Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile

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TENTS Ut1IGINS

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THE SPYPLANE MENACE

STEVEN J ZA1.0ClA born In 1"2. recehed his SA hlsttory 'rom Union CoIlBge, .-:I .... MA ColumbIa

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Unhorolly He has published

books ... arbClel d ••R ... with modem mWtary IItCh"MO gy. alp, cially WitbDiied wilhide d ....lopm.nt. ... mph . . . of tnt.. est Is . . i II"OUI

7

OPERATION ANADYR: THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS DEEP MODERNIZATION •r _.) 1\01 t,,,

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10

13

Red SAM:

200

THE FLYING TELEPHONE POLE IN VIETNAM

16

mm..., .ftaln in the 'OhUI' 10,..

"'1Iof. end

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Euo_ In World Wwll, end ......... wrItten .........., i forcM.

.. Am.,.,.. W""'"

New Vanguard • 134

OPERATION KAVKAZ: S-75 IN THE 1967-73 MIDDLE EAST WARS

34

FOREIGN GUIDELINES

38

FINAL REFINEMENTS

40

FURTHER READING

43

The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile

\ru It" • Boo!.. o

COLOR PLATE COMMENTARY

46

INDEX

48

- . . . - . . . . 7 Ute

"-""""'.11 '*...... H

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........... ....-, . --.. .........,. ......... ...........

........... 111"" .......

Steven J Zaloga . Illustrated by Jim Launer

L8vochkln !Vii missile requently paraded in Red re, leading NATO to give 'Griffon" codename, 'Opriately a mythical beasL

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mce. e\to d llgl( homber II dkllL... throllt.,h the.' defen...c.·... could cause UIlIIIL..l In Ihlt: d 1I11~l:""l(· In )l.).t;. (.clJ1l.m\ "a (,n the. H. rgc. of (kplo\ing n.·\oIUlionar\' air ddt n Icchnolpg\ U IlIg Ilt \, g-uickd mi ,ill-, such a... the \\'a....serfal and Ihl' h,", Il,rlin!:!:. f 'rlt '>0\1< I mfaf-'lir mi sil \la land-lines, both located Oil th, p"riphtT' of the launch sit". LH'h S.\~l .egiment included Ih,,·! S.\~I haueries plus a technical hallalion. and the regiments in turn wuld be organi"'d into la.gl'l formations: hngades, dilisions, and !'YO-Stram corp . I'rogn' on th,' 5-7:> program I"IS slt'",11 r'lHHlgh that the 195~O h\t-\t'ar Plan ("Iwi iont:d tht, manufaetun: of 26.1 Jnissile bauedes and 7,~~1I \Ci,1I mi il,·. The SA-75 Dlina S\ t,'m was accepted for senice on Oecembt'r II, 1957. The 19.;7 produuion mclud"d 30 of lhe planned 411 launch romplext' and 6~ I 01 the planned 1.200 missiles. (

1) I

The evolutionary link between the 5-25 and 5-75 systems was the experimental ShB-32 missile

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which pioneered the two-stage

configuration.

THE SPYPLANE MENACE

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This Is one of the original Fakel

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10 missiles on a prototype launcher during the Initial flnng trials of the SA-75 system.

OnJu!) 4, 1956, SO\iet radar detected an aircraft nling deep oler Ru sia at altitudes of 72,OOOft (22km), far bemnd the reach of Smiet j,·t illlerceptors. This was a CIA U-2 sp\'plane on its maiden O\erflight 01 the LSSR. and a night aiel' Moscow followed the next dal. :"ikita Khrushchel \\a \\f-n' commanc ed bl GenL! S. T, Grechko and CC)ll,'isted ()f the IlJlh and lIth Air D"fen,,' I>lissile Dilisions from the "olga P"O-Stral1\ \f,litan DlStnct, each With lhret' missile regiments. totaling 'om(' 114 5,\\f launcher, of Ihc' newer >75 DC',na \,"rs'lon Til" < -,- " I I ' ". . . . . . : ~ ? rnl 'I t: >attent: I )egan arrll'lng 111 Cuba in the final wed ofJul\', and construction (If the 1'\..\1 Sites took place from August to September 1962.

tranSporte,..loador semi-trailer, which was towed by a ZIL-151V truck. Here, a Romanian crew Is seen reloading an 110 missile on an 8M-53-1 launcher.

The sudden upsur!(e in So,iN actilit\, in Cuba led to the di patch of a CIA U-2 on Augu,t 29, which detected the first eight SA-2 ite, CIA Director John \IcCone "as cominced that the CSSR lIould onl, deplOl such a new and ,ophisticated 5\stem if the\ were tfling to protect somethmg espectally ,aluable ,uch as ballistic mi, ill'S, The discO\efl of the SA-2 sites forced the Kenned\' administration to be more wary of sending U-25 O\'er Cuba, but at the same time increased the pre, sure for more frequent cOlerage. The hurricane seal'On hampered the reconnaISsance mi, ions and so the first clear elidence of the deplO\'mem of R-14 (5-7,\1 \ol~hO\ ""em \\a, alllhor1/t'd on func' 4, 19.) • and alllwcI at incf('a illS{ \"ilc.'m pt'rformann: a~am t fa: (l-r targt't at )ong:er rclng:t.·"i. T\\o differt'nt mi "iik.... \\eft.' ron icleft'd for the nt..... \('"ion, itl'm, 17D and 200 .

associated 5-75 systems, as seen In this U-2 photo taken over CUba. (US 000)

. TIl(: 170 \\" a fundanll'lllalh differl'nl approach to ml ile propul IOn, u.. . mg- a ram-jet en¢ne for lhe "iu"ilainer "itaKt' rath('r than a liquid-fuel rocket. The ram-let en~u1l' remO\ed the need for the oxidi/t'r lhat made up about IW(>-third, of the propellalll wei~hl in U1l' normal WI' ion. It \\" such a radical dc.,'partun· from th(' pn'\ious de"ii~"i thaI il"i dt"\dopment took much lon~er than lhe 200. The fiN f1i~hl te't did notla~e place unti! Januan 23. 1960, afte, the ri,," 200 had alreach oct'n aeeeptl'd for the 5075\1 ,... ,Wm. ,\bout 40 It',t f1i~hb we,l' eonductedthrou~h Ihl' ,ummer of 1962 and It'd to mOIl' 'ophi'liealed ram:jet deri,,"iH" ,uch" tht, I ~lD and 220. The 200 wa, ,imilar in appearance to the prelim" '>-7;, mi"ile,. bu, nealil all the illlernal component, wtTe rede,i~11t'd and replaced. Sinel' the Fake! bureau \\1I.S ....0 btl" with newer .-\.\1 S\ .... ll·m.... dt.·,e!opml·nl \\,t, handed ml'r to a "nail affilialt'd en~neer1n~ burt'au headed bl \'. \', Koha-'~It1. \\hicl, \\I(r thl >lIH l n,o, amI Cbrla lhl' RoC \~ \\.1 \\iIIin~ 10 takl' up tilt (hlI1J. ml Ion a n \lIt. .tlC' l ~ reTan treUl te.-rring l-2.. . to Tai\\C.ll1 dIul IIlI Ion Ix ,Ill III 196~ nll liT t RoC H L-2 \\." ,hot elm\11 m(', ,j h.1ll on pI< mbl'f q 191 2 .Illrl at 11'.1 I II RoC \F L -2, 111"1' 10" Ix l\\Ien 1%2 dnd 1970 1TI0 th 11Clilll of thl ,>-,", rnl Ill' 'I tem fhe '>-7.; \\,1 at J US-i.·' \(,Ikho,. I

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Tile neJlt .eneretlon: 5-125 end 5-200 I...ikt' man> _. \\a dt:\dOpt·c1 in ha~le and wa\ ed Cold \\ar " ..apon. t1 le. .~""t"/.l plagu b) a numhe~ of hOrlccllnmg, It had poor ptTI'"mance at low alblUd and the L -2 ()\ernigh~ cli plawd it, limilation, ag-aimt hig-hal blUde targets as "ell TIlt' L'S I" I ' bo be . \\~ 1M' \ to IIltroduc e new ~upplane be"\cmd Ih" t'flt-c Ii\(, ('mdope of lhc' 5-75. SOl11e o t'St' problems "ere parlialh add..., "'d Il, the u!,grad,', 111l'llliont'd earlier. but a more thorough approac h \\a, 10 d,'wlo!, a pair of n('\\ lI1i"il" terns to supplem"111 til(' '>-i5 - th,' I<m-alli""\,, '>-12;; . ',',a (".\'ro' -3 Goa) and th e I' II-aI' de '>-200 \n"'u', I '\'I'(), S \ - "l1l1l11on). e was acceptc'd for "'n',Ct' m lU'l(' 196\ aud W,t\ dl'plo\ed hy

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The Volkhov system Introduced the Improved SM·9Q launcher, which had 8 more durable flame deflector and an improved tracker drive. This view of a Polish launcher shows the characteristic features of the 20D missile such •• the forward dielectric band and the four antenna atnlk. . behind the nose fins.

Parallel to the 200 missile wlttoi Its v-aa conventional warhead, Avangard also developed the 150 missile with a larger nosecone to accommodate a nuclear warhead. A 150 mlssUe Is seen here being carried on a PR~11 B transporte,...loader semi-trailer, towed by a ZIL-131 tractor truck. (US 000)

ow altitude and short d to the development of plementary 5-125 Nova This Is an example of S-125M Nova-M with (V-601) missiles on rail 5P73 launcher; r system used the IP71 launcher.

THE FLYING TELEPHONE POLE IN VIETNAM h,n Ih"n!:h Ih, ,-, h,lruan 1966, 'md Ihe 2741h commanded b, Col Y, Y. F..dolo\ lalel in 1966, Th.. inilial CS, \F eflor" (0 deal \lilh the .-\-2 ,ill" W"ll' nOI 'UCCl' ful. The mi,io'" agai"'l Ihl' S, \.\1 ,ill" \lei" "tiled Operalion frVII Ifalld, a pione..,;nl( l'fi(lrl in Sf~ \D (,upple"ion of l'nl'lll' air d..kn,,·'). Sin,l' ~h.. Fan ng 1,ldal had a dead lon,' allow allilud.. "hell' 1l \I ,to, bhnd,."lout Cl.ll4Kklllg alllhe valious nodes of till kill cham IJ1 order to I('dllce Ihe tlu ('"II of th(. S \ ') 0 . . . I' ' . --, ("cepUon ~arnJlllnK. poe \\!1l half Ih.. B-:;:!(, fleet had been Ih,· Ph.,,,, \ H \1 lilt,·, l nlollnn'Ud" half the B-.;2C fleel '\iI' onh flltl'd ";th Ih,· Ph _ III ' , , .l. ,, Ult' S'..-2. In addlllon Ih.. .N LS \} Illk, g"lllg th"1ll k protection aga,ml ·... ·fi 1n""1 It'rl tl" \-) lIli. ik I· d (" I nOII .lpIJl'·' late Ihal Ih,· st'rdlion Ih..n' SillC" Il, _ I' I "'11 '"'Ill '01111 10 ,uppon Ihl' • '.. t: ttl#' Jrukn !I mi... I I I nlg'ht. (he I1tO\\ c I)t" 'I . I" 'Jon ... \\'ou ( )e flown at J I(a (l(~UJlCl Oil Ihe.: f·t11 S orth \ Itotnamt·\(· (P', . III ' o u g \\111 Ihi polin (h.mg"d fOI the". hn.d ra,,1 ,'lIId th,· Ix>!nhtT cn" "tTl' old",ed to pre,

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damal("CI. SI'all'l(ic \i, Commalld (S.\C) plan Ill''' had ""I(!('T,-d Iht. wayt's o( altar).;.... at (our-hour intenals. which allowed the S.\\I h.. t U('n(>, to repleni,h thei, launche". The,,· poor lactic, ""I.e due to S.\( COII«TI1' about ael-ial colli,iom amonl('l Ihe big bombe, on nil(hl m. ,iOIl\,

L Illil Ihi 0fll·l.uion, I~:;~ Ix>!nb,'"

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o\l'lIIb.... f'; comin tT from IllIllU'HHl' , . ,I .t1( II g90 1ll1l11ItC' I 1 .. ' ,.., wrt'"" rll',fT ("\oud, l\l blind Ihe ' ( clell'l' '1Il( t. t:.. .. < permitted the CI'CllllOn () . ' I', . II the bomber... wert.' tht' bt'11t'1' . . . I·d hI Ihe fan I 1.11 .1 . ' S Fan ongs,D -_ ,. • f· I b droPI>ecl. hell Ihollgh Ih ..,,· , ' (I HII '011 Ill") 0 >om, " O\l'T 2,000 LOllS '....' 1'1'l ' '1< \ .·,I·llbk than Oil pn'\ IOU .... I1Ighh • . , I ,( .J 'I" an(I1111 • were far 11101 ( ,Hill( It . . '11",11 compared to tht.' Iltllllhc." eng·lg'el11l.'nt. . . \\.1' • . . ·'1 • f Ihe numbl.'l () I1llv..l t '" ' ., ,. f Lilt" jamming. and 1ll0,t mi...... tlt'.. or bomber.... dut' to the dlt'ttl\lnt"~ (} . • \\111'11

ta~1I~.... l'~( )~ ~

23

5

1966

1967 , 104 J4 j8

1 94 58 •

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4

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II ~It:

1_

no

10 140 150 16

'00 320 376 '55 53' 96 23 H9

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60 •

1968

6

'91 207 2 41 43 0

aile

1970 14 21 35 23 27 50 2 7

1971 266 18 282 136 25 161 32 6

9 0

36 5 19 272

200 342

1972

1973

Total

1 135

64

20 1 155 2032 27 2059 415 6

0

3.228 366 3.594 5248 558 5804 1293 130 1.423 197 61 26.6

54

42' 73 64

72 0 72 62 0 62 3 46

278

240

1

B- -,~ \\,1 10 ( O\l'r II.,nol .uHI.t t'cond h(unher

",noli "(l.lln.l~ec1.",dC1.1 h d ,",,'' 1.1Ildil1(( 111 I h.,ilalld. III 'pill' 01 lhe e a' tr.H,d k,lI d.ulI1 of th, \\1 h.HI' nl' . 111t:ltt.'r

known as Ihe "II th Dnepropetrm'k" ,ince iI'''' b,t'ed_ on ("dre, from , TI' Q l ll ,Speri,l ,'ad, t Ilal ( I·· 1\"ISIOI1. l{ In ( con,i''''d of Ihree S-12) hng"d,'" . wilh eight battnil" wilh f(Hlr launcher, p~r bam'n. 01 .,Il(' ~t'\\ 125 balledt.'" wcn' deployed around kev clue... and l~llIIl~ln I.i{ tlHIt. III Egypt. bUI a few \I('Ie lillw"rd dl'plo,ed along Ihl' '\'1(,/ ( an,,1 "nd '0 e,;; Inl!eri'" alonl-( Ihl' \lthough Ihe l.i(\ptian Oll' 01 it 19 S \\1 blig-ade" 11 'trateg-ic brig-Mk' (w Ilh lour S. \-75\ I K. 4 I S-75 I. and 4:! S-I:!~ batterie I. and "ight tanical brigade, wi th 4 I 2" 12 Kladrat hau"rit' and 47 Strela-:! platoon,. Be'itks the 91 aircraft Ilia dainll'd using tht, S-7~ and $0125. Ihel al,o r1aimt'd a lunher (l-! aircraft. 41; u ing th" :!KI:! Kladral and 1 bl 11ll" 9K:l:! Strela-2 Iac-liral S.~\ls, for a wand total 01 17:1 kill . Ru ,ian ac('(mll" 'ugg"st thaI SI rian S. \~ I losse' indud"d t1m'e S-7.; baut'ri,', Ii\(· ').12~ baut·,i,·,. and Ii\(, 2"12 KI-adrat ban..ri... Thi i anual" higher than th" Isr. of tht ...... \\t. n' old to \r.. 1 III 1(.I~ I.Hul \9 mort..' for Lih\41 \

,

,A

75M Dv,na

75N Desna

~n l~1

Fakel

Industry

Standardization Radar US Dec 11 1957 RSNA·75

10

SA-2a GUideline

SM-63

V-750V

110

SA-2b GUIdeline Mod 1

SM-63-1

130

May 1958

SA-2c GUideline Mod 2

SM-63-1

RSNA·75M

May 22,1959

Red. Hln. Fan Song A Fan Song B

RSN-75

SM-63-11A

1969

Fan Song C

RSN·75

SM-90

Fan Song C

Apnl20, 1961

RSN-75V

SM-90

Fan Song E

May 15, 1964

RSN·75V

SM-90

1968

Fat> Song E

RSN·75V2

SM-90

Fan Song F

1975

RSN-75V3

SM-90

not desognated'

November 1978

RSN·75V4

not designatedi

V-750VN V-755

200

75M Volkhov

V-755

200

75M2 Vo'khov

launcher

V-750

150 Desna 75M Volkhov

US+ NATO codename

V-760

150

V-759

5Ya23

!\ 75M3 Volkhov

V-760V

5V29

S 75M4 Volkhov

V-759

5Ya23

(nol deslgnaled) SA-2d GUIdeline Mod 3 SA-2e GUIdeline Mod 4 SA-2f GUIdeline Mod 5 (nol desIgnated) (nol deslgnaled')

197-~).

I

till' mo t \\Idt."h t.' POt tt.'d .lir ddt.·n'e mis.s.ile ;\ t{1Il In 111 ton ,\ith rhe t' (t"I)lum of . . m.lll lll.1.n-p
HQ-28

'I

Missile

10 110

CSA-1

With so mant e'port Ststems still actil'e around the !(Iobl', in the mid-I 990s Alma! oITered an upgrade package for older 75 s"tem" called the \'olga-~I, which replaced some of the old mbe electronic, \lith nl'\\er digital analogs, Few, if ant, of these upgrades look place, as the" tem was \lide" rerogni/ed as obsoil'le and nOI worth the bother to nrwa~e :\etertheil'ss, the $075 "stem \la, not formal It retired from Rus,,,tn -enlle until 1999, The Rus,ian P\'O-Stram expended much of it, remamtng imenton as aerial targel.'i as pan of the R.\1-i5 Li 1 -\.\1 ~il1lng , ,em and the A\angard plant romened old ~OD mi 'iil' into the lV",hlln Nte) and the 5'a~3 into Ihe SlIIiLIa (liunollse) mi sill' larget.

km

FURTHER READING The S.\-~ Guideline h,", rematned ,hrouded in 111\,lel' fOI.nlO'l 01 it ,lif~'

II

ol+--ill~~1~Oli1115:20Z0225~-3030~3r;;5:-40:;;n--'4:-;;5~5;;o;O;--;5~-::O:::-~ 5 60 65

This chart shows the kJll envelope of the various generations of the $-75 system.

As can be seen, the trend w•• to extend the range and low-altttude perlonnance of the system in successive generations.

~ - lana '\';1\ (() t."\pL.umllg- It-> dt. \c.: 1Recent Rus.o.;iall aCC()Unb Ili.\\'t' ~()n(.l I"'l r _. . b I ollle ,lSpt:'Cb of lhese program,....uch .b tht, n~t.)( Ih(auon opment, u , . I'd I II1 I' there U l' undernken during- lhe "ietnam war. still remain 11 l ell. lit ~ f ' , un th,' h"lOll 'f I S. \ --, ') tIl e·eih,l'" lx'ell ~l ...tn..Ull () 't.II-lt-n<TIh book, 0 tIe . c 110 l h~ . . ' IIllt.'lt..\\

abo

o ' , , , . , ., (\t'n"p,lrl' nnw TI •. uu . - I \'KO is \'ot'llllo··l\mmlr!wV(IlJo Ie .I"ZII ,n" ' I (\ITt, .\ Hi,ttlll , JOIlIl1.lI ,', \o.'"IIfH\/OI;rhflk/\ Ill/Ilna . I I ,U all(1\ 1, .

l' en 43

mp.ugp 01 Ill' pOl . . t ,jO H.'ars in h I 1 { I lined mh tn Ihos(;' that \C.. J (; ( t \~. fOI t' ,unple. \Iichd\ I ",10 , ,dt I Pl'1 pit· t·d about the \\ 11

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Books

Ganin, S('q{('\', Vlacllmir Koro\in. PI fll., ,\liHiI, \\\IPlll'i'1 tlu' P\O \tTflrry* i\\'iatsiya i KOS!OOllil\lIka (2(}()2) . Kolesnik, ;. , . pi fll.~ \I/1r_O""r \'i,lI/am: Iltm'lt \lill /II I/', \(,mlmp\ qf .~fJl'IP/ It/rmlll 19/»)-19/J, Eklallwn 1200:;) ~l;chel. ~larshalJ I.. 1I1. Iml'riw'l /.111/ l'i'llifllII Balll,- JiI, lJ I)a of Chritlmfll. F:nWlIl1ter (:!002)

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I II'C. Il.t( kl'r-~ ."

Penov, ~Iikhail. S. LlII fliT .\'alional Air /),jn,,"'. \,;aRlI...21 I:!(HJI) Price. Alfred. 'JlIr lli,loT\ lif {'~ U'rlTonir Har/aT('. \;,/ III: Rol//Il~ I hund" ThTollKh .-II/inl ForrP 196-1-2000, \.ssociat;"n of Old (rim (:!(Hlll) Sv('tIOi. \1adimir and Vladimir "or",';n. FakPl't Hl\\ilPi. Fakl'l':!(1l)3) Zaloga. Steven. SWIf/ • liT Dr/PIlI, .\lilli/Pl. DPli{!;1l. /)n.·PI"/JlIIPIII, flI/d larl ,,!, Jane's (1989)

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