Studies in Perception and Action VII: Twelfth International Conference on Perception and Action : July 13-18, 2003, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Studies in Perception and Action VII Twelfth International Conference on Perception and Action

My 13-18, 2003 Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Edited by Sheena Rogers Psychology James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA Judith Effken Nursing University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA

LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2003 Mahwah, New Jersey London

Copyright © 2003 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-4805-3 Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Table of Contents Preface Meeting History Contributors

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Visual Perception "Representational Momentum" and the Perception of Complex Biological Motion Mohamed Jarraya & Michel-Ange Amorim 1 Body Shape Contributions to Perception of Point Light Displays Rita Snyder 5 Sensitivity to Emotional Events Pearl Makeig & Dean Owen 9 Property of Human Locomotion in Animations and Biomechanics Toshiharu Saburi 13 Altered Depth Perception in Stereoscopic Visualization Ryan Krumins & Paul Treffner 15 The Mona Lisa Effect: Perception of Gaze Direction in Real and Pictured Faces Sheena Rogers, Melanie Lunsford, Lars Strother, & Michael Kubovy 19 The Logical Structure of Visual Information Nam-Gyoon Kim 25 Effects of Texture and Surface Corrugation on Perceived Direction of Heading Nam-Gyoon Kim 29 Viewing Pictures: Similar Triangles Show How Viewing Distance Increases Size John M. Kennedy and Igor Juricevic 34 Viewing Pictures from Too Far: When are Tiles Perceived Square? Igor Juricevic & John M. Kennedy 37

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Coordination Dynamics Frequency and Amplitude are Inversely Related in Circle Drawing Shannon D. (Robertson) Ringenbach, Polemnia G. Amazeen, & Eric L. Amazeen 41 Learning and Transfer across Different Effector Systems: The Example of Goal-Directed Displacement Tasks C. Camachon, G. Montagne, M.J. Buekers, andM. Laurent...45 Hierarchical Control of the Bimanual Gallop Marline H. G. Verheul and Reint H. Geuze 49 Visual Basis of Directional Constraint in Hand-Foot Coordination Dynamics R. Salesse, J.J. Temprado, and M. Laurent 53 The Role of Visual and Kinesthetic Information in Bimanual Coordination Jeff Summers, Rebecca Wade-Ferrell, & Florian Kagerer 57 The Ecological Meaning of Spatial Symmetry in Bimanual Motor Coordination T.-C. Chan, C.-Y. Tse, H.-Y. Yue, & L.-Y. Fan 61 Musculoskeletal Dynamics of the Wrist During Rhythmic Activity Arne Ridderikhoff, C. (Lieke) E. Peper, Richard G. Carson, Peter J. Beek 65 Recruitment in a Synchronisation Task: A Coalition of Constraints Lorene Milliex, Sarah Calvin, Jean-Jacques Temprado & Thelma Coyle 69 Intention and Attention in Gestural Coordination: Asymmetric HKB Model Paul Treffner & Mira Peter 73 Haptic Perception and Dynamic Touch Bi-Manual Haptic Attention Marie- Vee Santana 79 Heaviness Perception Depends on Movement Claudia Carello, Kevin Shockley, Steven Harrison, Michael Richardson, and M. T. Turvey 83 Contribution of the Inertia Tensor to Manual Multi- Joint Pointing Delphine Bernardin, Brice Isableu, Gilles Dietrich & Jacques Cremieux 87

Contents Transfer of Calibration in Dynamic Touch: Length and Sweet-Spot Perception Rob Withagen and Claire F. Michaels

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Posture, Balance and Locomotion Postural Sway Decreases During Performance of a Digit Rehearsal Task Michael A. Riley, AimeeA. Baker, and Jennifer M, Schmit 95 Modeling Phase Transitions in Human Posture Paul Fourcade, Benoit G. Bardy & Cedrick Bonnet 99 Sports Expertise Influences Learning of Postural Coordination Caroline Ehrlacher, Benoit G. Bardy, Elise Faugloire, & Thomas A. Stoffregen 104 The Dynamics of Learning New Postures Elise Faugloire & Thomas A. Stoffregen 109 Ecological Perception and Cognition An Intentional Dynamics Assessment Procedure for Discrete Tasks Tjeerd Boonstra, Steven Harrison, Michael J, Richardson and Robert Shaw 113 Measuring Exploratory Learning with Minimal Instruction as Drift Endre E. Kadar, Botond Virginas & Judith Effken 116 Experimental Investigations of the Emergence of Communication Procedures Bruno Galantucci, Michael J. Richardson, Carol A. Fowler.. 120 'Mind the Gap': False Memories as a Case of Event Cognition Matthew P. Gerrie and Maryanne Garry 125 Feature Detection: An Adequate Meta-Theory for Fear Responding? Andrew D. M. Dickie& Ottmar V. Lipp 130 Perception for Inhibition": A Dorsal-frontal Pathway for Sensorimotor Regulation? Shun-nan Yang 135 Mobile Phones and Driving: Affordances and Attention Andrew Petersen, Paul Treffner, & Rod Barrett 140 Perception-Action Coupling A Comparison of Real Catching with Catching in a CAVE Joost C. Dessing, C. (Lieke) E. Peper, & Peter J. Beek

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Task-Constraints and Movement Possibilities Influence the Timing of Hitting Simone Caljouw, John van der Kamp, & Geert Savelsbergh 149 Perception-Action Coupling and Expertise in Interceptive Actions Cyrille Le Runigo & Nicolas Benguigui 153 Binocular Depth Vision in the Timing of One-Handed Catching Liesbeth Mazyn, Geert Savelsbergh, Gilles Montagne, & Matthieu Lenoir 157 How Do We Reach and Grasp a Virtual Image? T. Fukui, A, Ishii, & T. Inui 161 Movement Sequences for Cracking an Egg Aya Takahashi, Koji Hayashi, & Masato Sasaki 165 Tau Guidance for Mobile Soccer Robots Joe Leonard, Paul Treffner, & John Thornton 169 Stereoscopic 3D Visualisation Using Gaze-Contingent Volume Rendering: Exploratory Perception in Action Mike Jones & Paul Treffner 173 Does Exploration Promote Convergence on Specifying Variables? Alen Hajnal, Claire F. Michaels, and Frank T. J. M. Zaal....\7S Evidence for Two Visual Pathways: Differences in Walking and Talking Perceived Distance Sheena Rogers, Jeffrey Andre & Rebecca Brown 182 Auditory Perception Linguistic Background and Perception of an Ambiguous Figure: New Findings Kristelle Hudry, Philippe Lacherez, Jack Broerse, & David Mora 187 Behavior of a Harbor Porpoise in an Unfamiliar Environment Yoshiko Honno, Kiyohide Ito, Takashi Matsuishi, Masahiro Okura & Masato Sasaki 191 What is the Sound of One Rod Dropping? Jeffrey B. Wagman 195

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Special Workshop A New Look at Situational Awareness: The Essential Ingredients for Modeling Perceiving and Acting by Animate and Robot Agents Organizers: Robert E. Shaw & William Mace 199 A Precis of a Position to be Elaborated in the Workshop, on the Challenges and Promises of an Ecological Approach to Robotics Robert E. Shaw & William Mace 201 Toward Smart Cars with Computer Vision for Integrated Driver and Road Scene Monitoring Alexander Zelinsky 205 Author Index

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Keyword Index

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Preface This book is the seventh volume in the "Studies in Perception and Action" series, and contains a collection of posters and workshops presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Perception and Action, held in Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Australia July 13-18, 2003. The conference, the first to be held "down-under," was graciously and enthusiastically hosted by Griffith University's Complex Active Visualisation Laboratory. The 49 papers included in this volume provide a window onto the cutting edge work currently being done in ecological psychology around the world. Together with the other volumes in this series, they describe the evolution of the discipline and suggest potential opportunities for future investigations. The poster sessions are always a highlight of every conference and the poster book continues to be a valued resource for all of us because it provides a written record of the science presented during the presentations. The papers this year reveal the continuing development in specific areas within the discipline (e.g., haptic perception and dynamic touch, and visual perception-action coupling). In addition, there is evidence that the science is expanding in adventurous and ingenious ways as researchers begin to explore new methodologies and extend the theory. We have organized the papers into seven sections: (a) visual perception, which includes papers on biological motion, stereo and depth effects, and picture perception; (b) coordination dynamics, (c) haptic perception and dynamic touch, (d) posture and locomotion, (e) perceptual and cognitive processes, which includes papers on intentional dynamics, exploratory learning, the emergence of communication procedures and others; (f) perception/action coupling, and (g) auditory perception. An exciting addition to this year's conference was a workshop on ecological robotics organized by Bob Shaw and Bill Mace, which was titled "A New Look at Situational Awareness: The Essential Ingredients for Modeling Perceiving and Acting by Animate and Robot Agents". Two papers from this workshop are included as part of this volume. The first paper, by Shaw and Mace, explores the possibility of developing a theory of ecological robotics. The second, by Zelinsky, reports work on the development of "smart cars."

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It seems only appropriate that, in this volume, we acknowledge the passing of Eleanor J. Gibson, who died December 30th, 2002 at the age of 92. Her influence on our field has been profound. With her husband, James, J. Gibson, Eleanor helped define the field of ecological psychology, taking as her particular focus children's perceptual development and learning. Today, Eleanor Gibson is recognized as the founder of the ecological approach to perceptual learning and development. Her writings, as well as those of her students, are myriad and comprise one of the most accepted theoretical accounts of learning and development today. In 1992, Eleanor received the National Medal of Science for her work on perceptual development and learning, one of only ten psychologists to have received this award. Many people have contributed to the preparation of this volume. The quality of this series depends, in large part, on the quality of the manuscripts that are submitted initially. This year, the level of quality in the submissions was particularly high. All of us are indebted to Paul Trefmer for organizing the conference this year with the help of others at the Complex Active Visualisation Laboratory and of the program committee. We also acknowledge the ongoing leadership and guidance of Bill Mace throughout the publication process. Finally, we are grateful to Art Lizza, Bill Webber and their colleagues at Lawrence Erlbaum Associates for their interest in publishing this volume and their patient and helpful editorial advice. Sheena Rogers Judith A. Effken May, 2003

Meeting History 1. 1981-Storrs,CT,USA 2. 1983 - Nashville,TO,USA 3. 1985 - Uppsala, SWEDEN 4. 1987-Trieste, ITALY 5. 1989-Miami, OH,USA 6. 1991 - Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS 7. 1993 - Vancouver, CANADA 8. 1995 - Marseilles, FRANCE 9. 1997 - Toronto, CANADA 10. 1999 - Edinburgh, SCOTLAND 11. 2001-Storrs,CT,USA 12. 2003 - Gold Coast, QLD, AUSTRALIA

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Contributors Andre, Jeffrey T. School of Psychology, James Madison University, MSC 7401, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA [email protected] Amazeen, Eric L. Dept. of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Amazeen, Polemnia G. Dept. of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Amorim, Michel-Ange Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Baker, Aimee Dept. of Psychology, ML 0376,429 Dyer Hall, University of Cincinatti, OH 45221-0376, USA Bardy, Benoft G. Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France [email protected] Barrett, Rod Biomechanics Lab, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, QLD 9726, Australia Beek, Peter J. Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences (IFKB), Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Benguigui, Nicolas Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France nicolas.benguigui@staps. u-psud. fr Bernadin, Delphine Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335,91405 Orsay Cedex, France [email protected]

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Bonnet, Cedrick Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France bonnetcedrick(g).hotmail.com Boonstra, Tjeerd Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20,406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs,CT 06269, USA Broerse, Jack The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia 4066 Brown, Rebecca School of Psychology, James Madison University, MSC 7401, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA Buekers, M.J. Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee et CNRS, 163, avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France Calvin, Sarah Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France [email protected] Camachon, C. Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee et CNRS, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France [email protected] Carello, Claudia Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20,406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA [email protected] Caljouw, Simone Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected]

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Carson, Richard G. Perception and Motor Systems Laboratory School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Chan, T.-C. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Coyle, Thelma Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France Cremieux, Jacques Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of ToulonVar, BP 132, 83957 La Garde Cedex, France [email protected] Dessing, Joost C. Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The [email protected] Dietrich, Gilles Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France [email protected] Dickie, Andrew School of Human Movement Studies, Connell Building, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia [email protected] Effken, Judith College of Nursing, University of Arizona, PO Box 210203, Tucson, AZ 85721, [email protected] Ehrlacher, Caroline Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Fan, L.-Y. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faugloire, Elise Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France [email protected]

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Fourcade, Paul Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay cedex, France [email protected] Fukui, Takao Dept. of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto Univerity, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan [email protected] Fowler, Carol A. Haskins Laboratories, 270 Crown Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Galantucci, Bruno Haskins Laboratories, 270 Crown Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA [email protected] Garry, Maryanne School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand Gerrie, Matthew School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand [email protected] Geuze, Reint H. Dept. of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands Hajnal, Alen Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Harrison, Steven Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20,406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA [email protected] Hayashi, Koji The University of Tokyo, 1-12-1-411, Yaguchi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan Honno, YoshikoN507, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate City, Hokkaido, 0418611, Japan [email protected] Hudry, Kristelle The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia 4066

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Inui, Toshio Dept. of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto Univerity, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan Isableu, Brice Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France [email protected] Ishii, Akinori Dept. of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto Univerity, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan Ito, Kiyohide Future University of Hakodate, Japan Jarraya, Mohamed Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France mohamed .jarrava@staps. upsud.fr Juricevic, Igor University of Toronto - Psychology, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, MIC 1A4, Canada [email protected] Kadar, Endre E. Dept. of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, King Henry I St., Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK [email protected] Kagerer, Florian School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Kennedy, John M. University of Toronto - Psychology, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada [email protected] Kim, Nam-Gyoon Department of Psychology, William Patterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA Kubovy, Michael Department of Psychology, Gilmer Hall, PO Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904 Krumins, Ryan Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) Lab, School of Information Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast

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Campus, Parklands Drive, Gold Coast, QLD, 4215, Australia [email protected] Lacherez, Philippe The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia 4066 [email protected] Laurent, M. UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee et CNRS, 163, Avenue de Luminy, Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France Lenoir, Mattiheu Dept. of Movement and Sport Science, University of Ghent, Belgium Le Runigo, Cyrille Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University of Paris XI, Batiment 335, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Leonard, Joe Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) Lab, School of Information Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Gold Coast, QLD, 4215, Australia [email protected] Lipp, Ottmar V. School of Psychology, McElwain Building, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia [email protected] Lunsford, Melanie School of Psychology, James Madison University, MSC 7401, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA [email protected] Mace, William Dept. of Psychology, Trinity College, Hartford, CT Makeig, Pearl Dept. of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand [email protected] Matsuishi, Takashi Hokkaido University, Japan Mazyn, Liesbeth Dept. of Movement and Sport Science, University of Ghent, Belgium [email protected]

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Michaels, Claire F. Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA [email protected] Milliex, Lorene Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee, 163, Avenue de Luminy, Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France Montagne, G. Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee et CNRS, 163, avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France montagne@iaps. univ-mrs. fr Mora, David The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia 4066 Okura, Masahiro University of Tokyo, Japan Owen, Dean Dept. of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand Peper, C. Lieke Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences (IFKB), Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Peter, Mira Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) lab, School of Information Technology, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, QLD 9726, Australia Petersen, Andrew Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) lab, School of Information Technology and Biomechanics Lab, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, QLD 9726, Australia [email protected]

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Richardson, Michael J. Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20, 406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA Ridderikhoff, Arne Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences (IFKB), Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] Ringenbach, Shannon D. (Robertson) Dept. of Kinesiology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA [email protected] Riley, Michael Dept. of Psychology, ML 0376, 429 Dyer Hall, University of Cincinatti, OH 45221-0376, USA [email protected] Rogers, Sheena School of Psychology, James Madison University, MSC 7401, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA [email protected] Saburi, Toshiharu The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Education, 5-6-9 Kinuta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-0073, Japan [email protected] Salesse, R UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France [email protected] Santana, Marie-Vee The Proctor & Gamble Company, 11520 Reed Hartman Highway, Cincinatti, OH 45241, USA [email protected] Sasaki, Masato The University of Tokyo, 1-12-1-411, Yaguchi, Otaku, Tokyo, Japan Savelsbergh, Geert J. P. Centre for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement, Dept. of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager Campus, Hassall Road, Alsager, Cheshire, ST7 2HL, UK

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Schmit, Jennifer M. Dept. of Psychology, ML 0376,429 Dyer Hall, University of Cincinatti, OH 45221-0376, USA Shaw, Robert Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20,406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA roberteshaw@aol .com [email protected] ShockJey, Kevin Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20, 406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA Snyder, Rita Dept. of Psychology, Denison College, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA snyder@den ison.edu Stoffregen, Thomas A. Human Factors Research Laboratory, University of Minnesota, MN, USA [email protected] Strother, Lars The Department of Psychology, Gilmer Hall, PO BOX 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904 [email protected] Summers, Jeff School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania, [email protected] Takahashi, Aya The University of Tokyo, 1-12-1-411, Yaguchi, Otaku, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] Temprado, Jean-Jacques Laboratoire Mouvement et Perception, UMR 6152, Faculte des Sciences du Sport (UFR STAPS), Universite de la Mediterranee, 163, Avenue de Luminy - Case postale 910, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 09, France [email protected] Thornton, John Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) Lab, School of Information Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Gold Coast, QLD, 4215, Australia Treffner, Paul Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) lab, School of Information Technology, Griffith University, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, QLD 9726, Australia [email protected]

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Tse, C.-Y. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Turvey, M. T. Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, U-20, 406 Babbidge Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA van der Kamp, John Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Verheul, Martine H.G. Centre for Biophysical and Clinical Research into Human Movement (CRM), Dept. of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager Campus, Hassall Road, Alsager, Cheshire, ST7 2HL, UK [email protected] Virginas, Botond British Telecom, UK Wade-Ferrell, Rebecca School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Rob Withagen Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Faculteit der Bewegingswetenschappen, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] Wagman, Jeffrey B. CESPA, U-20, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020 [email protected] Yang, Shun-nan Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, JAPAN svangSffibrain.riken.go.ip Yue, H.-Y. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Zaal, Frank T.J.M. Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Zelinsky, Alexander Seeing Machines Pty Ltd, Innovations Building, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia [email protected]

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Studies in Perception and Action VII S. Rogers & J. Effken (Eds.) © 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

"Representational Momentum" and the Perception of Complex Biological Motion Mohamed Jarraya & Michel-Ange Amorim Center for Research in Sport Sciences University of Paris XI, France

Since the pioneering work of Johansson (1973) using luminous points placed on the various joints of the body, it is well established that the kinematics of a biological motion specify the dynamics of the ongoing action. For instance, information about the weight of an object can be detected in the transformational invariants produced by a pointlight character (PLC) lifting and carrying it (Runeson & Frykholm, 1981). What happens if the biological motion is suddenly stopped before its end? Are the dynamics of the action still visually detected? Is the memory of the final posture of the PLC accurate? Does the movement of the observer around the PLC affect its perception? These are the questions addressed in the present study. Method Twenty-four participants memorized the final posture of an interrupted motion of a 3D PLC (round-off / backward somersault) in order to decide if a subsequent « test posture » was located « after » or « before » the actual final posture. Depending on the viewing condition, the observer could be either static or in motion ( "panoramic ": rotation of the viewpoint about the vertical axis; "travelling": translation of the observer with the moving character) relative to the moving PLC. Moreover, a floor could be displayed in addition to the PLC, thus generating a global optic flow when the observer was moving. Finally, a change in the viewpoint was introduced between the final posture and the test posture, from 0° to 90° (Figure 1). The point of subjective equality (PSE) was computed from the responses to various test postures, in order to infer the final posture memorized by the observer.

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Figure 1. Example of the stimulations. The somersault sequence (A) was followed by an empty view (1500 ms, B) and by a brief presentation (500 ms) of a test posture (C-D). The observer's viewpoint changed between B and C.

Results Larger positive memory biases occurred (1) when the global optical flow accompanied the movement of the PLC, and (2) in the static viewing condition with no floor. In addition, the average bias in the responses decreased linearly with increasing angular difference between the final and test posture (from 19 ms to 2 ms for 0° to 90° change in viewpoint). Finally, the travelling condition led to negative biases as compared to the panoramic condition, when no floor was displayed (Figure 2). Discussion It is well known that an observer's memory of photographs with implied motion can be distorted in the direction of the suggested motion (Freyd, 1983). In the same vein, the remembered position of a moving target is usually displaced from its actual final position (Hubbard, 1995). Freyd and Finke (1984) called this forward memory displacement

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Figure 2. A) Observer x Floor interaction on average memory bias. B) PLC trajectory in the panoramic and travelling conditions during execution of the backward somersault.

"representational momentum" (RM). To what extent does this phenomenon apply to the memorization of complex biological motion? In the present study, we have shown that when a visual stimulation such as a complex biological motion is abruptly stopped, its dynamics survive. As a consequence, a RM effect affects the final perceived posture. In addition, we have shown that the displacement of the observer can modulate this phenomenon: When a global optic flow is generated by the displacement of the observer, RM effects are amplified. This result extends the conclusions of Probst et al. (1987) indicating that global optic flow can affect the perception of local optical flow. When this global optic flow is absent, the kinematics of the PLC affects RM: The greater the regularity of its trajectory, the larger the RM effect (Figure 2). The reason could be that an irregular movement is less predictible than a regular movement. The results also indicate that the observer's point of view plays a significant role in matching the memorized and the test posture: RM decreases with increasing angular difference separating them. The more the viewpoint increases the more the "bias" decreases. As a conclusion, complex biological events are not

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immune to memory biases, and this may be due to RM and viewing conditions. This line of reasoning may help us to understand judging errors during the perception of actions and postures in sport. References Freyd, J. J. (1983). The mental representation of movement when static stimuli are viewed. Perception & Psychophysics, 33, 575-581. Freyd, J. J., & Finke, R. A (1984). Representational momentum. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 10, 126-132. Hubbard, T. L. (1995). Environmental invariants in the representation of motion: Implied dynamics and representational momentum, gravity, friction, and centripetal force. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 322-338. Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysis. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 202211. Probst, T., Krafczyk, S., & Brandt, T. (1987). Object-motion detection affected by concurrent self-motion perception: Applied aspects for vehicle guidance. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 7(3), 309-314. Runeson, S. & Frykholm G., (1981). Visual perception of lifted weight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 7, 733-740.

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Body Shape Contributions to Perception of Point Light Displays Rita Snyder Denison University, USA Point-light displays provide a useful technique for studying perception of human actions and intentions. Studies using this technique generally examine the informative properties of motion and pay little attention to more global aspects of form, such as body shape. Indeed, most studies using point-light displays provided impoverished body shape information. Specifically, actors had similar proportions, adjustments to video frames eliminated size variations, only parts of bodies were displayed, or actions that obscured potentially relevant shape variations were employed. Recent studies suggest that form and motion interact in complex ways (Shiffrar, Lichtey, & Heptulla Chatterjee, 1997); thus, systematically varying form rather than holding it constant may prove useful in elaborating that interaction. Research utilizing static representations of male figures (e.g., line drawings) suggests that two torso attributes, shoulder-to-hip ratio (SHR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), reliably contribute to perception of socially relevant person variables. For example, Dijkstra and Buunk (2001) reported that men with trimmer WHR and higher SHR are rated as more attractive and dominant. The present study explored the possibility that shape variations of a male point-light actor would affect perception of his personal attributes. By manipulating apparent SHR and WHR for a single actor, effects of body shape on social judgment independent of movement variations could be assessed. In addition, two different actions, walking/waving and weightlifting, were examined to test the possibility that body shape influences on social judgments are context-dependent. Method To create point-light displays, green glow jewellery encircled wrists, elbows, knees, and ankles. In addition, glow jewellery strips, 24

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cm long, were placed across the forehead, waist at its smallest extent, hips at their largest extent, and shoulder boundaries at the points of maximum width. One adult male was videotaped in a darkened, L-shaped hallway performing two actions. In one action, he emerged around a corner, walked toward the camera for 2.4 m, stopped, waved, turned around, and walked back around the corner. In another action, he stretched his legs while leaning against a wall, turned to face the camera, lifted a barbell from the floor to above his head, and returned it to the floor. The actor was 1.7 m tall and weighed 56 kg. Circumferences of his shoulders, waist, and hips were 98, 79, and 85 cm, respectively. Foam blocks, approximately 9 x 12 x 5 cm, expanded shoulder and waist circumferences to 116 cm and 95 cm, respectively. Thus, actual and expanded SHRs were 1.15 and 1.36 and actual and expanded WHRs were .93 and 1.12, respectively. These ratios are within normal ranges for adult males and similar to those examined by Dijkstra and Buunk (2002). Participants (27 women, 21 men) viewed four videos of the actor, one for each factorial combination of SHR and WHR, either walking or weightlifting. Four orders of each set, based on a Latin square, were counterbalanced across participants. After watching each video, participants estimated the actor's height and weight and used 8point rating scales to indicate impressions of the actor for ten bipolar adjective pairs presented in random order: healthy /unhealthy, attractive /unattractive, overweight /underweight, weak /strong, shy /outgoing, dates a lot /rarely, gets along with others /does not get al.ong, good /bad leader, successful /unsuccessful, competitive /non-competitive. Results Ratings of social attributes were compared with 2 (WHR) x 2 (SHR) x 2 (Action) mixed ANOVAs. Higher ratings indicate greater endorsement of each descriptor. Significant WHR main effects demonstrated that with the lower WHR, the actor was perceived to be healthier, (M = 5.60 vs. 5.21, F(l,46) = 11.27, p < .01), more attractive, (M= 4.98 vs. 4.55, F(l,46) = 8.50, p< .01), competitive (M = 4.83 vs. 4.31, F(l,46) = 6.89, p = .05), and underweight (M = 3.83 vs. 4.41, F(l,46)=11.15, p.1). For the gallop patterns, however, a significant interaction was found between interval-pair and gallop pattern (F(l,22) =

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12.54, p 0 the robot is outside of the arc, and if TROG + IUOG< 0, the robot is inside the arc. The three techniques discussed above were implemented on a Yujin YSR-A type robot soccer system. The system provides considerable information to the controller including details of orientations, velocities, and positions of all objects on the field. For this implementation, the only information used by the controller was the orientation of the robot, the angle from the robot to the target (in this case an orange ball), and in the case of the coupled tau implementation, the angle from the robot to a reference point. All other potential information was ignored as per the principles of smart perceptual instruments. Results The infinite tau technique was implemented and performed well and the robot maintained a consistent spiral towards the goal. Due to the physical nature of the robots, tight circles are difficult to maintain and eventually the robot began to move off the spiral in a "chaotic" fashion. However the robot would regain its path and begin to spiral back in towards its target point again. This same pattern was observed consistently. The technique, although never reaching its target, is useful

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for the robot soccer domain as it enables the robot to place itself behind its target (a ball) in order to manoeuvre it towards a goal. Problems remained with implementation of the two remaining techniques. Since the system used for implementation contained a noise component in the visual information received, errors were contained in the measurement of angles. When measuring the rates of changes of angles, such errors were magnified, which made guidance based upon f information inconsistent and ineffective. Similar problems were incurred when attempting to couple two closures (coupled tau).

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Conclusions As discussed, the use of tau (especially its change over time) requires reliable sensors. Many robotic systems, including the one in which this research was implemented, contain a significant amount of noise due to imperfections in the sensors. Although some initially promising results were obtained, the reliability of the optic information prevented successful implementation of some techniques. Current work on the system involves the implementation of a Savitzky-Golay (Press et al., 1988) smoothing filter to provide more reliable data. Upon completion, further work is planned for investigating mobile robot guidance techniques that utilise invariants within an agent-environment context.

References Brooks, R. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47, 139-159. Duchon, A., Warren, W., & Kaelbling, L. (1995). Ecological robotics: Controlling behavior with optical flow. In J. Moore & J. Lehman (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th annual conference of the cognitive science society, (pp. 164-169), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lee, D. (1998). Guiding movement by coupling taus. Ecological Psychology, 10,221-250. Press, W., Teukolsky, S., Vetterling, W., & Flannery, B. (1988). Numerical recipes in C: The art of scientific computing. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

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Stereoscopic 3D Visualisation Using Gaze-Contingent Volume Rendering: Exploratory Perception in Action Mike Jones & Paul Treffner Complex Active Visualisation (CAV) Lab Griffith University, QLD, Australia Across many fields of science, such as biomedical imaging and geophysical mapping, there is a need to visualise 3D stereo volumetric (voxel) data. In a gaze-contingent display (GCD) the image changes in response to shifts in the observer's gaze (Geisler & Perry, 1999; Saida & Ikeda, 1979) and is usually dependent upon some form of eye-tracking. The principle difficulty in conventional volumetric visualisation methods—which globally adjust how opaque or transparent different data voxels appear—is of maintaining sufficient partial-opacity to see all the features of interest, but not so much that those features deep within the volume are hidden by those near the observer. Gaze-contingency allows opacity to be spatially varied throughout the volume and continually modified as the viewer fixates at different positions. As with normal binocular vision, whatever is fixated is seen clearly, while the surrounding volume is rendered fainter, but still provides spatial context (as with peripheral vision). Precisely because the context is rendered with less acuity, it does not compete for visual attention as the in-focus section of the display. This is quite unlike standard stereoscopic displays that render all regions of the volume with equal acuity. Implementing a gaze-contingent display requires linking a suitable rendering algorithm with a gaze- or eye-tracking system. Implementing an effective gaze-contingent display therefore invites a careful consideration of human perception qua visual exploration. Past work involved construction of a stereoscopic gaze-tracked display prototype (Jones, 1999; Jones & Nikolov, 2000). Here we consider how the perception-action approach offers a useful framework within which to extend this class of instrument and apply it to real visualisation tasks.

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Method Figure 1 shows the mirror-stereoscope GCD. Two LCD displays (24" diagonal; 1920 x 1200 pixels; response time = 25 ms) are reflected by cold mirrors (that reflect visible and transmit infrared (IR) light) and provide a 3D view with a screen-eye distance of 300 mm. IR-sensitive video cameras behind the mirrors capture images of each eye under suitable illumination, and constitute the gaze-tracker.

Figure 1. Prototype mirror-stereoscope

A multitude of algorithms exist for rendering 3D voxel data, with direct volume rendering (DVR) algorithms generally providing the greatest flexibility in lighting and shading. Region-enhanced DVR (REDVR) algorithms apply a weighting function, Q, around a moving point, which locally modulates the rendering by, for example, making those regions close to the point more opaque than those further away (Jones & Nikolov, 2000). RE-DVR images generated from the Chapel Hill Volume Rendering Test Data Set are shown in Figure 2. The tracking system must measure the observer's fixation position in 3D with sufficient accuracy to position the enhanced region. A pupil-centre corneal-reflection (PCCR) technique was applied to measure each eye's gaze direction, with left/right-eye triangulation used to estimate 3D position. During a calibration phase an observer fixated in turn upon each of a set of bright point targets within a 120 mm wide wire-frame cube. Tracking parameters were adjusted to minimize rms error distance between the known and the reconstructed target positions.

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Figure 2. Direct volume rendering (left) and region-enhanced direct volume rendering (right).

Across targets separated by 75 mm in each of the three Cartesian axes, rms errors of 3.0 mm and 7.5 mm were obtained in the lateral and axial directions, respectively. According to a perception-action perspective, exploratory action includes eye movements and is necessary to reveal the optical invariants supporting perception, which, in turn, invites new exploratory movements. Information constrains action and this is true of visual exploration as well as physically moving through the world. A GCD offers the possibility of introducing into this loop a controlled and monitored component, to better understand the processes involved. Since visual exploration involves a series of head movements, eye saccades, fixations and pursuit movements, each region of a scene scrutinised may have associated changes in contrast, brightness, hue, and texture elements. It is suggested that the (higher-order) invariants underlying such optical changes can specify affordances for the eyehead-body visual system that seeks information at the scale of ecological optics. Visually constraining where an observer looks might be possible using marginal rendering changes to subtly direct the ocular system to seek resolution and look at features of interest. Prompting systems are relevant to many semi-automatic systems where algorithms search data for particular features or abnormalities. In many applications the consequences of missing an abnormality are considered unacceptable and detection thresholds are thus set low resulting in a high falsepositive rate. Worse, if used to abruptly prompt a human observer the high alarm rate itself can mask situations requiring expert human

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scrutiny. Less obtrusive prompting (e.g., gaze-contingent focus), however, would be less likely to mask abnormal situations. Our approach involves changing the GCD's affordances and monitoring how visual exploration changes (e.g., by using the observer's scan-paths or sequences of successive fixations). Gaze-contingent affordances would be controlled between experimental conditions, for example, allowing the rendered image to respond to the observer's eye or head position and analysing the spatio-temporal distributions of fixation positions (Treffner & Kelso, 1999). Several key questions can further be addressed using this approach. What is the extent of the workspace (visual volume) through which an observer searches? Is the scrutinised region reduced or expanded when compared to without enhancement? During visual search, does the scan path involve small segments directing the observer towards local regions within the enhanced region? Is orientation maintained and is the observer aware of where he or she is with respect to landmarks? What benefits accrue from allowing head movements in addition to eye movements? Conclusions The perception-action framework is considered a useful paradigm for GCD development. Many questions addressed by the ecological approach can potentially help address issues of visualisation and virtual environments, while the latter can refine our understanding of the dual nature of information in relation to active observation. The design of GCDs provides an ability to optically vary the affordances provided by a scene such that they are defined as Gibson always implied—with respect to the organism. Acknowledgement. We wish to acknowledge the support of the Royal Society's Paul Instrument Fund for a grant allowing construction of the stereoscopic gaze-tracked display. References Jones, M. G. (1999). United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust. Method and apparatus for displaying volumetric data. British Patent: 99124338.0; US Patent: 09/579,814. European Patent: 00304381.7.

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Jones, M. G. & Nikolov, S. G. (2000). Region-enhanced volume visualization and navigation. Proceedings of International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), Medical Imaging 2000 (Image Display and Visualization), 3976,454-465. Saida, S. & Ikeda, M. (1979). Useful visual field size for pattern perception. Perception andPsychophysics, 25, 119-125. Geisler, W. S. & Perry, J. S. (1999). Variable-resolution displays for visual communication and simulation. The Society for Information Display, 30,420-423. Treffher, P. J. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1999). Dynamic encounters: Longmemory during functional stabilization. Ecological Psychology, 11, 103-137.

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Does Exploration Promote Convergence on Specifying Variables? Alen Hajnal1, Claire F. Michaels1, and Frank T. J. M. Zaal2 'CESPA, University of Connecticut, USA Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands

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Michaels and de Vries (1998) asked perceivers to estimate peak pulling-force in computer-generated stick figures. A major finding was that participants changed over blocks of trials in the variables exploited and that they gradually attuned themselves to more useful kinematic variables after practice with feedback. One concern with such experiments is whether they are sufficiently natural; if not, the phenomena revealed, which ostensibly concern learning, may simply reflect adaptation to the curious computer displays. A characteristic of these displays and participants' interactions with them is that the perceiver is a passive recipient of stimulation. In Gibson's (1966) terms, the stimulation is imposed stimulation, in contrast to the stimulation in more natural settings, which is often stimulation obtained through exploration. Our goal in the present contribution was to ask whether perceptual learning in this force-judgment task is fostered by exploration. Our reasoning was as follows: A participant's goal is to become an expert in judging force. If we regard exploration as a fundamental activity of perceptual systems that yields information suitable to guide action, then analogously, exploration may yield information that guides learning. Our hypothesis was that if participants can generate their own stimuli, then they would converge on the better variable more quickly. Allowing individuals to generate their own stimuli puts interesting demands on experimental design, namely, that it is potentially difficult to discern whether any observed effect is due to choosing of the displays or whether it is due to the chosen displays. To keep these effects separate, we used a design in which participants were yoked in triplets. An Explorer was able to manipulate kinematic parameters of the upcoming display; an Observer saw the manipulated parameters and the displays; the Control participant saw only the display.

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Method Stick-figure displays of a human engaging in a bimanual standand-pull task were generated on an Apple Macintosh computer. Each trial consisted of three identical pulling cycles. Perceivers were asked to estimate the percentage of maximal pulling force exerted by the stick figure. The experiment consisted of a pretest block, three training blocks and a posttest block. Each block comprised 36 trials. Fifteen undergraduate students from the University of Connecticut were randomly assigned to one of three groups (Explorers, Observers, and Controls). In the pretest and posttest, participants watched the stick-figure displays and entered their judgment on a slider whose ends were labeled 0% and 100%; there was no feedback. In the training blocks, the Explorers manipulated parameter sliders (labeled displacement and velocity) that determined the stick-figure kinematics for the upcoming display (namely maximal displacement and velocity of the puller's center of mass). The yoked Observer was shown the slider positions selected by the Explorer. The Control saw only the stick-figure kinematics. After seeing the stick-figure kinematics, all participants entered their judgments and then received feedback on accuracy. Participants were run one at a time; instructions to Explorers and Observers emphasized attending to the relation between stick-figure movement and force. Results and Discussion Correlations between judgment and force were computed for each participant on each block, and their Z-scores were submitted to a one-between (Group) by one-within (Blocks 1 -5) analysis of variance. Figure 1 shows the average of correlations between judgment and force across blocks of trials for all three conditions. A significant effect of blocks of trials was found F(4, 48) = 18.21, /7