equal in number to the number of dots sequences of dashes represent approximate numbers of lost letters; estimates of the length of lacunae are indicated with followed by a number represents a short sequence of empty letterspaces
The reader’s attention is also drawn to the following points: . in the restorations proposed in the main text, we have generally given priority to those suggested and agreed by the participants in the Oxford colloquium and a subsequent review meeting in June 2002, relegating other possibilities to the apparatus criticus;
Text and Translations . . .
. .
21
the punctuation, unless otherwise indicated, is mainly that of the editio princeps; punctuation marks on the stone are indicated by the symbol: .; ligatured letters are indicated by a circumXex sign placed over each letter joined with a following letter, following the recommendations of Krummrey and Panciera 1980. numerals are indicated on the stone by a supralinear line and are marked as such in the text; minor changes in punctuation and reading from the ed. pr. are not signalled separately in the apparatus.
N OT E S TO T H E E N G L I S H A N D L AT I N V E R S I O N S These translations have been made independently of the work of Professor D. Knibbe published in 2000. They are based on the text established for the present edition, and textual footnotes giving alternative suggestions are conWned to those of the contributors to the colloquium of 1999 and to later discussions. MHC is grateful to Dominic Rathbone for comments on the translations. An attempt has been made to be consistent over the translation of technical terms; and sometimes the gist of a supplement is indicated in English without a Greek or a Latin version being oVered. Throughout, except once each in ll. 72–4, 74–8, º has been transliterated as telos and Latinized as portorium; and conducere has been preferred to redimere (see the index to Crawford, RS). The meaning and translation of Å ØøÆ have been much discussed (see Commentary on ll. 4 and 7, pp. 95, 98–100 below). The translation publicum has been rejected here: it is counterintuitive to suppose that the translator should have invented this particular abstract Greek noun to convey publicum; more importantly the juridical language of the Republican period uses publicum only in the sense of ‘public property’: see lex agraria 25; lex coloniae Genetiuae LXXI, 26. It is accordingly translated in ll. 4, 7, 125 as uectigal, in ll. 111 and 125 as uectigal (exigendum), while in ll. 127–8, 136, 140, 144–5, and 149, where it is the object of Greek Ø ŁF ŁÆØ, as uectigal conductum habebit, since there is abundant evidence that a portorium was a kind of uectigal.1 The translator also diVers from the view of the text required by S. Mitchell’s interpretation of ll. 7–11 (pp. 178–83 below). The restoration of æ in l. 9 causes diYculties; Mitchell argues that the territory of Byzantium on the Asian side of the Bosporus was part of the province of Asia, although Byzantium was a free city; and that Calchedon was part of the province of Asia, although it too was a free city. However, the point of being a free city was that it was not part of a province, even though the Romans might locate a customs station there to control what went beyond into the province. Whether or not 1 Separately, although º#Å ¼ portitor is a publicanus, the two terminologies have not been elided, in the interests of those who approach the text via the English and Latin translations.
Text and Translations
23
Calchedon and (part of) Byzantium were part of the province of Asia is in any case surely irrelevant: if they had been, they would have been straightforwardly subject to the nomos; they must have Wgured because of the exaction of customs dues on those sailing into and out of the Black Sea, in which they collaborated with the Romans, as no doubt with the Attalids before. MHC therefore proposes to translate Ke H [ÆPH ‹æø º#ØÆ åı Ø ºı åæØ F B ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ƪøªB, abandoning an earlier suggestion of some term involving control. As to the quality of the Greek translation of intractable Latin material, it is not as bad as edd. pr. 6 hold. There are places where the translator(s) made mistakes, as in writing dative for ablative absolutes (ll. 3–4) or misplacing åæØ (ll. 15–16) or taking a nominative as an ablative (l. 74); and æe H is an eccentric rendering of antehac (l. 27). However, if the translator’s intepretation is correct, there is only one breakdown: æd f Kº ıŁæı ‹æı (l. 34). Otherwise, engraver’s slips aside, the syntax is impeccable and translation sometimes stylish, as with lØ ÆæÆÆ ’` Æ K (l. 8), and inventive, in the present translator’s view (ØØŒÆ ø (ll. 102, 104)). If MHC is right on ducere (Commentary, l. 56), the translator has seen that ¼ª Ø would not convey the force of the Latin and created a technical term by using an abstract noun. Transliteration is used only as a last resort, as with æÆØ (l. 102) and ıŒØ (l. 117), and a remarkable eVort is made to be consistent over the whole complex terminology of partnership and surety. This means that the appropriate Latin formula is often fairly obvious: genitive or pro þ ablative correspond to the transmitted genitive or $æ þ genitive. The English present indicative is often used, rather than the future indicative or the present subjunctive, in keeping with contemporary English usage. There is often no way of deciding whether imperatives are middle, with shift from plural to singular (very common: see Crawford RS 1, 19), or passive. There are a number of places where an appropriate Latin word has not been found, though this does not aVect the general sense.
24
Text and Translations
Figure 1 Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–20, left side
Figure 3 Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–26, left side (latex squeeze)
Text and Translations
Figure 2 Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–19, right side
Figure 4 Monumentum Ephesenum, ll. 1–26, right side (latex squeeze)
25
26
Text and Translations, ll. 1–5
Praescriptum: ll. 1–7. 9 July, ad 62 1 ½˚%øØ ÆºøØ ÆæŒıØøØ Æ æ øØ — æøøØ ˝ªæøØ $Ø æe Ç NH &ıºø,
—ºøØ
Æ æ øØ, MC&CC; Ææ øØ, edd. pr.
2 ½KŒª ªæÆ ŒÆd IØ! !ºÅ K ' #ÅØ - - - 12 - - - B &ıºÆ !Æ ØºØŒB K ªæÆÆçıºÆŒøØ KØ ºÅH H Å^ ø æ ø, KŒ ºø ½KŒª ªæÆ ŒÆd IØ! !ºÅ K ' #ÅØ - - - 12 - - - B , following Spagnuolo Vigorita ([1996] 122–3); [ - - - (NN) - - - ÆÆØ, ' #Å , edd. pr. jj K ªæÆÆçıºÆŒøØ KØ ºÅH, MC; K ªæÆÆçıºÆŒøØ, KØ ºÅH, edd. pr.
3 ½KØ ºÅH H Å ø æ ø, K Æx Kªª ªæÆ e $ª ªæÆ . `hºøØ —Å%øØ —Æıºº øØ, ¸ıŒøØ ˚ƺıæøØ — øØ, `hºøØ ˜ıŒØøØ ½KØ ºÅH H Å ø æ ø, K Æx Kªª ªæÆ e $ª ªæÆ, MHC; ½ÆØ ıØŒH ÆNÅ ø (or ½Œ º ı ø or ½ÆæøÞ KŒª ªæÆ ŒÆd IØ! !ºÅ, edd. pr.; jj ½ Ø ıÅØŒH Œº: or ½æ ØŒH Œº:, Nicolet (1990) 682.
4 ½ˆ øØ KØ ºÅÆE H Å ø æ ø, KŒ ø ð?Þ Ø Ł# ø, ı Æ, Å ØøÆ Æ, ŒÅæHØ Æ, ŒÆ KØ! !Æø Ø ˝æø ˚ºÆıı ˚Æ Ææ . !Æ F ½KŒ ø ð?Þ Ø Ł# ø, DR; ½ Ø ıÅØŒB Ø Ł# ø, edd. pr. jj Ø Ł# ø, MC&CC; Ø Ł# ø, edd. pr.; KŒØ Ł# ø, Nicolet (1990) 686 jj there is no trace on the stone of the ˆ½ æ- read by the edd. pr. at the end of the line: MC&CC.
5 ½ˆ æÆØŒF, IæåØ æø ª ı, $ı e , ÅÆæåØŒB Ææe Ææ ŒÆd ŒÆa K ı Æ e Å, ÆPŒææ Ł, . ªÆ ıªŒº)ı KØØÆ ØÅ ŒB ºH ` Æ . K MHC, supK ı Æ, MC&CC; K ı Æ, edd. pr. jj ÆPŒææ Ł, plying the lapicide’s omission of for consistency jj there is no space left after K at the end of the line and the must be dotted, MC&CC.
Translations
27
Preface: ll. 1–7. 9 July, ad 62 1 When [Q. Manlius Tarquitius Sat]urninus and P. Petronius Niger were consuls, on the seventh day before the Ides of July, [copied and checked, at Rome, on the Wrst Xoor (?)] of the Basilica Julia, in record oYce of curatores of the public revenues, from records [of curatores of the public revenues, in which there was written] what is written below; 3 when A. Postumius Paulinus, L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Ducinius [Geminus were curatores of the public revenues, from leges (?)] of the locatio, year one, uectigal one, in tablet one, under the auctoritas of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus [Germanicus, chief priest, consul for the fourth time, with tribunician power] for the eighth time, imperator for the ninth time, father of the fatherland, and by senatorial decree, the regular pascua of the tele of Asia were Praescriptum: ll. 1–7. 9 July, ad 62 1 [Q. Manlio Tarquitio Sat]urnino P. Petronio Nigro cos., a.d. vii Id. Iul., [descriptum atque recognitum, Romae, - - -] Basilicae Iuliae, in tabulario curatorum uectigalium publicorum, de tabulis [curatorum uectigalium publicorum, in quibus scriptum fuit] id quod infra scriptum est; 3 A. Postumio Paulino L. Calpurnio Pisone A. Ducinio [Gemino curatoribus uectigalium publicorum, e legibus (?)] locationis, primi anni, uectigalis primi, (in) prima tabula, ex auctoritate Neronis Claudi Caesaris Augusti [Germanici, pont.max., cos. iv, tr.pot.] viii, imp. ix, p.p., exque senatus consulto, pascua perpetua portorii <prouinciae> Asiae
28
Text and Translations, ll. 6–9
6 [ + 46 ].¯& H ÆPH KØ ºÅH æe Ø Å ˚ƺÆH Æ%ø . K KØø ØÅ ŒH ı ˜Øı ˜ ŒØØÆF
ll. 5–6: K j [ + 46 ]. ¯& H ÆPH KØ ºÅH , MC&CC; [ + 39 KØŒæ Ø (?), MC; ] ¯& . , MHC&JMR; K ½ ØjºÅÆ IØ! !ºÅÆ æ Æ ªŒø BØ ıªŒº)øØ H ÆPH KØ ºÅH, edd. pr.; K ½ 2 j 39 ŒÆŁØ ø or ØÆÆ ø H ÆPH KØ ºÅH, Nicolet (1990) 679; 684–5 and 698 jj ˜ ŒØØÆF , MC&CC; ˜ ŒØØƽF, edd. pr.
7 ½Æı ÆNæÆæı ŒÆ B Å ØøÆ Æ ŒÆd Å B ª, , . . Å ØøÆ !,
½Æı ÆNæÆæı ŒÆ B Å ØøÆ Æ ŒÆd Å B Å ØøÆ !, MC&CC; perhaps ½Æı MHC; ½Æı ÆNæÆæı 29 Å ØøÆ !, MirCo; ½Æı ÆNæÆæı æd F ˚æı ÆNæÆæı 20 Å ØøÆ !, Å ØøÆ Æ KÆæå Æ ` Æ ŒÆ d Å ØøÆ !or ½Æı ÆNæÆæı F
ıªªæłÆ ºı ` Æ ŒÆ d Å ØøÆ !, edd. pr.
ll. 7–11, §§ 1–2 7 ºı ` Æ N ƪøªB ŒÆd K ƪøªB ŒÆ ªB ŒÆd ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ, vac 8 ½lØ ÆæÆÆ ` Æ K , ¥Ø ‹æØ ˚ ÆÆŒÆ, ˆÆºÆÆ, ´ ØŁıÆ `
Æ vac Çø*ı Ø, Æ¥Ø åHæÆØ ˚ƺåÆø ´ıÇÆø K^e H ½lØ ÆæÆÆ ` Æ K , ¥Ø ‹æØ, MHC; ½K E B KÆæå Æ ºØ Ø ŒÆd E ‹æØ, SM; ½E ŒÆƺı Ø ŒÆd E Iªı Ø ŒÆd E KŒ, edd. pr.; ½E B KÆæå Æ ºØ Ø ŒÆd E Ø KŒ, Wankel (1991) 40; ½Æ¥Ø º Ø —ÆçıºÆ, ¸ıŒÆÆ, ˚غ،Æ, Nicolet (1993) 948–55; also possible ½¥Ø Ø Œº:, as suggested by Lewis (1995) 248, who accepts the restoration of Nicolet jj comma after Çø*ı Ø instead of the full stop suggested by the edd. pr., MC.
9 ½ÆPH ‹æø º#ØÆ åı Ø ºı åæØ F B ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ƪøªB ŒÆd K ƪøªB K ÆØ —ı, K x Ø ŒÆa ªÆ ıªŒº)ı j ŒÆa K^e H j½ÆPH ‹æø º#ØÆ åı Ø ºı åæØ F B ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ƪøªB, MHC; ½B KÆæå Æ ` Æ ‹æø N d - - - 12 - - - B ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ, MC, partly following SM’s suggestion: ½B KÆæå Æ ` Æ ‹æø N d Æ , æe B ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ; ½‹æø F Æ —ı N d Œº:, edd. pr.; ½‹æø ` Æ N d Œº:, Heil (1991) 14; Merola (1996) 290.
Translations
29
6 ex[tracted and checked according to the arbitratus] of the same curatores, on the eighteenth day before the Kalends of May, from the regular pascua of T. Domitius Decidianus, [quaestor of the aerarium, in respect of year one of the uectigal and years] two, three, four, Wve of the uectigal. ll. 7–11, §1–2 7 The lex for the telos of Asia on import and export by land and sea, [where it lies beside the coast of Asia and where the boundaries] of Cappadocia, Galatia, and Bithynia girdle Asia, 8 and where the lands of the Calchedonians or Byzantians within the [same boundaries have customs stations for the sake of the telos on] import or export by sea at the mouth of the Black Sea; 9 in whatever places by senatorial decree or by lex 6 ex[cepta atque recognita arbitratu] eorundem curatorum a.d. xviii Kal. Mai., ex pascuis perpetuis T. Domitii Decidiani [quaestoris aerarii, anni uectigalis primi annorumque] uectigalis secundi, tertii, quarti, quinti. ll. 7–11, §1–2 7 lex portorii Asiae earum rerum quae terra marique importabuntur exportabuntur, [quae ora maritima Asiae est quique Wnes] Cappadociae Galatiae Bithyniae Asiam cingunt, 8 quaeque territoria Calchedoniorum Byzantiorum intra [Wnes qui supra scripti sunt telonea habebunt portorii causa] earum rerum quae mari importabuntur exportabuntur ad fauces Ponti; 9 quibus locis senatusconsulto lege
30
Text and Translations, ll. 10–15
10 ½j ŒÆa )ı Œ*æø Ø 22 ` ˇ˝ ½ º ø Æ KŒØ ŁH ÆØ, K *Ø E Ø, L i ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ^ªÅÆØ, K ªÅÆØ ŒÆa æÆ ` ˇ˝½:¯ ¸ ˝¯&` ˝, MC&CC: ½j ŒÆa )ı Œ*æø Ø 22 ` ˇ˝ ½ º ø Æ , MC; MHC suggests ½ E Ø ıc j oÆ ½ º ø Æ KŒØ ŁH ÆØ; ½j ŒÆa )ı Œ*æø Ø ıªŒ å#æÅÆØ KØæÆÆ º ø Æ, edd. pr. jj K ªÅÆØ ŒÆa æÆ, Solin (1991) 183; K ªÅÆØ, ŒÆa æÆ, edd. pr.
11 ½ŒÆd L i ŒÆa ªB N ŒÇÅÆØ, N ºÆ*ÅÆØ ŒÆd L i: ŒÆa ªB^ KŒŒÇÅÆØ; K ºÆ*^ÅÆØ, K ªÅÆØ, e
ÆæÆŒ e æ HØ º#^ÅØ ØøfØg. vac. ½ŒÆd L i ŒÆa ªB N ŒÇÅÆØ, N ºÆ*ÅÆØ ŒÆd, MC, following Dreher (1996) 117 n. 29; ½ 17 L i 11 ‰ Æ*ø b ŒÆd L i or ½L i ¼ªÅÆØ Œº: or ½F Æ —ı L i ¼ªÅÆØ Œº:, edd. pr.; Solin (1991) 183, suggests adding F Æ —ı in the lacuna jj vac., MC&CC; there is no trace on the stone of the $ ½bæ read by edd. pr.
l. 12, §3 12 ½$bæ øø Iæ ø j ŁÅº ø KŒe øø ÆØÆæø ŒæÆ ø ^) Ø º E ºı Œ Å Œ çƺB ÅÆæø ØÆØ Oç غøfØg. vac ½$bæ øø Iæ ø j ŁÅº ø KŒe øø, MHC; $ ½bæ j
øø ÆØÆæø Iæ ø $æ øø, edd. pr.
ll. 13–15, §4 13 ½– æ ¼ Ø N — K ª ŁÆØ ººfi Å, æe F ºØ ˚ƺåÆ Ææƺ F ÆØ HØ º#^ÅØ j KØæøØ ÆPF æ çø øfØg ŒÆd IªæÆç ŁøfØg. æe F, MC&CC; æe F, edd. pr.
14 ½– æ ¼ Ø K —ı 13 N ª ŁÆØ ººfi Å, æe F ºØ ˚ƺåÆ Ææƺ E HØ º#^ÅØ j KØæøØ ÆPF æ çø ø ŒÆd I½– æ ¼ Ø K —ı N c KÆæå Æ N ª ŁÆØ, MC; [– æ ¼ Ø K —ı N ŒÇ ŁÆØ, N ª ŁÆØ, MHC; [–ð æÞ ¼ Ø K —ı N c + æÆ +ª Æ N ª ŁÆØ, edd. pr. jj ]ª ŁÆØ, MC&CC; ] ŁÆØ, edd. pr. jj æ çø ø, MC&CC; æ çø øfØg, edd. pr.
15 ½ªæÆç Łø:
Translations
31
10 [or by plebiscite it is obligatory for a censor or consul] to lease out the portorium, in those places, whatever is imported by sea or exported overseas, [whatever is conveyed in or driven in by land], and whatever is conveyed out, driven out, or exported by land, is to give the fortieth part to the collector. l. 12, §3 12 [For male or female slaves except] male and female child [slaves] one is not to be obliged to pay as telos more than Wve denarii a head. ll. 13–15, §4 13 [Whatever anyone may intend to export to the Black Sea, before] sailing past the city of Calchedon one is to declare to and register with the collector or his procurator; [whatever anyone] may intend [to convey in ( N ŒÇ ŁÆØ) or import from the Black Sea], before sailing past the city of Calchedon one is to declare to and [register] with the collector or his procurator. 10 [plebiscito censori consuli oportebit] portorium locare, eis locis si quid mari importabitur trans mare exportabitur, [si quid terra inuehetur, adigetur (?),] et si quid terra euehetur, exigetur (?), exportabitur, portitori quadragesimam dato. l. 12, §3 12 [seruorum seruarum, nisi] puerorum puellarum, plus quam denarios quinque pro capite portorii causa dare ne debeto. ll. 13–15, §4 13 [quod quis in Pontum exportare uolet, ante]quam urbem Calchedonem praeternauigabit, apud portitorem procuratoremue proWtemino inque tabulas referto, [quodque quis e Ponto inuehere importare] uolet, antequam urbem Calchedonem praeternauigabit, apud portitorem procuratoremue eius proWtemino inque tabulas referto.
32
Text and Translations, ll. 15–20
ll. 15–16, §5 15 ½L ¼ Ø ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ªfi Å, c e ºE I æ çø ) ), L i ŒÆa ªB KŒçæfi Å j KŒ!ººfi Å, N æı ı I æ çø åæØ ½L ¼ Ø ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ªfi Å, c e ºE, MC, following a suggestion by MHC; ½L ¼ Ø ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ N ªfi Å j K ªfi Å, c e ºE or ½E æª ªæÆØ Ø ) Ø e ºE, edd. pr.; e ºE, MC&CC; e ºE, edd. pr. jj KŒçæfi Å, MC&CC; K çæfi Å, edd. pr.
16 ½I æ) ø ºı· Ka $ Æ *Ø Ø Ø) fi Å, K Y Å › N åıø ‰ Æ d IƪæÆç ç æ . . ½I æ) ø ºı, MC&CC; ½I æ ø ºı, edd. pr. jj *Ø, MC&CC; *Ø, edd. pr.
ll. 16–20, §6 16 $bæ y ¼ Ø æªÆ –Æ vac $bæ y Œº., edd. pr., rejected by MC.
17 ½º HØ º#ÅØ j KØæøØ ÆPF ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ j ªB N ŒØÇı HØ, › ÆPe ¼Łæø $bæ F ÆPF æªÆ KŒ ıæı HØ ÆPHØ Ø fiH ÆPHØ 18 ½ º#ÅØ N ƪøªB º c ØÆØ Oç غø Ka ^c KŒ —^ı ºÅØ: . Ka ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ j ªB K ^ ªfi Å, B K ƪø^ªB º Øø: $bæ y b ¼ vac ½ º#ÅØ N ƪøªB º Œº:, MC; ½ º#ÅØ 9 º Œº: or ½ º#ÅØ K ƪøªB º Œº: or ½ º#ÅØ N ƪøªB º Œº:, edd. pr.; ½ º#ÅØ K ƪøªB º Œº:, Pleket (1989 [1992]) 370; Carrelli (1996) 184–5.
19 ½Ø æªÆ –Æ º HØ º#ÅØ KŒŒØÇı fiH, › ÆPe ¼Łæø $bæ F ÆPF æªÆ KŒ ıæı K ƪøªB HØ ÆPHØ º#^ÅØ HØ ÆPHØ Ø vac ½Ø æªÆ –Æ º HØ º#ÅØ KŒŒØÇı fiH, MHC; ½Ø æªÆ –Æ fiH º#fi Å B 9 º fiH, edd. pr. jj KŒ ıæı, MC&CC; Œ ıæı, edd. pr.
20 ½º c ØÆØ Oç غø, Ka c N — ºÅ Ø . . ºÅ Ø . ., MC&CC; ºfi Å. vac, edd. pr.
Translations
33
ll. 15–16, §5 15 [Whatever anyone may import by sea,] he is [not] to divert the ship or indeed to divert whatever he may unload or discharge onto land to other places for the sake of [evasion of telos; and if] anyone acts [in contravention of these provisions] the lex is to be valid on the same basis as if he was carrying something unregistered. ll. 16–20, §6 16 For whatever goods being conveyed in [by sea or land] anyone may once pay [the telos to the collector or to his procurator], the same man for the same goods a second time in the same year to the same [collector is not to be obliged to pay the telos for import] unless he is sailing out of the Black Sea. 18 If anyone exports by sea or land, he is to pay the telos for export; and for whatever [goods being exported anyone may once pay telos to the collector], the same man for the same goods a second time for export to the same collector in the same year [is not to be obliged to pay telos unless he is sailing into the Black Sea.] ll. 15–16, §5 15 [quod quis mari importabit, neue] nauem neue quod in terram elatum (?) eiectumue (?) erit in alia loca auertito, [portorii fraudandi (?)] causa; [si] quis [aduersus ea] fecerit, siremps lex esto quasi si quid in tabulas non relatum importasset. ll. 16–20, §6 16 cuius rei quae [terra mariue] importabitur quis [portorium portitori procuratoriue eius] semel dederit, idem eiusdem rei iterum eodem anno eidem [portitori portorium inuectionis dare ne debeto,] nisi ex Ponto nauigabit. 18 quod quis terra marique exportabit, portorium exportationis dare debeto; cuiusque [rei quae exportabitur quis portorium portitori semel dederit,] idem eiusdem rei iterum exportationis eidem portitori eodem anno [portorium dare ne debeto, nisi in Pontum nauigabit.]
34
Text and Translations, ll. 20–25
l. 20, §7 20 › NåŁ*Ø ŒªåıºøØ ŁÆºÆ
øØ ÆæHØ åæ# e NŒ e æ ºı Øø. vac ll. 20–22, §8 20 þØ KŒ º½ı 21 ½) Ø ºøØ ÅæHØ IƪæÆç IçÆØæ ø ) KŒ ıø ºı æ ø åæØ· Ka Ø $ Æ *Ø Ø) fi Å, e þØ ŒÆd e æAªÆ F ½) Ø ºøØ ÅæHØ IƪæÆç IçÆØæ ø ) KŒ ıø, MHC; ½) Ø ºfiø ÅæfiH IçÆØæ ø ) IƪæÆç KŒ ıø, edd. pr. jj KŒ ıø, MC&CC; KŒ ıø, edd. pr.
22 ½ º#ı ø· 31 Æ N ƪø ŒÆd K ƪø.
½ º#ı ø· 31 Æ , MHC; ½ º#ı ø· ŒÆd $çÆØæ Ł F ºı › Iªæ Æ, edd. pr. jj Æ , MC&CC; › Iªæ Æ, edd. pr.
ll. 22–26, §9 22 K Ø N ªfi Å j K ªfi Å ŒÆa ŁºÆ
Æ; æe e º#Å IªæÆç Łø K^ E 23 ½Ø A Ø E $ª ªæÆØ· ' & æHØ æe HØ —øØ, ˚ƺå)Ø, ˜Æ Œıº øØ, ººøÆØ æe HØ ' ıŒı ^ ø,
ÆØ, ˚ıÇŒøØ, —æØfiø, —Ææfiø, ¸ÆłŒfi 24 ½ !*fiø, ˜Ææfiø, ت fiø, º Ææ fi Æ, for the purposes of the Roman people, and whoever ll. 58–67, §25–27 58 eis hominibus earumue rerum quae infra scriptae sunt portorium ne esto neue quis dare debeto: [quod quis publicum] populi Romani feret, quodue quis rerum sacrarum publicarumue populi Romani causa uehet aget, [quodue] tum usus [priuati causa] agent ferent, quodue uictus causa in eo itinere sine dolo malo habebunt; 60 siue quis quid [rerum] publicarum [causa] populi Romani publice feret; 61 proque aere argentoue signato, pecuniaue numerata, nauiue siue [quod quis nauis] ornandae causa uendet uendiderit, portorium dare ne debeto; 62 pro seruis animalibusue (?), quae domo usus priuati [in] eo [itinere] causa secum ducent arcessentue (?), pro libris, tabulis, quibus scriptum expressum erit, calceisue anulis quibus dum aberunt uti solebunt, sine [dolo malo], quaeque uictus causa habebunt; 64 miles nauta, quiue pro milite pro nauta erit, qui rerum populi Romani causa erit, quiue
52
Text and Translations, ll. 67–70
65 ½ 13 Oł#Ø ºÆ!^fi Å, ‹ æ i æe c^ NÆ åæB Ø Œ Çfi Å, fiz i åæBÆØ K^ KŒ øØ HØ æÆ *ÆØ N n i æ *ÅÆØ, º ½*½ 13 Oł#Ø, Salomies (1991) 185; ½ 15 øØ, edd. pr. jj åæBÆØ , MC&CC; åæB Æ Ø , edd. pr.
66 ½ø c Øø· ŒÆd n i ç!ı º ø åæØ N Ū ^ j K Ū^ $æåfi Å, n i ^ ÅŒØ ½åæ) Ø $æåfi Å, ºŁ^ j c^ æÆ, L i åæı F, Iæª*æı, vac
½Øø· ŒÆd n i , MHC; ½Ø Łø: n i, edd. pr.; ½n i , MC&CC. jj ºŁ^ j c^, MC&CC; ºŁ j c , edd. pr.
67 ½ 6 Ø)æ ı, º*!ı, åæı 庌ı ,^ Œ qØ Tæıª^ Æ, *ø ‹Ø i ç æÅÆØ º ^ c Øø· ^ Åb ^ c oÆ º Ø Oç غø. vac
½ 6 Ø)æ ı, MHC&JMR; ½ 10 ::ˇ, edd. pr. jj ½çæÅÆØ, JLF, conWrmed by MC&CC who read ç æÅÆØ; ½Æƒæ B ^ Åb, ÆØ, edd. pr. jj MC&CC; Å b, edd. pr.
ll. 67–72, §§28–30 67 KŒØÆ 68 ½ŒÆd ÆŁf !Æ ØºØŒf R !Æ Øº f @ƺ ¯Pı ıƒe ºøÆ åæØ å ½ › ½Å^½ Ø#Å o½ø ŒÆæ ı Łø· ÆF ›EÆ i Ææƺ!fi Å ½ŒÆd ÆŁf !Æ ØºØŒf, JLF, following Spagnuolo Vigorita (1996) 61 n. 191; ½ŒÆd *ºı or ½ŒÆd ÆŁf !Æ ØºØŒf, edd. pr. jj åæØ å ½ › ½Å^½ Ø#Å, JLF, MC&CC; o½ø, MHC; åæØ K ½) Æ Å::ºº::º .., edd. pr.
69 ½HØ K øØ Å Ø#^fi Å j^ Iæe IªÆŁF KØŒæ Ø ÆæÆØøfØg. vac Æ¥Ø^ º Ø ŁÅ $e !Æ Øº E º ½øØ ¯P ^ ı ıƒHØ PŒ Kª, K x Ø j j^ ŁÅ $e !Æ Øº E º ½øØ ¯P^ı, MC&CC; j ŁÅ $ e ! Æ Øº E º ½øØ ¯P ı, edd. pr.
70 ½ æ Ø ð?Þ B Æ º#ÅØ ŒÆa e ^B Ø Ł# ø IªæłÆ ŁÆØ æ çø^B ÆØ ) Ø, *ø K Œ ÅØ º Ø æe ŁÆº
ÅØ, N e æ - vac ½ æ Ø ð?Þ B Æ, JLF; ½º Ø B Æ, edd. pr. jj æ çø^B ÆØ ) Ø, MC&CC; æ çøB ÆØ ) Ø, edd. pr. jj Œ ÅØ, MC&CC; Œ ÅØ, edd. pr.
Translations
53
65 [- - -] is in receipt of a uiaticum, whatever he may then be conveying for private use, and whatever he may then use in that army to which he is journeying, [he is not to pay] telos [on these things;] 66 [whatever] has been imported or exported to deal with threats from enemies, whatever is no longer serviceable, in respect of stone or rock, that has been mined in order to extract gold, silver, [copper], iron, lead, orichalcum, whatever anyone may carry of these, he is not to pay telos; nor is anyone to owe telos on water. ll. 67–72, §28–30 67 With respect to the buildings and royal [staging posts] which king Attalus the son of Eumenes had for the purposes of exaction of telos, [the publicanus] is to use (them) [as he (the king) did]; and he is to hand over uiri boni arbitratu to [the incoming] publicanus whatever of these he may take over. 69 Whatever cities and peoples were not under King Attalus the son of Eumenes, in whatever places or [regions (?) of Asia] it is necessary to register with or declare to a collector according to the lex of the locatio, in each city by the sea there, 65 [- - -] uiaticum accipiet, quodcumque tum usus priuati causa uehet quoque cumque tum utetur in eo exercitu quo iter faciet, [pro eis rebus] portorium [ne dato;] 66 [si quid] metus hostilis causa importatum exportatum erit, siue quid inutile factum erit, siue quis lapis saxumue auri, argenti, [cypri,] ferri, plumbi, orichalci causa eVossum erit, quod eorum feretur, portorium ne dato; neue quis pro aqua portorium debeto. ll. 67–72, §28–30 67 quae aediWcia quas [stationes] regias rex Attalus Eumenis f. portorii exigendi causa habuit, [publicanus (eis) ita] frui debeto; quaeque eorum acceperit [ei qui post eum] publicanus [erit] uiri boni arbitratu transdato. 69 Quae ciuitates tribus regis Attali Eumenis f. non erant, quibuscumque in locis [regionibus (?) Asiae] apud portitorem ex lege locationis in tabulas referre [proWteri] oportebit, in eis omnibus in omni urbe ad mare
54
Text and Translations, ll. 71–74
71 ½çøB ÆØ j Iªæç ŁÆØ ,ŒÆ , KŒØ, ^ BŒ H
ÆæŒÆ, º H
ÆæŒÆ, K Å^ øØ øØ ^ K ƒ æHØ ½ ø ^) ^ ) K^ ^ ^ Ø ^ ) ll. 70–71: æ j½çøB ÆØ j Iªæç ŁÆ Ø ,ŒÆ , KŒØ Œº., Nicolet (1991) 469 n. 14; æ j ½ 8 Iªæç ŁÆ Ø ,ŒÆ KŒØ Œº., edd. pr. jj l. 71: ªæç ŁÆØ, MC&CC; ªæç ŁÆ Ø , edd. pr. jj K Å^ øØ, MC&CC; K Å øØ, edd. pr.
72 ½K øØ IøE ŒÆd HØ º#^ÅØ NŒ^B ÆØ K ø. . ll. 72–74, §§31–32. 75 bc
72 y æªÆ ŒÆ ŒÆæH IææøØ æØÇø j Yı ŒÆd KºÆı HØ Å^ Ø#^fi Å ŁÆ½Ø IææøØ, MC&CC; IæBæ Ø, edd. pr. jj Yı, MC&CC; Ø0 æ Yı, edd. pr. jj ŁÆ½Ø, MC&CC; ŁÆØ, edd. pr.
73 ½ E 8 :ø ,^ Œ , F Å^ Ø#^Å ŒÆæ * ŁÆØ e º ‰ K Łø Æ ¸*ŒØ ˇŒıØ, ˆœ `Pæ)ºØ ˚ Æ oÆØ, K Æ N Æ
½ E 8 :ø, MC&CC jj ½ E or Ø çıºÆŒ ø, Øøø, Ø!ºø or ØçıºÆŒø Œº., Nicolet (1991) 479; ½i fi B or , æÆ IæØH or
Ø ø, Nicolet (1999) 194–5; 209–10; ½ E )ı ' øÆø, edd. pr. jj F Å^ Ø#^Å, JLF; ˇˇ˝, lapis, MC&CC; *ø Å Ø#Å, edd. pr.; F Å Ø#Å, Nicolet (1991) 466 n. 7 and (1999) 191 n. 2; 193 jj ˚ Æ, MC&CC; ˚Æ, edd. pr. jj comma instead of period between oÆØ and K Æ, Nicolet (1991) 469–71; id. (1999) 192.
74 ½n i N ªÅÆØ K ªÅÆØ, Kç fiz c Kd I æ) Ø Aºº F ºı *ı ª^ÅÆØ BØ ^ ÆŒØBØ j Ø ÆPe e æAªÆ, $bæ *ı º ^c Ø ŁøfØg. vac N ªÅÆØ K ªÅÆØ, JLF; K ªÅÆØ, N ªÅÆØ, edd. pr. jj BØ ÆŒØBØ j Ø ÆPe e æAªÆ, Nicolet (1991) 471 and (1999) 191 n. 2; 192; 195 and n. 11; 199 n. 20; 200 n. 22; 201–2; MC&CC; BØ ÆŒØfi B fi B +º ØÆæø e æAªÆ, edd. pr.
Translations
55
71 for the purpose of [declaration or] registration by everyone, there is to be a building forty feet from front to back and forty feet from side to side, in a public place and not in a temple or temenos or [sacred place;] and it is to be lawful for the collector to build (it). ll. 72–74, §31–32. 75 bc 72 On whatever [it is necessary] for the purposes of [the public revenues (?)] to give a tithe of the crops produced by the plough or a Wfth of the wine or the oil to the publicanus, and for that publicanus to exploit the telos (tax), according to the locatio made by the consuls L. Octavius and C. Aurelius Cotta, [whatever from Asia into Asia [is imported or ex]ported, provided that the transport is not undertaken rather for evasion of the telos (portorium) than for that very purpose, on this he is not to pay telos (portorium). 71 quo quis proWteatur in tabulas referat aediWcium in loco publico esto, pedes quadraginta in fronte, pedes quadraginta in agro, nisi in aede templo (?) [loco sacro,] portitorique aediWcare liceto. ll. 72–74, §31–32. 75 bc 72 pro qua re decimas fructuum aratro quaesitarum quintamue partem uini olei [???] causa publicano dare [oportebit], eique publicano uectigali frui, ita uti locationem fecerunt L. Octauius C. Aurelius Cotta cos., [si quid] ex Asia in Asiam [im]portabitur [exportabitur], dum ne portorii fraudandi (?) magis causa uectura Wat quam eius rei ergo, pro eo portorium ne dato.
56
Text and Translations, ll. 74–80
ll. 74–78, §33. 75 bc 74 R 75 ½i ŒÆd – æ i Å Ø#^Å K Æ N Æ N ƪªfi Å j K ƪªfi Å, y º ¸*ŒØ ˇŒıØ, ˆœ `Pæ)ºØ oÆØ K Łø Æ, $bæ *ø º c Å Ø#^Å, MC&CC; Å Ø#Å, edd. pr. jj oÆØ, MC&CC; o Æ Ø, edd. pr. jj $bæ *ø, MC&CC; $bæ *ı, edd. pr.
76 ½Ø Łø· ŒÆd $bæ ºı ŒÆd H F ºı Œ ıH ŒÆd $bæ *ºø ŒÆd z ±ø, R i j L i YŒŁ ¼ªø Ø j ÆæÆø Ø, $bæ !ı!ºø ,
½Ø Łø· ŒÆd, MHC; ½Ø Łø·, edd. pr. jj $bæ, MC&CC; $bæ, edd. pr. jj !ı!ºø , MC&CC; !ı!ºø, edd. pr.
77 ½ºø ø , x i ªæÆÆ ª ªæÆÆfi q, ŒÆd $ç y i ØÆæçøÆØ, $æ ŒÅ^H – æ ¼ Ø YŒŁ ¼ªfi Å Æ*Å åæØ B æ Æ, $bæ *ø vac
½ºø ø , x , MC&CC, MHC; ø, x , edd. pr. jj YŒŁ ¼ªfi Å, MC&CC; YŒŁ ¼ªfi Å, edd. pr.
78 ½H æƪø º c Ø Łø. . ll. 78–81, §34. 75 bc
78 lØ i ªB K Æ N ' #Å^ ŒÆa e ª øæıåØŒe K ªÅÆØ, $bæ B ªB Æ*Å Œ ıH , K x i ÆP^c $æåfi Å, $bæ B ªB, MC&CC; $bæ ½B ªB, edd. pr. jj ÆP^c, MC&CC; ÆP c , edd. pr.
79 ½HØ º#ÅØ Øø ŒÆe º æø I
æØÆ
ÆæÆ: º E $bæ H æƪø *ø º c Oç غ Łø: K Ø $ Æ *Ø ŒÆÆØø, MC&CC; Ø ø, edd. pr. jj
ÆæÆ: º E, Ferrary (1999) 10;
ÆæÆ· º E, edd. pr.
^ c 80 ½ åfiB ÆFÆ a Œ *Å ºøØ ^ÅæHØ u c^ ªB ^ Ææ åŁBÆØ, ‹ i qØ ŒÆ åÅ , *ı › º# ^ ^Å HØ ÆæÆŒÇØ ØºF vac å ø, ½ÆFÆ a Œ *Å, JLF; ½ÆFÆ a ºEÆ, edd. pr.
Translations
57
ll. 74–78, §33. 75 bc 74 Whatever persons [or whatever things] a publicanus from Asia into Asia imports or exports (i.e., within Asia), in relation to anything on which the consuls L. Octavius and C. Aurelius leased out the telos (tax), on this [he is] not [to pay] telos (portorium), on a ship and the equipment of a ship and on slaves and on everyone male or female, whom they bring from home or send for, on books, [tablets and everything] on which there is writing, and on anything by which they are maintained, and on animals which anyone brings from home for the sake of this journey, on these [things] he is not to pay telos (portorium). ll. 78–81, §34. 75 bc 78 Whatever ore is exported from Asia to Rome according to the lex on mining, on this ore and on the vessels in which it is contained, they are to [give the collector] four asses per hundred pounds; more in telos is not to be owed on these things. If anyone in contravention of these provisions [holds up these vessels] with wrongful deceit, so that the ore is not transported, then the collector is to be liable to the shipper for double the amount which has been held up; ll. 74–78, §33. 75 bc 74 quos [quaeque] publicanus ex Asia in Asiam importabit exportabit, eius uectigalis causa quod L. Octauius C. Aurelius cos. locauerunt, pro eis portorium ne [dato,] pro naue siue quid nauis ornandae causa factum erit (?), proue seruis eo eaue quem quam domo secum ducent arcessent (?), pro libris, [tabulis], quibusue scriptum expressum erit, proue uictu, proue animalibus (?) quae domo eius itineris causa secum ducent, pro eis [rebus] portorium ne dato. ll. 78–81, §34. 75 bc 78 si quid metallum ex Asia Romam ex lege metallis dicta exportabitur, pro eo metallo proque vasculis quibus continebitur, [portitori] pro centum libris quattuor asses [danto;] neue amplius pro eis rebus debitum esto; si quis aduersus ea [haec uascula] dolo malo [retinebit,] quo minus metallum transportetur, portitor ei qui id transportabit duplum eius quod retentum erit dare debeto,
58
Text and Translations, ll. 81–85
81 ½ŒÆd F åæ)Æ *ı K^ å*æı ºBłØ ø ŒØøE E a ª øæ*åØÆ M檺Æ!ÅŒ Ø. . ½ŒÆd F åæ)Æ, JLF; ½ŒÆd F æªÆ, edd. pr.
ll. 81–83, §35. 75 bc 81 lØ i å#æÆ $e ª#^ ÅØ j K ı ÆØ F ' øÆø )ı $æåfi Å, ª#^ÅØ, MC&CC; ª#fi Å, edd. pr.
82 ½R i j L ¼ Ø KŒ B å#æÆ Æ*Å j NŒÆ æe c^ NÆ åæB Ø, N å#æÆ j NŒÆ æe c^ NÆ åæB Ø K ªfi Å j N ªfi Å, $bæ *ı º N ƪøªB ŒÆd vac å#æÆ, MC&CC; å#æÆ, edd. pr. jj N å#æÆ j NŒÆ Œº., MHC; N å#æÆ j NŒÆ Œº., edd. pr.
83 ½K ƪøªB c Ø Łø. . ½K ƪøªB c Ø Łø, Nicolet (1999) 196; ½K ƪøªB c Øø, edd. pr.
ll. 83–84, §36. 75 bc 83 R KŒ ıŁ)ŒÅ ª ^ Å ^ a ' øÆø º K ƪøªB j N ƪøªB Øø æƪø ØÆØ P E, yØ *ø H æƪ ø
P E, MC&CC; P E, edd. pr. jj æƪ ø , MC&CC; æ Æ ª ½ø, edd. pr.
84 ½HØ Å Ø#ÅØ º c Øø Æ. . ll. 84–87, §37. 72 bc
84 ¸*ŒØ ˆººØ, ˆÆE ¸º oÆØ æ ŁÅŒÆ· n ¼ Ø æe c^ NÆ åæB Ø N Æ*Å^ c^ å#æÆ j c ºØ w vac w, MC&CC; w½, edd. pr.
85 ½º Ø Æ ÆPe ÆØ N ªfi Å ŒıŒº *ø N ŒÇfi Å, $bæ *ı º c Øø: ‹ i K KŒ ^Å B å#æÆ j B º ø, w º Ø Æ ÆPe PŒ ÆØ, vac
Translations
59
81 [and] there is to be the right to seizure of a pledge in this [matter] to the partners who have accepted the contract for the mines. ll. 81–83, §35. 75 bc 81 Whatever land is under the dicio or potestas of the Roman people, [whomsoever or whatsoever anyone] exports [from] this land from home for private use, or imports to land to home for private use, [he is not to pay] telos on this on import and [export.] ll. 83–84, §36. 75 bc 83 Whoever according to a treaty made with the Romans is not obliged to pay telos on export and import on certain things, they are [not] to pay [telos to the publicanus] on these things. ll. 84–87, §37. 72 bc 84 The consuls L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus added: whatever anyone imports for private use into the land or the city [to which he belongs] or conveys in in the course of transit, he is not to pay telos on it; and whatever [imports or] conveys in from a land or a city to which he does not belong, 81 eius[que rei] sociis qui operas in metallis dederunt pignoris capio esto. ll. 81–83, §35. 75 bc 81 quicumque ager in dicione potestate populi Romani erit, [quos quaeue quis ex] eo agro domo usus priuati causa exportabit, in <eum> agrum domum usus priuati causa importabit, pro ea re portorium importationis [exportationisue ne dato.] ll. 83–84, §36. 75 bc 83 pro quibus rebus quis ex foedere cum populo Romano facto portorium exportationis importationisue dare non debebit, pro eis rebus [portorium publicano ne danto.] ll. 84–87, §37. 72 bc 84 L. Gellius Cn. Lentulus cos. addiderunt: quodcumque quis usus priuati causa in eum agrum inue eam ciuitatem [cuius ciuitatis erit] importauerit circumuectionisue causa inuexerit, pro ea re portorium ne dato; quodque cumque ex eo agro exue ea ciuitate cuius ciuitatis non erit
60
Text and Translations, ll. 86–91
86 ½ Y N ªfi Å Y N ŒÇfi Å, IªæÆç Łø ŒÆd $bæ *ı º ØÆØ Oç غø· ŒÆd *ı F æªÆ u æ H ºØH æƪø Iªøªc ŒÆd K å*½ Y N ªfi Å Y N ŒÇfi Å, MHC, MC&CC; ½ŒıŒº *ø N ªfi Å N ŒÇfi Å, edd. pr.
87 ½æı ºBłØ ø . . ll. 87–88, §38. 72 bc 87 n ¼ Ø ŒÆa F e IªæłÅÆØ, ŒÆa c^ ^Å Ø F æªÆ *ı HØ º#^ÅØ º Pºı øfØg: Ka oø c Ø) fi Å, fiH غfiH Pºı øfØg, MC&CC; Pºı øfØg, edd. pr.
88 ½º Ø ø, ŒÆd F æªÆ *ı HØ º#^ÅØ IªøªcfØg ŒÆd K^ å*æı ºBłØ ø. . Ø ø, MC&CC; Øø, edd. pr. jj º#^ÅØ, MC&CC; º#fi Å, edd. pr.
ll. 88–96, §39. 17 bc 88 ˆœ *æØ, ˆœ غÆe oÆØ æ ŁÅ^ŒÆ· Æ¥Ø^ º Ø EÆØ 89 ½ŒÆd –ØÆ Ł^Å ŒÆd ¥Ø ½B N Ø ø ØØŒ) ø ¯ ç Æ ŒÆd ø ØØŒ) ø ØºÅ Æ ŒÆd ø ØØŒ) ø XXXX j port. Asiae uilic. Mil. se j )ºØŒØ —æ Øø ŒØ: j ºØ : Æ NŒ: ØjºÅ: *ºfiø. There is some debate as to the exact nature of his position. The text as presented by Herrmann leaves open
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two possibilities. Herrmann suggests that Felix was a seruus uilicus, whose (former) owner, Primio, was one of the partners in the societas: Felici Primioni(s), XXXX j port(uum) Asiae uilic(o) Milet(i) ser(uo) j )ºØŒØ, —æ Øø; ŒØðøHÞ j 0 ºØðøÞ; j Æ NŒðfiøÞ Øjº)ðfiøÞ, *ºfiø). This is, however, epigraphically awkward. Most scholars prefer to follow the older reading: uilic(i) Milet(i) ser(uo) and NŒðıÞ Øº)ðfiøÞ *ºfiø (cf. CIL 3, 447 and ILS 1862). This would make Felix the uicarius of the slave uilicus Primio. 9b. Primio? Job title: (seruus) uilicus (or perhaps socius). Source: Milet 6.2, 563. On the accepted reading of the inscription, Primio was the (slave) uilicus at Miletus. If we were to follow Herrmann, Primio, as the owner of Felix, may have been a socius. 9c. Tyranius? Job title: unknown connection (or perhaps a uicarius). Source: Milet 6.2, 563. Very dubious case: If Felix was a seruus uicarius, Tyranius may have been his own slave-uicarius. However, as it is more likely that Felix was a uicarius himself, Tyranius’s connection with the portorium remains uncertain. Herrmann restores Turanios, which was the reading by Fredrich on which CIL 3, 447 was based. Other editions prefer the female name Tyrannis (cf. CIL 3, Suppl. 7149 and ILS 1862). 9d. Anonymus? Job title: seruus uilicus ? Source: Milet 6.2, 667. A fragment of a funerary inscription that was, in the interpretation of Herrmann, set up by an unknown [ser(uus) uil(icus) ? Milet]i. The reading is not certain, however. Herrmann suggests a dating from Hadrian onwards.
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Greek Index This is an index to the Greek text of the Customs Law inscription, rather than to Greek words cited elsewhere in the volume. The index takes the form of a normalized word list, differentiating under subheadings inflected and variant forms and some patterns of usage. No attempt has been made to produce a comprehensive guide to usage at a phrase level. References are to line numbers; where a word occurs more than once in a singe line, only one reference is given, although restored instances are noted separately. Square and angled brackets enclosing numbers indicate, respectively, that the word has been restored or inserted by the editors. Where a word not included in the present text of the inscription has been suggested as a reading or restoration by previous editors or commentators and is noted in the apparatus criticus, a line number reference preceded by ‘app.’ is given. a
Æ 4, app. 7 Æapp. 7 @budor !*fiø [24] Icah¸r IªÆŁF 69 IªÆŁB app. 114 Icoq› IªæÆ 91 Icoq›fy IªæÇ Ø app. 48 › Iªæ Æ app. 22 MªæÆ 47 Icwih›kassor IªåØŁÆº
ı 34 ±cy ¼ªfi Å 77 ¼ªÅÆØ app. 11 ¼ªø Ø 59, 60, 62, 76 IcycÞ Iªøª) [56], 86, 132 Iªøª){Ø} 88 IªøªB app. 117
A ‘ dqaluteiom ´ æÆı øØ 24 A ‘ dqalutij¸r æÆıØŒB 90 aNq›qiom ÆNææØ 142 ÆNæÆæı [7], 103, [108], 111, 125 ÆNæÆæøØ [101] HØ F ˚æı ÆNæÆæøØ 143 ai“qe†y ƃæBÆØ app. 67 aNte†y ÆNÅ ø app. 3 ÆNÅ Æø 129 A ‘ jeqqþmior ˆÆE Œ ææ#Ø —挺 [136] A ‘ ken›mdqeia º Ææ fi Æ [24]