Revolution and Counterrevolution: Class Struggle in a Moscow Metal Factory

International Studies in Social History Gsnerøl Ed,itot': Mørcel vøn d'er Lind'en, Int e r n øti on ø I I n sti t ut e oJ' S o ci ø I Hi st or y, Arn'st er d' ørn Trøde (Jnions, Imru.igrøtion ønd' Iznrnigrønts in Ewrope 1160-1113 Editecl by Rinrrs Peuniux and Judith Roosblad

Rgvor,urroN AND CoUNTERREVoLUTToN Cløss Straggle in ø Moscrw Metø,l Føctot )t

Cløss ørud. Other It{.ent'iti.es Eclited by Lex Heertna vau Voss and Marcel varl cler Linden

Rebelliows Førn'ilies Edited by Jan l(ok

Kevin Murphy

Experiencing Wøges Edltecl by Plter Scholliers ar-rd Leonard Schwarz Th e

IwøginørY

Reu olwtion

Michael Seidman

/â Bergbabn Boohs NElÙl

YORK.

OXFORD

First published in 2005 by

Bergltahn Boohs

CoNTnNTS

www.BerghahnBooks.com O 2005 l(evin Murphy

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, lÌo part olthis book may be reprocluced in any form or by any fiìealts) electronic or rnechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any infclrmation storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Berghahn Books and tlre author would like to thauk EuropeAsia Studies for perrnission to use the author's article in,Chapter 5.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Archives

VI

Glossary of f'emrs

vii

Acknorvledgenlents

ix

Introduction

I

I

The Emerging Working-Class Movemenr

9

2

Revolution and Collective Acrion, Civil War and Personal Survival

43

3

Class Conflict during the New Economic policy

82

Mur¡rhy, Kevin (Kcvin joseph), Ph.D. Iìevoluti<xr ¿nd countcrrei,olution : class strugglc in a Moscorv metal factory / by Kcvin Murphy. p. cm. -- (Lrtcrnational studies in social history) Includes bibliographical refèrenccs ¿nd indcx. ISBN I-57181-429-9 (alk. paper) l. Wrni'gt.r, rgTg),2l,asscrrs a p()sr_ tivc response t'rirgt.r.r, ]Dez¡ì,lc",rrt lß-t2i; D.'arcl Filtzcr, Soviet Worhers md Stølinist lr¡lastriølizi;øtion(Nerv york, lggg). s. Kr,t, Ct>urtnittcc of the RSDWP leafìet, n.c1. 1905 GAJIF, f 7952, op. 3, d. 271,1-234. E.I. Vonrninir treuroir; I\GAMO, fi lBó, op. 3, cl. 3, ll. l-12. Employurent statistics by shop. RGAMO, f.2122, op. t, d. 248,11.4-8. Wage categt'ics in thc Mt¡sct¡r,r'Mct¿lworks. GARF, f. 7952, L>p.3, d.272, l. 60. N.I. Igorov nretnoit'. Igorov clairns that u'omen alrcady working in the clepartment participated in thc laughter. GAI{F, f. 7952, t'tp. 3, d.209,l. 30. Prerevolutit>nar¡, tlocuurcnt collcctio¡.t. Laura Engelstei n, M osc otr, 1 905 (Stanfirrd, 1982), 56-57 Kornakovskii, Zøvod.'Serp i Moh¡f I B 83- 1932, 43. Engclsteirr, Moscor 1905, 56-57. Sclrneic{errrran, Setgei Zwltøtou øn rl Repoløtionøry Mørxism, 99-134. Schneicierrran, Sergci Zø.høtot, øn¡l Repoh¿tionøry Mørxisrn, l5I. GAI{F, f. 7952, op. 3, d.275,1. 10. P.V. Levrentov urcnroir. Sclrrreiderrrran, Set'gei Zøltøtot, and Repoh¿.tionøry Mørxivn,l4l-172,350; GAI{F, f.7952, op. 3, d. 275,1. 10. P.V. L¿t'r'rcrtov rlletnoir. Sclrrreiclerrrrarr, Sørgei Ztl.bøto't, ønd Ret,ohttionøry Mørxisw, 173-192. Orlando Figes, á Peoples Trøgcd1 (Nerv York, 1996),174-178.

33.

Figes, ,4 Patples Trøgerly, 179-187.

6. 7.

8. 9.

t0.

was for various divisions benveen shops, between older and youllger workers, and between male and fèrnale workers to weaken and for workers to develop bold strategies to counter management and the okhrana. conversely, when workers were pushed onto the defènsive, sectional interests were reinforced, repression becane rnore effective, and fear

12.

and suspicion dolninated the workplace. By l9ló workersi demands had become noticeably more inclusive, supporting grievances of wom'en and younger rvorkers, moving beyond the confines of single shops, aud electing represelttatives to strelÌgthen interdepartmental cooperatiolì. Though the Moscow Metalworks was swepr up in the risi'g tide of workers' militancy in the Russian empire, in his own elìterprise Iulii petrovich Guzhon maintained an advantage in the conflict bet#een capital ancl labor during the prerevolutionary years. The war years were the best of times for Guzhon as company profits doubled in the first fiscal year of the war and again in the second year.2L7 But it was workers who paid for this profit, their wages falling in an almost inverse ratio to their owner's increasing prosperiry. By March l9l7 real wages were half of rvhat tl-rey had been f-our years earlier,2l8 and as one worker mernoir notes, employees seenred inireasingly aware that Guzhon's earnings during the rvar had come at their expense.2ìe ultimatel¡ the hard-line strategy of war profiteering calne at a price that could not be measured in rubles. It fueled workers' fierce hatrecl toward their bosses and contributed to the widening chasm benveen rulers ancl ruled in a society increasingly divided along class lines.

Prøud.ø,30 May l9I3, cited in Lenin, Collecte¡I Worla (Moscorv, 1977), 19: 125. Prøtdø,30 May, 2, 5, 9 June 1913, cited in L.enin, Collccted' Worhs, 19: 125-l3l I-epold

waves of retreat and advance in labor movement power. When workers welìt on the offensive in 1905, after the Lena massacre, ancl again in the summer

of 1915, the tendency

37

-C løss M ot, ernent

u. t3.

t4. I5.

ló. 17..

tB. 19.

20.

2t. 22. ¿õ-

.

25. ¿o.

27. 28. 29. JU.

31.

34. Mørtcnovleø,19 l)ecembcr 1925. GAI{F, 1.7952, o¡r. 3, d. 209,1.61. 35. Engclstein, Moscotv 1905,6 -. 36. Mørtenoilaø, 19 Decclnber 1925. GAIìF, f .7952, op. 3, cl. 209,1. 61. 37. Lenin - Collecte ¡1. Wor hs. 9 : 23 - 57 38. Tlreodore Dan, The Origins of Bohhevisw (Nat, Yv rììeruoir. 50. GAIìF, f. 7952, p. 3, d.27L,l. 35. V.N. Arapt>v menroir. 51. GAllF, f. 7952, tlp. 3, d. 276,1. t2. I.F. To¡rtov rncrnoir. GAIIF, f. 7952, <tp. 3, d.. 273, l. 97. Kochcrgin memoir. 53. GAIìF, f. 7952, op. 3, d. 271,1. 34. V.N. Arapov menx:ir. 54. GAllF, t. 79 52, <tp. 3, d. 27 5, 11. 48 - 49 . S.S. Leshkovtscv mcmt¡i 55.

øn d. Coø.nterret,

80. GAfìF, f. 7952, op. 3, d. 276,

Petrograd 1923)

f982) 100; Slrliapnikov, Kønøn l:10-l J.

sørnnødsøttsgogodø,2 r't¡ls. (Moscorv-

87. Ocberhi i.stoyii Moshoyshoi otgønizøtsii KPSS, ).883-)945, l:334. 88. Victcrria ßonnell, Roots of Rehellion: Worhers'Politics øn.d. Orgønizøtìons in Petersbur¿¡ ønrl Moscont, 1900- 19 14 (Berkeleg 1983), 417 -427. 89. Celilia Bcrbnrvskaya, Tt,eø4,'Ièørsin Unflergrou.ndRøssiø(Chicago, 1978),222-223. 90. S lrliapnikov, I( ønan s e mn ø dts øtog o g o rl ø, | : 29 2. 9l . G.A. Artrtitrnov, Røhochie d.vizhenie r Rossi.i r periode nouogo revoliøtsionnogo pod'ewø 19I0-

r.

444.

l9l4god.ou (Mscorv, 1975), 214.

.

.

.7952, op. 3, d. 257,1.72. I.M. Lidv¿nskii r:ecollcction; d.271,1.30ó, S.S. Ger¿sir.nov nrcuroir; d.273,1. 5; PN. Klinranov meulrir; tI.274,1.40,P.L Lavrenr'ev nrerloi¡l d.275,1.5. P-V. L¿zrenov rremoir. 76. GAltF, f. ó3, op. 32, c1.934,11. l, 7, 8, 13, 16; d. l0l9 l. 3, d. 1422,1.1; cl. 1573, l.t,

77. 78. 79.

13. I.F. Toptov r.ncuroir; d. 256, l. 89, Kchergin

81. GAIìF, f. ó3, op. 33, d. 458, ll. t-34. Okhr¿n¿ rcports, l3 May 19I3,4 October 1914. 82. TsAODM, f.429, op.l, d. I, l. l. List of fàctory May Day participants. 83. G,4,1(F, f .7952, op. 3, d. 263,1. 182. P. N. Kliur¿r'rr*,recollection. 84. See GAIìF, f. ó3, op. 32-36 (1912-1916). 85. Victor Serge, Whøt Everyone Shoøhl. I(nop Aboøt Støte Repression (l,onclon, 1979),8. 8ó. A.lexancter Shliapnikov, On the Et,e of 1917, Recollections finnt the Rettoløtionøry Uøder-

Leopold Hairrsn ancl Eric Brian, "I-abor Unrcst in Inrperial l{ussia," in Strihu, Sociøl ClltÍlict ønd tbc First World Wør,Leopolc| Haimsou and Giulio Sapelli, ecls. (Milan, 1992),

,GA.llF,

l.

recnclon,

56. GAllF, f. 7952, t'tp. 3, d. 273,1. 94. Koclrergin mernt>ir. 57. GAIìF, f. 7952, <tp. 3, d. 274,11. 39-40. P-L. Lavrerrt'ev nrcmoir. 58. Ocherhi istorä Mosl¿o'r,shoi orgønizøtsii Ir-PSS, IBB3- 1945,2 vols. (Moscor.rr, 1966), l:257 . 59. T thc lvolkmen. At that time the cl¿ss-cscotv l)urna meeting minutes, 28 May

nlcrlt¡ir. 122. I{GIAgM, f. 498, op. 1,d.241,1. 14. Factory àrìrlolrncenìenr, 12 August 19Il. I23. l{GIAgM, f.2322, op. l, d. 3,11.52-60. Annual fàctory sur¡maries. 124. Prøud.ø, 18 March 1914. 125. GAllF, f.7952,op. 3, cl. 256,1.54,d.275,1.91,d,.76,1. 59. F. I. Karpukhin recoilection; M. G. Ob"edkor', and E. l). Tumanov rlremoirs. l 2ó. Bonnell, Roots of Re ltellion, 358, 38ó-389. 127. RGIAgM, f.526,<tp.l,d.24,11. 79,8f . Guzlrt¡n rep()rrs ro MSFMO, 14, 19 March 1914. 128. Iì.GIAgM, f. 1076, o¡r. t, d. 17.l.3L Guzhon lertcr to MSFMO, I May 1914. 129. Haimson and Rrian, "Labr Unlcst," 444-448. 130. McKearr, St. Petersltørg Betlteen the Revoløtions,297-817. l3l.l{GIAgM, f.498, op. l, d.2ì1, l. 5. Managcurenr lcmer to fìrctorf inspecor, 26 April 1914. I32. IìGAMO, f. 18ó, op. 3, d. 3, l. 14. Sho¡r ernployees pcr mi>nrh. 133. l{GIAgM, t- 498, op. l, d. 2t l, l. 10. Managemcrlr lcmcr ro fàctor¡' ins¡recror, 8 July l9ls. 134. IìGIAgM, L 1076, op. I, d. 17,1.45. lice presit.lent lerrer rr.r MSFMO, 12 Jol1, t914. I35. ltGIAgM, f. 498, o¡r. l, cl. 195, ll.25l-253; d. 2lt, ll. l0-12. Factofy managenenr lerters to fàctory inspecror 8,9, l0 July 1914. l3ó. RGAMO, f. 18ó, op. 3, d. 3, l. 14. Monthly cr.nplo¡,nrcur sr¿risrics. 137. GAI{F, f.7952, op. 3, d. 273,1.91. F.I Karpukhin menroir. 138. GAllF, f.7952, o¡r. 3, d. 275,1.91. M.G. Ob"cclkov nlcrìr()rr. 139. Haimson antl Rrian, "Labor Unrest," 446. Ì40. GAIìF, f.7952, op. 3, d. 209,1.24. Fact()r)¡ list of u'artirnc strikes. l4t. GAllF, f. ó3, op. 32, d.. 19I't411.249,278,344,380; TS il. S0, 103, t 30, I82. Mt>nth\, Okhrana rcports 19l4-19 t5. 142. GAI{F, f.7952, op. 3, c1. 271,1. 38. VN. Arapov nrcn¡ir. 143. llGIAgM, t.2322, op. l, d. 3,1.246. Rept>rr t>f nlrnrhly u.ages, B May l9ló. 144. GAllF, f.7952, o¡r. 3, d. 276,1. ll7. E.D. Trrranov nrcmoir. 145. GAllF, Í. 7952, op. 3, d. 256,1.86. Kochergin recollecrienker, Moscor Worh¿rs ønd. the lglT Repoløtitm.

Jolrrr Marot, "Class Conflict, Political Competition ancl Social Tr¿nsfirmr¿tiq¡," Rwo¡.t.tionøry Rttssiø,7:2 (1994),offers the rnost thorough critique ofthc social hist6ric¿l interpretatitln to date, positing that the deepening ecr-r, l4 Janu:rry

l

to Prr¡visional Gclvemtnent, I June 1917. llGAMO, 1.2L22, op. t, d. 248,1.25. Guzht¡n lettcr to Chairmarr Moscow

ager letter +2.

Factry Ct>n-

fèrence, 20 June 1917. îJ.

44. 45. 46. 47.

IìGAMO, f. t8ó, op. I, d. 104, 1.62-63. Arbitrator's lcttcr, rr. d.; Moscou'St>viet decision, 26 M¡]l, 1917. IIGIAgM, f . 1076, op. I, d. 19,11.46-48; I{GAMO, f.2122 p.l, d.248,11. 98-99. Managelncnt lctter to varior.ts Pt'ovisional Govcrntnent offìccs, 9 lune 19I7. Kn: ¿rbitr¿tion session,24 May 1917, Mr'¡scot,Sovict scssion, 26 May L917. 49- GARF, f. 7952, nfèrence, 20 Jnte 1917. 54. I(GAMO 2122, <tp. l, d.248,1. l7ó. Factory annourìccnlcnt) 22 JLrne 1917.

76

Rett o httion

nnd Clttatcn,e! 0 lutton

f' 186, o¡r' l, cl. I04, 1 64-65.Wrkccl, ì920. 243. TsAODM , f . 429, op. I, cl. 4,l,1. l-2. pariy gcneral ,r.,."ti.,g, 26 Jattuary 1921. Worhe rs, Society, ønd. the

Stviet Støte,19,2,4. t,73. Factory

?4! Isl4lM, f. 176,f the ßritish general strike, lrut at the request of the party bnt'eau, lre agrced ttl acklrou4edgc lris "errtlt'" in the fàcttlr¡' llewspàper' Mørtettot'ltø' 12 Jrne 1926, TsAODM, f . 429, <tp. l, d. 49, ll. 33-34. A bolt sht>1'r pàrt)¡ brtreatt rleeting,

26Jily

1926.

I9. TsAODM, f. 3, op. 7, d. 54,1. I I7. OGPU infirrtl¿tion sur-rìr'nàr')/' 9-12 May 192620. 'fsMAM, f. 176, p.2, t|.403,L 24; tl.545, Il. 5, ó, 9, I I. Factory general meetings, 25 Marclr 1925, 7 May 1926,6 July, 17 August 1926, 14 September 192ó. zL. TsMAM, f. 17ó, op. 2, d. 403,l. 24; d. 545, ll. 5, 6, 9, I I . Factry genclal rreetings, 2 5 M¿rclr 1925, 7 ltlay lÇ/6,6 Jvly,17 AugLrst 192ó, 14 Septerlbcr 1926 22 TsMAM, f. 176, p. 2, d.

l, d

I,

Hiro¿ki Knromiya, Stølin's lt¡.t|.østriøl Revolwtion, Politics øøcl. Worhers, 1928-1932 (Can bridge, 1988), 36. 63. Mørtenovhø, 12 October 1928. 64. TsAODM, f.429,<tp.l, d.87, 1.8. l(cpairsht4r party bttreau trreetit.tg, l8 January 1928. ó5. TsAODM, f . 429, o¡'t. l, d. 86, ll. 56, I I l. l{trlled metal sht>p parr¡' mectings, l7 October,

ó2.

/ 4.

t922.

d. 10, l. 38. Party bureau nrecting, 19 Mali 1923. -1, IìGAMO, f. ì8ó, op. I, dr 950, l. l8; Fäctory committee mcetiltg,2ó Novcrubcr 1923. TsAODM, f.429,<tp. I,d. 15, l.27.Party burc¿ìu rnccrirìg,6Juie lÞ2+.

39. TsAODM, f. 429, p. 40. TsAODM, f. 429, op. 4t. TsAODM, f. 429, r'ember

t928. t00. TsAODM,

f-.

3,o¡r. 7,d.56,1. f 20. OGPU infìrrmatit¡n slunrìrary,

ll-13

Decetnber 192ó.

ì

It8

Rev o løtion øn

d Counterrep

lution

o

Cløss

l0l. TsMAM, t. 429, <tp. I, d. 8 12, L 66-67 . Fact.ry comurinee rcporr, seprenìb er 1928. 102. Deutschcr, SovictTrød'e Unions,l22- That unir>n urcmbership was voluntary is illustr¿ted by27.4 pet'ccntof Sovietç'orkerswhochoscr.rotto join unionsin Ig3l. Hoflìnan,

11.25'26. Closeclpartygeneralrneetings,S' I5April 1925' 429, rkers' infbnnation bulletins, Deceurbcr t927. 109. TsMAM, f. 17 6, op. 2, d. 812, 11. 66-67. Factory conrrnitee reporr 1928. I 10. Carr arrd Davies, Foønd.øtions of ø Plønned Econorny, l: 544. I I l. TsMAM, f . L7 6, n progr.aur sratisrics tp unign mecting, 2 octp. 2, d.789,1. 87. Steel fìrundry shop unioD nreeting, l5 octt¡ber 1928' 210. Arclr Getry and Oleg Naumov, Tlte Roød to Terror,588. 2I I . Victor Serge and Natalia T r¡r Pàrty nlccting, Fetrrr.rary 1929. TsAODM, f . 429, op. f , d. I05, l' 7ó. Party bttreatt rcport, 9 )irnuary 1929' 2lB. RGASPI f. 17, op. 32, cl. 183, l. 3. TsKInfìrrDratid,Thc Bøbø yyd. tby Cowrøde(Bl<xnringtr>n, L9g7), lg4_1g5. Trotsk¡ "culture and s.cialisr'" in pribtems'of Et,erydøy Life (Nerv yrkem. TsAODM , f. 429. ou. l, d. 50 party bureau rneeting, 24 July 1923. 10, I p.,.i"'..ç^,.fb..._r, er 1e24. r, a. ro, r. ÏLg?y:f-12s,.,p.

?? IsMAM,f. 23. T.MAM,f.

ch¿irr.n¿n ancr

n.d. 1924.

. 176,

¡:t. 2, d,. 256,1. 3. Wrxre' a'c.l rvorkers nrccrrrg, g March 1924. f. 176,p.2,d l!:,,,16:3.1 ._Delegiucrn.f g.n.rrt u,p

. 429, ber 1927' 72. TsAODM, f . 429, op. I, d. 57,1. I l. Parq' bureau urectitrg, I Fcbruary 1927. 73. TsAODM, f. 429, p. l, d. 62,1. 3ó. P¿r'tv report, Septctnber 1927. 74. Mørteno'r,laø,1M:ry 1927,7 Malch 1928' 30 Junc 1928. 75. TsAoDM' f.429,<tp l, cl óI, ll' 17-21' Part)' fàction olfàctor¡' coururittec plarl, lttue

62.

TsMAM, f. l7ó, op. 2,

l¿

l¿

.'e-third -f

decisi.'s (fìrr a.d

l5l

Life Und'er Deveht¡tittg Stølinism

40.

Len, 197 B ), 3 44. 104. /ohn crrrriss, Thø Røssiøn chørch ønrl the sopiet støte, l9r7-r9s0 (ßoston, lgs3),222, slìows th¿t in 1928 tlle Moscw l{egistry of}ìce recorcicd that S7.8 percent f births h¿d religious ceremonies. 105' Dinritry Pospickx'skg A Historl of Mørxi.x-Leniøist Atheism ønd. Soviot Antireltgøons policics,3 vols. (Londn, ì9BZ). Ì

06' Glennys Ycxrng, Powcr ønd' the Søcred ìn Rnolationøry Røssiø: Relþioøs Actittists in the Villøge(university Park, pA, 1997); Danicl peús, storwingtb¿ Heø.r,ens: Th¿ sot,ict Leøgøe t¡f the Militønt Godless (rtbaca, Ny, l99g); wilriam ß. Husban d,, ,,Godress camnu,rlústs,,: Atheisrø ønd Societj' iø Soviet Røssiø, 19I7-1952 (De Ielb, Illinois; 2000).

107. Husbantl, Ì 08.

Godless Comm.ønists_

69-ll.

c,qRF, f . 7952, op. 3, cl. 27S,ll. 12, 53.,

I

d.

301. P.V. Lazrcut:v, S.S. Leshkovtseq

S.S. Ger¿sirtt¡r' r'ncr¡oirs. 109. TsIAM f. 498, op. l, d.. Z4l,j. óg. List of fàcror¡, holidays firr 19l t. I 10. GAI{F, f. 7952, op. 3, d. 275,l. 12. p.V Lavrent'ev rnemir. l l l. GAIìF, f.7952, o¡r. 3, cl. ZlS,l. 53. Gener¿l fàctor1, r¡sering, 9 Febr.uary lglg (old cal_ cndar). I12. GAIì.F, f.7952, ry crr to Moscorv Soviet' t4. GAIìF, f. 7952, t'tp. 3, d. 312,1. ó0. Frankel on fäctory cluring Civil War. t5. GAIìF, f. 7952,op.3,d.213,1. 294. General fàctory par'ry ureeting, ló Augr-rst 1920, fìonr

docuntellts of the revt>lutit>tr collectic¡n.

r'y cornmittee ancl general r.t]ceting, 2 Decc¡r6er 1917 ancl 3 Janr-rary 19I8 clelegate meeting (dates fiorn old calendar). Thc lattcr mceting u'as during tlic holiday brcak. GAIìF, i 7952,t>p.3, d. 2I5, l. ll. Factory generiìl rnceting, 5 Deceurber 1917, fàctory cornmittce tneetiug, 29 Novembcr (oltl calcnt-lar). GAI{F, f'. 7952, ttp. 3, d.275,1. ó2. S.S. I-eshkt¡vtsev urcrlrt¡ir. GAIìIì, f. 7952,y Meclvetlcq Tl¡e Octolter Ret,ohttion (Netv Yrk, 1985 ), I I l. In Pctrograd the LSI{ r'otc

tó. GAIIF, f. 7952,

T7

t8. 19.

20.

2t.

ló.2 perccrlt, llsR0.5 percent; iu K¿z¿n the LSllvote u,¿s 18.9 perc€rlt, IlSl(2.I pet'centl in thc Baltic flect, the LSIì.vote n'¿s 2ó.9 perccnt, the llSll ll.9 pclccut'

rvas

t82

22'

Rep o lati on øn

d Coønterrau lution

Edu'ard Actrxr, "The rler,.ruti.n a'c1 its Histria ns,, i^ criticør compøn,ivl, t0 the Rrrssirrn Revoløtion' I914-1921,-Edwarci Acton, vlaclinrir cherniaev, ¿nd wiliiaur lk>senberg, ccls. (Bloomingtr>n, 1997), lO.

23' E'''' carr, The Bolshevik^Itwrr.tior 19r7-1923, 3 xrrs. (Nerv y.2, d. t21,11.2,2,22.'õ,;n*,il

n.,."ti,.,g, 26 May 1922, fàcrory corn_ mrrrcc repor.r, S Mt¡, 1922, ge'cral urccti'g, 4l)eccnrbcr 1922. 176, <tp.2, d. ttl,l.2l-22. Gil.,c.ai ,.nceting, 4 t)ecember 1922. l(cAMO, t: 62,llcports ro Moscorv Sovict, 1922. l?-,--.tP^ !.,d !+lE, 7952, o¡r. 3, d. 3t2 |.57-sB. r-r¿nkct recoljection. 1+lT, r.7952, o¡r. 3, ci. 312 U. 57_SB. Franket rect>llcction. t.7952, op. 3, cl. 27S,L IB3. M,G. O'iedk.v Slll{F, d.276, l. t8B. p M. Iakovlcv mentI.

7t.

f

GAITF'

63.

70.

39. 9At{F, l. 7952, op. B, tI. 274,11. 7O_71. G.N. Kudrov merì.ìo¡r. 40. Carr, The Bohheyih Revohttion, l:170-179. 4t. chrìstoplrer lìea t1, From Tsør to soviets, ihe Russiøil pe.oltrc ønd. their Revûrøtion, rgrz- Ig2l (Ncrv Yrrrk, 1996), 207. Á1 Vladinrir Brn, I985), 199. Prørd.ø. 25 Januar:y 1921. The Snøgle

for Pott,er:

Rt¿ssi'ø

itt )923,Ytlentina Vilkova, ed- (Amherst, Nerv Yt>rk, I99ó),

264-28t. 78. Dveøøtl.tsøtyi l'ezd RI{:P (h) (Moscor'r,, 1962), 79. 80.

497

.

Carr, Tlte lTtterrt)gwúm,257-370; l)eutscher, The Prophet Unørrned,75-163. The

Stn,rglefor P¿l¡¿¡; Vilkova, ed.,264-28L

8Ì. TsAODM, f. 80, op. l, d. 137, l. 3. l{ogozhsko-Siuronovskii

par:ty confèrcnce, 3 January

1924.

82. GAIIF, f- 7952,op.3, d. 280, I. 31. History t¡f Kornsorrn ¿nd res.rurion t>n antì-Sernitisn, Mp. l, d. 326,1. Rrbkrin rcpor-r,9 Septcnrber 1931. 28. TsMAM, t. 176,mmittcc discussiou, l5 Attgttst I931. 76. Mørteøothø,3 Septernber 193I,4 October 1930. 77. Mørtenovleø, Marcl-r; 3 April I931. 78. TSAODM, f.429 t>p.l, d. ll3, ll. IIì-112. Party plcnuur ancl party ølzti'rt r"neetìn9,23 June 1931. 79. TsMAM, f. 1289, op. l, d. 326,11'.5L-52.llabkrin report,9 Septernber l93l: 80. Røltoehøiøgøzetø, 15 March 1931. Bl. TsAODM, f. 80, op. I, d. 38ó, l. 13, 14. I(t>gozhsko-Simt¡novskii bttreau tneetiug, 193

IìGASPI, f. 8 l, op. 3, d. 20,1. 70. MK reporr by L. K¿rgànovich, n.cl. I931. 39. TsAODM, t. 4, op. 2,. d. 6,11. 95, 96. MGK mceting, 8 AugLrst 1932. 40. Mørtenot hø, l0 Augrrst 1932. 4t. Flltzer, Soviet Worhers øntl Stø linist In d.ustriølizøtion, 52. À1 Kornkovskii, Zøvod.'Serp i Molot,' 230. 43. TsMAM, f. 176,p.2,d.834,1.9. C.'structivembcr 1930. 156. Mørtenophø, 4,10, 1 3, 25 November 1930. l5Z. TsMAM, f. 176,¡:>.2, d.783,1. ll4. Engineering collective rnceting, 2l september

I928.

ló9. Straus, Føctory øntl. Comncønity in StølinI Røssiø,46.

l0 May 1929. TsAODM, f. 3, op. ll, d.763,1. 4. MK infì>rmation on rcconstrurctio¡r of the H¿t¡tlter ¿nd Sickle Factgrl', March-November 1929. Party comrnittee tesolution,8 June 1929. 172. TsAODM, f. 3, op. 11,ó..763,11. 12-14. GIPI{OMEZ letter' 23 luly 1929. 173. TSAODM, f. 3, op. 11,d.763,1. 27. MKinfìrn¡làtio¡l on feconstructi()n of thc Hat¡Drcr and Sicldc Factolg J:r/,y 1929. 174. TSAODM,f.429, op. I, cl. 94,1.62. Crr.¡munistfì¡rcmenandmauagers' l9

.

Febluary 1930.

17ó, op. 2, d. 462,1. ó8. Enginecring collectivc treeting' n'd May I92ó' 183. TsMAM, f. 1289, op. l, cl. 32ó, ll. Il-ló. l{abkrin report' 9 September l93l' l84. This profbuncates

l82. TsMAM, f.

¡f t¡e

lingtristic (or postulrderrr) acaclemic fàd. For exarlple, scc Hoflìnan's Peãsã'nt

Metrop

o

ks and

P

ay

nc's

St ølin's R øi h'o ø¡1.

Breød.: Sociølist Disn'ibøtion øød tbe Art of Sørúvøl in Stølirt's Røssiø, I 9 2 7 - I 941 (Arn.rcxk, Nerv Ytrlk, 1999 ), 53, 9 2-9 3. 186- Mørtenopþø, 28 Febrr.rary 1929. 187. Mørtenovl¿ø, t, 8, tI, 14, August , 1930. I88. TSAODM,f.42g,op. l, cl. 109, l. ló0. Party cotrruittec meetitìg; 8 October 1930' lB9. Mørteu¡pl¿ø, I October: 1930.

lB5. Elcn¿ Ostikina, Oør Døily 1929.

145- TsAoDM, f. 3, o¡r. 49, d. 15, L l MKinfì)nr'ìàri()¡r slÌrl1uì¿r\¡, l9 sc¡rtember 1932. 146. TsAODM,f.429,.p. l,cl.92,l.Bg-90. p?ìrryburca. ureui'g,26M¡rclt1929I47 . Mørtenotltø, 30 Aprll 1929.

222

Rep

190.

R øbochøiø

l9l.

TsAODM, f. 4, o¡r.

gøzetø, I 6 February 193 I. l, d. 5, l. l4Z. MGK discussion,

o

løtion ønd Coønterrn o løtion

AugLrst 1931.

_

lll,

202. TsAoDM, f 80, op. I, d. 398, l. rzr. ocpu clistrict rep.rt lare Novernber 1931. IIGASPI' 1ì 17, op. 20, d.349,1. 4ó. District Party bureau cr¡nrnlirree rneering, 2 l)ecemtrcr 1931. 203. T'AODM, f. 80, op. I, d. 398, l. lB9. OGPU disrrict rep.rt, g December 1931. 204. TsMAM, f. 176' ¡t 2, d. 834,11. 31, 39. ctnstructi.n .f srr.ps urcerings, 2r May, 2O July 1932.

ló

'e*,

I' d. Il7,ll. ll-L2.

May 1932.

Party ctluurittcc and cell secrcr¿ries ¡reerir.rg,

20ó'TsAODM,f.429,op. l,d. ll7, l. ls.Partyct>r'trmitteeanc{cell sccrer¿ricsmccting,4lu¡c

1932. 207. Mørtenot¡hø,6 August 1932. 208TsAoDM, f. 3, op. 49, tl. ló, I. 3. MK i¡rfi¡rnrarit' su'r'rar¡,, 7 septcmber 1932. 209. TsAoDM, f. 3, op. 49, d'. 23,I59. MK report ro Krrrushchev 2o-zs Dccemder 1932. 210. Mørtenot¡hø,28 Feúmry 1929. 2l J. TsAODM, f. 429, op. l, d. 92,1. 65-66. par.ty ¡rlcnum, 27 February ).929. 212. TsAoDM,f-429,op. I, cl. 92,11.92-9\,pa'ryple'u'r, l3 March ré29. rtepairshop leaciers dcfènclcd their secrerary against trre accusati.ns. TsAODM, f.429,p. t, a. to+, lt. s+ 55. l{cpair: shop parry closed pler-rum, 27 M¿rch 1929. 213. Mørtenovhø,13 ApÅl 1929. 2t4' TsAoDM, f. 80, op. l, d.332,1- 2. Note to speaker at a distritt parry c6nfcre¡ce, earry 1929. 215. Getty ¿nd Nauuror', The Roød to Terror,588. The nunrber of Secret policc ar.rcsts fôr "coltnterrevolutiuìâl')¡ crimes" approcl suppl¡ January 1932.

205' TsAODM,f.429, op.

St ø linist C o ønt err ev o løti

106, 1.67. wirepullingsho¡rpar:tyr.rccri'g,4scprcrìrbcr

1929.

222.TsAODM,f.429, op. l, d. lt6, l. f 39. parry bureau'ri'utes, g April 1932. 223 TsMAM, f . 176, <tp.2, d. 82l,ll. a0, 3l. Infì>nn¿tion on re-elecrion tf, 4ó, 55, ó0, ó5, ó8, ó9, 8ó, 88,95, lr3, t24, r25, I30, 15ó,

llt,

t58-ró3, 169,193,194 ¿ncl fòn,

19

206,208,216,217t't.

fàctory comrnittec, ó, 45,

t32, t34

r87, r88, t89, 200, 203, 204

housing,

L48,228

eight-lrotrr rvorkcla¡ 15-17 ,47, 50 engineers, 88, 102, 205-207 ,2L6

antl u'ornen's issues, 124-125, 129-

Cornnrissal'iat of L¿bor (Narkomtrud), ó3,

ø/.ça

galitarianisrn, 47 , 48, 51, 55.

rt0

227

ct>llectivization of agriculture, 2, Bn. 7,

t92, t99,205,211 ó5,95,98, I00, 133, I58, Ìó2, t7 3, 190, l9l, 197, 205, 2-6, 2r3

I3ó, I88, t97, tg&, 203, 212

and strikes,99, lOf, lO4, LO7 and *'agcs, 50, 51, ó3, ó5,95, 109,

r04-ill, Iì3, Ir4, r28,t69,

176, 177, 190, 19ó,

lror>liganisnr, 122, 123, I 32, 14 I - 149,

, 125-127, 130,

ancl Prt¡vision¿l Gt>vernurent, 53-54 and shock work, 193-19ó

Cohen, S., I collective .åqreernents) 83, 92, 95, 100-

227

87

225,227

c

169,

education ofworkers, e

I. P., 5,9-18, 20,22,24-36,

50-53

Dzerzhinskii, F., 157

1905 llevolution, 13, 15-18,24,26, 28, 30, 34-36, 45, 46, 58, 225

W.,123

Grcat ßritain, 62, 67, 85

Davies, l{.

L Labor Exchange, 107, 159 labor turrrovcr ancl fìight, 69,70,74, lB819

r,209,213

laterrcss,25,205

¿J¿

233

tnfl.ex

17,95, 103, l Sg Goldficlds Massacrc, lB-24, 85,36,

layoflb of urkers,

lrna 99

Orthocirrx bdief ,27,29,31, 122, l2g, 135- t43, t48, t49, 189, 203_205,

, rr3, 225

V L,2,9-12, t6, lB,

Lerrin,

S3, Sg, ó1,

ovcrtime tvork, 97, 102, 126, 213

l4l, I94,

ìI, ì4, 15, 17, 19-26, 3r, 52-54, 57, 58, 60,

P

ts,4, 12,

SS,

67,99, 13ï,

May

l0ì,

Da¡ 18-21,24,24,85,7t, L26, tg4,

l, 94, 100, tr2, t36, r45, 162, 167,

r73, t79, r89, 200, 205 piece r¿res, 27, 51, 88, 102, 104,

204,209

Marx, Karl, 187, 19 l, 229 Marxism, 3, 4, 6, 7, BS, 44, 7 3, I22, L3S, t49 , t7 1, 225 Menslreviks, 7, 16, 25, 45, 47, 61, I lS, r47, 155, t57, lót, 163, 164, 166,

pu

Tr¿dc Urrion Oppttsition, 177-180. Set: øko ßukh¿rin Trotskl', L. D., ì0, lI,3Bn. 62,91,122, r23,156, 160, ló2, 165-169,17r,

173-176,210 Trotsk),ist C)pposition (1923), I05, Ì07' u0, t I I, r32, 137, r38, 163-167, 178, I80 Trotsk¡,i5¡s, 107, l I0' II l, 20Ì, 204, 2O9,

2lo,2rs

loyalty), 12, I5, l8' 27, 44, 49, 102, l l3, 225, 226 TsIK (Central Excctttive Committee f Soviet governm cnr), 127 , 147 2lO ' tsehhovsbchirtø (shop

205, 210,

2t t,228 trials, I44, 147, 202, 203

sholr.

.:Àùì.

173,209,2r2,226 Unitecl Opposition,88,9f , 104-10ó' 133' r40, L46, t67-r77, r80,227

United States, 67

w u,agcs,6, 12, I3, I5, 23,27,33,36,39rt. 107, 42n. 2I8, 48, 51, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 83, 85-88, 92-104, Ì0ó-lI I, ì15, Il8nn. 107, ll2, 124-128,

t30,

l4l, l58, ló1,162,170'173,

175,176, l8ó-188, ì90, 200, 21r, 213, 2r4, 216, 2r7 n. 3 War Cw Metahvt>rks, Hammer and Sickle Factory), 13,

zzJ

ilostitution, I32, I52, 20g

'

134,2r5

lB, 28, 3ó, 42n. 217, SI-SZ,

prrrgcs, 87, l7g, lg3, l9B, Putilt>v Factory, Sn. t6, 15,2ó

133, 149 167,

Stepanov, P. (director olHarnmet' atld Sickle Factory),88, l0f, 108' 128'

28,29,61

Pn¡r,isional Government, 49, 45, 47 -50, 52, 54-58, 60-65, 67, 68, 7 0,',' 7 g, 224,

, 160, t7t, t79, r99, ztt, 226,

140, 144, | 67 -17

Stalinist llaid,

61,77n. t42,88, t2B

227.

(MK),54, 56,7t,73,100, t05, l0B,

, 3-4, l2g, 221

Pre