Sentence Diagramming : Middle School

GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS

Sentence Diagraming

To the Teacher Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written and spoken English.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824702-0 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00

PART I Lesson

Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Lesson

2

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Lesson

3

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lesson

4

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Lesson

5

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate

Lesson

6

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object

Lesson

7

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Lesson

8

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Lesson

9

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Compound direct object Indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects

Lesson 10

Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives

Lesson 11

Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs

Lesson 12

Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lesson 13

Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Lesson 14

Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Predicate noun

Lesson 15

Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective

Lesson 16

Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements

PART II

Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Lesson 17

Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Lesson 18

Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Lesson 19

Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Appositives and appositive phrases Used as adjectives Used as adverbs

Lesson 20

Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Used to modify other prepositional phrases

Lesson 21

Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Lesson 22

Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Participles Participial phrases

iii

Lesson 23

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Lesson 24

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lesson 25

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Used as subjects Used as direct objects Used as predicate nouns

Lesson 26

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Used as objects of prepositions

Lesson 27

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Lesson 28

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Lesson 29

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used as subjects

Lesson 30

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Used as direct objects

Lesson 31

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Used as predicate nouns

PART III

Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Lesson 32

Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Lesson 33

Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Lesson 34

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Clauses connected by a semicolon Clauses connected by a conjunction Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns

Lesson 35

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Adverb clauses that modify verbs

Lesson 36

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Lesson 37

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Lesson 38

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Used as subjects Used as direct objects Introduced by that

Lesson 39

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Used as objects of prepositions

Lesson 40

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns

ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

iv

Simple Sentences Lesson

1

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject

Lesson

2

Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order

Lesson

3

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lesson

4

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Lesson

5

Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate

Lesson

6

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Direct object

Lesson

7

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Lesson

8

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Lesson

9

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Compound direct object Indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects

Lesson 10

Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Adjectives

Lesson 11

Adjectives and Adverbs II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs

Lesson 12

Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lesson 13

Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Lesson 14

Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with compound subjects, verbs, and objects Predicate noun

Lesson 15

Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Predicate adjective

Lesson 16

Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Compound subject complements

Sentence Diagraming

1

Name  Date 

1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I A sentence diagram is a chart of a sentence. It shows how the words and parts of a sentence relate to each other and to the sentence as a whole. To diagram any sentence, begin with a diagram frame, like the one shown here. Make the vertical line that cuts through the baseline baseline equally long above and below the baseline. vertical line

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. The subject of the sentence appears on the left side of the diagram frame. The predicate appears on the right. The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and simple predicate, write the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Write the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line.

Example Robins fly. Robins

fly

simple subject

simple predicate

In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence. However, leave out any punctuation. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Understood Subject In some sentences, the subject you is not stated, but it is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line.

Example Sit. (you)

Sit

(understood simple subject)

simple predicate

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Dolphins swim.

3. Turn.

2. Wait!

4. Tiffany jogs.

2

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More than One Word A simple subject may have more than one word. For example, it may be a compound noun, such as White House, or a person’s full name, such as President William Henry Harrison. A simple predicate, or verb, may also have more than one word. A main verb with its helping, or auxiliary, verbs is called a verb phrase. An example is have been voting, in which the main verb is voting and the helping verbs are have and been. In a diagram, place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline on the correct side of the vertical rule.

Example Sojourner Truth was speaking. Sojourner Truth

was speaking

simple subject

simple predicate

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order In some questions, the simple subject appears between a helping verb and the main verb. An example is Was she crying? The simple subject, she, comes between the words of the verb phrase, was crying. In a diagram, however, the locations of the simple subject and the simple predicate always stay the same—the subject at the left of the vertical line and the predicate at the right. Study the example below. Remember that capitalization stays the same as in the original sentence but that punctuation is not used.

Example Is anyone listening? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

anyone

Is listening

simple subject

simple predicate

EXERCISE 1 Diagram each sentence. 1. Hector has been exercising.

4. Hurry!

2. Did you forget?

5. Dr. Lee has been calling.

3. Ms. Alice Cummins interrupted.

6. Have guests been invited?

Sentence Diagraming

3

Name  Date 

2

Continued

7. Work!

8. Senator Adams will have retired.

9. Who called?

10. Did Aunt Emily go?

EXERCISE 2 In each of these sentences, the simple subject and the verb are shown in boldface type. Diagram only the boldfaced simple subject and verb of each sentence. 4. At the end of the race, drink some water.

2. Were you planning to fix the broken window?

5. Plants of many kinds are sold at the garden center.

3. All year long, the Doans have been remodeling their old house near the seashore.

6. One of these statements is false.

4

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Sleet is falling on the sidewalks and roads.

Name  Date 

3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I A simple sentence has only one main clause. That is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, the subject or the predicate may have more than one part. If a simple sentence has a compound subject or predicate, its diagram still uses only one baseline. However, the baseline is forked at the appropriate side to make space for more than one part.

Compound Subject A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as this example shows:

Example Trucks and tractors raced. part 1 of compound subject

Trucks

part 2 of compound subject

tractors

conj.

and

raced

verb

If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or either . . . or is used, write one word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line. Study this example:

part 1 of compound subject

trucks raced

part 2 of compound subject

conj. conj.

and

tractors

Both

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Example Both trucks and tractors raced.

verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Both Emma and Becky laughed.

3. Boaters and swimmers were rescued.

2. Was Phillip or Annette returning?

4. Either Jeremy or Mark was whispering.

Sentence Diagraming

5

Name  Date 

4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II Compound Predicate A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below.

Example Icicles gleamed but dripped. gleamed

dripped

conj.

simple subject

but

Icicles

part 1 of compound verb

part 2 of compound verb

If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in the next example.

Example Icicles were gleaming but dripping. gleaming simple subject dripping

helping verb

conj.

were

but

Icicles

part 1 of compound verb

part 2 of compound verb

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. She either complains or criticizes.

2. Waves rose and fell.

5. Elaine paused but continued.

3. Stop and listen!

6. Skiers were slipping and falling.

6

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Rex was growling and biting.

Name  Date 

5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III Compound Subject and Compound Predicate Some sentences have both compound subjects and compound verbs. The diagram for any of those sentences has a baseline that is forked on both ends, as in this example.

Example Tracey and Donna strolled and shopped. part 1 of compound subject

shopped

part 2 of compound subject

part 1 of compound verb conj.

strolled

conj.

and

Donna

and

Tracey

part 2 of compound verb

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Nick and Lawanna swept and dusted.

5. Letters and packages were delivered and opened.

2. Tina and Mr. Lopez fished and talked.

6. Was Diane or Joan singing?

3. Did Ernie and you stop and look?

7. Mayor Axon visited and spoke.

4. Neither Midnight nor Belle the Cat scratches or bites.

8. Both Angela and Rudy have been traveling but will return.

Sentence Diagraming

7

Name  Date 

6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs.

Direct Object A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects. Nouns, pronouns, and other words acting as nouns may be direct objects. To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline to the right of its verb. Separate the object from the verb with a vertical line above the baseline only.

Example I like picnics. I

like

picnics

subject

action verb

direct object

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 5. Ants were bothering us.

2. Fran packed cookies.

6. Boys and girls played baseball.

3. Tony cooked hamburgers.

7. Both Max and I hit homers.

4. Did anyone bring napkins?

8. Has everyone had fun?

8

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Everyone brought food.

Name  Date 

7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Compound Direct Object If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object belongs, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their left. Write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the baseline. Study this example.

Example Herbert roasted both corn and potatoes. roasted

part 1 of direct object subject

potatoes

action verb

conj. conj.

Herbert

both and

corn

part 2 of direct object

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Parks have tables and benches.

5. We saw neither rain nor clouds.

2. You use either grills or campfires.

6. Danelle and Gina had prepared salads and rolls.

3. Did you drink juice or cola?

7. Mike ate both food and bugs.

4. Chang was swatting houseflies and mosquitoes.

8. Campers should bring bedrolls and tents.

Sentence Diagraming

9

Name  Date 

8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Indirect Object An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence with an indirect object also has a direct object. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object. To diagram a sentence with an indirect object, begin by diagraming the subject, verb, and direct object. Then draw a line that slants down from the baseline under the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example.

Example Ranger O’Brien gives campers directions. Ranger O'Brien

gives

directions campers

subject

action verb

direct object

indirect object

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. Ms. Varsey told us stories.

2. He taught me birdcalls.

5. She handed everyone marshmallows.

3. We made ourselves dinner.

6. Roger lent Manny sunglasses.

10

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Mr. Norris assigned us jobs.

Name  Date 

9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects In some sentences with a compound verb, all parts of the verb share a single direct object. To diagram such a sentence, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline at the right to hold the shared direct object.

Example Campers examined and compared maps. part 1 of compound verb

and

Campers

maps

subject

compared

conj.

examined

direct object part 2 of compound verb

The diagram shows that the campers both examined maps and compared maps. In other sentences with a compound verb, a direct or an indirect object completes only one part of the verb. To diagram that type of sentence, connect the object(s) with only one verb part, as in this example.

Example Steve drew maps and made us copies. maps subject made

copies

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

us

conj.

Steve

and

drew

part 1 of compound verb

direct object

part 2 of compound verb

direct object

indirect object

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is related to the correct verb or verb part. 1. Rangers led hikes and gave hikers advice.

2. Campers collected and buried leftovers.

Sentence Diagraming

11

Name  Date 

9

Continued

3. Food can attract bears and bring campers problems.

4. Weather can help or hurt vacationers.

5. Rain gives plants nourishment but can dampen spirits. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Have you camped or visited parks?

12

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

10 Adjectives and Adverbs I In addition to nouns, pronouns, and verbs, many sentences use modifiers. The two types of modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. An adjective can tell what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples include strong, this, three, and less. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns and pronouns can be considered adjectives because they describe nouns. Examples of possessive nouns are children’s, adults’, and Mrs. Dean’s. Possessive pronouns include our, your, his, and her. In the example below, every adjective is underlined. Any noun or pronoun in a sentence may be modified by one or more adjectives. To diagram a sentence with adjectives, place each adjective on a slant line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the sentence.

Example Lucy’s older brother oiled her squeaky bicycle wheel. brother

oiled

subject

wheel

verb

ct iv e

e

e

iv

iv

ct

ct

je

je

ad

ad

je

e

e

iv

e

y

iv

ct

ct

je

je

ad

ad

ad

cl

ak

cy

r

’s

r

ue

bi

sq

de

cy

he

ol

Lu

3

2

1

2

1

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

direct object

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Those happy fans watched a great race.

2. Did the famous cyclist win first prize?

Sentence Diagraming

13

Name  Date 

10

Continued

3. Many enthusiastic people attended that recent event.

4. My cousin enjoys extreme sports.

5. That adventurous teenager climbs steep mountains.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Tough triathlons attract him.

7. Dangerous activities give him memorable thrills.

14

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

11 Adjectives and Adverbs II Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to what extent? In the examples below, the adverbs are underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant line below the word it modifies.

Adverbs Modifying Verbs In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear either before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In these examples, the adverb often takes two different positions. However, because often modifies hosts in both sentences, the diagrams of the sentences are the same. When diagraming a sentence in which two or more adverbs modify the verb, place the adverbs under the verb in the order they appear in the sentence.

Example My family often hosts parties. My family hosts parties often. family

hosts

parties

subject

direct object

verb ad iv

rb

ct

ve

je

n

y

te

ad

of

M

e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Cold winds howled noisily.

4. Soon, everyone was seated comfortably.

2. The Dawsons greeted their guests warmly.

5. Had the Lopezes been there before?

3. Immediately, they hurried the guests inside.

6. The visit ended early.

Sentence Diagraming

15

Name  Date 

12 Adjectives and Adverbs III Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers A single sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs.

Example Watchful explorers choose their paths carefully. explorers

choose

subject

paths

direct object

verb

ad je

ve

ct iv

e

e

iv

rb

ct

fu

lly

ch

fu

r

je

ei

re

ad

ad

th

ca

at W l

Also, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb shown on a slant line, write the additional adverb on a slant line parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In this example, the adverbs very and extremely modify the adjective watchful and the adverb carefully.

Example Very watchful explorers choose their paths extremely carefully. explorers

choose

subject

paths

direct object

verb

ad je iv

rb

e

rb

e

ve

ct

ve

ad

iv

el

rb

lly

l

m

ve

ct

ad

fu

r

je

ad

ad

ei

re

fu

y

tre

ch

r Ve

ex

at

th

ca

w

y Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Alarmingly thick bushes blocked the path almost everywhere.

2. The travelers looked about rather wearily.

16

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

12

Continued

3. Extremely sharp hatchets cleared a path remarkably fast.

4. The usually energetic leader walked exceedingly slowly.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. The group was entering a particularly dangerous area.

6. Suddenly, the least courageous member yelled shockingly loudly.

Sentence Diagraming

17

Name  Date 

13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV Modifiers with Compound Subjects, Verbs, and Objects In a sentence with a compound subject, verb, or object, a modifier may describe one part of the compound element or all parts. What the modifier describes affects where it is placed in the diagram. In the first example below, immediately modifies blew. In the second example, immediately modifies both verb parts. See how the diagrams differ.

Examples The leader turned and immediately blew a whistle. The leader immediately turned and blew a whistle. part 1 of compound verb

turned

ad

e

whistle

je

Th

blew

conj.

subject

and

leader

direct object

part 2 of compound verb

ct ad ct e

ia

iv

ed

rb

m

ve

je

e

ad

iv

a

im

te ly

part 1 of compound verb

turned

ad

part 2 of compound verb

direct object

e

ad

rb

iv

iv

ly

ct

te

je

ia

a

ed

ct

ve

whistle

je

blew

conj.

subject ad

m

e

im

Th

and

leader

e

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The cowardly explorer shivered suddenly and fainted.

3. Both the book and its sequel sold well.

2. Scary stories always frighten and delight me.

4. The story fascinated adventurous teens and adults.

18

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline.

Name  Date 

14 Subject Complements I A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. Other linking verbs are appear, sound, and feel. The word or phrase linked to the subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject complements: predicate nouns and predicate adjectives. They are diagramed the same way.

Predicate Noun A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives. To diagram a sentence with a predicate noun, place the noun or pronoun on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate noun that ends at the baseline.

Example A parrot can be a good pet. parrot

can be

subject

linking verb

predicate noun ct iv e

e

e

iv

iv

ct

ct

je

je

ad

ad

je

od

ad

go

A

pet a

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kiwi is a yellow cockatiel.

3. Parrots are popular pets.

2. Cockatiels are parrots.

4. How long has Kiwi been Frank’s pet?

Sentence Diagraming

19

Name  Date 

15 Subject Complements II Predicate Adjective A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs. To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, place the adjective on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and the predicate adjective that ends at the baseline.

Example Many parrots are quite clever. linking verb

predicate adjective ad rb

iv

y

ct

ve

je

an

subject

ite

M

clever

ad

are

qu

parrots

e

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 4. Kiwi seems smart.

2. Kiwi appears happy.

5. Are her tricks difficult?

3. Her birdcage is rather large.

6. Kiwi’s owner feels extremely fortunate.

20

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Frank’s cockatiel is very friendly.

Name  Date 

16 Subject Complements III Compound Subject Complements Both predicate nouns and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. The diagram of a sentence with a compound subject complement has a baseline that is forked at the right of the slant line. Study these examples.

Examples Today, our major parties are Republicans and Democrats. The parties’ history is quite long and colorful. part 1 of comp. predicate noun

parties

linking verb

subject

ad ve

part 2 of comp. predicate noun

rb

e

e

or

iv

iv

ct

ct

je

je

ad

ad

Democrats

ay

aj

r

d To

m

ou

and

are

conj.

Republicans

part 1 of comp. predicate adj.

long subject

ad ve

part 2 of comp. predicate adj.

rb

e iv ct je ad tive c je

es

ite

colorful

linking verb

ad

qu

r ti

e

pa

Th

and

is

conj.

history

’

In the second example, note how the adverb quite, which modifies both parts of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from the verb. 1. Political cartoons can be both funny and meaningful.

2. Their messages may be timely but durable.

Sentence Diagraming

21

Name  Date 

16

Continued

3. Teddy Roosevelt was both a strong president and a memorable public figure.

4. One cartoon showed Teddy and a cute bear.

5. The teddy bear is still popular and lovable. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Wartime political cartoons are often critical or inspirational.

22

Sentence Diagraming

Simple Sentences with Phrases Lesson 17

Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Appositives and appositive phrases

Lesson 18

Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Lesson 19

Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Lesson 20

Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used to modify other prepositional phrases

Lesson 21

Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Participles

Lesson 22

Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Lesson 23

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Lesson 24

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Participial phrases Used as subjects Used as direct objects

Lesson 25

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Used as predicate nouns

Lesson 26

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Lesson 27

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Lesson 28

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Used as objects of prepositions Used as adjectives Used as adverbs

Lesson 29

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Used as subjects

Lesson 30

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Lesson 31

Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Used as direct objects Used as predicate nouns

Sentence Diagraming

23

Name  Date 

17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses.

Example A California stagecoach driver, Charley Parkhurst, had a secret. driver

(Charley Parkhurst)

had

secret

(appos.)

subject

verb

dir. object ad

ad

je ct iv e

e

e

e

iv

iv

iv

ct

ct

ct

je

je

je

ad

ad

a

h

ia

ac

rn

co

ifo

ge

al

sta

C

A

Example Legends describe that colorful character, Charley Parkhurst. Legends

describe

character (Charley Parkhurst)

subj.

verb

dir. object (appos.) ad ct

e

e

iv

l

iv

ct

r fu

je

je

ad

lo

at

co

th

An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified.

Example Parkhurst, a fearless driver, could handle almost any horse. could handle

horse

subj. (appositive)

verb

dir. obj. ad ct iv

t

rb

e

e

e

iv

iv

ve

ct

ct

ad

je

je

je

ad

os

ss

m

le

al

ar

y

ad

an

fe

a

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Charley Parkhurst was really Charlotte Parkhurst, an orphan.

2. Fifteen-year-old Charlotte, a tall, strong girl, left an unfriendly orphanage.

24

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Parkhurst (driver)

Name  Date 

17

Continued

3. She took a man’s job, stable hand.

4. She also took a man’s name, Charley.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. Charley, the pretend man, became the first woman voter.

6. Her one vice, tobacco, gave Charley cancer.

7. Death finally revealed her secret, her womanhood.

Sentence Diagraming

25

Name  Date 

18 Prepositional Phrases I A preposition is a word that indicates how a noun or pronoun relates to some other word in its sentence. Examples include before, throughout, and with. Some prepositions are made up of more than one word, such as in front of and except for. A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “before the storm,” “during heavy rain,” and “in front of an old barn.” Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs.

Used as Adjectives To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object.

Example Most people in Emma’s class like rock music. people

music

like

verb

direct object ad ct

ct

t

iv e

iti

e

os

iv

ep

je

pr

je

ck

ad

ro

os

in

M

class

subject

on

Em m s a’

object of preposition ad je ct iv e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Posters throughout the city announced the rock concert.

2. Holders of particular tickets would also receive passes to backstage areas.

26

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

18

Continued

3. Will you get tickets for the show?

4. Spotlights in many different colors lit the stage.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. The loudspeakers behind my ears blared announcements about souvenirs.

6. Could you see the drummer with long blond hair?

Sentence Diagraming

27

Name  Date 

19 Prepositional Phrases II Used as Adverbs A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is diagramed the same way as one used as an adjective. Study this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb. The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object is placed on the adjoining horizontal line. Note that the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified.

Example The science lab was displayed on Parents’ Night. lab

subject

was displayed

pr

ad

ep

je

je

on

e

e

iti

iv

iv

e

os

ct

ct

nc

e

ie

ad

on

sc

Th

Parents’ Night

verb

object of preposition

If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline.

Example On that night, my mother came and saw the school. part 1 of compound verb subject pr ep

part 2 of compound verb

direct object

.

e

obj. of prep.

j.

th

n night

ad

O

school

j.

y

saw

ad

m

and

mother

conj.

came

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

j.

at

ad

th

As shown above, a prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb. You can identify a phrase used as an adverb if it answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur?

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Before Parents’ Night, we practiced our experiments.

2. Mrs. Sanchez wrote precise instructions on the chalkboard.

28

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

19

Continued

3. Turtles and frogs crawled over the aquarium rocks.

4. A gray mouse slept quietly inside a cardboard tube.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. The teams performed the experiments with great care.

6. We recorded data and observations in our lab notebooks.

Sentence Diagraming

29

Name  Date 

20 Prepositional Phrases III Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example.

Example Boaters in canoes raced down the river through the Scout camp. Boaters

subject

raced

pr .

obj. of prep.

ep

river

.

n

ep

w

pr

do

in canoes

verb obj. of prep. pr

ad

.

ug

ep

j.

ro

e

th

th

h

camp

obj. of prep. ad

j.

j.

ad

ou

e

Sc

th

t

In this example, the prepositional phrase “down the river” tells where the boaters raced, so it is placed under the verb raced. The prepositional phrase “through the Scout camp” tells which river, so it is placed under the object of the first phrase, river. Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it modifies.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The race was held on a day with threats of rain.

2. Danny rowed with a winner of the previous race.

30

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

20

Continued

3. Near the end of the race, dark clouds filled the sky.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Danny and his partner sped to the goal at the fork in the river.

5. Immediately, the rowers in all of the other boats stopped.

Sentence Diagraming

31

Name  Date 

21 Participles and Participial Phrases I Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that functions in a sentence as an adjective. Participles may be either present or past. Present participles end in –ing. Most past participles end in –ed, but some have irregular forms.

Participles To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the line, as shown in this example.

Example Growling, the monster charged the wounded hero. charged

monster

hero

verb

subject

direct object j.

a r ti

p

ad

j.

c i ple

ad

a r ti

p

e

o u n ded

w

th

e

r o w li n g

th

G

c i ple

Irregular participles such as risen or caught may not be recognized easily. Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The hero swung a broken branch at the creature.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Defeated, the monster fled from the relieved fighter.

3. The satisfied crowd soon left the crowded theater.

32

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

22 Participles and Participial Phrases II Participial Phrases As a form of verbs, participles may take direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nouns, and predicate adjectives. They may also be modified by adverbs and prepositional phrases. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and all words and phrases that modify the participle and its complements. To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of the participial phrase.

Example Cheerfully whistling a tune, Jacob walked to the store. walked

Jacob

ep .

ci ple

dir. obj. of participle

obj. of preposition j.

j.

v.

he

ad

a

C

ad

ad

a r ti

p

e

tune

store

th

tli n g

pr

to

w

h is

verb

subject

er fu lly

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Participial phrases can occur almost anywhere in a sentence. Be sure to identify which word is modified by each participial phrase, and diagram the phrase so that the participle extends below that word.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Looking over his shoulder, Jacob spotted a large dog.

2. The dog, barking furiously, chased the frightened boy.

Sentence Diagraming

33

Name  Date 

22

Continued

3. Thinking quickly, Jacob jumped over a fence.

4. The confused dog stopped, giving the exhausted boy a rest.

5. Surprised, he noticed the dog’s wagging tail. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Jacob, holding his breath, opened the gate.

34

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences wherever nouns may be used. In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used.

Used as Subjects To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line.

Example Giving speeches frightens some people. Givin g

geru nd

speeches frightens

people

direct object of gerund verb

direct object j.

m

ad

so e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Jogging tires me quickly.

2. Hearing that joke reminds me of a funny story.

Sentence Diagraming

35

Name  Date 

24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object is usually placed. Draw a stepped line, as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line.

Example Armando enjoys solving difficult riddles. solvin g

geru nd

riddles cu

subject

verb

j.

ffi

enjoys

ad

di

Armando

direct object of gerund

lt

Both gerunds and present participles end in –ing. However, gerunds act as nouns, while participles act as adjectives. Test for gerunds by asking this question: Can the verb form be replaced with the pronoun it? If so, that verb form is a gerund.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. My whole family enjoyed watching the fireworks display.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. I remember being lifted by my father for a better view.

36

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate noun, place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate noun belongs, following a slant line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.

Example My least favorite chore has always been washing windows. washi ng

chore

geru nd

windows

has been

subject

dir. obj. of gerund

linking verb ad v.

j.

s

ad

j.

ay

ad

w

t

v.

e

as

rit

le

vo

y

ad

al

fa

M

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Use the correct line before each gerund—straight or slanted—to indicate whether it is used as a direct object or as a predicate noun.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The first step of any job is finding the right tools.

2. The tired workers stopped doing their best.

3. Elena’s hobby was repairing dolls.

Sentence Diagraming

37

Name  Date 

26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example.

Example The people cheered us for entertaining them. people

cheered

us

subject

verb

dir. obj.

pr ep

r

them

j.

fo

e

ing

ad

Th

entert a in

gerun d

dir. obj. of gerund

.

Whenever you find a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a diagram. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first how each gerund is used, and place the stilt for the gerund in the correct place. 1. You win this game by popping five balloons.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. The library has a policy against talking loudly.

3. Marsha dreams of competing in the Olympics.

38

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

26

Continued

4. I found the instructions for assembling the unit.

5. Skiing in Colorado has been extremely enjoyable.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Maynard’s habit of finding lost coins is uncanny.

7. Tutoring younger children prepares you for becoming a teacher.

Sentence Diagraming

39

Name  Date 

27 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually preceded by the word to. An example is “to tell.” An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its complements. An example is “to tell a friend the news.” Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.

Used as Adjectives Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives are diagramed in the same way as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the noun or pronoun modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study this example.

Examples Band members announced their decision to tour again. members

announced

decision

subject

verb

“t o”

j.

j.

ad

ad

r

nd

ei

to

th

Ba

tour

dir. obj. infinitive (base form)

ai

v.

n

ad

ag

The infinitive phrase “to tour again” tells what kind of decision. It acts as an adjective modifying decision.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. The audience shouted demands to play favorite songs.

2. On tour, musicians need the ability to sleep at odd hours.

3. An overnight bag to hold essential items is a necessity.

40

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

28 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II Used as Adverbs Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives and those used as adverbs are diagramed in the same way. Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Here is an example.

Examples Eager fans competed to buy tickets to the show. subject

competed

fans

o”

j.

ge

tickets

“t

ad

to

Ea

buy

verb

r

infinitive

to

dir. obj. of infinitive pr

show

ep .

th e

obj. of prep. ad j.

In the example, the infinitive phrase “to buy tickets” tells how or why the fans competed. It acts as an adverb, modifying competed.

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. To get closer to the stage, some audience members pushed others.

2. Guards at the auditorium worked to prevent injuries.

3. The band played two encores to show their appreciation.

Sentence Diagraming

41

Name  Date 

29 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases III Used as Subjects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first identify its role in the sentence. If the phrase is used as a subject, draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line, as in the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study this example.

Examples To build the largest ship was the engineer’s goal. o" "T

To

build

ship

infinitive

dir. obj. of infinitive j.

j.

ad

ad

rg

e

la

th

es t

was

verb

goal

pred. noun

gi

e

en

th

ne er ’s

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. In good weather, to ride a bike to school saves time. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. To buy a secondhand bike was a wise decision.

3. To change this tire will take twenty minutes.

42

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases IV Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a direct object, draw a stilt on the baseline where the direct object belongs. Next, draw a horizontal line above the stilt, and a short slant line at the left of that horizontal line. See the example below. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Place the verb form directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. In this example, the infinitive phrase is the direct object of the sentence.

Examples Jean asked me to go with her. “t o”

to

go

infinitive

subject

me

verb

.

her

ep

ith

asked

pr

w

Jean

object of prep.

indirect object

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Callers to the station asked to hear your song.

2. The child refused to eat broccoli.

3. None of my friends can afford to buy every new video game.

Sentence Diagraming

43

Name  Date 

31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V Used as Predicate Nouns An infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a predicate noun is diagramed the same way as one used as a direct object, except that it follows a slant line after the verb rather than a vertical line. Study this example. Note where the word to and the base form of the verb are placed.

Examples Dean’s long-range plan is to run his own business. o”

n ow s

infinitive

dir. obj. of inf.

hi

is

business

“t

to

plan

run

subject

verb

ad

j.

-ra

’s

j.

ng

an

ad

lo

De

ng e

EXERCISE Identify the role of the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence, and then diagram the sentence. 1. Alicia’s hobby is to ride trail horses.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. The purpose of this booklet is to explain pet licenses.

3. To stick to the exact truth took courage.

44

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

31

Continued

4. Everybody wanted to see the parade.

5. One aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of this disease.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. To increase sales at the store will not be easy.

7. Your first step is to notify the police of the theft.

Sentence Diagraming

45

Compound and Complex Sentences Lesson 32

Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Clauses connected by a semicolon

Lesson 33

Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Lesson 34

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Lesson 35

Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Clauses connected by a conjunction Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Adverb clauses that modify verbs

Lesson 36

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Used as subjects

Lesson 37

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Lesson 38

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Lesson 39

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Used as direct objects Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions

Lesson 40

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Used as predicate nouns

Sentence Diagraming

47

Name  Date 

32 Compound Sentences I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses. The clauses are joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction. In a diagram of a compound sentence, each independent clause is diagramed separately; then the clauses are connected. The type of connection used depends on whether the clauses are joined by a semicolon or a conjunction.

Clauses Connected by a Semicolon When two main clauses in a compound sentence are joined by a semicolon, first diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here.

Example Folktales are always popular; you have probably heard many of them. Folktales

are

popular

verb

MAIN CLAUSE #2

verb

al

MAIN CLAUSE #1

w ay s

you

have heard

many of

pr ob

them

ab ly

EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. Some folktales have been told for generations; many different versions exist.

2. In many tales, animals talk; they stand for humans.

48

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

32

Continued

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. In some tales, the animals are wise; in others, they are foolish or selfish.

4. Writers in various countries have made collections of folktales; the Grimm brothers are among these writers.

Sentence Diagraming

49

Name  Date 

33 Compound Sentences II Clauses Connected by a Conjunction When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such as and, but, or or, first diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown in this example.

Example Do you like scary stories, or do they give you nightmares? you

Do like

stories

MAIN CLAUSE #1

verb

sc

do give

nightmares

conj.

y

ar

they

or

MAIN CLAUSE #2

verb

you

EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. 1. In very old English tales, Grendel was a terrible monster, and his mother was equally horrible.

50

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Grendel terrorized the countryside, but finally the hero Beowulf stopped him.

Name  Date 

33

Continued

3. In the Odyssey, Scylla and Charybdis were monstrous neighbors, and sailors feared them.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Scylla tore ships apart, or Charybdis pulled them and their crews underwater.

Sentence Diagraming

51

Name  Date 

34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The diagram of a complex sentence depends on the type of subordinate clause it includes.

Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Most adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which). Always begin the diagram of a complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses. To connect a main clause and an adjective clause that begins with a relative pronoun, draw a dotted line between the introductory pronoun and the word in the main clause that the adjective clause modifies. Study this example.

Example Geologists are scientists who study rocks. Geologists

are

study

rocks

MAIN CLAUSE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

modified noun

relative pronoun

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Evidence that is found in rocks shows changes in the earth.

2. Information about the center of the earth is found in lava, which is rock from volcanoes.

52

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

who

scientists

Name  Date 

34

Continued

3. Valerie, who is the daughter of a geologist, shares his love of rocks.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. She also learns about the field from other geologists who work with her father.

Sentence Diagraming

53

Name  Date 

35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as these: after, before, because, as, as if, as soon as, in order that, until, although, when, where, and whenever. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next, diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, write the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example.

Example Although land on Earth looks solid, the continents are actually moving. continents

are moving

MAIN CLAUSE

modified verb

ac co nj

ly

gh

.

ou

al

th

tu

e

Al

th

land

looks

solid

ADVERB CLAUSE

verb

on

Earth Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins with the main clause. The adverb clause “Although land on Earth looks solid” modifies are moving.

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Continents move because massive plates under them shift.

2. Where two plates collide, land on one plate may push over the other.

54

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

35

Continued

3. If you could watch the collision for millions of years, you would see the growth of a mountain.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. When two plates pull away from each other suddenly, an earthquake results.

Sentence Diagraming

55

Name  Date 

36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used wherever nouns are used. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who, whom, and whatever. Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where, and why. Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is a part of the main clause. It is diagramed within the main clause. How this is done depends on how the noun clause is used in the sentence.

Used as Subjects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw a diagram frame for the main clause. Draw a stilt on the baseline where the subject belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. Study these examples.

Example Whatever you decide is fine. you

decide

Whatever fine

is

NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Example How we get there is your problem. we

get

NOUN CLAUSE er e

ow

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

th

H

is

MAIN CLAUSE

problem yo ur

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Whoever made this pottery did a good job.

2. When the plane will actually depart has not yet been announced.

56

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

36

Continued

3. How a room is furnished affects its noise level.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. What the detective discovered about her client raised new questions.

5. Why rust forms on metal is easily explained.

Sentence Diagraming

57

Name  Date 

37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, begin with a diagram frame for the main clause. Fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt, as shown in the following example.

Example Mr. Denton taught us how plants make sugar. make

plants

sugar ho w

Mr. Denton

NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

taught us

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. The engineers finally discovered who caused the oil spill.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. At the buffet, take whatever you want.

3. That dog licks whomever it meets.

58

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III Introduced by That The word that is a special introductory word. It often appears before a noun clause, but it doesn’t always have to. In this example, the noun clause has no introductory word.

Example Everyone says time travel is impossible. travel

is

impossible

tim

MAIN CLAUSE

e

Everyone

NOUN CLAUSE

says

A noun clause may begin with the word that. Usually, however, that introduces a noun clause without being part of it—as in the example below. To diagram a complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line above the verb of the noun clause. Draw a vertical dotted line from that to the verb of the noun clause.

Example Everyone says that time travel is impossible. “that”

that travel

is

impossible

NOUN CLAUSE

tim e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

MAIN CLAUSE Everyone

says

EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The police officer claimed the car had been speeding.

2. That I could even surf was incredible.

Sentence Diagraming

59

Name  Date 

38

Continued

3. The reporter noted that Rocky fouled fourteen pitches in a row.

4. We regret that we arrived late.

5. That the club has powerful members gives it influence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. We hope you will get well soon.

60

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Under the word modified by the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause, draw a long slant line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun phrase on the second baseline. Study this example.

Example Terry made a list of whatever supplies we needed. Terry

made

list a

we

needed

supplies w

of

ha te ve r

MAIN CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Give this fruit to whoever wants it.

2. Researchers were puzzled by how cave dwellers had made paintings on the cave wall.

Sentence Diagraming

61

Name  Date 

39

Continued

3. I read a book about how organic food is grown.

4. Your school work is affected by how late you stay up at night.

5. The kitten ran to whoever rang the bell. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. Despite what her stepmother told her, Cinderella had hope.

62

Sentence Diagraming

Name  Date 

40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V Used as Predicate Nouns To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate noun, first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause. Then draw a slant line after the verb to separate it from the predicate noun. Place a stilt on the main clause baseline where the predicate noun belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example.

Example A long vacation is what you need. you vacation

need

is

what

NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

lo

A

ng

EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence.

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Tomorrow is when we leave.

2. This hammer is what I need for my construction project.

3. My wish is that I can visit a kelp forest someday.

Sentence Diagraming

63

9. Who

PART I Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I

10. Aunt Emily

1.

Dolphins

(you)

Wait

1.

Sleet

2.

(you)

Turn

2.

you

3.

Tiffany

3.

Doans

4.

4.

(you)

5.

Plants

6.

One

Exercise 2

jogs

Exercise 1

1.

Hector

2.

you

3.

Ms. Alice Cummins

4.

(you)

5.

Dr. Lee

has been exercising

is falling

Were planning

have been remodeling

drink

are sold

is

Did forget

interrupted

Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates I Emma

Becky

Both and

1.

Hurry

or

guests

laughed

Phillip

has been calling 2.

6.

Did go

swim

Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II

Was returning

Annette

Have been invited

Boaters 7.

(you)

Work

and

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

called

3.

were rescued

swimmers 8.

Senator Adams

will have retired Jeremy

Mark

Sentence Diagraming

Either or

4.

was whispering

65

Ernie

you

growling

Midnight

Waves

and

2.

Belle the Cat

delivered

opened

packages

Stop and

Diane listen complains

either or

She

Was singing

or

6.

4.

were

and

5. (you)

Joan visited

criticizes 7.

Mayor Axon

paused Elaine

spoke

but

5.

bites

Letters fell

3.

or

4. rose

Neither nor

biting

scratches

and

was

look

and

Rex

and

1.

Did

and

3.

stop and

Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates II

Angela

have been traveling

continued Rudy

Skiers

were

falling

Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates III Nick and

1.

and

swept

dusted

Lawanna Tina

66

and

Mr. Lopez

and

2.

fished

talked

will return

Lesson 6 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I brought

food

1.

Everyone

2.

Fran

packed

cookies

3.

Tony

cooked

hamburgers

4.

anyone

5.

Ants

Did bring

napkins

were bothering

us

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6.

and

slipping

but

Both and

8.

food

Boys 7.

ate

Mike

both and

baseball

played

and

6. girls

bugs bedrolls

Max

I 8.

fun

Has had

everyone

8.

1.

2. and

1.

use

either or

You

Mr. Norris

assigned

He

taught

birdcalls

me

3.

We

made

dinner ourselves

campfires

4.

Ms. Varsey

told

Did drink

5.

or

you

She

handed

was swatting

and

Chang

marshmallows

everyone

houseflies

6.

Roger

lent

sunglasses Manny

mosquitoes

5.

We

saw

neither nor

rain

clouds salads

6.

had prepared

Gina

Sentence Diagraming

and

Danelle and

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

cola

4.

stories us

juice 3.

jobs

benches grills

2.

tents

us

tables have

should bring

Lesson 8 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III

Lesson 7 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II

Parks

Campers

and

homers

hit

Both and

7.

rolls

67

3.

people

re

at

ce

th

nt

ia

y

us

an

sti

Rangers

and

c

1.

hikes

event

th

M

led

attended

en

Lesson 9 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV

gave

advice

4.

cousin

enjoys

sports ex

y

tre

M

hikers

m e

collected Campers

and

2.

leftovers

teenager

climbs

mountains ep

nt

at

ve

ste

ad

Th

buried

5.

ur

bears

bring

problems

ou

attract

s

can

Food

and

3.

6.

triathlons

7.

activities

him

u To

campers

attract

gh

help Weather

vacationers

give

thrills em

him

nourishment plants

Rain

Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs II

but

5.

s

gives

spirits

1.

winds

parks

2.

Dawsons

3.

they

4.

everyone

howled no

C

or

visited

ly

Have

d

you

isi

ol

camped

r

m ly

hurried

guests th e

ed

sid

e

in

m

t

y

e

pp

os

ea

Im

gr

a

cyclist

race

ei

ar

e

watched ha

2.

Th

fans

th

w

Th

Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs I 1.

guests

greeted

ia te ly

Did win

prize fir st

m

e

fa

th

ou

was seated fo

on

m

So

co

s

r ta bl y

68

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

can dampen

6.

le

ou

ab

er

or

ng

hurt

m

or

can

Da

4.

5.

Lopezes

Had been

Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs IV

e

e

fo

er

be

th

th

shivered

re

su dd

explorer

and

1.

ly

ended

en

ar

e

rly

e

w

Th

ea

Th

dl

fainted

y

Lesson 12 Adjectives and Adverbs III bushes

blocked

path

2.

me

y

ay

ar

w

delight

s

he

gl

re

in

t

m

os

yw

m

ar y

book 3.

el l

ea

its

er

y

th

ril

t

ra

ou

path

fa

a

sh

cleared

sold w

sequel

w

ab

e

hatchets

e

looked

Both and

th

travelers Th

3.

al

Sc

e

er

al

k

Al

ic

th

ev

th

2.

stories

and

1.

frighten

teens

st

story

fascinated ad

e

adults

ve

Th

nt ur

y

y

bl

el

ka

m

ar

tre

m

p

re

ar

Ex

4.

and

visit

co

6.

ou

leader

walked w ly

ce ed

lly

tic

ua

ge

ex

er

us

e

slo

en

Th

in gl y

5.

group

area

was entering

da

a

la

s

cu

ou

r ti

er

pa

e

ng

Th

rly

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

s

4.

6.

member

yelled lo

Su

ud

oc

ng

ly

us

ki

en

ly

sh

dd

t

eo

as

ag

le

ur

e

co

th

ly

Sentence Diagraming

69

Lesson 14 Subject Complements I Kiwi

is

funny

ye

cockatiel a

llo

1.

cartoons

can be

w

Po

both and

1.

Lesson 16 Subject Complements III

lit

meaningful

ic

Cockatiels

are

al

2.

parrots

timely Parrots

are

pets

2.

messages

may be

durable

r

la

ei

pu

Th

po

but

3.

r

Kiwi

has been

president

pet s k’

ow

both and

was

g

an

ng

H

Teddy Roosevelt

on

Fr

lo

3.

str

a

4.

figure bl

or

ic

em

pu

m

a

Lesson 15 Subject Complements II

ab

cockatiel

is

le

friendly ve

an

ry

Fr

Teddy

s k’

4. appears

happy

ne

Kiwi

showed

O

bear cu

a

2.

cartoon

and

1.

te

birdcage

is

large 5.

bear

5.

tricks

Are

difficult

critical cartoons

of

ic

n

lit

inspirational

al

tim e

feels

te

po

ar W

r

owner

are

or

6.

he

6.

lovable

y

smart

ll

dd

e

seems

sti

te

Th

4.

Kiwi

is

and

er

er

th

H

ra

popular

fortunate ex

w

m el

i’s

tre

Ki

y

70

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3.

PART II

Lesson 18 Prepositional Phrases I

Lesson 17 Appositives and Appositive Phrases

1.

ro

e

ck

th

ug ho

Charlotte Parkhurst (orphan)

ut

Charlotte ( g i r l )

ro

2.

th

was

concert

announced

city

an

Charley Parkhurst

re

1.

Posters

e

ly

th

al

left

orphanage

2.

Holders

passes

would receive so

to

al

en

g

ck

cu

ge

r ti

sta

ld

pa

r-o

ba

ea

y

-y

dl

en

of

fri

on

ll

fte

un

an

str

ta

a

Fi

areas

tickets

(hand)

job

r

took

la

She

e

’s

bl

an

sta

m

a

3.

3.

you

tickets

Will get

fo r

She

took

name (Charley)

show th

4.

e

m

a

so

an

al

’s

4.

colors

e

voter

became

stage

lit

th

Charley (m a n)

in

5.

Spotlights

re ffe di y

d

an

an

om

en

st

m

w

fir

e

e

et

th

pr

th

vice

(tobacco)

gave

cancer 5.

loudspeakers

t

ears

souvenirs

m

secret (womanhood)

ou

nd

revealed

ab

hi

e

y

7.

Death

announcements

blared

be

Th

Charley

e

er

on

H

he r

r

al

he

fin ly

6.

you

Could see

drummer w

e

ith

th

hair on d

ng

Sentence Diagraming

bl

lo

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

nt

6.

71

Lesson 19 Prepositional Phrases II 1.

we

Lesson 20 Prepositional Phrases III

experiments

practiced

1.

race

was held on

r

Th

ou

e

Be

day

w ith

re

a

fo Parents' Night

threats

of

2.

Mrs. Sanchez

rain

instructions

wrote

pr ec

Danny

rowed w

on

ise

2.

ith

winner

chalkboard

of

a

th

race

e

ev

e

pr

th

io us

Turtles crawled 3.

clouds

filled

th e

ea

rk

rocks

sky

N

er

frogs

da

ov

and

3.

r

of

race

e

riu

th

ua

e

aq

th

end

m

th e

4.

mouse

slept in

e sid tly

ie

ay

qu

gr

A

Danny

4. rd

goal

at

th e

d

s

ar

hi

bo

fork e

5.

gr

Im

all

m ed ia

of

te

boats

ly ot

e

he

th

r

and

stopped in

e

t

recorded

rowers th

ea

We

e

e

e

ith

th

w

Th

care

data 6.

river th

experiments

performed

in

th

5.

teams

observations

in notebooks b

r

la

ou

72

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

to

ca

a

partner

sped

and

tube

Lesson 21 Participles and Participal Phrases I

w

ag

g' s

ging

gate th e

breath hi s

fro

e

m

fighter

e li

r

th e

3.

ing

fled th

e f e ate d

do

h

e

old

monster D

opened

Jacob

6.

th

2.

ed

b

e

r o ken

a

at

Th

creature

p ris

e

branch

tail th

ur

S

1.

swung

hero

noticed

he

5.

left

Joggi n g

theater c

e

e

on

ro

th

so

s

Th

crowd a ti s fie d

Lesson 23 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I

e ved

w ded

tires

1.

me

qu ic kl y

Lesson 22 Participles and Participal Phrases II 1.

spotted

Heari ng

dog

joke

la

L

a

Jacob oo kin g

at

e

th

rg

ov er

shoulder

reminds

s

of

hi

2.

me

story

htene

d

fu rio

Lesson 24 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II

us ly

display fir ew

e

or

enjoyed

ks

w

y

ho

fence

M

er

king

family

1.

ov

hin

g

th

3.

watch in

jumped

Jacob T

le

a

qu ic kl y

stopped 2.

I

remember

father

view

be

a

rest

y

g

m

vin

r

e

gi

fo

c

dog on fuse d

being lifte d by

4. Th

tte

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

y

rig

f

e

e

kin g

boy

nn

chased

th

Th

dog b ar

fu

a

2.

r

a

boy e

th e

Sentence Diagraming

xh

a u ste

d

73

Lesson 25 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III

4.

I

found

instructions

assem b

th e fo

findin g

r

ling

unit th

tools

e

ht

e

is

rig

th

step

1.

of

fir

e

st

Th

Skiing

job

y

in

an

has been

5.

doing

Colorado enjoyable ex

best

tre m

r

stopped

y

ei

Th

workers t ir e

el

th

2.

e

d

6.

habit

is

uncanny

M na

dolls

findin g

rd

g

of

ay

repai r in

's

coins lo st

hobby

3.

was

El en s a’

Tutori ng

children yo un

win

game

7.

teacher

you

is

balloons

r

by

fo

th

poppi ng

prepares

becom ing

a

You

r

1.

ge

Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV

e

2.

has

policy

shouted

audience

demands to

Th

ns

e

ai

e

ag

a

Th

1.

talkin g

songs

play

t rit

ly

vo

ud

fa

lo

e

3.

Marsha

dreams

2.

need

musicians

ability to

tour

e

n

ting

th

O

of

comp e

sleep at

in

Olympics

hours od

e

d

th

is

bag

3.

necessity a

ov

to

er

An

ni gh

hold

items

t es se nt ia l

74

Sentence Diagraming

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

fiv

Lesson 27 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases I library

Lesson 28 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases II pushed

members

others

to

1.

Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases IV

Callers

asked

ur

1.

er

to

os

to

cl

ce

stage

song yo

To

en

e

di

m

au

so

get

hear

station

th

th

e

e

worked

Guards

2.

to

to

at

auditorium

injuries

prevent

th e

played

refused

encores

e

band

child

broccoli

Th

3.

2.

eat

tw to

e

o

Th to

buy

game

appreciation

3.

None

can afford

o de vi w ne y er

ev

show

of

th ei

friends

r m y

Lesson 29 Infinitives and Infinitives Phrases III to

bike

ride

saves In

time weather go od

To

bike

buy

se

a

co nd ha

decision

nd

was

2.

w

a

ise

To

change

tire th is

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1.

a

to

school

3.

will take

minutes tw en ty

Sentence Diagraming

75

to

Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases V

disease

th is

of

ne

il

is

is

O

tra

hobby

aim

5.

of

to

1.

horses

ride

awareness

raise

campaign

ia

e

ic

th

Al ’s To

to

licenses

increase

sales

at

pe

is

t

purpose

store

th

2.

explain

e

of

Th e

booklet

will be

th

6.

easy

no

is

t

to

To

stick

notify

police of

is

theft

e

step

th

st

e

fir

t

u Yo

ac

e

ex

th

7.

th

to

truth

r

3.

took

courage

to

see

parade th

wanted

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

76

Everybody

e

4.

Sentence Diagraming

PART III

Lesson 33 Compound Sentences II

Lesson 32 Compound Sentences I

1.

Grendel

was

monster bl e

ua

s

lly

talk

2.

Grendel

terrorized

e

tales

but

m

stand

countryside th

In

an

they

rri

eq

hi

nt

animals

te

horrible

was

re

y

ffe

an

di

m

2.

ish

mother

gl

d ry

ve

r

generations

exist

En

ol

fo

and

e

versions

a

tales

In

have been told

m

folktales So

1.

y

fo

hero (Beowulf)

r

him

stopped al

e

fin

th

humans

ly

3.

animals

are

wise

e

In

th

Scylla

tales m e

str ou

or

s

have made

collections folktales

4.

Scylla

tore

ships ar t

va

or

them

ap

of

countries

feared

sailors

selfish

others

Writers in

them

rio

Charybdis are

un de

brothers

pulled

and

us

crews r

er

g

m

on

ei

at

th

rw

am

rim

e

G

th

writers th es e

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

on

e

in

4.

and

th

are

Odyssey

m

foolish they

neighbors In

Charybdis

were

and

so

3.

Sentence Diagraming

77

Lesson 34 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I 1.

shows

Evidence

changes in

is found

e

in

2.

th

that

earth

rocks

Information

is found in

ab ou

lava

t

center of

th

which

is

e

earth

rock fro

e

m

th

3.

shares

Valerie

love of

hi s

who

is

volcanoes

rocks

daughter of

th e

geologist a

4.

She

learns fro

t

m

ou

so

ab

al

field

geologists he

e

r

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ot

th

who

work w ith

father he r

78

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 35 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II 1.

Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I

move

Continents

Whoever

made

pottery th

be

is

ca us e

plates

shift

od

e

will depart

ly

n

al

he

er

he

other th

re

e

e

on

has been announced

2.

t ye t

no

collide

plates

tu

W

e

ov W

on

plate

ac

may push

th

2.

go

a

r

siv

de

as

un

m

them plane

land

job

did

1.

tw o

is furnished

room growth

H

would see

a

of

th

ow

3.

you

e

mountain a

If

affects

3.

th e

fo

millions

r

of

detective

discovered

What ab

years

th

ou

e

t

results

client he r

4.

earthquake

W

an

he n

raised

4.

questions ne

pull

plates

w

su en

m

other

dd

fro

ay

o

aw

tw

ly

ea

rust

ch

forms on

W

hy

5.

metal

is explained ea sil

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ise

collision

no

its

could watch

you

level

y

Sentence Diagraming

79

that

Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II

te en

Th e

discovered fin

Th

al

e

that

ly

we want

arrived

whatever

la

you

row

noted

a

l

e

engineers

oi

th

1.

3.

reporter

ur

spill

fo

caused

pitches

in

who

fouled

Rocky

te

2.

(you)

take At

4.

buffet

We

regret

th e

That it

meets

club

whomever

has

members po

th

w

e

er fu

dog

licks

l

3.

Th

gives

at

5.

influence it

Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III

you

will get

well

so

had been speeding

th e

officer

1.

6.

We

hope

claimed

po

e

lic

Th

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

on

car

e

That I

could surf ev en

2.

80

was

incredible

Sentence Diagraming

Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV 1.

Give

(you)

fruit th is to

2.

wants

whoever

it

were puzzled

Researchers

dwellers

paintings

had made

on

w

ve

ho

ca

by

wall

read

ve

e

I

ca

th

3.

book is grown

a

food

ho

ni

w

t

ga

ou

or

ab

c

4.

is affected

work sc ho

u Yo

stay

you

w

5.

kitten

ran whoever

Th e

rang

bell th

to

e

6.

Cinderella

had

hope De

r

ite

Sentence Diagraming

stepmother he

sp

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

at

ho

te

by

la

up

ol

r

night

told

what her

81

Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V we

leave w he n

1.

is

Tomorrow

I

need

what

fo r

is

hammer

project n co y

m

2.

uc

is

str

Th

tio n

that I

can visit

forest

ed ay

is

lp

m

wish

ke

a

so

3.

M y Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

82

Sentence Diagraming