Test it, Fix it - English Grammar: Pre-intermediate level

Contents OXFORD VNIVEICS ITY PR ESS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 GOP

How to use Test it, Fix it

4

Oxford Univ ersity Press is a depart m ent of the University of Oxford . It furthers t he University's ob ject ive of excellence in research, scho larship, and education by publ ishi ng w orl dw ide in

Articles (1)

6

A rt icles (2)

10

Oxford New York

Artic les (3)

14

Adjectives and adv erbs

18

Word order with adjectives

22

Word order w ith adverbs

26

Comparative and su perlative ad jectives

30

The mora l rig hts of the author have been asserted

Co m parat ive and superlative adverbs

34

Database ri ght Oxford University Press (maker)

- ing or -ed ?

38

Co unt ab le nouns

42

U ncoun table nouns

46

Quantifiers: some, any~ much and many

50

Auck land Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Tow n Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kon g Istanb ul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpu r Madrid Me lbourne Mexico City Mumba i Nairobi Sao Paulo Shang hai Taipei Tokyo Toro nto Oxford and Oxford English are reg istered trade marks of Oxford Univers ity Press in the UK and in certai n other countries

© Kenna Bou rke 2003

First published 2003

No un a uth or ized p hotoc o pying All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a ret riev al system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior perm ission in writ ing of Oxford Univ ersity Press. or as express ly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rig hts organization. Enquiries concerning reprod ucti on outside t he scope of the above should be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at t he add ress above You must not ci rcu late t his book in any other bind ing or cover and you must impose th is same cond ition on any acqui rer Any websites referred to in t his publ icatio n are in t he publ ic doma in and their add resses are provided by Oxford University Press for information only. Oxford Un iversity Press disc laims any respons ib ility for the conten t

Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc . 54

Both, all; each, every; either, neither

58

Possessive s

62

Prepos it ions of time: at, on, in

66

Prepo sit io ns of pl ace : in, on, at

70

Quest io ns

74

Question tag s

78

Short answers

82

ISBN 0 19 438620 1

Ill ust rated by Ken Pyne Printed in China

U sefu l g ra m m ar ter m s

86

Test it, Fix it is a seri es of bo ok s d esi gn ed to help y ou i dentify an y probl em s you m ay have in Eng lish , and to fix t he probl em s. Each Test it, Fix it bo ok has t wenty tests w h ich co nce n tra te on m ist akes comm onl y m ad e by learn ers . Tes t it, Fix it has an u nusu al form at . You stan at t he f irst page of each unit,

Test it again

(Seco nd page)

t,••, "~!I " l n ~

o Do Test it again, exerci se 1. ." ...

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then go to th e t h ird pag e, then to t he second pag e. Her e's how it works:

Test it

."..... 111

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(First pa gel

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Do Test it again, exercise 2.

~ Go t o the Fix it p ag e and check yo ur answers .

o First do Test it. exe rcise 1.

Fix it

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[Third pagel

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Then do Test it, exercise 2.

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9 Go to the Fix it page and check your answers before you do Test it again .

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(Th ird pagel

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'h • You use the when t he person you're talking to knows which perso n or th in g

you 'r e ta lki ng about.

Could you pass me the salt? (The salt that's on t he table.)

Your glasses are in the car. (It's our car. You know wh ich one I mean.)

You use the with the names of places that are plura l, e.g. the United States, tile Netherlands; the United Arab Emirates. You also use the w ith the names o f most deserts, seas, rivers and oceans, and with t he names of most buildings. Robin lives in the United States. She sailed across the Pacific.

It's very hot in the Negev Desert. I found the book in the British Library.

Note, however, that there are exceptions to this ru le. You don 't use the w ith the

names of buildings which include the words school, universitv, college; castle,

palace; airport. station, e.g. London University, Topkapi Palace; Frankfurt Airport.

No article You do n't use an article (a, an or the) when you're talking about t hings in

general. If you use an art icle, you change the mean ing.

I like milk but I don't like fish . (All mi lk and all fish.)

lease pass me the milk. (The milk that' s on the table. )

Children are adorable. (All children.)

The children are adorable. (Our children .)

You don't use an article wi th languages or with the names of most places.

Paddy speaks French. NOT Pedd~' speaks the Freneh.

We like Lake Como. NOT We like the-l::a,xe Como.

Note, however, that there are exceptions to this rule. YOLI use the wi t h the names of places which include words such as kingdom, sultanate, republic, e.g. 'Ira Ropubtic of Ireland, and with very big parts of the world, e.g. The Far East.

You don't usa nn article bofore people's names or before Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss,

Or, Ptotessot, etc, nnd the parson's nama.

limy h; //IY 1>0UI (, itmd. NO I Tile TOI/Y is my bes/ -friel/fi.

. __

. '-

-

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Test it ~

Test it again

o Choose the correct sentence in eac h pair.

o

a b

John's in t he hospital because he's broke n his leg.

John's in hospital becau se he's b roken his leg .

c d

W hat funny boy you are!

Wha t a funny boy you are!

e

We' ll have a salad fo r lunch.

We'll have a salad for the lunch .

Find and correct the mistake in eac h sentence. iI

b

hate travelling by the p lane.

I

David always uses his pen as spoon.

II

C'I

co u n te d th o u sa n d co in s i ll fifte e n m inutes :

9

Why don't you ring Fiona?

I think she's at the home .

'---------~--...

9 h

We 're going to Lon d on by the car.

We're goi ng to Lon do n by car.

c

To get to Broad Street, take the seco nd turni ng on the left. To get to Broad St reet, take t he seco nd turni ng on left.

f)

Write a, an or the where necessary.

d

a

M ickey James is in . .

prison again .

b

Hey, look ! My w atch is

c

Em m a's only fi ve and she can already coun t to

d

The child ren go to school by

e

Wo uld yo u like to win

f

.J ulia n! W hat

9

Wh at do you wa nt for

h

Patrick Leig h Ferm o r tra velled fro m London to Istanbul o n

h

Do you want to have th e dinner wit h me?

You a nd

The kids love going to cinema.

I can't see you on Saturday because I'm going to the work.

we ' re sam e typt' o f" people. 111(' -

same as yo urs ! You turn the li ght s off ! I don't want to get out of the be d .

hund red .

bus. million dolla rs?

amaz ing surprise!

San dy 's working as Take the t hird t urning on

breakfast?

foot.

assistant un t il she goes to Australia .

M nt ch the two hal ves of each sentence . Add a, an or the w here necessary.

b c tl

rig ht.

h

~

Do you eve r go to The post o ffice is over there o n Wo ofte n go to t he beach in M ost people dislike being in I' m bus y. I've got Hnr ry ! Wh at He's w ork in g as The y do mo untai n resc ues by A ltor I liko

1

2 3 4 5 6 ........ .. 7 . . '" 8 9 10

helico pter. waiter at t he moment. hosp it al. chur ch? Ju ne . lunch w e'll play foot ball. coas t mo re th an the mou nta in s. m illion th ing s to do . surprise to see you agai n ! rig ht next to th e ban k.

~

A rticles (3)

Review

Fix it notes A Use the before some co mm on exp ressio ns, e.g. th e left, the rig ht, the sa me .

B Don't use an article w it h some com m on expressions rela ting to particula r places, e.g. in bed, at hom e, in hospital, in prison, to work. C Do n't use an article w ith meals, days, months, or wi th ho li days, fest iv als and spec ia l days.

D Use a o r an befo re a singu lar countable noun aft er as.

E Don't use an arti cle wi th methods of tr an sport , e.g. by bus , b y car, on foot.

Articles (3) A and an You use a o r an before sing ul ar countable no uns afte r as.

I'm using my spare bedro om as an office.

Jane's work ing as an assistant in the do cto r 's surgery. NOT

as assistant

You use a or an before sing ular countab le no u ns in excl am ati o ns t hat start

wi th What.

What a surp rise! What an amazing car! What a funny dream !

You use a befo re til e wo rds hundred, thousand, million, billion, etc . w he n you 1110an 'o ne hu ndred ', 'on e t ho usan d', et c. Jill's won a h und red euros. A thousand years ago there w as a fo res t here.

You use the befo re some common exp ressions, e.g . the same, the cinema,

th e th eatre, th e ri g ht, the left, the top, th e coast, etc . You need to learn t hese .

You're we aring the same ja cket as m e. ShaJJ we go to the cinema?

My bo use is on the le ft.

rticle

F Use a or an before a sing ular coun table noun in exclamatio ns w ith What ... !

YOIi d on 't use an article with some common ex p ressio ns relat ing to

pa rtic ula r places.

(0 , in o r o ut of: bed, chu rch, hospital , pr ison

(lI, at or fr om: coll ege , school , unive rsit y, work

G Use a before hundred , tho usand. million when vo u m ean 'o ne hu ndred' , 'o ne thousand', etc.

Huh will be in prison for six months. NOT in th e pri so n

Wo learnt a lot at school today. NOT at t he scho ol

I li ke going to work. NOT tfie--wefk-

,

For more inf o rm at ion , see the

Review page oppos it e.

J>

YUIi d on't use an article with meals, days, months, ho lidays, festivals and pucial days.

I hat e Mondays. My 1?irthday's in June.

I at's hov e lun ch log e/her. We always have a party on New Year 's Day.

I IItJ kids love Christmas. YO Ii don 't li se fin artlcle w ith m eth od s of tr ansport.

I pI/I to work hy trnin. Holen loves going ever yw he re on foor.

II'If II"ickl1l by em. Tl w Prim a Millis/a( tr nvels by ptnne.

Test it ~

o

o

Fiv e of t h ese sentences ar e incorrect. Fin d and corr ect t hem .

a

b

Rab bit f ur feels soft ly.

St eve hit t he ball hard.

You 're a person nice.

c

Harry is a dog black.

d

The Economist is a weekly magazine.

e

e

est it again

This curry tastes wonderful.

9

We saw two beautifuls sunsets last week.

h

Did yo u get u p

\'(' I

J' early?

Buy so m e green app les.

Across

2 The hairdresser cut my hair .......... yesterday.

3 The so u p tastes W hat's in it ?

5 Our Fre nc h exam w as q uite .

films recentl y ?

Hav e you seen any white fur.

8 My rab bit has , .

OBliger. Drive , 11 N ick is a . . , . reader but he loves

hooks.

Down

1 You ' re talk in g

Hnv e you go t to ot hache?

The m eat smells . .... .

Let' s throw it aw ay.

I cnn drink three

lltr os o f w ater a day.

'Don' t w orry: sh e said

I bought today a car.

Choose the co rrect sentence i n each pair. a b

So lve t he clues to com plete the crosswo rd . Use the words below. Ilf/rl badly easy easily good well

slo w slo w ly soft softly strange strangely

Mal co lm speaks w ell Italian. Mal co lm speaks It alian w ell.

;5 6

--.- - .

111 l' hi erry Herv e p layed

foull y in th e

Ill /Itch.

c T hat pe rf ume sme ll s w o nderfu l I d That perfume sme lls w o nd erf ully !

hnol Q t ho best option .

e A kitt en is a cat young .

A kitten is a young cat.

('/llr ick ha s h ai r b lond/b lond hair.

Sue did n't en jo y much the film/th e f il m much.

You look ang ry/ ang rily - w hat's w rong ?

" VIGky shouted loudly/loud.

Ih u Alps nro v ery sn ow ys/s no w y in w inter.

I hu music so u nds cheo rfu l/c hee rf u ll y.

I Th« aituntlon is sertous/serlo uslv, II Dn n't dr ivo BO flllJl/rnstiy.

1' .1/ Tlnuni i~ l II p np or d aily/d olly pap er.

11111'1 I rllll l f ll cl'lllcio ll s/do liclo ll l ly

It

9 Th ey test w eekly th e fir e alarm s. h They test t he fire alarm s w eekly.

I read fi ve good books on holiday.

I read five goods boo ks on holida y.

C@]

[ In ]

Adjectives and adverbs

Review

Fix it notes A Put adjective s before (not after) nou ns or pronouns.

djectives and adverbs die ct ives

B Ad jectives don 't chang e their fo rm with sing ular or plural nouns.

You use adjectives to say more about a nou n or a prono un. Adjectives go before (not after) th e noun or pro noun. lie's a man. He's a nice man. NOT He's-tt-ffltffHffee. IIMfY'S a dog. Harry's a black dog. NOT Herrv is B doe black.

C Put adjectives (n ot adve rbs) after t hese verbs : ap pear; be, become, feel, get, l ook, seem, smell, sound, taste.

YO Il don't change t he fo rm of an adjective with singular or plura l nouns. If 's nn interesting book. These are interesting books. NOT fftlefestifttjs­ Those shoes are cheap. NOT eheep«

o Don 't put adv erbs between the verb and the ob ject. Usu ally put th em at th e end of t he senten ce.

E Early and lat e; fast and hard; daily, w eekly and m onthly are adject iv es and adv erbs .

,

For mor e infor m atio n, see the Revi ew page oppos ite .

,[:>

YOIl put ad jectives after (not before) t hese verbs : appear; be, become, feel , get, luok, seem, smell, sound, taste. ~111 look tired. NOT You .tired-look. III"t seems easy. NOT -That·eaBy-seem s. YOIl use an adjective (not an adverb) after these verbs: appear; be, become, feel , 'til , look, seem, smell, sound, taste. 111f/ tiresd smells wonderful. NOT -W8RtferftJl/ y I )II/I!! OW milk taste bad? NOT -hat#y­

1111 lor m most adve rbs by addi ng Iy to the adjective . II/IId ... quickly Ihl l 1m careful , Some adverbs are irreg ular. / 1l 11I/

IIII/d

well hnrd

She's a good runner. Digging is hard work.

She runs well.

He works hard.

adverbs to say more about verbs. Adverbs tell you how, w here, when

much something happens. You usually put them at the end of the

uutnnce . You don't pu t t hem bet ween the verb and its ob ject.

I lilly fir/II delicious pizms here. NOT Thev-eett-here delicious pizzas.

~"'l lI llt/llk Ft onch well. Nor You speak well French.

1111 11(11'

III IJIIW

mel montniv con be adj ectives /III/ Iy JIIr

u aln. I {Jil t III) omlv. I ",~y 1-}fI !Jli ~lJ. 111 11 nlll"" rlilily

Word order with adjectives

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o

Find and co rrect any sente nc es th at are wrong .

a

I saw a wh ite li ll ie mo use in the kitc hen .

b

Katy liv es in a small m od ern flat near the town cen t re.

c

nicky is small, fair

and blue -eyed.

g

II I: II

~

( It was t he th ird b ig surp rise '. of t he da y.

-- <s: -,

Veil ire is an old

h

beautifu l city.

P ilI the ad jectives in t he co rrect ord er b ef ore the no u ns.

Ple ase buy me larg e two bottles of m ilk.

I

,I II

I ,

Nepa lese/re d/bea ut if ul tall /thl n/bl ue -eve d big/first cycl in g/ b l ue/l vcra Belg ian/ho t/d elicio us Il1IlIet/si lk/pink :lc ar y/Fre nch Gen n an/sh ep herd/ da nqe rou s IIl Il II /fift h v ull ow/sev en/t in v

scar f m an m atch shorts chips shoes fi lm dog e m ai l d ucks

1' llIlo. " the corr ect option, A or B.

d

The im po rt ant is t hat I lo ve you . .

yuckl This horrible tastes!

It was a journey tiring. e

J im gave m e a g re y co tton sca rf.

I hu uu ht . .... . music box . B an It alian lov ely , IOVI:ly Italia n I, II ,'" ~ 1 1I 1 a ... car. bl /ld h ug e spo rt s B h uge b lac k sports 11 11,1'" tho . . .. t hing y o u' v e said ! lil pid th ird B th ird stu pid ,I I IIVII ill , ..... ho use . 1\ nn old sto ne B a sto ne o ld III/Il W ~I : ; .. .. .. cu rr y ! 1\ ,. aplcv exce lle nt B an excell ent sp ic y

e Choose the correct sentence in each pa ir. a b

Yo u ti red lo ok. Yo u look tired .

c d

Yo u need lar ge two eg g s. Yo u need tw o large eggs .

k I m n

'/I ll

l\ W hat a nice li tt le boy!

Wh at a litt le nice bo y !

It good tast es !

It t astes good !

e A n Italian leat he r hand bag. A leath er Ita lia n han d bag .

o p

Th ey' re foo tba ll b lack boots .

Th ey' re b lack fo ot ball boots .

9 The po or boy is ill. h The poor i s ill.

q

He's ta ll, t hin and b lo nd. He's tall , t hin, b lon d .

s t

He's go t fi ve Siam ese cats . He's go t Siamese f ive cats.

l ll ' (JIII

It

11111 " lIlIn lo oks . f\ 11\1111 1I11 n ny B ligh t and su n ny W IJ 1Il/ lld fI dictio nary. f1 Hlcl l; f unc l1 B French good

l\

CEQ]

B unhappy see m

.u u lt l v ou pass me the . ........ ruler? 1\ 1I1111 " ll on9 B lo ng meta l i

.fllllff

She drives a ti ny wh it e car. She d riv es a w h it e t iny car.

unh ap py

tI

~1 1l

11\ .

. rab b it.

urlurn h lu li tt lo Du tch

B a Dut ch littl e adorab le

LJ2O]

Word order wi th adjectives

Review

Fix it notes A Put adjectives describing size, length or

height before other adjectives but after

adjectives describing opi ni o n.

B

Put adjectives describing col our, orig in,

ma ter ial and purp ose in th at ord er.

C Put adjectives d escribing opin ion, e.g . beautiful, before any other adjec tive s.

o Put numbers bef or e adj ectives.

E

Ad ject ives go be fore (not aft er) a noun .

Always put a noun, e.g. thing, boy,

aft er an adje ctive exc ept in specia l

cases .

F Put adject ive s aft er (not before) th ese verbs: appear, be, beco me, feel, g et, loo k, seem, sm ell , so und and tast e. G Use and bef o re th e last adjective if y ou use tw o o r more adj ectives afte r appear, be, become, feel, get look, seem , smell, sound and tast e.

For mo re inform at ion, see th e

Rev iew page o ppo sit e.

I

J>

Word order with adjectives 11 '11 im po ssible to gi ve exact rules f o r word order with adject ives in Eng lish because I IHIre are ma ny except ions. How ev er, there are some g uidelines th at will he lp yo u 1' 1 choose the correct wo rd order in most cases. Generall y you don't use more than II l! lw adjec ti ves togethe r in the same sentence. You usually put adjectives that describe your opinion before any other

«tloctives,

o tui's han dsome, sl im and fair-haired. What an adorable little baby!

You use adj ectiv es that describe size , length or height before adjectives that c1rJRCribe col ou r, orig in , material or purpose . II'i ':; (Jo/ a big red nose . That's a small Dutch rabbit. It's a long silk scarf. II " driv es a bla ck racing car. You use adjecti ves that describe colour, or igin, material or purpose in that uulur, Il w :JfJ nre green Alsatian glass drinking cups.

141/1 is " brown German shepherd dog.

1111 p ili number s and words like first, second, last, etc . before adjectives. /I II 1111 rl uo tom ato es. That's the last boring party I'm going to .

tllOl IIVll ll (10 befor e (not after) a noun . Don 't use an adjective on its own. (I IIIIIU wnlk: NOT Jt!s-B-wa-lk-Jong.

11111 III1IJIJI tnnt thing is that we love each other. NOT +he-imonFtant is that .. .

II,,,, fltlm {li'" is unwell. NOT -Th e-p oor is unwell.

"

NlI l lt. You can use an adjective withou t a noun in special cases, e.g . the elderly,

I/lU II, tha unemployed, the young, etc. In these cases , you' re talking abo ut a

111ft

JII II' P 0 1 peopl e and you're using the adjective as a noun.

1/" "

f

I",lily rnises money for th e poor. (Poor people as a group.)

III II lId ll11lll vI;lS nft er (not before) these verbs: ap pear, be, become, feel, ge t, look,

Til. 'W/II ,fI, smell and taste. II/Ilk uonutitut! He seems happy.

I '"

I feel tired.

NOT

-I-ti red-fee/.

'"" Tl fl fJlI lII, bu, become, feel, get, look, seem, so und, sm ell and taste, you use ,," l mln ru lh o lnst f1 cljacl ivo if vou li sa two or more ad jocti vos in th e sam e 1I111111.1t If vou li se thr oe adinctivea, vou put 11 cn nuun a lter tim Iirst ad jec ti ve. II ' ·lJi"'", "/Ct' IlIIlI SI /ic y. YOII look ri" ttllll/l lllllh ~'flIJY-

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o

Choose t he co rrect sentence in each p air. a

b c

hve o f th ese sentences are incorrect. Fi nd and co rre ct them.

He ofte n forg et s to r ing m e.

He f org ets often to ring m e.

Sh e did n't li ke mu ch the fi lm .

She di d n't like t he fi lm much.

II

e The repo rt is f inis hed comple tely.

T he report is co m pletely fin ished.

,:

d

9 h

I sp eak Itali an badl y.

I speak badly Itali an .

j

Did y o u see Mart in a y est erd ay ?

Did y o u y est er d ay see M art ina?

k I

I feel sad v ery .

I feel v ery sad.

m n

9 h

,

\\ ( '

.

' O ll ll' l l l i ll"

. I I I' , {; l ll l d l l l.

go ou t II

(";111

h el p vo u Jlr,)ba b h .

I nev er w ant to do th is ag ain.

A re you usu allv ch eerfu l?

~ I

')

~/

She doesn't very well ride a bike.

We alw ays hav e liv ed he re.

W e have alw ay s live d her e.

Gho o se t h e b est o pti o n, A o r B.

They make wo nd erfu l san dw iches here.

Do y o u

me?

A still love

B love sti ll

h Fion a doesn't hav e a sense of humou r. She A laup hs never B ne ve r laug hs

"II probab ly see y o u o n Friday.

I' ll see y o u p ro bably on Fr id ay.

tI

e Put t he adverbs in t he correct places . a b c d e f 9 h

Keith doesn't oft en come r ound .

Sinu m

The cake is ov er cooke d to tall y.

(

q Have y o u studied always at th is sc hoo l?

Ha ve y o u alwa ys st ud ied at th is sc h oo l?

s t

f

W ill I see you tomorrow?

II

o They m ake here w on derf u l sand w iches.

p

Do you go to the theatre ever?

Pet e and Sue are ma rried . (hap pi ly)

Dav id gets u p earl y. (alwa ys)

Have y o u g ot y o u r dog? (still)

I enjoyed the fi lm. (a lot )

We're lea vi ng . (to day)

He feels il l. (ter ribly )

Yo u left y o ur b ook. (t here)

Tom pl ays t he d rum s. (w ell)

I' ll ring y o u to m o rro w . (d efin it ely }

Ton y kno ws t he ans wer. (probably)

II

10

.

=inish y our homework q uickly. Sup per is ...... B re ad y alm ost A nlrnost rea d y No o ne enjoyed . A much the pla y B t he pl ay m uc h . W o w at c h V a lot B a lot TV l luw lo ng have you ? A thur e li ved B li v ed the re 1l,.I)h itH , ..... A 1111. fll S I B fast ru n V, ll i look . B happy ex treme ly A uxtt umelv hap py

I tI l ' tu m orrow go out B go ou t to m o rrow 11 11 II i liti S . A VllI Y lo ud ly B lo udly very

~

~

Word orde r with adverbs

f) Fix it

Review

notes

A

Word order with adverbs

Put adverbs of frequen cy, e.g . often,

and certainty, e.g. probably, be fore

most verbs.

B

Put adverbs of freque ncy, e.g . always,

and certainty, e.g. definitely, after

aux iliary verbs and the ve rb be.

C In questions, put adve rbs of f req uency, e.g . always, afte r auxil iary + subject.

Di ffe rent kinds of adverb, for example adverbs of frequency such as always or ulverbs of manner such as badly, go in different positions in a sentence. ' ~()m e go at the end of the sentence but others go near the verb.

dverbs of frequency and certainty Yo u use adve rbs of frequency, e.g . never, often, sometimes, etc. and adverbs

o f cert ai nt y, e.g . certainly, definitely, probably, etc . before most verbs .

We ne ver go sailing. I often go running. He definitely likes pizza .

You use adverbs of frequency and certainty after auxiliary verbs, e.g . can, do,

hnve. must, will, etc. and after the verb be.

/ can o ften beat him at chess. She has probably been there before.

D Put ad ve rbs of quantity, e.g . much, at t he end of t he sentence (not betwee n the verb and it s obje ct ).

III quest ions, you use adverbs of frequency and adverbs like still and ever after III aux il iary + subject . Do you often go out? Does he still love me? Have you ever seen him?

E

verbs of manner, place, quantity and time

Put ad v er bs of place, e.g . here, at t he end of t he sentence (not between the verb and it s object) . F Put adverbs of time, e.g . yesterday, at the end of the sentence (not between the v erb and its object) .

G Put adve rbs of manner, e.g . badly, at th e end of th e sentence (not between the v er b and its object) .

H Put ad ve rbs before (not after) an adj ective o r a past partic ip le .

Fo r more inlonna tio n. see th e Hov low P fl U U u p poui tu .

L>

You usual ly use adverbs of manner, e.g. badly, well; adverbs of place, e.g . here, th ere; adverbs of quantity, e.g. a bit, a lot, much; and adverbs of t ime, e.g. (or/ny, yesterday, at the end of the sentence. Never put these adverbs between I verb and its object. This is a very common mistake.

YO/l speak English well. NOT ¥eu-speak-well-English:

I/lay sell stamps here. NOT They-sell -here -stamps;

W(J liked the restaurant a lot. NOTWe-liked-a lot the-restaurant;

J It/s leaving the house today. NOT -He!s-/eaving-today-the house.

rb s before adjectives and past participles YIIII put adverbs before (not after) an adjective or a past participle. 11m hook is nearly written. NOT -Th e-book-is-w rit ten -nettf/y.

\ '1)/1 look extremely tired. NOT You -icok-tired-extremetv.

Co mparative and supe rlative adjec tives

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o Ch oose the best option, A or B.

Find and co rre ct the m is take in eac h sentence.

a

a

g

The blu e whale is the animal the biggest.

b

f)

Which skyscraper is the highest of the wor ld ?

M y brother is in telli genter tha n I am .

b

t\Ltrk fi lll is Sp ;lllls h l'....

I'm going on a diet! My trousers doesn't fit me. Sam likes mouses beca use they' re small and fu rry.

Bus go up and down my street all day and they're noisy.

This film are boring - let's watch a different one.

e

e

( Ii ' II I ; 1I 1l 1 Jill h.iv« 1,1.l l l T , - l:u \" , 1" " " 1 .u « l '\ Il'\".

In autumn the leafs fall off the trees.

Write t he p lu ra l forms of t he se nouns.

a

woman

b

sheep

c

story

d

tooth

e

dress

fox

h

foot

~

I-

I

4

3

l-

6

S

7

I Down

1 ......... , forks and spo o ns,

2 Almost all offices nowadays

use .

4 They're red and y ou eat t \em in salads.

5 are frig ht ened of ca ts .

8 These vegetables grow u iderqround . 10 There are . ........ in every

city. They are cheaper to

use than taxis.

3 12 People usually live in

.......... o r apartments.

r

r

I

8 l-

I-

I-

-

'---

l-

I-

-

9

~

10

I-

11

I-

I

I-

4

r

tomato 9

Across 2 People who aren't grown up are cal led .......... . 3 Most people use these to 2 6 Men have ... . and w om en have husbands.

7 These are very young chi :fren. l9 cause t raffic jams.

11 I'd like two of bread and Ia baguette, please .

l13 These are clever animal s. They steal chickens .

I14 The th ings you bite with .

'---

wolf ch ild

.. ......_

"

"

'

.

~

r [,-~]

.,..,..

Countable nouns

f) Fix it notes

o Review

A

Countable nouns

Many Engli sh no un s are co u nt ab le. Ad d s to m ake tho plural, e.g. boys.

Spelling rules •

B Add es to cou nta b le no u ns ending in ch, sh, s, a and x to mak e the pl ural, e.g . pote to es, dresses.

Many Eng lish nou ns are coun table. In most cases, you add

s to th e si ngular

noun t o make the plural form.

dog/dogs boy/boys shop/shops •

If a coun tab le no un end s in in cb, sh, s, 0 o r x, you ad d es to make the

plural f orm .

watch/watches potato/potatoes

C To m ake the plural o f nouns ending in consonant + y, change V to i and add es, e.g. diction aries.

brush/brushes fo x/foxes

bus/buses

If a countable noun ends in a consonant + y, you ch ange y to i an d add es. dictionary/dictionaries story/stories lady/ladies

o To make the plural o f nouns ending in f Or fe, ch ang e f to v and add es, e.g. leaves, wolves.

If a countable noun ends in f or te, you ch ange the f to v and add es or s. thiet/tbieves leaf/leaves wife/wives knife/knives life/lives

Irregular plural forms

E

Some cou ntab le nouns are irregular and th er ef o re have irregula r p lura l forms.

Some countabl e noun s a re irregular.

They have irreg ul ar plural forms,

e.g . people, mice, sh eep, women.

You need to learn th ese. person/people chitd/cbildren woman/women mouse/mice

man/men

sheep/sheep

F Use a singu lar v erb with si ng u lar co u nt able nou ns.

Noun-verb agreement You use a singular ve rb wi t h si ngu lar countable nou ns.

The child is happy. The Oxford dictionary con tains 3,5 00 new words.

G Us e a plu ral verb w it h p lu ra l nouns. Some no uns ar e alwa ys plural , e.g. police, tr ousers.

For : nore i nformati~n , see the Hevi ew page o pposite.

1[>

•

Yo u use a plu ral verb w ith p lura l nouns. The girls are swimming. The children didn't go to school yesterday. So me no u ns are always plural. Yo u use a plura l ve rb . These trousers don 't fit me. Are these scissors sharp enough? The police are coming. My glasses need cleaning.

Test it ~

Test it again

o Choose t he best option, A or B.

o Comple te t he sentences. Use a word from t he list and a where necessary.

n

Did yo u hear A B a

no ise?

b

good for y ou .

Ba re

John has to o m uc h to d o.

A works B work

Can I get ... .. advice here?

A an B­ The spag hett i you cooked de licious !

A t astes B taste

happin ess w ork w at er j ourne y tea m oney

Rice

a

A is

c d e

f)

c d

l uck

.__ . is ex pensive t hese days. This chai r co sts £ 150.

t

I w ish yo u

d

__ .__ " ... isn't importan t. Yo u can 't b uy hap pin ess.

She ne ver drinks any t hing else.

.__ ... fo r yo ur exams.

grows i n India and Ch ina .

W hat is

.. .__ ? It's difficult to describe.

9

Susa nna went on

h

I' d like ....." ... and a slice of cake , pl ease.

...... f ro m Canada to M ex ico .

Nick's go t . __ .... to do so he can't come to ni gh t. Christi ne spe nd s £50 0 on

f)

Wh ere can I get information about the city?

Wh or e can I get informations abou t the city?

eve ry year.

Find a nd correct ten mistakes.

a

I need money so 1'1l1 lo o king fi)]' a jo b. This a dvert says >'o u 1I11ls1 have a n ex perience or wo rking in an office and tha t you will make a pl 'ogress if you are good at using a ('omp lltlT. J wa n : an iuforuuuion abou t Ihc salary but ir rlocsu't say al1~ ' lhiJlg- about pa y.

b

We'd like an orange juice and two coffee, pleas e.

T hroe co ffee, please.

Three cof fees, please .

This job ad ve rt says y o u need an experience.

This job ad ve rt says y o u need experience.

h

furniture

Carla only d rin ks mineral

Chooso th e co rrec t sentence in each pa ir. b

tr av el

b

e

He uses th e London tube every da y so he spends a lot on .

A t rav el B t ravels

IJ We' ve go t good news for you.

A B a

II Money . . buy you love.

A don't B doesn't

Please be quiet! You're making too much . .

A noises B noise

. b lond hair and blue ey es.

Patrick's got A a B -

co ffe e

Oil fl oat in w at er.

Oil fl oat s in w ater.

c

'SHOPPING 0\'\ oYO\,\Be j",ice t-eO\s

"",ilks Ov.i+eY

Do v ou enjoy list en ing to music?

Do you onjoy list en ing to a music?

Certai n ly, w ould

oyeO\,A

yo u li ke a m ilk and sug ar?

wO\t­ e V'

~y",it·s

0\

r=D]

co~ee

Ll20J

j,'4 >.II

~m

!f2J

Uncountable nouns

B

~

~ 0

f A

b A

~

B

9 A ~ C

c B

~

A

d B

~

C

eA

~

B

h B ~ B B-+ D j B -+ C

I) a

o Review

Fix it note s

Answers to Test it Chock your answers. Wrong answer? Rood the right Fix it note to find out why. ft

Uncountable nouns

A Un countab le noun s are no rm ally sing ular. Do n 't ad d s,

Many nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in some other lang uag es. You need to learn whether a noun is countable or uncountable when you see it for t he first time. Fo r information about using quantifiers with

B Use a si nq u la r verb wit h uncou nt abl e no un s.

unco unt ab le nouns, see pag e 53 . Uncountable nouns, e.g. advice, information, milk, petrol, sugar, et c. are normally singu lar. They don't have a plural form so you can 't add 5 to

•

21 The co rrect sentences are:

b -+ 0

C

c~ A

Do n't use a or an wi th uncountab le no un s.

f -+ C h" B I .. r:

t he nou n. advice NOT adviees milk NOT -mHIts

o

No~'~~o Rage 47 . iTest yourself again.

D Furn it ure

c Ton 2 n on experl enee­ n-proqress lin In fo rmatio n

b ootlee

c

o·sugerlInorenge-jtiiee 10 0 S

mi lks

twils n-oouee

f 9 h i j

happiness a journey

a coffee

work

tr avel

ex perie nce

prog ress

in for m at io n

coffees

suga r

o ran ge ju ic e

tea

milk

fru it

co ffee

For m ore info rm at ion , see t he

Revi ew page o ppos ite . I

NOT

informations-

petrels

You use a singular verb w ith an un countable no un .

Milk tastes nice . Apple juice is sweet. The water feels cold.

Som e no uns, e.g. coffee, no ise, can be co untable o r un co unt able w ith different m eanin gs.

You don't use the art icles a or an wi th uncountable nouns .

This is hard work. NOT -e-berd-wor«

I need information . NOT -en-iltfflFm8tiQFt

Do you want advice? NOT -sn-edviee

An swers to Test it again b w ater c luck d Money

information petrol NOT

J>

Some nouns can be co unt ab le or un countable but be care f ul!

The mean ing changes.

Did you hear a noise ? (a particu la r noise)

There 's too much noise. I can't work. (noise in ge neral)

I'd like a co ffee, please. (a cup of coffee )

We need coffee and sugar. (coffee and suga r in general)

There's a hair on your jacket. (just one hair)

He's got blond hair. (the hair on his head)

•

Here's a list of common uncountable nouns: accommodation advice baggage bread butter cheese coffee eloctricity xp erionc 1 _ • • 1..

furniture gas hair happiness information juice knowleclq lo v luck

milk money noise music nows oil petrol pol lutiu u prow

spaghetti sugar tea jrafflc travel water w eather work

Quantifiers: some, an}', much and many

Quantifiers : SOfTIe, any,

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o Choose t h e correct op t ion, A or B.

Choose the correct sentence in eac h pair. a b

Jim's got any phot os t o sho w m e.

Jim's got so m e pho tos to show m e.

a b

c I do n't think th ere's any coffee. d I do n't think th ere's some coffee.

c

e Can I have so me m o re cheese, please?

Can I have any more chee se, ple ase?

d

9 J o doesn't hav e many trouble ma king f riend s. h J o doesn't have mu ch tro uble making friends .

i

e

I d on't know much French.

I don 't know man y French.

k We don't eat much sweet th ings . I We don 't eat many sw eet th ings.

9

m n

Have we got any m ilk left?

Have w e got some mi lk left ?

h

o p

Lookl Here's any information about th e city.

Look l Here's some info rm atio n about the city.

q How much time have you got?

Ho w man y t im e have you go t ?

6

apple juice? Can 1 have A any B some Do you play. " ." " .. spo rts? A any B much Sam doesn't wa nt ." " " ... mi lk. He wan ts wa ter. A any B so me How leg s has a m illipede got? A m uch B many I d id n't get answers righ t. All t he q uest io ns were too hard . A any B some There much butter left. A is B is n' t pollu tion in Kat hmand u. We didn 't see B many A much Clara has got in teresting books. B so m e A much ? Hav e you go t any B st amps A stamp There any w o lves in England . A are B aren 't

e Complete t he sentences. Use much, many, some or any. Sometimes more

Th ere aren 't some apples.

There aren't any apples.

than one answer may be correct.

Choose t he best optio n . Wo hav en't go t m uch/m any time.

h Wou ld yo u l ike so m e/ any bread?

c How m uch/ma ny t im es have you been to Egypt?

d Guo rqe doesn't like ma ny veg etable/vegetables .

o Pote's bought so m e/any CDs.

a

Bill needs . ""

b

Have you got

c

Is there

d

How

e

Pat boug ht

"

adv ice. Can y o u hel p h im ? fr iends ? .. bread? I'm hungry. petrol is there in t he ca r? bo oks and a DVD. more time.

I need 9

There isn' t

h

How .................

cen ts are there in €7?

Yo u didn't bu y .

..

We took

~

time, so hurry up!

. ....

clo t hes tod ay, did yo u? photos w hon wo were in Venice.

[ _[20]

IIIIhl 11, .

to

Quantifi ers: some, any, mu ch and rnany

~rn

Chock your answers. Wrong answer? Rood the right Fix it note to find out why.

l~

I"

c -' C 0 -' 13

m" C p-. A

h-. D

q " l)

1 -. [\

t" C

1,2, 0 much b so m e c many d voge ta b les o so m e

.. .. .. .. -.

D B E E

A

2 n uorno b ony/ mo ny co ny d muc h

o somo

cA hB

f 9 h i

You use some w it h un countable nouns and pl ural nou ns when you're ta lki ng abo ut a small amou nt or n u m ber and yo u don't know or it isn't important to know th e exact amount. We need some information.

He 's got some new books.

You use some in posit ive sentences, not in negative sentences.

There are som e letters on the table. NOT There aren 't some-tenere-on the-table.

C

Answers to Test it again bA g A

Some

B Us e so me in questio ns w hen you ex pect t he a ns wer to be ' yes' .

I Niiw uo"iO:P8g e 51 . irest yourself aga in. -,.• ,:u.

u B f B

Quantifiers: some, any, much and many

A Use some ill po sitiv e sentences with unco unta ble noun s and plura l no un s wh en yo u' re talkinq abo ut a sma ll amou nt or numbe r.

,' I! T he co rrect sentences are :

b -. A

o Review

Fix it notes

Answers to Test it

dB

is

so me any/m uch many any/ m any j so me

Use any in nega tive sente nces and in m ost q uest io ns w it h unco untable no un s and pl u ral nouns w hen yo u ' re talking ab ou t a sm all amoun t or n um ber.

•

A ny You use any wit h uncountab le nou ns and p lu ral no un s whe n you' re t alking

about a small am ou nt or number.

There isn 't any milk. Are there an y rooms for tonight?

o eA jB

You us e some in quest ions when yo u exp ect the answ er to be 'yes' .

Can I have some ch eese ? Do you w ant some help?

Use much and how much w it h u ncou ntab le nouns .

Yo u use an y in negat iv e senten ces and in m ost questi o ns . You d on 't use any in

pos it ive sentences .

He doesn 't like any of the colours. NOT Do you lik e any of these paintings?

E Us e many and how many w ith p lural no u ns.

He does like

8 f1V

of the-cotoure.

Much

,

For m o re info rma t io n, see th e

Review page opposite.

,[:>

You use much w ith uncountab le no uns in negat iv e sentences, not in posit ive sentences . There isn 't much butter left.

NOT

Th ere is mueh -butfflf-le#.

Yo u use much (or ho w muclii w ith uncou ntable nouns in q uest io ns.

Is there much coffee left ?

How much time is th ere before the film starts?

Many You use man y w it h plural nouns in neg ative sen tenc es, not in positive

sentences.

Sheila hnsn 't (lo t m allY OVOs. •

NO]

Sl ltJilll's "o t I/lflllY OVOs.

Yo u uau 11J.'Illy (0 1 ho w trI,'llly) wi th pl llllli nouns in q llll lli io n ... Jl .. .- " ..

Something, anybody,

nowhere, everything, etc.

Some thin g, anybody, nowhere, evervthinc, etc .

Test it ~

Test it again

o Choose t he best option, A or B.

Choose the correct option . 1

h

I do n' t kno w nobody/anybody.

Ever ything are/i s perfect.

a

A re you sure y o u' ve looked somewhere/everywhere?

(I No bod y/A ny body wan ts to help me.

Thor o isn' t somet hin g/anyth ing w ro ng .

(:

h

b

c

Sho doesn't lik e anyb od y/some bod y w ho laug h s at her.

Did vo n say anyth ing/no thing to Jenny?

Wo didn 't go anywhe re/s o mew here last weekend .

Evorv hodv look/loo ks v ery che erful today.

Pu tur c a n see anybody/so m ebody t hrough the w indow.

C ll lll p lfltlt

d

e

t he sentences. Use one word in each space.

I

I lookocf .

h

Thoro 's ...

c

(( til, ..

II

,..

.

9

for my wallet but I cou ldn't find it. ..

at the door. Could yo u see w ho it is?

h

. heard of th e poet Polly Clark?

..

ev er listens to me. ...... told m e. I can't rem ember who .

'W h13 ro

II

li fO

yo u Do ing ?' '

I'm sta y ing here.'

OUI nond s

to sta y for t he ni gh t.

Wu'v u go t

to eat. Let's order a pizza.

18 th oro

k

passed t he exam .

W flfl don ul ..

Is

at home?

A somebody

B anybod y .......... is mo re b eauti f ul than th is lov ely beach . A Everywhere B Nowhere I fe el sorry fo r Joh n. He's no t very good at A anythin g B so m ethin g Co m e here . I w ant to tell you ....... A anyt hin g B som ething Is read y? A everyth ing B noth ing He's very lucky. There's he nee ds . B nothin g A anything You must have left yo u r umbrella . B everywh ere A so me where is al lo wed to speak during the lect ure. B nobody A anybody Do n't worry. Every t hing .......... going to be OK. A are B is .......... Sue goes, Dav id f o ll ow s. B Everywh ere A N ow here Do w e nee d t o bring ..........? B somethin g A an ything

.

f) Choose t he best caption fo r the cartoon .

to drink ? I' m th irsty.

~~

~ ))

I just don't und ers ta nd why ev erybody li kes m e.

I just don 't understand w hy nobody likes m e.

I ju st don 't understan d w hy anybody li kes m e.

I~

Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc .

o Review

I) Fix it notes

Something, anybody, nowhere, everything, etc .

A Use sometniruj. so mew he re and somebody in positive sen te nces. B Use anything, an yw here an d anybod y in questions and negat iv e sen tences.

C Use nothing, nowhere and nobody in pos itive sent ences.

o Use every thing, eve r ywhere and everybody in po sitive sent ences, neg ative senten ces and in qu estions.

You can ma ke compound words usin g some, any, no and every with thing, body and where. Al though body is used i n th is unit (som eb od y, an ybod y, nobody, everybody), you can also use one (someone, anyone, no one, everyone) , The meaning is the same. •

You use something, somewhere, and somebody in pos itive sentences , There 's something wrong. Let's go out somewhere. Somebody has borrowed my dictionary.

Not e: You can use something, somewhere and somebody in questions when you expect the answer to be 'yes'. Did you say something ? Did you find somewhere to stay last night? Is there somebody you can talk to? You use anything, anywhere and anybody in nega tive sente nces and in questio ns. There isn't anything to do in this town.

E Use a singu lar v erb w ith everything, ever yw he re and ever ybody.

For .m o re in formati~n, see th e Review page opposit e.

1[>

I don 't want to go anywhere today.

Is anybody listening to me? You use nothing, nowhere and nobody in positive sent ences.

We have nothing to declare. 'Where have you been?' 'Nowhere. '

There 's nobody at home.

You use ev erything, everywhere and everybody in pos it ive and nega tive sentences. and also in q uestions. Everyth ing is fine. No, I haven't looked everywhere yet. Is everybody happy? Be carefu l! You use a sing ular verb (not a plural ve rb) w it h everything, everywhere and everybody.

Everything tastes delicious, Almost everywhere in Egypt is interesting.

Everybody is delighted with the plans.

Both, all; each, every;

either, neither

Both, all; each, everv; either. neutier

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o

Choose the bes t option .

II

b

e d

h

I' ve m et Ste ve twice. Every/Each ti me he's been quite ru d e to m e.

Each student/students bough t a dic t ionary and a gramm ar book.

All/Both J u piter and M ars are p lanets.

Kate doesn' t like either/neit her of the books w e ga ve her.

Dogs , cats, rabbits - J im my loves both/all of them . o rne peo p le can't eat nuts and some can 't eat w heat either/neither. I've seen th is fi lm at least ten times. I like it m o re every times/time. Evory/Each pa rking space in the town w as full so w e w ent home . Bot h of th e child/children go t ten out of ten in th eir test s. The re w ere abo ut fifty peo ple at the party and they were both/all dancing .

Choose t he bes t option , A o r B. a b c

d e

f Complete the sentences. Use both, all, each, every, either or neither. g

... of m y kids go to the sam e scho ol. Thea is in Class 3 and Rosie is in Class 1. b

My husband lik es peach es and I like apricots, but

II

. ... " ."

h of us likes plums.

boy in th e class passed t he exam .

d

Shei la read tw o bo oks by M arti n Ami s but she d idn 't enjoy

I}

.....

of them .

anim als need w ater in order to live.

Mmy had two bridesmaids at her wedd ing

girl carried a bouq uet

0 1 10 SOS .

9

porson in th e au di ence stood up and clapped whe n the p lay ended.

h

o f Sam 's tw o ch ildren li kes egg s.

9

del iciou s! Lobsters, crabs, oysters, mussels - they're A all B bo th m an adm itted burgling the flat . A Both B Neither suspects deni ed being in the area. A Neither B Both Charli e looks happier and happier eve ry . A day B days I've enjoyed .......... ho li d ay I've ev er been on . A each B every Dan iel co uld liv e in Paris o r Lond on but he doesn 't like ..... .... of them . A neither B eit he r Each of the we stayed in had a swirn mi nq po ol. A hotels B hotel 'Coff ee o r tea?' ' I don't mi nd - I'll have .......... .' A nei ther B either .......... of you lik e pasta, do n't yo u? A Every BAli .......... of us go to th e gym th ree times a week. A Every of us B Both of us

Write new sentences with similar meanings. Use both, all, every, either or neith er. a

He likes th e Porsche and th e Ferra ri . He l ikes ..." ..... cars.

Shull I buy the red one or the bl ue o ne? I really l ike them ...

b

,. ...... m em bers of th e leisure d ub must carry their m em bership cards.

Tom doesn't read The Times or The SU(1. Tom doesn't read .......... of those new spapers.

c

Lucy forgo t her Eng lish boo k, her Ma ths book and her Histo ry book. Lucy fo rg ot .......... her books .

d

We inv it ed Bet h and Judy to dinne r but they d idn 't com e. We inv it ed Beth and Ju dy but

e

of th em cam e.

He w ears a different ti e o n M ond ay, Tuesday, Wed nesd ay, Thursday and Frid ay. He w ears

[~

II

dillor nn t tic

day of th e w eek.

~

Both, al/; each, every, either, neither

o Review

f) Fix it notes A Use both to talk about two things when yo u mean one thing and the other thing.

Both, all; each, every; either, neither

B Use all to talk about t hree or more things. Use all with a plural nou n or pronoun .

•

Use both to talk about two things when you mean one th ing and the other thing. Both Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa. Both my children like fish. You use all with a plural noun or pronoun to talk about three or more things. AI/living things need oxygen. AI/ my friends are wonderful.

You're all crazy! You use each when you 're talking about two or more things. It goes before a

C Use each when you're talking about two or more things . Put it before a singular noun .

singular noun.

Each time I've seen him, he's been very kind to me. (I'v e seen him at least twice.)

Pete's decided to go running each day for a week.

• You use every to talk about three or more things. It goes before a singular noun.

D

Every letter you write is beautiful!

Paula wins the competition every year.

Use every w hen you're talking about three or more things. Put it before a singular noun .

N ote: Often you can use each or every without changing the meaning of the sentence. I love you more each/every day. As a general rule to help you decide which to use, you usually use each when you're thinking of things separately. You use every when you're thinking of

E Use either in negative sentences . Use neither in positive sentences.

things as a group. F Use both of, each of, either of, and neither of before a plural noun or pronoun.

You use either in negative sentences (not in positive sentences). Either means one thing or the other thing . Gemma didn't like either of the dresses I bought.

(She didn't like the bla ck dress. She didn't like the white dress.)

NaT

For more information, see the

Review page opposite.

I

f>

-Gemmtt-liltetJ-either--tJf-#le--tiresses---+--bel:Jght~

• You use neither in positive sentences (not in negative sentences).

Neither means not one thing or the other thing .

Neither of my brothers remembered my birthday.

(M y brother John didn't remember. My brother James didn't remember.)

NOT -Neilher-af-my-brolhers-fiidtt!t·remember my---bi~.

•

You use both of, each o f, either of, and neither of before a plural noun or before a pronoun. 'Which do yOIl protor? ' 'I like bo th of them .'

Tharu WOf(} tw o Il/IlIIlI clo{/s. E~lch of tile dogs •~ tN)'IU

nll J I

WlI.'l

wesrintt a red collar.

Vii~J II" !.)... vJd l Ull li n rUtlll't IiJu.J 1-l ;l h'~ I IIf tlu;'I"

Possessives Test it ~

Test it again

o

o

Choose t h e best se ntence in each pair. u b

This is my brother's wife.

This is t he wife o f my brot he r.

c The government sho uld listen to the peoples' p rob lems. d The government shou ld listen to the people's problems.

What's the babies' name?

Wha t's the baby's name ?

II

Jim and Jane/dog

b

the boys/books

c

th e peop le/choice

d

Hele n/ house

e

th e cupboard/doo r

9

her parents/car

h

the me n/de partment the puppies/basket

k Johns' leg is broken . I John's leg is b roken .

II

a

m y friends/prob lems

The roof of the house needs to be mended .

The house's roof needs to be mended.

Isn 't tha t the mother of Sy lv ia? Isn 't that Sylvia 's mother?

III

W rite possessive fo rms.

bookcase/she lf

e Find and corr ect the m is t akes in t he story.

Buster is Steve's and Liz's dog.

Buster is Steve and Liz's dog .

n Frances w rites chi ldren's books. II Frances writes childrens' books . The th ieves broke into num ber 4~

Acacia Avenue at the day's end , The

house's alarm system wasn't working.

unfo rt u nately. so they managed to

spend a lo ng time inside , They stole

.ln lie's grandfathers' go ld watch and

her pare Ill'S collection of valuable

paintings. They smashed a window at

the house's front to get into the

buikling and escaped by brea king

d own the back door. julics ' chi ldren

were very upset an d fl-ightened when

the)' retu rned home from school ,

q I love the Italian's passion for good food. r I lo v e th e Ita lians' passion fo r good food. 8

t

l.ndv's clothes are on the second floor. Lndios' clothes are on the second floor.

Ch o olo th e b est optio n, A o r B. I

b C

Thoro is so meth ing w rong with A tho ear o f th e rabb it I ca n' t w ear that! It' s a A gir ls' B girl's

.

B the rabbit's ear

jac ket!

.... . and J anel 's son is working in Canada for a year.

A Charles B Ch arles's

d Don' t p ut vour fing ers in the A m o nkeys' B monkey's

cage! They'll bite yo u.

W hat wa s .... .. .. we wa tched last n ig ht ?

B the film's name

A tho nam e of the film

115]

11rlJ

Possess ives

o Review

Fix it notes A A dd 's (apostro phe + s) to sing ular no uns to make th e possessi ve for m . B Add ' (apostro phe) to plura l nouns to make th e possessive form .

C Add '5 (apostrophe ,. 5) to irregu lar plurals t o make the possessive form.

• You add's (apostro phe + 5) to singular nouns to make the possessive fo r m .

John 's friends (the friends John's got)

the dog's bone (the bone t he dog's got)

• You add ' (apostrophe) to plu ral nouns to make the possessive form . the boys ' bikes the girls' school the kids' uniforms

my friends ' problems my parents' house

•

You add 's (apostrophe + s) to irregul ar plurals to make the possessiv e form.

children 's stories women's interest

o Use's (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive fo rm w ith a pe rson or an animal.

E Use of + the to make the pos sessiv e form with something that isn't a pe rson o r an animal, e.g. the roof of the house. F On ly pu t '5 (apostr oph e + 5) aft er th e seco nd no un in a pai r of nou ns, e.g. Steve and Liz's dog.

For more info rma tio n, see t he

Rev iew page opposite.

I

Possessives

J>

men's hobbies

people 's fears

• You use's (apostrophe + s) to make the possessive form when you're talking

about someth ing t hat belongs to a per son or an an i mal.

the rabbit's ear NO T tne-eer-ot-me-rebbit

the chil d's toy my brother's son

• You use of + the to make the possessiv e form wi th other no uns.

the end of the day NOT #te-fJay's-ernf the leg of the chair

• You only use '5 once, even if there is more than o ne noun. You don't put's after both no uns .

John and Barbara 's car NOT Harry and Sally's friends

.JohrHHffid-Ber-bttfa!s

Test it ~

Test it again

o

o Choose t he best op tion , A or B.

Complete t he sent ences. Use in, on or at. 11

I' m see ing t he doctor

Friday morn ing.

b

Jack woke up

c

Fenelon Castle was built

d

W hat are you do ing

th e night. He had a bad dream .

t he autumn .

Com e and see m e

o

Let' s m eet up

the fo urteenth cent ury. __ lu ncht im e?

o It's very nice here

ha lf -past tw o. Easter.

h N ick o fte n wo rks

night.

Wh ere w ill you be

New Year's Eve ?

I'm go ing on hol id ay

t he fi rst we ek of Ju ly .

Correct t he m istakes in t he ins t ant messa ge con v er satio n. n b c d I!

Cookie Cnc ket Cook ie Cricket Cooki e Cricket Cooki e ricket

says: says: says : says : says : says : says: says:

Cooki e says: Cricket says: k Cooki e says: I Cricket says : III Cooki e says: n Cricket says: o Cooki e says:

W hat are you doing on tomorrow?

I'm busy. I' ve got a mee ting on 11.30.

Do yo u fancy goin g o ut at Friday?

No, I can't. I'm working on th e even ing tha t clay.

Oh, OK. Wh at are you do ing on the weekend t hen?

We ll. t here's a f oot ball match in Satu rday afternoon . How about m eeting on th e morning ? No, sorry. It's th e 15th. I have a mee t ing at th e 15t h of eve ry m on th.

Are yo u f ree at all at December?

Not really. I don 't go alit mu ch o n the wi nter.

W here w ill you be in Christmas? At Christmas Day, we're go ing to my parents. We go eve ry year. So you're not free on next week? No . I'm afra id not. A nd act ually in next year I'm pretty busy too . You said th e same th ing on last y ear l

;;:1

A

My appointment is .......... 10.20 tomorrow. A at Bo n b Do you go to ch urch Easter? A at Bin c We 're having a party New Year's Ev e. A at B on d Are you free 11 J un e? A­ Bon e Paddy was born 1970. A on Bin I woke up t hree times ...__ ..... t he night. A in Bat 9 Let 's go shopping ... ...... the m o rn ing . A on B in h She has her hair cut .... __ ." every month. A­ B in Montaigne lived .......... the sixteenth century. A­ B in I often have good ideas . .. ' night. A in Bat

a

'.' T

e Put in a prepos itio n where necessary . a

Quite a lot of people get depressed .......... t he winter.

b

Jo's see ing his bo ss

c

We're going t o a nightclub

d

W ill you come for lunch

e

I always get up

5.30 a.m .

f

It' s very q uiet here

__ .. nigh t.

9

Let's meet up

h

No one saw M ike

this afternoon.

Christmas Ev e?

the second week of September.

They te st the fi re ala rm I m et a very nice man

C§

Satu rday evening.

last week. Monday mornings. the w eekend .

[12Q]

~~

Eix it

Prepositions of timo .it.

Check your answers. Wrong answer? Read the right Fix it note to find out why.

(i.

a on bin c in d at e in

l2l a 6ft b6ft cat d6ft e6ft f ffi g6ft hat iat j6ft

kffi IAt m 6ft nm o 6ft

-+ -+ -+ -+ -+

f at gat hat i on i in

0 F E A E

at on in at on in on in in at On

-

-

-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+

o

Fix it notes

Answers to Test it -+ -+ -+ -+ -+

A 8 A C E

G

A

0

F

8

0

F

D

E

E

B

C

G

G

G

A Use at w it h clock ti mes . times of t he da y and w it h the expression at nig h t.

B Use at w ith th e w eekend and fest iv als when you ' re talk ing about t he wh ol e period of time.

C Use on w hen y o u're ta lking abo ut on e particular day in a festi v al. e.g . on New Year's Eve, on Easter Sunday.

o

ot), /

Review

Prepositions of time: at, on, in At , I/tI" t

•

You use at with all clock times, times of the day and w it h tll H IJ Xp ll The appointment is at 10.20. t'tt see you at lunchtim e. Tony works best at night.

•

Yo u use atwith weekends and festival s w hen you ' re ta lking abou t tl u- 1l1llld hV

11111 .' 11

as a whole period of t ime.

Did you have fun at the weekend? (All wee kend.)

Wha t are you doing at Christmas? (The whole of the Christm as po' iod .)

On f ut~t I VlII .

•

You use on when you 're ta lking about one particular da y d u rin g There's a great film on TV on Christmas Day.

00 you eat chocolate eggs on Easter Sunday?

•

You use on w ith days of the week, dates, and wit h expressio ns liku

Use on w it h days of the week, dat es and expressions like Friday morning, Satu rday afternoon.

11

n/l

M/lIJ(liI~ '

morning , on Sunday evening, etc.

His birthda y is on 4 Octo l un .

Kate 's baby was born on Friday. A re you doing anything on Tuesday evening

E Use in w ith m onths, years , centu ries, seaso ns and w ith the ex pression the first/second/third/last w eek.

In

~ ~~' l l l i01~1

Answers to Test it again @ aA fA (2 1a in bcan don e at

bA gB

cB hA

f at

gin

h-

i on

j at

dB iB

eB jB

F Use in with expressi o ns Iike in the morning/afternoon/evening. Also use in w it h t he expressio n in the night w hen you 're ta lking about a particular night, usually the nig ht before. G Don 't use a preposition befo re expressions like last year, next year, next we ek, tom orro w .

,

Fo r more info rm atio n. see the

Rev iew page o pp o site.

,[:>

j" 11

•

You use in with mont hs, years, centuries, seaso ns and with the n x p t l the first/secondlthird/last week.

I bough t the ho use in 2002 .

The weather's great in A ug ust. Col um b us went to America in the fifteenth cent ury.

We have our main ho lida y in the summer.

The meeting's in the third week of April.

•

Yo u use in w ith expressio ns li ke in the moming/a ftornoo ll!avellill ll , 11I1CI whll III, expressio n in the night w hen you 're talking abo ut a part lcular niUll t (ItSltlllly III nig ht before) . See yo u in the morningl

I had a horri ble d rontn ill th« 1I1[1l lt.

No p re position

•

You do n' t lise a prepositio n wi th express lo ns of time llku U V IiI Y Y 'II, 1.'1111 /1 10 1' 1 nex t man III, tnia wao«, tottnv, tomorrow, ym'; I I ~,.rI~lY, utc, We sa u fUI/; I , (I t/ 1m tlVIIIY WfifJk. Wl mw (/I I! yuu (J [I Imll /lllI/ lr

., , , ... ,, , .... ... . ~' .

~

Prepositions of place: ill , Oil , ti t

Test it ~

Test it again

o Choose the best option .

o

f)

M atch t he two ha lves of each sentence . Add in, on or at.

a Cat herine's inlat t he Un ite d Stat es at th e m o me nt.

a

b c d e f 9 h

b c d

What's t hat black t h ing in/o n the ce il i ng?

'I can see Tom in t he garde n bu t where's Geo rge ?' ' He's a t/in th e ci ne ma .'

Hav e yo u read t he article inIon page 16?

Get the 9.15 t rai n fro m Paddington and chan ge at/i n O xf o rd .

Can y o u call back later? Myles isn't on/at his desk right no w .

Co ol! I've j ust fo und € 2 0 in/a t th e pocket of my jeans.

The anc ie nt t ow n of Luxor is in/on the N ile .

He left all his shopp ing on/in th e bus .

Yo ur hom ew ork's still on/in the car .

t he trai n?

b Please put the books bac k c Tu rn left

4 5 6

th e car. the crossroads and go sl r,alu ll l the fridge. p lanes and trains.

7 8 9 10

1111

Th e docu m ents are in t he drawe r.

a

f

I'm in the gar den.

9

' W h at 's that i n vout

computer screen ?

h

Wh y isu ' t I h e dog his has kc r?

t he tr affi c lights. th is v ill ag e for abou t te n ye ars .

e Who's that

the door?

Help ! There's a spide r

b

I read t he .

"'-­

t he wa ll !

ill

l ilt'

11CWS p

• There are three ways of making question tags. 1 A ux i liary verb, e.g. can, have, will, etc.. + p ro no un

You can drive, can't you? NOT vee-een-arive, don't-Ytttff.

(Can in th e statement and in the question taq .)

2 Th e verb be + pronoun

He's French, isn 't he? NOT /Ie 's French, ~t-he-?­

(B e in the statement and in t he question tag.)

3 A for m of do + pronoun

Cathy eats fish , doesn 't she? NOT Ctlthy ellts fish , iSI~

(Ordinary verb in the statement, do in th e question tag .)

•

You lise a pronoun in a question tag , not someone's name. J ill's co m ing tonight isn't she? NOT -J~ftig h t; is n!r-JilF1

•

You use a negative question tag if the sta tement is pos itive. I'm silly, aren't I? You 've got a car, haven 't you?

She 'll co me, won 't sh e?

They can do i t, can't they? He likes fish, doesn 't -he?

Note: The nega t ive question tag for I am is aren't I'm com ing with you, aren 't I? •

f? ( NOT -afftft!t-P. ).

I'm a bit silly sometimes, aren 't I?

You use a po sitive question tag if the stateme nt is negative. I wasn 't listening, was I? It can't possibly work, can it ?

We haven't got an y milk, have w e? You won't tell her, will you?

They didn 't ring, did they?

Short answ er-

Test it ~

Test it again

o Choose t he best op tion, A or B.

o Match the q ue sti ons t o t he a nswe rs .

a b c d e

g h

9

a Do yo u li ke tea, Sarah? b Wo uld yo u marry Simon? c W ho's on the phone? d Haven't you been to Indi a? e Will Karl come for l unch? f Can you swim? 9 Do yo u sell st amps? h Did you see t he fil m last night? W ho said that? Did they visit Sr i Lanka?

Do yo u drive a Cit roen? A Yes, I don't. B No, I don't. Have you f in ished the report? A No , I haven't. B No , I did n't. Is Katy going ou t tonight? A No, Katy isn't. B No, she isn't. No one listens to a word I say. A No, they do! B Yes, they do ! Do yo u live in a city? A Yes, I live in a ci ty. B Yes, I do . Who's com ing to dinner? A Guy and An n are co ming to dinner. B Guy and Ann are. Is Neil taking his driving test next week? A Yes, he is. B Yes, he's. Which horse w on th e race? A The white ho rse d id . B The w hi te horse wo n the race .

Is Eli zabeth a teacher?

A Yes, Elizabeth is a teacher. B Yes, she is.

Everyone laughs at Jonatha n.

A No, they don't. B No , they do .

9

W ho w ants more coffee? Are yo u go ing to the office? Can yo u he lp me? Does Isabe l le live in Brussels? W ho bro ke t he w indow? Hasn't th is com puter got speakers? No o ne likes me! W ill it be w arm in the Canaries? Is Jean-Luc Swiss? A re yo u hap py ?

Pat rick do es/Patrick wa nts .

No , I' m no t/l do n't.

Yes, I arn/l can.

No, she doesn't/she isn't.

We did/We broke.

No, it hasn't/it has.

Yes, they do /they like.

Yes, it wi ll/it is.

No, he isn 't/J ean-Luc is n' t.

Yes, I am/l'm.

~

No, t hey didn't.

Yes, I can.

Yes, I di d.

No, I do n' t.

She did.

Yes, w e do.

Nick is.

Yes, he w ill.

No, I haven't.

No, I wou ldn't.

Find and co rrect the m ist akes in t he s ho rt answ ers. f

a

What are those ?

b

W ho's at the door?

9

No one be lie ves he r.

c

Haven't yo u d one it ye t?

h

W ho told yo u that?

Choose t he best option . a b c d e f 9 h

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

~

-. ...

d

Is It q olnq to s. . . .

e

Do vo u like It?- .

W ill you alway s love m e?

...

Do I need a passp ort?

110 ]

Short answers

o Review

Fix it notes A Use the sam e auxil iary in a short ans wer as the au xilia ry in the question . Don 't con t ract th e auxiliary in a positive sh ort answer. B Use a sui tabl e pro no un in short answer s. Don't rep eat the noun from the q ues ti o n.

Short answers It' s nat ura l to use short answers to reply to questions. A short ans wer to a yes/no q ues t ion can so und more pol ite or strong er t han just 'Yes' or 'No' . • Yo u use the same auxiliary in a short answer as the auxiliary in the question . 'Have you got a pen?' 'Yes, I have.' 'Will he go?' 'Yes, he will.'

'Wo uld it matter?' 'No, it wouldn't. ' 'Can you help me?' 'No, I can 't.'

Note : You don't contract auxi liaries in positive short answers.

Yes, I am. NOT -¥~ Yes, you ha ve. NOT Yes. vou\'e.

Yes, they will. NOT ¥es,tJtey!.H:

C You use a suitable pronoun in short answers. You don't repeat the noun. 'A re you coming ?' 'No , I'm not.' 'Is Peter Irish?' 'Yes, he is. ' NOT 'Yes. Peter is.'

Don 't re peat all the wo rds in a q uesti o n wh en yo u g ive an answe r u nless there's a very good reaso n to . D If the su bject of a q uesti o n is a question w or d, e.g . which, wh o, etc, use sub ject + auxilia ry in the short ans we r.

• You don't usually repeat all the words in a question when you give an answer unless there's a very good reason t o. 'Who 's playing in the match?' 'Oscar and Fred are '. NOT -Oeeer-endFred-ere playing-irHl1e match.'

E If the shor t answer starts w ith Yes, use a positive auxilia ry or fo rm of do. If t he sho rt answer st arts w it h No, use a negativ e auxi lia ry or fo rm of do .

• You can repeat all the words in the question if you want to give your answer extra strength . Th is is common when you're d isagreeing w ith someon e. 'You didn't tell the truth, did you?' 'Yes, I did tell the truth!'

F If the sho rt ans we r com es aft er a state me nt w it hout an auxi liary ve rb , use th e correct form of do (not t he ma in verb in th e stateme nt) in the short answe r.

,

For m o re i nfo rm atio n, see the

Revi ew pag e o ppos ite.

,[:>

•

If t he subject of a question is a question word, e.g. who, which, you use subject + aux iliary for the short answer.

'Who said th at?' 'I did. ' 'Which suits me best ?' The red one does. '

•

If t he short answer If the short answer Yes, I can . Yes, No, you won't.

starts with Yes, you use a positive auxilia ry or form of do . starts with No , you use a negative auxiliary o r form of do. we have. Yes, they do . N o, they can't. No , they don't.

You can also use a short answer t o agree or disagree wi th what someone says. You use the same aux iliary in the short an sw er as in the statement. 'Lisa 's married to Jake.' 'No, she isn't. ' If there isn't an auxi liary in the state ment, use the correct form of do. Don't use the main verb fro m the statement in the short ans wor. 'TjOOlS tive in Ar,ie".' 'No, they don't!' NOl 'No, ,hay d an 't live!'

Usefu l gramma r tur In Articles

Pronouns

There are two kinds of article: definite and indefi nite. Articles go before a noun or an adje ctive + no un.

Prono uns rep lace nouns.

The is a definite article.

The house is in Sheep Street.

The black dog is m ine.

A and an are in definite art icles.

Do yo u want an orange?

That's a camel.

I'm reading a good book.

(See pages 9, 13 and 17.)

Subject pronou ns are: I, you, he, she, it, we , they.

She's a patient perso n.

Helen is a patient person. -+ Obj ect pro nou ns are : m e, yo u, him, her, it, us, you th em .

Chil dren like bananas. -+ Children iike them.

Posse ssive pronouns are : my, your. his, her, its, our, their.

-+ That's her house.

That's Lisse 's house. (See page 65. )

Adjectives

••

Adjectives t ell yo u m ore about nouns. Adjectives can go before a n oun or after t he verb be. Nick is a man. -+ Ni ck is an intelligent man. Nick is intelligent. There are also comparative adjectives, e.g. bigger. easier; more interesting, and superlative adjectives, e.g. biggest, easiest and the most interesting. (See pages 21, 25 and 33.)

._

•• • - . - . - - - - - _ .

- - _ •••• _-_._ --

-- _ .

y~

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that tell you about amounts . These are the most commo n

quantifiers: a, an, some, any, a lot, a bit, a fe w.

Ilike you a lot. There isn 't any milk. How much cash have you got?

(See page 53.)

Prepositions

There are prepositions and expressions of place, time and movement.

They do three things:

Adverbs

Adverbs tell you more about verbs . They can describe the following t hings:

• how often someth ing happens (adverbs of freq uency). e.g. never; rarely, occasional/y, sometimes, often, usual/y, always, still, etc. • ho w certa in somet hing is (ad verbs of certainty), e.g. possibly, certainly, definitely, etc . • how yo u do an action (adverbs of manner), e.g. carefully, slowly, fast, etc. • when something happens (adverbs of time>. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, etc . • where someth ing happens (adverbs of place). e.g. here, there, etc . (See pages 21, 29 and 37 .l --- , ....

~~ ~~

..._...--- .

Nouns

No uns are words you use to talk about people, animals, th ings, places and ideas.

Patrick is my brother. I've got a dog. What's that box for? Everybody needs love. We live in a village. Nouns can be the subject or object of a sentence .

M y dog bit the postm an. (The subject, my dog, is a noun. The object, the postman, is

also a noun.)

Nouns are ei ther countable, e.g. apple, bouse, etc., or uncountable, e.g . advice.

information, bread, otc. Most common nouns are countable. You need to learn the

uncoun tab le onos. Many unco untable nouns in English arc countable in o thor

InnUUtlCl13l1, so hn cara lull

• in, on , at, behind, under, on top of, at the bottom of, etc. tell you where somuthl nu The eat 's behind the sofa. The office is at the end of the street.

I

• in, on, at, tomorrow, last week, etc. tell you w hen something happens. We're sailing to France tomorrow. M y birthday's in June. • over, across, through, etc . tell you how something moves and whore it We drove over the bridge. Tony ran across the road.

rnovoa to ,

(See pages 69 and 73. )

Questio n words

The most common question words are: who, wha t, w hich, wtiere. when, w l1y, how,

whose. You can use question words to ask about people, things, places, t lm e. runso u

and possessions.

Wllere have you been?

Who 's that? What colour is the sky? Why are you laughing? How did 110 rio thnt ?

When are they leaving? Whose book is this?

A question word can bo tho subject or object of a sentence ,

'Who saw youi" 'Mike snw mo .' (Wllo is tho subloct.)

'Who did yOIl S(J~ ?' 'I :mw Dnvkt. ' (Who III th e ob lect .)

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