Princes and Political Cultures
Princes and Political Cultures The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees
G R E G R OW E
Ann...
116 downloads
415 Views
1MB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
Princes and Political Cultures
Princes and Political Cultures The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees
G R E G R OW E
Ann Arbor
Copyright 䉷 by the University of Michigan 2002 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America 嘷 ⬁ Printed on acid-free paper 2005 2004 2003 2002
4 3 2
1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rowe, Greg, 1966– Princes and political cultures : the new Tiberian senatorial decrees / Greg Rowe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-472-11230-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Rome—Politics and government—30 B .C .–68 A .D .—Sources. 2. Political culture—Rome—History—Sources. I. Title. JC89 .R69 2002 937⬘.07—dc21 2002067103
For Lee Rowe and Wanda Taylor
Acknowledgments
I
gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance that I received from Queen’s College and the Craven Committee, Oxford, and the Istituto Svizzero, Rome. It has been a pleasure to work with Ellen Bauerle, Collin Ganio, Christina Milton, Rebecca Scott, and Jennifer Wisinski at the University of Michigan Press. For access to documents and for guidance of all sorts I thank Cliff Ando, Amanda Claridge, Mireille Corbier, Werner Eck, Adalberto Giovannini, Andrew Lintott, John Ma, Fergus Millar, Anne-France Morand, Mark Pobjoy, David Potter, John Rea, Matt Rowe, the University of Michigan Press’s anonymous reader, and especially Ittai Gradel and Barbara Levick.
Contents
1
Introduction ON E
41
The Senate TWO
67
The Equestrian Order THREE
85
The Urban Plebs F OU R
102
Pisae and Other Citizen Communities FIVE
124
Mytilene and Other Greek Cities
154
The Army
173
Conclusion: One Political Culture, One Ideology
177
Appendix: Memento of the Princes’ Personal Statuses
181
Works Cited
189
Index
SIX
Acknowledgments
I
gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance that I received from Queen’s College and the Craven Committee, Oxford, and the Istituto Svizzero, Rome. It has been a pleasure to work with Ellen Bauerle, Collin Ganio, Christina Milton, Rebecca Scott, and Jennifer Wisinski at the University of Michigan Press. For access to documents and for guidance of all sorts I thank Cliff Ando, Amanda Claridge, Mireille Corbier, Werner Eck, Adalberto Giovannini, Andrew Lintott, John Ma, Fergus Millar, Anne-France Morand, Mark Pobjoy, David Potter, John Rea, Matt Rowe, the University of Michigan Press’s anonymous reader, and especially Ittai Gradel and Barbara Levick.
Contents
1
Introduction ON E
41
The Senate TWO
67
The Equestrian Order THREE
85
The Urban Plebs F OU R
102
Pisae and Other Citizen Communities FIVE
124
Mytilene and Other Greek Cities
154
The Army
173
Conclusion: One Political Culture, One Ideology
177
Appendix: Memento of the Princes’ Personal Statuses
181
Works Cited
189
Index
SIX
Works Cited
Alf¨oldi, A. Die monarchische Repr¨asentation im r¨omischen Kaiserreiche. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1970. Alpers, M. Das nachrepublikanische Finanzsystem: Fiscus und fisci in der fr¨uhen Kaiserzeit. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995. Anastasiadis, V. I., and G. A. Souris. “Theophanes of Mytilene: A New Inscription Relating to His Early Career.” Chiron 22 (1992): 377–82. Andreau, J. La vie financi`ere dans le monde romain. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1987. Barnes, T. D. “The Victories of Augustus.” JRS 64 (1974): 21–26. Barrett, A. A. Caligula: The Corruption of Power. London: Batsford, 1989. Bellemore, J. “When Did Valerius Maximus Write the Facta et Dicta Memorabilia?” Antichthon 23 (1989): 67. Berchem, D. van. Les distributions de bl´e et d’argent a` la pl`ebe romaine sous l’Empire. Geneva: Georg, 1939. Bernand, E. Les inscriptions grecques et latines de Philae. Vol. 2, Haut et bas empire. Paris: CNRS, 1969. Bertrand, J.-M. “A propos de deux disparus: Cn. Pompeius Theophanes, M. Pompeius Macer.” ZPE (1985): 175–76. Bodel, J. “Punishing Piso.” AJPh 120 (1999): 43–63. Boissier, G. L’opposition sous les C´esars. Paris: Hachette, 1900. Bollinger, T. Theatralis Licentia. Winterthur: H. Schelenberg, 1969. Bonnefond-Coudry, M. Le s´enat de la r´epublique romaine. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1989. Botsford, G. W. The Roman Assemblies. New York: Cooper Square, 1909. Bowersock, G. W. Augustus and the Greek World. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965. Braund, D. C. Rome and the Friendly King. London: Croom Helm, 1984. Broughton, T. R. S. The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association, 1952. Brunt, P. A. “The Lex Valeria Cornelia.” JRS 51 (1961): 71–83. ———. “The Roman Mob.” P&P 35 (1966): 3–27. ———. Italian Manpower, 225 B .C .– A .D . 14. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
181
182
W OR K S CI T E D
———. Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic. London: Chatto and Windus, 1971. ———. “Lex de imperio Vespasiani.” JRS 67 (1977): 95–116. ———. “Free Labour and Public Works at Rome.” JRS 70 (1980): 81–100. ———. “The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime.” CQ 34 (1984): 423–44. ———. “The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution.” In The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays, 240–80. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988. ———. “Charges of Provincial Maladministration under the Early Principate.” 1961. Reprinted in Roman Imperial Themes, 53–95. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. Buckler, W. H., and D. M. Robinson. Sardis. Vol. 7, 1. Leiden: Brill, 1932. Calboli, G. “Le Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre: Quelques consid´erations linguistiques.” In Moussylanea: M´elanges . . . C. Moussy, ed. B. Bureau and C. Nicholas, 117–30. Louvain: Peeters, 1998. Camodeca, G. Tabulae Pompeianae Sulpiciorum. 2 vols. Rome: Quasar, 1999. Campbell, J. B. The Emperor and the Roman Army. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. Champlin, E. “The First (1996) Edition of the Senatusconsultum de Cn. Pisone Patre: A Review.” AJPh 120 (1999): 117–22. Charitonidis, S. Α ι ε πιγραφα ι της Λεσβου: Συµπλ ηρωµα. Athens: n.p., 1968. Cichorius, C. Rom und Mytilene. Leipzig: Teubner, 1888. Coarelli, F. “Il tempio di Bellona.” BullComm 80 (1965): 37–72. Cooley, A. “The Moralizing Message of the Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre.” G&R 45, no. 2 (1998): 199–212. Corbier, M. “De la maison d’Hortensius a` la curia sur la Palatin.” MEFRA 104 (1989): 871–96. ———. “La maison des C´esars.” In Epouser au plus proche: Inceste, prohibitions et strat´egies matrimoniales, ed. P. Bonte, 243–91. Paris: Ecole des hautes e´ tudes en sciences sociales, 1994. Corto P´erez, S., and A. U. Stylow. “Eine neue Kopie des senatusconsultum de Cn. Pisone patre.” Chiron 29 (1999): 23–28. Crawford, M. H. “The End of the Rogatio Valeria Aurelia.” Athenaeum 82 (1994): 429– 35. ———. ed. Roman Statutes. BICS Suppl. 64. London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996. Deininger, J. Der Prozinziallandtag der r¨omischen Kaiserzeit. Munich: Beck, 1965. Demougin, S. “Uterque ordo: Les rapports entre l’ordre senatorial et l’ordre e´ questre sous les Julio-Claudiens.” Tituli 4 (1982): 73–104. ———. L’ordre ´equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1988. ———. Prosopographie des chevaliers romains julio-claudiens. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1992. Dihle, A. Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire. English ed. London: Routledge, 1994. Dobson, B. Die Primipilares. Cologne: Rheinland-Verlag, 1978. Domaszewski, A. von. “Der Truppensold der Kaiserzeit.” Neue Heidelberger Jahrb¨ucher 10 (1900): 225–41. Eck, W. Die staatliche Organisation Italiens in der hohen Kaiserzeit. Munich: Beck, 1979. ———. “Plebs und Princeps nach dem Tod des Germanicus.” In Leaders and Masses in
W OR K S CI T E D
183
the Roman World: Studies . . . Z. Yavetz, ed. I. Malkin and Z. W. Rubinsohn, 1–10. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Eck, W., A. Caballos, and F. Fernandez. Das senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre. Vestigia 48. Munich: Beck, 1996. Ferrary, J.-L. “Le statut des cit´es libres dans l’empire romain.” CRAI (1991): 551–77. Fink, R. O. Roman Military Records on Papyrus. Philological Monographs of the American Philological Association 26. Cleveland, 1971. Flaig, E. Den Kaiser herausfordern: Die Usurpation im r¨omischen Reich. Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag, 1992. Flower, H. I. Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996. ———. “Rethinking ‘Damnatio Memoriae’: The Case of Cn. Calpurnius Piso Pater in A .D . 20.” ClAnt 17, no. 2 (1998): 155–87. ———. “Piso in Chicago.” AJPh 120 (1999): 99–115. Frederiksen, M. W. “The Republican Municipal Laws: Errors and Drafts.” JRS 55 (1965): 183–98. Gabba, E. “Le citt`a italiche del I sec. a.C. e la politica.” 1986. Reprinted in Italia romana, 123–32. Como: New Press, 1994. Ganzert, J. Das Kenotaph f¨ur Gaius Caesar in Limyra. T¨ubingen: Wachsmuth, 1984. Giovannini, A. “Review-Discussion: Roman Eastern Policy in the Late Republic.” AJAH 9 (1984): 33–42. Gonz´alez, J. “The First Oath pro salute Augusti Found in Baetica.” ZPE 72 (1988): 113– 27. Griffin, M. T. “The Senate’s Story.” JRS 87 (1997): 249–63. Habicht, C. Gottmenschentum und griechische St¨adte. 2d ed. Munich: Beck, 1970. Hano, M. “A l’origine du culte imp´erial: Les autels des Lares Augusti.” ANRW 2.16.3 (1986): 2334–81. Harris, W. V. Rome in Etruria and Umbria. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Henderson, M. I. “The Establishment of the Equester Ordo.” JRS 53 (1963): 61–72. Henrichs, A. “Vespasian’s Visit to Alexandria.” ZPE 3 (1968): 51–80. Herrmann, P. “Die Inschriften r¨omischer Zeit aus dem Heraion von Samos.” AM 75 (1960): 68–193. ———. Der r¨omische Kaisereid. G¨ottingen: Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, 1968. ———. “Epigraphische Forschungen in Lydien.” In Die Epigraphische und alter¨ tumskunde Erforschung Kleinasiens, 211–19. Vienna: Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1993. Herz, P. “Der Aufbruch des C. Caesar in den Osten.” ZPE 39 (1980): 285–90. Hesberg, H. von, and S. Panciera. Das Mausoleum des Augustus: Der Bau und seine Inschriften. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994. Hodot, R. “D´ecret de Kym`e en l’honneur du prytane Kl´eanax.” J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 10 (1982): 165–80. Hoffman Lewis, M. W. The Official Priests of Rome under the Julio-Claudians. Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome 16. Rome: n.p., 1955. Hollis, A. S. Ovid: Ars Amatoria. Oxford: Clarendon, 1977. H¨olscher, T., et al. “Historische Reliefs.” In Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, 351–400. Berlin: Antikenmuseum Preussischer Kulturbesitz, 1988.
184
W OR K S CI T E D
Hurlet, F. Les coll`egues du prince sous Auguste et Tib`ere: De la l´egalit´e r´epublicaine a` la l´egitimit´e dynastique. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1997. Jacques, F., and J. Scheid. Rome et l’int´egration de l’empire (44 av. J.-C.–260 ap. J.-C.). Vol. 1, Les structures de l’empire romain. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1990. Jones, A. H. M. Studies in Roman Government and Law. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1960. Jones, C. P. “Diodoros Pasparos and the Nikephoria of Pergamon.” Chiron 4 (1974): 183–205. Kaster, R. A. C. Suetonius Tranquillus: De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. Keppie, L. J. “The Praetorian Guard before Sejanus.” Athenaeum 84, no. 1 (1996): 101– 24. Kienast, D. Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1982. ———. R¨omische Kaisertabelle. 2d ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1996. ¨ 63 (1993): 113–50. Knibbe, D., et al. “Neue Inschriften aus Ephesos XII.” JOAI Kornemann, E. Doppelprincipat und Reichsteilung. Leipzig: Teubner, 1930. Kunst, C. “Adoption und Testamentadoption in der sp¨aten Republik.” Klio 78 (1996): 87–104. Laey, W. K. “Summi Fastigii Vocabulum: The Story of a Title.” JRS 69 (1979): 28–34. ———. Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the System. Liverpool: F. Cairns, 1996. Laffi, U. “Le iscrizioni relative all’introduzione nel 9 a.C. del nuovo calendario della provincia d’Asia.” SCO 16 (1967): 5–98. Last, H. M. “On the Tribunicia Potestas of Augustus.” Rend. Ist. Lomb. 84 (1951). Lebek, W. D. “Schwierige Stellen der Tabula Siarensis.” ZPE 66 (1986): 31–48. Levick, B. M. “Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of A .D . 4.” Latomus 25 (1966): 227–44. ———. “Imperial Control of Elections under the Early Principate.” Historia 16 (1967): 207–30. ———. “Abdication and Agrippa Postumus.” Historia 21 (1972): 674–97. ———. “Atrox Fortuna.” CR 22 (1972): 309–11. ———. “Tiberius’ Retirement to Rhodes in 6 B .C .” Latomus 31 (1972): 779–813. ———. Tiberius the Politician. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976. ———. Claudius. London: Batsford, 1990. Linderski, J. “Julia in Regium.” In Roman Questions, 375–94. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1995. Lintott, A. W. Violence in Republican Rome. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. ———. Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. London: Routledge, 1993. Luce, T. J. “Livy, Augustus, and the Forum Augustum.” In Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate, ed. K. Raaflaub and M. Toher, 123–38. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Maxfield, V. A. The Military Decorations of the Roman Army. London: Batsford, 1981. Meslin, M. La fˆete des kalendes de janvier dans l’empire romain. Brussels: Latomus, 1970. Millar, F. “Some Evidence on the Meaning of Tacitus Annals xii, 60.” Historia 13 (1964): 180–87.
W OR K S CI T E D
185
———. “The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B .C .” JRS 74 (1984): 1–19. ———. “State and Subject: The Impact of Monarchy.” In Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, ed. F. Millar and E. Segal, 37–60. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. “Italy in the Roman Empire: Augustus to Constantine.” Phoenix 40 (1986): 295–318. ———. “Imperial Ideology in the Tabula Siarensis.” In Estudios sobre la T. S., ed. J. Gonz´alez and J. Arce, 11–19. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Historicos, 1988. ———. The Emperor in the Roman World. 2d ed. London: Duckworth, 1992. ———. “Ovid and the Domus Augusta: Rome Seen from Tomoi.” JRS 83 (1993): 1–17. Mitchell, S. “Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia.” JRS 66 (1976): 106–31. Mitford, T. B. “A Cypriot Oath of Allegiance to Tiberius.” JRS 50 (1960): 75–79. Mommsen, T. R¨omisches Staatsrecht. 3d ed. Vol. 1. Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1887. Nash, E. Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: Praeger, 1968. Nicolet, C. L’ordre ´equestre a` l’´epoque r´epublicaine. Vol. 1, D´efinitions juridiques et structures sociales. Paris: Boccard, 1966. ———. “Tribuni militum a populo.” MEFRA 79 (1967): 29–76. ———. L’ordre ´equestre a` l’´epoque r´epublicaine. Vol. 2, Prosopographie des chevaliers romains. Paris: Boccard, 1974. ———. Rome et la conquˆete du monde m´editerran´een. Vol. 1, Les structures de l’Italie romaine. 2d ed. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1979. ———. “Augustus, Government, and the Propertied Classes.” In Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, ed. F. Millar and E. Segal, 89–128. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. “Pl`ebe et tribus: Les statues de Lucius Antonius et le testament d’Auguste.” MEFRA 97 (1985): 799–839. ———. “La Tabula Siarensis, la lex de imperio Vespasiani, et le jus relationis de l’empereur au s´enat.” MEFRA 100 (1988): 827–66. ———. L’inventaire du monde: G´eographie et politique aux origines de l’empire romain. Paris: Fayard, 1988. ———. “L’Italie comme cadre juridique sous le haut-empire.” In L’Italie d’Auguste a` Diocl´etien, 377–98. Paris: Broccard, 1994. ———. “La Tabula Siarensis, la pl`ebe urbaine, et les statues de Germanicus.” In Leaders and Masses in the Roman World: Studies . . . Z. Yavetz, ed. I. Malkin and Z. W. Rubinsohn, 115–27. Leiden: Brill, 1995. Niebling, G. “Laribus Augustis Magistri Primi.” Historia 5 (1956): 303–31. Nippel, W. Public Order in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Ober, J. “Tiberius and the Political Testament of Augustus.” Historia 31 (1982): 306–28. Palmer, R. E. A. “Adherence to the Aventine Canon and the Lex Tiburtina.” In Roman Religion and the Roman Empire, 57–78. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974. Parker, R. W. “Potamon of Mytilene and His Family.” ZPE 85 (1991): 115–29. Potter, D. S. Prophets and Emperors: Human and Divine Authority from Augustus to Theodosius. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
186
W OR K S CI T E D
———. “Palmyra and Rome: Odaenathus’ Titulature and the Use of Imperium Maius.” ZPE 113 (1996): 271–85. ———. “Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone.” JRA 11 (1998): 437–57. ———. “Political Theory in the Senatus Consultum Pisonianum.” AJPh 120 (1999): 65–88. Premerstein, A. von. Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1937. Price, S. R. F. Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Purcell, N. “The Apparitores: A Study in Social Mobility.” PBSR 51 (1983): 125–73. ———. “The City of Rome and the Plebs Urbana in the Late Republic. In Cambridge Ancient History, 2d ed., vol. 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, 644–88. Reynolds, J. Aphrodisias and Rome. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1982. Richardson, J. S. “The Senate, the Courts, and the SC de Cn. Pisone Patre.” CQ 47 (1997): 510–18. Robert, L. “Le culte de Caligula a` Milet et la province d’Asie.” Hellenica 7 (1949): 206–38. ———. “Th´eophane de Mytil`ene a` Constantinople.” CRAI (1969): 42–64. ———. “Une e´ pigramme satirique d’Autom´edon et Ath`enes au d´ebut de l’empire.” REG 94 (1981): 338–61. ———. “Inscriptions d’Aphrodisias.” 1966. Reprinted in Opera minora selecta, 6:1–56. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1989. Robert, L., and J. Robert. Claros I: D´ecrets hell´enistiques. Paris: Editions de Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1989. Rostovtzeff, M. I. R¨omische Bleitesserae. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1905. ———. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. 2d ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953. Rouech´e, C. Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, 1993. Rudich, V. Dissidence and Literature under Nero: The Price of Rhetoricization. London: Routledge, 1997. ¨ R¨upke, J. Kalender und Offentlichkeit. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995. Saller, R. P. “Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers.” JRS 70 (1980): 44–62. ———. “Familia, Domus, and the Roman Conception of the Family.” Phoenix 38 (1984): 336–55. Schanz, M., and C. Hosius. Geschichte der r¨omischen Literatur. 4th ed. 4 vols. Munich: Beck, 1927–35. Scheid, J. Romulus et ses fr`eres. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1990. ———. “L’investiture imp´eriale d’apr`es les commentaires des arvales.” CCG 3 (1992): 221–37. Sch¨urer, E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. Vol. 1. Rev. English ed. Edinburgh: Clark, 1973. Shaw, B. D. “Bandits in the Roman Empire.” P&P 105 (1984): 3–52.
W OR K S CI T E D
187
Sherk, R. K. Roman Documents from the Greek East. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969. ———. Municipal Decrees from the Latin West. Arethusa Monographs 2. Buffalo: 1970. Sherwin-White, A. N. The Roman Citizenship. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973. Simpson, C. J. “The “Conspiracy” of A .D . 39.” In Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History, ed. C. Deroux, 347–66. Collection Latomus 168. Brussels: 1980. Smith, R. R. R., and C. Ratt´e. “Archaeological Research at Aphrodisias in Caria.” AJA 100 (1996): 5–53. Stein, A. Der r¨omischen Ritterstand. Munich: Beck, 1927. Suerbaum, W. “Schwierigkeiten bei der Lekt¨ure des SC de Cn. Pisone patre durch die Zeitgenossen um 20 n.Chr., durch Tacitus und durch heutige Leser.” ZPE 128 (1999): 213–34. Sumner, G. V. “Germanicus and Drusus Caesar.” Latomus 26 (1967): 413–35. ———. “The Truth about Velleius Paterculus: Prolegomena.” HSCP 74 (1970): 257– 97. Suolahti, J. The Junior Officers of the Roman Army in the Republican Period. Helsinki, Annales academiae scientiarum fennicae: 1956. Syme, R. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939. ———. History in Ovid. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978. ———. “Caesar, the Senate, and Italy.” 1938. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 1:87–119. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. ———. “Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature.” 1958. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 1:361–77. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. ———. “A Roman Post-mortem: An Inquest on the Fall of the Roman Republic.” 1950. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 1:205–17. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979. ———. “The Crisis of 2 B .C .” 1974. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 3:912–36. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. “Governors Dying in Syria.” 1981. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 3:1376–92. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. “Mendacity in Velleius.” 1978. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 3:1090–1104. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. “Some Imperatorial Salutations.” 1979. Reprinted in Roman Papers, 3:1198– 1219. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984. ———. The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986. ———. Anatolica: Studies in Strabo. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. Talbert, R. J. A. The Senate of Imperial Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Thomas, Y. “Origine” et “Commune patrie”: Etude de droit public romain (89 av. J.-C.– 212 ap. J.C.). Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1996. Vanderbroeck, P. J. J. Popular Leadership and Collective Behaviour in the Late Roman Republic, ca. 80–50 B .C . Amsterdam: Gieben, 1987. Veyne, P. “Iconographie de la transvectio equitum.” REA 62 (1960): 100–112. ———. “Les honneurs posthumes de Flavia Domitilla et les d´edicaces grecques et latines.” Latomus 21 (1962): 49–98.
188
W OR K S CI T E D
Virlouvet, C. Tessera Frumentaria: Les proc´edures de la distribution du bl´e public a` Rome. Rome: Ecole fran¸caise de Rome, 1995. Wallace-Hadrill, A. “Roman Arches and Greek Honours: The Language of Power at Rome.” PCPhS 36 (1990): 143–81. Watson, G. R. The Roman Soldier. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969. Weinstock, S. “Treueid und Kaiserkult.” AM 77 (1962): 306–27. Wiseman, T. P. “The Census in the First Century B .C .” JRS 59 (1969): 59–75. ———. “The Definition of Eques Romanus in the Late Republic and Early Empire.” 1970. Reprinted in Roman Studies: Literary and Historical, 57–73. Liverpool: F. Cairns, 1987. ———. “Legendary Genealogies in Late-Republican Rome.” 1974. Reprinted in Roman Studies: Literary and Historical, 207–18. Liverpool: F. Cairns, 1987. ———. Death of an Emperor. Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1991. Woodman, A. J. Velleius Paterculus: The Tiberian Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Yakobson, A. “The Princess of Inscriptions.” SCI 17 (1998): 206–24. Yavetz, Z. Plebs and Princeps. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969. ¨ Zanker, P. “Uber die Werkst¨atten augusteischer Larenalt¨are und damit zusammenh¨angende Probleme der Interpretation.” BullComm 82 (1970–71): 147–55. ———. Augustus und die Macht der Bilder. Munich: Beck, 1987. Zazoff, P. Die antiken Gemmen, Handbuch der Arch¨aologie. Munich: Beck, 1988. Zetzel, J. E. G. “New Light on Gaius Caesar’s Eastern Campaign.” GRBS 11, no. 4 (1970): 259–65.