New flora of the British Isles

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Since its first publication in 1991, New Flora of the British Isles has become established as the standard work on the identification of the wild vascular plants of the British Isles. The Flora remains unique in many features, including its full coverage of all British wild plants, its user-friendly organisation, and its specially compiled keys and descriptions. All native, naturalised and crop plants, and all casual plants recorded five or more times since 1930, are included. In the twelve years since the appearance of the Second Edition, many new data and ideas relating to British wild flora have become available. More than 160 species have been added to the text, so that 4800 taxa are now covered in varying degrees of detail. This is the first British Flora to incorporate the new molecular system of classification based on DNA sequences, a scheme that is expected to endure for centuries to come. The whole text has been updated and new features have been introduced. All the line-drawings and half-tones have been re-assessed and enhanced, and new ones have been added, so that now over 1600 species are illustrated on 180 pages. The distributions of all the taxa have been rewritten and there has been an overhaul of the designation of degrees of rarity, with the introduction of a third, less rare, category. These revisions should ensure that this Third Edition remains the essential reference source for all taxonomists, ecologists, conservationists, plant hunters and biogeographers, whether they be researchers, teachers, students or amateurs.

C L I V E A N T H O N Y S T A C E B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc. graduated from the University of London in 1959 and gained his doctorate at the Natural History Museum London in 1963. For the next 41 years he carried out research and teaching in the Universities of Manchester and Leicester, where he is now Emeritus Professor of Plant Taxonomy. His research mainly involved the taxonomy, biosystematics and cytogenetics of western European flowering plants. He has been a keen field botanist for over 60 years, and fieldwork was an important part of both his research and teaching programmes. He was President of the Botanical Society of the British Isles from 1987 to 1989. He has produced about 200 scientific papers and books, including Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles (1975), Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (1980, 1989) and Interactive Flora of the British Isles (2004). He was elected Honorary Fellow of the Linnean Society in 2004.

To MARGARET, RICHARD and MARTIN with love and gratitude

NEW FLORA OF THE

BRITISH ISLES THIRD EDITION

CLIVE STACE

with illustrations mainly by HILLI THOMPSON enhancement of illustrations and desk-top publishing by MARGARET STACE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521707725 © Clive A. Stace 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13

978-0-511-74210-1

eBook (Dawsonera)

ISBN-13

978-0-521-70772-5

Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

v

CONTENTS FOREWORD, by David Bellamy

page vii

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION Note on cover photographs

ix x

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION Acknowledgements

xi xii

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

xv

INTRODUCTION Taxonomic Scope Geographical Scope Status and Distribution Classification Nomenclature Descriptions Identification Keys Illustrations Conservation and Rarity BIBLIOGRAPHY

xvii xvii xviii xix xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxv

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

xxviii

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK (Black-edged)

xxxiii

SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

xxxiv

THE FLORA PTERIDOPHYTES (Ferns & Fern-allies)

1 1

LYCOPHYTES (Clubmosses & Quillworts)

5

(86325$1*,$7()(516$GGHU·V-tongues & Moonworts)

9

CALAMOPHYTES (Horsetails)

11

LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS (True Ferns)

15

vi

CONTENTS

GYMNOSPERMS (Conifers) (Black-edged)

41

ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering Plants) (Black-edged)

56

PRE-DICOTS (Primitive Angiosperms)

79

EU-DICOTS (True Dicotyledons)

85

MONOCOTS (Monocotyledons)

830

GLOSSARY (Black-edged)

1077

INDEX

1095

vii

FOREWORD A NOTE FROM AN ITINERANT BOTANIST by DAVID BELLAMY In my student days I was privileged to walk with some of the best field botanists in Britain, carrying a dented vasculum, a x20 lens, notebooks and a well-worn copy of the then newly available 'CTW'. A student colleague of mine was Clive Stace, who has now just completed the third edition of his New Flora of the British Isles. How time flies when you can talk with flowers using their proper names. CTW (Clapham et al. 1952, 1962, 1987) has been superseded by the New Flora, one of the most important features of which is an enormously increased coverage of the alien species that are sadly arriving on our shores in ever-larger numbers. CTW included a very modest number of aliens, but this element in our flora now needs our full attention and it is vital that we are able to identify these invaders correctly. Many of them are making themselves at home, altering our wild habitats in many ways, some with catastrophic results. Vast amounts of money are already being spent on the control of Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan Balsam, so what about the host of more recent arrivals, such as Guernsey Fleabane, which is now abundant on waste land in much of England? When it appeared in 1952 CTW had an enormous impact, supplying readily available information, generating enthusiasm, and pinpointing gaps in our knowledge. In those halcyon days a grounding in natural history was commonplace in schools, with scouts, guides, ramblers, natural history societies, WI and the Mothers Union also participating. Potential medics had to matriculate in Botany, and science students could read Honours Botany at most Universities. The New Flora has become the key authority in this field of endeavour, sadly at a time when extremely few Universities now offer courses in field botany or taxonomy, because the expertise to teach it no longer exists and because it is not a subject that generates much research income. The result is that our Universities are not training specialists in these fields, so new school teachers are also lacking in the requisite skills. This downward spiral must be stopped. The good news is that in this edition of the New Flora all the botanical data have been meticulously revised and brought up to date, adopting the new molecular system of classification at the family and genus levels. The molecular (DNA) classification contains many new and as yet unfamiliar features, but we all need to make the effort of getting to grips with it because it will undoubtedly endure for centuries to come, and it does indicate the true affinities of our plants. Although this is the first major work in this country to utilise the molecular system, Floras incorporating it are now appearing all over the world, so that it is becoming a real focus for a consensus in our taxonomic framework. To assist us in the transition the Synopsis of Families compares the old and new classifications. Those, like me, who find that line drawings are a boon when keying out species, will not be disappointed by this work of painstaking scholarship concerning all the plants that now grace these well botanised Isles. Over 1600 species are illustrated. Today there are many flower books containing super coloured pictures of our plants that form excellent companions to the New Flora, but sadly they are not reliable when used as the only method of identification.

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FOREWORD

The New Flora covers over 4800 species and other lesser ranks. With it you will be able to put the correct Latin and English name to every weed you might encounter from the top of Ben Nevis down to the depths of the littoral zone of Britain, while learning of their virtues, jizz, distribution and rarity. Jizz is of great importance and is, despite New Flora, best learnt on a walk with fellow Field Botanists. So if you want to be counted among the real Botanists of the 21st Century this superb work of practical taxonomy is a must for your working library and your rucksack. I also hope that it will provide a wake up call to our education gurus to get our schools and universities to urgently train more field botanists and professional taxonomists. Without enough such practitioners in the field it will be impossible to understand the changes in the solar ecology that feeds the terrestrial food chains that include us. Bedburn, Co. Durham September 2009

DAVID J. BELLAMY, OBE, DSc, Hon. FLS

ix

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION In the twelve years (to June 2009) since the appearance of the second edition, many new data and ideas relating to our wild flora have become available, and the third edition makes full use of these. Its main features are:

. . . . . . . . .

inclusion of more than 160 additional numbered species, mostly aliens but some natives such as Callitriche palustris and Cystopteris diaphana, plus many infraspecific taxa, hybrids and marginally wild taxa, producing a new total of about 4800 taxa covered in one way or other re-assessment and detailed enhancement by Margaret Stace of all the linedrawings and half-tones, producing much improved images review of the whole text, leading to innumerable corrections, clarifications and updates and the introduction of further improved features addition of several new half-tones and line-drawings, the latter executed by Rosemary Wise; over 1600 taxa are now illustrated on 180 pages rewritten distributions of all taxa, especially utilising information in New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, including all the unprinted data on the CD-ROM that accompanies it, and in Reynolds (2002) for the Irish aliens complete overhaul of the designation of degrees of rarity (R, RR, RRR), using post-1987 data, with the introduction of a third, less rare, category indication of extinct native taxa (E), i.e. those not seen since 1980 thorough revision of the classification and nomenclature, both by the continued application of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, for the first time in a Flora of this region, the incorporation of the new molecular system of classification (APG III) primarily at family and genus levels use of desk-top publishing software, enabling copy to be delivered to the publisher in the form of PDFs rather than camera ready copy.

The number of additional aliens arriving in our area and requiring treatment in a comprehensive Flora shows no signs of abating. Horticultural species that become naturalised here are often originally planted under the name of a native species, but they originate from foreign seed and many in fact represent a different but closely related species (e.g. Crataegus rhipidophylla), or, if they are referable to one of our native species, they might represent a range of its variation which is not naturally found here (e.g. Cornus sanguinea ssp. australis, Lotus corniculatus var. sativus). Such plants present major problems of identification, and their numbers look set to rise steeply in the future, especially in such places as new roadsides or conservation and amenity areas. I have received the same level of help and support in preparing this third edition as I enjoyed when writing the first two. Special thanks are due to Arthur Chater for valuable discussions and sound help and advice over many years, to Jeanette Fryer and Tim Rich concerning the genera Cotoneaster and Sorbus respectively for making available to me their unpublished data and for providing me with leaves for illustrations of the extra taxa (by chance 18 in each genus), to Eric Clement for continued expert advice on alien plants, to Gwynn Ellis for again compiling the very full index and for exhaustively proof-reading most of the text, and to my wife Margaret for spending many hours painstakingly enhancing all of the figures and

x

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION

preparing the PDFs. Rosemary Wise kindly prepared the additional line-drawings, as Hilli Thompson was unable to undertake this task. I am especially indebted to David Bellamy, my friend for more than 50 years, for kindly writing the Foreword in his own inimitable style. Many of those previously listed have continued to be of much assistance by answering queries, sending specimens, or pointing out errors or anomalies. I offer my sincere thanks to the following additional correspondents: Pat Acock, Henry Arnold, Hilary Ash, Pat Batty, Ian Bennallick, Fred Bos, Margaret Bradshaw, Stephen Bungard, Karl Peter Buttler, Pilar Catalán, Katherine Challis, Martin Cheek, Knud Ib Christensen, Paul Cobb, Arthur Copping, Mick Crawley, Philip Cribb, Jane Croft, Helen Crouch, Christopher Davis, Graham Day, John Day, Mary Dean, Ian Denholm, Graham Easy, Bob Ellis, Aljos Farjon, Carl Farmer, John Faulkner, Rosemary FitzGerald, E. Foerster, Michael Foley, Theo Gadella, Kanchi Gandhi, Alistair Godfrey, Mike Grant, Ian Green, Thomas Gregor, Werner Greuter, Richard Gulliver, Henning Haeupler, Elspeth Haston, David Hawker, John Hawksford, Marco Hoffman, David Holyoak, Chris Humphries, Matthew Jebb, Richard Jinks, Zdenek Kaplan, Daniel Kelly, Sally Kington, Jan Kirschner, Ingrid de Kort, Franta Krahulec, Richard Lansdown, Simon Leach, Bob Leaney, Graham Le Tissier, Alex Lockton, Mike Lush, Roger Maskew, Heather McHaffie, Catriona 0XUUD\ *LQD 0XUUHOO *RQ]DOR 1LHWR )HOLQHU 7RQ\ 2·0DKRQ\ &ODUH 2·5HLOO\ 0LFKDHO 2·6XOOLYDQ 3KLOLS 2VZDOG %ULGJHW 2]DQQH &KULV 3DJH %DUULH 3KLOOLSV Sharon Pilkington, John Poland, Mike Porter, Edward Pratt, Martin Rand, Jeremy Roberts, Ashley Robertson, Norman Robson, Clive Schofield, Pete Selby, Andy Smith, Mike Smith, Roger Smith, Mark Spencer, Paul Stanley, Malcolm Storey, Trevor Taylor, Ken Trewren, Pertti Uotila, Jan Frits Veldkamp, Rob Waterman, James Wearn, Jeanne Webb, John Wiersema, Sarah Whild, Michael Wilcox and Felicity Woodhead. The grand total is nearly 400. As always, I would be pleased to receive comments and criticisms from readers. Ullesthorpe, Leicestershire June 2009

CLIVE A. STACE

NOTE ON COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Edition 1 (1991): Riverside meadow, Yorkshire Dales (Agency photograph) (Ranunculus acris, R. bulbosus) Edition 2 (1997): Cliff-top open woodland, Guernsey (C.A. Stace) (Digitalis purpurea, Leucanthemum vulgare, Senecio sylvaticus) Edition 3 (2010): Maritime heathland, Pembrokeshire (C.A. Stace) (Erica cinerea, Ulex gallii)

xi

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION In writing this book I have attempted to produce exactly the kind of Flora that for twenty to thirty years I have wanted for my own use. Such a Flora would be as complete, up-to-date and user-friendly as possible, would be selectively illustrated, and would be available at a reasonable price. No doubt many people will find camera-ready-copy of the sort utilised here less attractive than traditional type-setting, but the costs of the latter would have increased the price of the book very steeply without, in my opinion, increasing its utility in any way. Others might well decry the consistent use of English names (albeit completely subsidiary to the scientific Latin names), but I strongly believe that the study of wild plants by many more people with very diverse backgrounds is important if we are to convince the politicians that we must effectively conserve our native plant genetic diversity. For the same reason I have used fewer technical terms and fewer abbreviations of them than is usual in Floras; indeed, with hindsight I believe I should have used even fewer. None of the above, however, is to be seen in any way as compromising or diminishing the need for absolute accuracy. When it is necessary to use a greater magnification than a hand-lens, or to cut sections of an organ, in order to see the diagnostic features, I have never pretended otherwise. The lack of a means of magnifying objects above x20 in good illumination, or of the ability to measure accurately to within 0.1mm, not only prevents one from obtaining certain data but, more seriously, is a frequent cause of misinterpretation or mismeasurement of plants. The remedy is obvious, and no more expensive than are the essential tools of a photographer, ornithologist or golfer. The Flora is designed to enable field-botanists and those working with herbarium specimens to identify plants that are found in the wild in the British Isles. This is, I believe, a new criterion; more usually the origin and performance of plants are given higher significance when deciding where to draw the line between those to be included and those to be excluded. However, when one encounters a plant it is often not possible to know whether it is native or alien, or whether it has arrived accidentally or been planted, and one cannot know whether it will still be there next year! Hence a pragmatic approach has been adopted. The list of species included, as well as the data provided for each of them (especially their nomenclature and distribution), are as up-to-date as the information I possessed in October 1990 would allow. The decision to write this Flora was made in 1983, and the actual preparation of the text took almost seven years. This decision was made due to the collapse of plans by a group of taxonomists to write a multi-volume definitive or critical Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, which had been discussed over the period December 1973 to January 1985. In the early 1980s it became clear that this project would founder (just as a similar one did in the 1930s), and it is regrettably the case that the British Isles still lack a truly complete Flora. Much information (especially concerning aliens) used in writing the present book was originally obtained by me for the abandoned floristic project in the late 1970s. However, this Flora in no way replaces the latter. In the Acknowledgements I have tried to convey my indebtedness to all those who have helped me over the past 40 or more years and during the writing of this

xii

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

book. Despite all their help I am aware that many imperfections remain, and doubtless errors will be uncovered as well. I should be very grateful to hear of those encountered by readers. If this Flora helps others to achieve anything approaching the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction that I have gained from the study of our wild plants, then it will have succeeded in its main aim. Ullesthorpe, Leicestershire March 1991

CLIVE A. STACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book certainly could not have been written without the assistance so readily given me by over 200 friends and correspondents over the past twelve years, quite apart from the help and encouragement I received for many years prior to that. Rather than make lame reference to people 'too numerous to mention', I have attempted to list all of those who have directly helped me. Their participation has ranged from essentially one-word answers to questions such as 'Is the Phyteuma spicatum naturalised in your area blue- or yellow-flowered?', to detailed advice on taxonomic problems, the provision of specimens, or careful proof-reading or factual checking of draft accounts. Others, mentioned elsewhere, have assisted in more specific ways, such as by preparing drawings. As well as thanking those who have directly helped in the preparation of this Flora, I wish to pay tribute to a number of people who have been instrumental in guiding me along the road to becoming a botanist. From the age of about 8 my parents actively encouraged my interest in natural history and helped to develop contacts with the local museum and societies in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. In my teens I received a tremendous amount of tuition and stimulation from Aline Grasemann (Tunbridge Wells Natural History Society) and Dik Shaw (my biology master). Our 'regional expert', Francis Rose, was also very influential, especially after the formation of the Kent Field Club in 1955. My first post-card from Miss Grasemann (dated 13th September 1953) reads: "If you are not doing anything else next Saturday what about coming over to the Dykes from Tonbridge Castle and seeing the Orange Balsam? And if you want to come and look anything up in 'Clapham' afterwards do." 'Clapham' (Clapham, Tutin & Warburg 1952) was to be a Christmas present from her three months later! In all my years at University, as both student and lecturer, I have been fortunate in working with many very clever and helpful people. I should especially mention my postgraduate supervisor, Arthur Exell, and one of my professors at Manchester, David Valentine. The other great source of inspiration to me has been the Botanical Society of the British Isles. In the fifties and sixties those of its members who were of particular help to me, both on excursions and by post, were Joan and Peter Hall, Douglas Kent, Ted Lousley, David McClintock and Ted Bangerter. Finally, my wife Margaret and sons Richard and Martin deserve special thanks. To someone who is totally addicted to field botany encouragement is both unnecessary and inappropriate, but their understanding and support have been crucial. Of all those who have assisted me during the writing of this book, a few demand particular mention. This project has been very much a joint project with my wife and it has absorbed much of her spare time over the past five years. She played a major role in the planning of the format and in proof-reading, and carried out all the inputting and the preparation of camera-ready copy. Douglas Kent, who has been preparing a new checklist of vascular plants of the British Isles in parallel with

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

xiii

my work, has given me the benefit of his vast knowledge of alien as well as native plants and of nomenclatural matters. He has corrected many nomenclatural errors in my drafts. Hilli Thompson has skilfully prepared the great majority of the linedrawings, patiently taking account of all my demanding and pernickety criticisms and requests for alterations. Peter Hall has painstakingly proof-read all the text, ensuring that there are many fewer mistakes and inconsistencies than would otherwise have been the case, and has helped in numerous places by drawing on his (and his wife Joan's) long field experience. Many people have advised me on alien plants, particularly on those that should and those that should not be treated by me, but by far the most help has been received from David McClintock and Eric Clement. Their knowledge of British alien plants is unparalleled, and they shared it freely with me. I am more indebted than I can adequately express to all the above for their generous co-operation. The long list of others to whom I offer my sincere thanks follows: Kenneth Adams, John Akeroyd, Abdul-Karim Al-Bermani, David Allen, Mark Atkinson, John Bailey, Peter Ball, G.H. Ballantyne, Bernard Baum, E.P. Beattie, Stan Beasley, Peter Benoit, E.M. Booth, Humphry Bowen, Paul Bowman, John Bowra, Eileen Bray, Anne Brewis, Mary Briggs, Dick Brummitt, Elaine Bullard, John Burlison, Rodney Burton, Andrew Byfield, Mary Caddick, Douglas Chalk, Arthur Chater, Eric Chicken, Tony Church, Peter Clough, P.R. Colegate, Ann Conolly, Tom Cope, Pam Copson, Roderick Corner, Eva Crackles, Diana Crichton, Gigi Crompton, David Curry, Tom Curtis, Kery Dalby, Dick David, John Day, David Dow, Ursula Duncan, Trevor Elkington, Gwynn Ellis, Trevor Evans, Lynne Farrell, F. Fincher, Bryan Fowler, Christopher Fraser-Jenkins, Jeanette Fryer, Gill Gent, Joan Gibbons, Vera Gordon, Richard Gornall, Gordon Graham, Florence Gravestock, Peter Green, Eric Greenwood, Adrian Grenfell, Paul Hackney, G. Haldimann, Joan Hall, Geoffrey Halliday, Gordon Hanson, Ray Harley, Gerald Harrison, John Harron, Clare Harvey, Chris Haworth, Stan Heyward, Sonia Holland, Kathleen Hollick, Florence Houseman, Enid Hyde, Bertil Hylmö, Ruth Ingram, Martin Ingrouille, Charlie Jarvis, Charles Jeffrey, Clive Jermy, John Jobling, Bengt Jonsell, Stephen Jury, Joachim Kadereit, John Kelcey, Archie Kenneth, Michel Kerguélen, Mary Kertland, Mohammed Khalaf, Peter Knipe, Doreen Lambert, Jacques Lambinon, Meredith Lane, David Lang, Peter Langley, Ailsa Lee, Alan Leslie, Frances Le Sueur, Richard Libbey, David Long, David Mabberley, Hugh McAllister, David McCosh, Len Margetts, Mary Martin, John Mason, Brian Mathew, C.T.F. Medd, Desmond Meikle, Ronald Melville, Guy Messenger, J.M. Milner, Alan Mitchell, M. Morris, Mike Mullin, A.R.G. Mundell, Michael Nelhams, Charles Nelson, Alan Newton, Hans den Nijs, Tycho Norlindh, Elizabeth Norman, John Palmer, Richard Palmer, Richard Pankhurst, Rosemary Parslow, James Partridge, Ron Payne, Franklyn Perring, Ted Phenna, Eric Philp, Ann Powell, Chris Preston, Tony Primavesi, Cecil Prime, Jim Ratter, John Richards, Dick Roberts, A.W. Robson, R.G.B. Roe, Francis Rose, Krzysztof Rostanski, Fred Rumsey, Jocelyn Russell, Alison Rutherford, Patience Ryan, Bruno Ryves, Margaret Sanderson, Maura Scannell, H.D. Schotsman, Walter Scott, Peter Sell, Ted Shaw, B. Shepard, Alan Silverside, B. Simpson, David Simpson, W.A. Sledge, Philip Smith, Sven Snogerup, Keith Spurgin, Rod Stern, Olga Stewart, Allan Stirling, Lawrence Storer, David Streeter, Barbara Sturdy, George Swan, Joan Swanborough, Eric Swann, Pierre Taschereau, Michael Taylor, Nigel Taylor, David Tennant, Richard Thomas, Stephanie Thomson, Göran Thor, John Trist, Ian Trueman, Bill Tucker, Maureen Turner, Tom Tutin, David Valentine, Ted Wallace, Geoffrey Watts, David Webb, Mary McCallum Webster, Sarah Webster, David Welch, Derek Wells, Terry Wells, Christopher Westall, Ann Westcott, Mike Wilkinson, Arthur Willis, Chris WilmotDear, Stan Woodell, Brian Wurzell, Goronwy Wynne, Peter Yeo, Jerzy Zygmunt.

xiv

xv

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION This second edition of New Flora of the British Isles incorporates the new information that has arrived in the six years (to September 1996) since the first edition was completed, corrects errors and ambiguities detected in the latter, and introduces a number of improved features. The most important changes are:

. . . . .

inclusion of c.320 additional taxa, including 129 fully treated at species level, so that now over 4600 taxa are covered in one way or another use of superior computer ware and laser-printing to produce higher quality camera-ready-copy, resulting in fewer pages despite the increase in text citation of chromosome numbers for all taxa where known standardisation of authority abbreviations with those listed in Brummitt & Powell (1992) provision of a full index down to subspecies level, including author citations and English names.

In addition, nomenclatural changes have been made where they have been shown to be necessary, but have been kept to a minimum; a slightly fuller treatment of Rubus, Euphrasia, Taraxacum and Hieracium has been provided; a number of extra figures have been added and others modified; the R/RR/RRR classification of rare plants has been updated; and the number of technical terms used throughout the book has been slightly reduced. Of the 129 extra species treated, one is a suspected native (Sorbus domestica), one results from a new monograph raising a subspecies to species rank (Arctium nemorosum), and the other 127 are aliens, both those now considered to be naturalised and those that now seem frequent enough as casuals. Many of these extra aliens were formerly included as 'other spp.' in the first edition, but their removal from that category has been more than compensated for by the addition of others. The reappraisal of the status of alien plants has been made possible by two recent publications (Clement & Foster 1994; Ryves, Clement & Foster 1996). As a result of this I believe that all currently naturalised plants are included in the Flora, and that at least a mention is made of all other aliens that have been recorded from more than 4 localities since 1930. I have received the same level of help and support in preparing the second edition that I enjoyed when writing the first. Duggie Kent, Peter Hall and Hilli Thompson deserve particular mention for their continuing roles, and I should also like to thank Gwynn Ellis for preparing the index to the second edition. Additions to the many correspondents that I previously listed and to whom I offer my sincere thanks are Phyllis Abbott, Dick Barrett, Richard Bateman, Gillian Beckett, John Benson, Jim Bevan, John Blame, Brian Bonnard, Chris Boon, Michael Braithwaite, John Bruinsma, Alec Bull, John Bullock, David Coombe, Allen Coombes, Jim Dickson, Philip Drazin, Andrew Dudman, Leni Duistermaat, J. Edelsten, Ian Evans, S.B. Evans, Larch Garrad, Peter Gateley, John Gibson, Jean Green, Paul Green, Chris Hall, David Hambler, Eric Hardy, Paul Harmes, Edith Hesselgreaves, Ellen Heywood-Waddington, Nick Hodgetts, George Hutchinson, Ann Hutchison, James Iliff, Helen Jackson, Michael Wyse Jackson, Peter Wyse Jackson, Sylvia Jay, Nejc Jogan, Graeme Kay, Quentin Kay, John Killick, Mark Kitchen, Geoffrey Kitchener, Adrian Knowles, Richard Lester, Len Livermore, Douglas McKean, Peter

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Macpherson, Steve Madge, David Mardon, Marcia Marsden, Roy Maycock, Ruud van der Meijden, Christoph Metelmann, J.D.A. Miller, Rose Murphy, Jackie Muscott, Philip Nethercott, Joy Newton, Jack Oliver, Margaret Palmer, John Parnell, Alison Paul, David Pearman, Donald Piggott, Rachel Rabey, Alan Radcliffe -Smith, Sylvia Reynolds, Tim Rich, Hilary Rose, Lesley Rose, Martin Sanford, Julian Shaw, Graeme Smith, Joyce Smith, Ros Smith, Roy Smith, Tony Smith, Laurie Spalton, Chris Stapleton, Paul Tabbush, Ray Takagi-Arigho, David Taylor, Bernard Thompson, John Timson, Bill Tucker, Roger Veall, Jaap Vermeulen, Max Walters, M.A. Walton, Keith Watson, John White, Geoffrey Wilmore, Brenda Woodliff. The aims of this second edition remain exactly the same as those expressed in the first, and again I would be glad to hear the comments and criticism of readers. Ullesthorpe, Leicestershire September 1996

CLIVE A. STACE

xvii

INTRODUCTION The following paragraphs are intended to explain the contents and arrangement of the Flora and the reasons for the various conventions adopted and decisions taken. TAXONOMIC SCOPE All vascular plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) are included, as is traditional in British Floras. The families (Lycopodiaceae, etc.) in which these are currently placed are listed in the Synopsis, and for the angiosperms the families are also grouped into orders (Nymphaeales, etc.). No formal taxa are given above the level of order, only informal ones (Lycophytes, etc.), due to the fluid nature of higher rank classification at the present time. Below the family level, genera, species, subspecies and sometimes varieties are recognised; subfamilies or tribes (both in the case of Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae) are defined only for those families with 20 or more genera. Below the genus level, subgenera or sections are defined only for those genera with at least 20 species. Apomictic microspecies are covered in full in most genera, but not for the three notorious genera Rubus, Taraxacum and Hieracium, for which specialist accounts already exist. In these genera a separation into relatively easily recognised groups of microspecies (here called sections) is provided instead. A full account of these genera would have greatly exceeded my own abilities and the scope of one volume. In addition to the above three problem genera, Ranunculus auricomus is an apomictic complex in which probably over 100 microspecies could be segregated; however, this complex has not been sufficiently researched in the British Isles to permit such a detailed treatment. The coverage of alien taxa has been as thorough and consistent as possible. Many more aliens are included than in any previous British Flora, yet a considerable number of aliens traditionally to be found in other Floras have been omitted. To merit inclusion here, an alien must be either naturalised (i.e. permanent and competing with other vegetation, or self-perpetuating) or, if a casual, frequently recurrent so that it can be found in most years. All this applies as much to gardenescapes and throwouts as to unintentionally introduced plants. Rarity, and the requirement of a highly specialised habitat, have not been taken into consideration (any more than is the case with natives). Extinct aliens are not treated. Cultivated species have been included if they are field-crops or forestry-crops or, in the case of trees only, ornamentals planted on a large scale. Exclusively garden plants, however abundant, whether crops or ornamentals, have not been covered, but most of the commoner taxa are included anyway because of their occurrence as escapes or throwouts. Also excluded are non-tree ornamentals planted en masse on new roadsides or in parks, etc. The aim of this re-vamped and expanded set of criteria is to include all taxa that the plant-hunter might reasonably be able to find 'in the wild' in any one year. Any such plant, whether native, accidentally introduced or planted, affects wild habitats and is part of the ecosystem, and botanists and others might be expected to need or want to identify it. Ornamental trees (but not shrubs or herbs) have been included because they are long-lived and frequently persist decades after all other signs of planting have disappeared from the area, so that the finder could not be expected to know that they were once planted. Doubtless, some additions to and removals from the list finally adopted are justified, but the

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selection of taxa is as judicious as it is largely due to the enormous help I have received from the many correspondents who have made alien plants their special study and who have generously given me the benefit of their advice. As well as the taxa treated 'fully' (i.e. keyed out, and provided with a numbered entry), other taxa that narrowly miss qualification, or fall far short of qualification despite their frequent inclusion in other Floras (often having become extinct), or have been erroneously included in the past, are also briefly mentioned. These are covered under families with a number followed by a letter (e.g. 11A), or under the headings 'Other genera' or 'Other spp.' that follow the keys to genera or species. All interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are included, but their level of treatment varies. Hybrids that have attained distributions no longer tied to those of their parents (i.e. those that occur at least sometimes in the absence of both parents) are treated exactly like species, except that the multiplication sign is inserted between the generic name and the specific epithet (e.g. Salix x rubens) and the parental formula is given (e.g. S. alba x S. fragilis). This has been normal procedure for some genera (e.g. Circaea, Mentha) in the past, but a consistent application of the criterion has resulted in many more such taxa being similarly treated. Other hybrids are placed in their appropriate systematic position, but are not keyed and are not provided with their own number; they always occur with at least one parent and their identity can usually be deduced because of this. They are provided with as much information as their situation appears to warrant. The only exception to the above is that some highly fertile hybrids that can occur in the absence of both parents (e.g. Geum, Hyacinthoides) are not treated as separate entities, since they form a spectrum of variation linking that of their parents. Reference must be made to the impressive Flora of Great Britain and Ireland being produced by Sell & Murrell (1996-2009) in five volumes, of which three have so far appeared (vols 3-5). This Flora, like the present one, is a project arising from the failure of the Critical Flora project of 1973-1985 referred to in the Preface to First Edition, but these two Floras even together do not amount to the Critical Flora RULJLQDOO\SODQQHG6HOO 0XUUHOO·V)ORUDSURYLGHVORQJYDOXDEOHGHVFULSWLRQVRIDOO the taxa, including all microspecies. In the first volume (5), published in 1996, the species covered were more or less the same as those in the relevant part of New Flora, but in the two successive volumes (4 in 2006, 3 in 2009) an increasing number of additional alien species has been included. These extra species nearly all fall into one of three categories: extinct aliens; rare or very rare casuals; and cultivated plants (especially trees and shrubs) that have not been found in the wild in the British Isles, or are very marginal. They all fall outside the criteria used for inclusion in New Flora. It is useful for herbarium workers to have access to data on extinct or very rare aliens, and for field workers to be aware of additional garden plants that they might encounter, but the criteria that were originally devised by me for New Flora have been carefully adhered to in all three editions, the last of which stands as an account of the species found in the wild in the British Isles at the start of the twenty-first century. GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE This Flora deals with the British Isles, comprising Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), Ireland (Northern Ireland and Eire), the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands (Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey). The Bailiwick of Guernsey includes Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and various lesser islands. The above are always referred to in their correct, strict senses, rather than loosely, except that a distinction between Great Britain and the Isle of Man is made only where necessitated by particular patterns of distribution. The United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is not referred to in the text. The smallest geographical unit utilised is usually the vice-county. There are 111 of

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these in Great Britain and 40 in Ireland, with the Isle of Man and Channel Islands representing two others. All 153 are mapped and listed on the end-papers. The Isles of Scilly (Scilly) are part of West Cornwall, but they have a distinctive flora and are therefore frequently referred to separately. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION The status of each of the taxa in the British Isles is defined by one of the three categories Native, Archaeophyte, or Introduced, and in the last case three subcategories are recognised: Naturalised, Casual, or Survivor. All these terms are defined in the Glossary, and only archaeophyte requires further explanation. $UFKDHRSK\WHV DUH SODQWV WKDW DUH PRVWO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDQ·V DFWLYLWLHV HJ weeds of cultivated ground) and have existed in the British Isles since at least medieval times, i.e. since before 1500 AD. Frequently it is uncertain whether the taxon concerned is actually native or introduced, and in many cases the use of the term largely expresses our ignorance in this respect. In this Flora I have slightly differed from some other works in the application of the term, because where a plant is known to have been introduced by man before 1500 (e.g. Castanea) I have treated it as introduced. Obviously many taxa that are native here are not native in every place in which they occur, and taxa that are naturalised somewhere in the British Isles are often not VRLQDOORIWKHLUORFDWLRQVLQVXFKFDVHVRQO\WKH¶KLJKHU·FDWHJRU\LVJLYHQ The sign E is placed in the right-hand margin for those native or archaeophyte taxa that are considered extinct in the British Isles (i.e. not seen since 1980), except that some of them still occur as introduced or casual examples. Distributions in the British Isles have been taken primarily from New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston et al. 2002), but a wide range of supplementary sources, notably including Reynolds (2002), has also been utilised. Endemic or extinct taxa are indicated in the text. The distributions are given in as concise a form as possible, with strict adherence to the definitions of the politico-geographical units referred to in the previous paragraph. Foreign distributions are given for introduced species, but these statements do not necessarily cover the entire range of a taxon, but rather those areas from which our plants most likely originated. CLASSIFICATION The classification of vascular plants most widely accepted at any one time has changed radically over the past two centuries, as the amount and nature of available data have increased. During the nineteenth century the system of Bentham & Hooker was most favoured. During the twentieth century this became increasingly modified to produce a less artificial, more natural, system, that of Cronquist (1981) ultimately being most widely championed and the one that was followed in the first two editions of this Flora. From the late 1990s onwards, however, our ideas on plant relationships (and therefore classification) have been revolutionised by the use of molecular data, mostly the base sequences of certain regions of DNA. Whilst this has largely confirmed previous ideas on the circumscription of most families, some unexpected novel features have emerged (e.g. the dismemberment of the Scrophulariaceae), and there are even more divergences in family relationships from those expressed in the pre-molecular systems, which demand a re-sequencing of the families. Many changes at the generic level are also indicated, e.g. the separation of Ficaria from Ranunculus. A radically new classification should not be adopted lightly, but the nature of the data now being utilised is such that it seems that classifications based on them will robustly stand the test of time. The need for all botanists to come to terms with the new classification, set out in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009) as the third (and current) edition of the APG classification (known as APG III), is surely evident.

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The angiosperm family circumscriptions and sequence adopted in this third edition are based on those in APG III and LAPG III respectively, the latter being the linear sequence of families derived from the former phylogenetic analysis (Haston et al. 2009). The few divergences from these that I have adopted are aimed at maintaining families that are recognisable morphologically, and at producing a system that remains as familiar as possible with its users. Such conservative measures, however, have been pursued only to a degree that falls short of transgressing the fundamental principles of molecular taxonomy. In terms of taxon circumscription, the vast majority of the taxa are monophyletic (see Glossary), and no known polyphyletic taxa are recognised, but a few paraphyletic taxa (Araceae, Caprifoliaceae, Plantaginaceae) are tolerated where the segregate taxa (e.g. Lemnaceae, Valerianaceae, Callitrichaceae) are very distinctive and do not easily fit in with the paraphyletic taxon from which they are separated. I consider this interpretation to be theoretically sound (Stace 2009). Some probably polyphyletic taxa remain, especially at genus level (e.g. Anemone, Lysimachia, Senecio), but these have been left intact pending the acquisition of more conclusive evidence. In terms of family sequence, the monocotyledons have been placed at the end of the dicotyledons, not between two groups of the latter as in the current APG schemes, because this much more familiar arrangement is no less correct on theoretical grounds (Hawthorne & Hughes 2008). The new sequence of families is presented in the Synopsis. In order to put the recent changes into perspective, changes from the system adopted in editions 1 & 2, and deviations from the APG system, are summarised in the right-hand column. The family sequence adopted for the pteridophytes is taken from Smith et al. (2006). NOMENCLATURE The articles of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature have been applied rigorously. The writing of the first edition of this book coincided with the preparation by Douglas Kent (Kent 1992) of a new standard list of vascular plants of the British Isles, replacing that of Dandy (1958). Similarly, preparation of the second edition coincided with that of the first supplement to Kent's List (Kent 1997). I benefited greatly from my colleague's nomenclatural expertise and from the results of his research during that time, and have greatly missed our continued collaboration since his death in 1998. A limited list of synonyms is provided. These are the accepted names used in Dandy (1958), Clapham et al. (1962, 1987, but not 1952), and Tutin et al. (1964-1980, 1993), and those used in the post-1970 British literature (including editions 1 & 2 of WKHSUHVHQWZRUN.HQW·VList and its Supplements, and Sell & Murrell (1996-2009)) and in Walters et al. (1984-2000). This selection should enable the reader to equate the names used in this work with those in virtually any standard modern reference. The abbreviations of authors used are those in Brummitt & Powell (1992), a standard now universally adopted. English names are given for all the species. I am quite convinced that the provision of English names is important in increasing the numbers of people with an interest in and knowledge of wild plants. Despite the fact that the Latin names are scientifically more meaningful and in my view always preferable, English names, if consistently and logically applied, can be no less accurate and their use by those who find them easier to remember should not be too strongly disparaged. In all but a few cases I have used the names adopted in Dony et al. (1986), but well over 1000 species that I have included are not listed in that work. Many sources have been consulted in order to find suitable English names for these other species; the American, Australasian, South African and horticultural literature was especially helpful. However, about 400 names have been, of necessity, coined anew.

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DESCRIPTIONS The descriptions of all the taxa are brief diagnoses providing what I consider to be the most important characters, and they have been made as consistent and comparable as possible. The data provided in the family descriptions cover all the genera treated as well as 'Other genera', and the data in the generic descriptions likewise cover 'Other spp.' as well as the fully treated species. However, it is important to note that no account of variation outside the British Isles is taken; indeed, it is specifically excluded, and the reader must beware of using the descriptions as definitions of the taxa on a world-wide or even European scale. In order to compile a description of a genus, the generic diagnosis should be read in conjunction with the family diagnosis. Species and subspecies descriptions should likewise be supplemented by the family and the generic diagnoses and the key to species (where provided). For reasons stated later on, however, it could be misleading to use the family and generic keys in order to compile descriptions. No generic description is given if there is only one genus included in the family, subfamily or tribe, as in these cases the description of the latter would be the same as that of the former. In compiling the descriptions I have naturally made use of a very wide range of literature. I have attempted to avoid the repetition of errors thereby encountered by checking most of the measurements and other characters on actual specimens. I have examined material of virtually all the species covered in this work, most of it in the fresh state. I have grown (or allowed to grow, or failed to prevent from growing) about a quarter of the species in my own garden; these, and others in other gardens (including the University of Leicester Botanic Garden) and locally in the wild, I have been able to observe closely over the changing seasons. Many measurements given, especially those describing plant heights or lengths, should be prefixed 'normally', 'usually' or 'mostly'. It is often misleading to give ranges including the extremes that have been encountered (e.g. a grass species 2153cm high); usually the normal range is much more useful. More exceptional measurements are often given in brackets, e.g. 3-6(9)cm, but even these do not always represent the extremes. In the case of trees, however, the maximum heights known in the British Isles are given, taken from Mitchell (1982), although this is now rather out of date. Measurements given without qualification are lengths; those separated by a multiplication sign (e.g. 3-6 x 1-2cm) are lengths and widths respectively. Certain conventions in terminology will become apparent after usage, especially if the Glossary is consulted. For example, 'above' and 'below' are used only to imply the upper and lower parts of a plant; upper and lower surfaces of an organ are referred to as 'upperside' and 'lowerside', or sometimes more specifically as adaxial and abaxial sides. The term 'leaf', unless otherwise stated, refers to the leaf-blade, excluding the petiole; this fact is especially important in the case of leaf length/ breadth ratios. Sporophytic chromosome numbers (written as 2n=) have been included for most species. The primary source for these has been the inventory of chromosome numbers of mainly native plants available from the website of the Botanical Society of the British Isles. This is based on material of known wild origin in the British Isles. I have supplemented those data where no counts from the British Isles are available by including counts of foreign or cultivated material (clearly distinguished - see Signs and Abbreviations) compiled from the standard published chromosome indices, most now available on the website of the Missouri Botanical Garden. I have usually not added any of the many counts from abroad differing from those from our islands. Sometimes the data available have been simplified by omitting reference to rare variations or to the existence of B-chromosomes. Despite some criticism, I have not included flowering seasons in the descriptions,

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as I consider them to be as often misleading as helpful. For example, Silene dioica, which is given as flowering in May and June in Clapham et al. (1952, 1962, 1987), can be found in flower every day of the year in Leicestershire, and in the Scottish mountains it does not commence flowering until July. IDENTIFICATION KEYS The primary means of identification is the keys to families, genera, species and subspecies. The great majority of these are dichotomous keys. In order to save space no line-gap is left between couplets, but alternate couplets are slightly indented to effect visual separation. Despite this appearance all the dichotomous keys are of the bracketed version, which I consider to be generally superior to (i.e. easier to use than) the indented type followed by some Floras. In constructing the keys I have attempted to avoid as many as possible of the pitfalls that I have personally encountered over the years. Keys are a vital part of a Flora, yet are one of the most difficult aspects to master and they provide a frequent barrier for the beginner. Long keys are particularly daunting, so I have subdivided keys wherever necessary by providing a general key to a series (A, B, etc) of supplementary keys. Hence few keys contain more than 20 couplets and very few more than 30. In a small number of genera multi-access keys are used instead of or as well as dichotomous keys (e.g. Epilobium, Sorbus, Cotoneaster). These are usually cases where some diagnostic characters are difficult to observe or are likely to be misinterpreted, so that it is hazardous to rely upon them in isolation (as often encountered in a couplet), or where aspects of the plant observable at different times of the season are important. In other cases 'difficult' characters are allowed for by providing two or more routes in a key. For example the (superior) ovaries of Rosa are liable to be wrongly scored as inferior, the (five) leaflets of Lotus are often mistaken for three plus two stipules, and the (white) petals of Berteroa often fade to yellow when dried. In these and in many other cases both alternatives are allowed for. A consequence of this is that the 'information' given in a number of keys to families and genera is sometimes strictly inaccurate. These keys are provided solely for the purposes of identification, and should not be used to compile descriptions of taxa. The keys to species and subspecies, however, should be free of any such misleading data, and can be considered as part of the description of the species and subspecies. Some notoriously difficult characters (e.g. aerial stems present/absent in Viola; inflorescences axillary/terminal in Trifolium; structure of the throat of the corolla-tube in Boraginaceae) have been deliberately largely ignored in the keys. No species key is provided if the genus includes only two species, and no subspecies key if a species contains only two subspecies; in both cases the two taxa are immediately adjacent and no key is needed. The keys to families include all the families not fully treated (e.g. 101A. Clethraceae) and take full account of all the genera mentioned in certain families under 'Other genera'; likewise, the keys to genera take account of all the species mentioned in certain genera under 'Other spp.'. I have assumed that the reader is familiar with the use of dichotomous and multiaccess keys, but I provide here some hints that I have found very valuable in the past. The keys are intended for use both indoors and in the field, and with both fresh and dried material. However, certain characters are not suited to field observation and, where special dissection or high magnification is absolutely necessary, no pretence is made that less satisfactory characters will suffice. The use of insufficient magnification is a frequent cause of misidentification. Before starting on the keys it is important to examine in detail the structure of the flowers, making sure that the number, shape and arrangement of the various parts are fully ascertained. If the flowers are not all bisexual then the distribution of the sexes

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must be understood. The structure of the gynoecium usually presents the greatest problems; sectioning with a razor-blade vertically and transversely is often required. If fresh material is being collected, observations on underground parts, woodiness of stems and range of leaf-shape should be recorded. If possible, flowers (and fruits) of varying ages should be gathered. Mistakes are often made in distinguishing between a compound leaf (no buds in axils of leaflets) and a group of simple leaves (with buds, often very rudimentary, in axils). In general, flowers are needed for identification by means of the keys, but there are some exceptions such as near the start of the General Key and in Keys A and B of the Key to Families of Angiosperms, and in some of the keys to the genera of Poaceae. The recent book by Poland & Clement (2009) attempts to remedy this. Apart from non-flowering material, it is usually not possible to key out a range of abnormalities such as extreme horticultural variants (e.g. flore pleno or otherwise with more floral parts than usual, extremely dissected leaves or petals, unusual colour variants), abnormally tall or dwarfed plants, monstrosities such as manyheaded Plantago and leafy-stemmed Taraxacum, plants with petaloid or leafy bracts, gall-induced variations, and various odd mutants (e.g. Fraxinus leaves with one leaflet). In the wild such plants usually occur with normal ones. Finally, four tips. Firstly, before using a key to genera read carefully the family description and any notes that follow it, and before using a key to species read carefully the genus description and any subsequent notes. These descriptions and notes always contain useful data and sometimes vital ones, since special terms and conventions (e.g. 'spikelet length' in Festuca is not actually the total spikelet length) are often defined. Secondly, read the whole of both alternatives of each couplet before attempting to choose between them. Thirdly, if there is genuine doubt about which alternative to choose, follow both, as usually one will soon show itself to be unsuitable. Fourthly, if a nonsensical answer is obtained, check back to ensure that the frequent error of choosing the correct alternative but following the wrong subsequent route has not been committed. ILLUSTRATIONS Some sort of illustration is provided for about half of the numbered taxa. The page on which each occurs is indicated in bold in the right-hand margin of the text. The purpose is not to picture a representative sample of the taxa, but (1) to provide drawings of (mostly alien) species for which ready sources are not available in the literature; and (2) to illustrate diagnostic parts (e.g. seeds, leaves, flowers) of more critical groups of taxa on a comparative basis. The illustrations are either line drawings or photographs. The former have mostly been executed by Hilli Thompson, to whom I am greatly indebted for the tremendous trouble she has taken to capture accurately the minute detail of the specimens. However, the choice of subject-matter, the supply of material, and the checking of accuracy, was carried out by me, and if there are faults in those respects they are my responsibility. The few drawings not made by Hilli Thompson are all attributed and acknowledged in the appropriate caption. Rosemary Wise contributed the additional drawings required for this third edition. Other artists who made drawings especially for this Flora and to whom I offer my sincere thanks are Dick Roberts (40, 873), Jerzy Zygmunt (364), Kery Dalby (494), Olga Stewart (647, 648, 649, 652, 653), Fred Rumsey (661), and Sue Ogden (1085-1088). The photographs, most of them taken via the light microscope or scanning electron microscope, have been prepared by me or on my behalf by various colleagues in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Leicester, except in the few cases specifically acknowledged. I am extremely grateful for the help in this respect given me by Abdul-Karim Al-Bermani, John Bailey, Jenny Haywood, George McTurk, Ian Riddell and Andrew Scott. Additional SEMs required for this

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third edition were kindly provided by David Twell and Stefan Hyman of the Electron Microscope Laboratory at the University of Leicester. CONSERVATION AND RARITY By far the greatest threat to our wild flora is the destruction of habitats, still continuing at a most alarming rate in the name of everything from 'agricultural policy' and 'economic development' to 'leisure activity'. When populations of plants (or animals) are decimated they become highly vulnerable to secondary pressures, of which collecting is one. There can be little objection to the accumulation of a reference collection of plants, providing uncommon species are excluded and populations of even common ones are not significantly reduced. Indeed, a collection of accurately determined plants is the best way of learning them and of enabling identification of extra species encountered later. Often, however, only a small part of the plant (e.g. a basal leaf or a single flower) is needed for diagnostic purposes. Rarely are underground parts essential, and, even where they are, these can usually be adequately substituted by notes made in the field. It should be noted that in Great Britain it is actually illegal under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to uproot any wild plant, even common weeds, without the land-owner's permission, and the Act specifies more detailed regulations governing Nature Reserves and rare species contained in the Schedule of Protected Plants (updated by quinquennial reviews). Under the Act it is an offence to pick, remove or destroy any part (including seeds) of the species in the Schedule, to attempt to do so, or to trade in these species. For practical purposes the species marked RRR should be those so treated. Other Acts cover Eire and Northern Ireland. Since it is only botanists who have a good knowledge of our wild flora, it is vital that they consider themselves under a special obligation to protect it by example and by persuasion. Rare taxa are referred to in this Flora under three categories, marked by R, RR and RRR in the right-hand margin; no plants in any of these categories should be collected, damaged or disturbed (e.g. by trampling, or by 'arranging' the immediate surroundings during photography). Even taxa not so marked are frequently rare in some areas (e.g. montane species in the south); where they are rare they should be respected as much as species that are rare throughout the British Isles. The 'R' signs of rarity are given for only native taxa and archaeophytes; hybrids not treated fully and aliens are not designated. Many taxa that are rare as natives are much commoner as aliens; only the native (or archaeophyte) distribution is considered for present purposes. The precise meanings of these signs are as follows: R - Uncommon, found in not more than 250 different 10 x 10km grid-squares in the British Isles (there are 3859 of these grid squares in total) since 1987. RR - Scarce, found in not more than 100 different 10 x 10km grid-squares in the British Isles since 1987. RRR ² Rare, found in not more than 15 different 10 x 10km grid-squares in the British Isles since 1987. These three lists have been compiled from the raw data obtained during the surveys carried out for New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (Preston et al. 2002), kindly made available by the Biological Records Centre, an up-to-date source providing a far more accurate summary than was possible in the earlier editions of this Flora. Useful discussions of nearly all the taxa in the RR and RRR categories above are to be found in Stewart et al. (1994) and Wiggington (1999).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Hundreds of books and thousands of articles in journals have been used in writing this book. In addition to those listed below, which were the ones most frequently used, special mention must be made of the numerous local Floras together covering most of the counties of the British Isles. These are packed with valuable information and were freely consulted, especially those dealing with rich areas or with regions at the extremities of the British Isles. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: in press. Bailey, L.H. & Bailey, E.Z. (1976). Hortus Third (revised by staff of L.H. Bailey Hortorium). MacMillan, New York. Bean, W.J. (1970-88). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, 8th ed. (revised by Clarke, D.L.), 1-4 + Supplement. John Murray, London. Brummitt, R.K. & Powell, C.E. (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Warburg, E.F. (1952). Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed. (1962); 3rd ed. (by Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Moore, D.M.) (1987). Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. & Warburg, E.F. (1959). Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed. (1968); 3rd ed. (1981). Clayton, W.D. & Renvoize, S.A. (1986). Genera Graminum. H.M.S.O., London. Clement, E.J. & Foster, M.C. (1994). Alien Plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Clement, E.J., Smith, D.P.J. & Thirlwell, I.R. (2005). Illustrations of Alien Plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Cronquist, A. (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York. Dandy, J.E. (1958). List of British Vascular Plants. British Museum, London. Dandy, J.E. (1969). Watsonian Vice-counties of Great Britain. Ray Society, London. Dony, J.G., Jury, S.L. & Perring, F.H. (1986). English Names of Wild Flowers, 2nd ed. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Dudman, A.A. & Richards, A.J. (1997). Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Edees, E.S. & Newton, A. (1988). Brambles of the British Isles. Ray Society, London. Ellis, R.G. (1983). Flowering Plants of Wales. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Foley, M. & Clarke, S. (2005). Orchids of the British Isles. Griffin Press, Cheltenham. Fryer, J. & Hylmö, B. (2009). Cotoneasters. A Comprehensive Guide to Shrubs for Flowers, Fruit and Foliage. Timber Press, Portland, USA. Graham, G.G. & Primavesi, A.L. (1993). Roses of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., Chase, M. & Harris, D.J. (2009). LAPG III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: in press. Hawthorne, W.D. & Hughes, C.E. (2008). Optimising linear taxon sequences

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derived from phylogenetic trees ² a reply to Haston et al. Taxon 57: 698-704. Hubbard, C.E. (1954). Grasses. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth. 2nd ed. (1968); 3rd ed. (revised by Hubbard, J.C.E.) (1984). Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.A., Foley, M.J.Y. & Porter, M.S. (2007). Sedges of the British Isles, 3rd ed. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Johnson, O. & More, D. (2004). Tree Guide. Collins, London. Kent, D.H. (1992). List of Vascular Plants of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Supplements 1 (by D.H. Kent, 1997); 2 (by D.H. Kent & C.A. Stace, 2000); 3 (by C.A. Stace, 2006). Kington, S. (2008). International Daffodil Register and Classified List 2008. Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley. Lansdown, R. (2008). Water Starworts (Callitriche) of Europe. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Lousley, J.E. & Kent, D.H. (1981). Docks and Knotweeds of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Mabberley, D.J. (2008). 0DEEHUOH\·V 3ODQW-book, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Meikle, R.D. (1984). Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Mitchell, A. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London. Murphy, R.J. (2009). Fumitories of Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Newton, A. & Randall, R.D. (2004). Atlas of British and Irish Brambles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Page, C.N. (1997). The Ferns of Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Poland, J. & Clement, E. (2009). The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. John Poland & Botanical Society of the British Isles, Southampton. Preston, C.D. (1995). Pondweeds of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Preston, C.D. & Croft, J.M. (1997). Aquatic Plants in Britain and Ireland. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Reynolds, S.C.P. (2002). A Catalogue of Alien Plants in Ireland. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. Rich, T.C.G. (1991). Crucifers of Great Britain and Ireland. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Rich, T.C.G. & Jermy, A.C. (1998). Plant Crib 1998. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Ryves, T.B., Clement, E.J. & Foster, M.C. (1996). Alien Grasses of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Scannell, M.J.P. & Synnott, D.M. (1987). Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland, 2nd ed. Stationery Office, Dublin. Sell, P.D. & Murrell, G. (1996, 2006, 2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, 3-5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P, Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G. (2006). A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55: 705-731. Stace, C.A. (1975). Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles. Academic Press, London. Stace, C.A. (2009). Chaos out of order in our new Floras? Gorteria 33: 140-148. Stace, C.A., Ellis, R.G., Kent, D.H. & McCosh, D.J. (2003). Vice-county Census Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Great Britain, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Stearn, W.T. (1983). Botanical Latin, 3rd ed. Thomas Nelson, London. Stewart, A., Pearman, D.A. & Preston, C.D. (1994). Scarce Plants in Britain. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Tutin, T.G. et al. (1964-80). Flora Europaea, 1-5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed., 1- (1993-). Tutin, T.G. (1980). Umbellifers of the British Isles. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London. Walters, S.M. et al. (1984-2000). The European Garden Flora, 1-6. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). The Grass Genera of the World. CAB International, Wallingford. Wigginton, M.J. (1999). British Red Data Books, 1, 3rd ed. Vascular plants. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

xxviii

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

With notes on changes from Editions 1 & 2 LYCOPHYTES 1. Lycopodiaceae 2. Selaginellaceae 3. Isoetaceae

CLUBMOSSES & QUILLWORTS

EUSPORANGIATE FERNS 4. Ophioglossaceae

$''(5·6-TONGUES & MOONWORTS

CALAMOPHYTES 5. Equisetaceae

HORSETAILS

LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS 6. Osmundaceae 7. Hymenophyllaceae 8. Marsileaceae 9. Salviniaceae 9A. Cyatheaceae 10. Dicksoniaceae 11. Dennstaedtiaceae 12. Pteridaceae 13. Aspleniaceae 14. Thelypteridaceae 15. Woodsiaceae 16. Blechnaceae 17. Onocleaceae 18. Dryopteridaceae 18A. Davalliaceae 19. Polypodiaceae

TRUE FERNS

Incl. Azollaceae

Incl. Adiantaceae 17. Onocleaceae split off Segregate of 15. Woodsiaceae

GYMNOSPERMS 20. Pinaceae 21. Araucariaceae 22. Taxaceae 23. Cupressaceae

CONIFERS

PRE-DICOTS Nymphaeales 24. Cabombaceae 25. Nymphaeaceae Piperales 26. Saururaceae 27. Aristolochiaceae Laurales 28. Lauraceae

PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS

Incl. Taxodiaceae

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

EU-DICOTS Ceratophyllales 29. Ceratophyllaceae Ranunculales 30. Papaveraceae 31. Berberidaceae 32. Ranunculaceae Proteales 33. Platanaceae Buxales 34. Buxaceae Gunnerales 35. Gunneraceae Saxifragales 36. Paeoniaceae 37. Grossulariaceae 38. Saxifragaceae 39. Crassulaceae 40. Haloragaceae Vitales 41. Vitaceae Fabales 42. Fabaceae 43. Polygalaceae Rosales 44. Rosaceae 45. Elaeagnaceae 46. Rhamnaceae 47. Ulmaceae 48. Cannabaceae 49. Moraceae 50. Urticaceae Fagales 51. Nothofagaceae 52. Fagaceae 53. Myricaceae 54. Juglandaceae 55. Betulaceae Cucurbitales 56. Cucurbitaceae Celastrales 57. Celastraceae 58. Parnassiaceae Oxalidales 59. Oxalidaceae Malpighiales 60. Euphorbiaceae 61. Elatinaceae 62. Salicaceae 63. Violaceae 64. Linaceae 65. Hypericaceae

xxix

TRUE DICOTYLEDONS

Incl. Fumariaceae

129. Escalloniaceae split off 58. Parnassiaceae split off

Incl. Caesalpiniaceae & Mimosaceae

Segregate of 52. Fagaceae 51. Nothofagaceae split off

Segregate of 38. Saxifragaceae

Segregate of Clusiaceae

xxx

Geraniales 66. Geraniaceae Myrtales 67. Lythraceae 68. Onagraceae 69. Myrtaceae Crossosomatales 70. Staphyleaceae Sapindales 71. Anacardiaceae 72. Sapindaceae 73. Rutaceae 74. Simaroubaceae Malvales 75. Malvaceae 76. Thymelaeaceae 77. Cistaceae Brassicales 78. Tropaeolaceae 79. Limnanthaceae 80. Resedaceae 80A. Cleomaceae 81. Brassicaceae Santalales 82. Santalaceae Caryophyllales 83. Frankeniaceae 84. Tamaricaceae 85. Plumbaginaceae 86. Polygonaceae 87. Droseraceae 88. Caryophyllaceae 89. Amaranthaceae 90. Aizoaceae 91. Phytolaccaceae 92. Nyctaginaceae 93. Montiaceae 93A. Basellaceae 94. Portulacaceae Cornales 95. Cornaceae 96. Hydrangeaceae Ericales 97. Balsaminaceae 98. Polemoniaceae 99. Primulaceae 100. Diapensiaceae 101. Sarraceniaceae 101A. Clethraceae 102. Ericaceae Garryales 103. Garryaceae

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

Incl. Aceraceae & Hippocastanaceae

Incl. Tiliaceae

Segregate of Capparaceae Incl. Viscaceae

Incl. Chenopodiaceae

Segregate of 94. Portulacaceae 93. Montiaceae split off 103. Garryaceae & 134. Griseliniaceae split off

Incl. Myrsinaceae (& Samolaceae)

Incl. Empetraceae, Monotropaceae, Pyrolaceae Segregate of 95. Cornaceae, incl. Aucubaceae

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

Gentianales 104. Rubiaceae 105. Gentianaceae 106. Apocynaceae (Order uncertain) 107. Boraginaceae Solanales 108. Convolvulaceae 109. Solanaceae Lamiales 110. Oleaceae 111. Calceolariaceae 112. Gesneriaceae 113. Veronicaceae 114. Plantaginaceae 115. Hippuridaceae 116. Callitrichaceae 117. Scrophulariaceae 118. Lamiaceae 119. Phrymaceae 120. Paulowniaceae 121. Orobanchaceae 122. Lentibulariaceae 123. Acanthaceae 123A. Bignoniaceae 124. Verbenaceae Aquifoliales 125. Aquifoliaceae Asterales 126. Campanulaceae 127. Menyanthaceae 128. Asteraceae Escalloniales 129. Escalloniaceae Dipsacales 130. Adoxaceae 131. Caprifoliaceae 132. Valerianaceae 133. Dipsacaceae Apiales 134. Griseliniaceae 135. Pittosporaceae 136. Araliaceae 137. Hydrocotylaceae 138. Apiaceae

xxxi

Incl. Hydrophyllaceae Incl. Cuscutaceae

Segregate of 117. Scrophulariaceae Segregate of 117. Scrophulariaceae Paraphyletic due to exclusion of 113, 115 & 116 111, 113, 119 & 120 & semi-parasitic genera split off; incl. Buddlejaceae Segregate of 117. Scrophulariaceae Segregate of 117. Scrophulariaceae Semi-parasitic Scrophulariaceae added

Segregate of 37. Grossulariaceae Paraphyletic due to exclusion of 130, 132 & 133

Segregate of 95. Cornaceae Segregate of 138. Apiaceae 137. Hydrocotylaceae split off

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES

xxxii

MONOCOTS Alismatales 139. Acoraceae 140. Araceae 141. Lemnaceae 142. Tofieldiaceae 143. Alismataceae 144. Butomaceae 145. Hydrocharitaceae 146. Scheuchzeriaceae 147. Aponogetonaceae 148. Juncaginaceae 149. Zosteraceae 150. Potamogetonaceae 151. Ruppiaceae Dioscoreales 152. Nartheciaceae 153. Dioscoreaceae Liliales 154. Melanthiaceae 155. Alstroemeriaceae 156. Colchicaceae 157. Liliaceae Asparagales 158. Orchidaceae 159. Iridaceae 160. Xanthorrhoeaceae 161. Alliaceae 162. Asparagaceae Arecales 162A. Arecaceae Commelinales 163. Commelinaceae 164. Pontederiaceae Poales 165. Typhaceae 166. Bromeliaceae 167. Eriocaulaceae 168. Juncaceae 169. Cyperaceae 170. Poaceae

MONOCOTYLEDONS Segregate of 140. Araceae 139. Acoraceae split off; paraphyletic due to exclusion of 141. Lemnaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Incl. Najadaceae

Incl. Zannichelliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae 141, 151, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160 & 161 split off

Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae Segregate of 157. Liliaceae; incl. Agavaceae

Incl. Sparganiaceae

xxxiii

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Before consulting the information in this Flora, it is strongly recommended that the Contents, the Introduction and this page (including the reverse of it) be read carefully. The Index at the end of the book should be used in order to look up a family, genus, species, subspecies or hybrid; both Latin and English names are indexed. In order to identify a vascular plant it is necessary first to decide whether it is a pteridophyte, gymnosperm or angiosperm. Many Floras purport to do this by means of keys, but in reality the questions posed (e.g. plant reproducing by spores; ovules enclosed in a carpel) amount to the same as the decision called for here. In practice it is best to become familiar with the range of form and structure found in the relatively few pteridophytes and gymnosperms, all other vascular plants being angiosperms. In the case of pteridophytes, the few that do not have divided fernlike leaves can easily be learnt and, in the case of gymnosperms, all have simple narrow leaves (except Araucaria) and woody female cones (except Taxus and Juniperus). It is especially crucial to distinguish between superficially similar but unrelated plants that provide pitfalls for the unwary. Well-known examples are mosses and Lycophytes; Equisetum and Hippuris; Lemna and Azolla; Isoetes and Littorella; Pilularia and Juncus; and Alnus and conifers. If flowers, spore-bearing sporangia or woody cones are evident, then the task is an easy one. If not, familiarity and experience will soon prevent one from falling into traps such as the above. According to the decision, follow the generic or family keys starting on pages 1, 41 and 56, the positions of which are marked by black-edged pages. These will lead to a family or genus, which will provide further keys as necessary, enabling one to arrive at the genus, species and subspecies. Where relevant, keys to genera are given under each family, to species under each genus, and to subspecies under each species. Before using the keys the appropriate part of the introductory chapter (pp. xxii-xxiii) should be studied. The arrangement of the information given in each species account is as follows: 1. Accepted Latin Name Author(s) (Synonyms Authors) - English Name. Brief description to give habit and comparative diagnostic features, not always repeating those in species key; chromosome number. Status; most characteristic habitats; distribution in BI; area of most likely origin if not native. Illustrations are numbered according to the page on which they appear, not in a sequence from 1 onwards. References to illustrations are given in the right-hand margin adjacent to the relevant taxon by sole means of a bold number. Rarity and extinction status are similarly referred to in the margin by means of R, RR, RRR and E. For the precise meaning of these symbols, see pp. xix and xxiv. A glossary is placed after the systematic accounts (marked by a black-edged page). Signs and abbreviations are listed on the next page. Maps and a ruler are provided on the front and end covers.

xxxiv

SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS BI CI Br En Ir Sc Wa

- British Isles - Channel Islands - Great Britain - England - Ireland - Scotland - Wales

N, E, S, W, NE, etc. C, M, MW, etc. Leics, W Kent, etc.

- points of compass - central, Mid-, Mid-West, etc. - (vice-counties) see end papers

Jan, Feb, Mar, etc.

- months of year

agg. auct. c. cv. E (in margin) et al. excl. f. FIG, Fig hort. incl. intrd microsp., microspp. natd nom. illeg. nom. nud. nom. inval. nothossp., nothosspp. nothovar. R. R, RR, RRR (in margin) sp., spp. ssp., sspp. surv var., vars + >, < > < 0 x 2n=

- aggregate - of various authors but not the original one - about, approximately - cultivar - extinct as native (see p. xix) - et alii (and others) - excluding - form (forma) - Figure (number following is the page number) - invalid horticultural name - including - introduced - microspecies (singular and plural) - naturalised - illegitimate (but valid) name - name invalid since without description - name invalid for some other reason - nothosubspecies (singular and plural) - nothovariety - River - see p. xxiv (degrees of rarity) - species (singular and plural) - subspecies (singular and plural) - survivor - variety, varieties - more or less - more than, less than - over and including; at least; not less than - up to and including; at most; not more than - absent - times (2x, etc. = twice, etc.); or indicating a hybrid - sporophytic chromosome number based on wild material from BI - sporophytic chromosome number of other material - micron, see Glossary

(2n= ) μm

1

PTERIDOPHYTES

FERNS & FERN-ALLIES A diverse grouping once treated as a single taxon. Herbaceous plants with very varied habit and leaf structure. Homosporous or rarely heterosporous. Sporangia borne either in cones or in groups on normal foliage leaves or on specialised leaves or specialised parts of foliage leaves. Gametophyte of homosporous species usually free living, green and photosynthetic, sometimes subterranean and mycorrhizal; gametophytes of heterosporous species much reduced and retained within spore. Here divided into 4 informal groups (Lycophytes, Eusporangiate ferns, Calamophytes, Leptosporangiate ferns).

KEYS TO GENERA OF PTERIDOPHYTES (LYCOPHYTES, CALAMOPHYTES & FERNS) General key 1 Leaves scale-like, in whorls fused into sheath at each node; stems jointed 5/1. EQUISETUM 1 Leaves not in a fused whorl at each node; stems not jointed 2 2 Plants free-floating on water, with 2-lobed leaves on short stem 9/1. AZOLLA 2 Plant rooted in solid substratum 3 Key A 3 Leaves simple, not lobed or lobed 1/2 way to midrib at least near base (rarely a few ± simple) 4 4 Sporangia borne on leaves or parts of leaves or special branches distinctly different from vegetative leaves Key B 4 Sporangia borne on normal foliage leaves 5 5 Sori on margins of leaves either in protruding indusia or at least partly covered by indusium-like folded-over leaf-margin Key C 5 Sori on underside of leaves, sometimes near margin but then not covered by folded-over leaf-margin Key D Key A - Leaves simple, not lobed or lobed 1cm 2 1 Stem elongated and aerial; leaves 5mm wide 5 3 Plant rhizomatous; leaves borne singly (often close together) and rolled in flat spiral when young 8/1. PILULARIA 3 Plant with very short corm-like stem; leaves 1-2 or in a rosette, not rolled in flat spiral when young 4 4 Leaves borne in rosette, with sporangia at base on upperside 3/1. ISOETES

PTERIDOPHYTES

2

4

5 5

7 7

9 9

Leaves 1-2; sporangia borne on spike-like special branches 4/1. OPHIOGLOSSUM Leaves cordate at base, with sporangia borne in linear sori on lowerside 13/1. ASPLENIUM Leaves cuneate at base; sporangia borne on spike-like special branches 4/1. OPHIOGLOSSUM 6 Leaves distinctly serrate along most of margin (x10 lens), the youngest ones with minute ligule near base on upperside; heterosporous 2/1. SELAGINELLA 6 Leaves entire, serrate only at base, or obscurely serrate along margin, without ligule; homosporous 7 Stems all ascending to erect, dividing into equal branches; sporangiumbearing leaves not in differentiated cones 1/1. HUPERZIA Main stems procumbent, with shorter branches; sporangium-bearing leaves in differentiated cones 8 8 Branches flattened, with leaves in 2 alternating, opposite pairs 1/4. DIPHASIASTRUM 8 Branches not flattened, with leaves borne in whorls, alternately or spirally 9 Sterile and sporangium-bearing leaves similar, without either hair-points or scarious margins 1/2. LYCOPODIELLA Either sterile leaves with hair-points or sporangium-bearing leaves with scarious, toothed margins 1/3. LYCOPODIUM

Key B - Leaves compound, or simple but lobed >1/2 way to midrib; sporangia borne on leaves or branches that are different from foliage leaves 1 Leaves simple and deeply lobed or 1-pinnate, the lobes or leaflets not or scarcely lobed 2 1 /HDYHV•-pinnate or 1-pinnate with deeply lobed leaflets 5 2 Stalk from ground bearing 1 pinnate vegetative branch and 1 sporangium-bearing branch 4/2. BOTRYCHIUM 2 Stalks from ground either a vegetative leaf or a sporangium-bearing leaf 3 3 Sorus-bearing pinnae with distinct flat, green central region, the sori clearly marginal 12/1. PTERIS 3 Sorus-bearing pinnae without green flat region, or if with one then sori clearly on its lowerside 4 4 Sterile leaves triangular-ovate in outline, 3x as long as wide 16/1. BLECHNUM 5 Stalks from ground each bearing very different vegetative and fertile branches 6/1. OSMUNDA 5 Stalks from ground either a vegetative leaf or a sporangium-bearing leaf 6 6 Sterile leaves >2-pinnate, finely divided, ± parsley-like 7 6 Sterile leaves regularly 2-pinnate, or 1-pinnate with deeply lobed pinnae 8 7 Perennial with densely scaly rhizome; sori near leaf margin which is folded over to cover it 12/1. CRYPTOGRAMMA 7 Annual with very short sparsely scaly rhizome; sori on leaf lowerside, not covered 12/2. ANOGRAMMA 8 Lowest pinna on each side bearing another pinna near its base 12/4. PTERIS 8 Lowest pinna on each side ± like upper ones, not bearing another

PTERIDOPHYTES

9 9

3

pinna 9 Leaves borne singly spaced out along rhizome; fertile leaves green on upperside 14/1. THELYPTERIS Leaves borne in tufts from apices of branches of rhizome; fertile leaves brown at maturity 17/1. MATTEUCCIA

Key C - Leaves compound, or simple but lobed >1/2 way to midrib; sporangia borne on edge of normal vegetative leaves 1 Sori a continuous line round margins of pinnules 2 1 Sori few-many discrete groups of sporangia, sometimes close together 3 2 Leaves 1-2-SLQQDWHWXIWHG”FPH[FOSHWLROHUKL]RPHVVKRUWVFDO\ 12/4. PTERIS 2 Leaves (2)3-SLQQDWHERUQHVLQJO\” PH[FOSHWLROHUKL]RPHVORQJ hairy 11/1. PTERIDIUM 3 Rhizome erect to ascending, trunk-like, >20cm thick, covered with old leaf-bases; some leaves >1m incl. petioles 4 3 Rhizome horizontal, 1.5x as long as wide 7 6 Sori orbicular to broadly elliptic-oblong, 260. Native; heaths, moors, grassy or rocky places on mountains. a. Ssp. selago. Stems to 30cm, 6-12mm thick; leaves linear-lanceolate, ± patent, green when healthy. Common in NW Br S to Wa, rather scattered in Ir, rare and very scattered in lowland Br, formerly locally frequent there. b. Ssp. arctica (Grossh. ex Tolm.) Á. & D. Löve. Stems to 10cm, 5-6mm thick; RRR leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, appressed to stem, yellowish-green even when healthy. Rare in Sc, incl. Orkney and Shetland, exact distribution not known. 2. LYCOPODIELLA Holub - Marsh Clubmoss Stems procumbent, with non-flattened branches, giving rise to erect, fertile lateral stems; leaves spirally arranged; sporangium-bearing leaves weakly differentiated into apical cones. 1. L. inundata (L.) Holub (Lepidotis inundata (L.) P. Beauv., Lycopodium inundatum L.) - Marsh Clubmoss. Procumbent stems dying back quickly behind, to c.20cm; erect stems to 8(10)cm; leaves 4-6mm, erecto-patent, linear to narrowly ovate, entire; sporangium-bearing leaves broader at base; 2n=156. Native; wet heaths, often on bare peaty soil, sometimes submerged; formerly very scattered almost throughout

RR

1. LYCOPODIACEAE

6

Br and Ir, now very local, extinct in C & E En. 3. LYCOPODIUM L. - Clubmosses Stems procumbent, with non-flattened branches, with erect sterile and fertile lateral stems; leaves spirally arranged or in whorls; sporangium-bearing leaves well differentiated into apical cones. 1 1

Leaves acute to acuminate but without long whitish point; cones sessile at apex of leafy stems 3. L. annotinum Leaves acuminate, with whitish apical point 1.5-4mm; cones usually on VSDUVHO\OHDYHGSHGXQFOHV” FPDWDSH[RIOHDI\VWHPVUDUHO\VHVVLOH 2 2 Peduncles 2.5-7(20)cm; cones (1)2-3(5) on each peduncle 1. L. clavatum 2 Peduncles 0-1.2(3)cm; cones 1(-2) on each peduncle 2. L. lagopus

1. L. clavatum L. - Stag's-horn Clubmoss. Procumbent stems to 1m or more; erect stems to 25cm, leaves 3-5mm, erect to erecto-patent, linear-lanceolate, with apical point 2-4mm, minutely toothed; sporangium-bearing leaves ovate to broadly ovate with long white apical point and scarious toothed margin; 2n=68. Native; heaths, moors, mountains, mostly in grassy places; formerly throughout Br and Ir, now absent from much of lowlands. 2. L. lagopus (Laest. ex Hartm.) Zinserl. ex Kusen. ² Hare's-foot Clubmoss. Differs RRR from L. clavatum in erect stems to 10cm; leaves 2.5-3.5mm, with apical point 1.53mm but sometimes lost early; and see key (couplet 2). Native; mountain slopes above 800m; 1 locality each in Easterness and Westerness. First reported in 2007. 3. L. annotinum L. - Interrupted Clubmoss. Procumbent stems to 60cm; erect stems RR to 25cm; leaves 4-10mm, patent to erecto-patent, linear-lanceolate, acute, ± entire; sporangium-bearing leaves ovate, acuminate, with scarious toothed margin; 2n=68. Native; moors and mountains on thin soil over rocks, often among Calluna; local in C & N (± entirely mainland) Sc, extinct in S Sc, N En and N Wa except Westmorland (1 site). 4. DIPHASIASTRUM Holub - Alpine Clubmosses Stems procumbent, often ± subterranean, with flattened erect branches arising in fan-like groups; leaves in alternating opposite pairs; sporangium-bearing leaves well differentiated into apical cones. 1. D. alpinum (L.) Holub (D. complanatum ssp. alpinum (L.) Jermy, Diphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm., Lycopodium alpinum L.) - Alpine Clubmoss. Procumbent stems to 50(100)cm; erect branches to 10cm, slightly flattened, glaucous; leaves on erect branches and upperside of procumbent stems 2-4 x c.1mm, entire, appressed, sessile; ventral leaves petiolate, c.0.5mm wide, with >1mm free from stem; lateral leaves fused to stem for c.1/2 their length; cones at apices of normal leafy shoots; 2n=c.48. Native; moors and mountains among grass and Calluna, often very exposed; locally common in N & W Br S to Derbys and S Wa, N, E & W Ir. 2. D. complanatum (L.) Holub (Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm., Lycopodium RRR complanatum L.) - Issler's Clubmoss. Differs from D. alpinum in more robust habit; erect branches strongly flattened, scarcely glaucous; ventral leaves sessile, c.1mm wide, with 20 in stems >8mm wide) 6. E. fluviatile 12 Stem-internodes with central hollow 8mm wide) 13 Stem with peripheral hollows c. same size as central hollow; steminternodes with 4-9(12) ridges 11. E. palustre Stem with peripheral hollows 1 merged), on leaf lowerside, with indusium the same shape as sorus and attached to side of it, or

20

22

13. ASPLENIACEAE

without indusium but whole leaf lowerside covered with scales; homosporous. Distinguished by the elongated (often very long) sori either with a straight-sided indusium or with indusium 0 but whole leaf lowerside covered with scales; most spp. are small and/or have relatively little-divided leaf-blades. 1. ASPLENIUM L. (Phyllitis Hill, X Asplenophyllitis Alston, Ceterach Willd.) Spleenworts Hybrids are quite numerous but all are very rare and scarcely contribute to identification problems. The only possible exception is A. marinum, which is sometimes mistaken for 1 of the 3 hybrids involving A. scolopendrium. The hybrids are all sterile and ± obviously intermediate. 1

Leaves simple but lobed almost to midrib, or just pinnate, when mature covered on lowerside by dense reddish-brown scales 13. A. ceterach 1 Leaves variously divided, not covered on lowerside by reddish-brown scales 2 2 Leaves simple, not lobed or lobed 1/2 way to midrib; sori single, with separate indusia, or some single and some paired 3 3 Leaves with terminal portion (c.10-30%) only lobed, not pinnate; some sori paired 4 3 Leaves pinnate ± to apex; all sori separate 6 4 Pinnae in lower part of blade with conspicuous gaps between, not or scarcely longer than wide 4. A. x confluens 4 Pinnae in lower part of blade without or with very small gaps between, often overlapping, usually c.2x as long as wide 5 5 Longest pinna (2)3-4(8) from bottom; sori 2-3(4)mm, usually confined 3. A. x microdon to outer 1/2 of blade and near to pinna-margin 5 Longest pinna the lowest or next to lowest; sori 4-6mm, usually confined to inner 1/2 of blade and near to pinna-midrib 2. A. x jacksonii 6 Leaves irregularly and sparsely divided into linear segments 12. A. septentrionale 6 Leaves 1-3-pinnate; pinnules or pinnae not linear 7 7 Leaves 1-pinnate 8 7 Leaves 2-3-pinnate at least in part 10 8 Distal part of rhachis conspicuously green-winged; larger pinnae !PP•[DVORQJDVZLGH 8. A. marinum 8 5KDFKLVQRWRUVFDUFHO\ZLQJHGSLQQDH”PP”[DVORQJDVZLGH 9 9 Rhachis blackish, with very narrow scarious wings 9. A. trichomanes 9 Rhachis green, not winged or with extremely narrow green wings 10. A. viride 10 Longest pinnae at c. middle of blade, the basal pair slightly to considerably shorter; petioles usually much shorter than blade 7. A. obovatum 10 Longest pinnae clearly the basal ones; petioles nearly as long as to longer than blade 11 11 Petioles green; blade 1-2-pinnate; indusia with fringed margins 11. A. ruta-muraria 11 Petioles reddish-brown to blackish; blade (2-)3-pinnate; indusia subentire 12 12 Blade and pinnae acute to very shortly acuminate; spores (32)39-45(52)μm across; widespread 5. A. adiantum-nigrum

1. ASPLENIUM

23

12 Blade and pinnae very long-acuminate; spores (25)30-35(39)μm across; S Ir only 6. A. onopteris Other spp. - There is no good evidence for the existence of either A. fontanum (L.) Bernh. or A. cuneifolium Viv. in the wild in BI as sometimes claimed. Specimens of the former were probably in gardens or temporarily escaped just outside; it is distinct in its 2-pinnate leaves with the lower pinnae reduced in size down to the basal pair. Records of the latter were errors for A. adiantum-nigrum. 1. A. scolopendrium L. (Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman) - Hart's-tongue. Leaves (incl. petiole) to 60cm but often much less; blade linear-oblong, entire, FRUGDWHDWEDVHXSWRFPZLGHSHWLROH”1/2 as long as blade; 2n=72. Native; shady moist rocky places, banks, walls and woods; common throughout BI except very scattered in N Sc. 2. A. x jacksonii (Alston) Lawalrée (X Asplenophyllitis jacksonii Alston; A. scolopendrium x A. adiantum-nigrum). Leaves (incl. petiole) up to 16(20)cm; (2n=108). Native; found in W Cornwall, N Devon and CI in 19th Century, refound W Cornwall 2002. 3. A. x microdon (T. Moore) Lovis & Vida (X Asplenophyllitis microdon (T. Moore) Alston; A. scolopendrium x A. obovatum). Leaves (incl. petiole) up to 20(30)cm; 2n=108. Native; found in W Cornwall and Guernsey in 19th Century, rediscovered on hedgebanks in Guernsey in 1965; endemic. 4. A. x confluens (T. Moore ex E.J. Lowe) Lawalrée (X Asplenophyllitis confluens (T. Moore ex E.J. Lowe) Alston; A. scolopendrium x A. trichomanes). Leaves (incl. petiole) up to 10(20)cm. Native; found in NE Yorks, Westmorland and N Kerry in 19th Century, refound in S Kerry in 1982. 5. A. adiantum-nigrum L. - Black Spleenwort. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, triangular-ovate in outline, to 50cm incl. petiole c. as long as blade; pinnules ovate to lanceolate, with obtusely cuneate base, with small dark scales (x10 lens) on lowerside; sori linear to linear-oblong; 2n=144. Native; rocky places in woods, banks and open sites, walls; common throughout most of BI. Plants from serpentine rocks in Sc have unusually wide, blunt ultimate leaf-segments and have been mistaken for the diploid A. cuneifolium, which they closely resemble apart from chromosome number; they have been called var. corunnense H. Christ. 5 x 6. A. adiantum-nigrum x A. onopteris = A. x ticinense D.E. Mey. occurs in W & M Cork and Co. Kilkenny. 5 x 7. A. adiantum-nigrum x A. obovatum = A. x sarniense Sleep occurs in Guernsey. 5 x 12. A. adiantum-nigrum x A. septentrionale = A. x contrei Callé, Lovis & Reichst. was found in Caerns in l9th Century; (2n=144). 6. A. onopteris L. (A. adiantum-nigrum ssp. onopteris (L.) Heufl.) - Irish Spleenwort. Leaves 3-pinnate, triangular in outline, to 50cm incl. petiole usually longer than blade; pinnules lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with acutely cuneate base, without scales; sori linear to linear-oblong; 2n=72. Native; dry banks and rock-faces mostly on limestone and near sea; very local in N & S Kerry, W & M Cork and Co Kilkenny, formerly elsewhere in S Ir. 7. A. obovatum Viv. (A. billotii F.W. Schultz) - Lanceolate Spleenwort. Leaves 2pinnate at least at base, oblong-lanceolate in outline, to 30cm incl. petiole usually much shorter than blade; pinnules ovate to suborbicular; sori oblong; 2n=144. Native; rocks, hedgebanks and walls, especially near sea; common in CI and SW En, frequent in W Wa, very scattered in Ir and W Br N to W Sutherland, but very rare N of Wa. Our plant is ssp. lanceolatum (Fiori) P. Silva. 8. A. marinum L. - Sea Spleenwort. Leaves 1-pinnate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, to 40cm (but often much less) incl. petiole much shorter than blade; pinnae oblong

RRR

RRR

RRR

24

RRR 24

R 24

24

FIG 24 ² Leptosporangiate ferns. 1-10, Asplenium. 1, A. obovatum. 2, A. onopteris. 3, A. adiantum-nigrum. 4-6, A. trichomanes. 4, ssp. quadrivalens. 5, ssp. trichomanes. 6, ssp. pachyrachis. 7-9, pinnae of A. trichomanes. 7, ssp. trichomanes. 8, ssp. quadrivalens. 9, ssp. pachyrachis. 10, A. viride. 11-12, Woodsia. 11, W. ilvensis. 12, W. alpina.

1. ASPLENIUM

25

to ovate-oblong or narrowly so; sori linear; 2n=72. Native; walls, cliffs and rockcrevices close to sea (often sea-sprayed); frequent on coasts of BI except E & S coast of En from S Hants to SE Yorks. 9. A. trichomanes L. - Maidenhair Spleenwort. Leaves 1-pinnate, linear in outline, to 20(40)cm incl. petiole much 10 on short-shoots 9 2 Most leaves borne in dense clusters on short-shoots 3 2 All leaves borne singly on long-shoots 4 Leaves deciduous, flattened; female cones 5cm, eventually disintegrating on tree 6. CEDRUS 4 Leaves with a distinct slender, short, green petiole appressed to twig; female cones 3cm 5 Leaves borne on distinct brown, petiole-like pegs; female cones pendent, falling whole; bracts not protruding beyond cone-scales 4. PICEA Leaves sessile or borne on slightly raised cushions 6 6 Winter buds conical, sharply pointed; female cones pendent, falling whole; bracts 3-lobed, protruding beyond cone-scales but not reflexed 2. PSEUDOTSUGA 6 Winter buds rounded to obtuse; female cones erect, disintegrating on tree; bracts not protruding beyond cone-scales, or protruding, 1-lobed and reflexed 1. ABIES

1. ABIES Mill. - Firs Evergreen; leaves borne only on long-shoots, single, sessile, falling to leave disc-like scars, with 2 resin-ducts, dorsiventrally flattened; female cones erect, the scales deciduous at maturity; bracts exserted or included. 1 1

3 3

5 5

Leaves arranged ± radially all round twigs 6. A. cephalonica Leaves on dorsal and/or ventral sides of twigs not radially projecting 2 2 Leaves on upperside of twigs all strongly divergent, leaving centre parting exposing the twig axis 3 2 Leaves on upperside of twigs not divergent so as to expose the twig axis 4 Twigs conspicuously hairy (hairs >0.25mm); buds not resinous; female cones with exserted bracts 1. A. alba Twigs minutely hairy (hairs 15cm 5. A. procera 4 Leaves dark to bright green on upperside, ± straight, those along midline not divergent from twig axis and overlying it; female cones mostly 5cm; resinducts deep-seated in leaf 2. P. nigra Leaves in threes 8 Leaves in fives 9 8 Leaves 10-15cm, bright green, rarely >1mm wide 6. P. radiata 8 Leaves (10)15-FPGXOOJUHHQ”PPZLGH 7. P. ponderosa Twigs with minute hairs at base of short-shoots; tip of female cone-scales scarcely thickened 8. P. strobus Twigs glabrous; tip of female cone-scales distinctly thickened 10 10 Leaves 7-12cm, directed towards tip of shoot; cones 8-15cm 9. P. peuce 10 Leaves 8-20cm, pendent; cones mostly 15-25cm 10. P. wallichiana

Other spp. - Many other spp. are grown for ornament. P. muricata D. Don (Bishop Pine), from SW USA, is a 2-leaved sp. with leaves mostly >10cm, bud-scales appressed and cones c.8cm, very persistent (as in P. radiata) and with long sharp prickles on ends of cone-scales; it has been reported as producing seedlings in CI, but the record needs checking.

45 51

51

7. PINUS

49

1. P. sylvestris L. - Scots Pine. Tree to 36m with trunk pale orange-red above; leaves in pairs, 2-8cm, glaucous, twisted; female cones 2.5-7.5cm; 2n=24. Native; forming pure or mixed woodland in Highlands of Sc S to M Perth; very widely planted in BI for timber and ornament and commonly natd, especially on sandy soils. Native plants retain their pyramidal shape until late in life and have short leaves and cones; they are often distinguished as ssp. scotica (P.K. Schott) E.F. Warb. 2. P. nigra J.F. Arnold - see sspp. for English names. Tree to 42m with trunk dark grey above; leaves in pairs, 8-18cm, not glaucous, scarcely twisted; female cones 39cm. Intrd-natd; throughout BI. a. Ssp. nigra - Austrian Pine. Crown wide with long side branches; leaves dark green, 8-12cm, rather stiff; (2n=24). Commonly planted in shelter-belts and for ornament, often self-sown; C & SE Europe. b. Ssp. laricio Maire (P. nigra var. corsicana (Loudon) Hyl., var. maritima auct. non (Aiton) Melville) - Corsican Pine. Crown columnar with short side branches; leaves bright green, 10-18cm, rather flexible; (2n=24). Commonly planted in shelter-belts and for ornament, especially near sea in E, and also for forestry on sandy soils in S, often self-sown; Corsica, Sicily and S Italy. Perhaps better united under ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco 3. P. mugo Turra - Dwarf Mountain-pine. Shrub to 4m with irregularly spreading branches; leaves in pairs, 3-8cm, bright green, ± straight; female cones 2-5cm; (2n=24). Intrd-surv; very hardy and planted in upland areas as windbreak, especially for young plantations; W Br, Man, Ir; C & SE Europe. 4. P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon - Lodgepole Pine. Tree to 25m with trunk dark reddish-brown above; leaves in pairs, 3-8.5cm, bright green, twisted; female cones 2-6cm, with characteristic long prickles on ends of cone-scales; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; now one of the most frequently planted forestry conifers but rarely used for other purposes, occasionally self-sown; W N America. 5. P. pinaster Aiton - Maritime Pine. Tree to 35m with trunk dark red-brown above; leaves in pairs, (10)15-20(25)cm, dark to greyish green, sometimes twisted; female cones 8-22cm; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; used in small-scale forestry and shelterbelts, especially on sandy soil or by sea in S & W, often self-sown; Mediterranean and SW Europe. Most trees grown in BI are referable to ssp. pinaster (ssp. atlantica Villar), but distinctness of sspp. among cultivated plants is dubious. 6. P. radiata D. Don - Monterey Pine. Tree to 41m; leaves in threes, 10-25cm, bright green, very slender; female cones 7-14cm, very persistent on branches, very asymmetrical, with small non-persistent point at apex of cone-scales; (2n=24). Intrdnatd; commonly planted in W Wa, SW En and CI in parks, field borders and small plantations, especially near sea, occasionally self-sown; California. 7. P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson - Western Yellow-pine. Tree to 40m; leaves in threes, (10)15-25cm, deep yellow-green, stout; female cones 7-15cm, ± symmetrical, with strong persistent point at apex of cone-scales; (2n=24). Intrdsurv; frequently planted in parks and occasionally used in experimental forestry plantations mostly in W; W N America. 8. P. strobus L. - Weymouth Pine. Tree to 40m; twigs with tuft of hairs at base of short-shoots; leaves in fives, 5-14cm; female cones 8-20cm, with tips of cone-scales scarcely thickened; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; occasionally grown in trial plantations in W, and in parks, rarely self-sown; C & E N America. 9. P. peuce Griseb. - Macedonian Pine. Tree to 30m; twigs glabrous; leaves in fives, 7-12cm; female cones 8-15cm, with tips of cone-scales distinctly thickened; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; occasionally grown in trial plantations in uplands in Br, mainly W, and in parks, self-sown in Cards; Balkans. 10. P. wallichiana A.B. Jacks. (P. chylla Lodd. nom. nud.) - Bhutan Pine. Tree to 35m; twigs glabrous; leaves in fives, pendent, 8-20cm; female cones 15-25(30)cm,

RR 51

45

20. PINACEAE

50

with tips of cone-scales distinctly thickened; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; planted for ornament in parks, etc., self-sown in Surrey; Himalayas.

21. ARAUCARIACEAE - Monkey-puzzle family Evergreen resiniferous trees; vegetative buds without proper buds-scales; leaves borne spirally, broad and flat. Normally dioecious; male cones solitary; male sporangia 5-15 per sporophyll; female cones with woody, spirally arranged conescales bearing 1 ovule; seeds not winged, remaining attached to cone-scale which falls at maturity. Differs from other conifers in the broad many-veined leaves. 1. ARAUCARIA Juss. - Monkey-puzzle 1. A. araucana (Molina) K. Koch - Monkey-puzzle. Tree to 30m; younger branches densely clothed in erecto-patent leaves; leaves 2.5-5cm, leathery, lanceolatetriangular, at least some >1cm wide at base, narrowed to sharp apical spine; male cones c.10-12cm; female cones c.15-20 x 12-15cm; (2n=26). Intrd-natd; commonly planted in rows or groups by drives, wood-borders, etc., very rarely self-sown; Chile and W Argentina.

55

22. TAXACEAE - Yew family Evergreen non-resiniferous trees or shrubs; vegetative buds with green bud-scales; leaves borne spirally, linear. Normally dioecious; male sporangia 4-9 per sporophyll; ovules borne singly (not in cones), terminal on very short lateral branches; seed surrounded except at apex by succulent upgrowth (aril), falling with it at maturity. Distinguished from other conifers by the lack of resin and the single ovules with a succulent aril after fertilisation. 1. TAXUS L. - Yew 1. T. baccata L. - Yew. Large bush or spreading tree to 28m, often with multiple trunks; leaves 10-30(45) x 2-3mm, dark green with two pale stripes on lowerside; aril c.1cm, red; 2n=24. Native; on well-drained limestone and also locally on acid sandstone, sometimes dominant; frequent throughout BI except N Sc, but very widely grown and often self-sown; exact native range uncertain. Numerous cultivars, with varied habit and leaf and aril colour, are grown.

23. CUPRESSACEAE - Juniper family (Taxodiaceae)

Evergreen or deciduous resiniferous trees or shrubs; vegetative buds without proper bud-scales; leaves opposite or whorled or borne spirally, entire, linear, needle-like or scale-like, borne singly on long-shoots. Monoecious or dioecious; male sporangia 2-8 per sporophyll; female cones with woody or succulent conescales arranged spirally or in opposite pairs or in threes and bearing 1-many ovules; seeds winged or not, becoming detached from woody cones or remaining attached to succulent cones at maturity; cone-scales and bracts wholly or partially fused. Distinguished from Pinaceae in the indistinct bracts fused to the cone-scales; the usually >2 male and often >2 female sporangia; and the buds lacking proper bud-

45

51

FIG 51 - Gymnosperms. 1-10, leafy shoots. 1, Cupressus macrocarpa. 2, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. 3, X Cuprocyparis leylandii. 4, Thuja plicata. 5, Sequoiadendron giganteum. 6, Cryptomeria japonica. 7, Cedrus atlantica. 8, Picea sitchensis. 9, Abies grandis. 10, Pinus sylvestris. 11-13, leaf-apices of Cedrus. 11, C. libani. 12, C. deodara. 13, C. atlantica. 14-15, leaf-sections of Picea. 14, P. sitchensis. 15, P. abies.

52

23. CUPRESSACEAE

scales. Genera 4-9 (Cupressaceae in the narrow sense) are distinguished from other conifers by the opposite or whorled leaves and female cone-scales. Juvenile foliage of these genera is needle-like and patent, with leaves usually in whorls of 3 but sometimes opposite. Mature foliage is scale-like and appressed with opposite leaves. Except in Juniperus and certain cultivars of other genera the juvenile foliage is lost at a very young stage. In all other genera 'leaves' refers to those of mature foliage. 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

Leaves 1 at each node and borne spirally (but often apparently 2-ranked) 2 Leaves in opposite pairs or in 3s at each node 4 2 Leaves dorsiventrally flattened, not decurrent at base, spreading in 1 plane on opposite sides of twigs 1. SEQUOIA 2 Leaves tapering from decurrent base to apex, not flattened, disposed ± equally around stem 3 Trunk with thick, spongy outer bark; leaves wider than thick; female cones >4cm, without recurved points at apex of scale 2. SEQUOIADENDRON Trunk with thin, stringy outer bark; leaves thicker than wide; female cones 20-flowered; sepals 2-3.5 x 1-1.5mm; 2n=32. All over BI, the commonest Fumaria in Sc and E & C En, but rare in many parts of the W. b. Ssp. wirtgenii (W.D.J. Koch) Arcang. Racemes 3 spinose teeth on each margin 7 6 Leaves 3mm (not 10mm, with pear-shaped nectar-pit 11 Leaves intermediate between laminar and capillary usually common, mostly as capillary leaves with some slightly flattened segments; mature achenes not formed 26. R. x kelchoensis Leaves intermediate between laminar and capillary rarely present; fertile achenes regularly produced 12 12 Capillary leaves rigid or flaccid, shorter than adjacent stem internode, with markedly divergent segments 25. R. peltatus 12 Capillary leaves flaccid, usually longer than adjacent stem internode, with ± parallel segments 27. R. penicillatus Leaves rigid, circular in outline, the segments all lying in 1 plane 30. R. circinatus Leaves with segments not lying in 1 plane 14 14 Achenes narrowly winged and borne on ovoid receptacle when completely mature 22. R. baudotii 14 Achenes not winged at maturity, borne on ± spherical receptacle 15 Petals usually 5mm, with circular or pear-shaped (rarely lunate) nectar-pit, contiguous at anthesis 16 16 Receptacle pilose to glabrous; mature leaves longer than adjacent internode, rarely >4x forked, with ± parallel segments 29. R. fluitans 16 Receptacle densely hairy; mature leaves shorter to longer than adjacent internode, usually some >4x forked, with divergent to ± parallel segments 17 Pedicel in fruit rarely >50mm; petals 50mm; petals usually >10mm, with pearshaped (rarely lunate) nectar-pit 18 18 Mature achenes not formed; pedicels not elongating 28. R. x bachii 18 Fertile achenes regularly produced from each flower; pedicels elongating in fruit 19 Ultimate segments of well-developed leaves 100, often >200 27. R. penicillatus

Subgenus 1 - RANUNCULUS (spp. 1-17). Petals yellow except in R. aconitifolius (white), normally 5; achenes not transversely ridged; stipules 0. 1. R. acris L. - Meadow Buttercup. Erect perennial to 1m; basal leaves deeply palmately lobed, hairy; flowers 15-25mm across; sepals not reflexed; achenes 23.5mm, glabrous, smooth, with short hooked beak. Native; grassland, especially damp and calcareous, up to 1220m. a. Ssp. acris. Stems relatively tall and branched; basal leaves divided into 5-7(9) ODQFHRODWHRIWHQRYHUODSSLQJVHJPHQWVWKHFHQWUDORQHXVXDOO\GLYLGHG•2/3 way to midrib, with veins prominent on lowerside; 2n=14. Common throughout BI.

116

13. RANUNCULUS

113

b. Ssp. borealis (Regel) Nyman. Stems usually 1/2 way to midrib, with veins not prominent on lowerside; 2n=14. N Sc and W & C Ir. Var. villosus (Drabble) S.M. Coles occurs throughout that region; it has lower parts of stems and petioles densely hairy, and leaves usually densely hairy on both surfaces and with acute to subacute segments. Var. pumilus Wahlenb. is known only in Cairngorms, C Sc; it has lower parts of stems and petioles glabrous to sparsely hairy, and leaves glabrous to subglabrous on both surfaces and with obtuse segments. Var. borealis Regel does not occur in BI. 2. R. repens L. - Creeping Buttercup. Perennial with strong creeping stems rooting at nodes and ± erect flowering stems to 60cm; basal leaves triangular-ovate in outline, with 3 main segments, the middle one long-stalked and borne above the 2 laterals, usually hairy; flowers 20-30mm across; sepals not reflexed; achenes 2.53.8mm, glabrous, smooth, with short curved beak; 2n=32. Native; wet grassland, woods, streamsides, marshes and duneslacks, and as a weed; abundant throughout BI. 3. R. bulbosus L. - Bulbous Buttercup. Erect perennial to 40cm with swollen cormlike stem-base; basal leaves ovate in outline, with 3 main lobes, the middle one sessile or stalked, hairy; flowers 15-30mm across; sepals strongly reflexed at anthesis; achenes 2-4mm, glabrous, finely pitted, with short hooked beak; 2n=16. Native; dry grassland and fixed dunes; common in most of BI but absent from parts of Sc and Ir. Ssp. bulbifer (Jord.) P. Fourn. is continuously connected to ssp. bulbosus and probably not worthy of recognition. A variant described from maritime dunes in CI and W BI as var. dunensis Druce has large flowers (25-30mm across), rather short stout stems, and stems and upper leaves with dense, long, white, patent hairs, but similar plants predominate all over Ir and parts of BI and do not merit ssp. status. 4. R. sardous Crantz - Hairy Buttercup. Erect annual to 40cm; leaves similar to those of R. bulbosus; flowers 12-25mm across, paler yellow than in R. bulbosus; sepals strongly reflexed at anthesis; achenes 2-3(4)mm, glabrous, smooth apart from IHZ WXEHUFOHV MXVW LQVLGH ERUGHU ZLWK FXUYHG EHDN ”PP Q   3UREDEO\ native; grassland and cultivated land; frequent near S & E coasts of En and in CI, very local (formerly commoner) elsewhere in Br N to C Sc. 5. R. marginatus d'Urv. - St Martin's Buttercup. Erect annual to 40cm; lower leaves with 3 broad incomplete lobes, sparsely hairy; flowers 12-25mm across; sepals strongly reflexed at anthesis; achenes 3.5-5mm, glabrous, densely tuberculate on sides or without tubercles, with curved beak 0.5-1mm; (2n=32). Intrd-natd; ± natd as weed of cultivated ground in extreme SW En, especially Scilly, rare casual elsewhere; E Mediterranean. Scillonian and some casual examples are referable to var. trachycarpus (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Azn., with tuberculate achenes; var. marginatus has smooth achenes and has been found since 1991 in scattered sites in En as a constituent of sown 'wild' flower seed, and is persistent in Cambs. Differs from R. sardous in much more sparsely hairy stems and leaves, deeper yellow petals, and see Key A (couplet 12). 6. R. muricatus L. - Rough-fruited Buttercup. Erect annual to 40cm; lower leaves usually 3-lobed to 1mm on sides, with slightly curved beak 3-4mm; (2n=32). Archaeophyte; weed of cultivated ground, especially cornfields; formerly frequent in En and E Wa and scattered in N to C Sc, but now much rarer. 9. R. paludosus Poir. - Jersey Buttercup. Erect perennial to 40cm, some roots RRR developed as spindle-shaped tubers; inner basal leaves narrowly and deeply 116 ternately divided, hairy; stem-leaves 1-2, small; flowers 20-30mm across; sepals not reflexed; achenes 2.5-3mm, slightly hairy, ± smooth, with ± straight or minutely hooked beak c.1mm, borne on much elongated receptacle; 2n=32. Native; grassy places dry in summer but damp in winter; Jersey. 10. R. auricomus L. - Goldilocks Buttercup. Erect perennial to 40cm; basal leaves 116 reniform in outline, very variably 3-lobed, glabrous to sparsely appressed-hairy; stem-leaves few, deeply divided; flowers with variably developed (sometimes 0) petals, 15-25mm across when complete; sepals not reflexed; achenes 3-4mm, very shortly hairy, smooth, with curved or hooked beak >1mm; 2n=32. Native; woods and hedgebanks; frequent throughout En but less so in Sc (not Outer Isles), Wa and Ir. Apomictic; several hundred agamospecies have been described from the Continent. Our plants are probably different from any of these, and probably well over 100 could be recognised, but they have not yet been fully worked out. 11. R. sceleratus L. - Celery-leaved Buttercup. Erect annual to 60cm; lower leaves 116 deeply 3-lobed, ± glabrous, shiny; flowers 5-10mm across; sepals strongly reflexed at anthesis; achenes c.1mm, glabrous, smooth, with vestigial beak; 2n=32. Native; in marshy fields, ditches, ponds and streamsides; frequent throughout En and CI but more scattered and mostly coastal in Sc, Wa and Ir. 12. R. lingua L. - Greater Spearwort. Erect strongly stoloniferous or rhizomatous 116 perennial to 120cm; lowest leaves ovate, cordate, ± entire, but often withered at flowering; stem-leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, narrowly cuneate, shallowly toothed, ± glabrous; flowers 20-50mm across; pedicels terete; sepals not reflexed; achenes c.2.5mm, glabrous, minutely pitted, very narrowly winged, with short curved beak; (2n=64, 128). Native; marshes and pondsides; scattered through BI except N Sc; commonly grown and often ± natd, and native range uncertain. 13. R. flammula L. - Lesser Spearwort. Erect to procumbent perennial to 50cm; 116 stem-leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear, narrowly cuneate, ± glabrous; flowers 7-20(25)mm across; pedicels furrowed; sepals not reflexed, achenes 1-2(2.3) mm, glabrous, minutely pitted, not winged, plus beak c.1/20-1/5 as long. Native; all kinds of wet places; throughout BI. 1 Lowest leaves with leaf-blade cordate at base b. ssp. minimus 1 Lowest leaves with leaf-blade cuneate at base or 0 2 2 Lowest leaves persistent, with well developed leaf-blade a. ssp. flammula 2 Lowest leaves falling early, with leaf-blade 0 or much reduced c. ssp. scoticus a. Ssp. flammula. Erect to procumbent, often rooting at lower nodes; lowest leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneate, ± entire; achenes 1.1-1.6x as long as wide; 2n=32. Range of sp. b. Ssp. minimus (A. Benn.) Padmore. Decumbent to procumbent, rooting only at RRR lower nodes; lowest leaves broadly ovate, cordate, ± entire; flowers >15mm across; achenes 1-1.4x as long as wide. N Sc (incl. Outer Isles), N Kerry, Co Clare; endemic. c. Ssp. scoticus (E.S. Marshall) A.R. Clapham. Erect; lowest leaves consisting of RRR long petiole with reduced or no leaf-blade, falling early; flowers usually 1, mostly

13. RANUNCULUS

115

10-15mm across; achenes as in ssp. flammula. N Sc and NW Ir; endemic. 14. R. x levenensis Druce ex Gornall (R. flammula x R. reptans) - Loch Leven RRR Spearwort. Differs from R. flammula ssp. flammula in its procumbent stems rooting at most nodes; flowers c.5-12mm across, solitary on upturned flowering stem; achenes 1-1.5(1.9)mm plus beak c.1/8-1/3 as long; and see key A (couplet 5); 2n=32. Native; barish lake shores on pebbly or silty substrata; local in Br from Lake District to N Aberdeen, mostly in absence of R. reptans but usually with R. flammula, with which it backcrosses. 15. R. reptans L. - Creeping Spearwort. Differs from R. flammula and R. x levenensis RRR in its procumbent stems rooting at ± all nodes; solitary flowers c.5(-10)mm across; achenes 1-1.5mm plus beak c.1/5-1/3 as long; and see key A (couplet 6); (2n=32). Native; same habitats and localities as R. x levenensis and giving rise to it, now extinct except for occasional non-persistent reintroductions (probably by geese). 16. R. ophioglossifolius Vill. - Adder's-tongue Spearwort. Erect annual to 40cm; RRR lowest leaves ovate, cordate, glabrous, ± entire; stem-leaves broadly to narrowly 116 elliptic, shallowly and distantly toothed; flowers 5-9mm across; sepals not reflexed; achenes c.1.5mm, glabrous, with small tubercles on sides, with very short beak; 2n=16. Native; marshy ground; E & W Gloucs, formerly Dorset, S Hants and Jersey. 17. R. aconitifolius L. - Aconite-leaved Buttercup. Erect perennial to 60cm; lowest 116 leaves deeply palmately 3-7-lobed; flowers 10-25mm across; sepals not reflexed; petals white; achenes 2-4mm, glabrous, smooth apart from raised veins, with short hooked beak; (2n=14, 16). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, often as flore pleno, and natd in a few damp places and by streams; N Br S to Yorks; Europe. Subgenus 2 - BATRACHIUM (DC.) A. Gray (spp. 18-30). Petals white, normally 5; achenes transversely ridged; stems with broadly lobed (laminar) normally floating leaves, very finely divided (capillary) normally submerged leaves, or both (heterophyllous); transitional leaves rare except in hybrids; stipules present. 18. R. hederaceus L. - Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Procumbent annual or perennial; leaves 116 all laminar, divided 1/2 way into 3(-5) lobes; capillary leaves with rigid divergent segments; petals 5.5-10mm, contiguous at anthesis, with lunate nectar-pit; sepals reflexed, usually blue-tipped (sometimes so in other spp.); receptacle hairy, becoming ovoid in fruit; immature achenes glabrous, becoming very narrowly winged at full maturity; 2n=32. Native; ditches and ponds near sea, often brackish; scattered round coasts of BI. 22 x 23. R. baudotii x R. trichophyllus = R. x segretii A. Félix is found in coastal regions near the parents N to Flints and S Lincs. It is sterile and intermediate, but closer to R. trichophyllus, and develops transitional leaves. 22 x 24. R. baudotii x R. aquatilis = R. x lambertii A. Félix is found with both parents in W Cornwall. It is sterile and intermediate, with transitional leaves. 22 x 25. R. baudotii x R. peltatus was probably found in 1983 in S Devon. It resembles R. baudotii more closely but is sterile and has elongated nectar-pits; 2n=32. Endemic. 23. R. trichophyllus Chaix (R. aquatilis var. diffusus With.) - Thread-leaved Watercrowfoot. Tufted or subaquatic annual or perennial; leaves all capillary with flaccid or rigid divergent segments; petals 3.5-6(6.5)mm, not contiguous at anthesis, with lunate nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle hairy; immature achenes hairy; 2n=32. Native; ponds, ditches, canals and slow rivers; scattered but often common throughout BI. 23 x 24. R. trichophyllus x R. aquatilis = R. x lutzii A. Félix is scattered through Br N to Derbys and Denbs with both parents. It is intermediate and sterile, with transitional leaves. 23 x 25. R. trichophyllus x R. peltatus is known from Warks and perhaps elsewhere in En with both parents. It is intermediate and sterile. 23 x 30. R. trichophyllus x R. circinatus (= R. x glueckii A. Félix nom. nud.) occurs with the parents in W Suffolk. It is sterile and ± intermediate. 24. R. aquatilis L. - Common Water-crowfoot. Tufted or subaquatic annual or perennial; heterophyllous or with capillary leaves only; laminar leaves divided slightly >1/2 way into (3-)5(-7) lobes, with acute basal sinus; capillary leaves with flaccid or rigid divergent segments; petals 5-10mm, contiguous at anthesis, with circular nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle hairy; immature achenes hairy; 2n=48. Native; ponds, ditches, canals and slow rivers; frequent throughout most of Bl, commonest sp. of subgenus. 24 x 25. R. aquatilis x R. peltatus = R. x virzionensis A. Félix was found in Warks in 1974 and there are other unconfirmed records from En. 25. R. peltatus Schrank - Pond Water-crowfoot. Tufted or subaquatic annual or perennial; heterophyllous or with capillary leaves only; laminar leaves divided slightly >1/2 way into (3-)5(-7) lobes, with obtuse basal sinus; capillary leaves with flaccid or rigid divergent segments; petals (9)12-15(20)mm, contiguous at anthesis, with pear-shaped nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle hairy; immature achenes hairy; 2n=48. Native; ponds, ditches, canals and slow rivers; frequent throughout most of BI except N Sc. 26. R. x kelchoensis S.D. Webster (R. peltatus x R. fluitans) - Kelso Water-crowfoot. Intermediate between the parents but receptacle hairy; laminar leaves like those of R. peltatus; transitional leaves usually produced; very robust; sterile; 2n=40. Native;

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32. RANUNCULACEAE

slow rivers; scattered in Br N to Berwicks, especially in EC En and SE Sc, Co Antrim, often in absence of both parents. Might have given rise to R. penicillatus ssp. penicillatus. 27. R. penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab. - Stream Water-crowfoot. Subaquatic perennial, heterophyllous or with flaccid capillary leaves only; petals (5)10-15(20)mm, contiguous at anthesis, with pear-shaped nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle hairy; immature achenes hairy. Native; rivers, usually swift-flowing; throughout Br and Ir except NW Sc, Outer Isles and CW Ir. a. Ssp. penicillatus. Heterophyllous; laminar leaves like those of R. peltatus; capillary leaves longer than adjacent stem internode, with flaccid ± parallel segments; 2n=48. Ir, Wa and W En. b. Ssp. pseudofluitans (Syme) S.D. Webster (var. calcareus (Butcher) C.D.K. Cook, var. vertumnus C.D.K. Cook, R. pseudofluitans (Syme) Newbould ex Baker & Foggitt, R. peltatus ssp. pseudofluitans (Syme) C.D.K. Cook nom. inval.). Leaves all capillary, shorter to longer than adjacent stem internode, usually c.6-8x forked with flaccid or rigid, ± parallel or divergent segments; 2n=32, 48. En, Wa, N Ir and S & C Sc. Vegetatively variable. R. penicillatus is often very difficult to distinguish from R. x bachii, R. peltatus x R. fluitans, R. peltatus or R. fluitans. 28. R. x bachii Wirtg. (R. fluitans x R. trichophyllus & R. fluitans x R. aquatilis; R. x bachii probably strictly refers to former) - Wirtgen's Water-crowfoot. Very robust perennials closely resembling R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans (i.e. with capillary leaves only), but highly sterile. The 2 combinations are indistinguishable morphologically, but former has 2n=24, latter 2n=40. Native; rivers, usually swiftflowing; very scattered in En, Wa and S Sc, often replacing R. fluitans. Might have given rise to R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans. 29. R. fluitans Lam. - River Water-crowfoot. Subaquatic perennial; leaves all capillary, rarely 4x forked, usually longer than adjacent stem internode, with flaccid ± parallel segments; petals 7-13mm, contiguous at anthesis, with pear-shaped nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle pilose to glabrous; immature achenes sparsely hairy to glabrous; 2n=16, 32. Native; mostly in larger rivers of moderate flow-rate; scattered in Br, especially in En, E Wa and E Sc, Co Antrim; decreasing. 29 x 30. R. fluitans x R. circinatus occurs in R. Blackadder, Berwicks, with R. circinatus. It is ± intermediate but has a hairy receptacle. 30. R. circinatus Sibth. - Fan-leaved Water-crowfoot. Subaquatic annual to perennial; leaves all capillary, with short, rigid, divergent segments lying in 1 plane; petals 410(12)mm, barely contiguous at anthesis, with lunate nectar-pit; sepals not reflexed; receptacle hairy; immature achenes hairy; 2n=16. Native; in ponds, canals and slow-flowing rivers, usually base-rich; sparsely scattered in Ir and Br N to C Sc.

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14. FICARIA Schaeff. (Ranunculus subgenus Ficaria (Schaeff.) L.D. Benson) ² Lesser Celandine Herbaceous perennials with tuberous roots; leaves spirally arranged but mostly basal, simple, without stipules; flowers solitary and leaf-opposed or in sparse cymes, without a whorl of bracts below, actinomorphic; perianth of 2 whorls; sepals 3, sepaloid; petals 7-12 or flore pleno, petaloid, yellow, with a small nectar-secreting pit (nectar-pit) on inner face; stamens numerous; carpels numerous, free, spirally arranged; fruit an achene, the style remaining shorter than fertile portion. 1. F. verna Huds. (Ranunculus ficaria L.) - Lesser Celandine. Glabrous ascending perennial to 25cm; basal leaves ovate, cordate, with long petiole; flowers 10-30(50) mm across; sepals not reflexed; achenes c.2-5mm, shortly hairy, smooth, with very short beak. In damp meadows, lawns, woods and hedgebanks, and beside streams; common throughout BI. Many cultivated ornamentals have very large, orange or

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119

pale (even white) flowers, or may be flore pleno, and may escape. 1 Tubers absent from leaf-axils after flowering period 2 1 Cream-coloured tubers present in leaf-axils after flowering period 3 2 Petals 10-20 x 4-9mm a. ssp. fertilis 2 Petals 18-25 x 9-15mm d. ssp. chrysocephala 3 Well-developed achenes 0-6 per head; petals mostly 15mm; pollen-grains mostly full c. ssp. ficariiformis a. Ssp. fertilis (Lawalrée ex Laegaard) Stace (Ranunculus ficaria var. fertilis A.R. Clapham nom. nud., ssp. fertilis Lawalrée ex Laegaard). Tubers not formed in leafaxils; full head of ripe achenes usually produced; achenes mostly 2.5-3.5 x 1.72.2mm; petals mostly 10-20 x 4-9mm; 2n=16 (diploid); mean no. chloroplasts per stomatal guard-cell c.13-17. Native; throughout BI. b. Ssp. verna (Ranunculus ficaria ssp. bulbilifer Lambinon, ssp. bulbifer Lawalrée nom. illeg., var. bulbifera Marsden-Jones nom. illeg.). Tubers formed in leaf-axils after anthesis; 0 or few (rarely >6) ripe achenes produced in each head; petals mostly 6-11 x 2-5mm; 2n=32 (tetraploid); mean no. chloroplasts per stomatal guardcell c.24-28. Native; almost throughout BI, but apparently absent from Shetland and CI. c. Ssp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schultz) B. Walln. (Ranunculus ficaria ssp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schultz) Rouy & Foucaud). Tubers formed in leaf-axils after anthesis; full head of ripe achenes usually produced; achenes mostly 4-5 x 2.5-3.5mm; petals mostly 17-26 x 4-12mm; 2n=32 (tetraploid). Intrd-natd; garden escape fairly frequent in CI, SW En and SW Wa, very scattered elsewhere in S En N to Salop; S Europe. Possibly native in extreme SW En and SW Wa and in CI. d. Ssp. chrysocephala (P.D. Sell) Stace (Ranunculus ficaria ssp. chrysocephalus P.D. Sell). Tubers not formed in leaf-axils; full head of ripe achenes usually produced; achenes mostly 3-4 x 2-2.5mm; petals mostly 18-25 x 9-15mm; 2n=32 (tetraploid). Intrd-natd; garden escape so far found natd only in Herts but probably overlooked; E Mediterranean. Other differences between the sspp. are less reliable. Ssp. fertilis tends to have larger flowers with wider petals and larger, entire (not shallowly lobed) leaves than ssp. verna. Both sspp. occur commonly almost throughout BI, but locally 1 may be absent or much less common than the other. Habitats of the 2 do not differ overall, but locally their occurrence is often mutually exclusive. Ssp. verna is less common in Ir and W & extreme N Br, but in E Br is less tolerant of open conditions. Triploids (2n=24), recognised by extremely small flowers, total sterility, usually 0 (rarely few) axillary tubers, and c.20-22 chloroplasts per stomatal guard-cell, occur widely, usually close to diploids or tetraploids or both, and are probably hybrids. Ssp. ficariiformis is usually recognisable by its large size, but poorly grown or latedeveloping plants fall well within the size range of ssp. fertilis. The same is probably true of ssp. chrysocephalus.

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15. MYOSURUS L. - Mousetail Annuals; leaves all basal, simple, without stipules; flowers solitary, without a whorl of bracts below, actinomorphic; perianth of 2 whorls; sepals 5(-7), ± sepaloid, each with a small basal spur; petals 5(-7), in the form of tubular nectaries; stamens 5-10; carpels numerous, free, spirally arranged; fruit an achene, the style remaining shorter than fertile portion. Possibly better amalgamated with Ranunculus. 1. M. minimus L. - Mousetail. Leaves 1-8cm, linear, in a basal rosette; flowers solitary on bare scapes to 10cm; petals 3-4mm, greenish, inconspicuous; receptacle

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becoming much elongated, finally c.2-7cm; (2n=16). Probably native; damp arable ground; En N to S Northumb and Cumberland, mostly SE, rare and declining, formerly Guernsey. 16. ADONIS L. - Pheasant's-eye Annuals; leaves spirally arranged, 3-pinnate, without stipules; flowers ± solitary, without a whorl of bracts below, actinomorphic; perianth of 2 whorls; sepals 5, sepaloid; petals 5-8, petaloid, not nectariferous; stamens numerous; carpels numerous, free, spirally arranged; fruit an achene, the style remaining shorter than fertile portion. 1. A. annua L. - Pheasant's-eye. Stems simple to branched, to 40cm; leaves much divided, with narrow segments; flowers 15-25mm across; petals bright scarlet with dark basal spot; receptacle elongating as fruits ripen; (2n=32). Archaeophyte; weed of cultivated and waste ground, formerly locally natd in cornfields in S & C Br, Man, CI and S Ir, but now a rare casual in S En; S Europe.

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17. AQUILEGIA L. - Columbines Herbaceous perennials; leaves spirally arranged, 2-ternate, without stipules; flowers in cymes, without a whorl of bracts below, actinomorphic; perianth of 2 whorls; sepals 5, petaloid; petals 5, petaloid, each with a long, backwards-directed nectariferous spur; stamens numerous, the inner c.10 flat and sterile; carpels 5(-10), free; fruit a follicle. Other spp. - Some garden escapes passing as A. vulgaris might actually represent related spp. or hybrids; study of these is needed. 1 such is A. olympica Boiss., from SW Asia, which has slightly larger flowers with blue sepals and petal-spurs and whitish petal-blades, and follicles 20-30mm; it was natd in 1980s in W Kent. 1. A. vulgaris L. - Columbine. Stems to 1m, branched, usually with several well developed leaves and flowers; leaves hairy on lowerside; flowers usually blue, sometimes white or pink to purple; sepals 15-30mm; petal-spur 15-22mm, strongly hooked at end; follicles 15-20mm; 2n=14. Native; woods, fens and damp calcareous grassland and scree; local in BI, also much grown and a frequent escape, becoming natd in some areas. Native populations are usually all violet-blue-flowered but native range is uncertain. 2. A. pyrenaica DC. - Pyrenean Columbine. Stems to 25cm, often simple, usually with 0-1 well developed leaves and 1-3 flowers; leaves glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers blue; sepals 20-35mm; petal-spur 10-16mm, gently curved; follicles 12-17mm; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; planted on rock-ledges at c.900m, Caenlochan Glen (Angus), known since 1895; Pyrenees. 18. THALICTRUM L. - Meadow-rues Herbaceous perennials; leaves spirally arranged, pinnate to ternate, stipulate; flowers in racemes of compound inflorescences without a whorl of bracts below, actinomorphic; perianth of 1 whorl of 4 small but ± petaloid sepals; stamens numerous, more conspicuous than sepals; carpels 2-15, free; fruit an achene, the style remaining shorter than fertile portion. 1 1

Inflorescence a simple raceme; plant rarely >15cm 5. T. alpinum Inflorescence branched with >1 flower per branch; plant usually >15cm 2 2 Filaments thickened, wider than anthers, white to lilac or pink 1. T. aquilegiifolium 3 2 Filaments thin, narrower than anthers, yellowish

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3 3

121

Sepals pink to lilac, c. as long as stamens 2. T. delavayi Sepals yellow, much shorter than stamens 4 4 Inflorescence diffuse; stamens ± pendent; leaflets not or little longer than wide; achenes with 8-10 ribs 4. T. minus 4 Inflorescence ± dense; stamens held stiffly erect to patent; leaflets much longer than wide; achenes with 6 ribs 3. T. flavum

Other spp. - 1 plant of T. lucidum L., from E Europe, was reported natd on a riverbank in Berwicks; it differs from T. flavum in its achenes with 8-10 ribs and lanceolate to linear (not obovate to oblong) leaflets of upper leaves. 1. T. aquilegiifolium L. - French Meadow-rue. Scarcely rhizomatous; stems to 1m, erect, usually simple; leaves 2-4-ternate; inflorescence compound; flowers in dense clusters, whitish to lilac or pink, with erect to patent stamens with filaments coloured and wider than anthers; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and ± natd in grassy places as a throwout in a few places in En, Man and Sc; Europe. 2. T. delavayi Franch. - Chinese Meadow-rue. Scarcely rhizomatous; stems to 1m, erect, branched; leaves 3-5-pinnate; inflorescence compound; flowers in ± dense clusters; sepals 6-15mm, pink to lilac; filaments yellowish, narrow; (2n=28, 42). Intrd-natd; in grassy area in Cambs; China. 3. T. flavum L. - Common Meadow-rue. Strongly rhizomatous; stems to 1.5m, erect, simple or little-branched; leaves 2-3-pinnate; inflorescence compound; flowers in dense clusters, bright yellow, with erect to patent stamens with narrow yellowish filaments; 2n=84. Native; fens, streamsides and wet meadows; scattered and declining in En, Wa and Ir, natd in Sc. 4. T. minus L. - Lesser Meadow-rue. Scarcely to moderately rhizomatous; stems to 1.2m, erect or spreading, often zigzag, simple or branched; leaves 3-4-ternate to pinnate; inflorescence compound; flowers in diffuse panicles, pale yellow, with ± pendent stamens with narrow yellowish filaments; 2n=42. Native; in varied, usually calcareous habitats such as dunes, limestone cliffs and pavement, grassy banks and hedgerows, scrubland, and lakesides; scattered in Br and Ir, locally common but absent from large areas incl. C & SE En; grown in gardens and a frequent persister or throwout outside native range. A very variable and little understood sp.; up to 8 spp. or sspp. have been segregated in Br, based mainly on characters of fruit, habit and indumentum, but until properly investigated they are not worth recognising. The most distinctive are plants with glaucous leaves with dense stalked glands on lowerside that occur on coastal dunes in W & N Br; they have been called ssp. arenarium (Butcher) A.R. Clapham, but a recent revision places all our plants in ssp. saxatile DC. ex Ces. Garden plants increase the range of variation found. 5. T. alpinum L. - Alpine Meadow-rue. Rhizomatous; stems rarely >15cm, erect, very thin, simple; leaves 2-pinnate to -ternate; inflorescence simple; flowers well spaced, pale yellow, with dangling stamens with very thin filaments; 2n=14. Native; grassy and rocky places on mountains; W, N & C Sc, very local in N Wa, W & NW Ir and NW En.

33. PLATANACEAE - Plane family Trees; leaves simple, deciduous, palmately lobed, petiolate, alternate, stipulate when young. Flowers monoecious, in stalked, dense spherical clusters 2-several together on pendent unisexual stalks, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth small, fused or not, of 1-2 whorls of usually 3-4 segments; male flowers with usually 3-4 stamens; female flowers usually with 3-4 staminodes and 5-8 free carpels each with

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1(-2) ovules; style 1; stigma linear; fruit an achene with long hairs at base. An unmistakable tree. 1. PLATANUS L. - Planes 1. P. x hispanica Mill. ex Münchh. (P. x hybrida Brot., P. x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.; P. occidentalis L. x P. orientalis L.) - London Plane. Tree to 44m; bark with conspicuous large peeling plates; leaves with hollow petiole-base concealing axillary bud, with sharply pointed leaf-lobes; fruits in spherical pendent clusters 2-3.5cm across, breaking up in spring; (2n=42). Intrd-natd; abundantly planted as street and park tree, especially in S En, and often producing seedlings. Of uncertain horticultural origin.

34. BUXACEAE - Box family Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite or alternate, simple, entire or dentate, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers in early spring, monoecious, male and female together in small yellowish to white clusters, hypogynous, actinomorphic; SHWDOV  PDOHIORZHUVZLWK  VHSDOV DQG  VWDPHQVIHPDOH IORZHUVZLWK• VHSDOlike bracteoles and 2-3-celled ovary with 2 apical ovules per cell; styles 2-3, short; stigmas linear or bilobed; fruit a 2-3-celled capsule with 2 seeds per cell. Recognised by the evergreen leaves, distinctively arranged unisexual flowers with 4 stamens and 2-3-celled ovary, and 2- or 3-horned fruits. 1 1

Erect shrub or tree with opposite, entire leaves; fruit 3-horned 1. BUXUS Stoloniferous dwarf shrub with alternate, dentate leaves; fruit 2-horned 2. PACHYSANDRA

1. BUXUS L. - Box Erect shrub or tree with opposite, entire, glabrous to sparsely hairy leaves; inflorescences axillary, usually with 1 apical female and several lower male flowers; ovary 3-celled, with 3 styles; stigma bilobed; fruit a dry capsule. 1. B. sempervirens L. - Box. Shrub or small tree to 5(11)m; leaves 1-2.5cm, elliptic RRR to oblong, rounded to retuse at apex; flowers pale yellow; fruits 7-11mm, green, with styles persistent as 3 horns; 2n=28. Native; woods and scrub on chalk and limestone; extremely local in W Kent, Surrey, Berks, Bucks and W Gloucs, rarely natd in hedges and woods elsewhere in S En, planted throughout BI. 2. PACHYSANDRA Michx. - Carpet Box Dwarf stoloniferous shrub with alternate glabrous leaves dentate distally; inflorescence terminal on previous year's growth, with terminal male and lower female flowers; ovary 2-celled, with 2 styles; stigma linear; fruit a ± succulent drupe. 1. P. terminalis Siebold & Zucc. - Carpet Box. Stems ascending, to 25cm; leaves 510cm, obovate to obtrullate, subacute; flowers white; fruits c.10mm, whitish, with styles persistent as 2 horns; (2n=48). Intrd-surv; much grown in public places as ground-cover, sometimes 'running wild'; few sites in W Kent (since 1968), Berks and Bucks; Japan.

35. GUNNERACEAE

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35. GUNNERACEAE - Giant-rhubarb family Huge herbaceous perennials; stems wholly rhizomatous; leaves alternate but clustered, rhubarb-like, simple, palmately 5-9-lobed with jagged-serrate lobes, with long stout petioles, without stipules but with large axillary stipule-like appendage. Flowers small, in huge compound erect catkin-like panicles, usually male, female and bisexual mixed, epigynous; sepals 2, minute, free; petals 2, free, small; stamens (1-)2; ovary 1-celled, with 1 apical ovule; style ± 0; stigmas 2, linear; fruit a small drupe. Unique in its huge rhubarb-like leaves and erect, compact, many-flowered inflorescences. 1. GUNNERA L. - Giant-rhubarbs 1. G. tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. - Giant-rhubarb/HDYHV”PDFURVVFRUGDWHDWEDVH SHWLROHV”PZLWKSDOHEULVWOHVDQGZHDNVSLQHVLQIORUHVFHQFHV”P![DVORQJ DV ZLGH ZLWK VWRXW EUDQFKHV ”FP Q   ,QWUG-natd; planted by lakes etc. and often self-sown where long-established; natd in scattered places throughout much of lowland BI; W S America. 2. G. manicata Linden ex André - Brazilian Giant-rhubarb. Leaves often >2m across, cordate at base; petioles 1.5-2.5m, with reddish bristles and spines; inflorescences ”P [ DV ORQJ DV ZLGH ZLWK VOHQGHU EUDQFKHV ”FP Q   ,QWUG-surv; planted as for G. tinctoria and fertile but not recorded as self-sown; scarcely natd but persistent throughout much of lowland BI; S Brazil.

36. PAEONIACEAE - Peony family Perennial herbs; some roots strongly tuberous; leaves basal and spiral, (bi)pinnate to (bi)ternate, the segments entire, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers large, solitary or few per stem, terminal, bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic; sepals 5, free; petals 5-8, free, red, less often white or pink; stamens very numerous; carpels 2-5, free, each with several ovules; style 0; stigmas red or pink, hooked or coiled; fruit a follicle with black fertile and red sterile seeds. Unmistakable flowers and compound leaves. 1. PAEONIA L. - Peonies Other spp. - P. lactiflora Pall., from E Asia, has been found in similar situations to P. officinalis but rarely recently; it differs from P. mascula and P. officinalis in its \HOORZILODPHQWVZKLWHRUSLQNSHWDOVDQGIORZHUV•SHUVWHPDQGKDVJODEURXVWR hairy follicles. 1. P. mascula (L.) Mill. - Peony. Stems to 60cm, simple, erect, usually several with several basal leaves forming a clump; basal leaves mostly 2-ternate, with 9(-20) elliptic to ovate segments; flowers 8-14cm across, 1 per stem; petals and filaments red; follicles (2)3-5, 2-5cm, tomentose, ± recurved; (2n=20). Intrd-natd; on limestone on Steep Holm Island (N Somerset) since at least 1803, on Flat Holm Island (Glam) since 1980s; S Europe. Other records are errors, especially for P. officinalis. 2. P. officinalis L. - Garden Peony. Differs from P. mascula in leaves more subdivided, with c.17-30 narrowly elliptic to lanceolate segments; follicles 2-3, 23.5cm; (2n=20). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens, relic or throwout in rough and marginal ground; scattered in Br, Man; S Europe.

37. GROSSULARIACEAE

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37. GROSSULARIACEAE - Gooseberry family Deciduous shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, palmately lobed, without stipules, petiolate. Flowers solitary or in racemes, bisexual to dioecious, epigynous, with hypanthium, actinomorphic; sepals 5, arising from hypanthium; petals 5, free, shorter than sepals, not forming a tube; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled, with numerous ovules on 2 parietal placentas; styles 2 with capitate stigmas or variously united with bilobed or capitate stigma; fruit a berry. Distinguishable by deciduous shrubby habit, 5 sepals, petals and stamens arising from hypanthium, inferior 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentas and fruit a berry. 1. RIBES L. - Gooseberries 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

Spines present on branches; flowers solitary or in short racemes of 2-4 2 Spines 0; flowers in racemes of >4 3 2 Fruit sparsely to densely hairy, usually greenish-yellow, sometimes reddish; ovary hairy 7. R. uva-crispa 2 Fruit glabrous, dark red to black with white bloom; ovary glabrous 8. R. divaricatum Flowers bright pink to red, bright yellow, or (rarely) white; hypanthium tubular, longer than wide 4 Flowers green to yellowish-green, sometimes tinged purplish; hypanthium disk- to cup-shaped, wider than long 5 4 Flowers bright pink to red, rarely white; leaves hairy, scented when crushed 4. R. sanguineum 4 Flowers bright yellow; leaves glabrous, not scented 5. R. odoratum Leaves with sessile orange glands on lowerside, scented when crushed; fruit black 3. R. nigrum Leaves with mostly stalked reddish glands, not scented; fruit red or rarely whitish 6 6 Dioecious; bracts >4mm 6. R. alpinum 6 Flowers bisexual; bracts 1/2 way to base 4 Leaves simple, divided 10cm; petals pink to red 3. BERGENIA Rhizome 0 or thin; all leaves 2x as long as 3 upper ones 5. S. stolonifera 6 Flowers actinomorphic or ± so 7 Ovary superior, the sepals arising from underneath it 8 Ovary partly inferior, the sepals arising from its side or top 16 4. S. stellaris 8 Leaves ± sessile or with petiole (6)9mm; basal leaves mostly •-lobed 19. S. granulata 20 Flowers 1-3 per stem; petals 10m; tendrils branched, lacking discs; leaves orbicular, cordate, with 5-7 palmate lobes; fruit green to red or black, up to 2cm, broadly ellipsoid; (2n=38, 76). Intrd-natd; increasingly grown on

R

41. VITACEAE

144

field-scale in S En, natd in hedges and scrub and by tips; scattered in CI, Man and Br N to C Sc, mostly S En; Europe. 2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. - Virginia-creepers Leaves simple and palmately lobed or palmate; petals free, remaining for while after flowers open. 1 1

At least some leaves simple, 3-lobed; tendril-branches each ending in adhesive disc 3. P. tricuspidata All leaves palmate, most or all with 5 leaflets 2 2 Tendrils with 5-8(12) branches from strong central axis, each ending in adhesive disc 1. P. quinquefolia 2 Tendrils with 3-5 branches not from strong central axis and each not ending in adhesive disc 2. P. vitacea

1. P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. - Virginia-creeper. Woody vine potentially >20m; leaves palmate, the (3-)5(7) stalked leaflets dull green on upperside; fruit bluishblack, 10 in Acacia), usually all fused into tube below or the uppermost free and the 9 lower fused (all 10 free in Thermopsis and Senna, all free in Acacia); carpel 1, with 1-many ovules in row; style 1, stigma capitate; fruit basically a legume, but very variably modified, usually dehiscent along 2 sides but often a schizocarp (breaking transversely into 1-seeded units). The flowers, like those of a pea, are diagnostic for subfamily Faboideae; fruits and leaves are very variable. Acacia (Mimosoideae) is at once recognisable by the small spherical pom-poms of flowers of which the stamens are the most conspicuous part. For Senna (Caesalpinioideae) see after genus 35. General key 1 Stamens >10, the most conspicuous part of the flower; perianth actinomorphic; sepals with lateral edges just meeting in bud; juvenile leaves 2-pinnate, adult ones simple or 2-pinnate 36. ACACIA

42. FABACEAE

1

3 3

Stamens 10; perianth the most conspicuous part of the flower; zygomorphic; sepals overlapping laterally in bud; leaves never 2-pinnate 2 2 Corolla only slightly zygomorphic, not pea-like; all 10 stamens free; leaves paripinnate (see subfamily 2. Caesalpinioideae) (SENNA) 2 Corolla strongly zygomorphic, pea-like; usually 9 or 10 stamens fused into tube proximally, if all 10 free then leaves ternate 3 Leaves simple, sometimes reduced to a tendril, spine or scale, or sometimes 0 Key A At least some leaves with at least 2 leaflets 4 4 Leaves with 1-many pairs of leaflets, with or without an odd terminal leaflet, if with then pairs of leaflets >1, if without then often with tendrils Key C 4 Leaves ternate or palmate, without tendrils Key B

Key A - Leaves simple, sometimes reduced to tendril, spine or scale, or 0 1 Herbaceous annuals or perennials 2 1 Woody shrubs 5 2 Fruit opening along 2 sides like a pea-pod 21. LATHYRUS 2 Fruit indehiscent, or breaking transversely between seeds 3 3 Fruit 1(-2)-seeded, enclosed in calyx 11. ANTHYLLIS 3 Fruit >2-seeded, exserted from calyx 4 4 Plant glabrous; fruit curved, smooth 15. CORONILLA 4 Plant slightly hairy; fruit spiralled, with tubercles or weak spines 18. SCORPIURUS 5 Plant spiny, at least some spines branched 6 5 Spines 0 or simple 7 6 Upper calyx-lip with 2 short teeth; small bracteole present on either side of flower 35. ULEX 34. GENISTA 6 Upper calyx-lip divided >1/3 way to base; bracteoles 0 7 Flowers white 32. CYTISUS 7 Flowers yellow to reddish 8 8 Twigs strongly angled or grooved; upper calyx-lip with 2 short 32. CYTISUS teeth (divided 4 leaflets 30. LUPINUS 1 Leaves ternate 2 2 Woody trees or shrubs 3 2 Herbaceous annuals or perennials 8 3 Stems spiny; corolla yellow 35. ULEX 3 Stems not spiny, or if spiny corolla not yellow 4 4 Fruit spiral 27. MEDICAGO 4 Fruit ± straight 5 5 Leaflets toothed; flowers usually pinkish-purple, rarely white 24. ONONIS 5 Leaflets entire; flowers usually yellow, rarely white 6 6 Leaflets mostly >3cm; racemes usually pendent 31. LABURNUM 6 Leaflets mostly 7mm and at least some with >2 seeds 12 Flowers yellow or white; fruits exserted from calyx-tube 25. MELILOTUS Flowers cream or pink to purple; fruits included in calyx-tube 28. TRIFOLIUM 27. MEDICAGO 12 Fruits spiralled into >1/2 complete coil, often spiny 13 12 )UXLWVVWUDLJKWWRFXUYHG”1/2 complete coil), never spiny Fruits >3cm, plus beak >1cm 26. TRIGONELLA Fruits 2-seeded 15 14 Flowers not yellow, or if yellow then fruits straight, 2-seeded, exserted 23 Fruit curved, breaking transversely between seeds at maturity 15. CORONILLA Fruit ± straight, dehiscing longitudinally along 2 sides, sometimes tardily 24 24 Fruit with 4 longitudinal wings 13. TETRAGONOLOBUS 24 Fruit not winged 12. LOTUS

Key C - Leaves with 1-many pairs of leaflets, if with 1 then without odd terminal leaflet, often with tendrils 1 Leaves with even no. of leaflets, terminated by point or tendril 2 1 Leaves with odd no. of leaflets, terminated by single leaflet 6 2 Stem winged, and/or leaflets parallel-veined 21. LATHYRUS

42. FABACEAE

3 3 5 5 7 7

9 9

11 11 13 13

15 15 17 17

147

2 Stem not or scarcely winged; leaflets pinnately veined 3 At least some stipules >2cm, larger than leaflets 22. PISUM Stipules 2x as long as tube 20. LENS 4 Calyx-teeth usually unequal, 2-5 of them 3x as long as wide, with >3 seeds 12. LOTUS Fruits 17; fruits 17 leaflets and narrow fruits curved into a semicircle; it is a rare grain-alien. 1. A. cicer L. - Chick-pea Milk-vetch. Spreading to suberect perennial to 60(100)cm; 150 leaves with 17-31 leaflets; flowers 12-16mm, yellow; fruit 10-15mm, strongly 156 inflated, hairy with mostly blackish ± patent hairs; (2n=64). Intrd-natd; hedgebank near granary in Midlothian since 1920s, few casual sites in En; Europe. 2. A. danicus Retz. - Purple Milk-vetch. Ascending perennial to 30cm; leaves with R 13-27 leaflets; flowers 15-18mm, bluish-purple, rarely white; fruit 7-9mm, ± inflated, 150 hairy with white patent hairs; 2n=16. Native; short grass on calcareous well-drained soils; local in E Br from Herts to W Sutherland, extremely local and scattered elsewhere in En and Sc, Man, Aran Isles (Co Clare). 3. A. alpinus L. - Alpine Milk-vetch. Differs from A. danicus in flowers 10-14mm, RRR pale blue tipped bluish-purple; fruit 8-12mm; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=16, 32). Native; grassy rocky places on mountains at 700-800m; very rare, 4 places in C Sc. 4. A. glycyphyllos L. - Wild Liquorice. Sprawling perennial to 1(1.5)m; leaves with R 7-15 leaflets; flowers 11-15mm, cream; fruit 25-40mm, ± laterally compressed, 150 glabrous; (2n=16). Native; grassy places and scrub, mostly on calcareous soils; very scattered in Br N to E Ross. 5. A. odoratus Lam. - Lesser Milk-vetch. Erect to ascending perennial to 30cm; 150 leaves with 19-29 leaflets; flowers 9-12mm, whitish-cream to yellow; fruit 8-10mm, ± laterally compressed, sparsely appressed-hairy; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; in grassy places; very scattered in C & S En; E Mediterranean. 9. OXYTROPIS DC. - Oxytropises Herbaceous perennials; flowers in erect racemes; keel beaked at apex; 10th stamen free; fruit elongated, grooved abaxially, slightly inflated, erect. 1. O. halleri Bunge ex W.D.J. Koch - Purple Oxytropis. Hairy perennial with leaves RRR and leafless peduncle to 30cm, arising from dense tuft; leaves with 21-31 leaflets; flowers 15-20mm, usually pale purple, rarely white; fruit 15-20(25)mm, hairy, divided internally by septa from both adaxial and abaxial sutures and ± 2-celled; 2n=32. Native; grassy rocky places; very local in SW, C & N mainland Sc. 2. O. campestris (L.) DC. - Yellow Oxytropis. Differs from O. halleri in pale yellow RRR flowers often strongly tinged with purple; fruit 14-18mm, divided internally by 150 septum from abaxial suture only and semi-2-celled; (2n=32, 48). Native; cliffs and rock-ledges; rare and extremely local in C and SW Sc. Other characters used to separate the spp. are unreliable; even flower colour is fallible. TRIBE 5 - HEDYSAREAE (genus 10). Herbaceous perennials; leaves imparipinnate, with entire leaflets; flowers in axillary racemes; 9 stamens forming tube, 10th free; fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.

152

42. FABACEAE

10. ONOBRYCHIS Mill. - Sainfoin 1. O. viciifolia Scop. - Sainfoin. Stems suberect to decumbent, to 60(80)cm; leaves with 13-29 leaflets; flowers numerous in erect racemes, pinkish-red, with wings 3mm 4 4 Fruits >5mm, mostly 2-seeded, black when ripe, hairy; keel ± equalling wings 1. M. altissimus 4 Fruits 10mm, 1(-2) in leaf-axils; fruits >6cm, >9-seeded 3. T. foenum-graecum Flowers 20 very fine veins, with glabrous and open throat; fruit sessile, 1seeded; bracts 0; leaves without glands. 32. T. subterraneum L. (Calycomorphum subterraneum (L.) C. Presl). - Subterranean Clover. Decumbent to procumbent hairy annual to 20(80)cm; racemes axillary, with 2-5(7) fertile flowers and numerous sterile ones consisting only of palmatelydivided calyx, long-stalked; fertile flowers 8-14mm, whitish; 2n=16. Native; short turf and barish places on sandy soils, especially by sea; scattered in Br N to Yorks, CI, Co Wicklow; also frequent wool-alien in Br, and then often very robust (var. oxaloides (Bunge ex Nyman) Rouy). TRIBE 11 - THERMOPSIDEAE (genus 29). Rhizomatous perennial herbs; leaves ternate, with entire leaflets; flowers in erect racemes with small ovate bracts; all 10 stamens free; fruits longitudinally dehiscent, with 2-7 seeds. 29. THERMOPSIS R. Br. - False Lupin 1. T. montana Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray - False Lupin. Stems erect, to 70(100)cm, hairy; leaflets up to 10cm, elliptic to narrowly so; stipules ovate to lanceolate; flowers 5-60 per raceme, yellow, 20-25mm; fruits erect, hairy, 4-7cm; (2n=18). Intrdnatd; grown in gardens and natd on old sites or rough grassy places; Fetlar (Shetland) from c.1978, formerly Northants, casual elsewhere in En; W N America. TRIBE 12 - GENISTEAE (genera 30-35). Perennial or annual herbs or woody shrubs or trees; leaves simple, entire, ternate or palmate; flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2; all 10 stamens forming tube; fruits longitudinally dehiscent, with 2-many seeds. 30. LUPINUS L. - Lupins Herbaceous annuals or perennials, sometimes woody at base; leaves palmate, with long petiole; flowers in terminal erect racemes, variously coloured; fruits severalseeded, erecto-patent. 1 1 3 3

5 5

Stems woody towards base, not dying down to ground in winter 1. L. arboreus Stems herbaceous, dying down to ground in winter 2 2 Annuals, easily uprooted 3 2 Tuft-forming perennials 5 Flowers yellow 7. L. luteus Flowers blue to white 4 4 Leaflets oblanceolate; upper lip of calyx very shallowly 2-lobed or “HQWLUHVHHGV•PP 5. L. albus 4 /HDIOHWVOLQHDUXSSHUOLSRIFDO\[GHHSO\ELILGVHHGV”PP 6. L. angustifolius Basal leaves absent at flowering time; upper part of stem and petioles usually shaggy-hairy; lower lip of calyx 7-13mm 4. L. nootkatensis Basal leaves present at flowering time; stem and petioles with rather sparse short hairs; lower lip of calyx 3-8mm 6 6 Stems unbranched, with 1 inflorescence; flowers blue; leaflets obtuse to acute; lower lip of calyx 3-6mm 3. L. polyphyllus 6 Stems mostly branched, with >1 inflorescence; flowers various shades of blue, pink, purple, yellow or white; leaflets acute to acuminate;

R 177

42. FABACEAE

180

lower lip of calyx 5-8mm

2. L. x regalis

1. L. arboreus Sims - Tree Lupin. Stems erect, much branched, to 2m, with rather sparse short hairs; leaflets 5-10(12), mostly 6cm, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic; lower lip of calyx 5-8mm; corolla various colours. Native; commonly grown and frequently well natd on rough ground, banks of roads and railways; throughout lowland Br, Man, very scattered in Ir; garden origin, but spontaneous hybrids also occur in Moray, Wigtowns and Midlothian with the parents, and perhaps also backcrosses from natd L. x regalis to L. arboreus. Garden escapes are usually recorded as L. polyphyllus, but this is now very rarely grown and probably all modern records outside Sc are L. x regalis. 2 x 4. L. x regalis x L. nootkatensis probably occurs on river-shingle with the parents in Moray and M Perth, but is difficult to identify; it is intermediate and fertile. 3. L. polyphyllus Lindl. - Garden Lupin. Differs from L. x regalis as in key (couplet 6); (2n=48). Intrd-natd; formerly grown in gardens, natd by rivers and railways, sometimes in waste places; scattered in Sc, ?England; W N America. Recorded across BI but mostly in error for L. x regalis. Flowers ?sometimes pink. 3 x 4. L. polyphyllus x L. nootkatensis = L. x pseudopolyphyllus C.P. Sm. occurs with the parents on river-shingle in Moray and M Perth; it is intermediate and fertile. 4. L. nootkatensis Donn ex Sims - Nootka Lupin. Stems erect, to 1m, usually with long shaggy hairs; leaflets 6-9(12), mostly 4x as long as wide; fruits glabrous. Grassy places, banks and rough ground; locally common in Br N to S Sc, Jersey. b. Ssp. littoralis (Corb.) Rothm. Plant procumbent; leaves elliptic-oblong, mostly RRR 90 per cent fertile 1. S. salicifolia 9 Panicle-branches usually sparsely hairy; leaves usually narrowly ovate; petals usually pale pink; pollen 90 per cent fertile 6b. S. douglasii ssp. menziesii 13 /HDYHVRYDWHWRHOOLSWLFWRQDUURZO\VRVHUUDWHIRUGLVWDO•2/3 of margin; pollen 15-flowered; anthers red, mauve or violet; fruits bluish-black, 7-8mm, subglobose, with 2 stones showing at apex. Intrd-natd; S Devon and SE En; Himalayas. 4. C. affinis Lindl. - Purpleberry Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub or tree to 8m with erect to arching branches; leaves 4-10cm, flat on upperside, hairy on lowerside; LQIORUHVFHQFHV ”-flowered; anthers mauve; fruits red, becoming purplish-black when fully ripe, 7-9mm, subglobose, with 2 stones showing at apex. Intrd-natd; Br N to Cheshire; Himalayas. 5. C. obtusus Wall. ex Lindl. (C. cooperi auct. non C. Marquand) - Dartford Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub or tree to 5m with erect to arching branches; leaves 3.5-9cm, flat on upperside, subglabrous on lowerside; inflorescences 5-15-flowered; anthers pink to mauve; fruits black, 6-8mm, subglobose, with 2 stones showing at apex. Intrd-natd; S & C Br; Himalayas. 6. C. bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl. (C. affinis var. bacillaris (Wall. ex Lindl.) C.K. Schneid.) - Open-fruited Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub or tree to 5m, with widely arching branches; leaves 3-10cm, flat on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 7-30-flowered; anthers mauve; fruits purplish-black, 610mm, broadly obovoid, with dense white bloom, with 2 stones showing at apex; (2n=34, 51, 68). Intrd-natd; SE En; Himalayas. 7. C. frigidus Wall. ex Lindl. - Tree Cotoneaster. Deciduous to semi-evergreen, erect shrub or strong tree to 8(18)m; leaves 6-15cm, flat on upperside, hairy on lowerside; inflorescences usually >20-flowered; anthers purple; fruits usually bright red, sometimes orange, yellow or crimson, 4-6mm, depressed-globose, with 2 stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; frequent in BI; Himalayas. Sexual and variable. 8. C. x watereri Exell (C. frigidus x C. salicifolius) - Waterer's Cotoneaster. Usually semi-evergreen, erect shrub to 8m; many cultivars and their seedlings variously intermediate between the parents especially in leaves, with range in fruit colour as for C. frigidus, but fruits often larger than in either parent (5-8mm) and with 2-3(5) stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; frequent in Br N to C Sc, N Ir; garden origin; fertile. See note under C. henryanus. 9. C. hedegaardii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Hedegaard's Cotoneaster. Deciduous tree or shrub to 6m; leaves 5.5-10.5cm, slightly bullate on upperside, hairy to densely so on lowerside; inflorescences 7-20-flowered; anthers purple to reddish-brown; fruits crimson to maroon, c.12mm, globose, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; N Hants; Nepal. 10. C. salicifolius Franch. - Willow-leaved Cotoneaster. Erect, arching or ± procumbent, evergreen shrub to 5m; leaves 3-10cm, shiny and ± bullate on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences >(20)30-flowered; anthers purple to black; fruits bright red, 4-5mm, subglobose to depressed-globose, with 3-5 stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; frequent in Br N to C Sc, SW Ir; W China. Sexual and variable. 11. C. 'Hybridus Pendulus' (?C. salicifolius x C. dammeri) - Weeping Cotoneaster. Procumbent (in the wild), evergreen shrub with branches to 1m; leaves 2-5cm, with veins slightly impressed on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences few- to many-flowered; anthers purple; fruits bright red, 4-7mm, subglobose, with 3-5 stones. Intrd-natd; Glam, W Kent, Notts and Co Durham; garden origin. Garden plants are usually grown pendent on standards. Possibly only a cultivar of C. dammeri. 12. C. henryanus (C.K. Schneid.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson - Henry's Cotoneaster. Semi-evergreen shrub to 5m; leaves 4-12cm, slightly bullate on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences usually >20-flowered; anthers purple; fruits bright red, 6-7mm, subglobose, with 2-3 stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; in a few places

224

224

224

224 228

224

224 229

235

224

224

224

18. COTONEASTER

227

in S En, C Sc and Ir; C China. This comes very close to some variants of C. x watereri that are closer to C. salicifolius than to C. frigidus, and might be involved in its parentage. Considerable experience is necessary for certain determination and experimental work with wild-collected material is needed to clarify relationships in this group. Sexual and variable. 13. C. hylmoei Flinck & J. Fryer - Hylmö's Cotoneaster. Erect, arching, evergreen shrub to 3m; leaves 3-7cm, with impressed veins on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences 15-50-flowered; anthers purplish-black; fruits bright red, 5-6mm, subglobose, with 2-3(4) stones. Intrd-natd; on rough ground; Lanarks, Staffs and Offaly; C China. Our only sp. of subg. Chaenopetalum with pink petals. 14. C. glabratus Rehder & E.H. Wilson ² Glabrous Cotoneaster. Evergreen small tree or shrub to 6m; leaves 6-12cm, with veins not or slightly impressed on upperside, sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 50-100-flowered; anthers purple; fruits red to orange-red, 3-5mm, globose, with 2(-3) stones. Intrd-natd; Cambs and Cards; W China. 15. C. pannosus Franch. - Silverleaf Cotoneaster. Stems erect, long, slender, slightly arching, to 3(5)m; leaves evergreen, 1-2.5(3.5)cm, dull and nearly flat on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences 6-12-flowered; anthers purplish-black; fruits dull red, 5-8mm, subglobose to ellipsoid, often with conspicuous erect sepals as in C. amoenus, with 2 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; S En; SW China. 16. C. lacteus W.W. Sm. - Late Cotoneaster. Evergreen, spreading shrub to 5m; leaves 3.5-9cm, slightly shiny and with deeply impressed veins on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences >30-flowered; anthers purplish-black; fruits bright red to crimson-red, 5-6mm, ± globose, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; Br N to C Sc, S Ir, Man, planted as field-hedges in E Anglia; SW China. 1 of the latest flowering and fruiting spp.; fruits rarely ripen before Nov. 17. C. glaucophyllus Franch. ² Glaucous Cotoneaster. Evergreen small tree or shrub to 4m; leaves 4.5-9.5cm, with slightly impressed veins on upperside; glaucous and subglabrous on lowerside; inflorescences 10-60-flowered; anthers black; fruits orange-red, c.6mm, globose, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; N Somerset and Cambs; SW China. 18. C. serotinus Hutch. ² Yuletide Cotoneaster. Evergreen small tree or shrub to 6m; leaves 5-7.5cm, flat or with slightly impressed veins on upperside, hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 10-40(100)-flowered; anthers black; fruits red, c.7mm, globose, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in S En; SW China. Fruits ripening very late. 19. C. calocarpus Rehder & E.H. Wilson ² Sinkiang Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 3m; leaves 3.5-5.5cm, ± flat on upperside, sparsely hairy to hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 5-15-flowered; anthers white or with a pale purple margin; fruits red, 10-11mm, globose, with 2 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; W Kent and E Suffolk; W China. 20. C. tomentellus Pojark. - Short-felted Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 5m with spreading branches; leaves 2-4(5)cm, flat on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences mostly 6-20-flowered; anthers purple; fruits bright red but remaining yellow where not exposed, (8)10-13mm, oblong-ellipsoid, with 1(-3) stones. Intrdnatd; pathside; S Lancs; W China. Spp. 21-23 resemble the black-fruited C. bacillaris group (spp. 3-6) but fruits remain red for longer, do not become really black, and the stone(s) do not or scarcely show at apex. 21. C. transens G. Klotz - Godalming Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 5m, with widely arching branches; leaves 3-10cm, flat on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences mostly 5-20-flowered; anthers mauve; fruits red, becoming brownish-black when fully ripe, with slight white bloom, with 1-2 stones scarcely showing at apex. Intrd-natd; scattered in S En; SW China.

224

235

224

229 234

235

235

235

224

224

228

Fig 228 - Cotoneaster. 1, C. bacillaris. 2, C. zabelii. 3, C. nitens. 4, C. rotundifolius. 5, C. x suecicus 'Coral Beauty'. 6, C. monopyrenus. 7, C. lucidus.

229

FIG 229 - Cotoneaster. 1-2, C. integrifolius (1, flowering. 2, fruiting). 3-4, C. horizontalis (3, flowering. 4, fruiting). 5, C. sternianus. 6, C. simonsii. 7, C. rehderi. 8, C. divaricatus. 9, C. x watereri. 10, C. lacteus.

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22. C. cooperi C. Marquand - Cooper's Cotoneaster. Deciduous to evergreen shrub to 8m; leaves 3.5-8cm, flat on upperside, sparsely hairy on lowerside at maturity; inflorescences mostly 15-30-flowered; anthers mauve; fruits dull red then dark purple, 6-10mm, broadly obovoid, with (1-)2 stones not showing at apex. Intrdnatd; at roadside in S Devon since 1985; Himalayas. Sexual and variable. 23. C. monopyrenus (W.W. Sm.) Flinck & B. Hylmö (C. veitchii auct. non (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) G. Klotz, C. multiflorus auct. non Bunge) - One-stoned Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 3m with arching branches; leaves 2.5-5cm, flat on upperside, hairy to densely so on lowerside; inflorescences mostly 6-20-flowered; anthers purplish-black; fruits maroon, 8-11mm, oblong-ellipsoid, usually with 1 stone. Intrd-natd; on chalk in Beds and W Kent; SW China. 24. C. microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. - Small-leaved Cotoneaster. Evergreen, procumbent to ascending shrub to 1m; leaves 0.5-0.8(1.2)cm, shiny and flat on upperside, appressed-hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1-5-flowered; flowers c.6mm across; sepals obtuse; anthers purple to black; fruits crimson, 5-8mm, depressed-globose to globose, with 2 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; several places in C Ir, scattered sites in Br N to Outer Hebrides; Himalayas. Most material so determined from Br has proved to be C. integrifolius. 25. C. uva-ursi (Lindl.) G. Don (C. rotundifolius auct., non Wall. ex Lindl.) - Roundleaved Cotoneaster. Evergreen, stiffly erect to spreading shrub to 2m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.7-2cm, sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1flowered; flowers 10-13mm across; sepals acute; fruits 7-10mm, globose to depressed-globose; and from other relatives as in Key F. Intrd-natd; scattered sites in Br N to E Lothian; Himalayas. 26. C. marginatus (Loudon) Schltdl. - Fringed Cotoneaster. Evergreen, erect to procumbent shrub to 3m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 1-2.5cm, ± matt on upperside, rather densely hairy on lowerside, ciliate; inflorescences 2-7-flowered; flowers 8-10mm across; fruits 8-10mm, with 2(-3) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; numerous sites in Br N to Lanarks; Himalayas. 27. C. congestus Baker - Congested Cotoneaster. Tightly branched, evergreen shrub to 0.7m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.5-1.4cm, matt and slightly rugose on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers 79mm across; fruits with 2(-3) stones; and from other relatives as in Key F; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; scattered in En, Sc and Man; Himalayas. Sexual and variable. 28. C. integrifolius (Roxb.) G. Klotz (C. microphyllus auct. non Wall. ex Lindl.) Entire-leaved Cotoneaster. Procumbent to arching, evergreen shrub to 1m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.7-1.5cm; inflorescences usually 1-flowered; flowers c.11mm across; fruits 7-10mm; and from other relatives as in Key F; (2n=51, 68). Intrd-natd; frequent over much of BI; Himalayas to W China. This, C. thymifolius and C. microphyllus are all commonly grown and much confused. 29. C. thymifolius Wall. ex Lindl. (C. linearifolius (G. Klotz) G. Klotz) - Thymeleaved Cotoneaster. Evergreen, procumbent or arching shrub to 0.6m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.4-0.7cm; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers c. 5mm across; fruits 4-5mm; and from other relatives as in Key F; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to M Ebudes, W Ir; Himalayas. Sexual and variable. 30. C. cochleatus (Franch.) G. Klotz - Yunnan Cotoneaster. Evergreen, procumbent shrub to 0.2m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.5-1.4cm, sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers 8-10mm across; fruits 6-10mm, subglobose, red to crimson; and from other relatives as in Key F; (2n=68). Intrdnatd; Midlothian and SE En; SW China. 31. C. cashmiriensis G. Klotz (C. cochleatus auct. non (Franch.) G. Klotz) - Kashmir Cotoneaster. Evergreen, procumbent shrub to 0.3m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.4-1.1cm; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers c. 7-9mm across; fruits 4-6mm, bright red, subglobose; and from other relatives as in Key F. Intrd-natd; E Kent and

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scattered in Sc; Kashmir. Commonly grown, usually as C. cochleatus 32. C. prostratus Baker (C. buxifolius auct. non Wall. ex Lindl.) - Procumbent Cotoneaster. Evergreen, procumbent shrub to 0.5m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.6-1.3cm; inflorescences 1-2-flowered; flowers c.10mm across; fruits bright red, 9-10mm, subglobose; and from other relatives as in Key F. Intrd-natd; S Br N to N Wa; Himalayas. 33. C. radicans (C.K. Schneid) G. Klotz ² Rooting Cotoneaster. Procumbent evergreen shrub to 20cm high, with rooting branches to 1m; leaves 1.2-2cm, with shiny upperside with deeply impressed veins, sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1(-3)-flowered; flowers 8-10mm across; sepals acute to acuminate; anthers purple to black; fruits red to crimson, 7-8mm, globose to obovoid, with 3(-4) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; Midlothian; W & S China. 34. C. dammeri C.K. Schneid. - Bearberry Cotoneaster. Procumbent, evergreen shrub with rooting branches to 3m; leaves 1.5-3cm, shiny and ± flat on upperside, glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside; inflorescences 1-2(4)-flowered; anthers purple; fruits bright red, 6-8mm, globose to very broadly obovoid, usually with 5 stones. Intrd-natd; Br N to C Sc; C China. Sexual and variable. 35. C. x suecicus G. Klotz (?C. dammeri x C. conspicuus) - Swedish Cotoneaster. Stems arching to 60cm high, trailing to 2m; leaves evergreen, 1-2.5cm, otherwise similar to those of C. dammeri; inflorescences 1-4(6)-flowered; anthers purple; fruits as in C. dammeri but less bright red and with 3-4 stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; throughout Br and Man, SE Ir; garden origin. Cultivars 'Skogholm' and 'Coral Beauty', often mass-planted, belong here; fertile; seedlings are often very like their parent. 36. C. conspicuus C. Marquand - Tibetan Cotoneaster. Evergreen, stiffly erect to spreading shrub to 1.5m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.5-2cm, much less shiny on upperside; inflorescences mostly 1-flowered; flowers c.10mm across; sepals acute to acuminate; fruits bright red, shiny, 6-9mm; and from other relatives as in Key F; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; Br N to C Sc, Man; Tibet. Sexual and variable. 37. C. sherriffii G. Klotz - Sherriff's Cotoneaster. Evergreen, stiffly erect to spreading shrub to 2m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.5-1.5cm, ± matt on upperside; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers c.10mm across; sepals acute; fruits broadly oblong-ellipsoid, 7-10mm, orange, with 1(-2) stones. Intrd-natd; scattered sites in En and Sc; SE Tibet. Cultivated as C. 'Highlight'. 38. C. astrophoros J. Fryer & E.C. Nelson - Starry Cotoneaster. Evergreen, arching and spreading shrub to 0.3m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 0.6-0.8cm, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences 1-flowered; flowers c.10mm across; sepals acute; fruits broadly oblong-ellipsoid, dull red but ± shiny; and from other relatives as in Key F. Intrd-natd; by railway; Lanarks; W & SW China. Cultivated as C. 'Donard Gem'. 39. C. hodjingensis G. Klotz ² Earthquake Cotoneaster. Dense evergreen shrub to 1.5m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves with slightly impressed veins on upperside, hairy to tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences 1(-3)-flowered; flowers 7-8mm across, with densely hairy hypanthium; sepals acuminate, tomentose abaxially; anthers violet; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; Lanarks; SW China. 40. C. lidjiangensis G. Klotz ² Lidjiang Cotoneaster. Dense evergreen shrub to 1.5m; differs from C. microphyllus in leaves 1-1.8cm, matt or slightly shiny and with veins impressed on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; inflorescences 1-8-flowered; flowers 8-9mm across; sepals acuminate; anthers mauve; fruits red to crimson, 56mm, globose to obovate, with (1-)2 stones. Intrd-natd; N Hants and W Kent; SW China. Subgenus 2 - COTONEASTER (sect. Orthopetalum Koehne) (spp. 41-88). Petals erect to suberect, pink or pink-tinged; each inflorescence with flowers opening in sequence over a long period; flowers usually in groups of 1-10(12) (sometimes

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more); anthers white (pigmented in C. amoenus, C. franchetii, C. nohelii, C. vilmorinianus and C. wardii); leaves deciduous or less often evergreen; fruits with 2-5 stones. 41. C. simonsii Baker - Himalayan Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 3(4)m; leaves 1.5-2.5(3)cm, shiny and flat on upperside, rather sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1-4 together; anthers white; fruits (6)8-11mm, orange-red, globose to broadly obovoid, with 3-4 stones. Intrd-natd; common throughout most of BI; Himalayas. 42. C. rotundifolius Wall. ex Lindl. (C. nitidus Jacques, C. distichus Lange) Distichous Cotoneaster. Erect, evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub to 3m, with widespreading branches; leaves 0.5-1.3cm, shiny and flat on upperside, subglabrous on lowerside; flowers solitary; anthers white; fruits bright red to orange-red, 7-11mm, broadly obovate to subglobose, with 3 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to W Lothian; Himalayas. 43. C. adpressus Bois - Creeping Cotoneaster. Usually procumbent, deciduous shrub to 0.3m, with irregular branching; leaves 0.5-1.5cm, matt on upperside, ± undulate, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1(-2) together; anthers white; fruits bright red, 6-7mm, subglobose, with 2 stones; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; W Kent, SW Yorks and Lanarks; ?W China. Sexual and variable. 44. C. apiculatus Rehder & E.H. Wilson - Apiculate Cotoneaster. Procumbent to ascending, deciduous shrub to 1m; leaves 1-2cm, ± flat and shiny on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1(-2) together; anthers white; fruits bright red, 10-12mm, obovoid, with usually 3 stones. Intrd-natd; on wall and rough ground in S Lancs, Renfrews and Lanarks; W China. 45. C. nanshan M. Vilm. ex Mottet (C. adpressus var. praecox Bois & Berthault) Dwarf Cotoneaster. Spreading, deciduous shrub to 0.5(1)m; leaves 1-2.5cm, undulate, sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 2-4 together; anthers white; fruits bright red, 912mm, very broadly ellipsoid, with usually 2 stones. Intrd-natd; S & C En, Lanarks; W China. 46. C. horizontalis Decne. - Wall Cotoneaster. Arching to horizontal, deciduous shrub to 1(3)m, often appressed to vertical walls, with very regular herring-bone branching; leaves 0.6-1.2cm, shiny and flat on upperside, subglabrous on lowerside; flowers (1)2-3 together; anthers white; fruits orange-red, 4-6mm, ± globose, with 3 stones. Intrd-natd; common in much of BI; W China. 47. C. atropurpureus Flinck & B. Hylmö (C. horizontalis 'Prostratus') - Purpleflowered Cotoneaster. Differs from C. horizontalis in branching less regular to irregular; leaves 0.9-1.4cm, thin, slightly undulate at margin; flowers (1-)3 together; fruits mostly 6-9mm, with 2-3 stones; and see Key J (couplet 9). Intrd-natd; Br N to C Sc, Ir, Man; C China. 48. C. hjelmqvistii Flinck & B. Hylmö (C. horizontalis 'Robustus') - Hjelmqvist's Cotoneaster. Differs from C. horizontalis in stronger growth to 1.5(4.5)m with less regular herring-bone branches; leaves to 1.5(2)cm, ± orbicular; fruits 6-8mm, with 2 stones; and see Key J (couplet 12). Intrd-natd; Br N to Moray, Man; W China. 49. C. ascendens Flinck & B. Hylmö (C. horizontalis var. wilsonii Havemeyer ex E.H. Wilson) - Ascending Cotoneaster. Differs from C. horizontalis in branches ascending to 1(2)m, with less regular pattern; leaves 0.6-1.5cm; flowers 1-3 together; fruits bright red, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; open woodland; scattered in En and N to C Sc; C China. 50. C. divaricatus Rehder & E.H. Wilson - Spreading Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 2m with wide spreading or arching branches; leaves 0.8-2.5cm, flat and shiny on upperside, very sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers (1)2-3(4) together; anthers white; fruits (7)9-12mm, bright red, oblong-ellipsoid to cylindric, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to C Sc; C China.

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51. C. atrovirens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Dark Cotoneaster. Dense deciduous shrub to 1(-2)m; leaves 0.7-1.4cm, shiny with slightly impressed veins on upperside, sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1-2(3) together; anthers white with pink dots; fruits 911mm, red, globose to depressed-globose, with (2)3(-4) stones. Intrd-natd; M Perth; W China. 52. C. perpusillus (C.K. Schneid.) Flinck & B. Hylmö ² Slender Cotoneaster. Deciduous shrub to 0.8m high, with horizontal or low-arching often procumbent branches; leaves 0.6-1cm, flat and shiny on upperside, sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1(-2) together; anthers white; fruits 4-5mm, orange-red, oblong-ellipsoid to subglobose, with (1)3(-4) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; W Kent; C & W China. 53. C. nitens Rehder & E.H. Wilson - Few-flowered Cotoneaster. Erect, densely branched, deciduous shrub to 3.5m; leaves 0.8-2.2cm, flat and shiny on upperside, sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1-3(4) together; anthers white; fruits 7-9mm, black, subglobose, with 2(-3) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; S & C Br, Lanarks; W China. Fruits ripen extremely early (July). 54. C. mucronatus Franch. - Mucronate Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 4m; leaves 2-5cm, flat and matt on upperside but often with undulate edges, densely hairy on lowerside; flowers 1-4 together; anthers white; fruits 8-12mm, bright red, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; Middlesex; W China. 55. C. lucidus Schltdl. - Shiny Cotoneaster. Spreading to erect, deciduous shrub to 3m; leaves 2-5(7)cm, shiny and with slightly impressed veins on upperside, hairy on lowerside, with brilliant autumn colours; flowers 3-15 together; anthers white; fruits 8-10mm, shiny-black, subglobose, with (2-)3 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; scattered places in Br N to Lanarks; Siberia and Mongolia. 56. C. villosulus (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Flinck & B. Hylmö (C. acutifolius auct. non Turcz.) - Lleyn Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 5m; leaves 3-8(10)cm, acute to shortly acuminate, slightly shiny on upperside and with impressed veins, rather shaggy-hairy on lowerside; flowers 3-9(15) together; anthers white; fruits 810mm, shiny-black, broadly obovoid, with 2(-3) stones. Intrd-natd; scattered places in Br N to Lanarks; C China. 57. C. laetevirens (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) G. Klotz (C. ambiguus auct. non Rehder & E.H. Wilson) - Ampfield Cotoneaster. Differs from C. villosulus in shrub to 3m; leaves tapering-acuminate, ± matt on upperside and with scarcely impressed veins. Intrd-natd; S Hants, Westmorland, Lanarks and Man; W China. 58. C. pseudoambiguus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö - Kangting Cotoneaster. Differs from C. villosulus in leaves 3.5-5.5cm, matt on upperside; flowers 4-7 together; fruits with 23 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to Moray; NW China. 59. C. hummelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö - Hummel's Cotoneaster. Differs from C. villosulus in leaves 5-11cm, subglabrous on lowerside, finely acuminate; flowers 715 together; fruits 9-13mm, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; S Hants; NW China. 60. C. hsingshangensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö - Hsing-Shan Cotoneaster. Differs from C. villosulus in shrub to 3m; leaves abruptly acuminate; flowers 3-9 together; fruits 10-11mm, globose, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; in wood and by road in S Hants, Surrey, Westmorland and Lanarks; C China. 61. C. hurusawanus G. Klotz ² Hurusawa's Cotoneaster. Differs from C. villosulus in erect arching deciduous shrub to 2m; leaves 3-6cm, acute to acuminate, flat and matt on upperside; flowers 2-4 together; fruits 11-12mm, obovoid to cylindric. Intrd-natd; S Lancs; C China. 62. C. bullatus Bois - Hollyberry Cotoneaster. Arching, deciduous shrub to 4m; leaves 3.5-7cm, shiny and ± bullate on upperside, rather densely hairy on lowerside; flowers 12-30 together; anthers white; fruits mostly 6-8mm, bright shiny red, subglobose to obovoid, with (4-)5 stones. Intrd-natd; frequent in Br and Ir, Man, but over-recorded for C. rehderi; W China. Fruits ripen very early (Aug). 63. C. rehderi Pojark. (C. bullatus var. macrophyllus Rehder & E.H. Wilson) - Bullate

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FIG 234 - Leaves of Cotoneaster. 1, C. lucidus. 2, C. villosulus. 3, C. laetevirens. 4, C. pseudoambiguus. 5, C. hummelii. 6, C. lacteus. 7, C. hsingshangensis. 8, C. cambricus. 9, C. mucronatus. 10, C. simonsii. 11, C. tengyuehensis. 12, C. bullatus. 13, C. rehderi. 14, C. boisianus. 15, C. obscurus. 16, C. moupinensis. 17, C. franchetii. 18, C. wardii. 19, C. mairei. 20, C. sternianus.

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Cotoneaster. Arching, deciduous shrub to 5m; differs from C. bullatus in leaves 515cm, extremely bullate on upperside, hairy to rather sparsely so on lowerside; calyx less hairy; fruits mostly 8-11mm. Intrd-natd; frequent in Br, N Ir; W China. Fruits also ripen in Aug. 64. C. boisianus G. Klotz - Bois's Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 3m; differs from C. bullatus in leaves 3-6cm, hairy to rather sparsely so on lowerside; flowers 918 together; fruits 7-9mm, orange-red, globose, with 3-4(5) stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to Lanarks; W China. 65. C. obscurus Rehder & E.H. Wilson - Obscure Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 2m; differs from C. bullatus in leaves 3-5cm, with matt upperside; fruits

FIG 235 ² Leaves of Cotoneaster. 1, C. glabratus. 2, C. glaucophyllus. 3, C. serotinus. 4, C. hedegaardii. 5, C. calocarpus. 6, C. hurusawanus. 7, C. ignescens. 8, C. hodjingensis. 9, C. lidjiangensis. 10, C. radicans. 11, C. atrovirens. 12, C. perpusillus. 13, C. shannanensis. 14, C. nohelii. 15, C. induratus. 16, C. bradyi. 17, C. froebelii. 18, C. fruticosus.

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maroon, with 3-5 stones. Intrd-natd; in hedges; S Lancs, N Wa and S Hants; W China. 66. C. moupinensis Franch. (C. foveolatus auct. non Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Moupin Cotoneaster. Erect deciduous shrub to 3m; differs from C. bullatus in leaves 4-12cm; fruits purplish-black, 6-10mm, with 5 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in En & Wa; W China. 67. C. ignescens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Firebird Cotoneaster. Deciduous arching shrub to 3m; leaves 3.5-5cm, shiny, bullate and with deeply impressed veins on upperside, densely hairy on lowerside; flowers 3-13 together; anthers white; fruits 9-12mm, orange-red, obovoid to depressed globose, with 3-4(5) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; S Hants and Lanarks; SW China. Grown as C. 'Firebird'. 68. C. shannanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Shannan Cotoneaster. Erect, arching, deciduous shrub to 3m; leaves 2-3cm, matt and with impressed veins on upperside, sparsely to densely pubescent on lowerside; flowers 3-9 together; anthers white; fruits 9-10mm, red, obovoid, with 2(-3) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; S Hants and Surrey; SW China and Tibet. 69. C. tengyuehensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö - Tengyueh Cotoneaster. Erect, evergreen to semi-evergreen shrub to 2.5m; leaves 3.5-5.5cm, shiny and with slightly impressed veins on upperside, hairy on lowerside; flowers 3-9 together; anthers white; fruits 7-10mm, bright red, broadly obovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, with 3-4(5) stones. Intrd-natd; W Kent and Westmorland; SW China. 70. C. franchetii Bois - Franchet's Cotoneaster. Erect or arching, evergreen shrub to 3m; leaves 2-3.5cm, with veins deeply impressed on upperside, silvery- to yellowish-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 5-15 together; anthers pale purple; fruits 6-9mm, orange-red, broadly obovoid, with (2-)3 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br and Ir N to C Sc, CI; SW China. 71. C. wardii W.W. Sm. - Ward's Cotoneaster. Erect, evergreen shrub to 2.5m; differs from C. franchetii in leaves 3-5cm, thinner in texture; anthers pale mauve; fruits with 2 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; Offaly, E Cornwall; Tibet. Grown as C. 'Gloire de Versailles'. 72. C. mairei H. Lév. - Maire's Cotoneaster. Erect, semi-evergreen shrub to 3m; differs from C. franchetii in leaves 1.5-3.5cm, greyish-white tomentose on lowerside; flowers 3-7(15) together; anthers white; fruits orange, obovoid, 8-10mm, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br N to Lanarks; S China. 73. C. nohelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Nohel's Cotoneaster. Evergreen small tree or shrub to 5m; leaves 2-4.5cm, shiny and with deeply impressed veins on upperside, greyish-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 5-20 together; anthers pink to mauve; fruits 9-12mm, red to orange-red, depressed-globose, with 2(-3) stones. Intrd-natd; Staffs; SW China. 74. C. vilmorinianus G. Klotz - Vilmorin's Cotoneaster. Evergreen shrub to 2m; leaves 2-3cm, with veins slightly impressed on upperside, greyish-white tomentose on lowerside; flowers 7-15(20) together; anthers pink to mauve; fruits 8-9mm, broadly obovoid, bright red, with 2-3 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in En N to S Lancs; SW China. 75. C. amoenus E.H. Wilson - Beautiful Cotoneaster. Densely branched, evergreen shrub to 1.5m; leaves 1-2cm, ± flat on upperside, white- to grey- or silverytomentose on lowerside; flowers 6-10 together; anthers pinkish-purple; fruits 56mm, bright red, subglobose, with 2-3(4) stones, often with conspicuous erect sepals as in C. pannosus. Intrd-natd; S & SE En, Offaly; SW China. 76. C. sternianus (Turrill) Boom - Stern's Cotoneaster. Erect, evergreen shrub to 3m; confused with C. franchetii but leaves 2.5-5(6)cm; anthers white; fruits 8-10mm, subglobose, with (2)3(-4) stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in Br and Ir; SW China. Many plants determined as C. franchetii are this. C. franchetii has acuminate calyx-lobes with hair-OHVV SRLQWV •PP D FKDUDFWHU VKDUHG ZLWK C. wardii, whereas C.

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sternianus has apiculate calyx-lobes with hair-less points c.0.2mm. 77. C. insculptus Diels - Engraved Cotoneaster. Erect, evergreen shrub to 3m with 225 spreading branches; leaves 1-2(2.5)cm, with veins deeply impressed on upperside, white- to grey-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 1-4 together; anthers white; fruits bright red, obovoid, 6-10mm, with 3-4(5) stones. Intrd-natd; Caerns; SW China. 78. C. induratus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Hardy Cotoneaster. Erect deciduous or semi- 235 evergreen shrub to 3m; leaves 1.8-2cm, shiny and with slightly impressed veins on upperside, densely pubescent to greyish tomentose on lowerside; flowers 3-5 together; anthers white; fruits 9-10mm, orange-red, obovoid to globose, with (2)3-4 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; very scattered in En and Sc; SW China. 79. C. dielsianus E. Pritz. ex Diels - Diels' Cotoneaster. Erect, arching, deciduous 225 shrub to 2(3)m; leaves 1.2-2.5(3)cm, with veins slightly impressed on upperside, greyish- or greenish-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 3-7(12) together; anthers white; fruits 6-8mm, bright red, subglobose, with (3)4(-5) stones. Intrd-natd; rather frequent in Br, SE Ir; China. Often confused with C. franchetii but deciduous and fruits bright red. 80. C. splendens Flinck & B. Hylmö - Showy Cotoneaster. Widely spreading, 225 deciduous shrub to 1(2)m; leaves 1-2(2.5)cm, ± flat on upperside, greyish- or yellowish-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 2-3(8) together; anthers white; fruits 811mm, orange to orange-red, broadly obovoid to subglobose, with usually 4 stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; SW & SE En; W China. 81. C. bradyi E.C. Nelson & J. Fryer ² Brady's Cotoneaster. Dense deciduous shrub 235 to 2m; leaves 1-2cm, shiny and with slightly impressed veins on upperside, densely hairy to tomentose on lowerside; flowers 1-4(5) together; anthers white; fruits 910mm, red, globose to obovoid, with (2)3(-5) stones. Intrd-natd; Cambs; W China. 82. C. froebelii M. Vilm. ex Sax ² Froebel's Cotoneaster. Erect to spreading 235 deciduous or sometimes semi-evergreen shrub to 2m; leaves 1.8-2.8cm, matt and with deeply impressed veins on upperside, grey tomentose on lowerside; flowers 13(6) together; anthers white; fruits 9-10mm, red, broadly obovate to subglobose, with (3)4(-5) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; W Kent; W China. 83. C. fruticosus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö ² Shrubby Cotoneaster. Erect to spreading 235 deciduous shrub to 3m; leaves 2.3-3.3cm, shiny and with deeply impressed veins on upperside, greyish tomentose on lowerside; flowers 3-7 together; anthers white; fruits 9-11mm, red to orange-red, obovoid, with 3-4(5) stones; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; Caerns; SW China. 84. C. zabelii C.K. Schneid. - Cherryred Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 3m; 225 leaves 1.5-4cm, with veins slightly impressed on upperside, densely hairy to ± 228 tomentose on lowerside; flowers 4-12 together; anthers white; fruits 7-9mm, bright red, strongly obovoid to ± pear-shaped, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; scattered in En N to Notts, Man; China. 85. C. fangianus T.T. Yu - Fang's Cotoneaster. Erect, deciduous shrub to 3m; leaves 225 1-3cm, with veins slightly impressed on upperside, white- to grey-tomentose on lowerside; flowers 5-15 together; anthers white; fruits 7-9mm, bright red, broadly obovoid to globose, with 2 stones. Intrd-natd; S Lancs and Cambs; C China. 86. C. cambricus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö (C. integerrimus auct. non Medik.) - Wild RRR Cotoneaster. Irregularly branched, spreading, deciduous shrub to 1.5m; leaves 1- 234 4cm, flat and matt on upperside, tomentose on lowerside; flowers 1-4(7) together; anthers white; fruits 7-11mm, bright red, globose, with 2-3 stones; 2n=68. Native; very few plants on limestone of Great Orme's Head (Caerns), known since 1783; endemic. The 6 plants remaining in 1983 have since been increased by reintroduction of native material. 19. PYRACANTHA M. Roem. - Firethorns Spiny; leaves simple, serrate, evergreen; flowers in compound corymbs, epigynous;

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petals white; stamens 20; carpels 5, with 5 free styles, the walls stony at fruiting. Other spp. - P. coccinea x P. rogersiana is also grown in gardens under cultivar names and some of these might be natd too, possibly overlooked. 1. P. coccinea M. Roem. - Firethorn. Spiny shrub to 2(6)m; leaves 2-7cm, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, with hairy petioles; inflorescence-stalks hairy; fruits globose to depressed-globose, yellow, orange or scarlet; (2n=34). Intrd-natd; very commonly grown and natd as bird-sown plants on banks and walls and in rough ground; frequent in S & C Br, Man, rare in N Br and Ir; S Europe. 2. P. rogersiana (A.B. Jacks.) Coltm.-Rog. - Asian Firethorn. Differs from P. coccinea in ± glabrous petioles and inflorescence-stalks and smaller leaves up to 3(5)cm. Intrd-natd; commonly grown, natd in C & S En, probably overlooked; China. 20. MESPILUS L. - Medlar Sometimes spiny; leaves simple, ± entire, deciduous; flowers solitary, epigynous; petals white; stamens 30-40; carpels 5, with 5 free styles, the walls stony at fruiting. 1. M. germanica L. - Medlar. Shrub or tree to 9m; leaves 5-12cm, elliptic-oblong, hairy; flowers 3-5cm across excl. sepals which project beyond petals; fruits subglobose, 2-3cm (to 6cm in cultivars), solitary, with persistent erect to erectopatent sepals; (2n=34). Archaeophyte; in hedges for at least 4 centuries; local in CI and S Br, sporadic in C & N En, Man; SE Europe. 20 x 21. MESPILUS x CRATAEGUS = X CRATAEMESPILUS E.G. Camus - Hawmedlar 34/1 x 35/1. X C. grandiflora (Sm.) E.G. Camus (M. germanica x C. laevigata) occurs sporadically as isolated trees of uncertain origin very scattered through Br N to C Sc; leaves elliptic to obovate, serrate, usually slightly lobed; fruits brown, obovoid, 3/4 (often nearly whole) way to midrib, the lobes narrow with few apical teeth; fruits globose to pear-shaped, 15-20mm, brick-red to orange; (2n=68). Intrd-natd; frequently grown, natd in hedges and on banks in S En N to Derbys and S Lancs; SE Europe and SW Asia. SUBFAMILY 2 - ROSOIDEAE (genera 22-36). Mainly herbaceous perennials or

ROSOIDEAE

241

sometimes annuals (Rosa, most Rubus and few Potentilla are woody shrubs; Dryas and Acaena are woody at base of stems); epicalyx present or 0; flowers perigynous (or ± hypogynous); chromosome base-number usually 7; very variable in other characters. 5 tribes are currently recognised, but are not listed here. 22. FILIPENDULA Mill. - Meadowsweets Herbaceous perennials; leaves pinnate or reduced to terminal lobe only; flowers in terminal ± flat-topped panicles, 5-6-merous; epicalyx 0; hypanthium ± flat to saucershaped; stamens numerous; carpels 4-12; fruit a head of achenes each with 1-2 seeds. 1 1

3 3

Basal leaves with terminal and 8-30 pairs of main leaflets all 0.5-2cm; petals usually 6 1. F. vulgaris Basal leaves with terminal and 0-5 pairs of main leaflets all >2cm; petals usually 5, but sometimes flore pleno 2 2 Carpels 6-10, spirally twisted, glabrous; leaves with 2-5 pairs of large lateral leaflets 2. F. ulmaria 2 Carpels 4-6, straight, hairy on edges; leaves without large lateral leaflets 3 Petals white; leaves densely hairy on lowerside 3. F. camtschatica Petals very pale pink to red; leaves glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside 4. F. x purpurea

1. F. vulgaris Moench - Dropwort. Stems erect, to 50(100)cm; leaves with 8-30 pairs of main leaflets and smaller ones between, glabrous; petals 5-9mm, creamy-white; achenes 6-12, erect, hairy; 2n=14, 15. Native; calcareous grassland; very locally frequent in Br N to C Sc, Co Clare, SE Galway, grown in gardens and sometimes natd elsewhere. 2. F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. - Meadowsweet. Stems erect, to 1.2m; leaves with 2-5 pairs of main leaflets and smaller ones between, tomentose to glabrous on lowerside; flowers >5mm across, white; 2n=14, 16. Native; all sorts of wet and damp places; common throughout BI. 3. F. camtschatica (Pall.) Maxim. - Giant Meadowsweet. Stems erect, to 3m; leaves densely hairy on lowerside, with 1 large, lobed terminal leaflet and 1-2 pairs of very small laterals; flowers 6, pinkish-purple, 3-5cm across; fruit red; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, occasionally natd in rough places; very scattered in Br N to C Sc; E N America. 5 x 6. R. odoratus x R. parviflorus = R. x fraseri Rehder, with pink petals, has been natd in roadside scrub in W Sussex since 1985, also N Somerset and Herts; garden origin. 6. R. parviflorus Nutt. - Thimbleberry. Stems to 2m, erect, with glandular and nonglandular hairs; leaves simple, ± orbicular, with 3-5 acute lobes; flowers in corymbs of 3-6(10), white, 3-6cm across; fruit red; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, occasionally natd in rough ground; very scattered in Br, W Mayo; W N America.

245

Subgenus 5 - IDAEOBATUS Focke (spp. 7-10). Stems woody, biennial, usually with acicles and/or weak prickles; rhizomes 0 but suckers often arising from roots; stolons 0; leaves ternate to pinnate; fruits orange, red or black, separating from the conical receptacle when fully ripe. 7. R. idaeus L. - Raspberry. Stems to 1.5(2.5)m, erect, with few to numerous weak prickles, otherwise ± glabrous to hairy; leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate leaflets whitetomentose on lowerside; flowers few in racemes, white, c.1cm across, in some plants male only; fruit red, rarely yellow or white; 2n=14, 21, 28, 42. Native; woods, heaths and marginal ground; frequent throughout BI, but only escape from cultivation in some places. 7 x 8. R. idaeus x R. phoenicolasius = R. x paxii Focke was found in 1930 in S Lancs; it is largely sterile. 7 x 25. R. idaeus x R. caesius = R. x pseudoidaeus (Weihe) Lej. (R. x idaeoides

245 248

245

FIG 245 - Leaves of Rubus. 1, R. parviflorus. 2, R. tricolor. 3, R. phoenicolasius. 4, R. spectabilis. 5, R. caesius. 6, R. idaeus. 7, R. loganobaccus. 8, R. cockburnianus.

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44. ROSACEAE

Ruthe) is very sparsely scattered in En, N Tipperary; it resembles R. caesius in habit and stem characters and R. idaeus in leaf characters. It is largely sterile, with undeveloped fruits or partially developed reddish-black ones. 8. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. - Japanese Wineberry. Stems to 2(3)m, erect and spreading, with dense reddish glandular bristles and sparse weak spines; leaves with 3(-5) ovate leaflets white-tomentose on lowerside; flowers several in racemes, pink, c.1cm across; fruit red; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament and fruit and natd in rough places and scrub; scattered in S Br, Lanarks, W Galway; E Asia. 9. R. spectabilis Pursh - Salmonberry. Stems to 2m, ± erect, with weak spines mostly below, otherwise ± glabrous; leaves ternate, with ovate ± glabrous leaflets; flowers usually solitary on lateral branches, pink, 2-3cm across; fruit orange; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament and natd in woods and hedgerows; scattered throughout Br, Man and Ir; W N America. 10. R. cockburnianus Hemsl. - White-stemmed Bramble. Stems to 5m, erect and arching, with few strong prickles, densely covered in white bloom; leaves pinnate, with 7-11 narrowly elliptic-ovate leaflets grey-hairy on lowerside; flowers in panicles, purplish, 1-1.8cm across; fruit black. Intrd-natd; grown in gardens for ornamental stems, natd throughout En and Sc; China.

245

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245

Subgenus 5 x 6 - IDAEOBATUS x RUBUS (sp. 11). Stems woody, stoloniferous, with prickles; rhizomes 0 but suckers often arising from roots; leaves pinnate; fruits dark red, not separating from receptacle. 11. R. loganobaccus L.H. Bailey - Loganberry. Stems to several m, arching and finally rooting at tips, with numerous moderate prickles; leaves pinnate, with 5 ovate leaflets white-tomentose on lowerside; flowers in panicles, white, c.2-3cm across; fruit dark purplish-red; (2n=42). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens for fruit and frequently bird-sown or escaped in hedges and waste places; scattered throughout Br and CI; garden origin (R. idaeus x R. vitifolius Cham. & Schltdl. (subg. Rubus)) in 1881.

245

Subgenus 6 - RUBUS (sections 1-4). Stems woody, biennial (to perennial), usually stoloniferous, usually with strong prickles and acicles; rhizomes 0; leaves palmate; fruits usually black, sometimes red, not readily separating from receptacle. R. ulmifolius is a sexual diploid with 2n=14, but all other microspp. are facultative apomicts (mostly tetraploids but also triploids, pentaploids, hexaploids and heptaploids) that require pollination in order to produce even apomictic seed. Sexual seed can also be produced, and hybridisation is common. 334 microspp. are currently recognised. Although abundant and characteristic of much of C & S BI, this subgenus is much less common in Sc; only c.16 microspp. reach Outer Hebrides and no native ones reach Orkney or Shetland. 12. R. sect. 1 Rubus (sect. Suberecti Lindl.). Variously intermediate between European R. fruticosus agg. and diploid species such as R. idaeus (red fruits) (subgenus Idaeobatus) and the North American R. allegheniensis Porter (black fruits) (sect. Rubus); stems usually suberect, often not rooting at tips, with weakly to well developed prickles and varying quantities (mostly few) of pricklets, acicles, stalked glands and hairs; suckers often produced from roots; leaflets (3)5(-7), usually not overlapping, the basal ones usually stalked; stipules linear-filiform; flowers mostly in racemose inflorescences, white to pink; fruit red to black, without glaucous bloom; 2n=21, 28, 42. Native; sunny and partly shaded places; throughout BI, mostly En and Wa, only 7 microspp. in Ir, 4 in Sc, 3 in Man, 1 in CI; 7 endemic. 4 of the microspp. (R. fissus Lindl., R. nessensis Hall, R. plicatus Weihe & Nees and R. scissus W.C.R. Watson) are probably among the 9 most widely distributed of the

R 248

23. RUBUS

247

subgenus in BI. 20 microspp. currently placed here, incl. the natd N American spp. R. canadensis L. and R. allegheniensis. A natural recent hybrid between R. idaeus and R. fruticosus agg. was recorded from Berks in 1922, it had stems rooting at the tips and red fruit tasting of raspberries and separating from the receptacle (not so in subgenus Rubus). R. loganobaccus (q.v.) and more recent crop species (e.g. Tayberry, Boysenberry) are also of similar parentage. 13-23. R. sect. 2 Glandulosus Wimm. & Grab. (subsect. Hiemales E.H.L. Krause; R. fruticosus L. agg.) - Bramble. Stems procumbent to arching, (potentially) rooting at tips, with well-developed prickles and varying quantities of pricklets, acicles, stalked glands and hairs; roots not producing suckers; leaflets (3)5(-7), usually not overlapping, the basal ones usually stalked; stipules linear-filiform; flowers in compound or racemose inflorescences, white to pink or red; fruit black, without glaucous bloom. Native; all sorts of habitats both natural and man-made, but much less common on calcareous soils; throughout BI, but very local in N Sc. Very variable; almost all characters of inflorescence and vegetative parts are of value in distinguishing the microspp. and series, but probably the indumentum and armature are the most important. 289 microspp. are currently placed here. 13. R. series Sylvatici (P.J. Müll.) Focke (sect. Sylvatici P.J. Müll., subsect. Virescentes Genev.). Stems arching or procumbent, glabrous to hairy; usually without stalked glands or acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem; stalked glands (but 0 acicles) sometimes present in inflorescence; leaflets ± green and variously hairy but not tomentose on lowerside; 2n=21, 28, 42. Throughout BI, 8 microspp. reaching Sc, 3 reaching CI; c.41 endemic. 61 microspp. currently placed here. The alien R. laciniatus Willd. (origin unknown), with distinctive dissected leaves, is grown for its fruits and is frequently natd over most of BI. R. lindleianus Lees is 1 of the most widespread microspp. in the subgenus in BI. 14. R. series Rhamnifolii (Bab.) Focke (subsect. Discoloroides Genev. ex Sudre). Stems arching or procumbent, glabrous to hairy; usually without stalked glands or acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem; stalked glands (but 0 acicles) sometimes present in inflorescence; leaflets greyish-white-tomentose on lowerside; 2n=28. Throughout BI, 13 microspp. reaching Sc, 5 reaching CI; c.28 endemic. 43 microspp. currently placed here, incl. the alien R. elegantispinosus (Schumach.) H.E. Weber, from Europe. R. nemoralis P.J. Müll. and R. polyanthemus Lindeb. are 2 of the most widespread microspp. in the subgenus in BI. 15. R. series Sprengeliani Focke (sect. Sprengeliani (Focke) W.C.R. Watson nom. inval.). Stems low-arching to procumbent, sparsely hairy, with usually few stalked glands but 0 acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; leaflets ± green and sparsely hairy on lowerside; stamens usually shorter than styles (usually longer in all other series); 2n=21, 28. Br N to SW Sc, S Ir, CI; 2 microspp. endemic. 4 microspp. currently placed here; R. sprengelii Weihe with the distribution of the series, the other 3 only in S En. 16. R. series Discolores (P.J. Müll.) Focke (sect. Discolores P.J. Müll.). Stems often scrambling, glabrous to hairy, without stalked glands or acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem; stalked glands and acicles 0 in inflorescence; leaflets chalkywhite-tomentose on lowerside; 2n=14, 21, 28, 35, 49. Throughout most of BI, 2 microspp. reaching Sc, 3 reaching Ir, 2 reaching CI; 5 endemic. 11 microspp. currently placed here, incl. the alien R. armeniacus Focke (R. procerus auct.), from Europe, much grown for its fruit as cv. 'Himalayan Giant'. R. ulmifolius Schott (R. inermis auct. non Pourr.) is the only diploid and only wholly sexual sp. of subg. Rubus in BI. It is widespread in BI, especially on chalk and clay where few other spp. occur, and hence is the commonest sp. in several areas incl. CI. It hybridises with many other spp. as pollen parents; hybrids may be fertile or sterile. It is easily

248

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248

Fig 248 - Leaves and first-year stems of Rubus. 1, R. calvatus (series Sylvatici). 2, R. nobilissimus (sect. Rubus). 3, R. cardiophyllus (series Rhamnifolii). 4, R. sprengelii (series Sprengeliani). 5, R. idaeus (subgenus Idaeobatus).

249

FIG 249 - Leaves and first-year stems of Rubus. 1, R. ulmifolius (series Discolores). 2, R. mucronulatus (series Mucronati). 3, R. boraeanus (series Vestiti). 4, R. wedgwoodiae (series Micantes). 5, R. leyanus (series Anisacanthi).

250

FIG 250 - Leaves and first-year stems of Rubus. 1, R. fuscicaulis (series Radulae). 2, R. atrebatum (series Hystrices). 3, R. caesius (sect. Caesii). 4, R. hylonomus (series Glandulosi). 5, R. tuberculatus (sect. Corylifolii).

23. RUBUS

251

recognised by its stems with a whitish bloom and very short hairs but otherwise only large subequal prickles, rather small elliptic to obovate leaflets whitetomentose on lowerside, flowers produced relatively late (from Aug) in long narrow inflorescences and with rounded pink petals, and small fruit. 17. R. series Vestiti (Focke) Focke (group. Vestiti Focke). Stems usually arching, conspicuously hairy, with stalked glands and acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem, subequal and distinct from pricklets and acicles; stalked glands and usually acicles present in inflorescence; leaflets hairy to greyish-white-tomentose on lowerside; 2n=28, 35, 42. Throughout most of BI except Sc, where only the most widespread sp. (R. vestitus Weihe) reaches; c.17 endemic microspp. 22 microspp. currently placed here. 18. R. series Mucronati (Focke) H.E. Weber (sect. Rotundifolii W.C.R. Watson nom. inval., sect. Appendiculati (Genev.) Sudre). Stems arching, glabrous or less often hairy, with stalked glands and acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem, subequal and distinct from pricklets and acicles; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; leaflets ± green and sparsely hairy to hairy on lowerside, the terminal one obovate, cuspidate at apex and with serrulate margin; 2n=28. Scattered throughout most of BI except CI; 8 endemic microspp. 11 microspp. currently placed here. 19. R. series Radulae (Focke) Focke (subsect. Rudes Sudre pro parte, series Pallidi W.C.R. Watson). Stems usually arching, glabrous or hairy, with stalked glands and acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem, subequal and distinct from pricklets and acicles; pricklets, acicles and stalked glands on stems of similar lengths; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; leaflets green and hairy to greytomentose on lowerside, the terminal one usually elliptic to ovate, usually acuminate at apex and with serrate margin; 2n=28, 35. Throughout most of BI, 6 microspp. reaching Sc, 1 reaching CI; c.27 endemic. 41 microspp. currently placed here. R. radula Weihe ex Boenn. is 1 of the most widespread microspp. in the subgenus in BI. 20. R. series Micantes Sudre ex Bouvet (series Apiculati Focke pro parte, series Grandifolii Focke). Stems usually arching, glabrous or hairy, with stalked glands and acicles; prickles confined to angles of stem, subequal and distinct from pricklets and acicles; pricklets, acicles and stalked glands on stems of different lengths; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; leaflets usually ± green and sparsely hairy to hairy (sometimes ± grey-tomentose) on lowerside, the terminal one usually elliptic to ovate, usually acuminate at apex and with serrate margin; 2n=28, 35. Local in En and Wa, 1 microsp. in Sc, 5 very local in Ir, 2 in CI; c.25 endemic. 31 microspp. currently placed here. 21. R. series Anisacanthi H.E. Weber (series Apiculati Focke pro parte, series Dispares W.C.R. Watson pro parte nom. inval.). Stems arching, glabrous to hairy, with varying numbers of stalked glands and acicles; prickles borne all round stem, unequal in length and grading into pricklets and acicles; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; prickles, pricklets, acicles and stalked glands varying in abundance on different parts of same plant; leaflets green and sparsely hairy to hairy to grey-tomentose on lowerside, the terminal one obovate to ovate, cuspidate to acuminate at apex; 2n=28, 35. Throughout most of BI, 4 microspp. reaching Sc, 1 reaching CI; c. 12 endemic. 23 microspp. currently placed here. 22. R. series Hystrices Focke. Stems arching to procumbent, glabrous to hairy, with stalked glands and acicles but pricklets usually more conspicuous than either; prickles borne all round stem, unequal in length and grading into pricklets and acicles; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; prickles, pricklets, acicles and stalked glands not varying in abundance on different parts of same plant; leaflets green and sparsely hairy to hairy to grey-tomentose on lowerside, the terminal one obovate to ovate, cuspidate to acuminate at apex; 2n=28, 35, 42.

249

R 249

250

249

R 249

250

252

44. ROSACEAE

Throughout most of BI except CI, 3 microspp. reaching Sc, 2 reaching Ir and Man; c.29 endemic. 35 microspp. currently placed here. R. dasyphyllus (W.M. Rogers) E.S. Marshall is 1 of the most widespread microspp. in the subgenus in BI. 23. R. series Glandulosi (Wimm. & Grab.) Focke (sect. Glandulosus Wimm. & Grab., series Euglandulosi W.C.R. Watson nom. inval.). Stems usually low-arching to procumbent, glabrous to hairy, with stalked glands and acicles usually more conspicuous than pricklets; prickles borne all round stem, unequal in length and grading into pricklets and acicles; stalked glands and acicles present in inflorescence; prickles, pricklets, acicles and stalked glands not varying in abundance on different parts of same plant; leaflets usually green and sparsely hairy to hairy on lowerside, the terminal one usually ovate to elliptic, acuminate at apex; 2n=28, 35. Scattered in C & S Br, 1 microsp. reaching N En, 1 in Ir; 2 endemic. 7 microspp. currently placed here.

250

24. R. sect. 3 Corylifolii Lindl. (sect. Triviales P.J. Müll.). Variously intermediate between R. caesius and R. fruticosus agg.; stems low-arching to procumbent, (potentially) rooting at tips, often with glaucous bloom, with variable indumentum and armature but usually only moderate prickles; leaflets 3-5, usually overlapping, the basal pair sessile or nearly so; stipules lanceolate; flowers usually large, often in ± corymbose inflorescences, white to pink or red; fruits black, without glaucous bloom, often with relatively large, few drupelets; 2n=28, 35, 42. Native; open places; throughout most of Br but only 6 microspp. in Sc, 6 scattered in Ir, 3 in Man, 1 in CI; c.19 endemic. 24 microspp. are currently placed here. Some of these, and other very local, un-named plants, have highly imperfect fruits and are probably recent hybrids. The hybrid R. ulmifolius x R. caesius has been recorded from several places. Spp. of this section are very conspicuous in late May and June due to their large white flowers being produced earlier than those of other sections.

250

25. R. sect. 4 Caesii Lej. & Courtois (sect. Glaucobatus Dumort.) - Dewberry. Stems low-arching to procumbent, (potentially) rooting at tips, with glaucous bloom, with moderate prickles but 0 or few hairs or glands; leaflets 3, overlapping, the 2 basal sessile or nearly so; stipules lanceolate; flowers few, in corymbs, white, large (2-3cm across); fruits with large, few drupelets, black, with glaucous bloom; 2n=28, 35. Native; disturbed ground, grassland, scrub and sand-dunes, often on clayey or basic soils; throughout C & S BI N to C Sc but scattered and local in much of W and in Sc. The only sp. is R. caesius L., which is easily distinguished by its ternate leaves; thin, procumbent, glaucous stems with short (1-2mm), slender prickles; early flowering (from June); large flowers with broad, white petals; and glaucous fruits with few, large drupelets.

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24. POTENTILLA L. (Duchesnea L.) - Cinquefoils Herbaceous (annuals to) perennials or rarely deciduous shrubs; leaves pinnate, ternate or palmate, or upper ones simple; flowers solitary or few in cymes, (4-)5merous; epicalyx present, with entire or 3-toothed segments; hypanthium flat to saucer-shaped, with receptacle slightly to strongly convex; petals yellow or white; VWDPHQV •  FDUSHOV -numerous; fruit a head of achenes, rarely borne on outside of enlarged, red, succulent receptacle. 1 1 3

Receptacle becoming red and succulent in fruit (or not forming fruits); epicalyx segments 3-toothed at apex 4. P. indica Receptacle remaining dry in fruit; epicalyx segments entire 2 2 Lower leaves pinnate 3 2 Lower leaves ternate or palmate 5 Shrub; leaflets entire; achenes hairy 1. P. fruticosa

24. POTENTILLA

3 5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13 15 15

17 17

Herb; leaflets toothed; achenes glabrous 4 4 Petals white; flowers in terminal cyme 3. P. rupestris 4 Petals yellow; flowers solitary, axillary 2. P. anserina Petals white 6 Petals yellow 7 6 Leaves with serrations confined to distal 1/2 of margin; petals 6-10mm; flowers 15-20mm across 18. P. montana 6 Leaves with serrations extending into proximal 1/2 of margin; petals 4-7mm; flowers 8-15mm across 17. P. sterilis At least some flowers with 4 petals and sepals 8 All flowers with 5 petals and sepals 10 8 Plant highly sterile (with 0-few achenes per flower); petioles of stemleaves >1cm, all ± same length 15. P. x mixta 8 Plant fertile (with many achenes per flower); stem-leaves ± sessile to petiolate, if latter then petioles decreasing markedly in size towards stem apex 9 Carpels 10mm; some leaves with 4-5 leaflets; stems rooting at nodes late in season; some flowers 5-merous 14. P. anglica 10 Flowers solitary in leaf-axils; main stems procumbent and rooting at nodes 16. P. reptans 10 Flowers (often few) in terminal cymes; main stems not rooting at nodes 11 Flowering stem arising laterally from side of terminal leaf-rosette, usually 2mm wide, with several welldeveloped leaves 13 12 Vegetative stems long, procumbent, often rooting, mat-forming; free part of stipules of basal leaves linear-triangular; flowers mostly 15mm across 11. P. crantzii 10. P. rivalis Petals c.1/2 as long as sepals; stamens 5-10 14 3HWDOV•3/4 as long as sepals; stamens c.20 14 Most or all leaves ternate 9. P. norvegica 14 Most lower leaves with 5 leaflets 15 Leaves with long straight hairs on lowerside rarely completely obscuring leaf surface; petals 6-12mm; stems straight and stiffly erect 7. P. recta Leaves with short curly hairs as well as long straight hairs on lowerside, RIWHQFRPSOHWHO\REVFXULQJOHDIVXUIDFHSHWDOV”PPVWHPVGHFXPEHQW to erect but rarely straight and stiff 16 16 Ripe achenes rugose; leaf surface rarely completely obscured by hairs on lowerside 8. P. intermedia 16 Ripe achenes smooth; leaf surface completely obscured by hairs on lowerside 17 Leaves grey-tomentose on lowerside, with flat margin; upper part of stem with mixed straight and woolly hairs; petals 5-7mm 6. P. inclinata Leaves white-tomentose on lowerside, with revolute margin visible from lowerside as narrow green edge; upper part of stem with dense woolly

253

44. ROSACEAE

254

hairs; petals 4-5mm

5. P. argentea

Other spp. - c.16 additional garden ornamentals have been recorded from the wild. P. thuringiaca Bernh. ex Link, from C & S Europe, was formerly ± natd in a few places; it is similar to P. crantzii but more robust with narrower leaflets with the terminal tooth shorter than the 2 on either side. P. eriocarpa Wall. ex Lehm., from Himalayas, was found in a quarry in Kirkcudbrights in 1993 and might persist; it is a low-growing perennial with 5 large yellow petals, densely hairy receptacle and achenes, and ternate leaves with the leaflets toothed only near apex as in Sibbaldia. 1. P. fruticosa L. - Shrubby Cinquefoil. Deciduous erect or spreading shrub to 1m; RRR leaves pinnate, with (3)5-7(9) leaflets; flowers 1-many in cymes, functionally dioecious; petals yellow, 6-16mm, much longer than sepals; 2n=28. Native; rockledges, river- and lake-margins in full sun; extremely local in 2 areas of N En and in Co Clare, NE Galway and E Mayo (W Ir). Numerous garden cultivars, with white to orange petals, are widely planted in public places and may occur as relics; some might involve the white-petalled P. davurica Nestl. (P. glabrata Willd.), from E Asia. 2. P. anserina L. - Silverweed. Perennial with long procumbent stolons and terminal leaf-rosettes; leaves pinnate, with (3)7-12 pairs of narrowly elliptic-oblong main leaflets alternating with small ones; flowers solitary in leaf-axils on stolons, on erect pedicels to 25cm; petals yellow, 7-10mm, c.2x as long as sepals; 2n=28, 42. Native; waste places, waysides, pastures and sand-dunes; common throughout BI. 3. P. rupestris L. - Rock Cinquefoil. Perennial with erect flowering stems to 60m RRR arising from leaf-rosette; leaves pinnate, with 2-4 pairs of broadly elliptic leaflets; flowers in terminal cymes; petals white, longer than sepals; (2n=14). Native; on basic rocks; 1 site each in Monts and Rads, 2 in E Sutherland, occasional escape from cultivation elsewhere. 4. P. indica (Jacks.) Wolf (Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) - Yellow-flowered Strawberry. Perennial with stolons to 50cm, slender, bearing ternate leaves and solitary axillary flowers on erect pedicels 3-10cm; flowers c.10-18mm across; fruit ± globose, 8-16mm across, on swollen and red but not juicy or tasty receptacle; (2n=42, 84). Intrd-natd; cultivated as curiosity and occasionally escapes into shady places; very scattered in C & S Br, E Perth, CI and Man; S & E Asia. R 5. P. argentea L. - Hoary Cinquefoil. Perennial with decumbent to ascending stems to 30cm arising from leaf-rosette; leaves palmate with 5 leaflets white-tomentose on 255 lowerside; flowers in terminal cymes; petals yellow, 4-5mm, c. as long as sepals; 2n=14. Native; sandy grassland and waste ground; local and decreasing in CI and Br N to C Sc, common only in E En. 6. P. inclinata Vill. (P. canescens Besser) - Grey Cinquefoil. Perennial with erect to 255 ascending stems to 50cm arising from leaf-rosette; differs from P. argentea in larger size and see key (couplet 17); (2n=42). Intrd-casual; waste places; occasional casual in Br, mainly SE En; C & S Europe. 7. P. recta L. - Sulphur Cinquefoil. Perennial with erect stems to 70cm arising from 255 leaf-rosette; leaves palmate with 5-7 leaflets; flowers in terminal cymes; petals yellow, 6-12mm, longer than sepals; (2n=28, 42). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and natd in waste ground, roadside banks and grassy places; scattered in BI N to C Sc, rare in Ir; S Europe. 8. P. intermedia L. - Russian Cinquefoil. Biennial or perennial with erect to 255 ascending stems to 50cm arising from leaf-rosette; leaves palmate, the lower with 5 leaflets; flowers in terminal cymes; petals yellow, 4-5mm, c. as long as sepals; (2n=28, 42, 56). Intrd-natd; casual in waste and grassy places, sometimes ± natd; scattered in Br, formerly Co Dublin; Russia. 9. P. norvegica L. - Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil. Annual to short-lived perennial with 255 erect to ascending stems to 50cm; leaves ternate; flowers in terminal cymes; petals

255

FIG 255 - Potentilla. 1, P. norvegica. 2, P. reptans. 3, P. intermedia. 4, P. x suberecta. 5, P. recta. 6, P. anglica. 7, P. x mixta. 8, P. inclinata. 9, P. erecta. 10, P. argentea.

256

44. ROSACEAE

yellow, 4-5mm, c. as long as sepals or shorter; (2n=42, 56, 70). Intrd-natd; casual or sometimes natd in waste places; very scattered in Br and NE Ir; N & C Europe. 10. P. rivalis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray - Brook Cinquefoil. Annual to biennial with erect to ascending stems to 50cm; leaves with 3-5 leaflets; flowers in terminal cymes; petals yellow, 1.5-3mm, shorter than sepals; (2n=14, 70). Intrd-natd; by pool at 1 site in Salop since at least 1976; N America. 11. P. crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch - Alpine Cinquefoil. Perennial with terminal leaf-rosettes and ascending flowering stems to 20cm arising from side; basal leaves palmate, with (3-)5 leaflets; flowers 1-few in cymes, c.15-20mm across; petals yellow, longer than sepals; 2n=42, 49. Native; sparse basic grassland, rocky places and crevices on mountains; very local in Sc, NW Wa and N En S to Derbys. 11 x 12. P. crantzii x P. tabernaemontani (= ?P. x beckii Murr) might be the identity of intermediate plants in MW Yorks, S Aberdeen and Cheviot, the last far from either species. Intermediacy is shown in stipule-shape, flower-size and growthhabit; 2n=61-64. 12. P. tabernaemontani Asch. (P. neumanniana auct. non Rchb., P. verna auct. non L.) - Spring Cinquefoil. Perennial with terminal leaf-rosettes, ± woody procumbent stolons, and ascending flowering stems to 10cm arising from side; basal leaves palmate, with 5-7 leaflets; flowers 1-few in cymes, c.10-15mm across, otherwise as in P. crantzii; 2n=42, 49, 56, 63, 70. Native; dry basic grassland and rocky slopes; very local in Br. Differs from dwarfed P. reptans in sterile state by basal leaflets arising directly from top of petiole, not from near base of sub-basal pair. Both P. tabernaemontani and P. neumanniana are probably incorrect names; a proposal to legitimise P. verna L. for this plant may well be accepted. 13. P. erecta (L.) Raeusch. - Tormentil. Perennial with basal leaf-rosette (often withered by flowering) and erect to procumbent non-rooting flowering stems to 45cm; leaves ternate, sessile or nearly so, with 2 stipules resembling small leaflets; flowers all or nearly all with 4 petals, few to many in loose terminal cymes, 7-15mm across; carpels 4-20. Native; grassland and dwarf-scrub on heaths, moors, bogs, mountains, roadsides and pastures, mostly on acid soils but sometimes on limestone. a. Ssp. erecta. Stems to 25cm; stem-leaves serrate in distal 1/2 only, with teeth 1.5mm, the uppermost leaf 12-30mm; petals 4-6mm; fruiting pedicels (12)2050mm; 2n=28. Upland areas of BI N from S Devon and S Ir. 13 x 14. P. erecta x P. anglica = P. x suberecta Zimmeter occurs frequently with the parents in BI. It resembles P. erecta in habit but the stems may rarely root at nodes late in the season and it is intermediate in leaflet-, petal- and carpel-number, petiole-length and flower-size. It is partially fertile, with 1cm and ± equal-lengthed; flowers solitary in stem-leaf axils, all with 5 petals and sepals, 15-25mm across; carpels 60-120; 2n=28. Native; rough ground, hedgebanks, sand-dunes and open grassland; common in BI N to C Sc, very local further N. 17. P. sterilis (L.) Garcke - Barren Strawberry. Perennial with procumbent stolons and terminal leaf-rosettes; leaves ternate, with broadly obovate leaflets; flowers 1-3 in cymes on decumbent axillary flowering stems to 15cm; petals white, c. as long as to slightly longer than sepals; 2n=28. Native; wood-margins and clearings, scrub and hedgebanks; common throughout BI except extreme N. Distinguished from Fragaria vesca by the grey-green leaflets with terminal tooth shorter than adjacent 2, and petals with wide gaps between. 18. P. montana Brot. ² Western Cinquefoil. Perennial with procumbent stolons and terminal leaf-rosettes; leaves ternate, with obovate to narrowly obovate leaflets; flowers 1-4 in cymes on decumbent axillary flowering stems to 20cm; petals white, much longer than sepals; (2n=28). Intrd-natd; grassy area on hill-top; 1 site in Cards since 2006; SW Europe.

255

25. COMARUM L. ² Marsh Cinquefoil Rhizomatous perennials; leaves pinnate; flowers 1-few in terminal cymes, 5merous; epicalyx present, with entire segments; hypanthium ± flat, with strongly convex receptacle; petals purple; stamens and carpels numerous; fruit a head of achenes. 1. C. palustre L. (Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.) - Marsh Cinquefoil. Herbaceous perennial with long woody rhizome and ascending stems to 50cm; leaves pinnate, with (3)5-7 leaflets; petals purple, much shorter than sepals; 2n=35, 40, 64. Native; fens, marshes and bogs; common over most of BI but very local in S & C Br and CI and absent from many parts there. 26. SIBBALDIA L. - Sibbaldia Herbaceous perennials; differ from Potentilla in leaves ternate; flowers 5-merous, in compact heads; hypanthium saucer-VKDSHG SHWDOV ”PP RU  VWDPHQV  -10); carpels 5-12. 1. S. procumbens L. (Potentilla sibbaldii Haller f.) - Sibbaldia. Leaves in basal rosette with obovate-obtriangular leaflets mostly with 3 apical teeth; flowering stems 15cm, procumbent to ascending; flowers densely clustered, c.5mm across; petals 0 or 5, 1.5-2mm, pale yellow; (2n=14). Native; grassy and rocky slopes and rock-crevices above 470m; frequent in C & N Sc, Westmorland record probably an error. 27. FRAGARIA L. - Strawberries Herbaceous perennials, usually stoloniferous; leaves ternate; flowers in cymes on ± leafless stems arising from axils of leaf-rosette, 5-merous; epicalyx present, with

RR

258

44. ROSACEAE

entire segments; hypanthium ± flat, with strongly convex receptacle; petals white or flushed pink; stamens and carpels numerous (sometimes flowers ± dioecious); fruit a head of achenes borne on outside of enlarged, red, succulent receptacle. 1 1

Leaflets glabrous or nearly so on upperside; most fruiting heads >15mm wide, usually with sepals appressed; achenes sunk into surface of ripe receptacle 3. F. ananassa Leaflets hairy to sparsely so on upperside; fruiting heads 5mm 1. G. rivale Flowers erect to laterally directed; petals scarcely clawed at base; ripe achenes ± sessile in flower centre 2 2 Petals 8-15mm, usually bright red 2. G. quellyon

28. GEUM

3 3

259

2 Petals 3.5-7mm, yellow 3 Achenes 1mm 3. G. urbanum Achenes >150, in ovoid head, the receptacle with sparse hairs (6)10; stipules lobed >1/2 way to petiole 1. R. multiflora 4 Flowers mostly 3-5cm across, in groups of 1-6(10); stipules not lobed 5 or lobed 1 per branch 11 11 Flowers 6-8cm across, flore pleno to some degree, usually white 10. R. x alba 11 Flowers (2)3-5(6)cm across, very rarely flore pleno 12 12 Sepals entire or some with few very narrow lateral lobes, some or all falling before fruit ripe 13 12 Outer sepals on ± all flowers with lateral lobes; sepals falling early or persistent 14 13 Leaves strongly red-tinged; petals usually shorter than sepals; pedicels, fruits and sepals glabrous to very sparsely glandular-hairy 11. R. ferruginea 13 Leaves green; petals longer than sepals; pedicels, fruits and sepals densely glandular-hairy 8. R. virginiana 14 Leaflets glabrous, sometimes with few stalked glands on midrib but without eglandular hairs 15 14 Leaflets tomentose to hairy with eglandular hairs on lowerside, at least on midrib 16 15 Orifice of disc c.1/5 its total width; styles glabrous, hairy or woolly, forming ± loose group; sepals mostly patent to reflexed after flowering, falling before fruit ripe 13. R. canina 15 Orifice of disc c.1/3 its total width; styles woolly, forming dense mass ± obscuring disc; sepals mostly erect to erecto-patent after flowering, usually persistent until fruit ripe 14b. R. caesia ssp. vosagiaca 16 Leaflets with prominent, ± sticky, sessile and short-stalked glands on lowerside, giving fresh leaf fruity smell when rubbed, hairy to sparsely so with eglandular hairs on lowerside 17 16 Leaflets with 0 or ± inconspicuous glands on lowerside, the glands ± confined to veins or if over whole surface then with no or with resinous smell and leaves usually ± tomentose on lowerside 19 17 Pedicels glabrous; leaflets cuneate at base 21. R. agrestis 17 Pedicels glandular-hairy; leaflets rounded at base 18 18 Stems erect; prickles unequal; styles hairy; sepals mostly erect to patent, persistent until fruit reddens 19. R. rubiginosa 18 Stems arching; prickles ± equal; styles glabrous or nearly so; sepals mostly reflexed, falling before fruit reddens 20. R. micrantha 19 Leaflets without glands or with few on midrib on lowerside, uniserrate to biserrate with teeth not or variably gland-tipped 20 19 Leaflets glandular on lowerside, at least on midrib and lateral veins, biserrate with gland-tipped teeth 22 1/3 its total width; styles woolly, forming dense mass 20 Orifice of disc c. ± obscuring disc; sepals mostly erect to erecto-patent after flowering, usually persistent until fruit ripe 14a. R. caesia ssp. caesia 20 Orifice of disc c.1/5 its total width; styles glabrous, hairy or woolly, forming ± loose group; sepals mostly patent to reflexed after flowering, falling before fruit ripe 21 21 Lobes on outer sepals narrow, usually entire; prickles moderately hooked, longer than width of base; leaves usually eglandular on lowerside 13. R. canina 21 Lobes on outer sepals broad, usually lobed or toothed; prickles strongly hooked, c. as long as width of base; leaves usually glandular on lowerside of midrib 15. R. obtusifolia 23 22 Orifice of disc c.1/5 its total width; styles glabrous to hairy 24 22 Orifice of disc c.1/3-1/2 its total width; styles woolly 23 Prickles strongly hooked, c. as long as width of base; pedicels 5-15mm;

269

270

44. ROSACEAE

pedicels, fruits and sepals glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy 15. R. obtusifolia 23 Prickles ± straight to arched, longer than width of base; pedicels (10)15-25mm; pedicels, fruits and sepals glandular-hairy to densely so 16. R. tomentosa 24 Sepals erect or suberect, entire or with few lateral lobes, persistent until fruit decays; orifice of disc c.2/5-1/2 its total width; prickles ± all straight 18. R. mollis 24 Sepals erect to erecto-patent, with lateral lobes, falling from ripe fruit; orifice of disc c.1/3 its total width; at least some prickles curved 17. R. sherardii Other spp. - c.16 extra spp. and innumerable cultivars and (often complex) hybrids are grown in gardens and may be very persistent in hedges, waste ground, parks and estates. The cultivars and hybrids are best named as cultivars without reference to their parentage, e.g. Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'; in many cases the parentage is in fact unknown. These cultivars are not included in this work; they include nearly all flore pleno plants (but most of the non-native spp. also occur in this form). R. sempervirens L. (sect. Synstylae) (Evergreen Rose) was formerly natd in Worcs; it is evergreen with glabrous styles, red fruits, leaves with 5-7 leaflets and unlobed stipules, and flowers 2.5-6cm across. R. majalis Herrm. (R. cinnamomea L. 1759 non 1753) (sect. Cassiorhodon) and R. pendulina L. (R. cinnamomea L. 1753 non 1759) (sect. Synstylae) are sometimes found in semi-wild places; the former has depressed-globose fruits with glabrous pedicels; the latter ovoid to obovoid fruits with glandular-hairy pedicels recurved in fruit. R. sericea Lindl. (R. omeiensis Rolfe) (sect. Pimpinellifoliae) and R. gymnocarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. willmottiae (Hemsl.) P.V. Heath (R. willmottiae Hemsl.) (sect. Gymnocarpae Thory) have recently been recorded from hedges in MW Yorks; the former has very broad-based prickles, 9-13 leaflets and solitary white flowers with 4 petals; the latter has straight, paired prickles, 7-9 glabrous leaflets 10, usually white, 2-3cm across; fruits ovoid to globose, 2cm, with the fused surrounding bracts much longer than nut and contracted beyond its apex; (2n=22, 28). Intrd-natd; grown for its nuts (Kentish Cobs) in orchards in Kent and in gardens elsewhere, sometimes found as a relic and rarely self-sown; scattered in S Br; SE Europe and SW Asia. Fertile fruits develop equally well following pollination by C. maxima or C. avellana. 3. C. colurna L. - Turkish Hazel. Tree to 26m with single trunk; leaves narrower, more acuminate and more lobed, lighter or brighter green, and with longer petiole than in C. avellana; male catkins up to 12cm; nuts up to 2cm, usually distinctly flattened, with thicker shell than in C. avellana, with girdle of deeply laciniate bracts much longer than nut and becoming strongly reflexed when dry; (2n=28). Intrdsurv; grown in plantation on dunes in S Lancs for many years, now being planted as street tree in En; SE Europe and SW Asia.

56. CUCURBITACEAE - White Bryony family Annuals or herbaceous perennials; stems scrambling or climbing, usually with tendrils; leaves alternate, simple, usually palmately veined, usually palmately lobed, without stipules, petiolate. Flowers 1-several in axillary racemes or irregular groups, actinomorphic, epigynous, unisexual (dioecious or monoecious); hypanthium present, bearing sepals, petals and stamens; sepals 5, free; petals 5, united at least at base; stamens apparently 3 (rarely 5), 2 with 2 pollen-sacs and 1 with 1; ovary 1-celled but often appearing (2)3(-5)-celled due to deeply intrusive parietal placentas, with few to many ovules; style 1; stigmas 2-3, ± capitate; fruit succulent and indehiscent, berry-like or cucumber-like. Recognisable by the scrambling or climbing habit, unisexual epigynous flowers with unusual stamens, and distinctive fruit. 1 1 3 3

Dioecious perennials; fruit 2cm, green to yellow 2 2 Tendrils absent; fruit densely hispid when ripe 2. ECBALLIUM 2 Tendrils present; fruit glabrous to sparsely hairy or hispid when ripe 3 Male flowers several together; central axis of anther extending beyond pollen-sacs 3. CUCUMIS Male flowers solitary; central axis of anther not extending beyond pollen-sacs 4 4 Leaves pinnately lobed; corolla divided much >1/2 way 4. CITRULLUS 4 Leaves palmately lobed; corolla divided 1/2 way, greenish-white; fruit a red

1. BRYONIA

299

globose, ± glabrous berry. 1. B. dioica Jacq. (B. cretica L. ssp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin) - White Bryony. Stems to c.5m; leaves deeply palmately lobed, ± hispid; corolla 5-12mm; fruit 5-9mm; 2n=20. Native; in scrub and hedgerows, mostly on well-drained base-rich soils; CI, En but absent from most of N and SW, Wa but rare except in E, intrd elsewhere in BI. 2. ECBALLIUM A. Rich. - Squirting Cucumber Monoecious perennials with tuberous roots; stems trailing; tendrils 0; male flowers several together; female flowers solitary; corolla divided 30cm, green, usually glabrous, smooth or warty, much longer than wide; (2n=14). Intrd-casual; rare on tips and at sewerage works, sometimes grown as crop on fieldscale; S En; India. 4. CITRULLUS Schrad. - Water Melon Monoecious annuals with non-tuberous roots; stems climbing with simple or branched tendrils; male and female flowers solitary; corolla divided > 1/2 way, yellow; fruit globose to slightly elongated, green to yellow, smooth, ± glabrous. 1. C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai - Water Melon. Stems to 1m, woolly when young; leaves with 3 main lobes, the central one forming most of leaf, all 3 pinnately lobed, hairy when young, scabrid later; corolla 5-17mm; fruit 2->30cm; (2n=22). Intrd-casual; rare on tips, frequent at sewerage works; Br, mainly S; S Africa. 5. CUCURBITA L. - Marrows Monoecious annuals with non-tuberous roots; stems climbing with usually branched tendrils; male and female flowers solitary; corolla divided < 1/2 way, yellow; fruit globose to cylindrical, green to yellow, smooth to warty, finally glabrous.

56. CUCURBITACEAE

300

1. C. pepo L. - Marrow. Stems to 2m, hispid; leaves shallowly to deeply palmately lobed, hispid; corolla 30-110mm; fruit extremely variable, often very large, with thickened and fluted pedicel; (2n=10, 22, 24, 28, 40, 44). Intrd-casual; common on tips and at sewerage works, sometimes grown on field scale; mostly S Br, rare in Sc, Man and CI; N C America. Most casual plants in Br result from use as vegetables (marrow, courgette), but some perhaps from use as ornamentals (gourds). 2. C. maxima Duchesne ex Lam. - Pumpkin. Differs from C. pepo in its narrow terete female pedicels and usually huge depressed-globose fruits; (2n=40). Intrdcasual; on tips and sewerage farms from use as vegetable; rather rare in S En but recurrent at 1 site in Herts; C America. The thin pedicel is diagnostic; some cultivars of C. pepo have depressed-globose fruits.

57. CELASTRACEAE - Spindle family Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or woody climbers; leaves opposite or alternate, simple, petiolate, with small or without stipules. Flowers greenish-yellow, small, in axillary cymes, variously dioecious to bisexual, hypogynous to slightly epigynous, actinomorphic; sepals 4-5, free or fused at base; petals 4-5, free; stamens 4-5; ovary 3-5-celled, each cell with (1-)2 ovules on axile placenta; style 1; stigma capitate or 3lobed; fruit an often ± succulent 3-5-angled dehiscent capsule with 1(-2) seeds in each cell; seeds covered in bright orange to red aril. The distinctive brightly coloured seeds are diagnostic; otherwise distinguished by the woody habit and ± hypogynous flowers with 4-5 sepals, petals and stamens, with 3-5 fused carpels, and with a large nectar-secreting disc at base. 1 1

Erect shrub with opposite leaves; capsule 4-5-celled Woody climber with alternate leaves; capsule 3-celled

1. EUONYMUS 2. CELASTRUS

1. EUONYMUS L. - Spindles Erect non-spiny shrubs with opposite leaves; ovary 4-5-celled; stigma capitate; capsule 4-5-celled, with 4-5 distinct rounded to winged lobes, pinkish-red or creamish-yellow on outside; aril orange. 1 1

Leaves leathery, evergreen; fruit with rounded lobes 3. E. japonicus Leaves thin, deciduous; fruit with obtuse to winged lobes 2 2 Terminal buds (Jul-Mar) 5mm; flowers mostly with 5 sepals and stamens; fruits with mostly 5 winged angles 2. E. latifolius

Other spp. - A single bush of E. hamiltonianus Wall., from Himalayas, has persisted on a common in Surrey; it differs from E. europaeus in being semievergreen and having purple (not yellow) anthers. E. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.Mazz., from China, has evergreen, non-shiny, sometimes variegated leaves and trailing stems rooting on contact with soil; it is much grown for ground-cover and sometimes occurs as a relic. 1. E. europaeus L. - Spindle. Much-branched shrub or small tree to 5(8)m; leaves deciduous, 3-8(12)cm, elliptic to narrowly so or narrowly obovate, acuminate, entire to serrulate; fruits with mostly 4 obtuse angles, 8-15mm across, pinkish-red; 2n=32. Native; hedges, scrub and open woods on calcareous or base-rich soils; frequent in Br and Ir N to C Sc, planted in N Sc, Man, Ir. 2. E. latifolius (L.) Mill. - Large-leaved Spindle. Differs from E. europaeus in leaves 7-

1. EUONYMUS

301

16cm, elliptic to obovate, rather abruptly acuminate, serrulate; fruits 15-25mm across; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=64). Intrd-natd; planted in hedges and gardens and sometimes natd by bird-sown seeds; scattered throughout Br; Europe. 3. E. japonicus Thunb. - Evergreen Spindle. Bushy shrub or small tree to 5(8)m; leaves evergreen, shiny on upperside, 2-7cm, usually obovate, obtuse to very abruptly acuminate, crenate-serrate, often variegated; fruits with 4 rounded lobes, 6-10mm across, pink; (2n=32). Intrd-natd; much planted for hedging, especially near sea in S, very persistent, self-sown on S coast of En, Man, rarely elsewhere in S, frequent relic by sea in S & W Br N to Cumberland, CI; Japan. Variegated plants often have creamish-yellow capsules. 2. CELASTRUS L. - Staff-vine Woody climbers with alternate leaves each with 2 spinose stipules in young state; ovary 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 3-celled, subglobose, brownish- to greenishyellow on outside, golden-yellow inside; seeds with red aril. 1. C. orbiculatus Thunb.- Staff-vine. Stems twining, climbing potentially to 12m; leaves deciduous, 5-12cm, obovate to suborbicular, obtuse to abruptly acuminate, crenate-serrate; fruits with 3 valves, 6-10mm across; (2n=46). Intrd-natd; garden plant spreading into woodland; 1 site in Surrey since 1985, also S Hants and S Somerset; E Asia.

58. PARNASSIACEAE ² Grass-of-Parnassus family Perennial herbs; leaves mostly basal, simple, petiolate, without stipules, only 1 sessile leaf on stem. Flowers solitary, bisexual, hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous, actinomorphic or less often zygomorphic; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free, white; stamens 5, alternating with 5 large much divided staminodes; carpels (3-)4, fused to form 1-celled ovary with many ovules on parietal placentation at least below, tapering to 4 capitate stigmas; fruit a capsule. The single terminal white flower on a stem with 1 leaf, and 5 stamens alternating with 5 large much divided staminodes, is a unique combination. 1. PARNASSIA L. - Grass-of-Parnassus 1. P. palustris L. - Grass-of-Parnassus. Flowering stems to 30cm, often much less, with 1 sessile leaf; basal leaves 1-5cm, ovate, cordate, petiolate; flowers 15-30mm across; 2n=18, 36. Native; marshes, damp grassland and dune-slacks; frequent in BI S to Berks and S Tipperary, formerly much commoner in En and Wa.

59. OXALIDACEAE - Wood-sorrel family Perennial, rarely annual, often slightly succulent herbs, often with bulbs and/or rhizomes; leaves all basal or alternate, usually ternate, sometimes palmate, petiolate, with or without stipules. Flowers 1-several in axillary, often umbellate cymes, bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic, often trimorphic; sepals 5, free; petals 5, free or ± so; stamens 10, sometimes not all with anthers; ovary 5-celled, each cell with many ovules on axile placentas; styles 5; stigmas minute; fruit a 5-celled capsule. The ternate or less often palmate leaves and conspicuous actinomorphic flowers are diagnostic.

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59. OXALIDACEAE

1. OXALIS L. - Wood-sorrels Most bulbous spp. are trimorphic and self-incompatible, and reproduce mainly or wholly vegetatively. The different clones may show morphological differences, but those present in BI represent only a small part of their whole range and a relatively broad view of sp. limits is taken here. Many spp. are only marginally natd, occurring ± wholly in cultivated ground, but can be very persistent. Corolla colours given are those in the fresh state; after drying the red/pink colours often fade or become more bluish. 1 1 3 3 5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

Petals yellow 2 Petals red, pink, mauve or white 8 2 3 sepals cordate; leaves succulent 7. O. megalorrhiza 2 No sepals cordate; leaves thin, not succulent 3 Aerial stem 0; bulbils present at or below soil level 14. O. pes-caprae Aerial stems present; bulbils 0 4 4 Stems procumbent, eventually rooting freely at nodes 5 4 Stems decumbent to erect, not or very sparsely rooting 6 Inflorescences always 1-flowered; capsules 3-4.5mm, with 2-4 seeds per cell; usually 5 stamens with and 5 without anthers 4. O. exilis At least most inflorescences 2-8(12)-flowered; capsules (4)8-20mm, with >4 seeds per cell; usually all 10 stamens with anthers 3. O. corniculata 6 Capsules 3x as long as wide; petals 5-11mm, not purple-veined 7 Pedicels (but not capsules) patent or reflexed in fruit; inflorescence an umbel; vegetative parts with only white simple hairs 5. O. dillenii Pedicels erect in fruit; inflorescence cymose; vegetative parts with translucent septate hairs as well as white simple ones 6. O. stricta 8 Leaves with 5-10 leaflets 13. O. decaphylla 8 Leaves with 3-4 leaflets 9 Stem aerial, ± erect, bearing leaves 10 Stem (not leafless peduncles) 0 or a rhizome at or below soil level 11 10 Bulbs 0; inflorescences >1-flowered 2. O. rosea 10 Stem arising from bulb and producing axillary aerial bulbs; inflorescences 1-flowered 15. O. incarnata Bulbs 0; stem a rhizome 12 Leaves arising from bulb at or below soil level; bulb often producing thin rhizomes 13 12 Flowers solitary; rhizome slender, with distant succulent scales 9. O. acetosella 12 Flowers in umbels; rhizome thick, with dense papery scales 8. O. articulata Leaves with 4 leaflets 12. O. tetraphylla Leaves with 3 leaflets 14 14 Leaflets widest about the middle, with submarginal orange or dark dots on lowerside 10. O. debilis 14 Leaflets widest at or near apex, without submarginal dots 11. O. latifolia

Other spp. - A pink-flowered bulbous plant found in gardens in Wigtowns and Co Antrim has 3 dark-blotched leaflets and has been variously determined as O. bulbifera R. Knuth, O. drummondii A. Gray or a variant of O. tetraphylla; it might be an unusual clone of O. latifolia. O. magellanica G. Forst., from S America, Australia and New Zealand, is like a small delicate O. acetosella with leaflets only

1. OXALIS

303

c.5 x 5mm and suffused bronze and flowers only 4-10mm and pure white; it occurs as a relic of cultivation in flower-beds in Man. 1. O. valdiviensis Barnéoud - Chilean Yellow-sorrel. Bulbs 0; stems erect to decumbent, to 30cm, not or little branched, rather succulent; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and acute sinus, glabrous; flowers yellow with purple veins, 10-15mm, in forked cymes; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; garden weed, reproducing by seed; very scattered in C & S En and N Wa; Chile. 2. O. rosea Jacq. - Annual Pink-sorrel. Bulbs 0; stems erect to ascending, to 25cm, branched or not; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and obtuse sinus, subglabrous; flowers pale mauve-pink, 11-17mm, in sparsely branched cymes; (2n=12, 14). Intrd-natd; garden weed, reproducing by seed; Jersey and W Cornwall, impermanent in parts of E En; Chile. 3. O. corniculata L. - Procumbent Yellow-sorrel. Bulbs 0; stems mostly procumbent, to 50cm, rooting at nodes, often subterranean, much-branched; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and acute sinus, sparsely hairy especially on margins, often purple; flowers yellow, 4-7.5mm, (1)2-8(12) in umbels; pedicels patent or reflexed in fruit; capsule with dense appressed hairs; seeds >4 per cell; 2n=24. Intrd-natd; pernicious weed of gardens, paths, walls and waste ground, reproducing mainly by seed; common in most of En, Wa, Man and CI, very scattered in Sc and Ir; warmer parts of world. 4. O. exilis A. Cunn. (O. corniculata var. microphylla Hook. f.) - Least Yellow-sorrel. Differs from O. corniculata in filiform stems and all parts smaller; leaves always green; seeds 2-4 per cell; and see key (couplet 5). Intrd-natd; similar places and distribution to O. corniculata, usually but not everywhere less common; New Zealand and Tasmania. 5. O. dillenii Jacq. (O. stricta auct. non L.) - Sussex Yellow-sorrel. Stems erect to decumbent, to 20cm, little-branched; leaves as in O. corniculata but always green; flowers yellow, 6-11mm, (1)2-3(4) in umbels; pedicels and capsule as in O. corniculata; seeds with white patches; (2n=16-24). Intrd-natd; weed in sandy arable fields, reproducing by seed; known 1950-1984 in W Sussex, also Sark (CI) and as a weed in some gardens in Br and Ir; N America. 6. O. stricta L. (O. fontana Bunge, O. europaea Jord.) - Upright Yellow-sorrel. Differs from O. dillenii in stems to 40cm; thin subterranean rhizomes sometimes produced; leaves sometimes purple; flowers 5-9(15)mm, 2-5 in cymes; seeds without white patches; and see key (couplet 7); (2n=18-28). Intrd-natd; weed of gardens and arable fields, reproducing mainly by seed; scattered over most of BI, common in parts of S En; N America. 7. O. megalorrhiza Jacq. (O. carnosa auct. non Molina) - Fleshy Yellow-sorrel. Stems erect to ascending, subterranean and aerial, to 20cm, thick and succulent, ± unbranched; leaflets 3, succulent, obovate, rounded to very shallowly notched at apex, glabrous, covered with translucent cells on lowerside; flowers bright yellow, 12-15mm, 1-3(5) in umbels; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; on walls and banks in Scilly, known since c.1936, W Cornwall; very frost sensitive; Chile. 8. O. articulata Savigny (O. floribunda auct. non Lehm.) - Pink-sorrel. Stem a thick brown-scaly horizontal to oblique rhizome; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and acute sinus, appressed-hairy, with orange warts especially near margin; petioles up to 25cm; peduncles up to 35cm; flowers deep pink, rarely white or pale pink, 10-15mm, c.3-25 in (sometimes partly compound) umbels; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens and established escape in waste and stony and sandy ground on roadsides, banks and seashores, often in closed vegetation, reproducing by seed and rhizomes; frequent in S En and CI, scattered elsewhere in BI; E S America. Ssp. rubra (A. St.-Hil.) Lourteig differs in its shorter hairs, elliptic (not linear-lanceolate) sepals, and more hairy petals; some of our plants might

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304

FIG 304 - Oxalis. 1, O. latifolia (ex Jersey). 2, O. rosea. 3, O. debilis. 4, O. tetraphylla. 5, O. articulata. 6, O. incarnata. 7-9, leaves of Oxalis. 7, O. vespertilionis. 8. O. latifolia (ex Cornwall). 9, O. deppei.

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305

belong to it. 9. O. acetosella L. - Wood-sorrel. Stems horizontal thin rhizomes with distant succulent scale leaves; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and acute to obtuse sinus, sparsely appressed-hairy; petioles and peduncles up to 10cm; flowers white with mauve veins, rarely pink or mauve, 8-15mm, solitary; 2n=22. Native; woods, hedgebanks, shady rocks, often on humus; common ± throughout BI except parts of E En. 10. O. debilis Kunth (O. corymbosa DC.) - Large-flowered Pink-sorrel. Leaves and peduncles arising from scaly bulb which produces many sessile bulblets and 0-2 swollen succulent roots; leaflets 3, obcordate, with acute to closed sinus and rounded margins, very sparsely appressed-hairy on lowerside, with orange or dark warts only or especially near margin; petioles up to 15(20)cm; peduncles up to 20 (30)cm; flowers pinkish-mauve, 15-20mm, c.3-25 in contracted cymes; (2n=14, 28). Intrd-natd; weed of gardens and other open ground, reproducing by bulblets only; frequent in S En and CI, scattered elsewhere in BI N to C Sc; S America. The above description applies to var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; var. debilis differs in its salmon-pink to brick-red flowers, smaller bulblets and glandular hairs present on styles; it occurs in a few gardens in S En. 11. O. latifolia Kunth (O. vespertilionis Zucc.) - Garden Pink-sorrel. Differs from O. debilis in bulblets often formed at end of rhizomes to 3cm; leaflets with variously rounded to ± pointed lobes, with obtuse to rounded sinus, without warts; flowers pink, sometimes white, 8-13mm; (2n=14, 24). Intrd-natd; habitat and distribution of O. debilis; C & S America. Variable in leaf-shape: the commonest plants have 'fishtail-shaped' (obsagittate) leaflets with elongated lobes rounded at ends and rounded to obtuse sinus; some plants from Devon, Cornwall and Guernsey have much more rounded leaflet-lobes with obtuse sinus: plants known as O. vespertilionis (very rare in Br) have 'V-shaped leaflets' with very elongated lobes often subacute at extreme ends and rounded sinus. 12. O. tetraphylla Cav. (O. deppei Lodd. ex Sweet) - Four-leaved Pink-sorrel. Differs from O. debilis in bulblets often formed at end of rhizomes to 6cm; leaflets 4, obsagittate, with ends of lobes rounded and sinus very obtuse, without warts; flowers pinkish-purple; (2n=56). Intrd-natd; weed of gardens and arable land, reproducing by bulblets only; Jersey and Scilly, impermanent elsewhere in S En; Mexico. O. deppei possibly occurs also; it differs in its scarcely or not lobed leaflets with ± truncate apex, brick-red flowers, and sessile bulblets, and might be a separate sp. 13. O. decaphylla Kunth (O. lasiandra auct. non Zucc.) - Ten-leaved Pink-sorrel. Leaves and peduncles arising from scaly bulb which produces many bulblets at the ends of thin rhizomes to 15cm; leaflets 5-10, narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, with apex rounded or notched with acute to subacute sinus, glabrous; flowers pale mauvish-pink, 10-14mm, (1)2-6 in umbels; (2n=28). Intrd-surv; weed in flower-beds in Cumberland and Man; Mexico. 14. O. pes-caprae L. - Bermuda-buttercup. Leaves and flowers arising at soil level among group of bulblets at top of short underground stem arising from deepseated main bulb; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and acute to subacute sinus, appressed-hairy on lowerside; petioles and peduncles up to 30cm; flowers yellow, 20-25mm, c.3-25 in umbels; (2n=28, 34). Intrd-natd; common weed of arable land (often bulbfields) in Scilly and CI, rare elsewhere in C & S En, reproducing by bulblets and swollen roots; S Africa. 15. O. incarnata L. - Pale Pink-sorrel. Bulb producing annual, erect, branched stem to 20cm with axillary sessile bulblets; leaflets 3, obcordate, with rounded margins and obtuse to subacute sinus, ± glabrous; flowers pale mauvish-pink with darker veins, 12-20mm, solitary; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; weed of cultivated ground, walls and banks; frequent in SW En and CI, scattered elsewhere in BI; S Africa.

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304 304

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60. EUPHORBIACEAE

60. EUPHORBIACEAE - Spurge family Annual to perennial herbs or rarely woody annuals, often with white latex; leaves opposite or alternate, sometimes whorled, simple, entire or serrate, rarely palmately lobed, petiolate or sessile, with or without stipules. Flowers variously arranged, monoecious or dioecious, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth 0 or of 3(-5) sepallike free lobes; male flowers with 1-many stamens, the filaments simple, jointed or branched; female flowers with 2-3-celled ovary with 1 ovule per cell; styles 2-3; stigmas strongly papillose or branched; fruit a 2-3-celled capsule. 3 extremely distinct genera with superficially little in common, but all with monoecious or dioecious flowers with 2-3-celled ovary with 1 ovule per cell and 2-3 strongly papillose or branched stigmas. 1 1

Leaves palmately lobed 2. RICINUS Leaves not lobed, entire to serrate 2 2 Plant with copious white latex, monoecious; ovary and fruit 3-celled; stamen 1 3. EUPHORBIA 2 Plant with watery sap, usually dioecious; ovary and fruit 2-celled; stamens numerous 1. MERCURIALIS

1. MERCURIALIS L. - Mercuries Herbs with watery sap; leaves opposite, unlobed, serrate; flowers usually dioecious, the male in catkin-like ± erect axillary spikes, the female in smaller axillary clusters; tepals 3, green; stamens numerous, with free, simple filaments; ovaries 2-celled. 1. M. perennis L. - Dog's Mercury. Rhizomatous perennial; stems erect, simple, to 40cm, hairy; leaves hairy, ovate to elliptic or narrowly so, 3-8cm; male spikes up to c.12cm; female flower-clusters on stalks usually >1cm; 2n=64. Native; woods, hedgerows and shady places among rocks; common over much of Br but absent from Man and Outer Isles, very local and probably intrd in Jersey, Man and Ir. 2. M. annua L. - Annual Mercury. Differs from M. perennis in annual with fibrous root system; stems often branched; stems and leaves glabrous or nearly so, usually paler green; female flowers fewer and subsessile; (2n=16). Archaeophyte; cultivated ground and waste places; frequent in S En and CI, scattered and only intrd in Br N to Moray and in Ir and Man. 2. RICINUS L. - Castor-oil-plant Annual herb or shrub with watery sap; leaves alternate, lobed, serrate; flowers monoecious, in branched axillary groups, the male below the female; tepals 3-5, membranous; stamens numerous, on branched filaments; ovary 3-celled. 1. R. communis L. - Castor-oil-plant. Stems simple or branched, to 2(4)m; leaves long-petiolate, peltate, palmately lobed, up to 60cm; (2n=20). Intrd-casual; on tips and in waste places, often not reaching fruiting or even flowering, as garden throwout or oilseed-alien; scattered in Br N to C Sc, Man and CI; tropics. 3. EUPHORBIA L. - Spurges Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with white latex; leaves opposite, alternate or whorled, unlobed, entire or serrate; flowers monoecious, in distinctive small units composed of 1 female and few male flowers together in a cup-shaped cyathium, which has 2-5 conspicuous glands at top; cyathia solitary in leaf-axils, or (usually) in terminal compound cymes with paired or whorled branches each subtended by a bract which is leafy but often different in shape from the leaves; perianth 0; stamen 1, with jointed filament; ovary 3-celled.

3. EUPHORBIA

1 1

3 3 5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15 17 17

19

Plants usually procumbent; stipules present; bracts and leaves similar, markedly unequal at base 2 Plants usually erect; stipules 0; bracts and leaves often different, ± equal at base 3 2 Stems and capsules glabrous 1. E. peplis 2 Stems and capsules hairy 2. E. maculata Leaves on main stems opposite 10. E. lathyris Leaves on main stems alternate 4 4 Glands on cyathia rounded on outer edge 5 4 Glands on cyathia concave on outer edge, prolonged into 2 points 11 Ovary and capsule smooth to granulose, but sometimes hairy 6 Ovary and capsule conspicuously warty or papillose 7 6 Ovary and capsule hairy; leaves hairy at least on lowerside, oblong to oblong-lanceolate 3. E. corallioides 6 Ovary and capsule glabrous; leaves glabrous, obovate 9. E. helioscopia Annuals with simple root system 8 Rhizomatous perennials 9 8 Capsules with hemispherical papillae; umbel with 5 main branches, the bracts at that node similar to leaves below but markedly different from bracts at next higher node 7. E. platyphyllos 8 Capsules with cylindrical papillae; umbel with 2-5 main branches, the bracts at that node intermediate between leaves below and bracts at next higher node 8. E. stricta Capsule with most papillae c. as long as wide (± hemispherical); glands on cyathia mostly 2-3 6. E. oblongata Capsules with many papillae c.2x as long as wide (± cylindrical); glands on cyathia mostly 4 10 10 Stems without scales near base; capsule 5-6mm; bracts yellowish 4. E. hyberna 10 Stems with scales near base; capsule (2)3-4mm; bracts green 5. E. dulcis Opposite pairs of bracts fused at base; stems hairy 12 Opposite pairs of bracts not fused at base; stems glabrous 13 12 Capsules glabrous; primary branches of topmost whorl of inflorescence 4-12 21. E. amygdaloides 12 Capsules densely hairy; primary branches of topmost whorl of inflorescence 10-20 22. E. characias Annuals to perennials; rhizomes 0 (stems sometimes buried in sand) 14 Rhizomatous perennials 17 14 Annuals with thin leaves; bracts and leaves similar 15 14 Biennials to perennials with ± succulent leaves; bracts and leaves markedly different 16 Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, sessile 11. E. exigua Leaves ovate to obovate, petiolate 12. E. peplus 16 Midrib prominent on leaf lowerside; seeds pitted 13. E. portlandica 16 Midrib obscure on leaf lowerside; seeds smooth 14. E. paralias /HDYHV” PPZLGHRIWHQOLQHDUWKRVHRIODWHUDOVKRRWVFURZGHG and conifer-like 20. E. cyparissias 6RPHRUDOOOHDYHV• PPZLGHQRWOLQHDUWKRVHRQODWHUDOVKRRWV not conifer-like 18 18 Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, widest above middle, attenuate at base 19 18 Leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, widest at or below middle, not attenuate at base 20 /HDYHV”PPZLGH 19. E. x pseudoesula

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60. EUPHORBIACEAE

19 At least some leaves >4mm wide 18. E. esula 20 Leaves rounded to broadly cuneate-rounded at base 15. E. waldsteinii 20 Leaves abruptly narrowed to cuneate base 21 21 Leaves mostly c.2-3mm wide 17. E. x gayeri 21 Leaves mostly c.4-5mm wide 16. E. x pseudovirgata Other spp. - c.10 other spp. have been recorded as aliens. E. villosa Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. (E. pilosa auct. non L.) (Hairy Spurge), from Europe, was natd near Bath, N Somerset, from 1576 to c.1924; it would key to couplet 6 but is a rhizomatous perennial with stems scaly near ground. E. ceratocarpa Ten., from Italy, was once natd in Glam; it would key to couplet 9 but is glabrous and has flat-conical papillae on capsule. For E. boissieriana see E. esula agg. E. mellifera Aiton is a tree-spurge from the Canaries with a grey bark and leaves clustered at branch-ends; it has produced seedlings on walls, etc. in W Cornwall (incl. Scilly) and SE Ir. 1. E. peplis L. - Purple Spurge. Glabrous, often purplish, annual with procumbent E stems to 10cm; cyathia solitary in stem-forks and leaf-axils; capsules smooth, glabrous; seeds smooth. Native; on sandy or shingly beaches, probably extinct; last records 1965 in N Devon, 1976 in Alderney; formerly in S Br from E Kent to Cards, Co Waterford, CI. 2. E. maculata L. - Spotted Spurge. Hairy annual, often with dark blotches on leaves, with procumbent stems to 50cm; cyathia 1-few in leaf-axils and stem-forks; capsules smooth, hairy; seeds with shallow transverse furrows; (2n=28). Intrd-surv; scarcely natd weed of nurseries and in a quarry; very scattered in En, S Wa, Jersey; N America, natd in Europe. 3. E. corallioides L. - Coral Spurge. Hairy perennial with 0 or weak rhizomes; 310 stems erect, to 60cm; leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, ± sessile, serrulate; capsules finely granulose, hairy; seeds smooth; 2n=26. Intrd-natd; in woods and hedgerows in W Sussex since c.1808, less permanent elsewhere in S Br and NE Yorks; Italy. 4. E. hyberna L. - Irish Spurge. Sparsely hairy or rarely glabrous perennial with R strong rhizomes; stems erect, to 60cm; leaves narrowly elliptic-oblong, sessile, entire; capsules with prominent cylindrical papillae, glabrous; seeds smooth; (2n=36). Native; woods, hedgerows, grassy places and stream-banks; extremely local in W Cornwall, N Devon and S Somerset, frequent in most of SW Ir, rare in NW Ir, natd rarely elsewhere. 5. E. dulcis L. - Sweet Spurge. Sparsely hairy to subglabrous perennial with strong 310 rhizomes; stems erect, to 50cm; leaves oblong- or elliptic-oblanceolate, tapered to ± sessile base, entire to serrulate; capsules with prominent cylindrical papillae, glabrous; seeds smooth; (2n=12, 18, 24, 28). Intrd-natd; in shady places; very scattered in Br, in E Ross since 1849, Man; Europe. 6. E. oblongata Griseb. - Balkan Spurge. Densely hairy perennial with strong rhizomes; stems erect, to 90cm; leaves narrowly oblong-ovate or -obovate, sessile, serrulate; capsules with conspicuous mostly ± hemispherical papillae, glabrous; seeds smooth. Intrd-natd; well natd on grassy bank in S Hants since at least 1993, also elsewhere in En (mainly S), W Wa and Lanarks; Balkans and Aegean. 7. E. platyphyllos L. - Broad-leaved Spurge. Glabrous or hairy erect annual to 80cm; R leaves obovate to elliptic, sessile, cordate at extreme base, serrulate; capsules with 310 small hemispherical papillae, glabrous; seeds smooth; 2n=30. Archaeophyte; cultivated and rough ground; formerly locally frequent in S & E Br, now very local in S En N to N Lincs and Staffs. 8. E. stricta L. (E. serrulata Thuill.) - Upright Spurge. Glabrous erect annual to 80cm; RRR leaves as in E. platyphyllos but narrower though often cordate at base; capsules with 310 prominent cylindrical papillae, glabrous; seeds smooth; (2n=20, 28). Native;

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limestone woods in c.10 places in W Gloucs, Mons and Glam, natd rarely in En N to W Lancs and MW Yorks. 9. E. helioscopia L. - Sun Spurge. Glabrous (or ± so) erect annual to 50cm; leaves obovate, tapered to base, serrulate; capsules smooth, glabrous; seeds with reticulate ridges; 2n=42. Archaeophyte; cultivated ground and waste places; common over lowland BI. 10. E. lathyris L. - Caper Spurge. Glabrous biennial; stems to 1m in 1st year, producing inflorescence from top and to 2m in 2nd year; leaves linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sessile, entire, ± glaucous; capsules smooth, glabrous; seeds rugose; 2n=20. Archaeophyte; well natd in shady places in S En, frequent casual or ± natd alien in waste places and gardens over much of BI. 11. E. exigua L. - Dwarf Spurge. Glabrous erect annual to 20(30)cm; leaves linear to narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, ± glaucous; capsules smooth, with ridge on midline of each valve, glabrous; seeds closely rugose; 2n=24. Archaeophyte; arable land, rarely elsewhere; common in S & E En, scattered elsewhere in most of BI except N Sc. 12. E. peplus L. - Petty Spurge. Glabrous erect annual to 30(40)cm; leaves ovate to obovate, ± petiolate, entire; capsules smooth, with 2 narrow wings near midline of each valve, glabrous; seeds pitted; 2n=16. Archaeophyte; cultivated and waste ground; common throughout most of BI. 13. E. portlandica L. - Portland Spurge. Glabrous, erect biennial to perennial to 40 (50)cm; rhizomes 0; leaves slightly succulent, obovate to oblanceolate, sessile, entire; inflorescence arising from top of last year's stems; capsules granulose near midline of each valve, glabrous; seeds pitted; 2n=16. Native; maritime sand-dunes and sometimes cliffs; rather local on coasts of Ir, CI and S & W Br from S Hants to S Ebudes. 13 x 14. E. portlandica x E. paralias has been found with both parents in Wa and Wexford; it is partially sterile and intermediate in leaf characters; endemic. 14. E. paralias L. - Sea Spurge. Differs from E. portlandica in more robust stems to 60cm; leaves more succulent, ovate-oblong; capsules rugose-granulose; seeds smooth; and see key (couplet 16); 2n=16. Native; maritime sand-dunes, often with E. portlandica; rather local on coasts of Ir, CI and Br N to W Norfolk and S Ebudes.

R

R

15-20. E. esula L. agg. Glabrous, rhizomatous perennials; stems erect; leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile, entire; capsules granulose near midline of each valve, glabrous; seeds smooth. A very difficult group of (in Br) 3 spp. and their 3 hybrids, all of which are fertile. Virtually the only diagnostic characters are the leafshapes: oblanceolate in E. esula, lanceolate in E. waldsteinii and linear in E. cyparissias. All are found natd in hedgerows and grassy and waste places; probably all but E. cyparissias and E. x pseudovirgata are under-recorded. Over 60 spp. have been recognised in the agg., and some others than the 3 treated here might occur in BI. E. boissieriana (Woronow) Prokh. and its hybrid with E. esula have been recorded but are not known natd at present. They differ from E. waldsteinii and its hybrid with E. esula ± only in their wider and less acute leaves; many plants named E. x pseudovirgata, however, have obtuse leaves more than 5mm wide, and their identity needs checking. 15. E. waldsteinii (Soják) Czerep. (E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. non Desf.) - Waldstein's Spurge. Stems to 1m, relatively robust; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, widest below middle, mostly c.4-5mm wide, rounded to broadly cuneate-rounded at base, usually cuspidate to acuminate at apex. Intrd-natd; in scattered places in En and N to Lanarks; C & SE Europe to SW Asia. This sp. should possibly be amalgamated with E. esula. 16. E. x pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó (E. uralensis auct. non Fisch. ex Link, E. esula

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FIG 310 - Shoots and fruits of Euphorbia. 1, E. stricta. 2, E. x pseudovirgata. 3, E. dulcis. 4, E. corallioides. 5, E. platyphyllos. 6, E. esula.

3. EUPHORBIA

311

ssp. tommasiniana auct. non (Bertol.) Kusmanov, E. virgata auct. non Waldst. & Kit. nec Desf.; E. waldsteinii x E. esula) - Twiggy Spurge. Stems to 1m; leaves linear to lanceolate or sometimes ± oblanceolate, mostly widest at or below middle, mostly c.4-5mm wide, not or abruptly narrowed to cuneate base, acuminate to obtuse at apex; 2n=60. Intrd-natd; frequently natd in Br N to C Sc, Jersey; Europe. Easily the commonest member of the agg. in Br, and probably highly fertile. 17. E. x gayeri Boros & Soó (E. waldsteinii x E. cyparissias). - Gáyer's Spurge. Stems to 60cm; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, widest at or below middle, mostly 23mm wide, not or abruptly narrowed to cuneate base, acuminate to acute at apex. Intrd-natd; Cumberland and Brecs; Europe. Partially fertile. 18. E. esula L. - Leafy Spurge. Stems to 60cm, with more delicate habit than E. x pseudovirgata or E. waldsteinii; leaves oblanceolate, widest above middle, (3)5-10mm wide, tapered to narrowly cuneate base, obtuse to rounded at apex; 2n=60. Intrdnatd; scattered in Br N to C Sc; Europe. 19. E. x pseudoesula Schur (E. esula x E. cyparissias) - Figert's Spurge. Stems to 60cm; leaves oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, widest above middle, mostly 2.64mm wide, tapered to cuneate base, rounded at apex; (2n=50). Intrd-natd; scattered in S Br, W Lancs; Europe. Partially fertile. 20. E. cyparissias L. - Cypress Spurge. Stems to 50cm; leaves linear, crowded HVSHFLDOO\RQODWHUDOEUDQFKHV ” PPZLGHVFDUFHO\QDUURZHGDWEDVHRUDSH[ 2n=20, 40. Possibly native in chalk grassland in E Kent and perhaps elsewhere in SE En, natd in rough grassland and waste places scattered throughout BI. 21. E. amygdaloides L. - Wood Spurge. Hairy, tufted or rhizomatous perennial; stems biennial, with inflorescences arising from tops in 2nd year, to 90cm; leaves of 1st-year stems obovate to oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, tapered to base, entire; capsule smooth or minutely punctate, glabrous; seeds smooth. a. Ssp. amygdaloides. Rhizomes short or 0; leaves of 1st-year stems herbaceous, dull, pale- to mid-green, hairy on lowerside and margins; 2n=20. Native; woods and shady hedgerows; common in CI and much of S Br N to Flints and E Norfolk, rare alien further N and in Ir and Man. b. Ssp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace (E. robbiae Turrill, E. amygdaloides var. robbiae (Turrill) Radcl.-Sm.). Rhizomes long; leaves of 1st-year stems ± coriaceous, ± shiny, dark green, ± glabrous; (2n=40). Intrd-natd; woods and other shady places; very scattered in Br, Ir and Man; NW Turkey. 22. E. characias L. - Mediterranean Spurge. Densely hairy, tufted perennial; stems biennial, with inflorescences arising from tops in 2nd year, to 1.5m; leaves of 1styear stems oblanceolate, entire, hairy; capsule smooth, hairy; seeds smooth; (2n=20). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd on old garden sites and waste ground. a. Ssp. characias. Glands on cyathia dark reddish-brown, with short points. Scattered in S Br and Man; W Mediterranean. b. Ssp. veneta (Willd.) Litard. (ssp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J. Koch) Radcl.-Sm.). Glands on cyathia yellowish, with long points. Scattered in S Br; E Mediterranean.

61. ELATINACEAE - Waterwort family Small ± aquatic annuals; leaves opposite, simple, entire, ± petiolate, stipulate. Flowers minute, solitary in leaf-axils, bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic; sepals 3-4, membranous, free or united at base; petals 3-4, free, pinkish-white; stamens 2x as many as petals; ovary 3-4-celled, each with numerous ovules on axile placentation; styles 3-4, very short; stigmas capitate; fruit a 3-4-celled capsule. Superficially like Portulacaceae, but differs in many floral characters; distinguished from Caryophyllaceae by the completely compartmented ovary and

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312

herbaceous stipules (absent or scarious in Caryophyllaceae). 1. ELATINE L. - Waterworts 1. E. hexandra (Lapierre) DC. - Six-stamened Waterwort. Stems procumbent, rooting at nodes, to 10(20)cm; leaves c.6mm, elliptic to spathulate; pedicels at least as long as flowers; sepals and petals 3(-4); stamens 6(8); capsule with 3(-4) valves; (2n=72). Native; in ponds and on wet mud; very local and widely scattered in BI, mostly in W & SE. Can live for several years submerged without flowering. 2. E. hydropiper L. - Eight-stamened Waterwort. Like E. hexandra but pedicels 0 or very short; sepals and petals 4; stamens 8; capsule with 4 valves; (2n=40). Native; in ponds and small lakes; rare and very local in C Sc, NW Wa, WC En and NE Ir, formerly S En.

62. SALICACEAE - Willow family Deciduous trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, rarely ± opposite, simple, usually serrate, stipulate, petiolate. Flowers much reduced, in racemose catkins, normally dioecious, each in axil of bract, each with either cup-like perianth or 1-2 small nectaries at base; male flowers with 1-many stamens; female flowers with 1-celled ovary with numerous ovules; styles 1(-2), short; stigmas 2, often bifid, often large; fruit a 2-valved capsule; seeds with long plume of hairs arising from base. Dioecious, catkin-bearing trees or shrubs with simple flowers and plumed seeds borne in a capsule. 1 1

Flowers with 1-2 nectaries; cup-like perianth 0; bracts entire; winter buds with 1 outer scale 2. SALIX Flowers with cup-like perianth; nectaries 0; bracts toothed; winter buds with several outer scales 1. POPULUS

1. POPULUS L. - Poplars Trees; winter buds with several outer scales; flowers appearing before leaves, with toothed or deeply divided bracts, with cup-like perianth; nectaries 0; stamens 5c.60. The most important characters are the general habit of the tree and the shape of leaves on the dwarf lateral shoots (short-shoots) or extension shoots (long-shoots); leaves on suckers or epicormic shoots are often very different. The sex of the tree can be important in identification. Apart from the need for mature leaves, most characters are best observed in late spring, when shoot hairiness and colour, sex and tree-shape are all obvious. 1 1

3 3

Leaves of long-shoots densely tomentose on lowerside, sometimes becoming glabrous late in season 2 Leaves of long-shoots glabrous to slightly hairy on lowerside 3 2 Leaves of long-shoots distinctly palmately 3-5-lobed; bracts subentire to dentate; trees usually female 1. P. alba 2 Leaves of long-shoots not or scarcely palmately lobed, coarsely and bluntly dentate; bracts laciniate; trees mostly male 2. P. x canescens Leaves of long- and short-shoots coarsely and bluntly sinuate-dentate; bracts with long silky hairs 3. P. tremula Leaves shortly and regularly serrate; bracts glabrous or shortly hairy 4 4 Not or only slightly balsam-scented; leaves only slightly paler on lowerside; petioles strongly laterally compressed (Black-poplars) 5 4 Buds and young leaves strongly balsam-scented; leaves much paler

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1. POPULUS

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5

7 7

9 9

313

on lowerside; petioles nearly terete (Balsam- and Black-/Balsam-poplars) 6 Leaves without sessile glands on leaf-blade near top of petiole, broadly cuneate (to truncate) at base, not minutely hairy at margin (often slightly hairy on face); tree either fastigiate with erect branches or with spreading branches and usually large burrs on trunk 4. P. nigra Many leaves with 1-2 small sessile glands on leaf-blade near top of petiole, truncate or subcordate to broadly cuneate at base, minutely hairy at margin when young; tree narrow or broad but not fastigiate and not with burrs on trunk 5. P. x canadensis 6 Leaves serrate, the tip of each serration reaching nearer leaf apex than the base of the notch distal to it (Black-/Balsam-poplar hybrids) 7 6 Leaves crenate, the tip of each crenation not reaching nearer leaf apex than the base of the depression distal to it (Balsam-poplars) 9 Leaves ovate-elliptic to -rhombic, rounded to cuneate at base 6. P. x berolinensis Leaves broadly to triangular-ovate, truncate to cordate at base 8 8 Young branchlets conspicuously angled or ridged; young branchlets and petioles not or sparsely hairy; suckers not produced; trees male or female 7. P. x generosa 8 Young branchlets ± rounded; young branchlets and petioles conspicuously hairy; mature trees producing abundant suckers; trees all female 8. P. x jackii Tree with subfastigiate outline; lower branches arising at c.45°, with few or no pendent twigs; trees all female 10. P. 'Balsam Spire' Tree rather narrowly pyramidal; some lower branches spreading and with pendent twigs; trees male or female 10 10 Young branchlets conspicuously angled or ridged; leaves usually widest not much above petiole apex and abruptly rounded there, with mostly truncate to subcordate base; suckers scarce 9. P. trichocarpa 10 Young branchlets scarcely angled or ridged; leaves usually widest well above petiole apex and gradually rounded there, with mostly rounded base; suckers often abundant 11. P. balsamifera

Other spp. - Several other spp. are grown in parks and some are now being used in groups or rows. Most common are 2 balsam-poplars: P. laurifolia Ledeb. (Laurelleaved Poplar), from C Asia, differing from the others in its spreading habit, narrowly ovate leaves with rounded bases and acuminate apices, and very angled branchlets; and P. maximowiczii A. Henry (Japanese Balsam-poplar), from E Asia, with large ovate-elliptic leaves with very narrow cordate bases and apiculate twisted apices, and rounded branchlets. Cultivars of P. maximowiczii x P. trichocarpa (especially cv. 'Androscoggin') have been grown for timber. P. deltoides Marshall, from N America and much used in hybridisations, is rarely planted in BI. 1. P. alba L. - White Poplar. Tree to 24m with broad spreading crown, many suckers and smooth grey bark; leaves palmately lobed, densely white-tomentose on lowerside; males very rare; (2n=38, 57). Intrd-natd; much planted and often well natd from dense sucker growth, especially on coastal dunes; scattered in BI, especially in C & S Br and CI, rare in NW Sc; Europe. 2. P. x canescens (Aiton) Sm. (P. x hybrida M. Bieb.; P. alba x P. tremula) - Grey Poplar. Tree to 46m, similar to P. alba but more vigorous; leaves coarsely and bluntly sinuate-dentate, densely tomentose on lowerside at first, often much less so or subglabrous later; female rather rare; partially fertile; (2n=38, 57). Intrd-natd; much planted but rarely natd from suckers, probably never arising anew in BI but often alone or in groups among native taxa, especially in damp woods and by streams;

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62. SALICACEAE

scattered throughout BI but absent from much of Sc; Europe. 3. P. tremula L. - Aspen. Tree to 24m, rather similar in habit to P. alba; leaves suborbicular, coarsely and bluntly sinuate-dentate, glabrous or rarely sparsely hairy at maturity; sucker leaves ovate-cordate, hairy; 2n=38. Native; woods and hedgerows on all sorts of soils, often forming suckering thickets; throughout BI. 4. P. nigra L. - Black-poplar. Trees of various habit, not suckering; leaves rhombicovate to trullate, broadly cuneate (to truncate) at base, without glands, serrate with many small teeth. 1 Tree with spreading crown; trunk with large burrs a. ssp. betulifolia 1 Tree fastigiate, with ± erect branches; trunk without burrs 2 2 Young leaves and stems sparsely hairy; male d. 'Plantierensis' 2 Young leaves and stems glabrous 3 3 Tree very narrowly fastigiate; male b. 'Italica' 3 Tree often more widely fastigiate; female c. 'Gigantea' a. Ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) Dippel. Spreading tree to 33m with burred trunk; young leaves and stems sparsely hairy; 2n=38. Native; in fields by streams and ponds, typically in river flood-plains; scattered through BI N to Cumberland and S Northumb, frequent in E Wa, C En and E Anglia, planted elsewhere, mostly male. b. 'Italica' (P. nigra var. italica Münchh.) - Lombardy-poplar. Narrowly fastigiate tree to 36m; trunk not burred; shoots glabrous; male only. Intrd-surv; much planted in parks and as screening or windbreaks; throughout much of BI; garden origin. c. 'Gigantea' - Giant Lombardy-poplar. Like 'Italica' but female and usually broader as in 'Plantierensis'. Intrd-surv; grown in same way as 'Italica' but less common. d. 'Plantierensis' (P. nigra ssp. betulifolia x P. 'Italica'). Similar to 'Italica' but often less narrowly fastigiate; young shoots hairy; male only. Intrd-surv; used similarly to 'Italica' and now as common; garden origin. 4 x 7. P. nigra x P. x jackii. In Leeds (MW Yorks), P. x jackii has been pollinated by P. nigra to give strongly regenerating hybrids on waste ground, first found 1983. The hybrids show variable characters of the parents on 1 plant: c.1/2 of the petioles are glabrous, 1/2 hairy; c.1/2 the leaf-margins are serrate, 1/2 crenate; leaf-base is cuneate (as in P. nigra) in most cases but c.20% are rounded (shape not in either parent); leaf lowerside colour varies between those of the parents. This is effectively P. balsamifera x P. deltoides x P. nigra. 5. P. x canadensis Moench (P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier; P. nigra x P. deltoides) - Hybrid Black-poplar. Trees of various habit, to >40m, those with spreading crowns differing from P. nigra in absence of burrs on trunks; usually largely up-swept, not down-curved, lower branches (not twigs); and leaves usually with sessile glands near junction with petiole; (2n=38). Intrd-natd; throughout BI; many cultivars are grown for ornament, screening and forestry, only the more frequent are treated here; garden origin. Multi-access key to cultivars of P. x canadensis Crown of tree with rounded outline A Crown of tree narrow (but not fastigiate) B Twigs of lowest branches stiff, many up-pointed C Twigs of lowest branches mostly pendent, often out- or up-turned at tip D Tree male E Tree female F Young twigs glabrous G Young twigs hairy H Young leaves green almost from start I Young leaves bronze-coloured at first J Mature leaves mostly truncate to very broadly cuneate at base K Mature leaves mostly distinctly cuneate at base L Early leafing M

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1. POPULUS

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Leafing in mid-season N Late leafing O Very late leafing P ACEGJKO b. 'Gelrica' ACEGJKP a. 'Serotina' ACFGJKN c. 'Casale 78' ADFGJKO d. 'Regenerata' ADFHILN h. 'Marilandica' BCEGJKM f. 'Heidemij' BCEGJLN g. 'Eugenei' BCEHJKM e. 'Robusta' a. 'Serotina' (P. nigra ssp. nigra x P. deltoides) - Black-Italian Poplar. Grown for ornament and screening in all sorts of situations; the commonest Populus in such places throughout BI; arose France early 1700s. b. 'Gelrica'. Similar to 'Serotina' but bark persistently whitish-grey until becoming fissured; grown mostly for timber in small plantations; arose Holland late 1800s. c. 'Casale 78' ('I78'). Similar to 'Gelrica' and 'Serotina' but female and earlier in leaf, now much more grown than either for timber, but only in S Br; spontaneous in Italy in 1920s. d. 'Regenerata' (P. 'Marilandica' x P. 'Serotina') - Railway Poplar. Crown with characteristically asymmetrically ascending branches and without obvious main axis; grown for ornament and screening, especially by railways in SE En; arose France 1814. e. 'Robusta' (P. deltoides 'Cordata' x P. nigra 'Plantierensis'). Grown as timber in small plantations and as screening by roads, factories and canals; much of Br, especially S; arose France 1895. f. 'Heidemij'. Apparently told from 'Robusta' only by the glabrous young shoots, and similarly grown; arose Netherlands 1891. Although both are 'early leafers', 'Heidemij' is slightly earlier than 'Robusta'. g. 'Eugenei' (P. 'Regenerata' x P. nigra 'Italica') - Carolina Poplar. Grown in same situations as 'Robusta'; similar distribution but less common; arose France 1832. h. 'Marilandica' (P. nigra ssp. nigra x P. 'Serotina'). Crown narrower and more symmetrical than in 'Regenerata' and with obvious main axis; planted as ornamental and for screening over much of Br, especially S; arose Europe c.1800. Apparently planted male and female trees of backcrosses to native P. nigra occur in Cheshire. Hybrid Black Poplars also form an extensive young natural population on damp rough ground at Hackney, Middlesex; the parentage is probably P. x canadensis 'Marilandica' x P. x canadensis 'Serotina'. Seedlings occur sporadically elsewhere; all are inter-cultivar crosses. 5 x 7. P. x canadensis 'Serotina' x P. x jackii occurs in the Hackney hybrid population and also nearby in S Essex; the plants are obviously Black-Balsam poplar hybrids and the suggested parentage is the only likely one in the area. This has the same basic parentage as P. nigra x P. x jackii, but in different proportions and from different genotypes. 6. P. x berolinensis (K. Koch) Dippel (P. nigra 'Italica' x P. laurifolia) - Berlin Poplar. Narrow, subfastigiate tree to 33m; leaves ovate-elliptic to -rhombic, rounded to cuneate at base, acuminate at apex; petioles sparsely hairy; male and female; (2n=38). Intrd-natd; formerly much planted for amenity and still found surviving, rarely suckering; En; arose in Berlin in 1860s. 7. P. x generosa A. Henry (P. deltoides x P. trichocarpa) - Generous Poplar. Spreading tree to 40m, not suckering; leaves triangular-ovate, cordate to truncate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex; petioles subglabrous; male and female; (2n=38). Intrdsurv; formerly much planted for amenity and still found surviving; scattered in En; bred in England in 1912. Several more modern and superior cultivars are now being

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FIG 316 - Leaves of Populus. 1, P. alba. 2, P. x canescens. 3, P. tremula. 4. P. x generosa 'Barn'. 5, P. x generosa 'Beaupré'. 6, P. x jackii. 7, P. x berolinensis. 8, P. balsamifera. 9, P. 'Balsam Spire'. 10, P. trichocarpa.

317

FIG 317 - Leaves of Populus. 1, P. nigra ssp. betulifolia. 2, P. nigra 'Italica'. 3-10, P. x canadensis. 3, 'Casale 78'. 4, 'Eugenei'. 5, 'Gelrica'. 6, 'Heidemij'. 7, 'Marilandica'. 8, 'Serotina'. 9, 'Robusta'. 10, 'Regenerata'.

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62. SALICACEAE

grown for timber, e.g. 'Beaupré' and 'Barn'. 8. P. x jackii Sarg. (P. x candicans auct. non Aiton, P. x gileadensis Rouleau; P. deltoides x P. balsamifera) - Balm-of-Gilead. Spreading tree to 30m with many suckers and very sticky buds; leaves broadly to triangular-ovate, truncate to cordate at base, abruptly acuminate to cuspidate at apex; petioles hairy; female only; (2n=38). Intrdnatd; planted for ornament in damp woods and by rivers and ponds, often natd by suckering; Br, mainly S, CI; artificially produced, also native in N America. Commonest cultivar is 'Gileadensis', but 'Aurora', with large variegated leaves, is now much grown in parks and by roads. Fruiting catkins (c.10-FP  DUH •[ DV long as those of other balsam-poplars except P. maximowiczii. 9. P. trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. - Western Balsam-poplar. Tree to 35m with narrow outline but spreading lower branches, with few or no suckers; leaves ovate to narrowly so, mostly truncate to subcordate at base, acuminate at apex; petioles inconspicuously and very shortly (but often densely) hairy; mostly male; (2n=38). Intrd-natd; frequently planted for ornament and for timber in small plots; scattered in Br, N Ir, Man, natd by suckers in Lanarks; W N America. Several new cultivars are now being grown, e.g. 'Trichobel', with very fast growth-rates. 10. P. 'Balsam Spire' ('Tacatricho 32'; P. trichocarpa x P. balsamifera) - Hybrid Balsampoplar. Tree to >30m with very narrow outline, without suckers; leaves similar to those of P. balsamifera; female only. Intrd-surv; used for screening, as windbreak and in plantations for timber, now 1 of the most planted poplars in Br and N Ir; arose N America 1930s. 11. P. balsamifera L. (P. tacamahacca Mill., P. candicans Aiton) - Eastern Balsampoplar. Tree to 25m with narrow outline, often with many suckers; leaves ovate to broadly so, mostly rounded at base, abruptly acuminate at apex; petioles as in P. trichocarpa; male and female; (2n=38, 76). Intrd-surv; planted as for P. trichocarpa but less common; scattered in Br and Man; E N America. 2. SALIX L. - Willows Trees or dwarf to tall shrubs; winter buds with 1 outer scale; flowers appearing before, with or after leaves, with entire bracts, with 1-2 nectaries; cup-like perianth 0; stamens 1-5(12). Identification is often made difficult by the extensive degree of hybridisation (68 combinations at present known in BI, of which 20 are hybrids between 3 spp.). Only those hybrids considered certainly or very probably correctly identified are listed here; a number of others, some mentioned in earlier editions of this Flora, are omitted. The parentage of some well-known hybrids remains uncertain, e.g. S. x boydii E.F. Linton, formerly suggested as S. lapponum x S. reticulata, but now thought to be a cross between S. lapponum and one or two other unknown species (and long extinct in the wild). The 14 hybrids treated fully here are not necessarily the most common, but those likely to be found without parents nearby. Most of these are crosses between the taller lowland species that have been planted for ornament and basket-work. In many cases catkins and both young and mature leaves are desirable for identification; keys based on catkins alone are not satisfactory. Mature leaves should be collected in Jul-Sep, before senescence; abnormally vigorous shoots (e.g. suckers) should be avoided. In this account the so-called catkin-scales (scales associated with each flower) are termed bracts, which they truly are. 'Twigs' refer to those that have completed 1-2 years' growth, not current growth. Except locally, where plants have been clonally propagated, the spp. are generally represented by both sexes roughly equally, but many of the hybrids are much more commonly, or only, female. Bisexual catkins are not rare, especially in hybrids, incl. some of those noted as 'female only'.

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2. SALIX

General key 1 Shrubs 1m high 2 2 Shrub 2m high 3 3 Leaves closely and finely serrate (>(3)5 serrations/cm at leaf midpoint); bracts yellowish (except S. daphnoides and S. acutifolia) Key C 3 Leaves entire, obscurely crenate-serrate, or coarsely and irregularly serrate (5x as long as wide; ultimate branchlets ± pendent 15. S. acutifolia 2 Leaves usually 2m high; leaves entire, obscurely crenate-serrate, or coarsely and irregularly serrate, 2x as long as wide 11. S. purpurea 4 /HDYHVKDLU\RQORZHUVLGH”[DVORQJDVZLGH 24. S. caprea 5 Leaves very sparsely hairy on lowerside (mostly on veins) at maturity; stipules small, soon falling off 26. S. x laurina 5 Leaves distinctly hairy on lowerside at maturity; stipules large, persistent to maturity 6 6 Leaves mostly >8cm; catkins mostly >3cm; female only 20. S. x calodendron 6 Leaves mostly 3x as long as wide; bracts dark or darktipped (except yellowish in S. x mollissima and S. elaeagnos) 1 Extension growth malformed, with contorted, flattened and laterally fused (fasciated) branches 18. S. udensis 1 Extension growth not malformed and fasciated 2 2 Leaves glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside at maturity 3 2 Mature leaves hairy to tomentose on lowerside 6 3 Leaves glabrous even when young, commonly opposite or subopposite; male flowers apparently with 1 stamen 11. S. purpurea 3 Leaves hairy when young, alternate; male flowers with 2 free or only partially fused stamens 4 4 Leaves glabrous at maturity 13. S. x forbyana 4 Leaves sparsely hairy on lowerside at maturity 5 5 Catkins appearing with leaves; bracts yellowish; male flowers with 2-3 free stamens 10. S. x mollissima 5 Catkins appearing before leaves; bracts dark-tipped; male flowers with 2 free or partly united stamens 12. S. x rubra

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6 Leaves linear or nearly so, mostly >(6)10x as long as wide 7 6 Leaves lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, mostly 4mm 33 32 Petals pinkish-purple to magenta, with black or white base; flowers and immature fruits pointing obliquely or vertically upwards; fruits with styles 1/5 as long as main part; leaves divided >5/6 way to base; plant clump-forming 8. G. pratense 33 Sepals with point 10mm across 9. E. cicutarium 4 Apical pits of mericarp not delimited by sharp ridge and groove, overarched by hairs from main part of mericarp; flowers 2-4(5) per peduncle, mostly 1.5cm; petals exceeding sepals 6 6 Petals pinkish-SXUSOHIUXLWVZLWKFROXPQ”FPDSLFDOSLWVRI mericarps delimited by very distinct groove and with conspicuous sessile glands, or with no groove and no glands 7 6 Petals blue to violet-purple; fruits with column >4cm; apical pits of mericarps delimited by distinct groove, without glands 8 7 Hairs on sepals and pedicels eglandular, appressed; apical pits of mericarp without glands, not delimited by groove 1. E. chium 7 Most hairs on sepals and pedicels glandular, patent; apical pits of mericarp with sessile glands, delimited by very distinct groove 2. E. malacoides 8 /RZHUOHDYHVSLQQDWHO\OREHGZLWK•EDVDOSDLUVRIOREHVQRWYHU\ different in size 9 8 Lower leaves ternately lobed, with 1 pair of basal lobes greatly exceeding all others 10 9 Apical pits of mericarp with sparse bristles, bounded below by 1 bluntrimmed groove 5. E. brachycarpum 9 Apical pits of mericarps completely glabrous, bounded below by (1)2-3 sharp-rimmed grooves 4. E. botrys 10 Sepals and pedicels with many patent glandular hairs 7b. E. cygnorum ssp. glandulosum 10 Sepals and pedicels without glandular hairs 11 11 Pedicels glabrous or with hairs near apex only; sepals with only ± appressed hairs 0.5mm 6. E. crinitum Other spp. - c.20 alien spp. have been recorded, many as wool-aliens, of which the

3. ERODIUM

351

genus Erodium is one of the most characteristic components. The 6 spp. treated here are by far the most common. Besides these the least rare is E. stephanianum Willd., from C & E Asia; this would key as E. chium but the leaves are deeply and finely pinnately divided and the apical pit of the mericarp is overarched by hairs. 1. E. chium (L.) Willd. - Three-lobed Stork's-bill. Suberect to ascending annual to 40cm; leaves simple, the lowest deeply 3-lobed; sepals and pedicels with ± appressed eglandular hairs; petals pinkish-purple; mericarps with beak 2-4cm, with eglandular pits not delimited by groove and not overarched by hairs; (2n=20, 40). Intrd-casual; infrequent wool-alien; scattered in S Br; Mediterranean. 2. E. malacoides (L.) L'Hér. - Soft Stork's-bill. Suberect to ascending annual to 40cm; leaves simple, the lowest toothed to shallowly 3-lobed; sepals and pedicels with patent glandular and some eglandular hairs; petals pinkish-purple; mericarps with beak 2-3.5cm, with conspicuously glandular pits delimited by deep groove;

FIG 351 - Erodium. 1-2, fruit and single mericarp of E. botrys. 3-13, apical pit region of mericarps. 3, E. chium. 4, E. malachoides. 5, E. manescavii. 6, E. cicutarium. 7, E. lebelii. 8, E. maritimum. 9, E. botrys. 10, E. brachycarpum. 11, E. crinitum. 12, E. cygnorum. 13, E. moschatum.

351

351

352

66. GERANIACEAE

(2n=20, 40). Intrd-casual; infrequent wool-alien; scattered in En and Wa; S Europe. 3. E. maritimum (L.) L'Hér. - Sea Stork's-bill. Procumbent to decumbent annual to 10(20)cm; leaves simple, the lowest toothed to shallowly pinnately lobed; sepals and pedicels with erecto-patent eglandular hairs; petals usually 0, or pink and not exceeding calyx; mericarps with beak 0.8-1cm, with eglandular pits overarched by hairs from below and delimited by distinct groove; 2n=20. Native; fixed maritime dunes and barish places in short grassland, sometimes inland, rarely as a weed; coasts of CI, E & S Ir, W & S Br from E Sussex to Wigtowns, Man. Formerly inland in Worcs. 4. E. botrys (Cav.) Bertol. - Mediterranean Stork's-bill. Suberect to ascending annual to 50cm; leaves simple, deeply pinnately lobed; sepals and pedicels with numerous patent glandular hairs and some ± patent eglandular hairs; petals bluish; mericarps with beak 6-9(11)cm, with glabrous eglandular pits delimited by usually 2-3 sharprimmed grooves; (2n=40). Intrd-casual; common wool-alien; scattered in Br; Mediterranean. 5. E. brachycarpum (Godr.) Thell. (E. obtusiplicatum (Maire, Weiller & Wilczek) Howell) - Hairy-pitted Stork's-bill. Differs from E. botrys in usually slightly shorter mericarps and beaks (but with much overlap); apical pits with some bristles and usually 1 blunt-rimmed groove; (2n=40). Intrd-casual; frequent wool-alien; scattered in En, perhaps overlooked for E. botrys; W Mediterranean. A doubtfully distinct sp.; only the key character (couplet 9) is reliable. 6. E. crinitum Carolin - Eastern Stork's-bill. Decumbent to ascending annual with thick ± succulent root (perennial in native area) to 50cm; leaves simple with 3 very deep lobes or ± ternate; sepals and pedicels with erecto-patent eglandular hairs; petals bluish, with yellow or white veins; mericarps with beak 4-7cm, with eglandular pits delimited by groove; (2n=40). Intrd-casual; frequent wool-alien; scattered in En; C & E Australia. 7. E. cygnorum Nees - Western Stork's-bill. Habit as in E. crinitum; leaves simple with 3 deep lobes; mericarps with beak 5-10cm, with eglandular pits delimited by groove; (2n=60). Intrd-casual; frequent wool-alien; very scattered in En; W Australia. Both sspp. (possibly better as spp.) are frequent. a. Ssp. cygnorum. Petals bluish, with yellow or white veins; mericarps rather sparsely hairy; and see key (couplets 10 & 11). b. Ssp. glandulosum Carolin. Petals bluish, with red veins; mericarps densely hairy; and see key (couplet 10). 8. E. moschatum (L.) L'Hér. - Musk Stork's-bill. Suberect to procumbent annual to 60cm; leaves pinnate, with toothed or shallowly lobed leaflets, smelling musky when bruised; sepals and pedicels with patent glandular hairs; petals pinkishpurple; mericarps with beak 2-4.5cm, with glandular pits delimited by deep groove; 2n=20. Archaeophyte; rough ground and barish places in short grassland, mainly near sea, also frequent wool-alien; C & S BI N to C Sc, widespread in Br as casual. 9. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. - Common Stork's-bill. Suberect to procumbent annual to 60cm; leaves pinnate, with deeply pinnately lobed to ± pinnate leaflets; sepals and pedicels variably with glandular and/or eglandular hairs; petals pinkishpurple, rarely white, the upper 2 often with black basal spot; mericarps with beak 1.5-4cm, with eglandular pits not overarched by hairs from below and delimited by groove; 2n=40. Native; barish places in grassland, waste and rough ground, on sandy or chalky soils, also common wool-alien; locally common over most of BI. Very variable, especially as wool-alien and on coastal dunes; ssp. dunense Andreas is a dwarf coastal ecotype (sometimes wrongly determined as E. lebelii or as a hybrid), but intermediates are too common for its recognition. 9 x 10. E. cicutarium x E. lebelii = E. x anaristatum Andreas is known from coastal dunes in Wa and S Lancs; it is intermediate and sterile; (2n=30). 10. E. lebelii Jord. (E. glutinosum Dumort., E. cicutarium ssp. bipinnatum auct. non

R 351

351

351

351

351

R 351

351

RR

3. ERODIUM

353

(Cav.) Tourlet) - Sticky Stork's-bill. Differs from E. cicutarium in stems to 15(25)cm; sepals and pedicels always with dense patent glandular hairs; petals pale pink to white; mericarps with beak up to 2.2cm; and see key (couplet 4); 2n=20. Native; barish places on fixed dunes; scattered round coasts of BI, mainly W. 11. E. manescavii Coss. - Garden Stork's-bill. Perennial with peduncle and leaves arising from base; leaves pinnate, with deeply pinnately lobed leaflets; sepals and pedicels with patent glandular hairs; petals purple, each often with basal dark spot; mericarps with beak 4-7cm, with eglandular pits delimited by sharp-rimmed but shallow groove; (2n=40). Intrd-natd; garden escape ± natd in hedgerows and open ground; W Kent, formerly Surrey and N Somerset; Pyrenees.

351

351

67. LYTHRACEAE - Purple-loosestrife family Annuals or herbaceous perennials; leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, or upper ones alternate, simple, entire, sessile or petiolate, without stipules. Flowers solitary or clustered, in leaf-axils towards stem-apex, bisexual, perigynous, actinomorphic, monomorphic or trimorphic; hypanthium tubular to funnel- or cup-shaped, bearing (4-)6 sepals and (4-)6 epicalyx-segments at apex; petals usually 6, sometimes 0-5, free, borne near apex of hypanthium; stamens 6 or 12 (sometimes fewer); ovary 2celled, each cell with many ovules on axile placentas; style 1; stigma 1, capitate; fruit a capsule, opening by 2 valves. Distinguished by the perigynous flowers bearing 6 petals, sepals and epicalyxsegments near the hypanthium mouth. 1. LYTHRUM L. (Peplis L.) - Purple-loosestrifes 1 1

3 3

Petals >4mm; stigma or some stamens exceeding sepals; flowers trimorphic on separate plants; stamens 12 2 Petals 7mm; flowers clustered in whorls 1. L. salicaria 2 Petals 10cm) leaves and more pointed leaf-lobes might be referable to A. miyabei Maxim. (Miyabe's Maple), from Japan. 4. A. pseudoplatanus L. - Sycamore. Tree to 35m; leaves simple, with usually 5 ± acute coarsely serrate lobes widest at base; flowers in ± cylindrical, pendent, yellowish-green panicles appearing with leaves; fruits with wings diverging at c.90°; (2n=52). Intrd-natd; fully natd and 1 of the most abundant trees in wide range of habitats throughout BI; Europe. 5. A. saccharinum L. - Silver Maple. Tree to 31m; leaves with 5 acute irregularly toothed lobes narrowed at base; flowers in small, stiff, compact yellowish-green clusters appearing well before leaves, males and females in separate clusters on same or different trees; petals 0; fruits with widely divergent to ± horizontal wings; (2n=52). Intrd-natd; much (and increasingly) planted for ornament in parks and by roads; rarely setting seed, self-sown in London area; scattered in Br; N America. 6. A. negundo L. - Ashleaf Maple. Tree to 17m; leaves ternate to pinnate with 3-5(7) ovate, acute, slightly toothed leaflets; male flowers in corymbs with pendent stamens, the female in small pendent racemes, both appearing well before leaves; petals 0; fruits with wings diverging at 1 per flower and with seeds in middle (not at base) of wing. 1. AILANTHUS Desf. - Tree-of-heaven 1. A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle - Tree-of-heaven. Tree to 26m; leaves up to 90cm with up to 41 narrowly ovate, acuminate, serrate leaflets; panicles 10-20cm, greenishwhite; achenes pendent, 3-4cm, reddish then whitish; (2n=64, 80). Intrd-natd; much planted in SE En, especially in Greater London and there frequently extensively suckering and self-sown, scattered N to Co Durham, CI; China.

75. MALVACEAE - Mallow family (Tiliaceae)

Annual to perennial herbs, or shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, usually palmately veined, often palmately lobed and sometimes ± palmate, petiolate, stipulate (stipules falling early in Tilia). Flowers in racemes, cymes or small panicles or solitary and axillary, their stalks fused to large, narrowly oblong papery persistent

75. MALVACEAE

375

bracteole dispersed with fruit in Tilia, actinomorphic, bisexual or sometimes gynomonoecious, hypogynous, without or with an epicalyx of 3-c.13 sepal-like segments below calyx; sepals 5, free or fused below; petals 5, ± free but often fused at extreme base, mostly pink to purple; stamens numerous, the filaments united below into tube, divided above with each branch bearing a 1-celled anther-lobe, or ± coherent in 5 bundles; ovary 5-many-celled, each cell with 1-many ovules; styles 1, or 5-many and free or united below; stigmas linear or capitate; fruit a capsule or breaking into 1-several-seeded nutlets, or a nut with 1-3 seeds. Malvaceae sensu stricto are easily recognised by the stamens united into a tube round the carpels. The persistent bracteole is diagnostic for Tilia. Although Tilia is starkly different from the rest of the Malvaceae, molecular evidence shows that they should be united. 1 1

3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9

Deciduous tree; flower-stalks fused to large, narrowly oblong papery persistent bracteole dispersed with fruit; style 1 9. TILIA Herb, sometimes woody below, or evergreen shrub; flower-stalks not fused to large papery bracteole; styles 5-many 2 2 Epicalyx absent 3 2 Calyx-like epicalyx present below true calyx 6 Flowers pink to purple; stigmas linear 6. SIDALCEA Flowers yellow or white; stigmas capitate 4 4 Leaves palmately veined; nutlets with several seeds 7. ABUTILON 4 Leaves pinnately veined; nutlets 1-seeded 5 Petals white; calyx not curved over fruit; carpels winged 2. HOHERIA Petals yellow; calyx curved over fruit; carpels not winged 1. SIDA 6 Carpels 5; fruit a capsule 8. HIBISCUS 6 &DUSHOV•IUXLWEUHDNLQJLQWRQXWOHWV 7 Epicalyx-segments 3 3. MALVA Epicalyx-segments 6-10 8 8 Staminal-tube 5-angled, glabrous 5. ALCEA 8 Staminal-tube terete, hairy 9 Annual with both simple and stellate hairs; nutlets glabrous 3. MALVA Perennial with only stellate hairs; nutlets densely hairy 4. ALTHAEA

Other genera - MALOPE L. would key to Malva but the mericarps form a globose head and the epicalyx-segments are wider than the sepals; M. trifida Cav. (Mallowwort), from W Mediterranean, an annual to 1.5m with mallow-like flowers, is a rare wool- and birdseed-alien. ANODA Cav. would key to couplet 2 but has blue to mauve flowers, capitate stigmas and 1-seeded nutlets; A. cristata (L.) Schltdl., from SE N America, is an erect annual to 80cm found as a rare birdseed-, wool- and oilseed-alien. 1. SIDA L. - Queensland-hemps Annuals to perennials, woody or not; epicalyx 0; petals yellowish; carpels 5-14; stigmas capitate; fruit breaking into numerous 1-seeded nutlets. Other spp. - S. cordifolia L., from tropics, is only slightly woody and has pedicels shorter than petioles and leaves broadly rounded-cordate at base as in S. spinosa, but has 8-12 carpels and flowers clustered in leaf-axils; it is a rare wool-alien. 1. S. spinosa L. - Prickly Mallow. Annual to perennial; stems to 70cm, often woody DWEDVHHUHFWOHDYHVZLGHVWQHDUEDVHURXQGHGDQGFRUGDWHDWEDVHSHWLROHV”FP those on larger leaves with small spine; carpels 5; (2n=14, 28). Intrd-casual; very local on tips, but characteristic introduction with soyabeans and sometimes with

378

376

75. MALVACEAE

birdseed; C & S En; tropics. 2. S. rhombifolia L. - Queensland-hemp. Usually woody perennial to 2m, but smaller annual here; leaves widest near middle, narrowed to base but often narrowly cordate at extreme base; petiole 3x as long as wide, with angled valves; seeds in 1 row under each valve. 1 1

3 3

Uppermost stem-leaves simple, toothed or lobed to 1/2 way to midrib; seeds 1.6-2.4mm 3 2 Fruit with style (1.7)2-3.5(4)mm; flowers buds glabrous 1. B. vulgaris 2 Fruit with style 0.5-1.8(2.3)mm; flower buds with hairs at apex of sepals 2. B. stricta At least some fruits >4cm; fresh petals >5.6mm 4. B. verna )UXLWVFPIUHVKSHWDOV” PP 3. B. intermedia

1. B. vulgaris W.T. Aiton (B. arcuata (Opiz ex J. & C. Presl) Rchb.) - Winter-cress. Stems erect, to 1m; basal leaves usually at least as wide at most distal lateral leaflets as at terminal leaflet; fruits (0.7)1.5-3.2cm with style (1.7)2-3.5(4)mm; 2n=16. Native; hedges, streamsides, roadsides and waste places, often on damp soil; throughout

393

396

81. BRASSICACEAE

most of BI. 2. B. stricta Andrz. - Small-flowered Winter-cress. Stems erect, to 1m; basal leaves usually much wider at terminal leaflet than at any lateral leaflets; fruits 1.3-2.8(3.5) cm with style 0.5-1.8(2.3)mm; (2n=14, 16, 18). Probably intrd-natd; similar places to B. vulgaris; very scattered and mostly casual in Br N to C Sc, natd in parts of S En and S Wa; Europe. 3. B. intermedia Boreau - Medium-flowered Winter-cress. Stems erect, to 60cm; basal leaves with 2-6 pairs of lateral leaflets; fruit 1.5-3.5(4)cm with style 0.6-1.7mm; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; in waste, open and cultivated ground and by roads and streams; sparsely scattered in most of BI; Europe. 4. B. verna (Mill.) Asch. - American Winter-cress. Stems erect, to 1m; basal leaves with (3)4-10 pairs of lateral leaflets; fruit (2.8)3.5-7.1cm with style 0.6-2(2.3)mm; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; in waste, cultivated and open ground and by roads; sparsely scattered through most of BI but rare in Sc; Europe.

393

393

393

8. RORIPPA Scop. - Yellow-cresses Annuals to perennials; basal leaves simple and unlobed to pinnate; hairs 0 or unbranched; petals yellow; fruit >3x or 3x as long as wide, shortly beaked, longitudinally dehiscent; seeds in 2 rows under each valve in well-developed fruits; valves with 1 strong vein. 1 1

Petals white; fruit with beak 2-4(6)mm 3. D. erucoides Petals yellow; fruit with beak 1-3(3.5)mm 2 2 Fruit with stalk (0.3)0.5-6.5mm between sepal-scars and base of valves; petals 8-15mm 1. D. tenuifolia 2 Fruit with base of valves immediately above sepal-scars; petals 4-8(8.5)mm 2. D muralis

1. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. - Perennial Wall-rocket. Glabrous perennial with branching leafy stems to 80cm; leaves with lobes >3x as long as wide; petals 8-15mm; fruit 1.56cm, erect on erecto-patent pedicel shorter than to longer than fruit; (2n=22). Archaeophyte; dry waste places, bare ground, banks and walls; scattered through Br and CI N to C Sc, locally common in S En and CI, very rare in Ir. Now grown as salad plant ('Wild Rocket') and increasing as casual. 2. D. muralis (L.) DC. - Annual Wall-rocket. Glabrous or sparsely hairy annual or sometimes short-lived perennial with branched stems to 60cm leafy only near base; leaves with lobes 11mm, usually bright pale yellow 2. B. napus Buds overtopped by open flowers, forming concave 'bowl'; petals mostly 3x as long as wide, longitudinally dehiscent, with a distinct beak usually >1/3 as long as valves; seeds in 1 row under each valve; valves with 3(-7) strong veins. Other spp. - S. flexuosa Poir. (S. hispida Schousb.), from Spain, formerly occurred as a casual; differs from S. alba in having shorter sepals (3x as long as wide, longitudinally dehiscent, with a distinct beak usually >1/3 as long as valves; seeds in 2 rows under each valve; valves with 1 strong vein. 1. E. vesicaria (L.) Cav. (E. sativa Mill.) - Garden Rocket. Stems usually much branched, decumbent to erect, to 1m, glabrous to hispid; fruit 1.2-3.5(4)cm, with seedless strongly flattened beak 4-11mm; (2n=22). Intrd-casual; infrequent casual, rarely persisting, on waste land, on cliff-face in Wight; scattered over Br and CI; S Europe. Most or all plants are ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell., with sepals falling early and of which only the outer 2 are pouched at base; ssp. vesicaria, with persistent sepals all pouched at base might sometimes occur. Increasingly grown for salad leaves.

415

31. ERUCASTRUM (DC.) C. Presl - Hairy Rocket Annuals to perennials; leaves deeply pinnately lobed; sepals erect to ± patent; petals yellow; fruit >3x as long as wide, beakless or shortly beaked, longitudinally dehiscent, slightly constricted between seeds; seeds in 1 row under each valve; valves with 1 strong vein. 1. E. gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz - Hairy Rocket. Hairy annual or biennial; stems erect, to 60cm; stem-leaves ± pinnate; sepals ± erect; fruit (1.6)2-4.5cm, with seedless beak (1.5)2-4mm; (2n=30). Intrd-casual; infrequent, formerly frequent, casual of arable and waste land, rarely persisting; scattered in BI, mainly S; Europe.

415

415

FIG 415 - Fruits of Brassicaceae. 1, Conringia orientalis. 2, Diplotaxis tenuifolia. 3, D. muralis. 4, Eruca vesicaria. 5, Erucastrum gallicum. 6, Coincya monensis. 7, Sinapis alba. 8, S. arvensis. 9, Brassica nigra. 10, B. tournefortii. 11, B. napus. 12, Hirschfeldia incana. 13, Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. landra. 14, ssp. maritimus. 15, ssp. raphanistrum. 16, R. sativus. 17, Rapistrum rugosum ssp. rugosum. 18, ssp. linnaeanum. 19, R. perenne. 20, Camelina sativa. 21, C. microcarpa. 22, Cochlearia acaulis. 23, Iberis sempervirens. 24, I. amara. 25, I. umbellata. 26, Neslia paniculata. 27, Crambe maritima. 28, C. hispanica. 29, C. cordifolia. 30, Cakile maritima. 31, Diplotaxis erucoides. 28, 29, drawn by R. Wise.

416

81. BRASSICACEAE

32. HIRSCHFELDIA Moench - Hoary Mustard Annuals to short-lived perennials; lower leaves pinnate to deeply pinnately lobed; sepals ± erect; petals yellow; fruit >3x as long as wide, longitudinally dehiscent, with distinct beak usually c.1/2 as long as valves with (0)1(-2) seeds; seeds in 1 row under each valve; valves with 1-3 ± strong veins. 1. H. incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. - Hoary Mustard. Stems erect, to 1.3m, whitish-hairy below with short stiff hairs; fruit 6-17mm, appressed to stem, with beak 3-6.5mm, swollen round seeds and abruptly narrowed distally; 2n=14. Intrd-natd; waste places and waysides; BI N to C Sc, especially S Br, often casual but increasingly natd, also frequent wool-alien; S Europe.

415

33. COINCYA Rouy (Hutera Porta, Rhynchosinapis Hayek) - Cabbages Annuals to perennials; leaves pinnately lobed to pinnate; sepals erect; petals yellow; fruit >3x as long as wide, longitudinally dehiscent, with distinct beak usually 1/5-1/3 as long as valves and with (0)1-4(5) seeds; seeds in 1 row under each valve; valves with 3 strong veins. 1. C. monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet - see sspp. for English names. Annuals to 415 perennials, subglabrous to hairy below; basal leaves with 3-9 pairs of lateral lobes, the terminal lobe not much larger than laterals; fruit (2.5)3.5-8(8.5)cm incl. beak 5-24 (34)mm, 1.2-3mm wide. a. Ssp. monensis (Hutera monensis (L.) Gomez-Campo, Rhynchosinapis monensis RR (L.) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham) - Isle of Man Cabbage. Plant to 60cm; stems procumbent to ascending, glabrous to sparsely hispid below; seeds 1.3-2mm; 2n=24. Native; sandy ground near sea; Man and W Br from Glam to Clyde Is (formerly M Ebudes), rare casual elsewhere; endemic. b. Ssp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. (ssp. recurvata (All.) Leadlay, C. cheiranthos (Vill.) Greuter & Burdet, Hutera cheiranthos (Vill.) GomezCampo, Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos (Vill.) Dandy, R. erucastrum Dandy ex A.R. Clapham pro parte excl. typ.) - Wallflower Cabbage. Plant to 1m; stems usually erect, hispid to rather sparsely so below; seeds 0.8-1.6mm; 2n=48. Intrd-natd; casual on sandy ground, waste places and roadsides in SW Br, scattered N to Sc, natd in Mons since 1975, Jersey since 1832; W Europe. 2. C. wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Stace (Hutera wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Gomez-Campo, RRR Rhynchosinapis wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham) - Lundy Cabbage. Biennials to perennials to 1m, often woody near base, hairy over all or most of stem incl. inflorescence; basal leaves with 2-5(6) pairs of lateral lobes, the terminal lobe much larger than laterals; fruit 2-8cm incl. beak 7-16mm, 1.7-4mm wide; seeds 1.21.9mm; 2n=24. Native; cliffs and slopes on SE part of Lundy Island (N Devon); endemic. 34. CAKILE Mill. - Sea Rocket Glabrous annuals; leaves entire to pinnately lobed; sepals erect; petals mauve to pink or white; fruit breaking transversely into 2 portions, the proximal (0-)1-seeded, the distal 1(-2)-seeded, longer and wider, both keeled laterally and with prominent veins and margin. 1. C. maritima Scop. (C. edentula auct. non (Bigelow) Hook.) - Sea Rocket. Stems procumbent to ± erect, to 50cm; leaves ± glaucous, ± succulent; fruit 12-25mm; proximal segment 4-9mm; distal segment 8-20mm, ovoid; 2n=18. Native; near sea drift-line on sand and sometimes shingle; around coasts of BI. Variable in leaf- and fruit-shape, even in our plants, which are all referable to ssp. integrifolia (Hornem.) Hyl. ex Greuter & Burdet. Records of C. edentula from BI were errors.

415

35. RAPISTRUM

417

35. RAPISTRUM Crantz - Cabbages Annuals to perennials; leaves dentate to deeply pinnately lobed; sepals erectopatent; petals yellow; fruit breaking transversely into 2 ± equal-lengthed portions, the proximal 0-1(3)-seeded, the distal 1-seeded, narrowed at apex into persistent style and variously ribbed or wrinkled. 1. R. rugosum (L.) Bergeret (R. hispanicum (L.) Crantz, R. orientale (L.) Crantz, R. rugosum ssp. orientale (L.) Arcang., ssp. linnaeanum (Coss.) Rouy & Foucaud) Bastard Cabbage. Erect annual to 1m, hispid at least below; fruit 3-12mm; distal segment abruptly narrowed into (0.8)1-3.5(5)mm style, ribbed and rugose, glabrous to densely hispid; proximal segment usually much narrower than distal, mostly 0(1)-seeded; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; casual in waste and arable land, on tips, waysides and open grassland (where it can become invasive); frequent and increasing in S & C Br and CI, natd in parts of S En and in CE Ir, scattered N to Sc; S Europe. Fruits very variable in relative sizes of pedicel and 2 segments, hairiness and degree of sculpturing, but the variants are probably not more than vars. All or most of our plants are referable to ssp. linnaeanum, with long thin appressed pedicels (1.5-5 x 0.3-0.7mm) and seedless lower fruit segments. 2. R. perenne (L.) All. - Steppe Cabbage. Erect or spreading biennial or perennial to 80cm, hispid at least below; fruit 5-10mm; distal segment gradually narrowed into 0.5-1.2mm style, longitudinally ribbed, glabrous; proximal segment usually similar in size to distal but less or not ribbed, mostly 1-seeded; (2n=16, 18). Intrd-natd; similar places to R. rugosum; scattered in Br N to C Sc, much rarer than R. rugosum but well natd in some places; C & E Europe.

415

415 415

36. CRAMBE L. - Sea-kale Annuals to perennials; leaves shallowly lobed or toothed; sepals erect to patent; petals white; fruit breaking transversely into 2 portions, the proximal small, sterile and stalk-like, the distal 1-seeded. 1 1

Basal leaves undulate at margin; distal part of fruit 6-14mm 1. C. maritima Basal leaves ± plane at margin; distal part of fruit 3-6mm 2 2 Vigorous tufted perennial; basal leaves cordate at base; inflorescence a large panicle of corymbose flower clusters 2. C. cordifolia 2 Annual; basal leaves cuneate to attenuate at base; inflorescence elongated-racemose 3. C. hispanica

1. C. maritima L. - Sea-kale. Glabrous, glaucous, densely branched cabbage-like succulent plant to 75cm; stem-leaves many, similar to basal; distal portion of fruit 614 x 6-11mm, broadly ellipsoid to globose; 2n=60. Native; on sand, rocks and cliffs but mostly shingle, by sea; coasts of BI N to N Sc, but absent from many areas. 2. C. cordifolia Steven - Greater Sea-kale. Sparsely hairy erect slightly succulent perennial to 2m; stem-leaves very few, much smaller than basal; distal portion of fruit 4-6 x 2.6-6.8mm, ovoid; (2n=c.120). Intrd-natd; garden throwout with persistent roots and rarely increasing by seed conspicuous on tips and waste ground; scattered in En; Caucasus. 3. C. hispanica L. (C. abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.) ² Abyssinian Kale. Subglabrous to sparsely hairy non-succulent annual to 1m; stem-leaves many, similar to basal; distal portion of fruit 3-4.5 x 3-4mm, ± globose; (2n=90). Intrd-casual; now grown as industrial oilseed crop, casual on banks of rivers and tracks; very scattered in Br; E Africa. Our cultivated plant is ssp. abyssinica (Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.) Prina; ssp. hispanica (2n=60) occurs in the Mediterranean.

R 415

415

415

81. BRASSICACEAE

418

37. RAPHANUS L. - Radishes Annuals to perennials with distinctive radish-like smell when crushed; leaves shallowly pinnately lobed to pinnate; sepals erect; petals white, mauve or yellow, often with darker veins; main part (upper segment) of fruit indehiscent or transversely dehiscent into 1-10 1-seeded portions (mericarps), with short, inconspicuous, 0-1-seeded lower segment and with long persistent narrow beak. 1. R. raphanistrum L. - see sspp. for English names. Hispid annual to perennial, with slender root; petals white, mauve or yellow; fruit strongly constricted between seeds, at least partly transversely dehiscent. 1 Fruit with cylindrical or oblong mericarps usually longer than wide, with beak (2.5)3-6x as long as most apical mericarp a. ssp. raphanistrum 1 Fruit with ± globose mericarps c. as long as wide, with beak 1-3(4)x as long as most apical mericarp 2 2 Basal leaves with crowded lateral lobes; petals (14)15-22(25)mm when fresh b. ssp. maritimus 2 Basal leaves with ± distant lateral lobes; petals 8-15mm when fresh c. ssp. landra a. Ssp. raphanistrum - Wild Radish. Annual; stems ascending to erect, to 75cm, usually little branched; petals white, mauve or yellow; fruit 2.5-9cm, 2-5.5(6)mm wide, with (1)3-8(10) mericarps and beak 6-30mm; 2n=18. Archaeophyte; cultivated and rough ground, waste places and tips; frequent throughout BI, yellow-petalled plants commonest in N & W; Europe. b. Ssp. maritimus (Sm.) Thell. (R. maritimus Sm.) - Sea Radish. Biennial to perennial; stems often much branched and very leafy, to 80cm; petals usually yellow, often white in CI; fruit (1)1.5-5.5cm, 4.5-10mm wide, with 1-5(6) mericarps and beak 5-25mm; 2n=18. Native; sea-shores and maritime cliffs and waste places; coasts of BI N to Outer Hebrides but absent from most of E Br and N Sc. Intermediates (probably hybrids) with ssp. raphanistrum occur in SW En and CI. c. Ssp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens (R. landra Moretti ex DC.) Mediterranean Radish. Like ssp. maritimus but annual to perennial, less robust; petals yellow or white; fruit 2.5-6cm, with beak 15-40mm; and see key (couplet 2). Intrdcasual; rather rare in waste places, mostly from grain; sporadic in Br N to C Sc; Mediterranean. 1 x 2. R. raphanistrum x R. sativus = R. x micranthus (Uechtr.) O.E. Schulz occurs sporadically where R. raphanistrum has occurred as a weed near R. sativus. It is partially fertile, usually white-flowered, and variously intermediate, usually with partly dehiscent fruits and thin roots. 2. R. sativus L. - Garden Radish. Hispid annual or biennial to 1m, usually with swollen often reddish root; petals white or mauve; fruit not or scarcely constricted between seeds, indehiscent, 2-9cm x 5-15mm, with (1)5-12 seeds, with lower segment 0-1-seeded; (2n=18). Intrd-casual; grown as salad plant or as animal fodder (Fodder Radish, with thin root and much-branched leafy stems) and often escaping or persisting; fields, gardens and tips; sporadic throughout BI but only in CE Ir; origin probably Mediterranean. 38. SISYMBRIUM L. - Rockets Annuals or perennials; basal leaves simple, entire to very deeply lobed; hairs unbranched; petals yellow, sometimes very pale; fruit beakless, >3x as long as wide, with convex valves; seeds in 1 row under each valve. 1 1

Flowers borne in axils of leaf-like bracts Flowers without bracts 2 Leaves all entire to dentate

9. S. polyceratium 2 3

415

415

415

415

38. SISYMBRIUM

419

2 Lowest leaves lobed >1/4 way to midrib 5 $QQXDOSHWDOV”PPQRWORQJHUWKDQVHSDOVRUVWDPHQV 7. S. erysimoides Perennial; petals >5mm, longer than sepals and stamens 4 4 Leaves hairy on lowerside, narrowly acute to acuminate at apex 1. S. strictissimum 4 Leaves ± glabrous on lowerside, subacute to apiculate at apex 4. S. volgense 5 )UXLWV”FPVWURQJO\DSSUHVVHGWRVWHP 8. S. officinale 5 At least most fruits >2cm, patent to ± erect but not appressed to stem 6 6 Upper stem-leaves pinnate with linear divisions 5. S. altissimum 6 Upper stem-leaves variously divided but usually not to midrib and never with linear segments 7 8 7 Pedicels c.1mm wide, >2/3 as wide as ripe fruit 9 7 Pedicels c.0.3-0.6mm wide, 6mm, much longer than sepals and stamens; fruit (2.5)5-12cm 6. S. orientale 9 Lower part of stem with ± dense patent to reflexed stiff hairs >1mm 3. S. loeselii 9 Lower part of stem glabrous to sparsely hairy, or ± densely hairy with hairs 3cm 4. S. volgense 11 Annual; most fruits 3x as long as wide, with angled valves; seeds in 1 row under each valve. 1. A. petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande - Garlic Mustard. Fresh plant smelling of garlic; stems to 1.2m, erect, little-branched; leaves petiolate, ovate, the lower cordate, coarsely dentate; fruits (2)3-7.5cm, erect to erecto-patent on short thick pedicels; 2n=42. Native; rough ground, hedgerows and shady places; throughout most of BI except parts of W Sc and W Ir.

393

41. TEESDALIA W.T. Aiton - Shepherd's Cress Annuals; leaves deeply pinnately lobed or ± pinnate; hairs unbranched or 0; petals white, the 2 abaxial c.2x as long as the 2 adaxial ones; fruit 3mm, with teeth much shorter (5mm wide (excl. teeth) 11. R. cristatus 3 Tepals ovate-triangular, 60° 18. R. pulcher 5 Annual to biennial; leaves rarely violin-shaped, rounded to cuneate at base; branches arising at 60cm 10. R. hydrolapathum 12 Tubercles 2; fruit with >1 seed, usually dehiscent 2 2 Capsule-teeth or -valves as many as styles (but sometimes slightly bifid), or flowers male 3 2 Capsule-teeth or -valves 2x as many as styles 6 3 /HDYHVDQGFDSVXOHVVXFFXOHQWVHHGV•PPPDULWLPH 3. HONCKENYA 3 Plant not succulent; seeds 3/4 way to base 4 Petals entire or slightly emarginate, or 0 5 5 Most flowers with 3(-4) styles and 5 sepals, and most capsules with 3(-4) teeth, or flowers male 4. MINUARTIA 5 Styles and sepals 4-5; capsule with 4-5 valves 10. SAGINA 6 Petals 0 7 6 Petals present 8 7 Styles 3 5. STELLARIA 7 Styles 5 7. CERASTIUM 8 Petals irregularly toothed or jagged 6. HOLOSTEUM 8 Petals entire to deeply bifid 9 10 9 3HWDOVELILG•1/4 way to base 9 Petals entire to slightly emarginate 12 10 Styles 4-5 7. CERASTIUM 10 Styles 3 11 11 3HWDOVGLYLGHG”1/2 way; alpine 7. CERASTIUM 5. STELLARIA 11 3HWDOVGLYLGHG•1/2 way 12 Styles 4 9. MOENCHIA

88. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

455

12 At least most flowers with 3 styles 13 13 Seeds smooth, shiny, with small, lobed oil-body near hilum 2. MOEHRINGIA 13 Seeds tuberculate or papillose, without oil-body 1. ARENARIA Key C - Stipules 0; sepals joined to form distinct calyx-tube 1 Styles 2 (rarely 3 on few flowers) 2 1 Styles 3-5 (rarely 2 on few flowers), or flowers male 6 2 Calyx-tube scarious at joints between lobes 3 2 Calyx-tube herbaceous all round 4 3 Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped; seeds flattened, with convex and concave sides, the hilum on the latter; bracteoles placed close to base of calyx and forming epicalyx 22. PETRORHAGIA 3 Calyx bell-shaped; seeds reniform or comma-shaped, the hilum in the notch; bracteoles not close to base of calyx and hence not forming epicalyx 23. GYPSOPHILA 4 Calyx-tube with 5 longitudinal wings 21. VACCARIA 4 Calyx-tube without wings 5 5 Calyx-tube with 2-6 sepal-like bracteoles appressed around base; scales absent from base of petal-limb 24. DIANTHUS 5 Bracteoles absent; 2 small scales present on inner face of base of petallimb 20. SAPONARIA 6 Calyx-teeth longer than -tube, extending beyond petals 18. AGROSTEMMA 6 Calyx-teeth shorter than -tube, falling short of petal tips 19. SILENE Other genera - TELEPHIUM L. has alternate leaves and is related to Corrigiola, from which it differs in its woody stems and many-seeded dehiscent fruit. T. imperati L., from the Mediterranean, is a rare casual, formerly more common. PARONYCHIA Mill. differs from Herniaria in its terminal (not axillary) inflorescence and large silvery stipules. P. polygonifolia (Vill.) DC., from S Europe, has a similar status to T. imperati. SUBFAMILY 1 - ALSINOIDEAE (genera 1-11). Leaves opposite, without stipules; sepals free or joined only at extreme base; petals mostly 4-5, small to medium; carpophore 0; fruit a capsule or achene. 1. ARENARIA L. - Sandworts Annuals to perennials; sepals 5; petals 5, white, entire or ± so; stamens 10; styles 3(5); fruit a capsule opening by 6(-10) teeth; seeds without oil-body. 1 1

3 3

Petals shorter than sepals 2 Petals longer than sepals 3 2 Sepals 3-4 x 1.1-1.8mm; capsule flask-shaped, with 'neck', with brittle walls after seed dispersal, 3-3.5(4) x (1.1)1.5-2.2(2.5)mm 1. A. serpyllifolia 2 Sepals 2.1-3.1 x 0.5-0.8mm; capsule conical, straight-sided, with flexible walls after seed dispersal, 2.5-3 x 1.2-1.5(1.8)mm 2. A. leptoclados Leaves all petiolate, almost all borne on procumbent stems rooting at nodes 5. A. balearica Upper leaves sessile, borne on ± erect stems; stems not rooting 4 4 Petals >10mm; leaves 10-20mm; sepals hairy over whole surface on lowerside 6. A. montana

456

5 5

88. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

4 Petals 1/3 from base; sepals with hairs on lower part of margin and back 4. A. ciliata

1. A. serpyllifolia L. - Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Decumbent to erect or stiffly spreading annual or biennial to 30cm; leaves broadly ovate to narrowly ovate; flowers numerous; petals shorter than sepals, 1.6-2.7mm; styles 3; seeds 0.5-0.6(0.7) mm. Native; open ground on well-drained soils, especially sand and limestone. a. Ssp. serpyllifolia. Pedicels mostly longer than sepals; capsule mostly 3.5 x 2mm, less abruptly narrowed at neck; seeds 0.6-0.65(0.7)mm; 2n=40. Dune ecotype scattered round coasts of BI, mostly SW. 2. A. leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss. (A. serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Nyman) ² 458 Slender Sandwort. Differs from A. serpyllifolia in slenderer habit; more diffuse inflorescence at fruiting; petals 1.1-1.6mm; seeds 0.4-0.5mm; and see key (couplet 2); 2n=20. Throughout Bl, probably less common than ssp. serpyllifolia, especially in N. 3. A. norvegica Gunnerus - see sspp. for English names. Annual to perennial well branched below with ascending stems to 6cm; flowers 1-2(4) per stem; petals 45.5mm; styles 3-5. a. Ssp. norvegica - Arctic Sandwort. Perennial with many non-flowering shoots; RRR leaves obovate; flowers c.9-10mm across; styles 3-5; 2n=80. Native; base-rich scree and river shingle; extremely local in W & NW Sc, Shetland and W Ir. b. Ssp. anglica G. Halliday - English Sandwort. Annual or biennial with few non- RRR flowering shoots; leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate; flowers c.11-12mm across; styles 3; 2n=80. Native; bare limestone in MW Yorks; endemic. 4. A. ciliata L. - Fringed Sandwort. Similar to A. norvegica ssp. norvegica but differs RRR as in key (couplet 5), and in usually oblanceolate leaves; styles 3; petals 5-7.5mm; and flowers 12-16mm across; 2n=40. Native; limestone cliffs in Co Sligo. The Irish plant is ssp. hibernica Ostenf. & O.C. Dahl (var. hibernica (Ostenf. & O.C. Dahl) Druce); endemic. 5. A. balearica L. - Mossy Sandwort. Procumbent much-branched perennial rooting at nodes, with solitary flowers on long up-turned pedicels, ascending to 5cm; leaves ovate-elliptic to suborbicular; petals c.2x as long as sepals; styles 3; (2n=18). Intrdnatd; well natd garden plant in damp rocky places and on paths and walls, scattered over most of BI; W Mediterranean islands. 6. A. montana L. - Large-flowered Sandwort. Perennial with procumbent sterile and erect to ascending flowering stems to 20(30)cm; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; flowers 1-few per stem; petals 10-20mm; styles 3; (2n=20, 28). Intrd-natd; garden plant sometimes natd; among Pteridium on Guernsey since 1990; SW Europe. 2. MOEHRINGIA L. - Three-nerved Sandwort Mostly annuals; sepals 5; petals 5, white, entire; stamens 10; styles 3(-4); fruit a capsule opening by 6(-8) teeth; seeds with distinctive oil-body. 1. M. trinervia (L.) Clairv. - Three-nerved Sandwort. Stems decumbent to erect, diffusely branched, to 40cm; leaves ovate, 3-5-veined; petals shorter than sepals; 2n=24. Native; shady places in woods and hedgebanks; throughout most of BI.

3. HONCKENYA

457

3. HONCKENYA Ehrh. - Sea Sandwort Subdioecious ± succulent perennials; sepals 5; petals 5, greenish-white, entire; stamens 10 in male flowers; styles 3(-5) in female flowers; fruit a globose capsule opening by 3 valves. 1. H. peploides (L.) Ehrh. - Sea Sandwort. Decumbent to erect flowering stems to 25cm arising from extensive stolons or rhizomes; leaves ovate, succulent; petals c. as long as sepals in male flowers, much shorter in female flowers; 2n=48, c.64, 68. Native; bare maritime sand and sandy shingle; common round coasts of BI. 4. MINUARTIA L. (Cherleria L.) - Sandworts Annuals or perennials; sepals usually 5; petals usually 5 or 0, white, entire; stamens 10 or fewer; styles 3(-5); fruit a capsule opening by 3(-5) teeth. 1 1

3 3 5 5

Slender annual without non-flowering shoots 5. M. hybrida Mat- or cushion-forming perennials with non-flowering shoots 2 2 3HWDOVXVXDOO\RUPLQXWHUDUHO\•1/2 as long as sepals; nectaries 10, conspicuous at base of sepals 6. M. sedoides 2 3HWDOV•1/2 as long as sepals; nectaries vestigial 3 Leaves indistinctly 1-veined; pedicels glabrous 4. M. stricta Leaves distinctly 3-veined; pedicels glandular-hairy 4 4 Petals shorter than sepals 3. M. rubella 4 Petals as long as or longer than sepals 5 Sepals 3-veined; usually laxly tufted 2. M. verna Sepals 5(-7)-veined; usually densely tufted; SW Ireland 1. M. recurva

Other spp. - M. rubra (Scop.) McNeill is one of several European alpine plants said to have been collected in Sc over 100 years ago but never refound; most if not all are spurious records. 1. M. recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell. - Recurved Sandwort. Densely tufted perennial, RRR woody below, to 5cm; leaves 4-8mm, linear, recurved; petals longer than sepals; styles 3; (2n=30). Native; non-calcareous rocks above 500m in W Cork and S Kerry (discovered 1964) and Co Waterford (discovered 2001). R 2. M. verna (L.) Hiern - Spring Sandwort. Laxly tufted to loosely-carpeting perennial, scarcely woody below, to 15cm; leaves 6-20mm, linear, ± straight; petals usually longer than sepals; styles 3; 2n=24. Native; base-rich rocky places and sparse grassland, often on lead-mine spoil; locally abundant in N En, N Wa and W Ir, extremely scattered in Sc, N Ir, C & S Wa, Man and SW En. 3. M. rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern - Mountain Sandwort. Tufted perennial, slightly RRR woody below, to 6cm; leaves 4-8mm, linear, mostly ± straight; petals c.2/3 as long as sepals; styles 3-4(5); 2n=24. Native; base-rich rocks on mountains; very local in N & C Sc. 4. M. stricta (Sw.) Hiern - Teesdale Sandwort. Laxly tufted perennial, slightly RRR woody below, to 10cm; leaves 6-12mm, linear, mostly ± straight; petals usually slightly shorter than sepals; styles 3; 2n=22, 30. Native; calcareous flushes in Upper Teesdale (Co Durham), above 450m. 5. M. hybrida (Vill.) Schischk. - Fine-leaved Sandwort. Slender erect annual to 20cm; RR leaves 5-15mm, linear, straight or recurved; petals distinctly to very slightly shorter than sepals; styles 3; 2n=46. Native; dry bare stony places, walls and arable land; scattered in En, E Wa and CI, intrd in Ir, frequent only in E Anglia and CS En but formerly much commoner. Our plant is ssp. tenuifolia (L.) Kerguélen. 6. M. sedoides (L.) Hiern (Cherleria sedoides L.) - Cyphel. Dense yellow-green moss- RR like cushion, woody below, to 8cm; leaves 3.5-6mm, linear-lanceolate, crowded;

458

FIG 458 - Caryophyllaceae. 1-4, fruiting perianths of Scleranthus. 1, S. perennis ssp. prostratus. 2, ssp. perennis. 3, S. annuus ssp. polycarpos. 4, ssp. annuus. 5-6, flowers of Silene. 5, S. uniflora. 6, S. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris. 7-10, capsules of Silene. 7, S. italica. 8, S. nutans. 9, S. latifolia. 10, S. dioica. 11-13, capsules of Arenaria. 11, A. serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia. 12, A. leptoclados. 13, A. serpyllifolia ssp. lloydii. 14-16, shoots of Herniaria. 14, H. hirsuta. 15, H. ciliolata. 16, H. glabra. 17-20, leaves and capsules of Sagina. 17, S. subulata. 18, S. procumbens. 19, S. filicaulis. 20, S. apetala.

4. MINUARTIA

459

petals 0 or ± so, rarely equalling sepals; styles 3; 2n=51-52. Native; rocky damp ledges and slopes, mostly on mountains but down to sea-level; N & C Sc. 5. STELLARIA L. - Stitchworts Annuals or perennials; sepals 5; petals 5, sometimes fewer or 0, bifid, white; stamens 10 or fewer; styles 3; fruit a capsule opening by 6 teeth. 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

At least lower leaves petiolate; stems often terete to only weakly and smoothly ridged, sometimes square in section 2 All leaves sessile; stems strongly ridged to square in section 6 2 Petals >1.5x as long as sepals; stems ± equally hairy all round 1. S. nemorum 2 Petals 3 surrounded by involucre of leaf-like bracts; epicalyx nearly as long as to longer than calyx 2 Flowers solitary or in lax cymes, sometimes 2-3 close together but not surrounded by involucre of leaf-like bracts; epicalyx 1/3 way to base into narrow lobes 5 Petal-limb divided 2cm, narrowly acute; inner bracteoles of epicalyx broadly obovate, shortly apiculate at apex 3. D. plumarius 4 Leaves on sterile shoots mostly 20mm; petals glabrous; stems rarely 20mm; 2n=90. Intrd-natd; commonly grown in gardens and sometimes natd on old walls or banks; scattered in Br N to C Sc, commoner than D. caryophyllus; SE Europe. 4. D. gallicus Pers. - Jersey Pink. Mat-forming glaucous perennial, shortly hairy below, with ± erect flowering stems to 25cm; flowers 15-25mm across, 1-3 together, fragrant, pink; calyx 20-25mm; 2n=60. Intrd-natd; grassy coastal dunes; natd in Jersey since 1892; W coast of Europe. 5. D. deltoides L. - Maiden Pink. Loosely tufted, shortly hairy, green to glaucous perennial with ± erect flowering stems to 45cm; flowers 12-20mm across, 1(-3) together, scentless, white to pink, usually spotted; calyx 12-18mm; 2n=30. Native; dry grassland; scattered and decreasing in Br N to Moray, Man, CI. 6. D. barbatus L. - Sweet-William. Mat-forming, ± glabrous, green perennial with erect flowering stems to 50cm; flowers 1/2 way 4 Bracteoles entire, papery, present with only some female flowers 5

89. AMARANTHACEAE

488

4

5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

Bracteoles angled or toothed, herbaceous to ± woody, present with all female flowers 6 Leaves green to purplish on lowerside; bracteoles orbicular to broadly elliptic, rounded to broadly cuneate at base, obtuse at apex 1. A. hortensis Leaves whitish on lowerside; bracteoles oblong, cordate at base, acute at apex 2. A. sagittata 6 Bracteoles hardened (cartilaginous) in basal part at fruiting; ultimate venation of leaves thick, dark green against lighter background (fresh material) 7 6 Bracteoles not hardened at fruiting, remaining herbaceous or becoming spongy; ultimate venation of leaves very thin, not green 8 Bracteoles 2-5mm, with 3-9 acute teeth in distal 1/2, not tuberculate abaxially; wool-alien 11. A. suberecta Bracteoles 6-7mm, with irregular mostly obtuse teeth around middle, usually tuberculate abaxially; coastal beaches 12. A. laciniata 8 Lower leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire to toothed but without distinct basal lobes; coastal except as casual 9. A. littoralis 8 Lower leaves lanceolate to triangular or trullate, with distinct basal lobes; coastal or inland 9 Bracteoles fused for >1/3 their length, often to c.1/2 way 10 12 Bracteoles fused at base only, for 10cm, triangular, ± truncate at base, basal lobes present or 0, entire or toothed, green or more often purplish-red; bracteoles orbicular to broadly elliptic, 5-15mm, entire,

491

6. ATRIPLEX

489

fused only at base, papery, ± sessile; (2n=18). Intrd-casual; sometimes grown for ornament (rarely as leaf-vegetable) and escaping, also a birdseed-alien, occasional on tips and in waste places in Br N to C Sc, Man, CI; ?Asia. 2. A. sagittata Borkh. (A. nitens Schkuhr nom. illeg.) ² Shining Orache. Differs from A. hortensis in leaves usually more coarsely dentate; bracteoles usually more strongly veined; and see key (couplet 5); (2n=18). Intrd-natd; salted roadside verges; S Essex since 2006; E Europe. 3. A. prostrata Boucher ex DC. (A. hastata auct. non L.) - Spear-leaved Orache. Erect to procumbent annual to 1m; lower leaves triangular, ± truncate with laterally directed lobes at base, usually shallowly toothed, green to strongly mealy; bracteoles triangular, 2-6(8)mm, herbaceous to spongy at base, fused only at base, entire to dentate, sessile; seeds with radicle positioned basally or sub-basally and directed laterally or obliquely; 2n=18. Native; roadsides, waste places and cultivated ground, often saline habitats inland and by sea; throughout most of BI. 3 x 5. A. prostrata x A. glabriuscula occurs rarely on beaches in En and Sc with both parents, but has been much over-recorded. It is fertile and has bracteoles spongy and fused like those of A. glabriuscula, but smaller and in denser inflorescences. 3 x 9. A. prostrata x A. littoralis = A. x hulmeana Tascher. occurs locally on coasts in E Anglia and N En with both parents. It is fertile and has narrowly trullate, succulent lower leaves and spongy bracteoles; 2n=18. 4. A. x gustafssoniana Tascher. (A. longipes ssp. kattegatensis Turesson; A. prostrata x A. longipes) - Kattegat Orache. Variously intermediate and fertile; var. kattegatensis (Turesson) Tascher. has bracteoles 3.5-5mm with variously fused margins and stalks to only 1mm; other nothomorphs have bracteoles to 9mm, some with stalks to 5mm. Native; coastal estuarine and sometimes inland saline areas, often without 1 or both parents, commoner than A. longipes and as common as A. glabriuscula; scattered round coasts of Br, but var. kattegatensis only in N Sc. 5. A. glabriuscula Edmondston - Babington's Orache. Procumbent to rarely erect annual; differs from A. prostrata in more mealy stems and leaves, in 4-10mm bracteoles more spongy at base and with margins fused to c.1/2 way, and in seeds with radicle positioned laterally and directed apically; 2n=18. Native; sandy or shingly beaches all round coasts of BI, but rare in many places. 5 x 8. A. glabriuscula x A. praecox occurs in N Sc with both parents, also recorded without either in Cheviot; most plants resemble A. praecox in leaf-shape but A. glabriuscula in bracteole characters; fertile. 6. A. x taschereaui Stace (A. glabriuscula x A. longipes) - Taschereau's Orache. Vegetatively close to A. glabriuscula but some bracteoles to 20mm and foliaceous at apex and with stalks to 10mm; fertile. Native; exposed coastal beaches around much of Br but commonest in Sc and N En, usually with A. glabriuscula but often not with A. longipes and commoner than it. 7. A. longipes Drejer - Long-stalked Orache. Erect to procumbent annual to 90cm; lower leaves narrowly triangular or trullate, cuneate with laterally or forwardly directed lobes at base, entire to shallowly toothed, not mealy; smaller bracteoles triangular to trullate, ± entire, fused only at base, herbaceous, 5-10mm, sessile or with stalks to 1mm; larger bracteoles to 25mm with stalks to 25(30)mm, foliaceous at apex; seeds with basal, laterally directed radicle; 2n=18. Native; in taller saltmarsh vegetation; very local on coasts of Br N to C Sc, Co Waterford. 8. A. praecox Hülph. (A. longipes ssp. praecox (Hülph.) Turesson) - Early Orache. Procumbent to erect annual to 10(15)cm; lower leaves ovate or lanceolate to trullate, cuneate with laterally or forwardly directed lobes at base, ± entire, often red-tinged, not mealy; bracteoles triangular to ovate, ± entire, 3-5mm, herbaceous, united only at base, sessile or with stalks to 1.5mm; seeds with sub-basal laterally or obliquely directed radicle; 2n=18. Native; margins of sea inlets just above Fucus zone; N & W

491

491

491

RR 491

RR 491

RR 491

490

89. AMARANTHACEAE

Sc S to Kirkcudbrights, Cheviot. 9. A. littoralis L. - Grass-leaved Orache. Usually erect annual to 1.5m; lower leaves 491 linear to linear-lanceolate, entire to toothed, without basal lobes, not mealy; bracteoles triangular to trullate with slender acute apex, entire to toothed, 3-6mm, spongy at base, fused only at base, sessile; seeds with sub-basal laterally to obliquely directed radicle; 2n=18. Native; saline open or colonised, usually sandy places near sea, also inland as casual by salted roads; round most coasts of BI, commoner in E. Can be distinguished from narrow-leaved plants of A. patula in the fresh state by opaque (not translucent) lateral veins of the leaves held up to light. 9 x 10. A. littoralis x A. patula occurs in disturbed ground with both parents in Midlothian. It is largely sterile (triploid) with lower leaves like those of A. patula but bracteoles spongy as in A. littoralis yet united as in A. patula. 10. A. patula L. - Common Orache. Erect to procumbent annual to 1m; lower leaves 491 lanceolate to trullate, acutely cuneate with forwardly directed lobes at base, entire to toothed, not mealy; bracteoles triangular to trullate, entire to toothed, 3-7(20)mm, herbaceous, fused to c.1/2 way, sessile or with stalks to 4mm; seeds with sub-basal laterally or obliquely directed radicle; 2n=36. Native; disturbed and waste ground of all types; throughout BI. 11. A. suberecta Verd. - Australian Orache. Sprawling annual to 60cm; lower leaves 491 trullate- to triangular-ovate, acute to rounded and mucronate at apex, cuneate to truncate at base, coarsely sinuate-toothed, mealy on lowerside; bracteoles 2-5mm, ± rhombic, with 3- DFXWH WHHWK LQ GLVWDO SDUW KDUGHQHG DW EDVH IXVHG WR •1/2 way, sessile or shortly stalked; (2n=18). Intrd-casual; rather rare wool-alien; Australia. 12. A. laciniata L. - Frosted Orache. Usually decumbent annual to 30(50)cm; lower 491 leaves trullate, coarsely toothed, cuneate with ± distinct lobes at base, strongly whitish-mealy; bracteoles 6-7(10)mm, broadly rhombic, entire to shortly toothed, hardened at base, fused to c.1/2 way, sessile or short-stalked; 2n=18. Native; lower parts of sandy beaches, often on strand-line; most coasts of BI. 13. A. halimus L. - Shrubby Orache. Well-branched erect shrub to 2.5m; lower 491 leaves oblong to elliptic, cuneate at base, lobes and teeth 0, white-mealy; bracteoles orbicular to ovate or reniform, 1.5-3mm, entire to dentate, hardened at base, fused only at base, ± sessile; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; planted as wind-break by sea, natd and spreading vegetatively in CI, rare and not spreading S En from Scilly to E Suffolk; S Europe. 14. A. portulacoides L. (Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen) - Sea-purslane. Well- 491 branched sprawling shrub to 1m; lower leaves oblong to elliptic, cuneate at base, lobes and teeth 0, whitish-mealy; bracteoles rhombic to obtrullate, 2.5-5mm, with 3 large lobes near apex, somewhat cartilaginous at base, fused to >1/2 way, ± sessile; 2n=36. Native; in saline mud and sand, usually fringing pools or dykes and often flooded at high tide, rarely on sea-cliffs; most coasts of BI N to S Sc. 15. A. pedunculata L. (Halimione pedunculata (L.) Aellen). - Pedunculate Sea- RRR purslane. Erect annual to 30cm; lower leaves elliptic to oblong, entire, cuneate at 491 base, whitish-mealy; bracteoles obtriangular, 2-6mm, with 2 large lateral and 1 small apical lobe, ± herbaceous, fused almost to apex, with stalks to 3cm; (2n=18). Native; drier, barish parts of saltmarshes; from E Kent to N Lincs, extinct since 1938, refound S Essex 1987 but soon gone, reintroduced nearby. 7. BETA L. - Beets Annual to perennial herbs; roots often swollen; leaves flattened, not mealy, usually ± entire; bracteoles 0; flowers bisexual; tepals 5, persistent; ovary semi-inferior. 1. B. vulgaris L. - Beet. Whole plant often red-coloured or -tinged. Stems erect to decumbent, little- to much-branched, to 1.5m; leaves ovate to lanceolate or deltate, cordate to cuneate at base, often slightly succulent; tepals green or purplish-red,

491

FIG 491 - Atriplex. 1-14, bracteoles (arrows indicate limit of fusion). 1, A. littoralis. 2, A. patula. 3, A. portulacoides. 4, A. prostrata. 5, A. praecox. 6, A. halimus. 7, A. suberecta. 8, A. glabriuscula. 9, A. pedunculata. 10, A. laciniata. 11, A. hortensis. 12, A. x taschereaui. 13, A. x gustafssoniana. 14, A. longipes. 15-16, fruits with lower part of pericarp removed. 15, A. prostrata. 16, A. glabriuscula.

492

89. AMARANTHACEAE

incurved in fruit; stigmas usually 2. 1 Usually sprawling perennials; lower leaves mostly 10cm; lower bracts mostly 2-20mm; cultivated 2 2 Grown for large foliage; roots not to moderately swollen b. ssp. cicla 2 Grown for greatly swollen roots c. ssp. vulgaris a. Ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang. - Sea Beet. Usually much-branched sprawling perennial; root not strongly swollen; lower leaves usually 20cm; (2n=18). Intrdnatd; cultivated for its foliage and a common casual or relic. Includes var. cicla L. (Spinach Beet) and var. flavescens (Lam.) Lam. (Swiss Chard). c. Ssp. vulgaris - Root Beet. Usually little-branched, erect annual to biennial; root strongly swollen; lower leaves usually >10cm; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; cultivated for its roots and a common casual or relic. Includes Beetroot, Sugar Beet, Fodder Beet and Mangel-wurzel. 2. B. trigyna Waldst. & Kit. - Caucasian Beet. Erect, usually little-branched perennial to 1m; leaves ovate, usually cordate at base; tepals whitish-yellow, erect in fruit; stigmas 3; (2n=36, 54). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament and persisting or relict in waste places and on tips, also seed contaminant; very scattered in Br, mainly S En, Co Dublin; SE Europe. 8. SARCOCORNIA A.J. Scott - Perennial Glasswort Dwarf subshrubs; leaves fused in opposite pairs, forming succulent sheath round stem which appears composed of short segments; flower ± immersed in row of segments at ends of main stem ('terminal spike') and branches in 2 opposite groups in each segment, each group with 3 flowers in a ± straight transverse row, the centre one completely separating and c. as large as the laterals. Variously included in Salicornia or Arthrocnemon Moq. 1. S. perennis (Mill.) A.J. Scott (Salicornia perennis Mill., Arthrocnemon perenne (Mill.) Moss ex Fourc.) - Perennial Glasswort. Aerial stems to 30cm, some fertile, some not, erect to decumbent, usually little-branched, becoming yellowish to reddish, arising from thin extensive rhizomes; terminal spike 10-40mm; fertile segments 3-4mm, 3-4.5mm wide at narrowest point; anthers c.1.5mm; 2n=18. Native; mostly middle and upper parts of saltmarshes; scattered in E & S En N to N Lincs (formerly to E Lothian), Merioneth, Co Wexford. 9. SALICORNIA L. - Glassworts Like Sarcocornia but annuals and with 1-3 flowers in each group, the central 1 of each group of 3 extending much further apically than the laterals, so that the group is triangular in shape. An extremely difficult genus, the problems arising mainly from great phenotypic plasticity and the inbreeding nature of the plants, which tend to form numerous distinctive local populations. At least 20-30 'sorts' can be distinguished in SE En; possibly only 3 spp. (S. pusilla; S. europaea agg.; S. procumbens agg.) should be recognised. Identification of segregates within the latter 2 aggregates should be attempted only on several fresh well-grown plants from unshaded populations developing ripe fruit (Sep-Oct). 1

Flowers 1 per group; fertile segments disarticulating when fruit ripe, 2 x 2mm 2 2 Anthers 0.2-0.5(0.6)mm; stamens 1(-2); central flower distinctly larger (c.2x) than 2 laterals; fertile segments with distinctly convex sides; seeds 1-1.7mm (S. europaea agg.) 3 2 Anthers (0.5)0.6-0.9mm; stamens (1-)2; all 3 flowers about same size; fertile segments with straight or sometimes slightly convex or concave sides; seeds (1.3)1.5-2.3mm (S. procumbens agg.) 5 Apical edge of fertile segments with scarious border 0.1-0.2mm wide; plants deep shiny-green becoming reddish-purple 2. S. ramosissima $SLFDOHGJHRIIHUWLOHVHJPHQWVZLWKVFDULRXVERUGHU”PPZLGH plants lighter duller green becoming yellowish-green sometimes suffused with pinkish-purple 4 4 Plant glaucous, matt, not reddening or only slightly so around flowers; branches simple, the lowest usually 1/2 as long as main stem, ± straight 3. S. europaea /RZHUIHUWLOHVHJPHQWV” PP” PPZLGHDWQDUURZHVWSRLQW plant becoming brownish-purple or -orange 5. S. emerici Lower fertile segments 3-6mm, 3-6mm wide at narrowest point; plant becoming pale green to yellowish, sometimes tinged purple 6 6 Terminal spike ± cylindrical, of 6-15(22) fertile segments; plant becoming yellowish-green to bright yellow 6. S. fragilis 6 Terminal spike usually tapering, of 12-30 fertile segments; plant becoming dull green, dull yellow or yellowish-brown 7. S. dolichostachya

1. S. pusilla Woods - One-flowered Glasswort. Erect to procumbent, simple to much-branched, to 25cm, becoming orangy- or purplish-pink; branches ± straight; terminal spike 90°) apical point 14. A. thunbergii 6 Tepals with stiffly hooked (mostly 180-360°) apical point 15. A. capensis 7 Plant wholly male 9. A. palmeri 7 Plant with female (and usually male) flowers 8 8 Tepals (2-)3, much shorter than fruit; fruit indehiscent 9 8 Tepals (3-)5, nearly as long as to longer than fruit; fruit dehiscent or not 10 9 Leaves obtuse; stems very shortly hairy at least near apex; fruit inflated (seed much smaller than cavity) 10. A. deflexus 9 Leaves usually retuse; stems ± glabrous; fruit not inflated 11. A. blitum 11 10 Fruits indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent 10 Fruits transversely dehiscent 12 11 Tepals tapered to very acute apex; bracteoles longer than perianth 7. A. bouchonii 11 Tepals rounded to retuse at apex, obovate to spathulate; bracteoles

12. AMARANTHUS

13 13

15 15

17 17

497

shorter than perianth 17. A. standleyanus 12 Tepals all tapered to acute apex 13 12 At least the inner tepals obovate to spathulate, rounded to retuse at apex though often with mucro 16 Terminal inflorescence often >30cm, heavy, usually brightly (green, red or yellow) coloured; seeds pale or dark brown; bracts not exceeding styles; longest bracteoles of female flowers 1-1.5x as long as perianth 14 Terminal inflorescence 1 genus is equivocal. 1 1

3 3

Rhizomatous herb; petals (not the petal-like bracts) purple 5. C. suecica Shrub; petals white to yellow 2 2 Inflorescences appearing before leaves, with 4 yellow petal-like bracts at base 4. C. mas 2 Inflorescences appearing after leaves, without petal-like bracts at base; petals whitish 3 Fruit purplish-black; leaves rarely with >5 pairs of lateral veins; petals 4-7mm 1. C. sanguinea Fruit white to cream or pale blue; many larger leaves with 6(-7) pairs of lateral veins; petals 2-4mm 4 4 Stone flattened-ellipsoid, longer than wide, tapered at both ends; leaves shortly and abruptly acuminate to acute 3. C. alba 4 Stone flattened-subglobose, c. as long as wide, rounded at base; leaves tapering-acuminate 2. C. sericea

1. C. sanguinea L. (Thelycrania sanguinea (L.) Fourr., Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz) Dogwood. Shrub to 4m; bark of first year twigs dark red (at least on 1 side) in winter; leaves ovate to elliptic, 4-8(10)cm, abruptly acuminate; fruit purplish-black, 5-8mm. a. Ssp. sanguinea. Hairs on leaf abaxial surface mostly 2-armed but many unevenly so and many with at least 1 arm directed away from leaf surface; 2n=22. Native; woods and scrub on limestone or base-rich clays; common in most of S & C lowland Br, very scattered in Ir, escape elsewhere. b. Ssp. australis (C.A. Mey.) Jáv. (C. australis C.A. Mey.). Hairs on leaf abaxial surface all with 2 ± equal arms both appressed to leaf surface. Intrd-surv; much planted on roadsides and in shrubberies and new hedges; widespread in much of En but overlooked and distribution unknown; E Turkey and Caucasus. Large leaved (5-13(18)cm) plants with the pubescence of ssp. sanguinea are perhaps referable to C. koenigii C.K. Schneid. from the same area as ssp. australis

510

95. CORNACEAE

and planted here in the same way. They might be best treated as another ssp. Intermediates between all 3 taxa occur. 2. C. sericea L. (C. stolonifera Michx., Thelycrania sericea (L.) Dandy, Swida sericea (L.) Holub) - Red-osier Dogwood. Shrub to 3m; bark of first year twigs dark red or greenish-yellow in winter; leaves ovate to elliptic, 4-10cm, tapering-acuminate, with hairs on abaxial surface as in C. sanguinea ssp. australis; fruit white to cream, 4-7mm, often not ripening; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; much grown in parks and on roadsides, frequently natd by suckers; scattered in most of lowland BI; N America. 3. C. alba L. (Thelycrania alba (L.) Pojark.) - White Dogwood. Shrub to 3m; bark of first year twigs usually bright red in winter; differs from C. sericea in fruit whitish to pale blue, less extensively suckering, and see key (couplet 5); (2n=22). Intrd-natd; grown as for C. sericea, but less well natd; very scattered in lowland BI N to C Sc; E Asia. Possibly not a separate sp. from C. sericea. 4. C. mas L. - Cornelian-cherry. Shrub or small tree to 4(8)m; bark of first year twigs dull greenish-grey in winter; leaves 4-10cm, ovate to elliptic, acute to abruptly acuminate; fruit 12-18mm, red then finally purple; (2n=18, 54). Intrd-natd; grown in hedges and roadside verges and often long persistent, sometimes bird-sown; very scattered in Br N to C Sc, Man, Co Antrim; Europe. 5. C. suecica L. (Chamaepericlymenum suecicum (L.) Asch. & Graebn.) - Dwarf Cornel. Stems erect, to 20cm, with terminal inflorescence subtended by 4 white bracts longer than flower-cluster; leaves ± sessile, ovate to elliptic, 1-3cm, with 3-5 veins all from base; fruits 5-10mm, bright red; (2n=22). Native; upland moors among low shrubs; extremely local in N En S to S Lancs, frequent in C & N Sc.

96. HYDRANGEACEAE - Mock-orange family Shrubs; leaves deciduous, opposite, simple, without stipules, petiolate. Flowers in raceme-like or corymbose cymes terminal on lateral or main shoots, bisexual, 1/2epigynous to epigynous, actinomorphic; sepals 4-5, free; petals 4-5, free; stamens 9numerous; ovary 2-4-celled, with numerous ovules on axile placenta; styles 2-4, united below or free; stigmas clavate; fruit a 2-4-valved or -toothed capsule. The only opposite-leaved shrubs with free petals, 9-numerous stamens and 1/2inferior or inferior ovary. 1 1

Flowers in corymbs, at least the outer ones with much-enlarged sepals and sterile 3. HYDRANGEA Flowers in racemose or paniculate cymes, all similar and fertile 2 2 Petals and sepals 4; styles 4, united >1/2 ZD\VWDPHQV• 1. PHILADELPHUS 2 Petals and sepals 5; styles usually 3, ± free; stamens 10 2. DEUTZIA

1. PHILADELPHUS L. - Mock-oranges Flowers in raceme-like cymes terminal on lateral shoots, all similar and fertile; sepals 4; petals 4 (or flore pleno), white or creamy-white; stamens c.20-30; ovary 4FHOOHGZLWKVW\OHVXQLWHG•1/2 way to apex; fruit a 4-valved capsule. 1 1

Flowers flore pleno 3. P. 'Virginalis Group' Flowers not flore pleno 2 2 Leaves glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers saucer-shaped; hypanthium, calyx and pedicel glabrous or nearly so 1. P. coronarius 2 Leaves hairy on lowerside; flowers cup-shaped; hypanthium, calyx and pedicel glabrous to (more often) hairy 2. P. 'Lemoinei Group'

R

1. PHILADELPHUS

511

Other spp. - Several other spp. from N America and China and hybrids often of complex parentage are grown in gardens, and some wild plants might be referable to them. Small-flowered, very fragrant, glabrous plants with almost entire leaves are probably hybrids involving P. microphyllus A. Gray. 1. P. coronarius L. - Mock-orange. Shrub to 3m; leaves 5-10cm, ovate to ellipticoblong, serrulate, glabrous to sparsely hairy on lowerside; flowers 2.5-5cm across, fragrant, glabrous, saucer-shaped, with ± patent petals; (2n=26). Intrd-surv; formerly commonly grown and still found as relic in hedges and copses but rarely (ever?) self-sown; scattered in BI but over-recorded for other 2 taxa; Europe. 2. P. 'Lemoinei Group' (incl. P. coronarius x P. microphyllus = P. x lemoinei Lemoine) ² Hairy Mock-orange. Differs from P. coronarius in leaves hairy on lowerside; calyx, hypanthium and pedicel usually hairy; flowers cup-shaped; (2n=26). Intrd-surv; now commoner than P. coronarius in gardens, hence most recent relics in the wild are probably this hybrid or the next; scattered in Br; garden origin. The P. 'Lemoinei Group' includes P. x lemoinei and similar hybrids not strictly of this parentage; P. x lemoinei itself has a glabrous hypanthium and calyx. 3. P. 'Virginalis Group' (incl. P. coronarius x P. microphyllus x P. pubescens Loisel. = P. x virginalis Rehder). - Double Mock-orange. Differs from P. x lemoinei in flore pleno, and usually more densely hairy leaves and flowers; (2n=26). Intrd-surv; now commoner than P. coronarius in gardens, found as relic in the wild; scattered in Br; garden origin. The P. 'Virginalis Group' includes P. x virginalis and similar hybrids not strictly of this parentage. 2. DEUTZIA Thunb. - Deutzia Flowers in raceme-like cymes terminal on lateral shoots, all similar and fertile; sepals 5; petals 5 (or flore pleno), white or tinged with pink; stamens 10; ovary 3celled with 3 ± free styles; fruit a 3-valved capsule. Other spp. - Many garden plants belong to related spp. or complex hybrids and the natd ones may well include some of these. 1. D. scabra Thunb. - Deutzia. Shrub to 3m; leaves 4-8cm, ovate, scabrid with minute hairiness; flowers 1-2cm across, not fragrant, with erect to erecto-patent petals; (2n=130). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, persistent as relics and sometimes regenerating; scattered in Br N to C Sc; China and Japan. 3. HYDRANGEA L. - Hydrangeas Flowers in terminal corymbs, at least the outer ones with much-enlarged sepals and sterile; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, usually varying shades of red to blue or white; stamens 9-20; ovary 2-4-celled with 2-4 short but free styles; fruit a capsule with 2-4 teeth. Other spp. - Several other spp. are grown in gardens and some persist or spread on to walls. H. petiolaris Siebold & Zucc. and H. anomala D. Don both climb by aerial rootlets like Hedera; H. petiolaris, from Japan, has 15-20 stamens, and H. anomala, from China, has 9-15 stamens and more deeply toothed leaves. H. sargentiana Rehder, from China, is an erect shrub to 3m with stems densely covered in hairs and bristles and with hairy leaves; it was formerly ± natd in S Kerry. 1. H. macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. - Hydrangea. Soft-wooded shrub to 1.5m; leaves 10-20cm, ovate to obovate, ± glabrous; fertile flowers 2cm; larger leaves with 10mm and much less bent; it is grown in gardens and has been reported as an escape. 1. I. noli-tangere L. - Touch-me-not Balsam. Stems erect, to 1m; flowers mostly 23.5cm, yellow with small brownish spots; lowest sepal 10-20mm plus spur 6-12mm held at c.90°; (2n=20, 40). Native; damp places in woods; very local in Br N to C Sc, frequent in Lake District, probably native only there and in C Wa. 2. I. capensis Meerb. - Orange Balsam. Stems erect, to 1.5m; flowers mostly 23.5cm, orange with large brownish blotches; lowest sepal 10-20mm plus spur 510mm held parallel to rest of sepal; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; banks of rivers and canals; locally frequent in Br N to NW Yorks; N America. 3. I. parviflora DC. - Small Balsam. Stems erect, to 60(100)cm; flowers (incl. spur) mostly 0.6-1.8cm, pale yellow; lowest sepal gradually tapered into ± straight spur, in total 4-12mm; 2n=24, 26. Intrd-natd; damp shady places in woods and hedges and disturbed or cultivated ground; scattered through most of Br, locally common; C Asia. 4. I. glandulifera Royle - Indian Balsam. Stems erect, to 2m; flowers 2.5-4cm, deep to pale pinkish-purple or white; lowest sepal 12-20mm plus spur 2-7mm bent at •ƒQ ,QWUG-natd; banks of rivers and canals, damp places and waste ground; locally common throughout most of BI; Himalayas.

RR

98. POLEMONIACEAE

513

98. POLEMONIACEAE - Jacob's-ladder family Herbaceous perennials or annuals; leaves opposite and simple or alternate and pinnate or pinnately lobed, without stipules, petiolate to ± sessile. Flowers showy, in terminal corymbose racemes, actinomorphic, mostly bisexual, hypogynous; sepals 5, fused into tube proximally; petals 5, fused into short or long tube, white to purple or blue; stamens 5, borne on corolla-tube; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules per cell on axile placentas; style 1; stigmas 3; fruit a capsule opening by 3 valves or irregularly. Told from other families with 5 fused sepals and petals and actinomorphic, hypogynous flowers (except the distinctive Diapensiaceae) by the 3-celled ovary and 3 stigmas. 1 1

Leaves pinnate; corolla-tube much shorter than -lobes, with long-exserted stamens 1. POLEMONIUM Leaves simple; corolla-tube longer than -lobes, with anthers at apex of corolla-tube 2. PHLOX

Other genera ² GILIA Ruiz & Pav. has pinnate to bipinnate leaves and corollatube shorter than -lobes with anthers at apex of corolla-tube. G. capitata Sims (Blue Thimbleflower), from W N America, is an annual to 60cm with finely divided leaves and blue flowers in dense spherical heads; it is a rare garden escape or birdseed alien. NAVARRETIA Ruiz & Pav. has simple leaves deeply and finely pinnately lobed, corolla-tube much longer than -lobes, and included stamens. N. squarrosa (Eschsch.) Hook. & Arn. (Skunkweed), from W N America, is an erect annual to 60cm with sessile blue to purple flowers in a dense head; it was natd for some years in Berks. 1. POLEMONIUM L. - Jacob's-ladder Leaves pinnate, petiolate, with 6-15 pairs of entire leaflets; corolla-lobes much longer than -tube; stamens ± equal-lengthed, well exserted, with hairy base to filaments. 1. P. caeruleum L. - Jacob's-ladder. Stems erect, to 1m; flowers blue (or white), 2- RRR 3cm across; 2n=18. Native; limestone grassland, scree, rock-ledges, wood-borders; locally frequent in Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, 1 place in S Northumb, sporadic garden escape elsewhere in BI. 2. PHLOX L. - Phlox Leaves simple, ± sessile, entire; corolla-lobes shorter than tube, patent; stamens with anthers at different heights, the longest at mouth of corolla-tube, glabrous. 1. P. paniculata L. - Phlox. Stems erect, woody at base, to 1.5m; flowers white to pink, purple or mauve, 2-3cm across; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens and natd on rough and waste ground; sporadic in Br; N America.

99. PRIMULACEAE - Primrose family (Myrsinaceae, Samolaceae, Theophrastaceae)

Herbaceous annuals or perennials; leaves variously arranged, simple to pinnate, petiolate or not, without stipules. Flowers variously arranged, bisexual, hypogynous (semi-epigynous in Samolus), actinomorphic; sepals free to fused, 5(-9); petals fused at least at base, as many as sepals (0 in Glaux); stamens as many as

514

99. PRIMULACEAE

sepals, borne on corolla if present; ovary 1-celled with free-central placentation and many ovules; style 1; stigma capitate; fruit a capsule. (Myrsine not included in this description). Very variable in superficial flower characters, but usually recognisable by the herbaceous habit, fused petals, and 1-celled ovary with free-central placentation. It is likely that generic limits around Lysimachia, Glaux and Anagallis will need revision. Myrsine is starkly different from the other genera (see Other genera). Primulaceae would be paraphyletic without the Theophrastaceae (Samolus) and the very different Myrsinaceae. 1 1 3 3 5 5 7 7

9 9

Evergreen shrub; flowers dioecious; fruit a blue drupe (MYRSINE) Herb; flowers bisexual; fruit a capsule 2 2 Ovary semi-inferior 9. SAMOLUS 2 Ovary superior 3 Leaves pinnate; plant a submerged aquatic 2. HOTTONIA Leaves simple; plant not submerged 4 4 All leaves basal 5 4 Some or all leaves on stems 6 Corolla-lobes patent to erecto-patent; underground corm 0 1. PRIMULA Corolla-lobes strongly reflexed; underground corm present 8. CYCLAMEN 6 Corolla yellow 3. LYSIMACHIA 6 Corolla white to red, blue or purple, or 0 7 All or most leaves in single apparent whorl at top of stem; corolla-lobes mostly 6-7 6. TRIENTALIS Leaves opposite or alternate along stem; corolla-lobes 5 8 8 Corolla 0; calyx-lobes fused for >1/4; capsule dehiscing longitudinally 4. GLAUX 8 Corolla present; calyx-lobes ± free; capsule dehiscing transversely 9 At least upper leaves alternate; corolla divided 5mm; pedicels longer than the pendent flowers 10. P. sikkimensis 6 Flowers borne in several whorls, usually deep red 12. P. pulverulenta 6 Flowers borne in a simple umbel, usually lilac to purple 7 7 Flowers heterostylous; corolla-lobes usually lilac, with gaps between at least near base (N En) 6. P. farinosa 7 Flowers homostylous (anthers and stigma ± at same level); corolla-lobes usually purple, overlapping or contiguous (N Sc) 7. P. scotica 8 Flowers borne in 2 or more whorled tiers up scape; corolla purplish-red or white 13. P. japonica 8 Flowers borne singly from base of plant or in a single umbel on scape; corolla usually yellow, rarely white or purplish-red 9 9 Petioles longer than leaf-blade; flowers usually not yellow 10 9 Petioles shorter than leaf-blade to c. as long; flowers usually yellow 11 10 Leaf-blades ± orbicular, cordate at base 5. P. juliae 10 Leaf-blades variably ovate or obovate, weakly cordate to cuneate at base 4. P. x pruhonicensis 11 Pedicels with long shaggy hairs; ripe capsules lying near or on ground, with sticky seeds; flowers usually borne singly from base of plant, rarely in umbel on scape 1. P. vulgaris 11 Pedicels with short fine hairs; ripe capsules held ± erect, with dry seeds; flowers borne in umbel on scape 12 12 Corolla usually 15mm across, without folds in throat; calyx pale green with dark green midribs, with ± acuminate teeth; capsule c. as long as or longer than calyx 2. P. elatior Other spp. - Several spp. are grown in gardens or are planted outside and may persist for a while without attention, sometimes self-sowing. P. denticulata Sm. (Drumstick Primrose), from Himalayas, is a mealy plant with a close spherical head of mauve or white flowers. 1. P. vulgaris Huds. (P. acaulis (L.) Hill) - Primrose. Plant with long shaggy hairs; leaves gradually tapered to base; flowers borne singly on pedicels to 15cm arising from leaf-rosette, or rarely in an umbel on a scape, c.2-4cm across, usually pale yellow, rarely white or reddish-pink; calyx ± uniformly pale green; 2n=22. Native; woods, hedgebanks and in damper areas in grassland, often on heavy soils; throughout BI, often common but rare or 0 locally. 1 x 2. P. vulgaris x P. elatior = P. x digenea A. Kern. occurs frequently around the area of P. elatior in E Anglia. It is intermediate in leaf, flower and hair characters; the flowers are normally borne in an umbel on a scape. It is fertile and hybrid swarms arise. 1 x 2 x 3. P. vulgaris x P. elatior x P. veris = P. x murbeckii Lindq. occurs very rarely near P. elatior in W Suffolk, both from wild parents and by pollination of wild P. elatior by garden (sometimes purple-flowered) P. x polyantha. The dark green calyx midribs are usually evident. 1 x 3. P. vulgaris x P. veris = P. x polyantha Mill. (P. x tommasinii Gren. & Godr., P. x variabilis Goupil non Bastard) occurs sporadically where the parents meet over the range of P. veris, often in scrubby areas. It is intermediate in leaf, flower and hair characters; the flowers are normally borne in an umbel on a scape. It is

516

FIG 516 - Primulaceae. 1, Primula japonica. 2, P. florindae. 3, Lysimachia terrestris. 4, L. ciliata. 5, L. vulgaris. 6, L. punctata.

1. PRIMULA

517

partially fertile but backcrossing and introgression are rare. The garden Polyanthus is probably of this origin, and occasionally this escapes from cultivation or persists where planted; such plants may vary considerably in flower colour, from white to orange, purple or mauve. This hybrid, P. elatior, and plants of P. vulgaris with a scape are often confused; careful attention to leaves, flowers and hairiness is needed to avoid this. 2. P. elatior (L.) Hill - Oxlip. Plant with rather short crisped hairs; leaves less gradually narrowed at base than in P. vulgaris and often ± abruptly so; flowers in an umbel on a scape to 30cm, c.15-20mm across, pale yellow; calyx with darker green midribs; 2n=22. Native; very locally abundant in woods on clay in E Anglia, in area ± lacking P. vulgaris, and 2 small outlying areas in Bucks, rare escape elsewhere. 2 x 3. P. elatior x P. veris = P. x media Peterm. occurs rarely in the area of P. elatior in E Anglia; it is intermediate in diagnostic characters and partially fertile, but backcrossing has not been detected. 3. P. veris L. - Cowslip. Plant with short straight hairs; leaves abruptly contracted to petiole at base; flowers in an umbel on a scape to 30cm, c.8-15mm across, deep or brownish-yellow, rarely reddish; calyx uniformly pale green; 2n=22. Native; locally common in grassy places usually on light base-rich soils; throughout most of BI, but rare in much of NW Sc, only intrd in NE Ir. 4. P. x pruhonicensis Zemann ex Bergmans (P. vulgaris x P. juliae) ² Hybrid Primrose. Differs from P. vulgaris in much less hairy, leaves with longer more abruptly delimited petioles, and flowers of varied colours, often red. Intrd-natd; relic of and throwout from gardens, persistent and perhaps hybridising with native P. vulgaris; scattered in Br; garden origin. P. 'Wanda' has wine-red flowers, redtinged leaves and is ± glabrous. Plants sometimes have all or some flowers in an umbel on a scape. 5. P. juliae Kusn. ² Julia's Primrose. Plant subglabrous, often red-tinged throughout; leaves abruptly contracted to petiole longer than leaf-blade; flowers c.2-3cm across, borne singly on pedicels to 15cm arising laterally to leaf-rosette, usually wine-red; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; on damp rock face; Lanarks since c.1990; Caucasus. 6. P. farinosa L. - Bird's-eye Primrose. Much of plant with mealy covering, but hairs 0; leaves gradually tapered at base, obovate; flowers in an umbel on a scape to 15cm, c.7-15mm across, usually pinkish-lilac; heterostylous; 2n=18. Native; damp grassy, stony or peaty ground on limestone; locally frequent in N En from Yorks and Lancs to Cumberland and S Northumb, formerly S Sc. 7. P. scotica Hook. - Scottish Primrose. Sometimes biennial; differs from P. farinosa in its usually wider leaves, longer narrower corolla-tube, and more overlapping and purple corolla-lobes; homostylous; 2n=54. Native; damp grassy places near sea on cliffs, dunes and pastures; W Sutherland, Caithness and Orkney; endemic. 8. P. auricula L. - Auricula. Inflorescence with mealy covering; leaves gradually or abruptly contracted to short petiole, mealy or not, with short-stalked glandular hairs; flowers in an umbel on a scape to 15cm, c.(12)15-25mm across, dull yellow (other colours in garden plants); (2n=54-72). Intrd-natd; planted on rock-ledge in Caenlochan Glen (Angus), known since 1880, also persistent in a few other sites in N Br; mountains of CS Europe. 9. P. florindae Kingdon-Ward - Tibetan Cowslip. Inflorescence with mealy covering; leaves abruptly contracted to long petiole, with cordate or truncate base, not mealy, with 0 hairs; flowers in an umbel on a scape to 60cm, c.(12)15-30mm across, yellow; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; by ponds and streams and in marshes where originally planted; several places in Br, mainly N En and Sc; Tibet. 10. P. sikkimensis Hook. f. - Sikkim Cowslip. Differs from P. florindae in its leaves gradually tapered to cuneate base; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; planted on mountains in Caerns in 1921 and still there, often not flowering; Himalayas to W China.

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516

518

99. PRIMULACEAE

11. P. prolifera Wall. (P. helodoxa Balf. f.) ² Yunnan Cowslip. Inflorescence with rather sparse mealy covering; leaves oblanceolate, gradually tapered to base; IORZHUV ERUQH LQ” WLHUHG ZKRUOV RQ D VFDSHWR FP F-28mm across, yellow; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; by stream near sea; 1 locality in Dorset; India to China. Our plant belongs to the segregate P. helodoxa. 12. P. pulverulenta Duthie ² Red Cowslip. Inflorescence with mealy covering; leaves gradually tapered to base; flowers borne in 2-several tiered whorls on a scape to 100cm, c.20-30mm across, deep red or white; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; by streams and in other damp places; scattered in En and Sc; W China. 13. P. japonica A. Gray - Japanese Cowslip. Plant not mealy, glabrous; leaves gradually tapered to base; flowers borne in 2-several tiered whorls on a scape to 50cm, c.15-25mm across, purplish-red or white; (2n=44). Intrd-natd; shady moist places were originally planted; a few places in En, Wa, W Sc and W Ir; Japan.

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2. HOTTONIA L. - Water-violet Perennials with submerged vegetative parts and emergent inflorescences; leaves ± whorled, pinnate with linear lobes; calyx divided nearly to base; corolla lobes 5, patent, longer than tube; capsule dehiscing by 5 valves. 1. H. palustris L. - Water-violet. Stems to 1m or more, floating under water, rooting at nodes; flowers in tiered whorls on erect peduncle, 15-25mm across, lilac with yellow throat; (2n=20). Native; shallow ponds and ditches; scattered in En and Wa, locally common E En, very locally natd in Ir and Man. 3. LYSIMACHIA L. (Naumburgia Moench) - Loosestrifes Perennials; leaves opposite or whorled, simple; calyx divided nearly to base; corolla -lobes 5-7, patent to ± erect, longer than tube, yellow; capsule opening by 5 valves. It is likely that Lysimachia, Anagallis and Glaux require reorganisation, but more data are needed before this can be undertaken. 1 1

3 3

5 5

Stems procumbent or decumbent; flowers borne singly in axils of normal leaves 2 Stems erect; at least some main leaf-axils with >1 flower, or flowers borne in terminal or axillary racemes 3 2 Leaves obtuse to rounded at apex, dotted with usually black glands; calyx-lobes ovate 2. L. nummularia 2 Leaves acute to subacute at apex, not glandular; calyx-lobes subulate to linear 1. L. nemorum Flowers all borne in axils of much reduced bracts in terminal raceme; bulbils up to 2cm x 2mm usually produced in leaf-axils late in season 6. L. terrestris At least lower flower clusters or racemes borne in axils of ± normal leaves; bulbils 0 4 4 Flowers 15mm across, borne in few-flowered axillary clusters or in terminal panicles 5 Pedicels >2cm; calyx and leaves glabrous 4. L. ciliata 3HGLFHOV”FPFDO\[JODQGXODU-hairy; leaves hairy 6 6 Corolla-lobes glandular-hairy at margins; calyx-teeth uniformly green 5. L. punctata 6 Corolla-lobes glabrous at margins; calyx-teeth with conspicuous orange margin 3. L. vulgaris

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3. LYSIMACHIA

519

1. L. nemorum L. - Yellow Pimpernel. Stems to 40cm, procumbent to decumbent; leaves 1-3cm, opposite, ovate to broadly so, glabrous; flowers solitary in leaf-axils; corolla 5-8mm, glabrous, with 5 lobes; 2n=16, 18. Native; woods and copses; throughout most of BI. 2. L. nummularia L. - Creeping-Jenny. Stems to 60cm, procumbent; leaves 1.5-3cm, opposite, broadly ovate-elliptic to orbicular, dotted with black glands, otherwise glabrous; flowers solitary in leaf-axils; corolla 8-18mm, dotted with black glands, with 5 lobes; 2n=43 (30, 32, 36, 43). Native; damp places, often in shade; throughout most of BI N to C Sc, but a natd garden escape in many localities, especially in N. 3. L. vulgaris L. - Yellow Loosestrife. Stems to 1.5m, erect; rhizomes and/or stolons extensive, giving rise to scattered stems; leaves 3-10cm, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, opposite or in whorls of 3-4, hairy and with minute glands; flowers in terminal panicles composed of axillary flower-clusters; corolla 8-15mm, dotted with pale glands, with 5 lobes; 2n=84 (42, 84). Native; ditches, marshes and by lakes and rivers; scattered through most of BI except N Sc. 4. L. ciliata L. - Fringed Loosestrife. Stems to 1.2m, erect; rhizomes extensive; leaves 4-12cm, lanceolate to ovate, opposite or in whorls of 3-4, ± glabrous; flowers in loose axillary groups; corolla 9-15mm, densely covered with sessile glands towards base, with 5 lobes; (2n=34, 72, 92, 98, 100, 108, 112). Intrd-natd; in rough ground and damp or shady places; rare garden escape scattered in Br mainly in N En and Sc; N America. Confused with L. punctata. 5. L. punctata L. (L. verticillaris Spreng.) - Dotted Loosestrife. Stems to 1.2m, erect; rhizomes short, forming dense patches; leaves 4-12cm, lanceolate to ovate, opposite or in whorls of 3-4, hairy and gland-dotted; flowers in dense axillary groups; corolla 10-16mm, with dense short-stalked glands especially at margin, with 5 lobes; (2n=30). Intrd-natd; in rough ground and damp places; common and increasing garden escape scattered over most of BI; SE Europe. Often not producing seed. Most plants are relatively robust with corolla-lobes orange at the base, longer petioles, and more branched inflorescences with more reduced bracts; these correspond with L. verticillaris, but all intermediates to the typical but much rarer L. punctata exist. 6. L. terrestris (L.) Britton - Lake Loosestrife. Stems to 80cm, erect; leaves 2-8cm, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, opposite, dotted with black glands, otherwise glabrous; flowers (often not produced) in axils of much reduced bracts in terminal raceme; corolla 4-7mm, with black glandular streaks, with 5 lobes; (2n=84). Intrdnatd; damp places near lake shores; Westmorland and W. Lancs (by Lake Windermere since 1885); N America. 7. L. thyrsiflora L. (Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb.) - Tufted Loosestrife. Stems to 70cm, erect; leaves 7-10cm, linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, opposite, dotted with black glands but otherwise glabrous; flowers in dense, stalked, axillary racemes with much reduced bracts; corolla 4-6mm, with black glandular dots, with 5-7 lobes; (2n=42). Native; wet places in marshes and by ditches and canals; scattered in N En and C & S Sc, rarely natd in C & S En, Glam and E Donegal. 4. GLAUX L. - Sea-milkwort Glabrous slightly succulent rhizomatous perennials; leaves opposite, simple; calyx divided c.1/2 way to base into 5 lobes; corolla 0; capsule opening by 5 valves. 1. G. maritima L. - Sea-milkwort. Stems procumbent to suberect, to 30cm; leaves 412mm, often reduced below; flowers solitary in leaf-axils, sessile; calyx 3-5mm, white to pink; 2n=30. Native; saline sandy, muddy, rocky or grassy places; round coasts of BI and in a few inland saltmarshes.

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520

99. PRIMULACEAE

5. ANAGALLIS L. - Pimpernels Glabrous annuals or perennials; leaves opposite, simple; calyx divided ± to base; corolla-lobes 5, erecto-patent to patent, much longer than tube; capsule opening by transverse line of dehiscence. 1. A. tenella (L.) L. - Bog Pimpernel. Perennial; stems to 20cm, procumbent, rooting at nodes; leaves 2x as long as calyxlobes, entire, glabrous; 2n=22. Native; bogs and damp peaty ground; scattered over BI, common in parts of W, absent from much of E. 2. A. arvensis L. - see sspp. for English names. Usually annual; stems to 40cm, decumbent to ascending, not rooting at nodes; leaves often >1cm, ovate; flowers solitary in leaf-axils on pedicels to 3.5cm; corolla 4-7(10)mm, the lobes patent, 3/4 way to base; pedicels erect, filiform; leafy stems procumbent for most part 2 Corolla divided 1cm; bracteoles above middle of pedicel, mostly >1mm wide; leafy shoot continuing growth beyond flower cluster in same year 3. V. macrocarpon 2 Leaves ovate-elliptic or narrowly so, rarely >1cm; bracteoles at or below middle of pedicel, 3cm (to 8cm) 7. V. corymbosum 4 Leaves 5.5mm; stamens >4mm with anthers (excl. processes) >1.4mm; style >5mm; fruit red, sometimes speckled brown (6)8-10(15)mm across, globose to pear-shaped; (2n=48, 72). Native; bogs and very wet heaths; locally frequent in much of Br and Ir, Man, absent in most of S En, S Ir and N Sc. 2. V. microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.) - Small Cranberry. Differs from V. oxycoccos in its leaves 2-6(8) x 1-2.5mm, often widest near base; flowers in groups of 1-2; pedicels glabrous or almost so; corolla-OREHV”PPVWDPHQVPPZLWKDQWKHUVH[FOSURFHVVHV PPVW\OH ”PPIUXLW-8(10)mm across, pear-shaped or ellipsoid; (2n=24). Native; bogs; C & N mainland Sc, S Northumb and Cheviot. Intermediates with V. oxycoccos occur and the 2 taxa might be better considered as vars or sspp. of the latter. 3. V. macrocarpon Aiton (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh) - American Cranberry. Differs from V. oxycoccos in being more robust; leaves 6-18 x 2-5mm, narrowly oblong; flowers in groups of 1-5(10); fruit 9-14(20)mm across, globose; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=24). Intrd-natd; grown for its fruit and natd from birdsown seed, mostly in peaty places; scattered in Br from S En to W Sc; E N America. 4. V. vitis-idaea L. - Cowberry. Erect to decumbent shrub to 30cm; young stems

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533

FIG 533 - Ericaceae. 1, Vaccinium vitis-idaea. 2, V. x intermedium. 3, V. myrtillus. 4, V. corymbosum. 5, Gaultheria shallon. 6, G. mucronata. 7, Vaccinium uliginosum. 8, Rhododendron groenlandicum.

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102. ERICACEAE

terete, minutely hairy; leaves 10-30mm, obovate to elliptic, entire to obscurely crenulate, evergreen; flowers in short terminal racemes, pinkish white; fruit red, 610mm across, globose; 2n=24. Native; moors and open peaty woods; locally abundant in Br from S Wa and C En northwards, S Devon, S Somerset, scattered in Ir. Superficially resembles Arctostaphylos uva-ursi vegetatively, but leaf lowerside has many minute gland-dots and very inconspicuous vein reticulation. 4 x 6. V. vitis-idaea x V. myrtillus = V. x intermedium Ruthe occurs very locally with the parents in Staffs, Derbys and Yorks, with old or unconfirmed records elsewhere, but is absent from most areas where the parents cohabit; it is convincingly intermediate in all leaf, stem, flower and fruit characters and sets some good seed; 2n=24. 5. V. uliginosum L. - Bog Bilberry. Erect to ascending shrub to 50(80)cm; young stems terete, glabrous to minutely hairy; leaves 8-25mm, obovate, entire, deciduous; flowers in groups of 1-4 on short side-branches, pale pink; fruit bluish-black with whitish bloom, 6-10mm across, globose; 2n=39, 48. Native; moors; locally common in C & N Sc, very local in S Sc and N En, natd in S Somerset. Some plants from Shetland resemble ssp. microphyllum Lange, from N Europe, which differs in its smaller parts, less revolute corolla-lobes and diploid (2n=24) chromosome number; they need further study. 6. V. myrtillus L. - Bilberry. Erect to ascending shrub to 50(100)cm; stems acutely angled, eventually glabrous; leaves 10-30mm, ovate to elliptic, serrate to serrulate, deciduous; flowers 1(-2) in leaf-axils, pinkish-red; fruit bluish-black with whitish bloom, 6-10mm across, ± globose; 2n=24. Native; heaths, moors and woods; common in suitable places throughout Br and Ir, but absent from much of C & E En. 7. V. corymbosum L. ² Highbush Blueberry. Erect shrub to 1(2.5)m; young stems terete, minutely hairy; leaves 10-80mm, elliptic, entire to serrate, deciduous; flowers in terminal or lateral stalked racemes, white or pink-tinged; fruit bluish-black with whitish bloom, 5-12mm across, ± globose; (2n=48). Intrd-natd; on heathland from bird-sown seeds; S Hants and Dorset; E N America. This is also the commonest sp. of Blueberry now being cultivated for their fruit.

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14. PYROLA L. - Wintergreens Herbs; leaves mostly basal; flowers in terminal raceme, facing all sides; anthers with pores borne on very short tubes; pollen-grains released in tetrads. Leaf characters do not reliably separate any of the taxa in this genus. 1 1

Style strongly curved; flowers saucer- to cup-shaped 3. P. rotundifolia Style ± straight; flowers ± globose 2 2 Style 1-2mm, included in flower, not widened below stigma 1. P. minor 2 Style 4-6mm, just exserted from flower, widened immediately below stigma-lobes 2. P. media

1. P. minor L. - Common Wintergreen. Flowering stem erect, to 20(30)cm, with all leaves near base; leaves 2.5-6cm, usually ovate-elliptic, obtuse to rounded at apex, crenate-serrate, and with petioles slightly shorter; flowers 4-7mm across; petals pinkish-white; style 1-2mm, straight, not widened below stigma; (2n=46). Native; mostly on leaf-mould in woods in S, also on damp rock-ledges and peaty moors in N, rarely sand-dunes; very scattered over most of Br and Ir, Man. 2. P. media Sw. - Intermediate Wintergreen. Differs from P. minor in leaves usually broadly elliptic to orbicular, with petioles c. as long or longer; flowers 7-11mm across; style 4-6mm, widened immediately below stigma; 2n=46. Native; humusrich moors and woods; frequent in C & N Sc (not Outer Isles), extremely local in N Ir, S Sc and N En, Worcs, formerly E & W Sussex.

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535

3. P. rotundifolia L. - Round-leaved Wintergreen. Differs from P. minor in leaves usually ovate-elliptic to orbicular, with petioles longer; flowers 8-12mm across; petals white; style 4-10mm, strongly curved, widened immediately below stigma. Native. The 2 sspp. are of doubtful value; all characters, except possibly those of the sepals, break down. a. Ssp. rotundifolia. Leaves rarely orbicular; scale-leaves on stems above true leaves 1-2; pedicels 4-8mm; sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute; anthers 2.2-2.8mm; style 6-10mm; (2n=46). Damp rock-ledges, woods, bogs and fens; very local in En, Sc and C Ir. b. Ssp. maritima (Kenyon) E.F. Warb. Leaves usually orbicular; scale-leaves 2-5; pedicels 2-5mm; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; anthers 1.9-2.4mm; style 4-6mm; 2n=46. Damp hollows in sand-dunes; W coast of Br from Cumberland to N Devon, Co Wexford, W Donegal, doubtfully reported from E Br except probably correctly so in W Kent.

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15. ORTHILIA Raf. (Ramischia Opiz ex Garcke) - Serrated Wintergreen Herbs; stem-leaves alternate; flowers in terminal raceme, all turned to 1 side; anthers with pores borne on main body of anther; pollen-grains released singly. 1. O. secunda (L.) House (Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke, Pyrola secunda L.) Serrated Wintergreen. Flowering stem erect, often curved at top, to 10(20)cm, with all leaves near base; leaves 2-4cm, ovate to elliptic-ovate, acute to obtuse at apex, finely serrate, with shorter petiole; flowers 4.5-6mm across; petals greenish-white; style 4.5-6mm, straight; (2n=38). Native; woods and damp rock-ledges; rather local from N En to N Sc, very local in Wa and N & C Ir.

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16. MONESES Salisb. ex Gray - One-flowered Wintergreen Stem-leaves opposite or in whorls of 3; flowers single, terminal, pendent or turned to 1 side; anthers with pores borne on short tubes; pollen-grains released in tetrads. 1. M. uniflora (L.) A. Gray - One-flowered Wintergreen. Flowering stem erect, to 10 RRR (15)cm, with all leaves near base; leaves 6-25mm, orbicular, crenate-serrate, rounded at apex, with shorter petiole; flowers 12-20mm across; petals white; style 5-7mm, straight; (2n=26). Native; on leaf-litter in pinewoods; very local in N Sc. 17. HYPOPITYS Crantz - Yellow Bird's-nest Saprophytic ± chlorophyll-less herbaceous perennials; leaves alternate, sessile, scale-like; flowers in terminal raceme; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 1. H. monotropa Crantz (Monotropa hypopitys L.) - Yellow Bird's-nest. Stems to 30cm, pendent at apex in flower, erect in fruit, arising from dense ± globose underground organ; scale-leaves numerous, brownish-yellow, to 13mm; flowers pale dull yellow, usually glabrous on outside. Native; on leaf-litter in woods (especially Pinus and Fagus) and on sand-dunes. a. Ssp. monotropa (M. hypopitys ssp. hypopitys). )ORZHUV ” SHWDOV -13mm; stamens, carpels and inside of petals hairy; style equalling or longer than ovary; 2n=48. Very scattered in En, ? elsewhere. b. Ssp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Tzvelev (Monotropa hypophegea Wallr., M. hypopitys ssp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Holmboe, M. hypopitys var. glabra 5RWK )ORZHUV”SHWDOV 8-10mm; ovary glabrous; stamens, style and inside of petals glabrous or hairy; style equalling or shorter than ovary; 2n=16. Local in Br and Ir and absent from much of N & W Br. So-called intermediates from Fife resemble ssp. hypophegea in all characters except chromosome number and hairiness and suggest that only those 2 characters are

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reliable.

103. GARRYACEAE ² Spotted-laurel family (Aucubaceae)

Evergreen shrubs; leaves opposite, simple, entire to remotely serrate, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers in terminal clusters (female) or panicles (male), dioecious, epigynous, actinomorphic; hypanthium 0; sepals and petals 4, free; stamens 4 or 5, alternate with petals; ovary 1-celled, each cell with 1 apical ovule; style 1; stigma capitate; fruit a drupe with 1 stone. Distinguished by the opposite leathery leaves, dioecious flowers; inferior 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule, 4 free petals, sepals and stamens, 1 style and succulent drupe. 1. AUCUBA Thunb. - Spotted-laurel 1. A. japonica Thunb. - Spotted-laurel. Shrub to 5m; leaves 8-20cm, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, tapering-acute, dark green but often with yellow blotches; drupes ellipsoid, 10-15mm, bright scarlet; (2n=32). Intrd-natd; very commonly planted in shrubberies but rarely self-sown; very scattered in BI N to C Sc, mainly SW En; Japan.

104. RUBIACEAE - Bedstraw family Annual to perennial herbs, evergreen climbers or rarely shrubs; leaves opposite with 1-several stipules per leaf, the stipules usually leaf-like and as large as leaves, hence leaves apparently in whorls of 4 or more, simple, ± entire, usually sessile and narrow. Flowers small, in usually compound terminal and/or axillary cymes, often aggregated into terminal panicle, actinomorphic, bisexual or bisexual and male mixed (Cruciata) or ± dioecious (Coprosma), epigynous; sepals 0 or minute, 4-5, fused proximally; petals 4-5, fused into long or short tube proximally, various colours; stamens 4-5, borne at apex of corolla-tube (near base in Coprosma); ovary 2celled, each cell with usually 1 ovule on axile placenta; styles 1-2, if 1 often branched into 2; stigmas 1 per style or style-branch, capitate; fruit mostly of 2 fused (later separating) 1-seeded nutlets, or succulent with 1-2 seeds. Easily recognised by the small flowers with 4-5 petals fused into an (often very short) tube, 0 or minute calyx and inferior 2-celled ovary with 1 ovule per cell. Most spp. have apparently whorled leaves, 4 corolla-lobes and distinctive paired nutlets. 1 1 3 3 5 5

Leaves opposite, usually with stipules or smaller leaves also at same node 2 /HDYHVLQZKRUOVRI•“DOOVDPHVL]HLQZKRUO 4 2 Evergreen shrub 1. COPROSMA 2 Procumbent to ascending herb 3 Leaves linear or nearly so; fruit of 2 nutlets 5. ASPERULA Leaves ovate to suborbicular; fruit succulent 2. NERTERA 4 Most or all flowers with 5 corolla-lobes 5 4 Most or all flowers with 4 corolla-lobes 6 3URFXPEHQWWRDVFHQGLQJDQQXDOOHDYHV•LQDZKRUOFRUROODSLQN fruit dry 4. PHUOPSIS Climber or scrambler; leaves 4-6 in a whorl; corolla yellowish-green; fruit succulent 8. RUBIA 6 Calyx distinct, c.0.5-1mm at first, slightly enlarging in fruit 3. SHERARDIA

104. RUBIACEAE

7 7 9 9

537

6 Calyx absent or vestigial 7 Corolla-tube >1mm 8 Corolla-tube 4 leaves 6. GALIUM All whorls with 4 leaves 10 10 Flowers in dense axillary whorls; ovary and fruit smooth 7. CRUCIATA 10 Flowers in terminal panicles; ovary and fruit covered with hooked bristles 6. GALIUM

Other genera - CRUCIANELLA L. would key to couplet 8 but differs from all other genera in having flowers in compact spikes, with 1 flower per axil. C. angustifolia L., from S Europe, is an annual with leaves in whorls of 6-8 and a yellow corolla; it is a rare birdseed-alien. 1. COPROSMA J.R. & G. Forst. - Tree Bedstraw Evergreen, usually dioecious shrubs; leaves opposite, with small stipules, petiolate; flowers inconspicuous, 1.4mm across 11. G. aparine 4 Fruit 4.5mm 18. CYNOGLOSSUM Flowers and fruits all or mostly with bract; nutlets 10mm 14 Corolla-tube plus -lobes 5cm wide 18 17 Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear-oblong, 5cm wide, a less dense inflorescence, and leaf-hairs of uniform (not variable) length. 1. P. officinalis L. - Lungwort. Stems erect, to 30cm; basal leaves ovate, cordate to rounded at base, white-spotted; stalked glands fairly frequent in inflorescence; calyx-lobes subacute; corolla reddish- to bluish-violet when open; (2n=16). Intrdnatd; much grown in gardens, natd on banks and in scrub, woods and rough ground; scattered throughout Br, rare in N & C Ir, Man; Europe. 2. P. obscura Dumort. (P. officinalis ssp. obscura (Dumort.) Murb.) - Suffolk RRR Lungwort. Differs from P. officinalis in darker green, unspotted leaves, and sparser 556 stalked glands in inflorescence; 2n=14. Native; woods and woodland rides and clearings; 3 sites in E Suffolk within 4 sq km, formerly W Suffolk, perhaps natd elsewhere but confused with P. officinalis. Leaf/petiole ratio seems not to distinguish the 2 spp. 3. P. rubra Schott - Red Lungwort. Stems erect, to 50cm; basal leaves ovate or narrowly so, rounded to very broadly cuneate at base, usually unspotted; stalked glands very frequent in inflorescence; calyx-lobes acute; corolla red when open; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in grassy places, hedges and scrub; scattered in En, commoner in C & S Sc; SE Europe. 4. P. 'Mawson's Blue' - Mawson's Lungwort. Stems ascending to erect, to 30cm; 556 basal leaves elliptic to narrowly so, unspotted; stalked glands very frequent in inflorescence; calyx-lobes obtuse; corolla blue when open, glabrous on inside of tube below hair-tufts. Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in shady places; very scattered in S & C En, commoner in Sc; uncertain garden origin. 5. P. longifolia (Bastard) Boreau (P. angustifolia auct. non L.) - Narrow-leaved RR Lungwort. Stems erect, to 40cm; basal leaves narrowly elliptic, mostly 1 internode 1. S. officinale Nutlets minutely tuberculate, dull; stem-leaves not to moderately decurrent, the wings rarely extending for >1 internode 4 4 Corolla pink, purple or blue 5 4 Corolla pale yellow to white 8 6 &DO\[GLYLGHG”3/5 way to base 7 &DO\[GLYLGHG•2/3 way to base 6 Upper stem-leaves sessile, shortly decurrent; lowest leaves gradually narrowed to petiole; plant rarely >60cm tall 10. S. caucasicum 6 Upper stem-leaves shortly petiolate, not decurrent; lowest leaves truncate to subcordate at base; plant usually >1m tall 9. S. x norvicense Calyx-hairs almost all broad-based whitish bristles, with some much finer and smaller hairs; upper stem-leaves shortly petiolate, not decurrent or clasping stem 3. S. asperum Calyx-hairs a mixture of broad-based bristles and finer and smaller hairs and all intermediates; upper stem-leaves sessile, shortly decurrent or clasping stem 2. S. x uplandicum 8 Corolla-scales exserted for >1mm 11. S. bulbosum 8 Corolla-scales included 9 Calyx divided 1/2 way to base; corolla yellow to pale yellow 10 Stems not or little branched; middle and upper stem-leaves sessile, the upper shortly decurrent; rhizomes with swollen tubers present 4. S. tuberosum 10 Stems well-branched; middle stem-leaves petiolate, uppermost ones sessile but none decurrent; rhizomes 0 7. S. tauricum

Other spp. - A sterile plant found among S. orientale in Cambs in 2001 has the habit of S. orientale, off-white flowers with corolla-tips pale pink turning to pale violet, a deeply divided calyx, and 2n=26. It is clearly a hybrid between S. orientale and a sp. with a coloured corolla and more deeply divided calyx, and presumably with 2n=20; it has been named S. x perringianum P.H. Oswald & P.D. Sell. It no longer occurs in the wild but is in cultivation.

556

FIG 556 - Boraginaceae. 1, Pulmonaria 'Mawson's Blue'. 2, P. longifolia. 3, P. obscura. 4, Symphytum x hidcotense. 5, S. grandiflorum. 6, S. bulbosum.

4. SYMPHYTUM

557

1. S. officinale L. - Common Comfrey. Stems erect, well-branched, to 1.5m, from thick, vertical root; stem-leaves sessile, long-decurrent; calyx divided c.2/3-4/5 way to base. Native. a. Ssp. officinale. Stems often >1m; corolla >16mm, cream, purplish or sometimes striped dark and light purple, rarely white; 2n=44 (rare), 48. By streams and rivers, in fens and marshy places, also roadsides and rough ground; locally frequent in BI, but less common than and over-recorded for S. x uplandicum. The flowers that are not purplish are often wrongly described as white; except for very rare albinos they are cream. b. Ssp. bohemicum ): 6FKPLGW  ÿHODN 6WHPV XVXDOO\ P FRUROOD PP RRR pale cream; 2n=24. Ditches and fens, not mixed with ssp. officinale; Cambs, Hunts, ? S Lincs. 2. S. x uplandicum Nyman (S. officinale x S. asperum) - Russian Comfrey. Differs from S. officinale in more bristly stems, leaves and calyx; corolla blue to violet or purplish when open; and see key (couplet 3); 2n=36, 40, 44 (rare). Intrd-natd; intrd originally as fodder, or possibly arisen anew in a few places; roadsides, rough and damp ground, wood-borders; frequent over most of BI. Fertile and backcrosses to S. officinale, forming intermediates with 2n=44. 2 x 4. S. x uplandicum x S. tuberosum occurs near the parents in very scattered localities in En and Sc; it is intermediate in all characters, with yellow corollas tinged with blue or purple and tuberous rhizomes, and is at least partially sterile; endemic. Some plants might be S. officinale x S. tuberosum 3. S. asperum Lepech. - Rough Comfrey. Stems erect, well-branched, to 1.5m, from thick, vertical root; stem-leaves shortly petiolate, not decurrent; calyx divided c.2/34/5 way to base, enlarging somewhat in fruit, with less sharply acute lobes than in S. officinale; corolla sky blue when open; 2n=32. Intrd-natd; in rough and waste ground; formerly occasional, now very rare, scattered over Br and Ir, much overrecorded for S. x uplandicum; SW Asia. The shortly petiolate upper stem-leaves and white, sub-spiny bristles, are diagnostic. 3 x 9. S. asperum x S. caucasicum was recorded from Midlothian in 1994 in the absence of both parents, but S. x uplandicum is perhaps a more likely parent than S. asperum, especially as the corolla was pinkish-purple; apparently endemic but probably did not originate in the wild in Br. 4. S. tuberosum L. - Tuberous Comfrey. Stems erect, little or not branched, to 60cm, from rhizomes with thick swollen regions; stem-leaves sessile, shortly decurrent; calyx divided c.3/4-9/10 way to base; corolla pale yellow; 2n=96. Native; damp woods, ditches and riverbanks; frequent in lowland Sc and N En, scattered further S and in Ir and probably only intrd. 5. S. x hidcotense P.D. Sell (S. grandiflorum x ?S. x uplandicum) - Hidcote Comfrey. 556 Ascending to erect flowering stems to 50(100)cm and procumbent to decumbent stolons arising from rhizomes; stem-leaves mostly petiolate, not or scarcely decurrent; calyx divided c.3/5-2/3 way to base; corolla blue (often flushed red on outside) when open, pink earlier; (2n=c.52). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in hedges and woodland; scattered in En and Wa, Guernsey; garden origin. The above refers to S. 'Hidcote Blue'. A similar plant with presumably the same parentage but with pink, not blue, flowers (S. 'Hidcote Pink') has been found natd in Surrey; other cultivars exist in cultivation. 6. S. grandiflorum DC. (S. ibericum Steven) - Creeping Comfrey. Differs from S. 556 'Hidcote Blue' in unbranched stems to 40cm; corolla pale yellow when open, pinkish-red earlier; (2n=24, 60). Intrd-natd; common in gardens and well natd in woods and hedges; scattered in C & S Br, rarely N to C Sc, Man; Caucasus. 7. S. tauricum Willd. - Crimean Comfrey. Stems erect, well-branched, to 60cm, from thick, vertical root; stem-leaves petiolate to sessile but not decurrent; calyx divided c.3/5-5/6 way to base; corolla pale yellow; (2n=14, 18, 80). Intrd-natd; on hedgebank;

558

107. BORAGINACEAE

1 place in Cambs since 1973, Worcs; SE Europe. 8. S. orientale L. - White Comfrey. Stems erect, little-branched, to 70cm, from thick branched roots; stem-leaves petiolate to sessile but not decurrent; calyx divided c.1/4-2/5 to base; corolla white; 2n=32. Intrd-natd; in hedgerows and other shady places, often self-sown; frequent in Br N to C Sc, mainly E, CI; W Russia and Turkey. 9. S. x norvicense Leaney & C.L. O'Reilly (S. savvalense auct. non Kurtto; S. asperum x S. orientale) ² Norfolk Comfrey. Stems erect, to 1.5m, from thick branched roots; stem-leaves petiolate, not decurrent; calyx divided 2/5-1/2(3/5) to base; corolla pink in bud, becoming clear blue often with white zones; 2n=48. Probably intrdnatd; grassy road-verges; c.5 sites in E Norfolk since 1999; apparently endemic but probably did not originate in the wild in Br. The stated parentage is not certain. 10. S. caucasicum M. Bieb. - Caucasian Comfrey. Stems erect, to 60cm, from thick, branched roots; stem-leaves sessile, shortly decurrent; calyx divided c.1/4-1/2 way to base; corolla blue; (2n=24, 36, 48). Intrd-natd; in hedgerows and other shady places; very scattered, and often not persistent; scattered in Br N to C Sc; Caucasus. 11. S. bulbosum K.F. Schimper - Bulbous Comfrey. Stems simple, erect, to 50cm, from rhizome with subglobose tubers; stem-leaves petiolate to sessile, somewhat decurrent; calyx divided c.1/2-3/4 way to base; corolla pale yellow; (2n=c.72, 84, 120). Intrd-natd; in woods and by streams; very scattered in C & S Br; SC & SE Europe.

556

5. BRUNNERA Steven - Great Forget-me-not Appressed-hairy densely tufted perennials; basal and lower stem-leaves ovatecordate, petiolate; flowers in bractless, dense cymes in terminal, subcorymbose panicles; calyx divided nearly to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue, with tube shorter than limb, the latter with patent lobes; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets ridged, with collar-like base. 1. B. macrophylla (Adams) I.M. Johnst. - Great Forget-me-not. Stems erect, to 50cm, the basal leaves plus petioles often not much shorter; calyx c.1mm in flower; corolla 3-8mm across, resembling a Myosotis; (2n=12). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens, very persistent throwout, sometimes self-sown, in woods and on rough ground and tips; scattered in Br, mainly S, Man, Co Londonderry; Caucasus. See Omphalodes verna for differences.

561

6. ANCHUSA L. (Lycopsis L.) - Alkanets Hispid annuals to perennials; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, sessile or narrowed to short petiole; flowers in terminal, branched, spiralled cymes; calyx divided c.1/3 way to nearly wholly to base; corolla actinomorphic to slightly zygomorphic, blue to purple, or yellow, with tube longer than limb; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets ridged and tuberculate, with collar-like base. 1 1 3 3

Corolla with curved tube and 5 slightly unequal lobes 4. A. arvensis Corolla with straight tube and 5 equal lobes 2 2 Corolla yellow; calyx-lobes obtuse to rounded 1. A. ochroleuca 2 Corolla blue to purple; calyx-lobes acute 3 Calyx divided nearly to base; nutlets >5mm in longest plane 3. A. azurea Calyx divided c.1/2 way to nearly to base; nutlets 3/4 way to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue, with tube shorter than limb; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets ridged, with knob-like, stalked base. 1. P. sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H. Bailey - Green Alkanet. Stems erect, to 1m; basal leaves up to 40cm, long-petiolate; corolla 8-10mm across; 2n=22. Intrd-natd; in hedges and wood-borders and on rough ground; frequent over much of BI except W Ir and NW Sc; SW Europe. 9. BORAGO L. - Borages Hispid annuals or perennials; leaves lanceolate to ovate or obovate, the lower abruptly tapered to petiole; cymes terminal, rather lax; calyx divided nearly to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue (rarely white), with lobes longer than rest of limb plus tube; stamens equal, exserted or included; style simple, included in corolla or between anthers; nutlets with collar-like base, ridged. 1. B. officinalis L. - Borage. Erect annual to 60cm; calyx 7-15mm at flowering, up to 20mm in fruit; corolla with patent to reflexed lobes 7-15mm; stamens completely

561

560

107. BORAGINACEAE

exposed; nutlets 7-10mm; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; grown as herb and oilseed crop; persistent on tips, rough ground and waysides; scattered over much of BI; S Europe. 2. B. pygmaea (DC.) Chater & Greuter (B. laxiflora (DC.) Fisch. non Poir.) - Slender Borage. Decumbent to ascending perennial to 60cm; calyx 4-6mm at flowering, up to 8mm in fruit; corolla with ± erect lobes 5-8mm; stamens included; nutlets 3-4mm; (2n=32). Intrd-natd; on heathy ground in Jethou (CI) since 1932, less permanent on rough ground and by paths in very scattered places in Wa and S En; Corsica and Sardinia. 10. TRACHYSTEMON D. Don - Abraham-Isaac-Jacob Hispid, rhizomatous perennials; leaves ovate, the basal long-petiolate and cordate to rounded at base; cymes dense, several in terminal panicle; calyx divided c.1/2 way to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue, white near base, with lobes longer than rest of limb plus tube; stamens equal, completely exposed; style simple, included between closely appressed stamens; nutlets with collar-like base, ridged. 1. T. orientalis (L.) G. Don - Abraham-Isaac-Jacob. Stems erect, to 40cm; calyx 47mm at flowering (Feb-Apr), up to 10mm in fruit; corolla with patent and revolute lobes 9-12mm; (2n=56). Intrd-natd; on shady banks and in dampish woods; scattered in BI N to C Sc; Caucasus and Turkey. 11. MERTENSIA Roth - Oysterplants Glabrous, usually glaucous perennials; leaves papillose, obovate or elliptic to oblanceolate, the middle and lower ones with winged petioles, the upper sessile; flowers in terminal, rather dense cymes; calyx divided ± to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue or blue and pink, pink in bud, with tube shorter than limb, the latter bell-shaped and lobed c.1/2 way to base; stamens equal, included or slightly exserted; style simple, included; nutlets slightly flattened, smooth, succulent then papery on outside. Other spp. - M. virginica (L.) Pers. (Virginia-bluebells), from E N America, is not glaucous and has much larger blue corollas 18-25mm; it is a rare garden escape. M. ciliata Don, from W N America, is confused with this, is also grown and perhaps may also escape; it has a more diffuse inflorescence, corollas 10-17mm and calyx divided nearly to base (not to c.1/2 way). 1. M. maritima (L.) Gray - Oysterplant. Stems usually decumbent, to 60cm; pedicels elongating in fruit up to 2.5cm; corolla 4-6mm, c.6mm across; 2n=24. Native; on bare shingle or shingly sand by sea; local on coasts of N & C Ir, Man and N Br S to Denbs, formerly S to E Norfolk, Cards and N Kerry, often sporadic. 12. AMSINCKIA Lehm. - Fiddlenecks Hispid annuals; leaves linear to oblong or lanceolate, sessile; flowers in terminal, spiralled, bracteate or bractless cymes; calyx divided nearly to base; corolla actinomorphic, yellow to orange, with tube longer than limb; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets keeled, warty, without collar-like base. 1. A. lycopsoides Lehm. - Scarce Fiddleneck. Plant to 70cm, erect, little- to muchbranched, with abundant patent white bristles on most parts; fruiting calyx (6)8-11 (15)mm; corolla 5-8mm, with hairy scales at apex of tube visible from above; stamens inserted c.1/2 way up corolla-tube or just below; (2n=30). Intrd-natd; on rough ground in Farne Islands (Cheviot) since 1922, perhaps earlier, over-recorded in rest of En and presence there very uncertain; W N America.

RR

561

FIG 561 - Boraginaceae. 1, Brunnera macrophylla. 2, Anchusa ochroleuca. 3, A. azurea. 4, Amsinckia micrantha. 5, Omphalodes verna. 6, Lappula squarrosa.

562

107. BORAGINACEAE

2. A. micrantha Suksd. (A. menziesii auct., ?(Lehm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., A. intermedia auct., ?Fisch. & C.A. Mey., A. calycina auct., ?(Moris) Chater) - Common Fiddleneck. Differs from A. lycopsoides in fruiting calyx 5-6(9)mm; corolla paler yellow, 3-5mm, without hairs or scales inside, with stamens borne on upper 1/2 of tube; (2n=32). Intrd-natd; recently increased casual in arable land and sandy rough ground, often persistent; frequent in E En and E Sc, especially E Anglia, rare in C & W BI; W N America. Previously much misidentified as other spp., which might have occurred or might be synonyms. 13. PLAGIOBOTHRYS Fisch. & C.A. Mey. - White Forget-me-not Appressed-hairy annuals; leaves linear-oblong, the lower ones opposite, sessile; flowers in terminal, semi-bractless, spiralled cymes; calyx divided >1/2 way to base; corolla actinomorphic, white, with tube shorter than limb, the latter divided c. 1/2 way into 5 rounded lobes; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets keeled, ridged, minutely tuberculate, without collar-like base. 1. P. scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. - White Forget-me-not. Stems erect to decumbent, to 20cm, often well-branched; leaves up to 60 x 5mm; corolla 2-4mm across; flowers resembling a white Myosotis. Intrd-natd; casual with grass-seed in damp places; scattered in C & S En (natd in S Wilts since 1982), Caithness, N Aberdeen, Shetland; W N America. 14. ASPERUGO L. - Madwort Hispid annuals; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, tapered to base; flowers 1-2 in leaf-axils; calyx with small teeth between 5 main ones, at fruiting much enlarged and forming 2-lipped structure around nutlets; corolla actinomorphic, purplishblue, with tube shorter than limb; stamens equal, included; style simple, included; nutlets strongly compressed, without collar-like base, with dense low tubercles. 1. A. procumbens L. - Madwort. Stems procumbent to scrambling, to 60cm; calyx growing to several times original length at fruiting, with very distinctive 2-lipped shape; corolla 1.5-3mm, inconspicuous. Intrd-natd; arable fields, waste and rough ground, occasionally natd; very scattered over Br, Angus since 1884, formerly much commoner; Europe. 15. MYOSOTIS L. - Forget-me-nots Hairy annuals to perennials; leaves mostly narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, the basal ones tapered to petiole-like base, the upper ones sessile; flowers in terminal spiralled cymes; calyx divided c.1/4 way to nearly to base; corolla actinomorphic, blue or sometimes white or yellow, usually pink in bud, with tube shorter to longer than limb, with limb divided ± to base; stamens equal, included; style simple, usually included; nutlets slightly compressed, with distinct keel, smooth. Maximum corolla-size is of diagnostic value, but larger-flowered spp. often produce flowers with unusually small corollas, especially late in season. 1 1

3

Calyx with all hairs ± straight and closely appressed 2 Calyx with some hairs patent and distally hooked or at least strongly curved 7 2 1XWOHWV”PPVKLQLQJROLYH-brown; annual without sterile shoots; 5. M. sicula calyx divided 1.25x as long as ²lobes 3. L. ovalifolium New stems, stems in first winter and pedicels densely but minutely hairy (often wears off quickly); corolla-tube (incl. -limb) c.3mm, 2x as long as calyx 1. DIGITALIS 4 Corolla scarcely zygomorphic, with tube 2.5cm 5. ANTIRRHINUM 8 Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, all longer than corolla-tube; corolla 6mm; capsules >6mm wide 3. V. montana 7 Petioles 2mm; racemes with eglandular hairs 19. V. fruticans 6 Corolla 1m. 1 Most leaves with large conspicuous whitish blotches for whole year; IUXLWLQJFDO\[• PPXSSHUOLSRIFRUROOD• PPZLGH c. ssp. argentatum 1 Leaves without whitish blotches, or some with white marbling early in \HDUIUXLWLQJFDO\[” PPXSSHUOLSRIFRUROOD” PPZLGH 2 2 Bracts 1- [DVORQJDVZLGHREWXVHO\VHUUDWHIORZHUV” SHU QRGHDW” QRGHVIORZHULQJVWHPVZLWKKDLUV“FRQILQHGWR angles a. ssp. galeobdolon 2 Bracts (1.5)1.7-[DVORQJDVZLGHDFXWHO\VHUUDWHIORZHUV•  SHUQRGHDW• QRGHVIORZHULQJVWHPVZLWKKDLUVRQIDFHVDVZHOO as angles b. ssp. montanum a. Ssp. galeobdolon (Lamium galeobdolon ssp. galeobdolon, Galeobdolon luteum ssp. RRR luteum). Leaves often with white marbling early in year; differs from ssp. montanum in less robust habit with less extensive stolons and smaller more rounded leaves on stolons and flowering stems; and see key (couplet 2); 2n=18. Native; woods, woodborders and hedgerows; very local in small area of N Lincs, in absence of ssp. montanum, natd in Kirkcudbrights and S Northumb. b. Ssp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek (Lamium galeobdolon ssp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek, Galeobdolon luteum ssp. montanum 3HUV  'YRĢiNRYi  Differs from ssp. galeobdolon in more robust habit with very long stolons and larger more elongated leaves; and see key (couplet 2); 2n=36. Native; woods, woodborders and hedgerows; most of Br N to N Aberdeen but probably intrd N of Co Durham, very local in E Ir and CI. c. Ssp. argentatum (Smejkal) Stace (Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal). Differs from other 2 sspp. in large conspicuous whitish blotches on all leaves at all seasons; and see key (couplet 1); (2n=36). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens, natd in shrubberies and waysides; scattered over BI; origin uncertain. Perhaps only a cultivar of ssp. montanum. 6. LAMIUM L. - Dead-nettles Annuals or herbaceous perennials; leaves serrate to deeply so, rarely ± entire, calyx with 5 ± equal narrowly triangular-acuminate lobes; corolla white, or pink to purple or mauve, with hooded upper lip, with ± 1-lobed lower lip of which lateral lobes are much reduced and pointed or rounded; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls distant in leaf-axils, or ± congested in axils of modified leaves. 1 1

3 3

5 5

Perennials with rhizomes and/or stolons; corolla-tube curved 2 Annuals; corolla-tube straight 3 2 Corolla white; leaves never blotched whitish; lower lip of corolla with 2-3 teeth each side 1. L. album 2 Corolla usually pinkish-purple; leaves usually blotched whitish; lower lip of corolla with 1 tooth on each side 2. L. maculatum Plant with ± all leaves petiolate 4 Middle and upper leaves subtending whorls sessile 5 4 Leaves subtending whorls serrate to crenate-serrate, with teeth 2mm long 4. L. hybridum Calyx 5-7mm at flowering, densely white- ± patent-hairy, the teeth erect to convergent at fruiting; lower lip of corolla 3mm

619

5. L. confertum

1. L. album L. - White Dead-nettle. Rhizomatous or sometimes stoloniferous perennial to 60cm; calyx 9-15mm; corolla white, 18-25mm, with tube 9-14mm; 2n=18. Archaeophyte; hedgebanks, waysides, rough ground; common in most of lowland Br except N & W Sc, rare in CI, local (mainly NE & CE) in Ir. 2. L. maculatum (L.) L. - Spotted Dead-nettle. Rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous perennial to 60cm; calyx 8-15mm; corolla usually pinkish-purple, rarely white, 2035mm, with tube 10-18mm; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens and natd on rough ground and tips; scattered through much of BI, mostly En; Europe. The garden plant, and that natd in Br, nearly always has white-blotched leaves. 3. L. purpureum L. - Red Dead-nettle. Annual to 25cm; calyx 5-7.5mm; corolla usually pinkish-purple, 10-18(20)mm, with tube 7-12mm; 2n=18. Archaeophyte; cultivated and waste ground; common ± throughout BI. 4. L. hybridum Vill. - Cut-leaved Dead-nettle. Annual; calyx 5-7(10)mm; corolla usually pinkish-purple, 10-18(20)mm, with tube 7-12mm, but often much shorter and not opening; 2n=36. Archaeophyte; cultivated and waste ground, often with L. purpureum; scattered over most of lowland BI. Often treated as L. purpureum var. incisum (Willd.) Pers. 5. L. confertum Fr. (L. molucellifolium auct. non (Schumach.) Fr.) - Northern Deadnettle. Annual to 25cm; calyx 8-12mm; corolla usually pinkish-purple, 14-20(25)mm, with tube 10-15mm; 2n=36. Archaeophyte; cultivated and waste ground; locally frequent near coast in N, W & E Sc, Man, formerly NW En, very scattered in Ir. Records of L. molucellifolium from S En refer to L. hybridum or L. purpureum; the true L. molucellifolium is a var. of L. purpureum. 6. L. amplexicaule L. - Henbit Dead-nettle. Annual to 25cm; calyx 5-7mm; corolla usually pinkish-purple, when well-developed 14-20mm with tube 10-14mm, but often much shorter and not opening; 2n=18. Archaeophyte, open, cultivated and waste ground; over ± all BI, common in E Br and CI, scattered in W Br and Ir. 7. GALEOPSIS L. - Hemp-nettles Annuals; leaves usually serrate; calyx with 5 ± equal, weakly spine-tipped lobes; corolla variously white, pinkish-purple or yellow, with hooded upper lip, with 3lobed lower lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls somewhat congested, in axils of reduced leaves. 1 1

3 3

Stems with soft hairs, not swollen at nodes 2 Stems with rigid bristly hairs, swollen at nodes 3 2 Corolla predominantly pale yellow, (20)25-30mm; leaves and calyx densely silky- or velvety-hairy 1. G. segetum 2 Corolla predominantly reddish-pink, rarely white, 14-25mm; leaves and calyx variously hairy but not densely silky or velvety 2. G. angustifolia Corolla (22)27-35mm, yellow with purple blotch on lower lip; corolla-tube c.2x as long as calyx (incl. teeth) 3. G. speciosa Corolla 13-20(25)mm, variously coloured; corolla-tube rarely >1.5x as long as calyx (incl. teeth) 4 4 Terminal lobe of lower lip of corolla entire to very slightly emarginate, ± flat 4. G. tetrahit 4 Terminal lobe of lower lip of corolla clearly emarginate, convex (with revolute sides) 5. G. bifida

Other spp. - G. ladanum L. (Broad-leaved Hemp-nettle), from Europe, differs from G. angustifolia in its ovate to narrowly ovate leaves, and green calyx with

R 615

615

620

118. LAMIACEAE

translucent, smooth to finely dotted (not opaque, ± densely papillose) transparent hairs (microscope!); it has been much confused with and over-recorded for G. angustifolia, but has never been more than an infrequent casual and is now very sporadic. 1. G. segetum Neck. - Downy Hemp-nettle. Stems erect, to 50cm; leaves lanceolate to ovate; calyx 7-10mm; corolla (20)25-30(35)mm, pale yellow; (2n=16). Archaeophyte; arable land in Caerns, last record 1975, casual in arable and waste ground, scattered and sporadic in En and Wa. 2. G. angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm. - Red Hemp-nettle. Stems erect, to 50cm; leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, rarely ovate; calyx 8-13mm; corolla 14-25mm, reddish-pink, rarely white; (2n=16). Archaeophyte; arable land, open ground mostly on calcareous soils or maritime sand or shingle; very scattered in SC En N to Co Durham, C Ir, extinct in Sc, Man, SW En and most of N En and Wa, decreasing. 3. G. speciosa Mill. - Large-flowered Hemp-nettle. Stems erect to ascending, to 1m; leaves ovate; calyx 12-17mm; corolla (22)27-35mm, yellow with purple blotch on lower lip (sometimes whole lower lip purplish); 2n=16. Archaeophyte; arable land, often on peaty soil with root-crops, and waste places; locally common in C & N Br, Man and N Ir, rare and scattered in S Br and C & S Ir. 4. G. tetrahit L. - Common Hemp-nettle. Stems erect, to 1m; leaves narrowly ovate to ovate; calyx 12-14mm; corolla 13-20(25)mm, pinkish-red with darker lines and blotches on lower lip, the darker markings falling well short of tip of terminal lobe, often white but perhaps never yellow; 2n=32. Native; arable land, rough ground, woodland clearings, damp places; common over most of Br and Ir, rare in CI. 4 x 5. G. tetrahit x G. bifida = G. x ludwigii Hausskn. is intermediate in corolla shape and has 20-70 per cent pollen fertility and low seed-set; it has been recorded from Wa and C En, but is probably frequent. 5. G. bifida Boenn. - Bifid Hemp-nettle. Differs from G. tetrahit in usually shorter corolla (13-16mm) coloured like G. tetrahit or like G. speciosa or white; darker markings on lower lip very extensive to near margin (sometimes whole terminal lobe dark); and see key (couplets 3 & 4); 2n=32. Native; in similar places to G. tetrahit and probably at least as common and widespread.

E 615

R 615

615

615

8. PHLOMIS L. - Sages Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves entire to crenate, white-tomentose; calyx with 5 ± equal, spine-tipped teeth; corolla yellow, rarely purplish, with strongly hooded upper lip, with 3-lobed lower lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls somewhat congested, in axils of reduced leaves. Other spp. - P. samia L., from Greece, is grown in gardens and has been recorded as a persistent outcast in the past; it differs from P. russeliana in its purplish-mauve corolla and glandular hairs on stem and bracteoles (0 in P. russeliana). 1. P. russeliana (Sims) Benth. - Turkish Sage. Herb to 1m; basal leaves ovate, cordate at base, 6-20cm, with longer petiole; calyx 20-25mm; corolla 30-35mm, yellow. Intrd-natd; banks by roads and railways, rough ground; persistent or ± natd in few places in En and Sc; Turkey. 2. P. fruticosa L. - Jerusalem Sage. Evergreen shrub to 1.3m; basal leaves 0; lower leaves elliptic-ovate, cuneate to truncate at base, 3-9cm, with shorter petiole; calyx 10-20mm; corolla 23-35mm, yellow; (2n=20). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and ± natd on sea-cliffs, banks and rough ground in S Br, E Lothian, Man and S Ir, rare throwout elsewhere in Br; Mediterranean.

636

636

9. MELITTIS

621

9. MELITTIS L. - Bastard Balm Perennial herbs; leaves serrate; calyx with 2 lips, the upper with 2-3 short lobes, the lower with 2 deeper lobes; corolla white, or pink to mauve or purple, with flat or slightly hooded upper lip, with 3-lobed lower lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls distant, in leaf-axils. 1. M. melissophyllum L. - Bastard Balm. Stems erect, to 70cm; lower leaves ovate, cordate to rounded at base, petiolate; corolla 25-40mm, with lower lip longer than upper; 2n=30. Native; woods and hedgerows; very local in SW Wa, SW & S En E to W (formerly E) Sussex, rare escape from gardens elsewhere in Wa and S & C En.

RR

10. MARRUBIUM L. - White Horehound Perennial herbs; leaves serrate; calyx with 10 equal teeth, each hooked at end and patent at fruiting; corolla white, with erect, flat, bilobed upper lip, with 3-lobed lower lip; stamens 4, all included in corolla-tube; whorls distant, in leaf-axils. 1. M. vulgare L. - White Horehound. Plant whitish-tomentose or densely hairy; stems erect or ascending, to 60cm; leaves ovate to suborbicular, petiolate; flowers numerous and dense in each whorl; 2n=34. Native; short grassland, open or rough ground and waste places; sparsely scattered in BI to Moray, becoming much rarer, probably native only near sea in S Br from W Norfolk to Denbs. SUBFAMILY 2 ² SCUTELLARIOIDEAE (genus 11). Plants not pleasantly scented; male-sterile plants rare; upper lip of corolla hooded; stamens 4, ± exserted; seeds with or without endosperm; pollen with 3 furrows, 2-celled at dispersal. 11. SCUTELLARIA L. - Skullcaps Perennial herbs; leaves entire to serrate; calyx 2-lipped, both lips entire, the upper with a dorsal outgrowth; corolla pinkish to blue or purple, with hooded upper lip, with rather obscurely 3-4-lobed lower lip; stamens 4, shorter than to c. as long as upper lip of corolla; flowers 2 at each node, in leaf-axils. 1 1

Flowers in axils of bracts that are markedly smaller than foliage leaves; lower leaves 5-15cm, with petioles >1cm 1. S. altissima Flowers in axils of foliage leaves; leaves very rarely >5cm, with petioles 1/2 way to midrib; annual or biennial 2 Leaves serrate much 1/2 way to midrib; annual; corolla yellow 3. A. chamaepitys Leaves subentire or serrate much 3cm; whorls in lax elongated inflorescences; (2n=26). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens, frequent throwout and sometimes natd on tips and rough ground; scattered in Br, Man and CI; garden origin. Usually sterile, but fertile plants are said to exist. 3. N. racemosa Lam. (N. mussinii Spreng. ex Henckel) ² Eastern Cat-mint. Similar to N. x faassenii, but stems shorter and more usually decumbent; inflorescences shorter; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=18). Intrd-natd; grown and natd as for N. x faassenii, relative occurrences unknown; Caucasus and Iran. Fertile. 15. GLECHOMA L. - Ground-ivy Perennial herbs with long trailing stolons; leaves crenate-serrate; calyx with 5 subequal teeth; corolla blue, rarely pink or white, as in Nepeta; stamens as in Nepeta; flowers few per node, the whorls ± distant in leaf-axils. 1. G. hederacea L. - Ground-ivy. Stolons often >1m; flowering stems suberect, to 30cm; leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, cordate at base, those on stolons with long petioles; corolla 15-20mm in bisexual flowers, smaller in female ones; 2n=36. Native; woods, hedgerows, rough ground, often on heavy soils; common throughout BI except NW Sc. 16. PRUNELLA L. - Selfheals Perennial herbs; leaves entire to divided ± to midrib; calyx 2-lobed, the upper lip ± truncate with 3 very short teeth, the lower lip with 2 long teeth; corolla yellow, blue, pink or white, with 3-lobed lower lip, with ± entire, strongly hooded upper lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls congested, in axils of strongly modified bracts. 1 1

Leaves variably shaped, often some entire but at least the upper deeply divided ± to midrib; corolla creamy-yellow or -white, rarely pale blue 3. P. laciniata Leaves entire or shallowly toothed; corolla bluish-violet, rarely pink or white 2 2 Corolla 10-15mm; uppermost leaves usually at base of inflorescence 1. P. vulgaris 2 Corolla 18-30mm; uppermost leaves separated from base of inflorescence by internode 2. P. grandiflora

1. P. vulgaris L. - Selfheal. Stems erect to decumbent, to 30cm; leaves entire or shallowly toothed; corolla 10-15mm, bluish-violet, rarely pink or white; 2n=28. Native; grassland, lawns, wood-clearings, rough ground; common throughout BI. 1 x 2. P. vulgaris x P. laciniata = P. x intermedia Link (P. x hybrida Knaf) occurs scattered in S & C En wherever P. laciniata occurs or has occurred; it is variably

R

16. PRUNELLA

625

intermediate in leaf-shape and corolla-colour; 2n=28. It is said to be sterile, but intermediates of all degrees occur, suggesting backcrossing and/or segregation. 2. P. grandiflora (L.) Scholler - Large-flowered Selfheal. Stems to 60cm; differs from P. vulgaris as in key (couplet 2); (2n=28). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and rarely occurs as a short-term relic or escape on banks and grassy places; very scattered in Br; Europe. 3. P. laciniata (L.) L. - Cut-leaved Selfheal. Differs from P. vulgaris in leaves variably shaped, often some entire but at least the upper deeply divided ± to midrib; corolla usually 15-17mm, creamy-yellow or -white, rarely pale blue; (2n=28). Possibly native; calcareous grassland; scattered in S & C En N to Worcs, formerly N Lincs, decreasing. 17. MELISSA L. - Balm Perennial herbs; leaves serrate; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip ± truncate with 3 short teeth, the lower lip with 2 long teeth; corolla pale yellow, becoming whitish or pinkish, with 3-lobed lower lip, with 2-lobed flat or slightly hooded upper lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip of corolla; whorls distant, in leaf-axils. 1. M. officinalis L. - Balm. Plant lemon-scented when fresh; stems erect, to 1m; OHDYHVRYDWHWKHORZHUZLWKFRUGDWHWRWUXQFDWHEDVHDQGSHWLROH•1/2 as long as leafblade; corolla 8-15mm; (2n=32, 34, 64). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens (often variegated) and a frequent throwout or self-sown; scattered in BI N to C Sc; S Europe. 18. SATUREJA L. - Winter Savory Evergreen low shrubs; leaves entire; calyx with 5 subequal teeth; corolla pinkishpurple, rarely white, with 3-lobed lower lip, with shallowly 2-lobed ± flat upper lip; stamens 4, shorter than upper lip; stigmas ± equal; flowers in contracted cymes in axils of reduced leaves, the whorls slightly congested. 1. S. montana L. - Winter Savory. Stems erect to ascending, to 50cm; leaves linearlanceolate, finely acute; corolla 6-12mm; (2n=30). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and ± natd on old walls in N Somerset and S Hants, less persistent elsewhere in S Br, Co Waterford; S Europe. 19. CLINOPODIUM L. (Calamintha Mill., Acinos Mill.) - Calamints Herbaceous annuals or perennials; leaves subentire to serrate, calyx 2-lipped, the lower lip with 2 longer and narrower teeth than the 3 teeth of upper lip; corolla pinkish-purple or violet to pale lilac or almost white, with short 3-lobed lower lip, with shallowly 2-lobed flat upper lip; stamens 4, shorter than corolla; stigmas markedly unequal; whorls distant to congested, in axils of reduced leaves. 1 1

3

Axillary flower-clusters very dense, without common stalk; calyx-tube asymmetrically curved (upper side convex, lower side concave near apex); flowers pinkish-purple to violet (rarely white) 2 Axillary flower-clusters in contracted cymes with common stalk; calyx-tube straight or slightly curved symmetrically on upper and lower sides; corolla very pale lilac to mauvish-pink 3 2 Most or all whorls with >8 flowers; calyx-tube not or scarcely swollen 4. C. vulgare 2 :KRUOVZLWK” IORZHUVFDO\[-tube strongly swollen near base on lower side, especially in fruit 5. C. acinos Teeth of lower calyx-lobe 1-2mm, with hairs all 4cm, with 6-10 teeth on each side 1. C. menthifolium 4 Teeth of lower calyx-lobe 2-3(3.5)mm; corolla 10-16mm; leaves rarely >4cm, with 3-8 teeth on each side 2. C. ascendens

Other spp. - C. grandiflorum (L.) Stace (Calamintha grandiflora (L.) Moench, Satureja grandiflora (L.) Scheele) (Greater Calamint), from S Europe, differs from C. sylvaticum in its larger flowers (calyx 10-16mm, corolla 25-40mm); it is grown in gardens and persists rarely as a throwout. 1. C. menthifolium (Host) Stace (Calamintha sylvatica Bromf., C. menthifolia Host, RRR Satureja menthifolia (Host) Fritsch) - Wood Calamint. Stems erect, to 60cm; stem- 615 leaves 3-7cm; calyx 6-10mm, with lower teeth 3-4mm; corolla 15-22mm in bisexual flowers; 2n=24. Native; scrubby laneside bank on chalk; 1 site in Wight. 2. C. ascendens (Jord.) Samp. (Calamintha ascendens Jord., C. sylvatica ssp. ascendens 615 (Jord.) P.W. Ball, Satureja ascendens (Jord.) K. Maly) - Common Calamint. Stems erect, to 60cm; stem-leaves 1.5-4(5)cm; calyx 5-8mm, with lower teeth 2-3(3.5)mm; corolla 10-16mm in bisexual flowers; 2n=48. Native; dry banks and rough grassland, usually calcareous; local in BI N to E Donegal, Man and Co Durham, decreasing. 3. C. calamintha (L.) Stace (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi incl. ssp. glandulosa (Req.) RR P.W. Ball, Satureja calamintha (L.) Scheele) - Lesser Calamint. Stems erect, to 60cm; 615 stem-leaves 1-2(2.5)cm; calyx 3-6mm, with lower teeth 1-2mm; corolla 10-15mm in bisexual flowers; 2n=48, 72. Native; dry banks and rough grassland, usually calcareous; local in CE and SE En, extending W to W Gloucs, CI, formerly further N, decreasing. Also has more-branched flower-clusters and more strongly toothed leaves than C. ascendens. 4. C. vulgare L. (Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch) - Wild Basil. Stems erect, to 75cm; stem-leaves 1.5-5cm; calyx 7-9.5mm, with lower teeth 2.5-4mm; corolla 12-22mm in bisexual flowers, pinkish-purple; 2n=20. Native; hedgerows, wood-borders and scrubby grassland on light soils; frequent in Br N to Banffs, intrd and very scattered in Ir, Alderney. 5. C. acinos (L.) Kuntze (Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele) R - Basil Thyme. Usually annual; stems erect to decumbent, to 25cm; stem-leaves 515mm; calyx 4.5-7mm, with lower teeth 1.5-2.8mm; corolla 7-10mm, violet; 2n=18. Native; bare or rocky ground, arable fields on dry, usually calcareous soils; rather local in Br N to E Lothian, sparse in N and decreasing there, very local and intrd in C & SE Ir. 20. HYSSOPUS L. - Hyssop Evergreen low shrubs; leaves entire; calyx with 5 equal teeth; corolla blue, rarely white, with 3-lobed lower lip and shallowly 2-lobed ± flat upper lip; stamens 4, longer than corolla; styles ± equal; whorls distant below, fairly congested above, in axils of reduced leaves. 1. H. officinalis L. - Hyssop. Stems erect to ascending, to 60cm; leaves narrowly oblong-elliptic to ± linear, rounded to obtuse or acuminate; corolla 7-12mm, the VWDPHQV ”PP ORQJHU Q   ,QWUG-natd; grown in gardens and ± natd on old walls in Dorset, E Gloucs and Berks (no longer S Hants), rare casual elsewhere in En and Mons; S Europe. 21. ORIGANUM L. - Wild Marjoram Herbaceous perennials; leaves entire or remotely crenate-denticulate; calyx with 5

626

628

118. LAMIACEAE

subequal teeth (or composed of a single ± entire lip); corolla reddish-purple, rarely white, with short 3-lobed lower lip, with shallowly 2-lobed flat upper lip; stamens 4, longer than corolla in bisexual flowers; inflorescence a mass of dense cymes forming corymbose panicle, with large purple bracteoles. Other spp. - The herb Marjoram is O. majorana L. (Pot Marjoram), a rare casual from N Africa and SW Asia., with calyx split on 1 side almost to the base, hence composed of a single ± entire lip. 1. O. vulgare L. - Wild Marjoram. Stems erect, to 50(80)cm; leaves ovate, 1-4cm; corolla 4-7mm; 2n=30. Native; dry grassland, hedgebanks and scrub, usually on calcareous soils; locally common in BI N to Moray. Grown as the herb Oregano, with many cultivars better treated as cultivar groups than as sspp. 22. THYMUS L. - Thymes Dwarf evergreen shrubs; leaves entire; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with 3 short teeth, the lower lip with 2 long teeth; corolla pinkish-purple or mauve to white, with 2 ill-defined lips, the upper of 1 emarginate lobe, the lower of 3 lobes; stamens 4, longer than corolla in bisexual flowers; whorls crowded into dense terminal heads or the lower ones more distant, in axils of reduced leaves. 1 1

3 3

Leaf margin revolute so that leaves are linear to narrowly oblong-elliptic in outline; plant without procumbent stems rooting at nodes 1. T. vulgaris Leaf margins not or scarcely revolute; leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong to narrowly so; plant usually with procumbent stems rooting at nodes 2 2 Lower internodes of flowering stems with hairs all or nearly all on the 4 angles 2. T. pulegioides 2 Lower internodes of flowering stems with hairs mainly on 2 or 4 faces 3 Lower internodes of flowering stems with hairs on all faces ± evenly distributed 4. T. serpyllum Lower internodes of flowering stems with hairs on 2 opposite faces, the 2 other faces glabrous or nearly so 3. T. polytrichus

Other spp. - T. x citriodorus Pers. (T. vulgaris x T. pulegioides) (Lemon Thyme) is grown in gardens and might occur as a throwout or relic; it has the upright habit of T. vulgaris but wider, scarcely revolute leaves and a distinct lemon scent when fresh. 1. T. vulgaris L. - Garden Thyme. Stems erect to decumbent, not or scarcely rooting along length, to 40cm; leaves 3-8 x 0.5-2.5mm, grey-green with very short hairs; corolla pale purple to very pale mauve; (2n=30). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens as herb and natd on old walls and stony banks; scattered almost throughout BI; W Mediterranean. 2. T. pulegioides L. - Large Thyme. Vegetative stems procumbent to ascending, rooting but not forming dense mats; flowering stems suberect to decumbent, to FP DFXWH WR ULGJHG RQ DQJOHV ZLWK KDLUV “ RQO\ RQ WKH  DQJOHV OHDYHV ” [ 6mm, usually glabrous, green; corolla pinkish-purple; 2n=28. Native; short fine turf or barish places in coarser turf on well-drained chalky or sandy soils; locally frequent in S & C En, scattered N to SE Yorks, very rare and scattered and perhaps intrd in Ir and Sc. More robust than next 2 spp and flowering c.1 month later in S En. The only sp. on heaths and dunes in SE En. 3. T. polytrichus A. Kern. ex Borbás (T. drucei Ronniger, T. praecox auct. non Opiz, T. serpyllum auct. non L.) - Wild Thyme. Vegetative stems procumbent, abundantly rooting, usually forming dense mats; flowering stems decumbent to ascending, to

626

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22. THYMUS

629

10cm, rounded or obtuse to subacute on angles, with hairs ± only on 2 opposite IDFHV OHDYHV ” [ PP JODEURXV RU KDLU\ JUHHQ FRUROOD SLQN WR SLQNLVK-purple; 2n=50-56. Native; short fine turf or open sandy or rocky places; common over BI in suitable places; more confined than T. pulegioides to chalk in SE En, but much more catholic in N En, Sc, Ir and CI. Our plant is ssp. britannicus (Ronniger) Kerguélen (T. praecox ssp. britannicus (Ronniger) Holub, ssp. arcticus (Durand) Jalas); correct application of the name T. polytrichus ssp. ligusticus (Briq.) Stace is uncertain. 4. T. serpyllum L. - Breckland Thyme. Closely resembles small T. polytrichus but RRR GLIIHUVLQIORZHULQJVWHPVZLWKKDLUV“HTXDOO\RQDOOIDFHVOHDYHV”[PPZLWK 626 lateral veins mostly ending short of margin (in T. polytrichus lateral veins usually curve round parallel to margin and join at leaf apex); 2n=24. Native; sandy heaths in c.22 sites over c.30km in W Suffolk and W Norfolk, formerly Cambs. 23. LYCOPUS L. - Gypsywort Herbaceous perennials; leaves sharply serrate to deeply and acutely lobed; calyx with 5 equal teeth; corolla white with small purple dots, nearly actinomorphic, with 4 subequal lobes, the uppermost usually wider and shallowly bifid; stamens 2, longer than corolla; whorls remote, in leaf-axils. 1. L. europaeus L. - Gypsywort. Stems erect, to 1m; lower leaves partly divided >1/2 way to midrib into very acute lobes, tapered to short petiole; flowers densely clustered, 3-5mm; 2n=22. Native; fens, wet fields, by lakes and rivers; common over most of En and Wa, much more scattered in CI, Ir and Sc. 24. MENTHA L. - Mints Herbaceous rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous perennials with characteristic scents when fresh; leaves entire to serrate; calyx with 5 equal to rather unequal teeth; corolla pinkish to bluish-mauve or white, nearly actinomorphic, with 4 subequal lobes, the uppermost usually wider and shallowly bifid; stamens 4, longer than corolla in bisexual flowers of most fertile taxa; whorls all distant in leaf-axils, or the upper congested in axils of reduced leaves. Taxonomically difficult due to well marked plasticity, widespread hybridisation, and the clonal propagation of mutants and nothomorphs by the strongly developed rhizomes. The stamens are typically exserted, but are included in M. requienii, some plants of M. pulegium, female flowers of all other spp., and most (but not all) hybrids. With practice the scent of fresh plants is very helpful, but difficult to describe. Taxa 7-11 (M. spicata group), involving M. spicata (tetraploid), M. suaveolens (diploid) and their hybrids with each other and with the non-British M. longifolia (diploid), are particularly difficult, especially owing to the great variation of M. spicata, which is itself derived from M. longifolia x M. suaveolens. The 2 triploid hybrids are sterile, but the diploid hybrid and the species are fertile in bisexual plants or in female plants open to a pollen source. Hairy plants that are not M. suaveolens are often impossible to name for certain. Characters of M. suaveolens often seen in its hybrids are the broad, obtuse, very rugose leaves with teeth partly folded under the margin and with patchy or clumped indumentum on lowerside; of M. longifolia are the lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat leaves with sharp patent teeth and with felted grey indumentum; and of M. spicata are the lanceolate to ovate, acute, not to slightly rugose leaves with usually forward-directed teeth and relatively coarse hairs. M. spicata is the most variable; very broad-leaved plants, and strongly rugose-leaved plants occur, but this is the only sp. of the 3 that can be glabrous to sparsely hairy and the only sp. that can smell of spearmint. Hybrids (especially M. x villosa) can be very variable, showing many combinations of characters not always connected by intermediates, but they do not exactly duplicate the combinations

118. LAMIACEAE

630

shown by any of the spp. 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7 9 9

11 11

13 13

Stems filiform, procumbent, rooting, mat-forming; flowers 6 per node 2 2 Whorls usually all axillary, the axis terminated by leaves, or by a reduced whorl; bracts like the leaves but reduced 3 2 Upper whorls contracted into terminal long or rounded head; upper bracts much reduced, unlike leaves 7 Calyx with hairs in throat; lower 2 calyx-teeth narrower and slightly longer than 3 upper 12. M. pulegium Calyx without hairs in throat; calyx-teeth ± equal 4 4 Calyx 1.5-PPLQFOWULDQJXODUWHHWK”PPKDLU\DOORYHU usually fertile 1. M. arvensis 4 Calyx 2-4mm, incl. narrowly triangular to subulate teeth 0.5-1.5mm, glabrous or hairy; usually sterile 5 Calyx 2-PPLQFOWHHWKXVXDOO\”PPWKHWXEH[XVXDOO\F[  as long as wide 4. M. x gracilis Calyx 2.5-PPLQFOWHHWKXVXDOO\•PPWKHWXEHF[DVORQJDVZLGH 6 6 Plant subglabrous; calyx mostly >3.5mm; stamens usually exserted 3. M. x smithiana 6 Plant hairy; calyx mostly 3 pairs; main bracts brightly coloured violet, purple, blue, pink or white, at least the lower longer than flowers 6. S. x sylvestris 8 Stem-OHDYHV”SDLUVPDLQEUDFWVJUHHQRUWLQJHGZLWKYLROHW-purple, shorter than flowers 9 Longest hairs on calyx white, eglandular; corolla with 0 or few glandular hairs; lower leaves often distinctly lobed 4. S. verbenaca Longest hairs on calyx brownish, glandular; corolla with many glandular hairs; leaves at most strongly doubly serrate 3. S. pratensis

Other spp. - Many additional spp. are grown for ornament and c.10 of these occasionally appear on tips or as throwouts. S. splendens Ker Gawl. (Scarlet Sage), from Brazil, is the familiar bedding plant with bright scarlet flowers and bracts. S. nemorosa L. (S. sylvestris auct. non L.) (Balkan Clary), from SE Europe, and the hybrid of this or S. x sylvestris with S. amplexicaulis Lam. (S. villicaulis Borbás) (S. x digenea Borbás (S. x superba Stapf)), have violet, purple, blue, pink or white corollas 8-12mm in the axils of brightly coloured bracts, as in S. x sylvestris but differing in the narrower (ovate) bracts. S. nemorosa, formerly natd at docks in S Wa, has contiguous whorls of flowers forming dense terminal branched spikes; S. x digenea has distant whorls of flowers forming an interrupted terminal spike. 1. S. sclarea L. - Clary. Erect biennial or perennial to 1m, glandular above; leaves ovate, cordate at base, crenate-serrate; bracts usually longer than flowers, pink or white; corolla 18-30mm, lilac or blue; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, rather frequent relic or throwout on tips and rough ground, sometimes established on walls; scattered in S Br, mostly SE En; S Europe. 2. S. glutinosa L. - Sticky Clary. Erect perennial to 1m, very glandular above; 636 leaves ovate, cordate or more often hastate at base, sharply serrate; bracts small, green; corolla 3-4cm, yellow with reddish markings; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in woods, hedges and on road- and river-banks; scattered in En and Sc; S Europe. 3. S. pratensis L. - Meadow Clary. Erect perennial to 80cm, glandular above; leaves RR ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at base, doubly serrate; bracts small, green or tinged violet; corolla 15-30mm in bisexual flowers, down to 10mm in female flowers, violet -blue; (2n=16, 18). Native; calcareous grassland, scrub and wood-borders; very local in c.12 places in S En from E Kent to W Gloucs, Mons, natd elsewhere in C & S Br. 4. S. verbenaca L. - Wild Clary. Differs from S. pratensis as in key (couplet 9); corolla open and 10-17mm, or cleistogamous and 6-12mm. Native. a. Ssp. verbenaca. All leaves crenate to dentate; stems with few glandular hairs; RRR

636

FIG 636 - Lamiaceae. 1-2, Phlomis. 1, P. russeliana. 2, P. fruticosa. 3-6, Salvia. 3, S. viridis. 4, S. verticillata. 5, S. reflexa. 6, S. glutinosa.

27. SALVIA

637

corolla usually without white spots; flowers rarely cleistogamous. Coastal sanddunes; Guernsey. Its continued existence needs checking. b. Ssp. horminoides (Pourr.) Nyman (S. horminoides Pourr.). Some lower leaves deeply pinnately lobed; upper part of stems with many glandular hairs; corolla often with 2 white spots at base of lower lip; flowers often cleistogamous; 2n=54. Dry grassy and barish rough ground, roadsides, dunes; rather frequent in S & E Br N to C Sc, S & E Ir, CI, rare and decreasing in C En. 5. S. officinalis L. - Sage. Shrub to 80cm; leaves elliptic-oblong to narrowly so, finely crenate, cuneate to rounded at base; bracts shorter than flowers, green or tinged violet; corolla 20-35mm, violet-blue, sometimes pink or white; (2n=14). Intrd-casual; grown in gardens and pots, appearing sporadically on rough ground and tips, but not persisting; scattered in S Br; S Europe. 6. S. x sylvestris L. (S. pratensis x S. nemorosa L.) ² Hybrid Clary. Erect perennial to 80cm; leaves ovate, cordate to truncate at base, crenate; bracts showy, violet, purple, blue, pink or white, at least the lower longer than flowers; corolla 12-25mm, same colour range as bracts; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; on maritime dunes; natd in W Norfolk since 1953; arose in gardens and in wild in SE Europe. Partially fertile. 7. S. reflexa Hornem. - Mintweed. Erect eglandular annual to 60cm; leaves linearto lanceolate-oblong, cuneate at base, entire to crenate; bracts small, green or tinged purplish; corolla 6-12mm, pale blue; flowers only 1-4 per whorl; (2n=20). Intrdcasual; alien from birdseed, grain, grass-seed and wool in waste and rough ground; scattered in C & S Br; N America. 8. S. viridis L. (S. horminum L.) - Annual Clary. Erect glandular or eglandular annual to 50cm; leaves oblong-ovate, rounded to cordate at base, crenate; bracts conspicuous, the upper ones and a terminal flower-less tuft green, white or pink to purple; corolla 14-18mm, pink to purple; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens and casual or rarely natd on tips and waste ground; scattered in S En; S Europe. 9. S. verticillata L. - Whorled Clary. Erect perennial to 80cm, with eglandular hairs and sessile glands; leaves ovate, cordate at base, crenate-dentate, sometimes the lower ones lobed; bracts small, green, brown or purplish-tinged; corolla 8-15mm, lilac-blue; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; casual or sometimes natd in rough ground and by roads and railways; scattered in Br N to C Sc; S Europe.

119. PHRYMACEAE ² Monkeyflower family Herbaceous perennials with leafy stolons; stems ± round in section; leaves opposite, simple, dentate, without stipules, sessile to petiolate. Flowers in terminal racemes, zygomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous; calyx with 5 lobes fused for most of length, not well differentiated into upper and lower lips; corolla with 5 strong flat lobes, with 2 lobes in upper and 3 lobes in lower lip, yellow to red or copper-coloured; stamens 4, borne on corolla-tube; ovary 2-celled, each cell with numerous ovules on axile placentas; style 1, terminal; stigma 2-lobed; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Easily recognised as water or waterside plants with large yellow to red Scrophulariaceous flowers and leafy stolons. 1. MIMULUS L. - Monkeyflowers M. guttatus and M. luteus agg. (incl. M. variegatus, M. nummularius and M. cupreus) form a difficult, interfertile group; hybrids are frequent and at least 3 can occur in the absence of either parent. Hybrids between M. guttatus and M. luteus agg. are sterile (pollen 50% full; seeds many per capsule). In this account M. cupreus is considered distinct from M. luteus, but M. variegatus and M. nummularius (M. luteus var. rivularis) are included in the latter.

636

636

636

638

119. PHRYMACEAE

1

Calyx-teeth ± equal; plant glandular-KDLU\“DOORYHUFRUROOD”FP 1. M. moschatus 1 Upper calyx-tooth distinctly longer than lower 4; plant glabrous below, RIWHQJODQGXODUKDLU\DERYHFRUROOD•FP 2 2 Small simple white hairs present on inflorescence, at least on keels of calyx, sometimes obscured by denser longer glandular hairs; plant fertile or sterile 3 2 Simple white hairs 0 or very few, except inside calyx; minute glandular hairs often also present; plant fertile 5 3 Throat of corolla ± closed by 2 boss-like swellings on lower lip; corolla wholly yellow, or with red spots in throat but with unmarked lobes; plant usually fertile 2. M.guttatus(**) 3 Throat of corolla ± open, the boss-like swellings low or inconspicuous; corolla lobes with orange, red or purplish spots or blotches; plant sterile 4 4 Corolla basically copper-coloured, often also spotted red in throat but not on lobes; calyx sometimes petaloid 4. M. x burnetii(*) 4 Corolla basically yellow, often spotted or blotched with orange, red or purplish on lobes; calyx never petaloid 3. M. x robertsii 5 Leaves with even, triangular, flat teeth; corolla cream or yellow, usually with coppery-orange spots or often confluent blotches, or mainly FRSSHU\IUXLWLQJSHGLFHOV”FP 6. M. x maculosus 5 Leaves with irregular, oblong, often twisted teeth; corolla yellow or rarely cream, the lobes with 1 or more dark red to purplish-brown blotches; fruiting pedicels often >6cm 5. M. luteus (*) M. guttatus x M. luteus x M. cupreus would also key out here; see text. (**) M. guttatus is fertile; sterile or partially sterile plants keying out here are hybrids (incl. M. x robertsii) of M. guttatus otherwise ± indistinguishable from it. Other spp. - M. cupreus Dombrain has been recorded from several places, but in error for M. x burnetii; it is a small slender fertile plant lacking simple white hairs and with usually uniformly coppery-coloured corollas. All the spp. are natd in damp or wet places by streams and ponds, on river shingle, in flushes, ditches and damp patches in fields or open woods. 1. M. moschatus Douglas ex Lindl. - Musk. Whole plant glandular-hairy; stems decumbent to ascending, to 40cm; corolla 1-2.5cm, pale yellow; 2n=32. Intrd-natd; scattered over most of BI but rare in Ir; W N America. 2. M. guttatus DC. - Monkeyflower. Plant glabrous below, with many simple and glandular hairs above; stems erect to ascending, to 80cm; corolla 2.5-5cm, bright yellow, often with red spots on throat but not on lobes, its throat ± closed by 2 bosses on lower lip; fertile; 2n=28. Intrd-natd; scattered and locally common over most of BI, the commonest lowland taxon; W N America. 2 x 6. M. guttatus x (M. luteus x M. cupreus) (M. x polymaculus Silverside nom. nud.) occurs as a garden escape or sometimes spontaneously with its 2 parents in Sc, W En and Man; it differs from M. x burnetii in its corolla-lobes having dark blotches, and from M. x maculosus in being hairy above and sterile; 2n=45. 3. M. x robertsii Silverside (M. luteus auct. non L.; M. guttatus x M. luteus) - Hybrid Monkeyflower. Plant glabrous below, variably hairy above; stems erect to ascending, to 60cm; corolla 2.5-4.5cm, bright yellow with orange to red or purplish-brown spots and blotches variably developed on throat and lobes, its throat ± open; usually sterile; 2n=44, 45, 46, 54. Native; scattered and locally common over much of Br and N Ir, mostly in N & W and the commonest upland taxon; garden origin and sometimes arising in the wild. A very variable hybrid, originating from crosses of M. guttatus with M. luteus var. rivularis, M. variegatus and M. x smithii (see under

1. MIMULUS

639

M. luteus). The hybrid with M. x smithii (M. x caledonicus Silverside nom. nud.) resembles the latter very closely but is sterile; it occurs in N En and Sc and might have originated there in the wild. 4. M. x burnetii S. Arn. (M. cupreus auct. non Dombrain; M. guttatus x M. cupreus) - Coppery Monkeyflower. Differs from M. guttatus x M. luteus in corolla coppercoloured with lighter throat marked with red spots but no dark blotches on corollalobes; sterile; 2n=45. Intrd-natd; W & N Br N from S Somerset, Man; garden origin. 5. M. luteus L. (M. variegatus J. St. Hil., M. nummularius (Clos) Stace) - Blood-dropemlets. Plant glabrous or minutely glandular hairy in inflorescence; stems decumbent to ascending, to 40cm; corolla 2.5-4.5cm, yellow, with red spots in throat and reddish blotches on lobes, its throat open; fertile; (2n=60, 62, 64). Intrd-natd; rather uncommon in Br, mainly N, rare in Ir, much over-recorded for M. x robertsii; Chile. Our plant is var. rivularis Lindl.; var. luteus (with no corolla blotches) does not occur here. M. variegatus, differing in having the corolla purple except towards its base, is sometimes segregated. It does not occur here but its hybrid with var. rivularis (M. x smithii Paxton) is natd in N Br; it differs from var. rivularis in being more robust and having larger more purplish corolla-blotches and leaves with obtuser teeth. 6. M. x maculosus W. Bull ex T. Moore (M. luteus x M. cupreus) - Scottish Monkeyflower. Differs from M. luteus as in key (couplet 5); corolla variable, its lobes usually cream or yellow with coppery-orange spots or blotches but sometimes more coppery, very rarely unblotched as in M. luteus var. luteus; fertile. Intrd-natd; Br N from Lake District, S Somerset; garden origin. Hybrids between M. cupreus and M x smithii (see under M. luteus), much grown as bedding plants with many corolla colours, are known as M. x hybridus Siebert & Voss.

120. PAULOWNIACEAE ² Foxglove-tree family Deciduous tree with spreading crown; leaves opposite, simple, entire or sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, without stipules, petiolate. Flowers in large panicles, zygomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous; calyx with 5-lobes fused proximally; corolla purplish-blue to violet, trumpet-shaped, strongly 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal and scarcely organised into 2 lips, with tube much longer than lobes; stamens 4, included, borne on corolla-tube; ovary 2-celled, each cell with numerous ovules on axile placentas; style 1, terminal; stigma 1, minute; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Our only tall tree with large blue flowers. 1. PAULOWNIA Siebold & Zucc. - Foxglove-tree 1. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. - Foxglove-tree. Tree to 26m; leaves broadly ovate, 12-25(50)cm, cordate at base, often shallowly 3-5-lobed, entire; flowers in large terminal erect panicles, 3.5-6cm, with patent lobes; (2n=40). Intrd-natd; ornamental planted in parks and by roads, self-sown in rough ground in Middlesex since at least 1990, few other sites in S En; China.

121. OROBANCHACEAE - Broomrape family Total or partial root-parasites; the former brown to whitish, reddish or bluish, herbaceous, erect, perennial, ± lacking in chlorophyll, with ± scale-like, alternate, simple, entire, sessile leaves without stipules; the latter chlorophyllose, herbaceous annuals or sometimes perennials, with opposite or alternate sessile or petiolate leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, in axils of bracts or leaves, zygomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous; calyx with 4 ± equal lobes fused to < or > 1/2

640

121. OROBANCHACEAE

way, or with 2 lateral lips each not to ± deeply bifid, or irregularly 2-5-lobed with toothed lobes; corolla tubular, with upper and lower lips, the upper lip ± entire to 2lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed, variously coloured; stamens 4, borne on corolla-tube; ovary 1-celled, with numerous ovules borne on 4 (or 2 2-lobed) inwards-thrusted parietal placentas, or 2-celled, each cell with numerous ovules on axile placentas; style 1, terminal; stigmas 1-2, ± capitate, or 1 and 2-lobed; fruit a 2-celled capsule. The long-expressed opinion that the semi-parasitic Scrophulariaceae (tribe Pedicularieae (Rhinantheae)) should be placed with the totally parasitic Orobanchaceae has been confirmed by molecular studies. The total parasites are distinguished from the former Scrophulariaceae by their chlorophyll-less aerial parts and 1-celled ovary. The partial parasites can be recognised by the combination of 4-lobed (not 5-lobed) calyx (irregularly 2-5-lobed with toothed lobes in Pedicularis), 4 stamens and opposite leaves (alternate in Pedicularis). 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7 9 9

Plant wholly lacking green colour, yellow to brown, sometimes red- or purple-tinged 2 Plant with obvious green colouring 3 2 Plant rhizomatous; flowers pedicellate; calyx with 4 equal lobes 8. LATHRAEA 2 Plant not rhizomatous; flowers sessile except rarely some near base of inflorescence; calyx with 2-4(5) teeth arranged in 2 lateral lips 9. OROBANCHE Calyx irregularly 2-5-lobed, with toothed lobes; leaves alternate, divided almost to base, the lobes toothed 7. PEDICULARIS Calyx regularly 4-lobed, with entire lobes; leaves opposite, entire to 4 simply toothed up to c.1/2 way to base 4 Calyx-tube inflated, especially at fruiting; seeds discoid, with marginal wing 6. RHINANTHUS 4 Calyx-tube not inflated; seeds not discoid, without marginal wing 5 Lower lip of corolla with 3 distinctly emarginate lobes 2. EUPHRASIA Lower lip of corolla with 3 entire lobes, or sometimes middle lobe slightly emarginate 6 6 Mouth of corolla partially closed by boss-like swellings on lower lip; capsules with 1-4 seeds 1. MELAMPYRUM 6 Mouth of corolla open; lower lip without swellings; capsules with >4 seeds 7 Corolla yellow 8 Corolla pink to dark purple, rarely white 9 8 Leaves serrate; seeds c.0.5mm, ± smooth 5. PARENTUCELLIA 8 Leaves entire or ± so; seeds >1mm, ridged and grooved 3. ODONTITES Perennial; corolla dark purple, >12mm 4. BARTSIA Annual; corolla pink to reddish-purple, rarely white, 3 teeth on either side at base 2

641

FIG 641 ² Orobanchaceae and Veronicaceae. 1-2, flowers of Melampyrum. 1, M. pratense. 2, M. sylvaticum. 3-4, racemes of Veronica. 3, V. anagallis-aquatica. 4, V. catenata. 5-7, Odontites vernus. 5, ssp. litoralis. 6, ssp. vernus. 7, ssp. serotinus.

642

1

3 3

121. OROBANCHACEAE

Bracts not or scarcely overlapping, with inflorescence axis well exposed, green, usually with 3 strong teeth on either side, pink at first; corolla 20-25mm, pink and yellow; (2n=18). Possibly native; cornfields and grassy field margins; very local in Wight, N Essex and Beds, formerly more widespread, decreasing. 3. M. pratense L. - Common Cow-wheat. Stems erect, to 60cm; inflorescence very 641 lax; bracts entire or with 1-2(3) pairs of teeth near base, green, not recurved or infolded; corolla 10-18mm, pale to golden yellow, often with purple marks near mouth; (2n=18). Native; woods, scrub, heathland. a. Ssp. pratense. Uppermost leaves (below bracts) (1)2-8(11)cm x (1)2-10(20)mm, mostly 7-15x as long as wide. On acid soils in suitable places throughout most of Br and Ir. b. Ssp. commutatum (Tausch ex A. Kern.) C.E. Britton. Uppermost leaves (below RR bracts) (3)4-7(10)cm x (4)8-20(27)mm, mostly 3-8x as long as wide. On calcareous soils in S En and SE Wa N to Worcs. 4. M. sylvaticum L. - Small Cow-wheat. Stems erect, to 35cm; inflorescence very lax; RR EUDFWVHQWLUHRUWKHXSSHURQHVZLWK”SDLUVRIVPDOOWHHWKJUHHQQRWUHFXUYHGRU 641 infolded; corolla 8-12mm, usually deep, often brownish-yellow; (2n=18). Native; upland woods and moorland; local in Sc N to E Ross, MW Yorks, Co Londonderry, Co Antrim, formerly Co Durham and Caerns. 2. EUPHRASIA L. - Eyebrights Annuals; leaves mostly opposite, conspicuously toothed; calyx not inflated, with 4 entire lobes; corolla white to purple, usually with darker veins and yellow blotch on lower lip, rarely yellow all over, with open mouth, with lower lip with 3 emarginate lobes; capsules with many seeds; seeds furrowed longitudinally, without oil-body. A highly critical genus with 71 wild hybrids, for which the key does not allow. For a good chance of correct determination at least 5 or 6 well-grown (not stunted or spindly) and undamaged plants bearing some fruits as well as open flowers should be examined from a population. Ranges, rather than means, from these should be used. Single plants, or plants not agreeing with the above stipulation, are not allowed for in the key. The following key and accounts are based upon the views of P.F. Yeo as modified by A.J. Silverside; other specialists hold different views with a broader sp. limit that might eventually prove more durable, but a wider concept of only E. officinalis has been adopted here. The name E. officinalis is often applied in an aggregate sense to the whole genus or to all spp. except E. salisburgensis, but

2. EUPHRASIA

643

strictly it refers to E. fennica Kihlm., a Scandinavian close relative of E. rostkoviana, E. montana and E. anglica, all 4 now being considered sspp. of it. Nodes are numbered from the base upwards, excl. the cotyledonary node. Corolla length is from base of tube to tip of upper lip in fresh state; dried specimens may have shrivelled or VWUHWFKHG”PP FRUROODV 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

Middle and upper leaves with glandular hairs with stalk (6)10-12x as long as head 2 Middle and upper leaves without glandular hairs, or with glandular hairs ZLWKVWDON”[DVORQJDVKHDG 9 2 Capsule >2x as long as wide 4. E. arctica 2 &DSVXOH”[DVORQJDVZLGH 3 &RUROOD”PP 4 Corolla >7mm 5 4 Lowest flower at node 5-8; lower bracts 5-12mm, often longer than flowers; plant usually with 1-4 pairs of strong branches 1c. E. officinalis ssp. anglica 4 Lowest flower at node (2)3-5(6); lower bracts 3-6(7)mm, shorter than flowers; plant not branched or with 1-2 pairs of short branches 2. E. rivularis Lowest flower at node 2-5(6) 6 Lowest flower at node 5 or higher 7 6 Corolla 9-12.5mm; lower bracts 5-12(20)mm 1b. E. officinalis ssp. monticola 6 &RUROOD”PPORZHUEUDFWV-6(7)mm 2. E. rivularis Leaves dull greyish-green, often strongly suffused with violet or black; corolla usually lilac to purple 3. E. vigursii Leaves light or dark green, usually with little violet suffusion; corolla usually with at least lower lip white 8 8 Stem usually flexuous with flexuous or arched branches; lower internodes of inflorescence mostly 7.5mm 11 10 &RUROOD”PP 15 Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts directed apically 8. E. confusa Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts patent 12 12 Lowest flower at node 8 or lower; capsule usually elliptic to obovate 4. E. arctica 12 Lowest flower at node 9 or higher; capsule oblong to elliptic-oblong 13 Stem and branches flexuous; leaves near base of branches usually very small 8. E. confusa Stem and branches usually straight or gradually curved; leaves near base of branches not much smaller than others 14 14 Teeth of bracts acute to acuminate; capsule usually slightly shorter than calyx 6. E. nemorosa 14 Teeth of bracts mostly aristate; capsule much shorter than calyx 7. E. pseudokerneri

644

121. OROBANCHACEAE

15 Calyx-tube whitish and membranous, with prominent green to blackish veins 15. E. campbelliae 15 Calyx-tube green, not membranous 16 16 Lowest flower at node 6 or higher 17 16 Lowest flower at node 5(-6) or lower 36 17 Stem internodes mostly 2-6x as long as leaves 18 17 6WHPLQWHUQRGHVPRVWO\”[DVORQJDVOHDYHV 30 18 Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts directed apically 19 18 Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts patent 21 19 7HHWKRIORZHUEUDFWVDFXWHWRDULVWDWHFRUROOD•PP 4. E. arctica 19 7HHWKRIORZHUEUDFWVREWXVHWRDFXWHFRUROOD”PP 20 20 Leaves strongly purple-tinged, not darker on lowerside; corolla usually lilac to purple; capsule shorter than calyx 16. E. micrantha 20 Leaves weakly or moderately purple-tinged, often darker on lowerside; corolla usually white; capsule at least as long as calyx 17. E. scottica 21 &RUROOD•PP 22 21 &RUROOD”PP 23 22 Lowest flower at node 9 or higher; leaves usually without glandular hairs; lower bracts smaller than upper leaves 6. E. nemorosa 22 Lowest flower at node 8 or lower; leaves usually with glandular hairs; lower bracts larger than upper leaves 4. E. arctica 23 Leaves subglabrous to sparsely hairy 24 23 Leaves densely hairy 26 24 Stem and branches very slender, blackish; leaves strongly purpletinged, not darker on lowerside; corolla usually lilac to purple 16. E. micrantha 24 Stem and branches either stout or lightly pigmented; leaves weakly or moderately purple-tinged; corolla usually white 25 25 Lowest flower at node 8 or higher; stem stout; leaves not darker on lowerside; capsule usually shorter than calyx 6. E. nemorosa 25 Lowest flower at node 7 or lower; stem slender; leaves usually light green on upperside and purplish on lowerside; capsule usually longer than calyx 17. E. scottica 26 /RZHVWIORZHUDWQRGHRUKLJKHUVWHP”FPORZHUEUDFWVRIWHQ longer than wide 6. E. nemorosa 26 /RZHVWIORZHUDWQRGHRUORZHUVWHP”FPORZHUEUDFWVFDV long as wide 27 27 Leaves hairy mainly near apex, obovate to narrowly ovate to elliptic 15. E. campbelliae 27 Leaves ± uniformly hairy, usually suborbicular, ovate or ovate-oblong 28 28 7HHWKRIORZHUEUDFWVPRVWO\ZLGHUWKDQORQJEUDQFKHV”SDLUV 14. E. rotundifolia 28 7HHWKRIORZHUEUDFWVPRVWO\DVORQJDVZLGHEUDQFKHV”SDLUV 29 29 Corolla 5.5-7mm; capsule usually >2x as long as wide 13. E. marshallii 29 Corolla 4.5-PPFDSVXOH”[DVORQJDVZLGH 12. E. ostenfeldii 30 Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts directed apically 31 30 Basal pair of teeth of lower bracts patent 32 31 Teeth of lower bracts much longer than wide 8. E. confusa Return to 27 31 Teeth of lower bracts not much longer than wide 32 Lowest flower at node 10 or higher 33 32 Lowest flower at node 9 or lower 34 33 Stem erect, stout, with stout ascending branches; lower bracts mostly opposite 6. E. nemorosa

2. EUPHRASIA

645

33 Stem and branches slender and flexuous; lower bracts mostly alternate 8. E. confusa 34 Leaves with numerous eglandular hairs Return to 27 34 Leaves with few eglandular hairs 35 35 Capsule 5.5-7mm, often slightly curved, as long as or longer than calyx 18. E. heslop-harrisonii 35 &DSVXOHXVXDOO\”PPVWUDLJKWXVXDOO\VKRUWHUWKDQFDO\[ 5. E. tetraquetra 36 6WHPLQWHUQRGHVPRVWO\•[DVORQJDVOHDYHV 37 36 Stem internodes mostly 1mm and longer than wide; dorsal line of corolla concavely curved proximally, merging into convexly curved upper lip to form overall S-shape; seeds winged or not; 2n=22. Native; arable and grassy fields, rough ground, sandy open places on heathland or near sea; extremely local in Surrey, N Lincs and Angus, occasional casual elsewhere, formerly widely scattered over Br but over-recorded. Flowers Jun-Jul, c.1 month later than R. minor, in C En. 2. R. minor L. - Yellow-rattle. Stems erect, to 50cm; leaves linear to lanceolate or 658 narrowly oblong-lanceolate; intercalary leaves 0-6 pairs; calyx usually mid-green or reddish-tinged, hairy only on margins or all over; corolla 12-15(17)mm, yellow to brownish-yellow, with lower lip turned down away from upper lip, with teeth of upper lip mostly 4cm at fruiting, becoming only loosely clustered 3. V. rigida

Other spp. - The dwarf annual bedding plant known as Verbena is V. x hybrida Groenl. & Rümpler, of uncertain parentage, sometimes found on tips, as are a few other ornamental spp. V. litoralis Kunth, from S America, is closely related to V. bonariensis but differs in its corolla 3-3.5mm x 1.5-2mm with stamens borne well above middle; it is a rare wool-alien. 1. V. officinalis L. - Vervain. Stems erect, to 75cm; lower and mid stem-leaves

1. VERBENA

669

petiolate, deeply pinnately lobed; spikes elongated (up to 25cm) in fruit; corolla pinkish-lilac, 3.5-5mm, 3-5mm across; 2n=14. Archaeophyte; barish ground and rough grassy places, on well-drained often calcareous soils; locally common in S Br, more scattered elsewhere in BI N to N En and N Ir. 2. V. bonariensis L. - Argentinian Vervain. Stems erect, to 1(1.5)m; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, sessile; spikes rarely >2cm in fruit with much shorter peduncles; calyx mostly 3cm in fruit, with even longer peduncles; calyx mostly >3mm; corolla-tube c.9mm; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=42). Intrd-casual; garden escape on tips; occasional in En and Sc; S America.

125. AQUIFOLIACEAE - Holly family Evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, simple, usually at least some with very spiny margins, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers in small axillary cymes, usually dioecious, hypogynous, actinomorphic; sepals 4, free; petals 4, fused at base to ± free, white; male flowers with 4 stamens; female flowers with 4 usually abortive stamens and a 4-celled ovary with 1(-2) apical ovules per cell; stigma 4-lobed, sessile; fruit a (2-)4-seeded drupe. Unmistakable in habit, even in entire-leaved variants. 1. ILEX L. - Hollies 1. I. aquifolium L. - Holly. Shrub or tree to 23m; leaves glossy, 5-12cm, ovate to elliptic, at least the lower undulate and strongly spiny at margins; fruits 6-10mm, ± globose, scarlet, sometimes yellow or orange; 2n=40. Native; woods, hedges and scrub; common throughout BI except extreme N Sc. Many cultivars exist, some with variegated and/or ± spineless leaves. 2. I. x altaclerensis (Loudon) Dallim. (I. aquifolium x I. perado Aiton) - Highclere Holly. Differs from I. aquifolium in its usually slightly larger flowers, fruit and leaves; leaves mostly 3cm; stigmas >1/2 as long as styles Usually biennial, without non-flowering rosettes; corollas mostly 1 per stem; or stems with leaves or scales; or rhizomes and/or stolons present 21 Pappus-hairs pure white 22 Pappus-hairs yellowish-white to pale brown 23 22 Capitulum 1 per stem; long thin rhizomes present 28. AETHEORHIZA 22 Capitula normally >1 per stem; rhizomes 0 34. CREPIS 6WRORQVXVXDOO\SUHVHQWDFKHQHV” PPHDFKULEHQGLQJLQDVPDOO point at apex of achene 35. PILOSELLA Stolons 0; achenes >(1.5)2.5mm, each rib ending in a smooth ring at apex of achene 24 24 Plant glabrous except for phyllaries; phyllaries in distinct inner and outer rows 34. CREPIS 24 Plant with hairs (often dense) on some (often most) parts; phyllaries graduated between innermost and outermost 36. HIERACIUM

Key C - Style with ring of minute hairs or with glabrous thickened ring just below branches (tribe Cynareae) 1 Phyllaries strongly hooked at tip, stiff, subulate 3. ARCTIUM 1 Phyllaries not hooked at tip 2 2 Corolla pale yellow to reddish-orange (beware inner phyllaries of Carlina) 3 2 Corolla pink or blue to purple or mauve, rarely white 5 3 Pappus-hairs feathery, with slender lateral branches visible to naked

682

3

5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

128. ASTERACEAE

eye or weak lens 6. CIRSIUM Pappus 0, or of narrow scales, or of simple to toothed hairs 4 4 Outer phyllaries large and leaf-like 13. CARTHAMUS 4 Outer (and inner) phyllaries scale-like, with spiny apical portion 12. CENTAUREA Pappus-hairs feathery, with slender lateral branches visible to naked eye or weak lens 6 Pappus 0, of narrow scales, or of simple to toothed hairs 9 6 Inner phyllaries with distinct apical portion (sometimes only a stout spine but always abruptly delimited from basal portion) 8. CYNARA 6 Phyllaries without distinct apical and basal portions, if with apical spine then gradually narrowed into it 7 Phyllaries all obtuse to rounded at apex; leaves ± entire to distantly toothed, the teeth not spinose or bristle-like 4. SAUSSUREA At least outer phyllaries spinose, mucronate or acuminate at apex; leaves spiny or at least with fine bristle-like teeth 8 8 Outer phyllaries leaf-like; inner ones scarious, patent in dry weather, pale yellow on upperside, appearing like ligules 2. CARLINA 8 All phyllaries scale-like to ± subulate 6. CIRSIUM Leaves with sharp spines 10 Leaves without spines 12 10 Receptacle glabrous, but achene-pits fringed with teeth 7. ONOPORDUM 10 Receptacle densely hairy or bristly 11 Stem-leaves not decurrent down stem; stems not spiny; outer phyllaries with spine-tipped lateral lobes or teeth 9. SILYBUM Stem-leaves decurrent down stem in a spiny wing; phyllaries all entire, with terminal spine 5. CARDUUS 12 Phyllaries simple, entire 10. SERRATULA 12 At least inner phyllaries with distinct apical portion which is scarious, toothed, or spiny 13 All flowers bisexual and of same size; apical portion of phyllaries scarious, not separated from main part by constriction 11. ACROPTILON Marginal flowers functionally female though sometimes with sterile stamens, often longer than inner flowers; apical portion of phyllaries usually toothed or spiny, if merely scarious then separated from main part by constriction 12. CENTAUREA

Key D - Plant herbaceous; at least lower leaves opposite 1 Capitula discoid, with only tubular flowers 2 1 &DSLWXODUDGLDWHZLWK•PDUJLQDOOLJXODWHIORZHU 6 2 Terminal capitula male only, in elongated bractless racemes 87. AMBROSIA 2 All capitula bisexual, variously arranged 3 3 Pappus of hairs 103. EUPATORIUM 3 Pappus 0 or of scales or stout bristles 4 4 Leaves pinnate, or simple with narrowly cuneate base; pappus of barbed bristles 95. BIDENS 4 Leaves simple, broadly cuneate to cordate at base; pappus 0 or of scales 5 5 Flowers usually blue; receptacular scales 0; pappus of scales 104. AGERATUM 88. IVA 5 Flowers greenish-white; receptacular scales present; pappus 0 6 Capitula with 1 ligulate flower 100. SCHKUHRIA

128. ASTERACEAE

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

683

6 Capitula with 3-numerous ligulate flowers 7 Plant with large underground tubers 8 Plant without underground tubers 9 8 Leaves (2-)pinnate or (2-)ternate; ligules often red to pink or purple, or white 98. DAHLIA 8 Leaves simple; ligules yellow 91. HELIANTHUS Ligules pink or white 10 Ligules yellow to greenish- or brownish-yellow 12 10 Leaf-lobes linear to filiform; ligules usually pink, rarely white 97. COSMOS 10 Leaf-lobes lanceolate to ovate; ligules white, rarely purplish 11 Capitula 7mm across excl. ligules; pappus of barbed strong bristles 95. BIDENS 12 Pappus of barbed, strong, persistent bristles 95. BIDENS 12 Pappus 0 or of weak deciduous bristles and/or of scales 13 Most leaves divided ± to base or to midrib 14 Leaves simple, subentire to toothed or shallowly lobed 15 14 Pappus of conspicuous scales; receptacular scales 0 99. TAGETES 14 Pappus 0, or minute, or of 2 small scales; receptacular scales present 96. COREOPSIS Ligules 1cm; outer phyllaries lanceolate to ovate, not or scarcely glandular 16 16 Annual or perennial; leaves petiolate, or sessile but not clasping stem; achenes flattened in radial plane 91. HELIANTHUS 16 Annual; leaves sessile, clasping stem at base; achenes flattened in tangential plane 92. GUIZOTIA

Key E - Plant herbaceous; leaves alternate or all basal; capitula discoid or with very inconspicuous ligules (excl. Cynareae) 1 Pappus 0, or of small scales or a few bristles 2 1 Pappus of hairs (somewhat expanded apically in male Antennaria and Anaphalis) 15 3 2 Leaves divided 1/2 way to midrib 3 Receptacular scales present; plant densely white-woolly 63. ACHILLEA 3 Receptacular scales 0; plant not densely woolly 4 4 Pappus of 1-8 stiff barbed bristles and sometimes also some small scales 50. CALOTIS 4 Pappus 0 or a small membranous ring 5 5 Capitula very numerous, in racemes or panicles 61. ARTEMISIA 5 Capitula 1-many, if many then in corymbs 6 6 Achenes ± compressed; stems procumbent to weakly erect, 50cm 60. TANACETUM 7 Capitula very numerous, in racemes or panicles; corolla brownish-, reddish- or greenish-yellow 61. ARTEMISIA 7 Capitula 1-few, or if ± numerous then in corymbs and corolla bright yellow 8 8 Corolla hairy; stem and leaves densely hairy 61. ARTEMISIA 8 Corolla glabrous; stem and leaves glabrous to hairy 9

684

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17 19 19

21 21 23 23

25 25

27 27

128. ASTERACEAE

Receptacular scales present 10 Receptacular scales 0 11 10 Corolla with small pouch at base, obscuring top of ovary in 1 plane 64. CHAMAEMELUM 10 Corolla not pouched at base, not obscuring top of ovary 65. ANTHEMIS Achenes compressed; stems procumbent to weakly erect, 2.5cm, either succulent or flat 52. ASTER Pappus pure white; all leaves 20cm; stoloniferous 40. ANTENNARIA 28 Leaves not forming basal rosette, the largest ones being on the stems; stems rarely 1mm wide; phyllaries all green or 52. ASTER more green in apical than basal 1/2 7 Ligules filiform to linear, usually 1mm; central tubular flowers more numerous than peripheral filiform ones (or the latter 0) 54. ERIGERON 9 Main leaves all basal; flowering stems with 1 capitulum and only reduced bract-like leaves 82. TUSSILAGO 9 Leaves on flowering stems, or if ± all basal then capitula >1 per stem 10 10 Phyllaries in 1 main row, often with smaller supplementary ones near base of capitulum 11 10 Phyllaries in 2 or more (often indistinct) rows 15 11 Capitula with only 2-4 disc and 2-4 ray flowers, numerous in cylindrical or pyramidal panicles 12 11 &DSLWXODZLWK!GLVFDQG•UD\IORZHUVQRWLQGHQVHS\UDPLGDO panicles 13 12 Lower leaves deeply palmately lobed; petioles sheathing stem; ray flowers usually 2 80. LIGULARIA 12 Lower leaves deeply pinnately lobed; petioles not sheathing stem; ray flowers usually 3 79. SINACALIA 13 Stem-leaves and basal leaves with petioles with broad sheathing bases 80. LIGULARIA 13 Stem-leaves and basal leaves without broad sheathing petioles 14 14 Phyllaries in 1 main row with supplementary smaller ones near base of capitulum 74. SENECIO 14 Phyllaries in 1 row, with no supplementary small ones near base of capitulum 77. TEPHROSERIS 15 Phyllaries in 2 distinct rows of ± equal length 81. DORONICUM 15 Phyllaries in 2 or more indistinct rows, progressively longer towards

686

128. ASTERACEAE

the inside 16 16 Plant densely glandular, very sticky 46. DITTRICHIA 16 Plant not or slightly glandular, not sticky 17 17 Pappus of inner row of hairs and outer row of small (often laterally fused) scales 47. PULICARIA 17 Pappus entirely of hairs 18 18 Capitula >(1.5)2cm across (incl. ligules); ligules >10mm; anthers with long filiform basal appendages 45. INULA 18 Capitula 1 capitula; phyllaries in several rows; receptacular scales present, reaching at least base of ligule; pappus of 1-2 rows of dirty-white to pale brown hairs, the single or inner row feathery; ligules yellow; achenes not flattened, finely ribbed, beaked or not. 1 1

Pappus-hairs all feathery, in 1 row; leaves usually spotted or streaked with purple; outer phyllaries usually uniformly hairy 3. H. maculata Pappus-hairs in 2 rows, outer usually simple, inner feathery; leaves rarely with purple markings; outer phyllaries glabrous to very sparsely or patchily hairy 2 2 Central achenes 8-17mm (incl. beak), beaked; marginal achenes usually beaked; capitula 2-4cm across, opening every day; ligules c.4x as long as wide 1. H. radicata 2 Central achenes 6-9(13.5)mm (incl. beak), beaked or not; marginal achenes not beaked; capitula 1-1.5cm across, opening only in bright sunshine; ligules c.2x as long as wide 2. H. glabra

1. H. radicata L. - Cat's-ear. Perennial; stems to 60cm, erect or ascending, glabrous 719 or hairy near base; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, sinuate-lobed or -toothed, usually hairy; capitula 2-4cm across; achenes usually all beaked, sometimes some outer ones unbeaked; 2n=8. Native; grassy places in many situations; very common throughout BI. Plants growing on maritime shingle or sand and on inland sandy heaths are shorter, with decumbent to ascending stems and smaller leaves, capitula and phyllaries; they have been recognised as ssp. ericetorum van Soest. Simple (not distally 2-3-pronged) leaf hairs distinguish this species from Leontodon hispidus and L. saxatilis when sterile. 1 x 2. H. radicata x H. glabra = H. x intermedia Richt. occurs rarely in SE En, Merioneth and Fife, but may be overlooked; it is intermediate in capitulum characters and 4mm, narrowly top-shaped; outer row of phyllaries rarely appressed; ligule stripes rarely dark red; pollen present or 0 6 6 Leaves with large dark spots covering >10% of surface 5. T. sect. Naevosa

33. TARAXACUM

713

6

7 7

Leaves unspotted or with spots covering 5mm across 3. T. vulgare &DSLWXODUDGLDWH”PPDFURVVH[FOOLJXOHVOLJXOHVZKLWH 2. T. macrophyllum

1. T. parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. (Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.) - Feverfew. Stems erect, to 70cm; capitula usually radiate, rarely discoid or flore pleno, in lax corymbs, 15-23mm across (6-9mm excl. ligules); 2n=18. Archaeophyte; on walls, waste ground and waysides; frequent throughout BI; Balkans. 2. T. macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch. Bip. - Rayed Tansy. Stems erect, to 1.2m; capitula radiate, in dense corymbs, 7-13mm across (3-5mm excl. ligules); (2n=14, 18). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, natd in grassy places and waysides since c.1912; very scattered in En (mainly N) and Sc; SE Europe. Has been misdetermined

753

750

128. ASTERACEAE

as Achillea grandifolia. 3. T. vulgare L. (Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.) - Tansy. Stems erect, to 1.2m; capitula discoid, in dense corymbs, 6-10mm across; 2n=18. Archaeophyte; grassy places, waysides, rough ground; frequent throughout BI. 4. T. balsamita L. (Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baill. non L., Balsamita major Desf.) - Costmary. Stems erect, to 1.2m; capitula discoid, in tight corymbs, 4-8mm across, rarely with few ligules 4-6mm; (2n=18, 54). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament and cooking, rarely natd as outcast; very scattered in C & S Br, formerly Sc and Ir; Caucasus. 61. ARTEMISIA L. (Seriphidium (Besser) Fourr.) - Mugworts Annual to perennial herbs or small shrubs, often aromatic; leaves entire to finely divided; capitula discoid, small, brownish overall; flowers usually yellowish, the outer female, with filiform corolla, the inner bisexual, with tubular corolla; receptacular scales 0; pappus 0. 1 1 3 3

5 5

7 7

9 9

Leaves most or all entire 9. A. dracunculus Most or all leaves deeply divided 2 2 Stems woody ± to top 6. A. abrotanum 2 Stems herbaceous, or woody only near base 3 Capitula 1-2(5); stems 10; stems >10cm 4 4 Annual or biennial with simple root system and 0 non-flowering shoots 5 4 Perennial with strong underground portion and non-flowering shoots 6 Leaves in inflorescence projecting laterally well beyond capitula, with many primary divisions >(1.5)2cm x c.1-3mm 7. A. biennis Leaves in inflorescence extending laterally less far than capitula, with primary divisions 1/2 way to midrib; FDSLWXOD”FPDFURVV 4 4 Middle stem-leaves 15 pairs of primary lateral lobes 5 Leaves ± flat in fresh state, the primary lateral lobes ± contiguous on the rhachis; inner phyllaries >3.5mm 4. A. distans Leaves with lobes spreading in 3 dimensions in fresh state, the primary lateral lobes separated by a length of winged rhachis; inner phyllaries ”PP 2. A. millefolium

Other spp. - c.12 extra spp. grown in gardens have been reported as aliens. A. tomentosa L., from SW Europe, is a yellow-flowered sp. much smaller than A. filipendulina and densely grey-hairy. A white- (or very pale yellow-)flowered sp. is the European A. nobilis L., differing from A. ligustica in its primary leaf-segments wider and more regularly subdivided. Records of A. grandifolia Friv. are errors for Tanacetum macrophyllum. 1. A. ptarmica L. - Sneezewort. Stems erect, to 60cm; leaves linear to linearlanceolate, finely and shallowly toothed; capitula 12-20mm across, (25)50 in ± dense corymbs; inner phyllaries c.3-3.5mm; ligules white (to deep pink); 2n=54. Native; grassland (usually short), banks and waysides; very common throughout BI. 3. A. ligustica All. - Southern Yarrow. Resembles A. millefolium but leaves shorter, 753 wider and more finely divided (see key, couplet 4); capitula smaller (c.3mm across; LQQHUSK\OODULHV”PP DQGPRUHQXPHURXVOLJXOHVZKLWHQ  ,QWUG-natd; in waste ground at Newport Docks (Mons) since 1953; Mediterranean. 4. A. distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. - Tall Yarrow. Resembles A. millefolium but stems to 1.3m; leaves differ as in key (couplet 5); capitula larger (5-10mm across, inner phyllaries 3.5-5mm); (2n=54). Intrd-natd; in grassy places; scattered in En and Wa, especially C En; S & E Europe. Our plant is ssp. tanacetifolia Janch. 5. A. filipendulina Lam. ² Fern-leaf Yarrow. Stems erect, to 1.5m; leaves almost pinnate, with serrate primary divisions; capitula 2-4.5mm across, very numerous in dense corymbs 4-10cm across; inner phyllaries 3-5mm; ligules yellow; (2n=18, 36, 54). Intrd-natd; rough ground, by walls, roads and paths; scattered in S En, Man; W & C Asia. 6. A. maritima (L.) Ehrhend. & Y.P. Guo (Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & RRR Link) - Cottonweed. Plant from stems to phyllaries densely white-woolly; stems erect to ascending, to 30cm; leaves oblong-obovate; capitula few, subcorymbose, 6-9mm across; 2n=18. Native; maritime fixed sand and shingle; now in 1 place in Co Wexford, formerly scattered in BI N to E Suffolk, Anglesey and Co Wicklow, last record in Br 1936 in Scilly. 64. CHAMAEMELUM Mill. - Chamomile Annual or perennial herbs; leaves deeply and finely dissected; capitula radiate, rarely discoid; disc flowers yellow, with short pouch at base of tube; ligules white; receptacular scales present; pappus 0. Other spp. - C. mixtum (L.) All., from Mediterranean, is non-aromatic, has densely (not sparsely) hairy phyllaries, and has much less finely divided leaves; it is a scarce birdseed-, grain- and wool-alien. 1. C. nobile (L.) All. - Chamomile. Strongly aromatic; stems procumbent to ascending, to 30cm; receptacular scales oblong to narrowly obovate, acuminate; achenes weakly ridged on 1 face; 2n=18. Native; short grassy places on sandy soils; locally frequent in CI, S Br and SW Ir, scattered N to W Norfolk and Caerns but extinct in most of C Br, intrd N to C Sc. 65. ANTHEMIS L. - Chamomiles Aromatic annual to perennial herbs; leaves deeply and finely dissected; capitula radiate, rarely discoid; disc flowers yellow; ligules white or yellow; receptacular scales present; pappus 0 or a short rim. 1 1

3

Ligules yellow, occasionally 0; achenes distinctly compressed 5. A. tinctoria Ligules white, very rarely 0; achenes not or scarcely compressed 2 2 Receptacular scales only on inner (upper) part of receptacle, linearsubulate; achenes tuberculate on ribs; fresh plant with unpleasant scent 4. A. cotula 2 Receptacular scales all over receptacle, at least the inner ones lanceolate to oblanceolate; achenes ribbed or scarcely so, but not tuberculate; fresh plant with sweet scent 3 Perennial, often woody near base and with non-flowering shoots; at least outer receptacular scales 3-toothed 1. A. punctata

R

65. ANTHEMIS

3

755

Annual or biennial, not woody at base and usually without non-flowering shoots; receptacular scales with single slender apex 4 4 Receptacular scales becoming rigid (± prickly) in fruit; achenes somewhat compressed, with strong lateral angles and 2-3 very weak ridges on each face 3. A. austriaca 4 Receptacular scales not becoming rigid in fruit; achenes not compressed, with total of c.10 strong ridges 2. A. arvensis

Other spp. - A. ruthenica M. Bieb., from E Europe, differs from A. arvensis in having broader receptacular scales with dentate-laciniate apex, narrower outer achenes and disc flowers with a swollen lower part; it is a scarce grain- and birdseed-alien. 1. A. punctata Vahl - Sicilian Chamomile. Perennial to 60cm; ligules white; at least outer receptacular scales 3-toothed at apex; achenes not or weakly ribbed, with apical rim 0.3-0.8mm; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in rough and marginal ground and on cliffs, mostly near sea; very scattered in S Br N to Caerns, Co Waterford, Man; Sicily. Our plant is ssp. cupaniana (Tod. ex Nyman) R. Fern. 2. A. arvensis L. - Corn Chamomile. Annual or biennial to 50cm; ligules white; receptacular scales oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate; achenes strongly ribbed, not WXEHUFXODWH ZLWK DSLFDO ULP ”PP Q  $UFKDHRSK\WH DUDEOH ODQG ZDVWH places and rough ground, usually on calcareous soils, also a grass-seed alien; locally frequent in S & C Br and Man, rare and mainly casual in N Br, Ir and CI. 3. A. austriaca Jacq. ² Austrian Chamomile. Differs from A. arvensis in neater, more closely and regularly lobed leaflets; and see key (couplet 4); (2n=18). Intrd-casual; in dumped soil or newly sown grass or wild-flower areas, as contaminant, possibly also in wool and birdseed; scattered in S Br and S Ir; E & SE Europe. 4. A. cotula L. - Stinking Chamomile. Differs from A. arvensis in more stiffly erect stems; leaf segments linear and ± glabrous (not narrowly oblong and hairy); ligules becoming reflexed (not remaining patent); achenes without apical rim; and see key (couplet 2); 2n=18. Archaeophyte; similar habitats to A. arvensis but often on heavier soils; similar distribution to A. arvensis but commoner, not in Man. 5. A. tinctoria L. - Yellow Chamomile. Biennial or perennial to 50cm; ligules yellow, occasionally 0; receptacular scales as in A. arvensis; achenes scarcely ribbed, not tuberculate, with apical rim 1/2 way to midrib, the larger lobes often toothed; capitula 2-3cm across; (2n=18). Intrd-casual; grown as ornament and self-sowing nearby on rough ground; very scattered in Br, sometimes persisting; SW Europe. 68. LEUCANTHEMELLA Tzvelev - Autumn Oxeye Rhizomatous patch-forming perennial herbs; leaves simple, sharply serrate; capitula radiate; disc flowers yellow; ligules white; receptacular scales 0; pappus ± 0. 1. L. serotina (L.) Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum uliginosum (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Pers., C. serotinum L.) - Autumn Oxeye. Stems erect, to 2m; resembles Leucanthemum x superbum but leaves paler green, thinner, more sharply and deeply serrate (most serrations >3mm) and lacking the characteristic smell when crushed, flowers later (Sep-Nov), ligules more gradually tapered at apex, and see generic diagnosis; capitula 5-10cm across. Intrd-natd; garden escape or throwout natd on rough ground and by ditches and ponds; scattered in Br N to C Sc, mainly S En; SE Europe.

757

69. LEUCANTHEMUM Mill. - Oxeye Daisies Rhizomatous clump-forming perennial herbs; differ from Leucanthemella in tubular part of ray flowers with 2 very narrow translucent wings; and achenes with translucent secretory canals. 1. L. vulgare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) - Oxeye Daisy. Stems erect to

757

757

FIG 757 - Asteraceae: Anthemideae. 1-4, basal and stem-leaves of Leucanthemum. 1-2, L. vulgare. 3-4, L. x superbum. 5, stem-leaf of Leucanthemella serotina. 6-9, adaxial and abaxial faces of achenes of Tripleurospermum. 6-7, T. maritimum. 8-9, T. inodorum. Oil-glands marked in black. 10-13, marginal and inner achenes of Glebionis. 10-11, G. coronaria. 12-13, G. segetum. 14-17, achenes of Anthemis. 14, A. punctata. 15, A. arvensis. 16, A. cotula. 17, A. tinctoria.

758

128. ASTERACEAE

ascending, to 75cm; basal and lower stem-leaves obovate-spathulate, abruptly contracted to broadly cuneate base; upper stem-leaves usually deeply serrate, even at extreme base; capitula 2.5-6(7.5)cm across; 2n=18, 36. Native; grassy places, especially on rich soils; common throughout BI. Very variable; the widespread meadow plant is diploid, but tetraploids are common. Many segregates have been described at sp. and ssp. level, e.g. from serpentine in Cornwall and coastal limestone in the W, but there has been no systematic survey of our wild populations so it is premature to present a workable scheme. Moreover there has been much planting from unknown sources on roadsides etc. 2. L. x superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) D.H. Kent (L. maximum auct. non (Ramond) DC., Chrysanthemum maximum auct. non Ramond; ?L. lacustre (Brot.) Samp. x L. maximum (Ramond) DC.) - Shasta Daisy. Stems erect to ascending, to 1.2 (1.5)m; basal and lower stem-leaves elliptic-oblong, gradually contracted to narrowly cuneate base; upper stem-leaves usually shallowly serrate to subentire; capitula (5)6-10cm across, often flore pleno. Intrd-natd; abundant in gardens and fertile, well natd in waste and rough ground and grassy waysides; frequent throughout Br and Man, scattered in Ir and CI; garden origin. There is uncertainty about the identity of this plant; rather than a hybrid it might be L. lacustre itself. 70. MATRICARIA L. (Chamomilla Gray) - Mayweeds Annual herbs, differing from Tripleurospermum in much more conical, distinctly hollow (not solid to indistinctly hollow) receptacle; ligules often 0; and achenes with 4-5 weak (not 3 strong) ribs and without (not with) oil-glands. 1. M. chamomilla L. (M. recutita L.) - Scented Mayweed. Superficially much like Tripleurospermum inodorum but usually (not always) more strongly and sweetly scented when fresh; phyllaries with very pale brown (not deep brown) scarious margins; ligules soon very strongly reflexed; and see generic characters; 2n=18. Archaeophyte; in similar places to and often with T. inodorum but less common and more restricted to arable ground on light soils; locally common in CI, En and Wa, scattered in Sc and Ir. 2. M. discoidea DC. (M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter nom. illeg., M. suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau non L.) - Pineappleweed. Plant erect, to 35cm; ligules 0; differs from rare ligule-less plants of M. chamomilla in sweet pineapple-like scent, much wider, white scarious margins to phyllaries, and disc flowers with 4-lobed (not 5lobed) corolla; 2n=18. Intrd-natd; weed of barish places by paths and waste places; common throughout BI, first recorded 1871; widespread weed. a. Ssp. discoidea. Capitula mostly 5-8mm across; pappus 0 or minute. The common plant. b. Ssp. occidentalis (Greene) P.D. Sell. Capitula mostly 8-12mm across; pappus with 2 brown lobes. Recorded from Ir but distribution in BI unknown. Distinction from ssp. discoidea needs confirmation. 71. TRIPLEUROSPERMUM Sch. Bip. (Matricaria auct. non L.) - Mayweeds Annual to perennial herbs; leaves deeply and finely dissected; capitula radiate, rarely discoid; disc flowers yellow; ligules white; receptacular scales 0; pappus a very short rim or 0. Other spp. - T. disciforme (C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip. (Matricaria disciformis (C.A. Mey.) DC.), with achenes ± smooth adaxially and without a corona, and T. decipiens (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Bornm. (M. decipiens (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) K. Koch), with achenes rugose adaxially and with a short terminal corona, are liguleless spp. from Turkey that are rare casuals or have been briefly natd in the past; sometimes Matricaria discoidea is misrecorded for them.

757

71. TRIPLEUROSPERMUM

759

1. T. maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Matricaria maritima L.) - Sea Mayweed. Erect to procumbent (biennial to) perennial to 60cm; leaf-segments succulent, (acute or) obtuse to rounded at apex; achenes 1.8-3.5mm, with 3 strong ribs ± touching laterally on 1 face, with 2 subapical distinctly elongated oil-glands on opposite face; 2n=18. Native; sand, shingle, rocks, walls, cliffs and waste ground near sea; locally common round most coasts of BI. a. Ssp. maritimum. Stems and leaves without the distinct characters of ssp. vinicaule; ultimate leaf-segments 0.6-1mm wide; phyllaries oblong to narrowly triangular, with pale brown to brown scarious margin 4 x 1.5cm; bracts several but often fallen before fruiting, ovate to obovate, shorter than rays; rays 5-many; fruits 4.5-6mm, with prominent, slender ridges, smooth; (2n=14). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd on roadside and railway banks since before 1909; scattered in S En; S Europe. 2. B. falcatum L. - Sickle-leaved Hare's-ear. Herbaceous ± erect perennial to 1m; leaves oblanceolate to linear-falcate, with 5 main veins, the lower usually >5 x 1cm; bracts several, linear to lanceolate, shorter than rays; rays 5-c.11; fruits 2.5-3.5mm, with slender, prominent ridges, smooth; (2n=16, 26, 28, 32). Possibly native; damp roadsides, ditches, hedgebanks and field-borders; 1 locality in S Essex, discovered 1831, last record 1962, then reintroduced from different source, rarely natd in C & N

819

E 819

819

FIG 819 - Fruits (mostly with lateral and dorsal views) of Apiaceae. 1, Bupleurum rotundifolium. 2, B. subovatum. 3, B. falcatum. 4, B. fruticosum. 5, B. baldense. 6, B. tenuissimum. 7, Ammi visnaga. 8, A. majus. 9, Trinia glauca. 10, Cuminum cyminum. 11, Conium maculatum. 12, Trachyspermum ammi. 13, Ridolfia segetum. 14, Apium nodiflorum. 15, A. inundatum. 16, A. repens. 17, A. graveolens. 18, Sison amomum. 19, Petroselinum crispum. 20, P. segetum. 21, Cicuta virosa.

820

138. APIACEAE

En. 3. B. tenuissimum L. - Slender Hare's-ear. Erect to procumbent slender annual to RR 50cm; leaves linear to very narrowly oblanceolate, with 3 main veins, the lower 819 mostly >2cm x 1cm; rays >5mm, conspicuous 2 2 Bracts 0-1; fruits 3-4mm (excl. spines), with ± straight spines minutely hooked at end 2. T. arvensis 2 Bracts >2; fruits 2-2.5mm (excl. spines), with curved spines not hooked at end 1. T. japonica

Other spp. - T. leptophylla (L.) Rchb. f., from S Europe, is a slender annual to 40cm similar to T. arvensis but with shorter peduncles, 2-3(4) rays (not 3-6(12)) and 0 bracts; it is a rare birdseed-, grain- and wool-alien. 1. T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. - Upright Hedge-parsley. Stems erect, to 1.2m; leaves 1-3pinnate; bracts 4-6(12); petals scarcely zygomorphic; fruits 2-2.5mm; both mericarps with stout, tapering, curved spines; 2n=16. Native; grassy places, hedgerows, wood -borders and -clearings; frequent throughout BI except N & NW Sc. 2. T. arvensis (Huds.) Link - Spreading Hedge-parsley. Stems erect, with widespreading branches, to 50cm; leaves 1-2-pinnate; bracts 0-1; petals somewhat zygomorphic; fruits 3-4mm; both mericarps with slender, ± straight spines minutely hooked at apex; 2n=12. Archaeophyte; weed of arable land; formerly frequent in S & C Br, now rare and mainly casual in S En; Europe. 3. T. nodosa (L.) Gaertn. - Knotted Hedge-parsley. Stems procumbent to ascending, to 50cm; leaves 1-2-pinnate; bracts 0; petals actinomorphic; fruits 2.5-3.5mm, the outer mericarp with minutely hooked, straight, stout spines, the inner tuberculate; 2n=24. Native; arable and barish ground, especially near sea; rather scattered in BI N to SE Sc, mostly in E En. 50. DAUCUS L. - Carrots Glabrous annuals to biennials with strong characteristic smell (especially in crushed root); stems solid; leaves (1)2-3-pinnate; bracts numerous, usually longer than rays,

825

RR 825

825

50. DAUCUS

829

pinnately divided into filiform lobes; bracteoles numerous; sepals small, scarcely visible in fruit; umbel often with 1 dark purple central flower; other petals white, slightly zygomorphic; fruits strongly dorsally compressed, somewhat longer than wide; mericarps each with 2 lateral and 2 secondary dorsal ridges each with row of terminally barbed spines, the 3 primary dorsal ridges alternating with the secondaries and bearing only short weak bristles. Other spp. ² D. muricatus (L.) L., from Mediterranean, is an annual with fruits 510mm and bearing spines on the ridges that are swollen and confluent proximally and longer than the width of the mericarp; it is a rare bird-seed alien and was reported in large patches by a road in Cambs in 2005, but the latter needs checking. 1. D. carota L. - see sspp. for English names. Usually biennial; stems erect to procumbent, scarcely branched to strongly branched with widely spreading branches, to 1m; rays >10; fruits 2-3mm, with stout, ± straight spines not exceeding width of mericarp. 1 Umbels convex to slightly concave in fruit c. ssp. gummifer 1 Umbels very contracted in fruit, very concave 2 2 Root swollen in first year, usually orange; leaves usually bright green b. ssp. sativus 2 Root not swollen, whitish; leaves usually grey-green a. ssp. carota a. Ssp. carota - Wild Carrot. Root not swollen, whitish; stems erect, usually narrowly branching; leaves usually dark to rather grey-green, usually thin, hispidhairy; umbels very contracted and concave in fruit, with sparsely hispid to subglabrous rays; 2n=18. Native; grassy and rough ground, mostly on chalky soils and near sea (there often very stunted); throughout most of BI but mainly coastal in N & W Br. b. Ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. - Carrot. Root swollen in first year, usually orange; leaves usually bright green, thin, usually rather sparsely hairy; stems and umbels as in ssp. carota; (2n=18). Intrd-natd; casual in waste places and tips and a relic where planted; scattered over BI; garden origin. c. Ssp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. f. - Sea Carrot. Root not swollen, whitish; stems erect, rarely >25cm, usually widely branching; leaves dark green, usually thick and ± succulent, hispid-hairy; umbels not contracted in fruit, hence convex to slightly concave, with hispid rays; (2n=18). Native; cliffs, dunes and rocky places by sea; coasts of CI, S & SE Ir, S & W Br from Anglesey to E Kent. The possible occurrence here of ssp. major (Vis.) Arcang. and ssp. maximus (Desf.) Ball as aliens from S Europe needs investigating. 2. D. glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall. - Australian Carrot. Slender annual; stems erect, ± glabrous, to 40cm, little branched; leaves sparsely KDLU\UD\VYHU\XQHYHQOHQJWKHGVOHQGHUHDFKZLWK”IORZHUVRUVRPHWLPHV umbels simple; fruits 3-5mm, with dense, rather slender spines; (2n=44). Intrdcasual; rather frequent wool-alien; very scattered in En and Sc; Australia.

825

RR

825

830

MONOCOTS

MONOCOTYLEDONS

(Liliidae, Monocotyledonidae) (families 139-170) Very rarely trees, rarely shrubs; rarely with secondary thickening and never from a permanent vascular cambium; vascular bundles usually scattered through stem; primary root usually short-lived; leaves usually with parallel major venation, and minor venation scarcely or not reticulate; flower parts mostly in threes; pollen grains mostly bilaterally symmetrical, commonly with 1 pore and/or furrow; cotyledon normally 1; endosperm typically helobial. Numerous exceptions to all the above occur.

139. ACORACEAE ² Sweet-flag family Glabrous, aquatic, herbaceous perennials with rhizomes giving rise to aerial leaves and flowering stems; leaves alternate, simple, entire, sessile, Iris-like, without stipules but sheathing at base. Flowers closely packed on apparently lateral axis (spadix) (leaf-like continuation of main axis is probably a spathe), bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 tepals; stamens 6; ovary 2-3-celled, with 1-many ovules; style ± 0; stigma capitate; fruit not forming. Unique in the Iris-like vegetative appearance with flowers in an apparently lateral spadix apparently lacking a spathe. Fresh leaves have strong spicy scent when bruised. Once placed in Araceae but molecular data show it to be separate. 1. ACORUS L. - Sweet-flags 1. A. calamus L. - Sweet-flag. Leaves 50-125 x 0.7-2.5cm, with well-defined midrib, usually transversely wrinkled in places; spadix 5-9 x 0.6-1.2cm, yellowish-green; 2n=c.36 (18, 24, 36, 42, 44, 45). Intrd-natd; in shallow water at edges of lakes, ponds, rivers and canals; scattered over most of BI, but frequent only in En; Asia and N America. Often shyly flowering and fruits not reported. 2. A. gramineus Aiton - Slender Sweet-flag. Leaves 8-50 x 0.2-0.8cm, without obvious midrib; spadix 5-10 x 0.3-0.5cm; (2n=18, 22, 24). Intrd-natd; by lake; Surrey since 1986; E Asia.

140. ARACEAE - Lords-and-Ladies family Glabrous, herbaceous perennials with rhizomes or underground tubers giving rise to aerial leaves and flowering stems with 0-few leaves; leaves alternate, simple, usually cordate to sagittate at base, entire or rarely deeply lobed, petiolate, without stipules but usually sheathing at base. Flowers closely packed on terminal axis (spadix) which often extends distally as succulent appendix, subtended or partially enclosed by leaf-like but often coloured spathe, bisexual or monoecious, if latter usually the upper male and lower female, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth 0 or of 4 tepals; stamens 1-6; ovary 1-3-celled, with 1-many ovules; style ± 0; stigma

140. ARACEAE

831

capitate; fruit a berry with 1-several seeds. The minute numerous flowers packed on to a spadix, subtended or partially enclosed by a spathe, are diagnostic. 1 1 3 3

5 5

Flowers covering spadix to its apex 2 Spadix with succulent appendix distal to flowers 4 2 Spathe ± flat, not enclosing spadix even at extreme base 2. CALLA 2 Spathe wrapped round basal part of spadix 3 Leaves truncate to cuneate at base, with petioles shorter than blade; tepals 4 1. LYSICHITON Leaves cordate at base, with petiole longer than blade; tepals 0 3. ZANTEDESCHIA 4 Leaves palmately lobed 5. DRACUNCULUS 4 Leaves simple 5 Spathe fused into tube proximally, with distal filiform projection •FP 6. ARISARUM Spathe overlapping at base, not fused into tube, no more than acuminate at apex 4. ARUM

Other genera - COLOCASIA Schott, from tropical Asia, has large, entire, peltate long-petiolate leaves; C. antiquorum (L.) Schott (Taro, Dasheen or Coco-yam) is a rare ephemeral casual of rubbish-tips. 1. LYSICHITON Schott - Skunk-cabbages Rhizomatous; leaves ovate-oblong, entire, truncate to cuneate at base, shortly petiolate; spadix terminal, without appendix; spathe wrapped round and concealing spadix at base, falling off after flowering; flowers bisexual; tepals 4; stamens 4; ovary (1-)2-celled; fruit a green berry with 2 seeds. 1. L. americanus Hultén & H. St. John - American Skunk-cabbage. Leaf-blades 30-150 x 25-70cm; flowers foul-smelling; spathe 10-35cm, yellow; spadix 3.5-12cm, greenish; tepals 3-4mm; anthers 0.9-2mm; (2n=28). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, persistent and spreading in swampy ground; scattered throughout Br, Ir and Man (but see next sp.); W N America. 2. L. camtschatcensis (L.) Schott - Asian Skunk-cabbage. Differs from L. americanus in ± scentless flowers; slightly smaller spathe and spadix; white spathe; tepals 23mm; and anthers 0.6-0.8mm; (2n=28). Intrd-natd; similar places to L. americanus; distribution uncertain due to confusion with latter, few sites in S En; extreme E Asia. Hybrids occur and might be natd; perhaps the 2 are better as sspp. 2. CALLA L. - Bog Arum Rhizomatous; leaves ovate to broadly so, cordate, entire, with long petiole; spadix terminal, without appendix; spathe open, ± flat, not concealing spadix; flowers mostly bisexual but uppermost usually male; tepals 0; stamens 6; ovary 1-celled; fruit a red berry with several seeds. 1. C. palustris L. - Bog Arum. Leaf-blades 5-12 x 4-10cm; spathe 3-8 x 3-6cm, white or greenish-white; spadix 1-3 x 0.7-2cm; (2n=36, 72). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, persistent and spreading in marshy ground and shallow ponds, often in shade; very scattered in Br from SE En to C Sc, NE Ir; Europe. 3. ZANTEDESCHIA Spreng. - Altar-lily Rhizomes short, tuberous; leaves ovate or broadly so, cordate, entire, with long petiole; spadix terminal, without appendix; spathe wrapped round and concealing

832

140. ARACEAE

spadix at base; flowers unisexual; tepals 0; stamens 2-3; ovary (1-)3-celled; fruit a yellow berry with several seeds; but very seldom (?never) produced here. 1. Z. aethiopica (L.) Spreng. - Altar-lily. Leaf-blades 10-45 x 10-25cm; petiole up to 50(75)cm; spathe 10-25cm, pure white; spadix up to 15cm, bright yellow; (2n=24, 32). Intrd-natd; grown for ornament, persistent and spreading in ditches, damp hedgerows and scrub, and neglected fields; CI, SW En, S Wa and SW Ir, very scattered elsewhere in S Br; S Africa. 4. ARUM L. - Lords-and-Ladies Rhizomes short, tuberous; leaves triangular-ovate, hastate to sagittate, entire, with long petiole; spadix terminal, with long appendix; spathe wrapped round and concealing spadix at base, pale greenish-yellow; flowers unisexual; tepals 0; stamens 3-4; ovary 1-celled; fruit a red berry with 1-several seeds. 1. A. maculatum L. - Lords-and-Ladies. Leaf-blades appearing in early spring, 720cm, often blackish-purple-spotted, with concolorous midrib; spadix appendage purple or yellow, usually reaching c.1/2 way up expanded part of spathe; spathe 1025cm, sometimes with dark spots; fruiting spike 3-5cm; 2n=56, ?84. Native; woods and hedgerows, usually on base-rich soils; frequent throughout BI but perhaps only intrd in Sc and Man. 1 x 2. A. maculatum x A. italicum occurs rarely in S & SW En, S Wa and CI; it is intermediate and probably sterile, but has leaves appearing in early winter and often spotted; 2n=70. 2. A. italicum Mill. - Italian Lords-and-Ladies. Leaf-blades appearing in early winter, 15-35cm, with pale midrib; spadix appendage yellow, usually reaching c.1/3 way up expanded part of spathe; spathe 15-40cm, never spotted; fruiting spike 1015cm. a. Ssp. neglectum (F. Towns.) Prime. Leaves sometimes dark-spotted, with veins slightly paler than rest of leaf, with basal lobes somewhat convergent and sometimes overlapping; fruits with 1-2 seeds; 2n=84. Native; hedgerows, scrub and stony field-borders; extreme S & SW En and CI, Glam, very rarely natd elsewhere in Br, common in CI and Scilly and the only sp. in Scilly. b. Ssp. italicum. Leaves never dark-spotted, with whitish veins, with basal lobes divergent; fruits with 2-4 seeds; (2n=84). Intrd-natd; persistent garden throwout natd in similar places to ssp. neglectum; scattered in BI N to C Sc. 5. DRACUNCULUS Mill. - Dragon Arum Rhizomes short, tuberous; leaves deeply ± palmately lobed, cordate at base, with entire lobes and long petiole; spadix terminal, with long appendix; spathe wrapped round and concealing spadix at base; flowers unisexual; tepals 0; stamens 2-4; ovary 1-celled; fruit a red berry with several seeds. 1. D. vulgaris Schott (Arum dracunculus L.) - Dragon Arum. Leaf-lobes up to 20cm; spadix appendage dark purple, nearly as long as spathe; spathe 25-40cm, dark purple; (2n=28, 32). Intrd-natd; garden throwout natd in hedges, rough ground and old gardens; scattered in S & SE En and CI, Co Dublin; E & C Mediterranean. 6. ARISARUM Mill. - Mousetailplant Rhizomatous; leaves triangular-ovate, sagittate, entire, with long petiole; spadix terminal, with long appendix; spathe fused in tube round spadix and concealing most of it, extended apically into filiform projection; flowers unisexual; tepals 0; stamen 1; ovary 1-celled; fruit green, with several seeds.

RR

6. ARISARUM

833

1. A. proboscideum (L.) Savi - Mousetailplant. Leaf-blades 6-15cm; spadix appendage whitish, concealed within spathe; spathe 2-4cm excl. filiform projection 5-15cm, dark or greenish-brown; (2n=18, 28). Intrd-natd; garden throwout natd in hedges, rough ground and old gardens; very scattered in S En, Dunbarton; Spain and Italy.

141. LEMNACEAE - Duckweed family Aquatic perennial plants reduced to ± undifferentiated pad-like frond to 15mm (but often much less) floating on or under water surface (sometimes stranded on mud), not or variously adhering together, with 0-16(21) roots per frond. Flowers rather rarely produced, very reduced, borne in (1-)2 hollows on frond, each hollow with 12 stamens and 1 ovary with 1-2 ovules and funnel-shaped stigma (variously interpreted as 1 flower or 1-2 male and 1 female flower) subtended or not by minute spathe; perianth 0; fruit of 1-2 seeds in thin pericarp. The floating pad-like plants are unique. Derived from the Araceae but here kept separate due to their very distinct characters, leaving a paraphyletic Araceae. Only well-grown spring or summer fronds should be used; poorly grown ones or those produced in autumn and over-wintering are often atypical, being smaller and often with fewer veins and fewer or 0 roots. 1 1

Fronds rootless and veinless, spherical to ellipsoid 3. WOLFFIA Each frond with (0)1-16(21) roots and 1-16(21) veins, ± flattened at least on upperside 2 2 Each frond with (0-)1 root and 1-5(7) veins 2. LEMNA 2 Each frond with 7-16(21) roots and veins 1. SPIRODELA

1. SPIRODELA Schleid. - Greater Duckweed Fronds with 7-16(21) roots, with 7-16(21) veins, floating on water surface. 1. S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (Lemna polyrhiza L.) - Greater Duckweed. Fronds 1.5-10 x 1.5-8mm, ± flattened on both surfaces; 2n=40. Native; canals, ditches and ponds; rather local in C & S Br and Ir, very scattered in N Br, formerly CI. 2. LEMNA L. - Duckweeds Fronds with (0-)1 root, with 1-5(7) veins, floating on or below water surface. 1 1

3 3

Fronds narrowed to a stalk-like portion at 1 end, usually submerged, usually cohering in branched chains of 3-50 5. L. trisulca Fronds orbicular to ellipsoid, without stalk-like portion, usually on water surface, cohering in small groups (not chains) 2 2 Fronds usually ± hemispherical, strongly swollen on lowerside (not always), with (3)4-5(7) veins originating from 1 point 1. L. gibba 2 Fronds ± flattened on both surfaces, with 1-3(5) veins, if with 4 or 5 then 3 originating from 1 point and the outermost 1 or 2 extras branching from near base of inner 2 laterals 3 Fronds 0.8-3(4)mm long, with 1 obscure vein 4. L. minuta Fronds (1)2-5(8)mm long, with 3(-5) veins often visible as slight ridges on upperside 4 4 Fronds with small raised areas along median line of upperside, the 3. L. turionifera one at frond apex, ± same size as the others 4 Fronds without small raised areas, or if so then the one at frond apex distinctly larger than the others 2. L. minor

141. LEMNACEAE

834

1. L. gibba L. - Fat Duckweed. Fronds 1-8 x 0.8-6mm, usually strongly swollen on lowerside (not in autumn-produced fronds, nor in starved plants), with (3)4-5(7) veins, with larger air-spaces (visible as reticulum on frond upperside) >0.3mm across; 2n=40. Native; ponds, ditches and canals, usually in rich, often brackish water; frequent in C & S Br, local in C Sc, very scattered in CI and Ir. Fronds sometimes reddish, the pigmentation emanating from the margins. 2. L. minor L. - Common Duckweed. Fronds 1-8 x 0.6-5mm, ± flattened on both surfaces, with 3(-5) veins, with larger air-VSDFHV ”PP DFURVV Q  1DWLYH ponds, ditches, canals and slow parts of rivers and streams; common throughout BI except rare in N Sc. Fronds sometimes reddish, the pigmentation more intense on upperside. 3. L. turionifera Landolt ² Red Duckweed. Fronds 1-4 x 0.8-3.5mm, ± flattened on both surfaces, with 3 veins, with larger air-VSDFHV”PPDFURVVQ  ,QWUGnatd; same habitats as L. minor; Dorset, S Lincs and Mons, first recorded 2007, perhaps overlooked; N America and Asia. Fronds often reddish, the pigmentation emanating from the point of root attachment and more intense on lowerside. 4. L. minuta Kunth (L. minuscula Herter nom. illeg.) - Least Duckweed. Fronds 0.8-4 x 0.5-2.5mm, ± flattened on both surfaces, with 1 vein, with larger air-spaces ”PPDFURVVQ ,QWUG-natd; same habitats as L. minor; scattered in BI N to Co Sligo and W Perth, first recorded 1977, probably overlooked; N & S America. 5. L. trisulca L. - Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds 3-15 (plus stalk 2-20) x 1-5mm, ± flattened on both surfaces, with (1-)3 veins, with 0-1 root; 2n=40, 44. Native; ponds, ditches and canals; frequent in most of BI, but very scattered in Sc. 3. WOLFFIA Horkel ex Schleid. - Rootless Duckweed Fronds with 0 roots, with 0 veins, usually floating on water surface. 1. W. arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. - Rootless Duckweed. Fronds 0.5-1.5 x 0.41.2mm, strongly swollen on both sides (thicker than wide); (2n=30, 40, 42, 44-46, 50, 60, 62, 63, 70, 80). Native; ponds and ditches; very local in S En and Mons, formerly Glam. Our smallest flowering plant.

RR

142. TOFIELDIACEAE ² Scottish Asphodel family Erect, glabrous, herbaceous rhizomatous perennials; leaves all or mostly basal, Irislike (vertical, flat with 2 identical faces), simple, entire, without stipules. Flowers in terminal raceme, bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 free tepals, the 3 outer not obviously different from the 3 inner; stamens 6; ovary 3-celled with numerous ovules on axile placentas; styles 3, each with capitate stigma; fruit a capsule splitting where ovary-cells meet. Tofieldia and Narthecium are the only 2 members of Liliaceae sensu lato (6 stamens, 6 similar showy tepals) with Iris-like leaves. See 152. Nartheciaceae for differences. 1. TOFIELDIA Huds. - Scottish Asphodel 1. T. pusilla (Michx.) Pers. - Scottish Asphodel. Stems to 20cm, with 5-10 flowers near apex; leaves up to 8cm x 3mm; tepals 1.5-2.5mm, creamy- or greenish-white; filaments glabrous; anthers c. as long as wide, dehiscing inwards; seeds ovoidcurved; 2n=30. Native; by streams and in flushes on mountains; very local in N En (Upper Teesdale), locally frequent in C & N Sc, possibly long ago in Leics. See Narthecium (Nartheciaceae) for vegetative distinction.

R

143. ALISMATACEAE

835

143. ALISMATACEAE - Water-plantain family Glabrous, aquatic annuals or perennials rooted in mud, often emergent through water; leaves usually all basal, simple, entire, sessile or petiolate, without stipules, sometimes produced in tufts on rooting stolons. Flowers in simple or compound umbels or in whorls, sometimes solitary, with bracts at base of umbel or whorl, bisexual or monoecious, hypogynous, actinomorphic; sepals 3, free, green; petals 3, IUHHZKLWHWRSLQNVWDPHQVWRQXPHURXVFDUSHOV•IUHHZLWK-several) ovules; style 0 or very short; stigma not lobed, usually slightly elongated; fruit a group of achenes or few-seeded follicles. Distinguished from Butomaceae in its very different petals and sepals, and 1-2 (few)-seeded indehiscent fruits. Submerged leaves are often ribbon-like, often very different from the diagnostically-shaped aerial leaves, and should be ignored. 1 1

3 3

5 5

Flowers monoecious, male and female in same inflorescence; stamens >6 1. SAGITTARIA Flowers bisexual; stamens 6 2 2 Stems procumbent or floating, rooting and producing tufts of leaves and inflorescences 3 2 Stems erect, leafless, all leaves basal 4 Floating and aerial leaves obtuse; carpels in an irregular whorl or flattish mass 3. LURONIUM Floating and aerial leaves acute; carpels spiral in a ± globose (Ranunculus-like) head 2. BALDELLIA 4 Carpels spiral in ± globose (Ranunculus-like) head 2. BALDELLIA 4 Carpels in a single (often irregular) whorl 5 Fruits curved inwards, ± unbeaked, 1-seeded 4. ALISMA Fruits divergent outwards, beaked, usually 2(-few)-seeded 5. DAMASONIUM

1. SAGITTARIA L. - Arrowheads Leaves all basal, linear and/or long-petiolate and sagittate; flowers conspicuous, usually in whorls, monoecious, the male flowers in upper and the female in lower whorls; petals white; stamens 7-numerous; carpels spiral in ± globose head, each with 1 ovule. In autumn stolons tipped by small bud-like propagules are formed. Leaf-shape is notoriously variable in this genus and needs to be used with great caution. 1 1

3 3

Most or all emergent leaves strongly sagittate, with two long basal lobes 2 Most or all emergent or floating leaves linear to elliptic, rarely a few with short basal lobes 3 2 Achenes 4-6mm, with apical beak 1mm; petals without basal purple blotch; anthers yellow 2. S. latifolia Flowers and leaves floating; many leaves linear, usually some or all floating ones elliptic; filaments glabrous 4. S. subulata Flowers and leaves emergent; emergent leaves elliptic or rarely some with short basal lobes; filaments with scale-like hairs 3. S. rigida

1. S. sagittifolia L. - Arrowhead. Emergent leaves strongly sagittate; floating leaves often elliptic; submerged leaves linear; stems emergent, to 1m; flowers 2-3cm across; achenes 4-6mm, with beak 1mm; (2n=22). Intrd-natd; in canals; 2 places in S Devon since 1898, Merioneth, W Cork; N America. 4. S. subulata (L.) Buchenau - Narrow-leaved Arrowhead. Most leaves linear and submerged, none emergent; floating leaves elliptic; stems to 30cm, producing flowers on water surface; achenes 1.5-2.5mm, with beak 2x as long as wide, dehiscing outwards; style 1; capsule splitting along centre of ovary-cells; seeds with long fine projections at each end; 2n=26. Native; bogs and other wet peaty acid places on heaths, moors and mountains; common in Ir, Man and W & N Br, absent from most of C & E En and CI. Vegetatively distinct from Tofieldia (Tofieldiaceae) in leaf-margin glabrous (not with minute teeth along 1 edge near apex).

153. DIOSCOREACEAE - Black Bryony family Glabrous, twining, herbaceous perennials with subterranean tuber; leaves alternate, simple, entire, petiolate, stipulate. Flowers in axillary, simple or branched racemes, dioecious, inconspicuous, epigynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 tepals united only at base, sepaloid, all ± similar; stamens 6, vestigial in female flowers; ovary 3-celled, each cell with 2 ovules on axile placentas; style 1; stigmas 3, recurved, each 2-OREHGYHVWLJLDOLQPDOHIORZHUVIUXLWDEHUU\ZLWK”VHHGV The only herbaceous twiner with dioecious inconspicuous flowers and red berries except Bryonia (Cucurbitaceae), which has hairy, palmately lobed leaves and stemtendrils. 1. TAMUS L. - Black Bryony Perhaps better amalgamated with Dioscorea L., which is paraphyletic without it, but very distinct. 1. T. communis L. (Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin) - Black Bryony. Stems to 5m; leaves c.5-15 x 4-11cm, broadly ovate, strongly cordate; perianth yellowish-green, 3-6mm across; berry 10-13mm across, bright red; 2n=48. Native; scrambling over hedges, shrubs and wood-margins; local in CI, common in Br N to Cumberland and Co Durham, rarely intrd further N and in Ir.

154. MELANTHIACEAE ² Herb-Paris family (Trilliaceae)

Erect herbaceous rhizomatous perennials; leaves alternate or whorled, simple, entire, tapered at base, without stipules. Flowers solitary and terminal or in dense terminal panicles, bisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 or 8(-12) free tepals, green, the outer different or not from the inner; stamens 6 or 8(-12); ovary 3 or 4(-5)-celled with numerous ovules on axile placentas; style 1 with 4(-5) linear stigmas, or 3 each with capitate stigma; fruit a capsule, dry or succulent and berrylike. The 2 genera included here are starkly different in many respects, but by coincidence both have green tepals. Paris is unique in its stems with (3)4(-8) leaves

154. MELANTHIACEAE

855

in a whorl below the single terminal flower which has 2 whorls each of 4(-6) tepals. Veratrum is a tall erect plant with leafy stems and a terminal branching inflorescence of many flowers, which have the usual liliaceous structure. Other genera - VERATRUM viride Aiton (Green False-helleborine), from N America, has stems to 2m with many elliptic leaves and green flowers in profuse terminal panicles; 1 clump survived in Dunbarton from at least 1980 until c.1993. 1. PARIS L. - Herb-Paris 1. P. quadrifolia L. - Herb-Paris. Stems to 40cm; leaves (3)4(-8) in 1 whorl at top of stem, up to 15 x 8cm, elliptic to obovate; flower single, terminal, erect, long-stalked; tepals 8(-12), 2-3.5cm, patent, 4(-6) outer lanceolate, 4(-6) inner linear; stamens 8(12); ovary 4(-5)-celled; style 1; stigmas 4(-5), linear; fruit a dehiscent black berry; 2n=60. Native; in moist woods on calcareous soils; rather local in Br, absent from most of Wa, SW En and N & SW Sc.

155. ALSTROEMERIACEAE ² Peruvian Lily family Erect glabrous, herbaceous perennials with tuberous roots; leaves all on stems, alternate, simple, entire, sessile without stipules. Flowers few in terminal raceme or umbel, bisexual, conspicuous, epigynous, slightly zygomorphic; perianth of 6 free orange tepals, the 3 outer not obviously different from the 3 inner; stamens 6, curved; ovary 3-celled with numerous ovules on axile placentas; style 1 with 3lobed stigma; fruit a capsule splitting along centre of ovary cells. The only liliaceous plant with tall leafy stems, slightly zygomorphic flowers, orange tepals and an inferior ovary (Lilium and Hemerocallis have actinomorphic flowers and a superior ovary, and the latter has basal leaves). 1. ALSTROEMERIA L. - Peruvian Lily 1. A. aurea Graham (A. aurantiaca D. Don) - Peruvian Lily. Stems erect, to 1m; leaves 7-10cm, lanceolate; tepals 4-6cm, orange with red spots and streaks; stamens shorter than tepals; (2n=16). Intrd-natd; much grown in gardens, natd in grassy places, rough ground and old garden sites; scattered in Br N to Shetland, Man; Chile.

156. COLCHICACEAE ² Meadow Saffron family Corm-bearing perennial producing only flowers above ground late in year (but ovary then still subterranean) and leaves and fruits in spring; leaves few, all on stem, alternate, sheathing at base, simple, entire, without stipules; flowers 1-few, each arising separately from ground, very conspicuous, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 tepals united into long tube proximally, the 3 outer not obviously different from the 3 inner; stamens 6; ovary 3-celled with numerous ovules on axile placentas; styles 3 with linear stigmas; fruit a capsule splitting where ovary-cells meet. Unmistakable Crocus-like plant with pinkish to pale mauve flowers with 6 stamens and simple stigmas. 1. COLCHICUM L. - Meadow Saffron 1. C. autumnale L. - Meadow Saffron. Tepals with narrow erect tube 5-20cm; capsule(s) produced on stem with sheathing leaves; leaves up to 35 x 5cm; (2n=24,

R

156. COLCHICACEAE

856

36, 38, 42). Native; damp meadows and open woods on rich soils; local in C & S Br (common around Severn estuary), scattered N to N En, very local in S Ir, natd in rest of BI.

157. LILIACEAE - Lily family Usually erect, mostly glabrous, herbaceous perennials with a bulb; leaves few on stem, alternate or occasionally whorled, simple, entire, sessile or petiolate, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in racemes or few in umbel-like clusters, bisexual, usually conspicuous, hypogynous, actinomorphic; perianth of 6 free tepals, often brightly coloured, the 3 outer not obviously different from the 3 inner; stamens 6; ovary 3-celled with numerous (or fewer, down to 2) ovules on axile placentas; style 1 or 0, with 3 minute to capitate or linear stigmas; fruit a capsule. The much restricted Liliaceae are herbaceous plants with a bulb, 1-few leaves on stem, few basal leaves, 1 to usually few showy hypogynous flowers per inflorescence, 6 similar tepals, 3-celled ovary and fruit a capsule. There are only 3 native spp. in our flora, all now in Gagea. It has long been known that Cronquist's very broad Liliaceae should be subdivided, some of the segregate families belonging to different orders. This has now been confirmed by molecular data; the taxa in our flora should be divided into at least the 9 families recognised here. 1 1 3 3

Tepals 5mm; very rare 5. EPIPOGIUM 2 Flowers twisted upside down (as normal in orchids), hence labellum directed downwards; spur 0 3 3 Labellum 8-12mm, c.2x as long as other tepals, brown; flowers usually >20 4. NEOTTIA 3 /DEHOOXP”PPFDVORQJDVRWKHUWHSDOVZKLWLVK-cream with reddish PDUNLQJVIORZHUV” 8. CORALLORHIZA 4 Spur present, sometimes very short 5 4 Spur 0 13 5 Labellum with 3 lobes, the central 3-6cm, linear, ribbon-like, in a loose spiral 20. HIMANTOGLOSSUM 5 Labellum without a central ribbon-OLNHOREH•FP 6 6 Spur 3mm 9 7 Flowers greenish-brown; labellum parallel-sided, with 3 short apical lobes 15. COELOGLOSSUM 7 Flowers white, cream or greenish-white, sometimes with red or pink markings; labellum not parallel-sided, with 1 or more laterally protruding lobes on either side 8 8 Central lobe of labellum entire; flowers never with pink or red tinge or markings 13. PSEUDORCHIS 8 Central lobe of labellum conspicuously 2-3-lobed at apex; flowers often with pink or red tinge or markings 18. NEOTINEA 9 Labellum linear, entire; flowers always white (or green-tinged) 12. PLATANTHERA 9 Labellum not linear, lobed (if scarcely so then very wide); flowers pure white only in rare albinos 10 10 Spur >(8)11mm, filiform, >6x as long as widest point 11 10 6SXU”PPQRWILOLIRUP[DVORQJDVZLGHVWSRLQW 12 11 Labellum plane, not raised into plates; spike ± cylindrical; flowers strongly scented; each pollinium becoming detached separately, each with a small stalk and basal sticky pad 14. GYMNADENIA 11 Labellum with 2 raised plates near its base; spike pyramidal; flowers not scented; each pollinium with its own stalk but becoming detached together on a common sticky pad 19. ANACAMPTIS 12 Lower bracts herbaceous, green, often suffused purplish; labellum terminating in a single pointed to rounded tooth or lobe much smaller

860

13 13 15 15

17 17

19 19

21 21

23 23

158. ORCHIDACEAE

than or rarely nearly as large as the portions on either side 16. DACTYLORHIZA 12 Bracts membranous, brown, often suffused purplish; labellum terminating in a forked lobe (often with a tooth in the notch) larger than lobes on either side, or in a small truncate or notched lobe smaller than portions on either side 17. ORCHIS & 19. ANACAMPTIS Labellum yellow, c.3cm, concavely bowl-shaped; other tepals maroon, 3-5cm; very rare 1. CYPRIPEDIUM Labellum not concavely bowl-shaped; other tepals2cm, without tubercles 6. LIPARIS Labellum with 2 lobes at its apex exceeding all others 18 Labellum with 1 lobe at its apex exceeding all others, sometimes this slightly notched 19 18 Leaves 2, on stem; labellum with 0 or 2 small lateral lobes much shorter than 2 apical lobes 4. NEOTTIA 18 Leaves usually >2, the largest ones basal; labellum with 2 lateral lobes longer than 2 apical lobes 17. ORCHIS Flowers white to greenish- or yellowish-white, in 1-3 distinct spirals in spike, or if forming a strictly 1-sided spike then leaves all in basal rosette 20 Flowers white or whitish only in rare albinos, not in distinct spirals, if forming a strictly 1-sided spike then leaves mainly on stems 21 20 Shortly rhizomatous; leaves conspicuously net-veined, in basal rosettes; labellum not frilly at edge 10. GOODYERA 20 Tufted, with swollen roots; leaves not or inconspicuously net-veined, if in basal rosette then labellum frilly at edge 9. SPIRANTHES Main leaves 2(-3), basal; labellum with apical lobe and 2 shorter laterals, not constricted 11. HERMINIUM Main leaves (2)3-many, on stems (sometimes near base); labellum constricted at base of apical lobe, the proximal part often with 2 lateral lobes 22 22 Apical lobe of labellum pendent, nearly flat, entire 21. SERAPIAS 22 Apical lobe of labellum variously held, variously crenate, frilly, undulate or toothed 23 Flowers erect to erecto-patent, sessile; proximal part of labellum partly wrapped round column 2. CEPHALANTHERA Flowers patent to pendent, stalked; proximal part of labellum not wrapped round column 3. EPIPACTIS

TRIBE 1 - CYPRIPEDIEAE (genus 1). Stamens 2 plus a large sterile projection (staminode); pollen dispersed as separate grains; receptive stigmas 3; labellum a deeply concave bowl; spur 0; flower single (very rarely 2), terminal. 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. - Lady's-slipper 1. C. calceolus L. - Lady's-slipper. Stems to 30cm, rather hairy; leaves 3-4, all on RRR stem, ovate, hairy; labellum mainly yellow, c.3cm; other tepals maroon, 3-5cm, patent; (2n=20). Native; north-facing grassy slope on limestone; 1 locality in MW

1. CYPRIPEDIUM

861

Yorks, formerly widespread on limestone in N En, planted in a few sites in N En. TRIBE 2 - NEOTTIEAE (genera 2-4). Fertile stamen 1; pollen dispersed as 2 often rather friable (or 2, each with 2 halves) pollinia; receptive stigmas 2; third stigma 0 or a sterile bulge (rostellum); stamen borne at back of column; pollinia sessile or with an apical stalk, with or without a sticky pad; labellum of various shapes, often without well-marked lobes, often constricted near middle so delimiting proximal and distal parts, directed downwards; spur 0. 2. CEPHALANTHERA Rich. - Helleborines Shortly rhizomatous; leaves several, all on stem; flowers sessile or ± so, borne spirally, white or purplish-pink; labellum constricted c.1/2 way into proximal and distal parts, neither markedly lobed, the proximal part partly wrapped round column; rostellum 0; pollinia without stalks. 1 1

Flowers purplish-pink; ovaries with glandular hairs; labellum acute 3. C. rubra Flowers white with yellow or orange marks on labellum; ovaries glabrous; labellum obtuse 2 2 Lower leaves ovate to rather narrowly so; bracts longer than ovaries; sepals obtuse; ovary not twisted 1. C. damasonium 2 Lower leaves lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong; bracts shorter than ovaries; sepals acute; ovary twisted through 180° 2. C. longifolia

1. C. damasonium (Mill.) Druce - White Helleborine. Stems to 60cm; lower leaves R ovate to rather narrowly so; bracts longer than ovaries; flowers 3-11(16), white, 1525mm; sepals obtuse; (2n=32, 36, 54). Native; shady woods, commonly of Fagus with little ground cover, on chalk and limestone; locally frequent in S En N to Northants and Herefs. 1 x 2. C. damasonium x C. longifolia = C. x schulzei E.G. Camus, Bergon & A. Camus has occurred in a few places in S En in woodland with both parents; it is intermediate in leaf and flower characters. 2. C. longifolia (L.) Fritsch - Narrow-leaved Helleborine. Stems to 60cm; lower leaves RR lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblong; bracts shorter than ovaries; flowers 3-15(20), white, 10-16mm; sepals acute; (2n=32, 34). Native; woods and shady places on calcareous soils; much less common but much more widespread than C. damasonium, scattered in Br and Ir N to W Sutherland, decreasing. 3. C. rubra (L.) Rich. - Red Helleborine. Stems to 60cm; lower leaves lanceolate to RRR narrowly elliptic-oblong; bracts longer than ovaries; flowers 3-8(15), purplish-pink, 15-25mm; sepals acute; (2n=36, 44, 48). Native; Fagus woods on chalk or limestone, rarely with other vegetation; very rare in N Hants, Bucks and E Gloucs, formerly elsewhere in S En. 3. EPIPACTIS Zinn - Helleborines Rhizomatous, mostly shortly so; leaves several, all on stem; flowers distinctly pedicellate, borne spirally or ± on 1 side of stem, various dull colours; labellum usually differentiated c.1/2 way into proximal and distal parts, neither markedly lobed, the proximal part ± cup-shaped and not wrapped round column; rostellum obvious and secreting a white sticky cap (viscidium), or minute and with 0 or vestigial viscidium; pollinia without stalks. Spp. 5-8 form a problematical complex of self-pollinated plants in which sp. limits are uncertain and disputed. They can be distinguished from the other spp. by having a rostellum which secretes little or no viscidium that usually withers soon after the flower opens. In the other (cross-pollinated) spp. the rostellum is obvious

862

158. ORCHIDACEAE

and the viscidium remains in the open flower until removed along with the pollinia by visiting insects. This can be effected with a match-stick or similar object; when the viscidium is touched and the object pulled away the pollinia are drawn out with it. In the self-pollinated spp. the pollinia crumble apart and cannot easily be pulled out whole. 1 1

3 3

5 5

7 7

Rhizome long; labellum strongly constricted separating proximal and distal portions, the proximal with erect triangular lobe on each side 1. E. palustris Rhizome short or ± 0; labellum not or slightly constricted between proximal and distal portions, the proximal with 0 or obscure lateral lobes 2 2 Inflorescence-axis glabrous or nearly so; flowers pendent as soon as they open, but sometimes cleistogamous; leaves often shorter than internodes 8. E. phyllanthes 2 Inflorescence-axis hairy to densely so; at least younger flowers usually patent to erecto-patent; leaves usually longer than internodes 3 Ovary hairy to densely so; perianth usually reddish-purple all over, labellum always so 2. E. atrorubens Ovary glabrous to sparsely hairy; perianth usually greenish often marked or tinged with pink, purple or violet, but not so coloured all over even on labellum 4 4 Upper leaves usually spirally arranged; rostellum secreting obvious, white, persistent viscidium; pollinia becoming detached as integral units 5 4 Upper leaves usually obviously 2-ranked; rostellum without or with sparse, soon disappearing viscidium; pollinia crumbling apart 6 Leaves dark green, the lowest wider than long or almost so; distal part of labellum wider than long, with 2 usually rough brownish bosses near base 4. E. helleborine Leaves greyish-green, often tinged violet, the lowest considerably longer than wide; distal part of labellum at least as long as wide, with 2 smoothly pleated pinkish bosses near base 3. E. purpurata 6 Rostellum >1/2 as long as anthers; stigma with 2 basal bosses, with the rostellum forming a 3-horned shape 4. E. helleborine var. youngiana 6 5RVWHOOXP”1/2 as long as anthers; stigma without marked basal bosses hence not 3-horned 7 Distal part of labellum longer than wide, with an acuminate and not recurved apex; sometimes cleistogamous 5. E. leptochila Distal part of labellum wider than long or c. as wide as long, with an acute to apiculate recurved apex 8 8 Pedicel and base of ovary green to yellowish-green; Holy Island (Cheviot) only 7. E. sancta 8 Pedicel and base of ovary tinged pinkish-purple; not in Cheviot 6. E. dunensis

Other spp. - E. muelleri Godfery, from WC Europe, has been recorded from E Sussex; it differs from E. dunensis and E. leptochila in the sessile (not stalked) anther and subglabrous ovary, but identity of our plants needs checking. 1. E. palustris (L.) Crantz - Marsh Helleborine. Stems to 45(60)cm, hairy; leaves spiral, mostly >2x as long as wide; perianth predominantly white, with red and yellow markings; viscidium well developed; ovary hairy; (2n=40, 44, 46, 48). Native; fens, base-rich marshy fields, dune-slacks; locally frequent in BI N to M

3. EPIPACTIS

863

Perth, extinct in many inland sites. 2. E. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser - Dark-red Helleborine. Stems to 50(75)cm, densely RR whitish-hairy; leaves 2-ranked, mostly >2x as long as wide; perianth usually reddish-purple; viscidium well developed; ovary hairy; (2n=38, 40, 60). Native; limestone scrub, grassland, scree and rocky places; very locally frequent in CW Ir, Br N from N Wa (formerly Brecs) and Derbys. 2 x 4. E. atrorubens x E. helleborine = E. x schmalhausenii K. Richt. has been reported from N Wa, N En and N Sc with both parents, but due to its fertility is very difficult to determine certainly; the most convincing specimens are from Arnside Knott (Westmorland). 3. E. purpurata Sm. - Violet Helleborine. Stems to 60(80)cm, often densely clumped, R hairy above; leaves spiral, mostly >2x as long as wide; perianth predominantly green with white, pink-tinged labellum; viscidium well developed; ovary shortly hairy; (2n=40). Native; woods (often dense) on calcareous or sandy soil; frequent in SE & SC En N to Salop and Leics, Denbs. 3 x 4. E. purpurata x E. helleborine = E. x schulzei P. Fourn. has been reported frequently from within the area of E. purpurata, but is difficult to determine certainly due to its fertility. 4. E. helleborine (L.) Crantz (E. youngiana A.J. Richards & A.F. Porter) - Broadleaved Helleborine. Stems to 80(100)cm, hairy above; upper leaves spiral, 15; (2n=36). Native; on leaf-litter in shady woods, often of Fagus on calcareous soils; scattered throughout most of Br and Ir, locally frequent in S En. TRIBE 3 ² GASTRODIEAE (genus 5). Fertile stamen 1; pollen dispersed as 2 pollinia; receptive stigmas 2; third stigma a large sterile bulge (rostellum); stamen borne at back of column; pollinia with basal stalk and sticky pad; labellum with 2 short rounded lateral lobes at base, constricted near middle so delimiting proximal and distal parts, usually directed upwards; spur present, usually directed upwards. 5. EPIPOGIUM J.G. Gmel. ex Borkh. - Ghost Orchid 1. E. aphyllum Sw. - Ghost Orchid. Saprophytic, chlorophyll-less, with coral-like RRR rhizome producing thin creeping rhizomes; stems to 25cm, pinkish; leaves few, small and scale-like, pinkish; flowers 1-2(4), c.l5-20mm vertically across, patent to slightly pendent, pale pink; spur c. as long as labellum; (2n=68). Native; in deep shade of Fagus or Quercus woods on leaf-litter or rotten stumps; very rare in Herefs, Oxon and Bucks, most recently seen 2009 in Herefs, formerly Salop. TRIBE 4 ² MALAXIDEAE (genera 6-7). Fertile stamen 1; pollen dispersed as 2 pollinia; receptive stigmas 2; third stigma a minute sterile bulge (rostellum); stamen borne at apex of column; pollinia sessile, with minute sticky pads; labellum not or scarcely lobed, usually directed upwards; spur 0. 6. LIPARIS Rich. - Fen Orchid Leaves usually 2, on stem, green; stem with 2 basal tubers side-by-side; labellum directed upwards, downwards or any intermediate direction, frilly on margins, scarcely lobed. 1. L. loeselii (L.) Rich. - Fen Orchid. Stems to 20cm; leaves 2.5-8cm, elliptic; flowers RRR 3cm wide; perianth >4.5cm 2 Leaves ribbed but not pleated, 10mm, usually some shade of blue 11 10 Perianth with tepals free or fused for 4mm wide 2. A. cepa 2 Stem solid or nearly so, not inflated; leaves 4mm wide 2. A. cepa 2 Stem solid or ± so, not inflated; leaves 2x as long as central point 20. A. vineale 4 Spathe 2-valved; lateral points of inner 3 filaments 2cm wide 21. A. nigrum 14 Leaves 1.5cm wide at flowering 4. G. elwesii /HDYHV“OLQHDU” FPZLGHDWRUVRRQDIWHUIORZHULQJ 4 4 Leaf upperside with glaucous central band and dull green lateral bands 2. G. reginae-olgae 4 Leaf upperside wholly glaucous 1. G. nivalis

Other spp. - Natd (and most cultivated) plants formerly known as G. caucasicus (Baker) Grossh. are variants of G. elwesii without inner tepal basal green patches. 1. G. nivalis L. - Snowdrop. Stems to 20cm; leaves 5-15 x 0.4-1(1.4)cm at flowering, flat, linear, wholly glaucous; outer tepals 12-25mm; inner tepals 5-12mm, with green patch at apex only; often flore pleno; (2n=24-28, 36, 48). Intrd-natd; woods, damp grassy places, banks and streamsides; scattered throughout BI except NW Sc and W Ir; Europe. Flowers in winter or early spring with leaves. 1 x 3. G. nivalis x G. plicatus (?G. x grandiflorus Baker). Many plants named G. plicatus are probably this, intermediate in leaf-folding and often occurring in absence of 1 or both parents; certainly in SW & SE En. Both sspp. of G. plicatus are involved. 1 x 4. G. nivalis x G. elwesii occurs rarely in SE En where both parents are natd together; it is intermediate in size, leaf characters and tepal-patches. 2. G. reginae-olgae Orph. - Queen Olga's Snowdrop. Stems to 15cm; leaves (0)8-20 x 4-10(14)mm, flat or slightly folded under near base, linear, glaucous except for dull green lateral bands on upperside; outer tepals 15-25mm; inner tepals 9-12mm, with green patch at apex only; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; grassy places; W Kent; E Mediterranean. Differs from all other spp. in usually (but not always) flowering in late autumn or early winter before leaves appear; spring-flowering variants are sometimes recognised as ssp. vernalis Kamari. 3. G. plicatus M. Bieb. - Pleated Snowdrop. Stems to 18cm; leaves 4-20 x 0.5-1.6cm at flowering, with edges folded under, linear to slightly oblanceolate, glaucous with paler central band on upperside; outer tepals 15-25mm; inner tepals 7-12mm. Intrdnatd; occurrence as for G. elwesii; very scattered in Br, mainly S En, but relative distributions of sspp. unknown; Romania, Turkey and Crimea. Flowers in winter or early spring with leaves. a. Ssp. plicatus. Inner tepals with green patch at apex only; (2n=24). The commoner ssp., certainly from Cornwall to Kent and Moray; Romania and Crimea. b. Ssp. byzantinus (Baker) D.A. Webb. Inner tepals with green patches at apex and base, sometimes partly joining up; (2n=24). Certainly in SE & SW En; Turkey. 3 x 4. G. plicatus x G. elwesii (?G. x grandiflorus Baker) occurs in Cambs. 4. G. elwesii Hook. f. (G. caucasicus auct. non (Baker) Grossh.) - Greater Snowdrop. Stems to 25cm; leaves 5-30 x 0.6-3cm at flowering, inrolled, hooded at apex, oblanceolate, wholly glaucous; outer tepals 15-30mm; inner tepals 8-13mm, with green patches at base and apex or at apex only; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; commonly grown in gardens, natd in woods and damp grassland; very scattered in Br (mainly S En), Co Waterford; SE Europe to Caucasus. Flowers in winter or early spring with leaves. 5. G. woronowii Losinsk. (G. ikariae auct. non Baker, G. latifolius auct. non Rupr. nec Salisb.) - Green Snowdrop. Stems to 20cm; leaves 5-20 x 0.8-2cm at flowering, inrolled, hooded at apex, linear-oblanceolate, wholly green; outer tepals 16-26mm;

907

907

907

907

FIG 907 ² Galanthus, Leucojum, Tristagma. 1, Galanthus nivalis. 2, G. plicatus (leaf only). 3, G. elwesii. 4, Leucojum aestivum. 5, L. vernum. 6, Tristagma uniflorum.

908

161. ALLIACEAE

inner tepals 7-13mm, with green patch at apex only; (2n=24). Intrd-natd; grassy and marginal places; scattered in Br and Man; Aegean. Flowers in winter or early spring with leaves. 12. NARCISSUS L. - Daffodils Plant with bulb, not smelling of garlic or onion; leaves linear, flat to subcylindrical; IORZHUV VROLWDU\ RU IHZ UDUHO\ ”  LQ XPEHO SHQGHQW WR HUHFWR-patent, actinomorphic, with a corona; tepals and corona fused to form hypanthial tube between base of tepals and apex of ovary; tepals white to yellow, all similar; corona white to yellow or orange; ovary inferior; ovules numerous per cell; flowers appearing in spring, with or after leaves, sometimes flore pleno. An extremely popular garden genus with numerous interspecific hybrids and thousands of cultivars, many with uncertain parentage. Sp. limits are much disputed. For convenience the classification advocated by the Royal Horticultural Society is adopted here, but for botanical accuracy N. radiiflorus would probably be better as a ssp. of N. poeticus, and spp. 18-22 better as sspp. of N. pseudonarcissus, as indicated by the fact that hybrids between the spp. in these 2 groups are not recognised yet intermediates between them are very common. Many occur natd in fields, waysides, woods, rough ground, banks, etc., and are very difficult to classify. The descriptions mainly apply to the commonest wild variants of each taxon, but others (especially colour variants) occur and are then best assigned to the recognised Divisions of The International Daffodil Register (Kington 2008). This particularly applies to some of the hybrids, the extreme forms of which might key out with one of their parents and whose measurements might extend beyond those given in the descriptions. Division 1 - Flower 1, with corona at least as long as tepals ('Trumpet') Division 2 - Flower 1, with corona >1/3 as long as but shorter than tepals ('Largecupped') Division 3 - )ORZHUZLWKFRURQD”1/3 as long as tepals ('Small-cupped') Division 4 - Flore pleno variants of garden origin of any affinity Division 5 - Derivatives of N. triandrus, with characteristics of that species evident Division 6 - Derivatives of N. cyclamineus, with characteristics of that species evident Division 7 - Derivatives of N. jonquilla, with characteristics of that species evident Division 8 - Derivatives of N. tazetta, with characteristics of that species evident Division 9 - Derivatives of N. poeticus, with characteristics of that species evident Division 10 - Derivatives of N. bulbocodium, with characteristics of that species evident Division 11 ² Cultivars of any affinity with a split corona Division 12 ² Cultivars not fitting with any of the above 1 1

3 3

7HSDOVGLVWLQFWO\UHIOH[HGEDFNWKURXJK•ƒ 2 Tepals patent to erecto-patent or very slightly reflexed 7 2 Tepals reflexed back 180° or nearly so; most pollen fertile 3 2 Tepals reflexed back much less than 180°, often c.120-135°; most pollen sterile 4 Hypanthial tube 10-20mm; corona c. as long as wide; upper 3 stamens and stigma exserted from corona; leaves subcylindrical, 1.5-3mm wide 13. N. triandrus Hypanthial tube 2-3mm; corona distinctly longer than wide; all stamens and stigma included in corona; leaves flat or grooved on upperside, 3-6mm wide 26. N. cyclamineus 4 7HSDOV”PPPLGWRGHHS\HOORZ 5. N. x cyclazetta

12. NARCISSUS

5 5

7 7

9 9

11 11 13 13

15 15 17 17

19 19

21 21

4 Tepals >20mm, white to pale yellow 5 6WDPHQVFOHDUO\ERUQHLQVLGHFRUROODDWOHYHOVWKHXSSHUERUQH”PP DERYHEDVHDQG”PPDERYHORZHU 14. N. x taitii All 6 stamens borne at same level close to base of corolla 6 6 Tepals pale yellow, only slightly paler than corona 17. N. x monochromus 6 Tepals white to pale cream, clearly contrasting with deeper yellow corona 23. N. x dichromus 6WDPHQVFOHDUO\ERUQHLQVLGHFRUROODDWOHYHOVWKHXSSHUERUQH”PP DERYHEDVHDQG”PPDERYHORZHU 14. N. x taitii All 6 stamens borne at same level close to base of corolla 8 8 Corona 10mm, if 12mm; tepals 15-25mm; hypanthial tube widening distally 12. N. x odorus 26 Corona 2/3 as long as tepals; (2n=14, 21). Intrd-natd; occurrence as for N. x incomparabilis; wild Iberian and garden origin. Cultivars belong to Division 2. 10. N. x boutignyanus Philippe (N. poeticus x N. moschatus) ² Boutigny's Daffodil. Differs from N. x incomparabilis in tepals 25-40mm, white; corona often 20 flowers; bracts shorter than pedicels; tepals 6-13mm; (2n=16, 32). Native; woods and scrub; very local in SC En N to Hunts, rarely natd elsewhere in En and Wa 2. O. umbellatum L. - Star-of-Bethlehem. Stems to 30cm; inflorescence corymbose ZLWK”HUHFWIORZHUVEUDFWVVKRUWHUWKDQSHGLFHOVWHSDOV-30mm. Further study of wild plants is needed. a. Ssp. umbellatum. Bulb 15-25 x 18-30mm, with globose bulblets dormant in first \HDU OHDYHV SHU EXOE” IORZHUV ” WKHORZHVW ZLWK SHGLFHO FP DW DQWKHVLV outer tepals 20-30 x 7-9mm; 2n=54 (hexaploid). Intrd-natd; grassy places and marginal habitats; probably widely scattered in BI but unknown due to confusion with ssp. campestre, cytologically confirmed from Cambs; Europe. b. Ssp. campestre Rouy (O. angustifolium Boreau, O. umbellatum ssp. angustifolium (Boreau) P.D. Sell). Bulb 15-28 x 10-20mm, with tapering bulblets producing leaves LQ ILUVW \HDU OHDYHV SHU EXOE ” IORZHUV ” WKH ORZHVW ZLWK SHGLFHO ”FP DW anthesis; outer tepals 15-20 x 6-8mm; 2n=27, 28 (triploid). Probably native; grassy places, rough ground and open woods; scattered throughout Br and CI, but perhaps native only in E En; under-recorded for ssp. umbellatum. 3. O. nutans L. - Drooping Star-of-Bethlehem. Stems to 60cm; inflorescence a 1-sided raceme of 2-12 ± pendent bell-shaped flowers; bracts longer than pedicels; tepals 1530mm; (2n=14-16, 30, 40-42). Intrd-natd; grown in gardens, natd in grassy places; scattered in C & S Br, very sparse to N Sc; C Europe. 4. O. arabicum L. ² Tall Star-of-Bethlehem. Stems to 80cm; inflorescence a rather VKRUW FRQJHVWHG UDFHPH RI ”25 cup-shaped flowers; bracts shorter than

pedicels; tepals 15-32mm; (2n=36, 46, 50, 51). Intrd-natd; open vegetation

RR

162. ASPARAGACEAE

918

near sea, Guernsey, since 1990; Mediterranean. 6. SCILLA L. (Chionodoxa Boiss.) - Squills Plant with a bulb; leaves all basal, linear to linear-oblong; flowers each with 0 or 1 bract in a terminal raceme; tepals free or fused into tube much shorter than lobes, blue, rarely white or pink; ovary superior; fruit a capsule splitting along centre of ovary-cells. 1 1

3 3

5 5 7 7 9 9

Tepals united into proximal tube >1/5 but 4mm 5 4 Bracts 0 or 1 then close together and appearing ± as 1 elongated head 3 %UDFWRIORZHVWIHPDOHKHDG•FP•[DVORQJDVLQIORUHVFHQFHORZHVW female peduncle arising from bract axil but fused to main axis for short distance above axil; male heads mostly 2 3. S. angustifolium Bract of lowest female head 1 head on main branches; (2n=30). Native; by ponds, lakes, slow rivers and canals, in marshy fields and ditches; common throughout most of Bl. 1 Fruits distinctly shouldered below beak 2 1 Fruits gradually rounded below beak 3 2 Fruit with flat top (excl. beak) (3)4-6(7)mm across a. ssp. erectum 2 Fruit with rounded (domed) top (excl. beak) 2.5-4.5mm across b. ssp. microcarpum 3 Fruit ellipsoid, gradually tapered to beak, 2-4.5mm across c. ssp. neglectum 3 Fruit subglobose, abruptly contracted to beak, 4-7mm across d. ssp. oocarpum a. Ssp. erectum. Fruits often dark brown at apex, with flat top with beak in centre.

893

926

165. TYPHACEAE

Mainly C & S Br, Man, rare in Ir. b. Ssp. microcarpum (Neuman) Domin. Fruits often dark brown at apex, with rounded top very abruptly narrowed to beak. Throughout Br, Ir and Man. c. Ssp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt. Fruits pale brown, ellipsoid, gradually narrowed to beak. Throughout Br and Ir. d. Ssp. oocarpum ÿHODN  'RPLQ )UXLWV SDOH EURZQ VXEJORERVH DEUXSWO\ narrowed to beak. Ir, S & C Br, CI. Usually very few fruits form per head; possibly the hybrid ssp. erectum x ssp. neglectum. 2. S. emersum Rehmann - Unbranched Bur-reed. Stems erect, sometimes ± floating, to 60cm; aerial leaves strongly keeled at least in lower part, not inflated at base; inflorescence simple, the heads sessile or stalked; fruits ellipsoid, tapered to beak; (2n=30). Native; similar places to S. erectum but rarely not in water; frequent throughout BI. 2 x 3. S. emersum x S. angustifolium = S. x diversifolium Graebn. has been found in a few places in W Sc from Wigtowns to W Sutherland; it has the inflated leaf-bases of S. angustifolium and the remote male heads of S. emersum, and is fertile and backcrosses. 3. S. angustifolium Michx. - Floating Bur-reed. Stems usually floating (rarely erect), to 1m; leaves usually floating, inflated at base, flat distally; inflorescence simple, the heads sessile or stalked; fruits ellipsoid, tapered to beak; (2n=30). Native; in peaty, acid lakes or pools; local in W Wa, NW En, W & N Sc, Ir, S Hants. 4. S. natans L. (S. minimum Wallr.) - Least Bur-reed. Stems usually floating (very rarely erect), to 50cm; leaves usually floating, barely inflated at base, flat; inflorescence simple, the heads sessile or stalked; fruits ellipsoid-obovoid, tapered to beak; (2n=30). Native; in acid or alkaline lakes, pools or ditches with high organic content; scattered over most of Br and Ir but absent from most of C & S En, CI and S Wa. 2. TYPHA L. ² Bulrushes Flowers crowded in a dense cylindrical complex spike, the male distal, the female more proximal; perianth of few-many bristles and/or narrow scales; male flowers with 1-5 stamens with usually fused filaments; female flowers with stigma clavate to linear; fruit a small 1-seeded capsule. 1. T. latifolia L. - Bulrush. Stems erect, to 3m, usually overtopped by some leaves; leaves 8-24mm wide; male and female parts of spike usually contiguous (rarely ”FP DSDUW  IHPDOH SDUW PRVWO\ -30mm wide, without scales (but with many bristles); 2n=30. Native; reed-swamps, lakes, ponds, slow rivers, ditches; frequent throughout most of BI but absent from much of N & W Sc. 1 x 2. T. latifolia x T. angustifolia = T. x glauca Godr. occurs in scattered places throughout En, Wa and Ir and in Stirlings and is probably overlooked; it is variously intermediate in all characters and highly but not completely sterile (N.B. many sterile female flowers often present in both parents also). 2. T. angustifolia L. - Lesser Bulrush. Differs from T. latifolia in leaves 3-6(10)mm wide; male and female parts of inflorescence separated by (0.5)3-8(12)cm; female part mostly 13-25mm wide, with dark scales as well as bristles; (2n=30, 60). Native; similar places to T. latifolia but often on more organic soils; scattered throughout BI N to C Sc, but absent from Man and most of Ir.

166. BROMELIACEAE - Rhodostachys family Glabrous, glaucous, dome-shaped, evergreen, almost woody plants; leaves in close spiral, simple, linear, with strong spines on margins, sessile with sheathing base,

893 893 R 893 893

893

893

166. BROMELIACEAE

927

without stipules. Flowers ± sessile in dense ± globose terminal heads c.5cm across, bisexual, epigynous, ± actinomorphic; perianth of 3 outer and 3 inner free tepals, coloured; stamens 6; ovary 3-celled, each cell with numerous ovules on axile placenta; style 1; stigmas 3, linear; fruit a berry. Unmistakable large dome-shaped pineapple-like plants with spiny linear leaves and globose inflorescences. 1 1

Inflorescences ± sessile in terminal leaf-rosettes; petals blue, with basal scale-like nectaries; leaves flat distally, with marginal spines ± all apically directed 1. FASCICULARIA Inflorescences arising from terminal leaf-URVHWWHVRQGLVWLQFWVWDONV•FP petals pink, without scale-like nectaries; leaves concave throughout, with the lower marginal spines patent to recurved 2. OCHAGAVIA

1. FASCICULARIA Mez - Rhodostachys Inflorescences sessile; petals blue, with basal scale-like nectaries. 1. F. bicolor (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez (F. pitcairniifolia auct. non (Verl.) Mez) Rhodostachys. Plant dome-shaped, to 75cm high and 2m across; leaves up to 35cm, with sharp marginal forward-directed spines, the lower spines patent with forward -directed tips, the most apical leaves turning red at base at flowering. Intrd-surv; well established where planted on maritime dunes or shingle in Scilly, mainland W Cornwall and Guernsey; Chile. 2. OCHAGAVIA Phil. - Tresco Rhodostachys Inflorescences stalked; petals pink, without scale-like nectaries. 1. O. carnea (Beer) L.B. Sm. & Looser - Tresco Rhodostachys. Very similar to F. bicolor in general appearance but leaves shorter (1.5mm wide; tepals rarely with dark line on either side of midrib; anthers usually 0.3-1.1x as long as filaments; seeds without longitudinal ridges visible with x20 lens (beware shrivelled seeds) 4 4 Inner tepals rounded to emarginate and mucronate at apex; capsule

1. JUNCUS

truncate at apex, at least as long as inner tepals 23. J. ranarius Inner tepals acute to subacute at apex; capsule acute to obtuse at apex, rarely ± truncate, usually shorter than inner tepals 22. J. bufonius 5 Outer 3 tepals obtuse to rounded at apex 6 5 Outer 3 tepals acute to acuminate at apex 7 6 Anthers 0.5-1mm, 1-2x as long as filaments; style 0.1-0.3mm, 18. J. compressus 20-flowered; stems usually >50cm 5 4 Inflorescence in lower 2/3(-3/4) of apparent stem, ± globose; stem with subepidermal sclerenchyma girders, with fine longitudinal ridges when dry 26. J. filiformis 4 Inflorescence in upper 1/4 of apparent stem, usually elongated; stem without subepidermal sclerenchyma girders, not ridged when dry 25. J. balticus 5 Fresh stems dull, ridged, with usually 35 ridges when dry; main bract scarcely opened out at base adjacent to inflorescence, not hingeing over backwards at end of season 6 6 Capsule as long as or longer than tepals, 2.5-3.5mm when fully

929

168. JUNCACEAE

930

fertile; stamens 6; larger stems usually >1.2m 30. J. pallidus Capsule shorter than tepals, 2-2.5mm when fully fertile; stamens 3(-6); stems usually 1mm 11. J. castaneus 12 Outer tepals obtuse to rounded; capsule 2.5x as long as opening 3 Uppermost leaf-sheath with transverse, ± orbicular opening c.1 x 1mm, with leaf-blade c.5-10x as long as opening; fruit produced 2. T. cespitosum Uppermost leaf-sheath with slightly oblique, broadly elliptic opening c.1-1.5(2) x 1mm, with leaf-blade c.2.5-5x as long as opening; fruit not produced even on non-proliferating plants 2 x 3. T. x foersteri

RR

944

169. CYPERACEAE

E 1. T. alpinum (L.) Pers. (Scirpus hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald) - Cotton Deergrass. Rather diffusely tufted; stems erect, to 20(30)cm, very slender, with 3 rounded 947 angles, slightly scabrid near apex; perianth-bristles elongating to 10-25mm, forming white cottony head at fruiting; (2n=58). Native; bog in Angus from 1791 to 1804. 2. T. cespitosum (L.) Hartm. (Scirpus cespitosus L.) ² Northern Deergrass. Densely RRR tufted, but forming smaller tufts with weaker stems and smaller spikelets than T. 947 germanicum; stems erect, to 25cm, very slender, ± terete, smooth; uppermost leafsheath (pull out terminal stem!) with transverse, ± orbicular opening c.1 x 1mm, with leaf-blade c.5-10x as long as opening; stems without aerenchyma; spikelets with 3-10 flowers, never proliferating; perianth-bristles remaining shorter than glumes, pale brown. Native; bogs, wet moors and heaths, usually in wetter places than T. germanicum; very scattered in N En, Sc (N to Shetland) and Ir, very rare in CW & SW En. 2 x 3. T. cespitosum x T. germanicum = T. x foersteri (Swan) D.A. Simpson (T. cespitosum nothossp. foersteri Swan) differs from parents as in key (couplets 2 & 3); sterile; flowers often proliferating; spikelets falling early, leaving characteristic bare stems. Similar distribution to T. cespitosum but commoner and also very scattered in Wa. Usually with T. germanicum but T. cespitosum often absent. 3. T. germanicum Palla (T. cespitosum ssp. germanicum (Palla) Hegi) ² Deergrass. 947 Differs from T. cespitosum in stems to 35(60)cm; uppermost leaf-sheath with oblique, elliptic opening c.1.8-3(5) x 1mm, with leaf-blade c.2x as long as opening; stem sections with aerenchyma gaps clearly visible in photosynthetic tissue; spikelets with 8-20 flowers, sometimes proliferating. Native; bogs, wet moors and heaths; common throughout Br and Ir in suitable places, mostly on solid peat, but absent from most of C & E En. Other characters of sheaths and bristles often quoted seem unreliable. The aerenchyma in the green photosynthetic tissue is visible in stem sections at x20, but is better observed at x50. There is a chromosome count of (2n=104) for T. cespitosum sensu lato; T. germanicum has larger stomata than T. cespitosum, probably indicating a higher chromosome number. 3. BOLBOSCHOENUS (Asch.) Palla (Scirpus sect. Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Beetle) - Sea Club-rush Strongly rhizomatous perennials; stems with 3 acute angles, leafy; leaves flattened, widely V-shaped in section; inflorescence of (1)3-many spikelets either sessile or variously clustered on 1-several stalks; lowest bract leaf-like; flowers bisexual; perianth-bristles 1-6, not elongating in fruit; stamens 3; ovary not enfolded or enclosed by glume; stigmas 2-3. 1. B. maritimus (L.) Palla (Scirpus maritimus L.) - Sea Club-rush. Stems strong, erect, to 1m; leaves long, 2-10mm wide; spikelets 10-40mm, dark brown; (2n=40, 55-60, 80, 86, 96, 104, 110). Native; wet muddy places in estuaries or by sea; common round coasts of BI except extreme N Sc, rarely inland. 4. SCIRPUS L. - Wood Club-rush Strongly rhizomatous perennials; stems with 3 rounded angles, leafy; leaves flat; inflorescence of very numerous spikelets 1-several on ends of diffusely branching panicle; lowest bract leaf-like; flowers bisexual; perianth-bristles 6, not elongating in fruit; stamens 3; ovary not enfolded or enclosed by glume; stigmas 3. 1. S. sylvaticus L. - Wood Club-rush. Stems strong, erect, to 1.2m; leaves long, 520mm wide; spikelets 2.5-6mm, greenish-brown; 2n=62. Native; by streams and in marshes and damp spots in woods or shady places; locally frequent over Br and Ir N to C Sc.

5. SCHOENOPLECTUS

945

5. SCHOENOPLECTUS (Rchb.) Palla (Scirpus sects. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook. f. & Pterolepis (Schrad.) Asch. & Graebn.) - Club-rushes Strongly rhizomatous perennials; stems terete or triangular in section with acute angles; leaf-sheaths mostly blade-less but uppermost 1(-3) with rather short blade; leaves crescent-shaped in section; inflorescence of (1-)few to numerous variously stalked or sessile ovoid spikelets 5-8mm; lowest bract ± stem-like, making inflorescence appear lateral; flowers bisexual; perianth-bristles 0-6, not elongating in fruit; stamens 3; ovary not enfolded or enclosed by glume; stigmas 2-3. 1 1

3 3

Stems terete 2 Stems triangular in section with acute angles 3 2 Glumes (except apical projection) smooth; stigmas mostly 3; nut 2.5-3mm, mostly 3 angled 1. S. lacustris 2 Glumes minutely (x20 lens) but densely papillose at least near midrib and apex; stigmas 2; nut 2-2.5mm, biconvex or plano-convex 2. S. tabernaemontani Glumes with rounded to obtuse lobe on either side of apical projection; stems with uppermost 1(-2) leaf-sheaths with blades; perianth-bristles 3. S. triqueter 6, >1/2 as long as nut Glumes with acute to subacute lobe on either side of apical projection; stems with uppermost 2-3 leaf-sheaths with well-developed blades; 4. S. pungens perianth-bristles 0-6, 6), in tight cluster; (2n=74, 78). Native; pond-margin in Jersey (not seen since early 1970s) and wet dune-slacks in S Lancs (discovered 1909, lost 1972, now re-introduced from same stock).

946

169. CYPERACEAE

6. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. - Spike-rushes Perennials with long or short stout and/or slender rhizomes; stems terete to ridged, with blade-less leaf-sheaths; leaf-blades 0 (some spikelet-less stems may resemble basal leaves); inflorescence of 1 terminal spikelet; lowest bract glume-like; flowers bisexual; perianth of 0-6 bristles, not elongating in fruit; stamens 3; ovary not enfolded or enclosed by glume; stigmas 2 or 3. 1 1

3 3

5 5

2 Lowest glume >(2/5)1/2 as long as spikelet; spikelets 3-12-flowered 4 Lowest glume 15cm; leaves usually curved, reaching or nearly reaching inflorescence, crescent-shaped in section when fresh; coastal 14. C. maritima 11 Stems rarely 1, the upper (male) different in appearance from the lower (female); utricles hairy 1 8WULFOHVZLWKFRQVSLFXRXVO\ELILGEHDN•PP 2 1 Utricles with truncate to notched beak 0-0.5mm 3 2 Lower leaf-sheaths usually hairy; utricles 4.5-7mm, with beak 1.5-2.5mm 23. C. hirta 2 Leaf-sheaths glabrous; utricles 3.5-5mm, with beak 0.5-1mm 24. C. lasiocarpa 3 Rhizomes extended; stems not or loosely tufted, often borne singly 4 3 Rhizomes very short; stems densely tufted 7 4 Male spikes (1)2-3; lowest female spike clearly stalked, pendent to erecto-patent 36. C. flacca 4 Male spike 1; lowest female spike sessile or with concealed stalk, erect 5 5 Leaves ± glaucous, erect; lowest living leaf-sheaths reddish-brown; stems usually >20cm 55. C. filiformis 5 Leaves not glaucous, usually ± recurved; lowest living leaf-sheaths mid- to dark-brown; stems usually 1/2 of stem length; stems much shorter than leaves; female spikes with 2-4 flowers 53. C. humilis 7 Inflorescence occupying 4 flowers 8 8 Flowering stems arising laterally, from leaf axils, leafless; female VSLNHV”PPZLGHRYHUWRSSLQJPDOH 9 8 )ORZHULQJVWHPVWHUPLQDOOHDI\DWEDVHIHPDOHVSLNHV•PPZLGH falling short of top of male 10 9 Utricles 3-4.5mm; female glumes purplish-brown, c. as long as utricles; female spikes arising 1 above the other; basal leaf-sheaths crimson 51. C. digitata 9 Utricles 2-3mm; female glumes pale brown, much shorter than utricles; female spikes all arising at ± same point; basal leaf-sheaths brown 52. C. ornithopoda 10 Lowest bract with sheath 3-5mm 54. C. caryophyllea 10 Lowest bract with sheath 0-2mm 11 11 Lowest bract usually green, leaf-like; female glumes brown or reddishbrown; beak of utricle 0.3-0.5mm 58. C. pilulifera 11 Lowest bract brown, glume-like or bristle-like; female glumes purplishEODFNEHDNRIXWULFOH”PP 12 12 Female glumes obtuse, with scarious minutely hairy margin; utricles 2-3mm; leaves mostly >2mm wide, rigid, recurved 56. C. ericetorum 12 Female glumes subacute (to obtuse) and mucronate, with hyaline (but not scarious) glabrous margin; utricles 3-4.5mm; leaves mostly 1, the upper (male) different in appearance from the lower (female); utricles glabrous; stigmas 2 1 Utricles with distinct forked or notched beak >0.3mm 2 1 8WULFOHVZLWKRULQGLVWLQFWWUXQFDWHRUPLQXWHO\QRWFKHGEHDN”PP 5 2 Female glumes almost entirely hyaline so that female spikes are silvery-white 74. C. buchananii

956

169. CYPERACEAE

2 Female glumes hyaline only at edges; female spikes not silvery-white 3 Utricles not inflated; female glumes 3-5mm, acute to acuminate; female spikes up to 5cm 25. C. acutiformis 3 Utricles inflated; female glumes 2-3mm, subacute; female spikes up to 3cm 4 4 Utricles 3-3.5mm, containing nut, ± not ribbed 31. C. saxatilis 4 Utricles (3)4-5(6)mm, empty, distinctly ribbed 30. C. x grahamii 5 Stomata present almost equally on both leaf surfaces; at least the most SUR[LPDOIHPDOHJOXPHVRQORZHVWVSLNHVXVXDOO\ZLWKDSLFDOSRLQWV•1/3 as long as rest of glume; very rare, and only near coast at near sea-level 6 5 Stomata present only or very largely on adaxial or abaxial leaf surface; female glumes without or with very short apical points; widespread 8 6 Longest apical points on female glumes >1/2 as long as rest of glume; leaves not inrolled, 3-7mm wide 66. C. recta 6 Longest apical points on female glumes 25cm, with 3 rounded angles, brittle; female glumes often 3-veined; stomata present only or predominantly on adaxial leaf surface 68. C. aquatilis 10 Lowest bract shorter than inflorescence; stems usually 1, the upper (male) different in appearance from the lower (female); utricles glabrous; stigmas 3; lowest spike pendent 1 Lower leaf-sheaths and lowerside of blades hairy 50. C. pallescens 1 Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous 2 2 8WULFOHVZLWKGLVWLQFWIRUNHGRUQRWFKHGEHDNXVXDOO\•PPPP in C. atrofusca and C. acutiformis) 3 2 8WULFOHVZLWKEHDNRU”PPDQGZLWKWUXQFDWHREOLTXHRUYHU\ slightly notched apex 12 3 0DOHVSLNHV• 4 3 Male spike 1 8 4 Rhizomes extended; stems not or loosely tufted, often borne singly 5 4 Rhizomes very short; stems densely tufted 7 5 Female glumes 6-10mm, exceeding utricles 26. C. riparia 5 Female glumes 4-6mm, mostly shorter than utricles 6

16. CAREX

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17

957

6 Utricles 3.5-5mm, with beak 1/2 exposed 10 Utricles with scabrid beaks; lower female spikes with peduncles >1/2 ensheathed 11 10 Female spikes 3-5mm wide; female glumes 3-5mm; ligules 5mm 27. C. pseudocyperus Leaves 5-12mm wide; female glumes acuminate; ligules 7-15mm 40. C. laevigata Leaves 2-5(7)mm wide; female glumes obtuse and mucronate; ligules 1-2mm 41. C. binervis 12 Male spikes (1)2-3; utricles papillose 36. C. flacca 12 Male spike usually 1; utricles not papillose 13 Rhizomes very short; stems densely tufted 14 Rhizomes extended; stems not or loosely tufted, often borne singly 16 14 )HPDOHVSLNHV”FPDULVLQJYHU\FORVHWRJHWKHUDOOOHDYHVPP wide; plant rarely >30cm 34. C. capillaris 14 )HPDOHVSLNHV•FPZHOOVSDFHGRXWDORQJVWHPODUJHVWOHDYHV >4mm wide; plant rarely 1.5x as long as utricles; lowest spike with 1-2 male flowers at base 62. C. magellanica 16 Female glumes at least as wide as utricles, acute to obtuse (sometimes mucronate) at apex, 3-5(5.5)mm, 1, the upper (male) different in appearance from the lower (female); utricles glabrous; stigmas 3; lowest spike erect to patent 1 Lower leaf-sheaths and lowerside of blades hairy 50. C. pallescens 1 Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous 2 2 Utricles papillose 36. C. flacca 2 Utricles not papillose 3 3 /RZHVWEUDFWQRWVKHDWKLQJDWEDVHRUZLWKVKHDWK”PP 4 3 Lowest bract with distinct sheathing base >3mm 9 4 Male glumes 7-9mm, acuminate; female glumes longer than utricles 26. C. riparia 4 Male glumes 3-7mm, obtuse to acute; female glumes shorter than

958

5 5

7 7

9 9 11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17

19

169. CYPERACEAE

utricles 5 Beak >1mm 6 Beak 5mm wide; female spikes 2-5cm 25. C. acutiformis Stems hollow, triangular in section with flat to convex faces and rounded angles; all or most leaves 1x as long as rest of spikelet; lowest 2 lemmas 3.5-PPDZQVYHU\UDUH”PP Q  ,QWUG -casual; rather frequent alien from grain, wool and other sources in waste ground and on tips; scattered in Br, CI; Mediterranean. Spikelets usually very narrow, well sunk in concavities of rhachis and largely concealed by glume; easily confused with poorly-grown L. perenne if vegetative characters are ignored. 4. L. temulentum L. - Darnel. Annual to 75(100)cm; spikelets with 4-10(15) florets; E glume 3/4-1.5x as long as rest of spikelet; lowest 2 lemmas (4.6)5-8.5mm; awns SUHVHQWRIWHQ•PP RUOHVVRIWHQQ  $UFKDHRSK\WHEXWQRZRQO\FDVXDO formerly common in cornfields, now casual on tips and waste places from many sources especially grain; scattered in BI; Mediterranean. 5. L. remotum Schrank - Flaxfield Rye-grass. Annual to 75cm; spikelets with 4-10 florets; glume 2/3-1.5x as long as rest of spikelet; lowest 2 lemmas 3.5-5(5.5)mm; DZQ SUHVHQW ”PP  RU PRUH RIWHQ  Q   ,QWUG-casual; formerly a typical flaxfield alien, now a very occasional alien from grain and other sources; scattered and sporadic in En, formerly Midlothian and N Ir; E Europe. 19 x 20. LOLIUM x FESTUCA = X FESTULOLIUM Asch. & Graebn. Hybrids between Lolium and Festuca in the current sense are very rare. L. perenne x

X FESTULOLIUM

999

F. rubra = X F. fredericii Cugnac & A. Camus has been found in Sweden but the record from Br was an error. 20. FESTUCA L. - Fescues Perennials with or without rhizomes, without stolons; sheaths not fused or fused; leaves without auricles, or with short rounded auricles not clasping stem; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets with (2)3-many florets all (except the most apical) bisexual, sometimes proliferating; glumes not markedly unequal; lemmas rounded on back, 3-5-veined, acuminate to subacute at apex, awned or not; stamens 3. The F. rubra (spp. 3-5) and F. ovina (spp. 6-13) aggs are extremely critical, and accurate identification requires considerable experience and often the aid of leafsections, leaf epidermis characters and chromosome numbers. Shaded, droughted, crowded-out or otherwise starved plants should be avoided. The classifications of these aggs adopted here follow the results of intensive studies by A.-K.K.A. AlBermani and M.J. Wilkinson respectively. Leaf, sheath and ligule characters refer to leaves on tillers unless otherwise stated. Spikelet lengths are not total spikelet lengths, but the length from the base of the lower glume to the apex (excl. awn) of the fourth lemma; lengths of spikelets with only 3 florets are obtained by addition to the total length of an increment equal to the distance between the tips of the second and third lemmas. Lemma lengths exclude awns, and refer to only the lowest 2 per spikelet. Awn lengths are calculated by averaging the lengths of all the awns of one spikelet, and then finding the mean of this value for 5-10 spikelets. All measurements given are a range of means of 5-10 measurements per plant (not a range of extremes). The distinction between extravaginal and intravaginal tillers is fundamental. The latter arise parallel to the parent shoot and remain enclosed within the parental sheath for some distance. The former arise ± at right angles to the parent shoot and break through the parental sheath at its base. Rhizomes always start off extravaginally; hence the presence of rhizomes indicates the existence of extravaginal shoots, but the absence of rhizomes does not necessarily mean that all tillers are intravaginal. Sheath fusion should be observed on the next to most apical sheath of a tiller by stripping off all the more mature sheaths below it. 1 1

3 3

5

Leaves of culms and tillers flat (or folded longitudinally when dry), >4mm wide (or >2mm from midrib to edge) 2 Leaves of tillers and usually culms folded longitudinally or the edges also LQUROOHG”PPZLGHRU”PPIURPPLGULEWRHGJH  3 2 Leaves 4-14mm wide; ligules >1mm; lemmas 3-veined, awnless; rhizomes 0; ovary with hairy apex 1. F. altissima 2 /HDYHV”PPZLGHOLJXOHVPPOHPPDV-veined, awned; rhizomes present; ovary with glabrous apex 5. F. rubra Ovary obovoid, free from palea, with hairy apex; most of lemma width translucent, not green; leaves all folded, with sharp apices; ligules 0.5-1mm 2. F. gautieri Ovary ellipsoid to oblong, adherent to palea, usually glabrous, if with hairy apex then culm leaves flat; most of lemma width green, not WUDQVOXFHQWOHDYHVZLWKRXWVKDUSDSLFHVOLJXOHV”PP 4 4 Young leaves on tillers with sheaths fused almost up to top; 5 some or all tillers extravaginal (3-5. F. rubra agg.) 4 Young leaves on tillers with sheaths not fused near apex but with overlapping margins; all tillers intravaginal (6-13. F. ovina agg.) 7 Ovary (and caryopsis) with hairy apex; leaves with 3(-5) veins; leaves of culms and tillers markedly different, the former flat and 2-4mm wide, WKHODWWHUIROGHGDQG”PPIURPPLGULEWRHGJH 3. F. heterophylla

977

1000

5

7 7

9 9

11 11

13 13

170. POACEAE

Ovary (and caryopsis) glabrous; leaves with 5-9(11) veins; leaves of culms and tillers similar to obviously different 6 6 Leaves with densely hairy adaxial ribs, rounded on midrib abaxially, with at least some abaxial sclerenchyma continuous or semicontinuous, with distinct sclerenchyma bundles in adaxial ribs; always coastal 4. F. arenaria 6 Leaves with scabrid or sparsely hairy adaxial ribs, obtuse to keeled on midrib abaxially, with abaxial sclerenchyma in discrete bundles, often without or with very sparse sclerenchyma in adaxial ribs; coastal or inland 5. F. rubra Leaves with 5-9 veins, with 4(-6) adaxial grooves; lemmas with awns usually >1.2mm and often >1.6mm 8 Leaves with 5-7 veins, with 2(-4) adaxial grooves; lemmas with awns 31.5μm b. ssp. hirtula 2 Awns 0-1.2mm; leaves and lemmas usually scabrid; stomata mostly 1.3mm wide when flattened; inflorescence normally well exserted from uppermost sheath at maturity 2. V. bromoides 4 Lower glume 0.4-2.5mm, 1/10-2/5 as long as upper; lemmas usually 2mm. 1. V. fasciculata (Forssk.) Fritsch (V. membranacea auct. non (L.) Dumort.) - Dune Fescue. Culms to 50cm; inflorescence a panicle or raceme 3-11cm; spikelets 10-18mm excl. awns, with distal group of 3-6 reduced sterile florets; lower glume 0.1-2.6mm, 1 floret with a long awn are easily confused with Avenula, but in the latter the spikelets are longer and the lowest awn arises from higher up the lemma. 36. AVENA L. - Oats Annuals; inflorescence a diffuse panicle; spikelets with 2-3 florets all bisexual or the distal 1 or 2 reduced and male or sterile; glumes subequal, 7-11-veined; lemmas 7-9veined, bifid or with 2 bristles at apex, with or without long, bent, dorsal awn; rhachilla-segments with or without hair-tuft; ovary hairy at apex or all over. A difficult genus, in which general appearance and size of parts are often of little value. For accurate determination spikelets with fully ripe fruits are needed. 1 1

3

3

Lemmas bifid, the 2 apical points (1)3-9mm and each with 1 or more veins entering from main body of lemma and reaching apex 2 Lemmas bifid, the 2 apical points 0.5-2mm and without veins or with vein(s) not reaching apex 3 2 Rhachilla disarticulating between florets at maturity, releasing 1-fruited disseminules each with elliptic basal scar; lemmas with 1. A. barbata dense long hairs on lower 1/2 2 Rhachilla not disarticulating at maturity, whole spikelets acting as disseminules, or the florets breaking away irregularly without basal 2. A. strigosa scar; lemmas glabrous or sparsely hairy on lower 1/2 Rhachilla not disarticulating at maturity, whole spikelets acting as disseminules, or the florets breaking away irregularly without basal scar; lemmas usually unawned, if awned then awn nearly straight, usually glabrous 5. A. sativa Rhachilla disarticulating at maturity at least above glumes, often also between florets, hence at least lowest floret with basal scar; lemmas with long, strongly bent awns, usually hairy 4 4 Rhachilla disarticulating at maturity above glumes only, releasing 2-3-fruited disseminules, hence only lowest floret with (ovate) basal scar; longer glume mostly 25-30mm 4. A. sterilis 4 Rhachilla disarticulating at maturity between florets, releasing 1-fruited disseminules each with ovate basal scar; longer glume mostly 18-25mm 3. A. fatua

Other spp. - A. byzantina K. Koch (Algerian Oat) is a minor Mediterranean crop occasionally occurring as a grain contaminant; it differs from A. sativa (in which it is often included) in that the rhachilla eventually breaks just above (not just below) each floret and hence remains attached to the next floret above (not to the next floret below). 1. A. barbata Pott ex Link - Slender Oat. Stems to 1m; spikelets with 2-3 florets, each with basal scar; longer glume 15-30mm; lowest lemma 12-18mm, hairy in lower 1/2, plus 2 apical points 3-5mm; (2n=28). Intrd-natd; rare grain-alien;

36. AVENA

1019

scattered in En & Sc N to C Sc, natd in Guernsey since 1970, perhaps overlooked for A. strigosa; Mediterranean. 2. A. strigosa Schreb. - Bristle Oat. Stems to 1.2m; spikelets with 2-3 florets, none with basal scar; longer glume 15-26mm; lowest lemma 10-17mm, usually glabrous in lower 1/2, plus 2 apical points 3-9mm and 2 smaller fine bristles alongside; (2n=14, 28). Intrd-natd; formerly (rarely still) grown as minor crop in Wa, Sc and Ir and then a frequent (now very local) cornfield weed sometimes natd, much decreased in En, also infrequent casual grain-alien; Spain. 3. A. fatua L. - Wild-oat. Stems to 1.5m; spikelets with 2-3 florets, each with basal scar; longer glume (15)18-25mm; lowest lemma 14-20mm, hairy in lower 1/2, plus 2 DSLFDO SRLQWV ”PP Q  $UFKDHRSK\WH ZHHG RI DUDEOH ZDVWH DQG URXJK ground; common in most of En, very scattered elsewhere in BI; Europe. 3 x 5. A. fatua x A. sativa = A. x hybrida Peterm. occurs rarely in Br in and around fields of A. sativa infested by A. fatua; it resembles A. sativa but shows the influence of A. fatua in its longer awns and tardily disarticulating spikelets, with variable, often high, fertility. 4. A. sterilis L. (A. ludoviciana Durieu) - Winter Wild-oat. Stems to 1.5m; spikelets with 2-3 florets, of which only the lowest has basal scar; longer glume (20)25-30(32) mm; lowest lemma 15-25mm, hairy in lower 1/2 SOXV  DSLFDO SRLQWV ”PP (2n=42). Intrd-casual; similar places to A. fatua but usually on heavy soils and replacing it there; formerly frequent, now scattered in CS & SE En, also rare but increasing wool- and grain-alien elsewhere; S Europe. Our plant is ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne. Ssp. sterilis is a rare alien from various sources; it differs in its larger parts (spikelets with 3-5 florets; longer glume 32-45mm; lemmas 2533mm; ligule >5mm (not 1/2 their length; and see key (couplet 2); (2n=36, 48, 54, 72). Intrd-casual; on tips and waste ground from same sources as E. crus-galli; occasional in En, Wa and Ir; tropics. See Brachiaria eruciformis for differences. 4. E. frumentacea Link - White Millet. Habit of E. esculenta but differs as in key 1071 (couplet 3); (2n=36, 48, 54). Intrd-casual; source and habitat as for E. esculenta; occasional in En and Wa; cultivated derivative of E. colona, originated in India. The vernacular Japanese Millet is often misapplied to this sp. 91. BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb. - Signal-grasses Annuals; ligule a dense fringe of hairs; inflorescence a raceme of racemes with spikelets in 2 rows on 1 side of rhachis; spikelets with 2 florets, the lower male or sterile with lemma ± as long as spikelet, the upper bisexual, smaller, concealed between upper glume and lower lemma; glumes unequal, the lower 1 and without a stony coat biennial - completing its life-cycle in >1 but 1 carpel carpel - the basic female reproductive unit of angiosperms, 1-many per flower, if >1 then free or fused; Fig 1088 carpophore - a stalk-like sterile part of a flower between the receptacle and carpels, as in some Apiaceae and Caryophyllaceae; Fig 1088 cartilaginous - cartilage-like in consistency, hard but easily cut with a knife, not green caryopsis - see 170. Poaceae casual - an alien plant not naturalised, persisting for only a short time

GLOSSARY

1079

catkin - a condensed spike of reduced flowers on a long axis, often flexible and wind-pollinated cell - of an ovary, the chambers into which it may be divided (often each one corresponding to a carpel); Fig 1086 cladode - see 162. Asparagaceae clavate - club-shaped, slender and distally thickened claw - proximal, narrow part of a flat organ such as a petal, bearing the blade distally cleistogamous - of flowers, not opening, becoming self-pollinated in the bud stage column - a stout stalk formed by fusion of various floral parts in, e.g., Orchidaceae, Geraniaceae, Rosa; columnar, column-like commissure - see 138. Apiaceae compound - not simple, of a leaf divided right to the rhachis into leaflets; Fig 1086 compressed - flattened cone - compact body composed of axis with lateral organs bearing spores or seeds, as in lycophytes, calamophytes, gymnosperms; cone-scales, the lateral organs of a cone connective - part of anther connecting its 2 halves contiguous - touching at the edges with no gap between convergent - RI•RUJDQVZLWKDSLFHVFORVHUWRJHWKHUWKDQWKHLUEDVHV cordate - of the base of a flat organ; see Fig 1085 coriaceous - of leathery texture corm - short, usually erect, swollen underground stem corolla - the inner whorls of the perianth, if different from the outer; all the petals; corolla-tube, corolla-lobes, the proximal fused and distal free parts of a corolla in which the petals are partly fused; Fig 1088 corona - see 161. Alliaceae corymb - a raceme in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels, producing a ± flat-topped inflorescence; corymbose, corymb-like though not necessarily strictly a corymb; Fig 1087 cotyledon - the first leaves of a plant, 1 in monocots, usually 2 in dicots, 2-several in gymnosperms, usually quite different in appearance from all subsequent leaves crenate - of the margin of a flat organ; see Fig 1085 culm - see 170. Poaceae cuneate - of the base of a flat organ; see Fig 1085 cupule - see 51 Nothofagaceae, 52. Fagaceae cuspidate - abruptly narrowed to a point; Fig 1085 cyme - an inflorescence in which each flower terminates the growth of a branch, more distal flowers being produced by longer branches lateral to it; cymose, in the form of a cyme; Fig 1087 decaploid - see polyploid deciduous - not persistent, e.g. leaves falling in autumn or petals falling after anthesis decumbent - procumbent but with the apex turning up to become ascending or erect decurrent - of a lateral organ, having its base prolonged down the main axis decussate - opposite, with successive pairs at right angles to each other dehiscent - opening naturally dentate - with a row of ± patent teeth; cf. serrate; Fig 1085

1080

GLOSSARY

denticulate - minutely or finely dentate depressed-globose - similar to globose but wider than long dichasium - cyme with 2 lateral branches at each node; Fig 1087 dimorphic - occurring in 2 forms dioecious - having the 2 sexes on different plants diploid - having 2 matching sets of chromosomes, as in sporophytic tissue disc - anything disc-shaped, e.g. top of Rosa or Nuphar fruit, nectar-secreting ring inside flower at base; disc flowers, see 128. Asteraceae dissected - deeply divided up into segments distal - at the end away from point of attachment; cf. proximal divaricate - dividing into widely divergent branches divergent - RI•RUJDQVZLWKDSLFHVIXUWKHUDSDUWWKDQWKHLUEDVHV dorsiventral - with distinct upperside and lowerside drupe - a succulent or spongy fruit, the seeds usually 1 and with a stony coat dry - not succulent e- - without, e.g. eglandular, ebracteate ellipsoid - a solid shape elliptic in side view elliptic - a flat shape widest in middle and 1.2-3x as long as wide (if less broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 emarginate - with a pronounced, angled notch at the apex; cf. retuse; Fig 1085 embryo-sac - see gametophyte, ovule endemic - confined to one particular area, i.e. (in this book) to BI endosperm - In angiosperms the nutritive tissue for the embryo in the developing seed; it might or might not remain as the food-store in the mature seed entire - of the margin of a flat organ, not toothed or lobed; see Fig 1085 epicalyx - organs on the outside of a flower, calyx-like but outside and additional to the calyx epicormic - of new shoots borne direct from the trunk of a tree epigynous - of a flower with an inferior ovary; Fig 1088 erect - upright erecto-patent - between erect and patent escape - a plant growing outside a garden but having spread vegetatively or by seed from one evergreen - retaining leaves throughout the year exceeding - longer than exserted - protruding from extravaginal - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 falcate - sickle- or scythe-shaped false-fruit - an apparent fruit actually formed by tissue (e.g. receptacle, bracts) in addition to the real fruit fascicle - a bunch or bundle, usually with short and indeterminate branching pattern; fasciculate, with or in the form of fascicles fastigiate - a plant with upright branches forming a narrow outline fibrous roots - a root system in which there is no main axis; cf. tap-root filament - stalk part of a stamen; Fig 1088 filiform - thread- or wire-like flexuous - of a stem or hair, wavy flore pleno - 'double' flower, with many more petals than normal, usually due to conversion of stamens to petals; in Asteraceae, a 'double' capitulum, with disc flowers all or many converted to ray flowers

GLOSSARY

1081

floret - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 foliaceous - leaf-like, usually of an organ not normally thus follicle - a dry, usually many-seeded fruit dehiscent along 1 side, formed from 1 carpel free - separate, not fused to another organ or to one another except at point of origin free-central - of a placenta formed by central axis of any ovary that is not connected by septa to the wall; Fig 1086 fruit - the ripe, fertilised ovary, containing 1 or more seeds gametophyte - the haploid generation of a plant that bears the true sex-organs (that produce the gametes), in pteridophytes the prothallus, in angiosperms and gymnosperms the pollen grains (male) and embryo-sac (female) glabrous - hair-less gland - a secreting structure, usually round or ± so, on the surface of an organ, below the surface, or raised on a stalk glandular - with the functions of, or bearing, glands glaucous - bluish-white in colour (rather than green) globose - spherical glume - see 169. Cyperaceae, 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 grain-alien - alien introduced as contaminant of grain granulose - with a fine sand-like surface texture gynodioecious - having female and bisexual plants gynoecium - the group of female parts of a flower; all the carpels; Fig 1088 hairy ² with hairs; cf. glabrous, hispid, scabrid, tomentose, woolly half-epigynous - of a flower with a semi-inferior ovary; Fig 1088 haploid - having only 1 set of chromosomes, as in gametophytic tissue hastate - of the base of a flat organ; Fig 1085 heptaploid - see polyploid herb - a plant dying down to ground-level each year herbaceous - not woody, dying down each year; leaf-like as opposed to woody, horny, scarious or spongy heterophyllous - KDYLQJOHDYHVRI•GLVWLQFWIRUPV heterosporous - having spores of 2 sorts (megaspores, female; and microspores, male), as in all gymnosperms and angiosperms and a few pteridophytes heterostylous - having 2 forms (not sexes) of flower on different plants, the 2 sorts with different styles and/or stigmas (and pollen) hexaploid - see polyploid hilum - scar on a seed where it left its point of attachment hispid - with harsh hairs or bristles homosporous - having spores all of 1 sort, as in most pteridophytes homostylous - not heterostylous hypanthium - extension of receptacle above base of ovary, in perigynous and epigynous flowers; Fig 1088 hyaline - thin and ± transparent hybrid ² a cross between plants of 2 different taxa, often 2 spp.; hybridisation, the formation of a hybrid hypogynous - of a flower with a superior ovary, the calyx, corolla and stamens being inserted at the base of the ovary; Fig 1088 imparipinnate - pinnate with an unpaired terminal leaflet; Fig 1086

1082

GLOSSARY

included - not exserted incurved - curved inwards indehiscent - not dehiscent indusium - small flap or pocket of tissue covering groups of sporangia in many ferns inferior - of an ovary that is borne below the point of origin of the sepals, petals and stamens and is fused with the receptacle (hypanthium) surrounding it; Fig 1088 inflated - of an organ that is dilated, leaving a gap between it and its contents inflorescence - a group of flowers with their branching system and associated bracts and bracteoles; Fig 1087 insertion - the position and form of the point of attachment of an organ internode - the stem between adjacent nodes; Fig 977 intravaginal - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 introduced - a plant that owes its existence in this country to importation (deliberate or not) by man introgression - the acquiring of characteristics by one species from another by hybridisation followed by continued backcrossing to the former isodiametric - of any shape or organ, ± the same distance across in any plane isophyllous - not heterophyllous keel - a longitudinal ridge on an organ, like the keel of a boat; see also 42. Fabaceae labellum - see 158. Orchidaceae laciniate - irregularly and deeply toothed; Fig 1085 laminar - in the form of a flat leaf Lammas growth - extra, usually abnormal, growth put on in summer by some trees (around Lammas Day, 1st Aug) lanceolate - very narrowly ovate, c.6x as long as wide; Fig 1085 latex - milky juice lax - loose or diffuse, not dense leaflet - a division of a compound leaf; Fig 1086 leaf-opposed - a lateral organ borne on the stem on opposite side from a leaf, not in a leaf-axil as usual leaf-rosette - a radiating cluster of leaves, often at the base of a stem at soil level legume - a usually dry, usually many-seeded fruit dehiscent along 2 sides, formed from 1 carpel lemma - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 lenticel - small corky wart-like strucure on the surface of some stems and fruits lenticular - lens-shaped; can vary from biconvex to biconcave ligulate - see 128. Asteraceae ligule - minute membranous flap at base of leaf of Isoetes or Selaginella; see also 128. Asteraceae, 169. Cyperaceae, 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 limb - distal expanded part of a calyx or corolla, as distinct from the tube or throat linear - long and narrow with ± parallel margins, i.e. extremely narrowly oblong; Fig 1085 lip - part of the distal region of a calyx or corolla sharply differentiated from the rest due to fusion or close association of its parts lobe - a substantial division of a leaf, calyx or corolla; cf. tooth lodicule - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 long-shoot - stem of potentially unlimited growth, especially in trees or shrubs

GLOSSARY

1083

lowerside - the under surface of a flat organ lunate - crescent moon-shaped mealy - with a floury texture megasporangium - in a heterosporous plant, the sporangia bearing megaspores megaspore - in a heterosporous plant, the female spores that give rise to female gametophytes meiosis - special form of cell-division (in sporangia, pollen-sacs or ovules) in which the chromosome number is halved, producing haploid spores membranous - like a membrane in consistency mericarp - a 1-seeded portion formed by splitting up of a 2-many-seeded fruit, as in Geraniaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae, etc.; see also schizocarp -merous - divided into or composed of a particular number of parts; hence trimerous, tetramerous, pentamerous micron - a micrometre, i.e. one-thousandth of a millimetre or one-millionth of a metre, written μm microspecies - a narrowly defined variant, often apomictic, recognised as a species. microsporangium - in a heterosporous plant, the sporangia bearing microspores microspore - in a heterosporous plant, the male spores that give rise to male gametophytes midrib - the central, main vein; Fig 1085 monocarpic - living for >1 year, flowering and fruiting, and then dying monochasium - cyme with 1 lateral branch at each node; Fig 1087 monoecious - having separate male and female flowers on the same plant monomorphic - not polymorphic (e.g. dimorphic or trimorphic), occurring in 1 form only monophyletic ² describing a group of taxa that comprise all the descendents that have arisen by the diversification of a single ancestor morph - one of several forms of a polymorphic taxon mucronate - having a very short bristle-like tip; mucro, the tip itself; Fig 1085 mycorrhiza - fungal cells that live within or intimately around the roots of vascular plants naked - not enclosed naturalised - an alien plant that has become established and self-perpetuating native - opposite of alien, a plant that colonisied BI by natural means, often long ago, from other native areas nec - nor, nor of nectariferous - nectar-bearing nectar-pit - a nectariferous pit nectary - any nectariferous organ, usually a small knob or a modified petal or stamen nodding - bent over and pendent at tip node - the position on a stem where leaves, flowers or lateral stems arise; Fig 977 non - not, not of nonaploid - see polyploid nothomorph - RQHRI•variants of a particular hybrid nothossp. - (nothosubspecies) a variant of an interspecific hybrid involving only one subspecies of each parent nothovar. - (nothovariety) a variant of an interspecific hybrid involving only one variety of each parent

1084

GLOSSARY

nut - a dry, indehiscent 1-seeded fruit with a hard woody wall, often large nutlet - a small nut, or a woody-walled mericarp ob- - the other way up from normal, usually flattened or widened at the distal rather than proximal end, e.g. obovoid, obtrullate oblong - a flat shape with middle part ± parallel-sided, 1.2-3x as long as wide (if less, broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 obtuse - with a point >90°; Fig 1085 octoploid - see polyploid oilseed-alien - alien introduced as contaminant of oilseed opposite - of 2 organs arising laterally at 1 node on opposite sides of the stem orbicular - a flat shape circular in outline; Fig 1085 ovary - the basal part of the gynoecium containing the ovules; Figs 977, 1086, 1088 ovate - a flat shape widest nearer the base and 1.2-3x as long as wide (if less, broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 ovoid - a solid shape ovate in side view ovule - organ (inside the ovary in angiosperms, naked in gymnosperms) that contains the embryo-sac (which in turn contains the egg) developing into the seed after fertilisation; Fig 1088 palea - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 palmate - a compound leaf, with >3 leaflets all arising at 1 point; Fig 1086 panicle - a compound or much-branched inflorescence, either racemose or cymose; paniculate, in the form of a panicle; Fig 1087 papilla - small nipple-like projection; papillose or papillate, covered with papillae pappus - see 128. Asteraceae paraphyletic ² describing a group of taxa that comprise most but not all of the descendents that have arisen by the diversification of a single ancestor parasite - plant that gets all or some of its nourishment by attachment (often but not always under the ground) to other plants parietal - of a placenta formed by central axis of an ovary that is connected by septa to the wall; Fig 1086 paripinnate - pinnate without an unpaired terminal leaflet; Fig 1086 partial septum - a septum that is incomplete; Fig 1086 patent - projecting ± at right-angles pedicel - stalk of a flower; pedicellate, having a pedicel; Figs 977, 1087 peduncle - VWDONRIDJURXSRI•IORZHUVpedunculate, having a peduncle; Fig 1087 peltate - of a flat shape with its stalk arising from the plane surface, not the edge; Fig 1085 pendent - hanging down pentamerous - divided into or composed of five parts pentaploid - see polyploid perennial - living >2 years perianth - the outer non-sexual covering layers of the flower (the calyx and corolla together), usually used when the calyx and corolla are not or little differentiated; perianth-lobes, perianth-tube, the lobes and tube of a partially fused perianth pericarp - the wall of a fruit, originally the ovary wall perigynous - of a flower with a superior ovary but with the calyx, corolla and stamens inserted above the base of the ovary on an extension of the receptacle (hypanthium) that is not fused with the ovary; Fig 1088

1085

FIG 1085 - Simple leaf-shapes. A, linear, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire. B, lanceolate, apex aristate, base sagittate, margin entire. C, ovate, apex acuminate, base rounded, margin serrate (left) and dentate (right). D, elliptic, apex obtuse, base cordate, margin entire (left) and sinuous (right). E, oblong, apex cuspidate, base truncate, margin crenate (left) and laciniate (right). F, rhombic, apex mucronate, base cuneate, margin entire. G, trullate, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire. H, triangular, apex apiculate, base hastate, margin entire. I, transversely elliptic, apex emarginate, base rounded, margin entire. J, orbicular and peltate, margin entire. Drawings by S. Ogden.

1086

FIG 1086 - A-E, Compound leaf-types. A, pinnate (imparipinnate, stipulate). B, pinnate (paripinnate). C, palmate. D, 2-pinnate. E, ternate. F-I, ovaries in transverse section to show septa and placentation. F, 1-celled, free-central placentation. G, 1-celled, parietal placentation. H, 1-celled, parietal placentation. I, 3-celled, axile placentation. Drawings by S. Ogden.

1087

FIG 1087 - Inflorescences. A, raceme. B, spike. C-D, cymes (monochasial). E, panicle. F, cyme (dichasial). G, capitulum. H, corymb. I, umbel. Drawings by S. Ogden.

1088

FIG 1088 - Half-flowers to show ovary position and other parts. A, hypogynous flower, ovary superior, carpels 1 or >1 and fused. B, perigynous flower with cup-shaped hypanthium, ovary superior, with carpophore, carpels 1 or >1 and fused. C, perigynous flower with flat hypanthium, ovary superior, carpels 4, free. D, epigynous flower with tubular hypanthium, ovary inferior, carpels 1 or >1 and fused. E, epigynous flower, ovary inferior, carpels 3, fused. Drawings by S. Ogden.

GLOSSARY

1089

persistent - remaining attached longer than normal petal - one of the segments of the inner whorl(s) of the perianth; petaloid, petallike; Fig 1088 petiole - the stalk of a leaf; petiolate, with a petiole; Figs 1085, 1086 phyllary - see 128. Asteraceae; Fig 1087 pinna - the primary division of a leaf, usually applied only in ferns; Fig 1086 pinnate - a compound leaf, with >3 leaflets arising in opposite pairs along the rhachis; 2-(etc)pinnate, pinnate with the pinnae pinnate again (etc.); see also paripinnate, imparipinnate; Fig 1086 pinnule - WKHXOWLPDWHGLYLVLRQRID•2-pinnate leaf, usually applied only in ferns; Fig 1086 placenta - points of origin of ovules in an ovary; placentation, the arrangement of placentas; Fig 1086 plastic - varying in form according to environmental conditions, not according to genetic characteristics pollen-sac - the microsporangium of a gymnosperm or angiosperm; one of the chambers in an anther in which the pollen is formed pollinium - see 158. Orchidaceae polymorphic - occurring in 2 or more forms (not monomorphic) polyploid - having >2 sets of chromosomes, e.g. 3(triploid), 4(tetraploid), 5 (pentaploid), 6(hexaploid), 7(heptaploid), 8(octoploid), 9(nonaploid), 10 (decaploid) polyphyletic ² describing a group of similar taxa that are the descendents of more than one ancestor prickle - spiny outgrowth with a broadened base pricklet - small, weak prickle procumbent - trailing along the ground proliferating - with inflorescences bearing plantlets instead of flowers or fruits pro parte - partly; in part prothallus - small gametophyte generation of a plant bearing the true sex-organs, mostly applied to the free-living gametophytes of pteridophytes proximal - at the end near the point of attachment; cf. distal pteridophytes - ferns and fern allies, i.e. lycophytes, calamophytes, eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns punctate - marked with dots or transparent spots raceme - an inflorescence with the oldest flowers (or spikelets in Poaceae) the most proximal lateral ones and a potentially continuously growing apex; racemose, in the form of a raceme; Fig 1087 radiate - see 128. Asteraceae rank - a vertical file of lateral organs; 2-ranked, etc., with 2 (etc.) ranks of lateral organs; a level in the taxonomic hierarchy ray - anything that radiates outwards, e.g. branches of an umbel, stigma-ridges in Papaver or Nuphar; ray flowers, see 128. Asteraceae receptacle - the usually expanded, often cup-shaped or tubular, apical part of a pedicel on which the flower parts are inserted; in Asteraceae, the expanded apical part of the capitulum-stalk that bears all the flowers; receptacular scales or bristles, see 128. Asteraceae; Figs 1087, 1088 recurved - curved down or back reflexed - bent down or back

1090

GLOSSARY

reniform - kidney-shaped resiniferous - producing resin; resinous, resin-like; resin-duct, microscopic canal producing resin reticulate - forming or covered with a network retuse - with a shallow blunt notch at the apex; cf. emarginate revolute - rolled back or down rhachilla - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 rhachis - the axis (not the stalk) of an inflorescence or pinnate leaf; Figs 1086, 1087 rhizome - an underground or ground-level, usually horizontal or down-growing stem, often ± swollen; rhizomatous, bearing or in the form of a rhizome; cf. stolon rhombic - a flat shape, widest in the middle and ± angled (not rounded) there, 1.23x as long as wide (if less, broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 rigid - stiff, not flexible rostellum - see 158. Orchidaceae rounded - without a point or angle; Fig 1085 rugose - with a wrinkled surface sagittate - of the base of a flat organ; see Fig 1085 saprophyte - a plant deriving its nourishment from decaying organisms, usually leaf-mould scabrid - rough to the touch, with minute prickles or bristly hairs scale-leaf - a leaf reduced to a small scale scape - a flowering stem of a plant in which all the leaves are basal, none on the scape scarious - of thin, papery texture and not green schizocarp - a fruit that breaks into 1-seeded portions or mericarps sclerenchyma - woody tissue in a partly or mostly non-woody organ scrambler - a plant sprawling over other plants, fences, etc. seed - a fertilised ovule self-compatible - self-fertile, able to self-fertilise self-incompatible - self-sterile, not able to self-fertilise semi-inferior - of an ovary of which the lower part is inferior, but the upper part is free and projects above the sepals, etc. sensu ² in the sense of sensu lato - in the broad sense sensu stricto - in the narrow sense sepal - one of the segments of the outer whorl(s) of the perianth; sepaloid, sepallike; Fig 1088 septum - a wall or membrane dividing the ovary into cells; Fig 1086 serrate - with a row of ± apically directed teeth; serration, that sort of toothing; cf. dentate; serrulate, obscurely serrate; see also biserrate, uniserrate; Fig 699 sessile - not stalked sheath - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 short-shoot - a short stem of strictly limited growth, usually lateral on a long-shoot, especially on trees and shrubs shrub - a woody plant that is not a tree simple - not compound; Fig 1085 sinuate - wavy, either of a hair or stalk, or of the margin of a leaf and then the sinuation in the same plane as the leaf surface; cf. undulate; Fig 1085

GLOSSARY

1091

sinus - the space or indentation between 2 lobes or teeth; basal sinus, the sinus at the base of a leaf, either side of the petiole if present solitary - borne singly sorus - a group of sporangia in ferns soyabean-alien - alien introduced as contaminant of soyabeans spadix - see 139. Acoraceae, 140 Araceae spathe - an ensheathing bract, as in Lemnaceae, Araceae, Hydrocharitaceae spathulate - paddle- or spoon-shaped spike - a racemose inflorescence in which the flowers (or spikelets in Poaceae) have no stalks; spikiform, in the form of a spike; Fig 1087 spikelet - see 85/1. Plumbaginaceae/Limonium, 169. Cyperaceae, 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 spine - a narrow, sharp, stiff, straight outgrowth; spinose, spine-like; spinulose, diminutive of last; spiny, with spines spiral - lateral organs on an axis 1 per node, successive ones not at 180° to each other sporangium - a body producing spores in pteridophytes spore - the haploid product of meiotic division, produced on the sporophyte and developing into the gametophyte sporophyte - the diploid generation of a plant that bears the sporangia (ovules and pollen-sacs in gymnosperms and angiosperms); the main plant body of all vascular plants spreading - growing out divergently, not straight or erect spur - a protrusion or tubular or pouch-like outgrowth of any part of a flower stamen - the basic male reproductive unit of angiosperms, 1-many per flower, sometimes fused; Figs 977, 1088 staminode - a sterile stamen, sometimes modified to perform some other function, e.g. that of a petal or nectary standard - see 42. Fabaceae stellate - star-shaped, with radiating arms stem-leaves - leaves borne on the stem as opposed to basally stigma - the apical part of a gynoecium that is receptive to pollen, simple to much branched; Figs 977, 1088 stipule - one of a (usually) pair of appendages at the base of a leaf or its petiole, often but often not foliaceous; stipulate, with stipules; Fig 1086 stolon - an aerial or procumbent stem, usually not swollen; stoloniferous, bearing stolons; cf. rhizome style - the stalk on any ovary bearing the stigma(s), sometimes absent; Fig 1088 stylopodium - see 138. Apiaceae sub- - almost, as in subacute, subglabrous, subglobose, subentire, subequal; sometimes under, as in subaquatic subshrub - a perennial with a short woody surface stem producing aerial herbaceous stems subtend - of a lateral organ, to have another organ in its axil subulate - tapering ± constantly from a narrow base to a fine point succulent - fleshy and juicy or pulpy sucker - a new aerial shoot borne (often underground) on the roots of a tree or shrub

1092

GLOSSARY

superior - of an ovary that is borne above the calyx, corolla and stamens or, if below or partly below them, then not fused laterally to the receptacle; Fig 1088 survivor - an alien plant not naturalised, but long-persistent, usually a relic of planting suture - a seam of a union, often splitting open in later development tap-root - a main descending root bearing laterals; cf. fibrous roots taxon - any taxonomic grouping, such as a genus or species tendril - a spirally coiled thread-like outgrowth from a stem or leaf, used by the plant for support tepal - one of the segments of the perianth, used when sepals and petals are not differentiated terete - rounded in section terminal - at the very apex ternate - a compound leaf with 3 leaflets; 2-(etc.)ternate, ternate with the 3 divisions ternate again; Fig 1086 testa - the outer coat of a seed tetrad - a group of 4 spores or pollen grains formed by meiotic division tetramerous - divided into or composed of four parts tetraploid - see polyploid throat - the opening where the tube joins the limb of a corolla or calyx tiller - see 170. Poaceae; Fig 977 tomentose - a very dense often ± matted hair-covering tooth - a shallow division of a leaf, calyx or corolla, or of the apex of a capsule; cf. lobe, valve transverse - lying cross-ways; transversely elliptic (etc.), elliptic (etc.) but with the point of attachment at the side, not at one end; Fig 1085 tree - a woody SODQWXVXDOO\•PZLWKDVLQJOHWUXQN triangular - a flat shape widest at the base and 1.2-3x as long as wide (if less, broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 trifid - divided into 3, usually deeply, at apex trimerous - divided into or composed of three parts trimorphic - occurring in 3 forms tripartite - divided into 3 parts triploid - see polyploid trullate - a flat shape widest nearer the base and ± angled (not rounded) there, 1.23x as long as wide (if less, broadly so; if more, narrowly so); Fig 1085 truncate - of the base or apex of a flat organ, straight or flat; Fig 1085 tube - narrow, cylindrical, proximal part of a calyx or corolla, as distinct from the limb, lobes or throat tuber - swollen roots or subterranean stems; tuberous, tuber-like tubercle - a small ± spherical or ellipsoid swelling; tuberculate, with a surface texture covered in minute tubercles tubular - in the form of a hollow cylinder; tubular flowers, see 128. Asteraceae tufted - of elongated organs or stems that are clustered together twig - ultimate branch of a woody stem umbel - an inflorescence in which all the pedicels arise from one point; compound umbel, an umbel of umbels; umbellate, umbel-like; Fig 1087 undulate - wavy at the edge in the plane at right-angles to the surface; cf. sinuate

GLOSSARY

1093

unifacial - with only 1 surface, not with a lowerside and upperside; cf. bifacial uniserrate ² serrate with each tooth simple, not secondarily toothed, cf. biserrate unisexual - of a plant or flower, bearing only 1 sex upperside - the upper surface of a flat organ utricle ² see 169/16. Cyperaceae/Carex valve - a deep division or lobe of a capsule apex; cf. tooth variant - any variation of a taxon, recognised at any taxonomic rank or not so recognised vascular - pertaining to the veins or wood (i.e. conducting tissue) of an organ; vascular bundle, one anatomically discrete file of vascular tissue; vascular plant, a plant with vascular bundles, i.e. pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms (all the plants treated in this Flora) vegetative - not reproductive vein - a strand of vascular tissue FRQVLVWLQJRI•vascular bundles; venation, the pattern of veins verrucose - covered in small wart-like outgrowths vicariant - a taxon that replaces a related one in a different area; vicarious, being a vicariant; vicariance, the state of being vicarious viscidium - see 158. Orchidaceae whorl - a group of lateral organs borne >2 at each node; whorled, in the form of a whorl wing - any membranous or foliaceous extension of an organ, e.g. a stem, seed or fruit; winged, with a wing; see also 42. Fabaceae woody - hard and wood-like, not quickly dying or withering wool-alien - an alien introduced as a contaminant of raw wool imports woolly - clothed with shaggy hairs zygomorphic - of a flower with bilateral (i.e. 1 plane of) symmetry

1094

INDEX

1095

INDEX Compiled by Gwynn Ellis Accepted Latin names are in bold, synonyms in italics and English names in Roman. References are given to the main mention in the text and to illustrations, the latter designated by 'FIG'. ABIES Mill., 43 alba Mill., 43 cephalonica Loudon, 44 fraseri (Pursh) Poir., 44 grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl., 44, 51FIG nordmanniana (Steven) Spach, 44 procera Rehder, 44, 45FIG Abraham-Isaac-Jacob, 560 ABUTILON Mill., 380 theophrasti Medik., 378FIG, 380 ACACIA Mill., 185 dealbata Link, 185 melanoxylon R. Br., 186 ACAENA Mutis ex L., 262 anserinifolia auct. non (J.R. & G. Forst.) Druce, 262 anserinifolia (J.R. & G. Forst.) Druce, 260FIG, 262 x A. inermis, 262 caesiiglauca (Bitter) Bergmans, 260FIG, 262 inermis Hook. f., 260FIG, 263 magellanica (Lam.) M. Vahl, 262 microphylla auct. non Hook. f., 263 novae-zelandiae Kirk, 260FIG, 262 ovalifolia Ruiz & Pav., 260FIG, 262 pusilla (Bitter) Allan, 262 Acaena, Spineless, 263 Two-spined, 262 ACANTHACEAE, 667 ACANTHUS L., 667 mollis L., 667 spinosus L., 668 ACER L., 371 campestre L., 372, 373FIG ssp. leiocarpum (Opiz) Pax, 372 var. leiocarpum (Opiz) Wallr., 372 cappadocicum Gled., 372, 373FIG miyabei Maxim., 372 mono Maxim., 371 negundo L., 372, 373FIG opalus Mill., 371

pictum auct. non Thunb., 372 platanoides L., 372, 373FIG pseudoplatanus L., 372, 373FIG rubrum L., 371 rufinerve Siebold & Zucc., 371 saccharinum L., 372, 373FIG saccharum Marshall, 371 tataricum L., 371 trautvetteri Medw., 371 velutinum Boiss., 371 Aceraceae, 370 Aceras R. Br., 877 anthropophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton, 878 ACHILLEA L., 752 distans Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., 754 ssp. tanacetifolia Janch., 754 filipendulina Lam., 754 grandifolia Friv., 752 ligustica All., 753FIG, 754 maritima (L.) Ehrhend. & Y.P. Guo, 754 millefolium L., 754 nobilis L., 752 ptarmica L., 752 tomentosa L., 752 Acinos Mill., 625 arvensis (Lam.) Dandy, 627 Aconite, Winter, 104, 105 ACONITUM L., 105 anglicum Stapf, 105 x cammarum auct. non L., 106 compactum (Rchb.) Gáyer, 105 lycoctonum L., 106, 109FIG ssp. vulparia (Rchb.) Nyman, 106 napellus L., 103FIG, 105, 109FIG ssp. napellus, 105 x A. variegatum L. = A. x stoerkianum, 106 ssp. vulgare (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud, 105 x A. variegatum L. = A. x stoerkianum, 106 x stoerkianum Rchb. (A. napellus x A. variegatum), 106, 109FIG

1096

INDEX

ACONITUM (contd) 'Bicolor', 106 variegatum L., 105 vulparia Rchb., 106 Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb., 436 alpinum (All.) Schur, 437 campanulatum (Hook. f.) H. Hara, 437 x fennicum Reiersen, 437 molle (D. Don) H. Hara, 438 weyrichii (F. Schmidt) H. Hara, 437 ACORACEAE, 830 ACORUS L., 830 calamus L., 830 gramineus Aiton, 830 ACROPTILON Cass., 696 repens (L.) DC., 697, 699FIG ACTAEA L., 106 spicata L., 103FIG, 106 Adder's-tongue, 9 family, 9 Least, 9 Small, 9 Adder's-tongues, 9 Adiantaceae, 19 ADIANTUM L., 21 capillus-veneris L., 21 raddianum Presl, 21 ADONIS L., 120 annua L., 103FIG, 120 ADOXA L., 783 moschatellina L., 783 ADOXACEAE, 782 AEGILOPS L., 988 cylindrica Host, 988 triuncialis L., 988 ventricosa Tausch, 988 AEGOPODIUM L., 814 podagraria L., 813FIG, 814 AEONIUM Webb & Berthel., 136 arboreum (L.) Webb & Berthel., 136 cuneatum Webb & Berthel., 136 Aeonium, 136 AESCULUS L., 370 carnea J. Zeyh., 371 hippocastanum L., 371 x A. pavia L., 371 indica (Cambess.) Hook., 371 AETHEORHIZA Cass., 707 bulbosa (L.) Cass., 704FIG, 708 AETHUSA L., 816 cynapium L., 813FIG, 816 ssp. agrestis (Wallr.) Dostál, 816 ssp. cynapioides (M. Bieb.) Nyman, 816 ssp. cynapium, 816 ssp. elata (Friedl. ex Fisch.) Schübl. & Martens, 816 ssp. gigantea (Lej.) P.D. Sell, 817 Agapanthaceae, 896 AGAPANTHUS L'Hér., 904

ACONITUM

praecox Willd., 904 ssp. orientalis (F.M. Leight.) F.M. Leight., 904 Agavaceae, 914 AGAVE L., 923 americana L., 923 AGERATUM L., 782 houstonianum Mill., 782 AGRIMONIA L., 259 agrimonioides L., 261 eupatoria L., 259, 260FIG x A. procera = A. x wirtgenii, 259 odorata auct. non (L.) Mill., 259 procera Wallr., 259, 260FIG repens auct. non L., 259 x wirtgenii Asch. & Graebn. (A. eupatoria x A. procera), 259 Agrimonies, 259 Agrimony, 259 Bastard, 261 X Agrohordeum langei (K. Richt.) E.G. Camus ex A. Camus, 1051 X AGROPOGON P. Fourn. (AGROSTIS x POLYPOGON), 1030 littoralis (Sm.) C.E. Hubb., 1030 lutosus (Poir.) P. Fourn. (A. stolonifera x P. monspeliensis), 1030 robinsonii (Druce) Melderis & D.C. McClint. (A. stolonifera x P. viridis), 1030 Agropyron auct. non Gaertn., 1048 caninum (L.) P. Beauv., 1048 donianum F.B. White, 1048 junceiforme (Á. & D. Löve) Á. & D. Löve, 1051 junceum (L.) P. Beauv., 1049 x laxum (Fr.) Tutin, 1049 x obtusiusculum Lange, 1049 x oliveri auct, non Druce, 1049 pungens auct. non (Pers.) Roem. & Schult., 1049 pycnanthum (Godr.) Godr., 1049 repens (L.) P. Beauv., 1049 scabrum (Labill.) P. Beauv., 1048 AGROSTEMMA L., 468 githago L., 470 gracile Boiss., 468 AGROSTIS L., 1026 avenacea J.F. Gmel., 1028, 1029FIG x bjoerkmanii Widén (A. capillaris x A. gigantea), 1027 canina L., 1028 ssp. montana (Hartm.) Hartm., 1028 var. arida Schltdl., 1028 capillaris L., 1027 x A. canina, 1027 x A. castellana = A. x fouilladeana, 1027 x A. gigantea = A. x bjoerkmanii, 1027

AGROSTIS

INDEX

x A. stolonifera = A. x murbeckii, 1027 x A. vinealis, 1027 castellana Boiss. & Reut., 1028 curtisii Kerguélen, 1028 exarata Trin., 1027 x fouilladeana Lambinon & Verloove (A. capillaris x A. castellana), 1027 x fouilladei P. Fourn. nom. nud., 1027 gigantea Roth, 1027 x A. stolonifera, 1028 hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 1028, 1029FIG lachnantha Nees, 1028 x murbeckii Fouill. (A. capillaris x A. stolonifera), 1027 x robinsonii Druce, 1030 x sanionis Asch. & Graebn., 1027 scabra Willd., 1028 semiverticillata (Forssk.) C. Chr., 1033 setacea Curtis non Vill., 1028 stolonifera L., 1028 x A. vinealis, 1028 x Polypogon monspeliensis = X Agropogon lutosus, 1030 x Polypogon viridis = X Agropogon robinsonii, 1030 tenuis Sibth., 1027 vinealis Schreb., 1028 x POLYPOGON = X AGROPOGON, 1030 AILANTHUS Desf., 374 altissima (Mill.) Swingle, 374 AIRA L., 1022 armoricana F. Albers, 1024 caryophyllea L., 1024 ssp. armoricana (F. Albers) Kerguélen, 1024 ssp. caryophyllea, 1024 ssp. multiculmis (Dumort.) Bonnier & Layens, 1024 elegantissima Schur, 1023 multiculmis Dumort., 1024 praecox L., 1024 AIZOACEAE, 500 Ajowan, 821, 822 AJUGA L., 623 chamaepitys (L.) Schreb., 623 genevensis L., 623 x hampeana A. Braun & Vatke, 623 x pseudopyramidalis Schur (A. reptans x A. pyramidalis), 623 pyramidalis L., 623 reptans L., 623 x A. pyramidalis = A. x pseudopyramidalis, 623 Ake-ake, 747 Akiraho, 747 ALBIZIA Durazz., 185

1097

lophantha Benth., 185 ALCEA L., 379 ficifolia L., 380 rosea L., 378FIG, 380 ALCHEMILLA L., 263 acutiloba Opiz, 265FIG, 266 alpina L., 264, 265FIG arvensis (L.) Scop., 267 conjuncta Bab., 264, 265FIG filicaulis Buser., 265FIG, 266 ssp. filicaulis, 266 ssp. vestita (Buser) M.E. Bradshaw, 266 glabra Neygenf., 265FIG, 267 glaucescens Wallr., 265FIG, 266 glomerulans Buser, 265FIG, 267 gracilis auct. non Opiz, 266 gracilis Opiz, 266 micans Buser, 265FIG, 266 microcarpa auct. non Boiss. & Reut., 267 minima Walters, 265FIG, 267 minor auct. non Huds., 266 mollis (Buser) Rothm., 265FIG, 267 monticola Opiz, 265FIG, 266 obtusa auct. non Buser, 267 subcrenata Buser, 265FIG, 266 tytthantha Juz., 265FIG, 266 venosa Juz., 264 vestita (Buser) Raunk., 266 vulgaris L. agg., 264 wichurae (Buser) Stefánsson, 265FIG, 267 xanthochlora Rothm., 265FIG, 266 Alder, 296 Green, 296 Grey, 296 Italian, 296 Red, 296 Alders, 294 Alexanders, 812 Perfoliate, 812 ALISMA L., 836 gramineum Lej., 837 ssp. gramineum, 837 ssp. wahlenbergii Holm., 837 lanceolatum With., 837 plantago-aquatica L., 837 x A. lanceolatum = A. x rhicnocarpum, 837 x rhicnocarpum Schotsman (A. plantagoaquatica x A. lanceolatum), 837 ALISMATACEAE, 835 Alison, Golden, 406 Hoary, 406 Small, 406 Sweet, 406 Alkanet, 559 False, 559 Green, 559 Yellow, 558

1098

INDEX

Alkanets, 558 ALLIACEAE, 896 ALLIARIA Heist. ex Fabr., 420 petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, 393FIG, 420 ALLIUM L., 897 ampeloprasum L., 902 var. ampeloprasum, 902 var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme, 903 var. bulbiferum Syme, 902 ascalonicum auct. non L., 900 babingtonii Borrer, 902 carinatum L., 901FIG, 902 cepa L., 900 fistulosum L., 900 fuscum Waldst. & Kit., 902 moly L., 900, 901FIG neapolitanum Cirillo, 900, 901FIG nigrum L., 903 oleraceum L., 902 paniculatum L., 902 ssp. fuscum (Waldst. & Kit.) Arcang., 902 paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don, 901FIG, 902 pendulinum Ten., 902 porrum L., 903 roseum L., 900, 901FIG sativum L., 902 schoenoprasum L., 900 scorodoprasum L., 903 siculum Ucria, 903 sphaerocephalon L., 903 subhirsutum L., 900, 901FIG triquetrum L., 902 unifolium Kellogg, 900 ursinum L., 902 vineale L., 903 Allseed, 337 Four-leaved, 467 Almond, 196 ALNUS Mill., 294 cordata (Loisel.) Duby, 296, 297FIG glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., 296, 297FIG x A. incana = A. x hybrida, 296 x hybrida A. Braun ex Rchb. (A. glutinosa x A. incana), 296 incana (L.) Moench, 296, 297FIG x A. cordata, 296 x pubescens Tausch non Sart., 296 rubra Bong., 296, 297FIG viridis (Chaix) DC., 296 Aloeaceae, 894 ALOPECURUS L., 1033 aequalis Sobol., 1034 alpinus Sm. non Vill., 1035 borealis Trin., 1035 x brachystylus Peterm. (A. pratensis x A. geniculatus), 1034

ALKANETS

bulbosus Gouan, 1034 geniculatus L., 1034 x A. aequalis = A. x haussknechtianus, 1034 x A. bulbosus = A. x plettkei, 1034 x haussknechtianus Asch. & Graebn. (A. geniculatus x A. aequalis), 1034 x hybridus Wimm., 1034 myosuroides Huds., 1035 x plettkei Mattf. (A. geniculatus x A. bulbosus), 1034 pratensis L., 1034 x A. geniculatus = A. x brachystylus, 1034 Alpine-sedge, Black, 972 Close-headed, 972 Scorched, 971 ALSTROEMERIA L., 855 aurantiaca D. Don, 855 aurea Graham, 855 ALSTROEMERIACEAE, 855 Altar-lily, 831, 832 ALTHAEA L., 379 cultorum Bergmans, 380 ficifolia (L.) Cav., 380 hirsuta L., 379 officinalis L., 378FIG, 379 rosea (L.) Cav., 380 ALYSSUM L., 406 alyssoides (L.) L., 406, 410FIG saxatile L., 406 Amaranth, Common, 497 Dioecious, 498 Green, 497 Indehiscent, 498 Mucronate, 498 Powell's, 498 Purple, 498 Spiny, 497 AMARANTHACEAE, 477 AMARANTHUS L., 496 x adulterinus Thell., 497 albus L., 498, 499FIG arenicola I.M. Johnst., 497 blitoides S. Watson, 499FIG, 500 blitum L., 498 bouchonii Thell., 498, 499FIG capensis Thell., 499FIG, 500 ssp. uncinatus (Thell.) Brenan, 500 caudatus L., 498, 499FIG crispus (Lesp. & Thévenau) N. Terracc., 497 cruentus L., 498, 499FIG deflexus L., 498, 499FIG dinteri auct. non Schinz, 500 var. uncinatus Thell., 500 graecizans L., 499FIG, 500 ssp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan, 500 hybridus L., 497, 499FIG

AMARANTHUS

INDEX

ssp. bouchonii (Thell.) O. Bolòs & Vigo, 498 ssp. cruentus (L.) Thell., 498 ssp. incurvatus (Timeroy ex Gren. & Godr.) Brenan, 498 ssp. quitensis (Kunth) Costea & Carretero, 498 hypochondriacus L., 498 lividus L., 498 x ozanonii (Thell.) C. Schust. & M. Goldschm. (A. retroflexus x A. hybridus), 497, 499FIG palmeri S. Watson, 498, 499FIG paniculatus L., 498 patulus Bertol., 497 powellii S. Watson, 498 ssp. bouchonii (Thell.) Costea & Carretero, 498 quitensis Kunth, 498, 499FIG retroflexus L., 497, 499FIG x A. hybridus = A. x ozanonii, 497, 499FIG spinosus L., 497 standleyanus Parodi ex Covas, 499FIG, 500 thunbergii Moq., 499FIG, 500 viridis L., 497 Amaryllidaceae, 896 AMARYLLIS L., 904 belladonna L., 904 AMBROSIA L., 773 artemisiifolia L., 772FIG, 773 coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray, 773 psilostachya DC., 772FIG, 773 trifida L., 772FIG, 773 AMELANCHIER Medik., 216 canadensis auct. non (L.) Medik., 216 confusa auct. non Hyl., 216 grandiflora auct. non Rehder, 216 intermedia auct. non Spach, 216 laevis auct. non Wiegand, 216 lamarckii F.G. Schroed., 198FIG, 216 American-spikenard, 800 AMMI L., 823 majus L., 819FIG, 823 visnaga (L.) Lam., 819FIG, 823 X Ammocalamagrostis P. Fourn., 1031 baltica (Flüggé ex Schrad.) P. Fourn, 1031 AMMOPHILA Host, 1031 arenaria (L.) Link, 1031 breviligulata Fernald, 1031 Amomyrtus auct. non (Burret) D. Legrand & Kausel, 368 luma auct. non (Molina) D. Legrand & Kausel, 368 Amoria C. Presl, 173 glomerata (L.) Soják, 173 hybrida (L.) C. Presl, 173 repens (L.) C. Presl, 173

1099

suffocata (L.) Soják, 174 AMPHIBROMUS Nees, 1017 neesii Steud., 1016FIG, 1017 AMSINCKIA Lehm., 560 calycina auct., ?(Moris) Chater, 562 intermedia auct., ?Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 562 lycopsoides Lehm., 560 menziesii auct., ?(Lehm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., 562 micrantha Suksd., 561FIG, 562 ANACAMPTIS Rich., 879 x alata (Fleury) H. Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H. Dietr.(A. laxiflora x A. morio), 879 laxiflora (Lam.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, 879 x A. morio = A. x alata, 879 morio (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, 879 pyramidalis (L.) Rich., 879 X ANACAMPTORCHIS E.G. Camus (ORCHIS x ANACAMPTIS), 878 morioides (Brand) Stace (Orchis mascula x Anacamptis morio), 878 ANACARDIACEAE, 369 ANACYCLUS L., 688 ANAGALLIS L., 520 arvensis L., 520 ssp. arvensis, 520, 520FIG x ssp. foemina, 520 ssp. caerulea Hartm. nom. illeg., 520 ssp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell., 520, 520FIG x doerfleri Ronniger, 520 foemina Mill., 520 minima (L.) E.H.L. Krause, 521 tenella (L.) L., 520 ANAPHALIS DC., 733 margaritacea (L.) Benth., 733, 735FIG triplinervis (Sims) C.B. Clarke, 733 ANCHUSA L., 558 arvensis (L.) M. Bieb., 559 azurea Mill., 559, 561FIG barrelieri (All.) Vitman, 559 x baumgartenii 1\PDQ *XüXOA. ochroleuca x A. officinalis), 559 ochroleuca M. Bieb., 558, 561FIG x A. officinalis = A. x baumgartenii, 559 officinalis L., 559 Anchusa, Garden, 559 ANDROMEDA L., 531 polifolia L., 531 ANEMANTHELE Veldkamp, 994 lessoniana (Steud.) Veldkamp, 994 ANEMONE L., 106 subg. Pulsatilla (Mill.) Thomé, 108 apennina L., 107

1100

INDEX

ANEMONE (contd) blanda Schott & Kotschy, 107 hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine x A. vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC. = A. x hybrida, 107 x hybrida Paxton (A. hupehensis x A. vitifolia), 107 x japonica auct., 107 nemorosa L., 103FIG, 107 var. caerulea DC., 107 pulsatilla L., 108 ranunculoides L., 107 Anemone, Balkan, 107 Blue, 107 Japanese, 107 Wood, 107 Yellow, 107 Anemones,106 ANETHUM L., 817 graveolens L., 813FIG, 817 ANGELICA L., 824 archangelica L., 824, 825FIG pachycarpa Lange, 801FIG, 824 sylvestris L., 824, 825FIG Angelica, Garden, 824 Portuguese, 824 Wild, 824 Angelicas, 824 Angelica-tree, Chinese, 800 Japanese, 800 Angelica-trees, 800 Angel's-tears, 911 Angiospermae, 56 Angiospermopsida, 56 ANGIOSPERMS, 56 Keys to families of, 56 Primitive, 79 ANISANTHA K. Koch, 1042 diandra (Roth) Tutin ex Tzvelev, 1044 gussonei (Parl.) Nevski, 1044 madritensis (L.) Nevski, 1044 rigida (Roth) Hyl., 1044 rubens (L.) Nevski, 1043FIG, 1044 sterilis (L.) Nevski, 1044 tectorum (L.) Nevski, 1044 ANODA Cav., 375 cristata (L.) Schltdl., 375 ANOGRAMMA Link, 21 leptophylla (L.) Link, 21 ANREDERA cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, 508 ANTENNARIA Gaertn., 733 dioica (L.) Gaertn., 733 X Anthemimatricaria celakovskyi Geisenh. ex Domin nom. illeg., 755 ANTHEMIS L., 754 arvensis L., 755, 757FIG austriaca Jacq., 755 cotula L., 755, 757FIG

ANEMONE

x Tripleurospermum inodorum = X Tripleurothemis maleolens, 755 punctata Vahl, 755, 757FIG ssp. cupaniana (Tod. ex Nyman) R. Fern., 755 ruthenica M. Bieb., 755 tinctoria L., 755, 757FIG ssp. australis R. Fern., 755 ssp. subtinctoria (Dobrocz.) Soó, 755 ssp. tinctoria, 755 x TRIPLEUROSPERMUM = X TRIPLEUROTHEMIS, 755 Anthophyta, 56 ANTHOXANTHUM L., 1024 alpinum auct. non Á. & D. Löve, 1024 aristatum Boiss., 1024 nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp, 1024 odoratum L., 1024 puelii Lecoq & Lamotte, 1024 ANTHRISCUS Pers., 810 caucalis M. Bieb., 808FIG, 811 cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., 808FIG, 811 sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., 808FIG, 811 ANTHYLLIS L., 152 maritima auct. non Schweigg., 152 vulneraria L., 152 ssp. carpatica (Pant.) Nyman, 153 var. pseudovulneraria (Sagorski) Cullen, 153 ssp. corbierei (C.E. Salmon & Travis) Cullen, 152 ssp. lapponica (Hyl.) Jalas, 153 ssp. polyphylla (DC.) Nyman, 152 ssp. pseudovulneraria (Sagorski) J. Duvign., 153 ssp. vulgaris (W.D.J. Koch) Corb., 153 ssp. vulneraria, 152 var. coccinea L., 152 var. langei Jalas, 152 var. vulneraria, 152 var. sericea Bréb., 152 ANTIRRHINUM L., 594 majus L., 594 orontium L., 594 APERA Adans., 1032 interrupta (L.) P. Beauv., 1032 spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv., 1032 APHANES L., 267 arvensis L., 260FIG, 267 australis Rydb., 260FIG, 267 inexspectata W. Lippert, 267 microcarpa auct. non (Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm., 267 APIACEAE, 802 Distinctive genera, 802 subfam. APIOIDEAE, 810 subfam. SANICULOIDEAE, 807 APIUM L., 820

APIUM

graveolens L., 819FIG, 821 var. dulce (Mill.) DC., 821 var. rapaceum (Mill.) DC., 821 inundatum (L.) Rchb. f., 819FIG, 821 leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell. ex Benth., 821 x longipedunculatum (F.W. Schultz) Rothm., 821 x moorei (Syme) Druce (A. nodiflorum x A. inundatum), 821 nodiflorum (L.) Lag., 819FIG, 821 x A. inundatum = A. x moorei, 821 x A. repens, 821 repens (Jacq.) Lag., 819FIG, 821 APOCYNACEAE, 549 APONOGETON L. f., 841 distachyos L. f., 841 APONOGETONACEAE, 841 Apple, 201 Crab, 201 Apple-mint, 633 False, 633 Apple-of-Peru, 573 Apples, 200 APTENIA N.E. Br., 501 cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes, 501, 502FIG AQUIFOLIACEAE, 669 AQUILEGIA L., 120 olympica Boiss., 120 pyrenaica DC., 109FIG, 120 vulgaris L., 103FIG, 109FIG, 120 ARABIDOPSIS (DC.) Heynh., 392 arenosa (L.) Lawalrée, 394 petraea (L.) D.I. Dorof., 392, 410FIG thaliana (L.) Heynh., 393FIG, 394 ARABIS L., 407 alpina L., 407 ssp. caucasica (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Briq., 407 arenosa (L.) Scop., 394 brownii Jord., 407 caucasica Willd. ex Schltdl., 407 collina Ten., 408 glabra (L.) Bernh., 395 hirsuta (L.) Scop., 407, 410FIG muralis Bertol. non Salisb., 408 muricola Jord., 408 petraea (L.) Lam., 392 rosea DC., 408 scabra All., 408 stricta Huds. nom. illeg., 408 turrita L., 408 Arabis, Garden, 407 ARACEAE, 830 ARACHIS L., 147 hypogaea L., 147 ARALIA L., 800 chinensis L., 800 var. nuda Nakai., 800

INDEX

1101

elata (Miq.) Seem., 800 racemosa L., 800 ARALIACEAE, 798 ARAUCARIA Juss., 50 araucana (Molina) K. Koch, 50, 55FIG ARAUCARIACEAE, 50 ARBUTUS L., 524 unedo L., 524 Archangel, Yellow, 617, 618 ARCTIUM L., 689 x ambiguum ÿHODN 1\PDQ (A. tomentosum x A. lappa), 690 x debrayi Senay, 690 lappa L., 690 ssp. minus (Hill) Hook. f., 690 ssp. nemorosum (Lej.) P.D. Sell, 690 ssp. pubens (Bab.) P.D. Sell, 690 x A. minus = A. x nothum, 690 minus (Hill) Bernh., 690 ssp. minus, 690 ssp. nemorosum (Lej.) Syme, 690 ssp. pubens (Bab.) P. Fourn., 690 nemorosum Lej., 690 x nothum (Ruhmer) J. Weiss (A. lappa x A. minus), 690 pubens Bab., 690 x pubens Bab., 690 tomentosum Mill., 690 x A. lappa = A. x ambiguum, 690 vulgare auct. non (Hill) Druce, 690 vulgare (Hill) Druce, 690 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans., 525 alpinus (L.) Spreng., 525 uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., 525 ARCTOTHECA J.C. Wendl., 731 calendula (L.) Levyns, 731 Arctous (A. Gray) Nied., 525 alpinus (L.) Nied., 525 ARECACEAE, 923 AREMONIA Neck. ex Nestl., 261 agrimonioides (L.) DC., 261 ARENARIA L., 455 balearica L., 456 ciliata L., 456 ssp. hibernica Ostenf. & O.C. Dahl, 456 var. hibernica (Ostenf. & O.C. Dahl) Druce, 456 leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss., 456, 458FIG montana L., 456 norvegica Gunnerus, 456 ssp. anglica G. Halliday, 456 ssp. norvegica, 456 serpyllifolia L., 456 ssp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Nyman, 456 ssp. lloydii (Jord.) Bonnier, 456, 458FIG ssp. macrocarpa F.H. Perring & P.D. Sell, 456

1102

INDEX

ARENARIA serpyllifolia (contd) ssp. serpyllifolia, 456, 458FIG var. lloydii (Jord.) Gutermann & Mennema, 456 ARGEMONE L., 90 mexicana L., 89FIG, 90 Argentine-pear, 572 ARISARUM Mill., 832 proboscideum (L.) Savi, 833 ARISTEA Aiton, 883 ecklonii Baker, 883 ARISTIDA L., 988 adscensionis L., 988 ARISTOLOCHIA L., 82 bodamae Dingler, 82 clematitis L., 82, 83FIG hirta L., 82, 83FIG rotunda L., 82, 83FIG ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 81 ARMERIA Willd., 434 alliacea auct. non (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link, 435 arenaria (Pers.) Schult., 435 maritima (Mill.) Willd., 434 ssp. elongata (Hoffm.) Bonnier, 434 ssp. maritima, 434 x A. arenaria, 435 pseudoarmeria (Murray) Mansf., 434 ARMORACIA P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 399 rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 399, 410FIG ARNOSERIS Gaertn., 702 minima (L.) Schweigg. & Körte, 702 ARONIA Medik., 215 arbutifolia (L.) Pers., 216 x A. melanocarpa = A. x prunifolia, 216 melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott, 198FIG, 216 x prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder (A. arbutifolia x A. melanocarpa), 216 ARRHENATHERUM P. Beauv., 1017 elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. & C. Presl, 1018 ssp. bulbosum (Willd.) Hyl., 1018 var. bulbosum (Willd.) St-Amans, 1018 tuberosum (Gilib.) F.W. Schultz, 1018 Arrowgrass family, 841 Marsh, 842 Sea, 842 Arrowgrasses, 842 Arrowhead, 835 Canadian, 836 Narrow-leaved, 836 Arrowheads, 835 ARTEMISIA L., 750 abrotanum L., 751 absinthium L., 751

ARENARIA

annua L., 751, 753FIG biennis Willd., 751, 753FIG campestris L., 751 ssp. campestris, 751 ssp. maritima Arcang., 751 crithmifolia L., 752 dracunculus L., 751 maritima L., 752 norvegica Fr., 751 var. scotica Hultén, 751 stelleriana Besser, 751 verlotiorum Lamotte, 751 vulgaris L., 751 x A. verlotiorum = A. x wurzellii, 751 x wurzellii C.M. James & Stace (A. vulgaris x A. verlotiorum), 751 Arthrocnemon perenne (Mill.) Moss ex Fourc., 492 Artichoke, Globe, 696 Jerusalem, 775 ARUM L., 832 dracunculus L., 832 italicum Mill., 832 ssp. italicum, 832 ssp. neglectum (F. Towns.) Prime, 832 maculatum L., 832 x A. italicum, 832 Arum, Bog, 831 Dragon, 832 ARUNCUS L., 194 dioicus (Walter) Fernald, 194 sylvester Kostel., 194 vulgaris Raf., 194 Arundinaria anceps Mitford, 989 chino (Franch. & Sav.) Makino, 990 fastuosa (Lat.-Marl. ex Mitford) Houz., 989 humilis Mitford, 990 japonica Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud., 991 jaunsarensis Gamble, 989 murieliae Gamble, 989 nitida Stapf, 990 pygmaea (Miq.) Asch. & Graebn., 990 quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino, 991 simonii (Carrière) C. Rivière & Rivière, 990 spathacea (Franch.) D.C. McClint., 990 vagans Gamble, 991 Asarabacca, 82 ASARINA Mill., 594 procumbens Mill., 595 ASARUM L., 82 europaeum L., 82 Ash, 582 family, 580 Manna, 582 Narrow-leaved, 582 Ashes, 581 ASPARAGACEAE, 914 Asparagus family, 914

ASPARAGUS

INDEX

1103

x murbeckii Dörfl. (A. ruta-muraria x A. ASPARAGUS L., 922 septentrionale), 25 officinalis L., 922 obovatum Viv., 23, 24FIG ssp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb., 922 ssp. lanceolatum (Fiori) P. Silva, 23 prostratus Dumort., 922 onopteris L., 23, 24FIG Asparagus, 922 ruta-muraria L., 25 Garden, 922 x A. septentrionale = A. x murbeckii, Wild, 922 25 Aspen, 314 x sarniense Sleep (A. adiantum-nigrum x ASPERUGO L., 562 A. obovatum), 23 procumbens L., 562 scolopendrium L., 23 ASPERULA L., 538 x A. adiantum-nigrum = A. x arvensis L., 538 jacksonii, 23 azurea Jaub. & Spach, 538 x A. obovatum = A. x microdon, 23 cynanchica L., 538 x A. trichomanes = A. x confluens, 23 ssp. cynanchica var. densiflora Gren. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., 25 & Godr., 538 x ticinense D.E. Mey. (A. adiantumssp. occidentalis (Rouy) Stace, 538 nigrum x A. onopteris), 23 orientalis Boiss. & Hohen., 538 trichomanes L., 24FIG, 25 taurina L., 538 nothossp. lusaticum (D.E. Mey.) Asphodel, Bog, 854 Lawalrée, (A. trichomanes family, 852 ssp. quadrivalens x ssp. family, 894 trichomanes) 25 Hollow-leaved, 895 nothossp. staufferi Lovis & Reichst. Scottish, 834 (A. trichomanes ssp. family, 834 quadrivalens x ssp. White, 895 pachyrachis), 25 Asphodelaceae, 894 ssp. pachyrachis (H. Christ) Lovis & ASPHODELUS L., 895 Reichst., 24FIG, 25 albus Mill., 895 ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Mey., 24FIG, 25 fistulosus L., 895 x ssp. pachyrachis = A. Aspidiaceae pro parte, 31 trichomanes nothossp. ASPLENIACEAE, 21 staufferi), 25 ASPLENIUM L., 22 x ssp. trichomanes = A. adiantum-nigrum L., 23, 24FIG trichomanes nothossp. ssp. onopteris (L.) Heufl., 23 lusaticum) 25 var. corunnense H. Christ, 23 ssp. trichomanes, 24FIG, 25 x A. obovatum = A. x sarniense, 23 x A. ruta-muraria = A. x clermontiae, x A. onopteris = A. x ticinense, 23 25 x A. septentrionale = A. x contrei, 23 x A. septentrionale = A. x x alternifolium Wulfen (A. trichomanes x alternifolium, 25 A. septentrionale), 25 trichomanes-ramosum L., 25 billotii F.W. Schultz, 23 viride Huds., 24FIG, 25 ceterach L., 26 x clermontiae Syme (A. trichomanes x A. X Asplenophyllitis Alston, 22 confluens (T. Moore ex E.J. Lowe) Alston, ruta-muraria), 25 23 x confluens (T. Moore ex E.J. Lowe) jacksonii Alston, 23 Lawalrée (A. scolopendrium microdon (T. Moore) Alston, 23 x A. trichomanes), 23 ASTER L., 740 x contrei Callé, Lovis & Reichst. (A. amellus L., 741 adiantum-nigrum x A. concinnus Willd., 743 septentrionale), 23 dumosus L., 741 cuneifolium Viv., 23 x A. foliaceus, 741 fontanum (L.) Bernh., 23 foliaceus Lindl., 741 x jacksonii (Alston) Lawalrée (A. laevis L., 742FIG, 743 scolopendrium x A. x A. novi-belgii = A. x versicolor, adiantum-nigrum, 23 742FIG, 743 marinum L., 23 lanceolatus Willd., 742FIG, 743 x microdon (T. Moore) Lovis & Vida (A. scolopendrium x A. linosyris (L.) Bernh., 744 obovatum, 23 longifolius auct. non Lam., 743

1104

INDEX

ASTER (contd) novae-angliae L., 743 novi-belgii L., 742FIG, 743 ssp. laevigatus (Lam.) Thell., 743 x A. lanceolatus = A. x salignus, 742FIG, 743 pilosus Willd., 743 puniceus L., 741 x salignus Willd. (A. novi-belgii x A. lanceolatus), 742FIG, 743 schreberi Nees, 741 sedifolius L., 741 squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron., 743 tripolium L., 743 x versicolor Willd. (A. laevis x A. novibelgii), 742FIG, 743 Aster, China, 746 Goldilocks, 744 Mexican, 780 Saltmarsh, 743 Sea, 743 ASTERACEAE, 678 tribe ANTHEMIDEAE, 749 tribe ARCTOTIDEAE, 731 tribe ASTEREAE, 738 tribe BAHIEAE, 781 tribe CALENDULEAE, 771 tribe Cardueae, 688 tribe Carlineae, 688 tribe CICHORIEAE, 701 tribe COREOPSIDEAE, 778 tribe CYNAREAE, 688 tribe Echinopeae, 688 tribe EUPATORIEAE, 781 tribe GNAPHALIEAE, 732 tribe HELENIEAE, 781 tribe HELIANTHEAE, 773 tribe INULEAE, 736 tribe Lactuceae, 701 tribe MILLERIEAE, 776 tribe SENECIONEAE, 760 tribe TAGETEAE, 780 subfam. ASTEROIDEAE, 732 subfam. CARDUOIDEAE, 688 subfam. CICHORIOIDEAE, 701 subfam. Lactucoideae, 701 subfam. Liguliflorae, 701 subfam. Tubuliflorae, 732 ASTILBE Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, 127 x arendsii Arends, (?A. chinensis x A. japonica) 127, 131FIG chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav., 127 x A. japonica = ?A. x arendsii, 127, 131FIG japonica (C. Morren & Decne.) A. Gray, 127 rivularis auct. non Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, 127 x rosea van Waveren & Kruyff, 127

ASTER

ASTRAGALUS L., 149 alpinus L., 151 boeticus L., 151 cicer L., 150FIG, 151, 156FIG danicus Retz., 150FIG, 151 glycyphyllos L., 150FIG, 151 hamosus L., 151 odoratus Lam., 150FIG, 151 ASTRANTIA L., 807 major L., 808FIG, 809 ssp. carinthiaca (Hoppe ex W.D.J. Koch) Arcang., 809 ssp. elatior (Friv.) K. Maly, 809 ssp. major, 809 maxima Pall., 809 Astrantia, 807, 809 Athyriaceae, 27 ATHYRIUM Roth, 27 alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands ex T. Moore non Clairv., 27 var. flexile (Newman) Milde, 27 distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz, 27 var. distentifolium, 29FIG var. flexile (Newman) Jermy, 27, 29FIG filix-femina (L.) Roth, 27, 29FIG flexile (Newman) Druce, 27 ATRIPLEX L., 487 glabriuscula Edmondston, 489, 491FIG x A. longipes = A. x taschereaui, 489, 491FIG x A. praecox, 489 x gustafssoniana Tascher. (A. prostrata x A. longipes), 489, 491FIG var. kattegatensis (Turesson) Tascher., 489 halimus L., 490, 491FIG hastata auct. non L., 489 hortensis L., 488, 491FIG x hulmeana Tascher. (A. prostrata x A. littoralis), 489 laciniata L., 490, 491FIG littoralis L., 490, 491FIG x A. patula, 490 longipes Drejer, 489, 491FIG ssp. kattegatensis Turesson, 489 ssp. praecox (Hülph.) Turesson, 489 micrantha Ledeb., 488 muelleri Benth., 488 nitens Schkuhr nom. illeg., 489 patula L., 490, 491FIG pedunculata L., 490, 491FIG portulacoides L., 490, 491FIG praecox Hülph., 489, 491FIG prostrata Boucher ex DC., 489, 491FIG x A. glabriuscula, 489 x A. littoralis = A. x hulmeana, 489 x A. longipes = A. x gustafssoniana, 489, 491FIG

ATRIPLEX

sagittata Borkh., 489 suberecta Verd., 490, 491FIG x taschereaui Stace (A. glabriuscula x A. longipes), 489, 491FIG ATROPA L., 572 belladonna L., 573 Aubretia, 408 AUBRIETA Adans., 408 deltoidea (L.) DC., 408, 410FIG AUCUBA Thunb., 536 japonica Thunb., 536 Aucubaceae, 536 Aunt-Eliza, 892 Auricula, 517 AURINIA Desv., 406 saxatilis (L.) Desv., 406, 410FIG AVENA L., 1018 barbata Pott ex Link, 1018 byzantina K. Koch, 1018 fatua L., 1019 x A. sativa = A. x hybrida, 1019 x hybrida Peterm. (A. fatua x A. sativa), 1019 ludoviciana Durieu, 1019 sativa L., 1019 sterilis L., 1019 ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet & Magne, 1019 ssp. sterilis, 1019 strigosa Schreb., 1019 Avenella Koch., 1021 Avenochloa Holub, 1017 pratensis (L.) Holub, 1017 pubescens (Huds.) Holub, 1017 Avens, 258 Chiloé, 259 Large-leaved, 259 Mountain, 195 Water, 259 Wood, 259 AVENULA (Dumort.) Dumort., 1017 pratensis (L.) Dumort., 1017 pubescens (Huds.) Dumort., 1017 Awlwort, 405 AXYRIS L., 478 amaranthoides L., 478 Azalea, Trailing, 527 Yellow, 526 AZOLLA Lam., 18 filiculoides Lam., 18 Azollaceae, 18 Baby-blue-eyes, 552 Baby's-breath, 475, 476 BACCHARIS L., 749 halimifolia L., 748FIG, 749 Bacopa, 610 BALDELLIA Parl., 836 ranunculoides (L.) Parl., 836 ssp. ranunculoides, 836

INDEX

1105

ssp. repens (Lam.) Á. & D. Löve, 836 BALLOTA L., 617 acetabulosa (L.) Benth., 617 nigra L., 617 ssp. foetida (Vis.) Hayek, 617 ssp. meridionalis (Bég.) Bég., 617 ssp. nigra, 617 Balm, 625 Bastard, 621 Balm-of-Gilead, 318 Balsam family, 512 Indian, 512 Orange, 512 Small, 512 Touch-me-not, 512 Balsamita Mill., 749 major Desf., 750 BALSAMlNACEAE, 512 Balsam-poplar, Eastern, 318 Hybrid, 318 Japanese, 313 Western, 318 Balsams, 512 Bamboo, Arrow, 991 Broad-leaved, 990 Dwarf, 990 Hairy, 991 Maximowicz's, 990 Narihira, 989 Simon's, 990 Square-stemmed, 991 Umbrella, 989 Veitch's, 990 Bamboos, 990 Baneberry, 106 BARBAREA W.T. Aiton, 395 arcuata (Opiz ex J. & C. Presl) Rchb., 395 intermedia Boreau, 393FIG, 396 stricta Andrz., 393FIG, 396 verna (Mill.) Asch., 393FIG, 396 vulgaris W.T. Aiton, 393FIG, 395 Barberries, 96 Barberry, 97 Box-leaved, 100 Chinese, 100 Clustered, 100 Darwin's, 100 family, 96 Gagnepain's, 100 Great, 97 Hedge, 100 Mrs Wilson's, 97 Thunberg's, 97 Barley, Antarctic, 1053 Argentine, 1053 Four-rowed, 1053 Foxtail, 1053 Little, 1053 Meadow, 1053

1106

Barley (contd) Mediterranean, 1054 Sea, 1054 Six-rowed, 1052 Two-rowed, 1053 Wall, 1053 Wood, 1051 Barleys, 1051 Barren-wort, 96 BARTSIA L., 656 alpina L., 656 Bartsia, Alpine, 656 French, 655 Red, 656 Yellow, 656 Bartsias, 655 BASELLACEAE, 508 Basil, Wild, 627 BASSIA All., 486 scoparia (L.) Voss, 486 Bastard-toadflax, 426 family, 425 Bay, 84 family, 82 Bayberry, 291 Beadplant, 537 Beak-sedge, Brown, 951 White, 951 Beak-sedges, 951 Bean, Broad, 160 French, 148 Indian, 668 family, 668 Runner, 148 Beans, 148 Bearberries, 525 Bearberry, 525 Arctic, 525 Beard-grass, Annual, 1033 Perennial, 1030 Southern, 1033 Beard-grasses, 1033 Bear's-breech, 667 family, 667 Spiny, 668 Bear's-breeches, 667 Beauty-bush, 783 BECKMANNIA Host, 1035 eruciformis (L.) Host, 1035 syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald, 1029FIG, 1035, 1036FIG Bedstraw family, 536 Fen, 540 Heath, 542 Hedge, 540 Lady's, 540 Limestone, 542 Northern, 540 Slender, 542

INDEX

BARLEY

Tree, 537 Wall, 543 Bedstraws, 538 Beech, 287 family, 287 Southern, family, 286 Beeches, Southern, 286 Beet, 490 Caucasian, 492 Fodder, 492 Foliage, 492 Root, 492 Sea, 492 Spinach, 492 Sugar, 492 Beetle-grass, Brown, 1058 Beetle-grasses, 1057 Beetroot, 492 Beets, 490 Beggarticks, 779 Fern-leaved, 779 Bellflower, Adria, 672 Chimney, 672 Clustered, 672 Cornish, 672 Creeping, 674 family, 669 Giant, 674 Italian, 672 Ivy-leaved, 675 Milky, 672 Nettle-leaved, 674 Peach-leaved, 672 Rampion, 672 Spreading, 672 Trailing, 672 Bellflowers, 670 BELLIS L., 749 perennis L., 749 flore pleno, 749 sylvestris Cirillo, 749 Bent, African, 1028 Black, 1027 Bristle, 1028 Brown, 1028 Common, 1027 Creeping, 1028 Highland, 1028 Rough, 1028 Small, 1028 Spike, 1027 Velvet, 1028 Water, 1033 Bents, 1026 BERBERIDACEAE, 96 BERBERIS L., 96 aggregata C.K. Schneid., 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 x B. wilsoniae, 100

BERBERIS

INDEX

buxifolia Lam., 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 darwinii Hook., 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 x B. empetrifolia Lam. = B. x stenophylla, 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 gagnepainii C.K. Schneid., 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 glaucocarpa Stapf, 97, 98FIG, 99FIG julianae C.K. Schneid., 99FIG, 100 manipurana Ahrendt, 97 x stenophylla Lindl. (B. darwinii x B. empetrifolia), 98FIG, 99FIG, 100 thunbergii DC., 97, 98FIG, 99FIG vulgaris L., 97, 98FIG, 99FIG wilsoniae Hemsl., 97, 98FIG, 99FIG BERGENIA Moench, 128 cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb.,128 crassifolia (L.) Fritsch, 128 x B. ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. = B. x schmidtii, 128 x B. cordifolia = B. x media, 128 x media (Haw.) Engl. (B. crassifolia x B. cordifolia), 128 x schmidtii (Regel) Silva Tar. (B. crassifolia x B. ciliata), 128 Bermuda-buttercup, 305 Bermuda-grass, 1064 African, 1064 Bermuda-grasses, 1064 BERTEROA DC., 406 incana (L.) DC., 406, 410FIG BERULA Besser ex W.D.J. Koch, 814 erecta (Huds.) Coville, 813FIG, 814 BETA L., 490 trigyna Waldst. & Kit., 492 vulgaris L., 490 ssp. cicla (L.) Arcang., 492 var. cicla L., 492 var. flavescens (Lam.) Lam., 492 ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang., 492 ssp. vulgaris, 492 BETONICA L., 617 officinalis L., 617 Betony, 617 BETULA L., 292 x aurata Borkh. (B. pendula x B. pubescens), 293 x intermedia Thomas ex Gaudin (B. pubescens x B. nana), 294 jacquemontii Spach, 294 nana L., 294, 295FIG papyrifera Marshall, 294, 295FIG pendula Roth, 293, 295FIG x B. pubescens = B. x aurata, 293 populifolia Marshall, 293, 295FIG pubescens Ehrh., 293, 295FIG ssp. carpatica (Willd.) Asch. & Graebn., 294

1107

ssp. odorata sensu E.F. Warb., 294 ssp. pubescens, 294 ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman, 294 x B. nana = B. x intermedia, 294 utilis D. Don, 294, 295FIG var. jacquemontii (Spach) A. Henry, 294 BETULACEAE, 292 BIDENS L., 778 bipinnata L., 772FIG, 779 cernua L., 772FIG, 779 var. radiata DC., 779 connata Muhl. ex Willd, 772FIG, 779 ferulifolia (Jacq.) Sweet, 772FIG, 779 frondosa L., 772FIG, 779 pilosa L., 772FIG, 779 tripartita L., 772FIG, 779 var. integra W.D.J. Koch, 779 vulgata Greene, 778 BIFORA Hoffm., 807 radians M. Bieb., 807 BIGNONIACEAE, 668 Bilberries, 532 Bilberry, 534 Bog, 534 Bilderdykia Dumort., 442 aubertii (L. Henry) Moldenke, 443 baldschuanica (Regel) D.A. Webb, 443 Bindweed family, 566 Field, 566, 567 Hairy, 569 Hedge, 567 Large, 569 Sea, 567 Bindweeds, 567 Birch, Downy, 293 Dwarf, 294 family, 292 Grey, 293 Himalayan, 294 Paper-bark, 294 Silver, 293 Birches, 292 Bird-in-a-bush, 91 Bird's-foot, 154 Orange, 154 Bird's-foots, 154 Bird's-foot-trefoil, Common, 153 Greater, 153 Hairy, 153 Narrow-leaved, 153 Slender, 154 Bird's-foot-trefoils, 153 Bird's-nest, Yellow, 535 Birthwort, 82 family, 81 Breckland, 82 Birthworts, 82 Bistort, Alpine, 438

1108

Bistort (contd) Amphibious, 439 Common, 438 Red, 438 Bistorta Adans., 436 amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene, 438 officinalis Delarbre, 438 vivipara (L.) Delarbre, 438 Bitter-cress, Hairy, 401 Large, 400 Narrow-leaved, 401 New Zealand, 401 Wavy, 401 Bitter-cresses, 399 Bittersweet, 578 Bitter-vetch, 161 Wood, 158 Black-bindweed, 443 Black-eyed-Susan, 774 Black-grass, 1035 Black-jack, 779 Black-poplar, 314 Hybrid, 314 BLACKSTONIA Huds., 546 perfoliata (L.) Huds., 546 Blackthorn, 196 Blackwood, Australian, 185, 186 Bladder-fern, Alpine, 28 Brittle, 28 Diaphanous, 28 Dickie's, 28 Mountain, 28 Bladder-ferns, 28 Bladdernut, 368 family, 368 Bladder-sedge, 965 Mountain, 966 Bladderseed, 817, 818 Bladder-senna, 149 Orange, 149 Bladder-sennas, 149 Bladderwort, 665 family, 663 Greater, 665 Intermediate, 667 Lesser, 667 New Forest, 667 Nordic, 667 Pale, 667 Bladderworts, 664 Blanketflower, 781 BLECHNACEAE, 30 BLECHNUM L., 30 chilense (Kaulf.) Mett., 30 cordatum (Desv.) Hieron., 20FIG, 30 penna-marina (Poir.) Kuhn, 30 spicant (L.) Roth , 30 Bleeding-heart, 91 Bleeding-hearts, 91

INDEX

BISTORT

Blinks, 507 family, 507 Small-leaved, 508 Blitum L., 479 capitatum L., 484 Blood-drop-emlets, 639 Blown-grass, 1028 Bluebell, 920 Italian, 920 Spanish, 921 Bluebells, 920 Blueberry, Highbush, 534 Blue-eyed-grass, 883 American, 884 Blue-eyed-grasses, 883 Blue-eyed-Mary, 565 Blue-gum, Southern, 367 Blue-sowthistle, Alpine, 711 Common, 711 Hairless, 711 Pontic, 711 Blue-sowthistles, 711 BLYSMUS Panz. ex Schult., 950 compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link, 947FIG, 950 rufus (Huds.) Link, 947FIG, 950 Bocconia L., 91 Bogbean, 677 family, 677 Bog-laurel, 527 Bog-myrtle, 291 family, 290 Bog-myrtles, 291 Bog-rosemary, 531 Bog-rush, Black, 950 Brown, 950 Bog-rushes, 950 Bog-sedge, 971 Mountain, 971 Tall, 972 BOLBOSCHOENUS (Asch.) Palla, 944 maritimus (L.) Palla, 944 Borage, 559 family, 550 Slender, 560 Borages, 559 BORAGINACEAE, 550 BORAGO L., 559 laxiflora (DC.) Fisch. non Poir., 560 officinalis L., 559 pygmaea (DC.) Chater & Greuter, 560 Boston-ivy, 144 BOTRYCHIUM Sw., 10 lunaria (L.) Sw., 10 matricariifolium (Retz.) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch, 10 Boussingaultia baselloides Hook. non Kunth, 508 cordifolia Ten. non (Moq.) Volkens, 508

BOX

Box, 122 family, 122 Carpet, 122 Boysenberry, 247 BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb., 1069 eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb., 1069 platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash, 1036FIG, 1069, 1074FIG Brachycome, 688 BRACHYGLOTTIS J.R. & G. Forst., 768 x jubar P.D. Sell (B. laxifolia x B. compacta, 767FIG, 768 laxifolia (Buchanan) B. Nord. x B. compacta (Kirk) B. Nord. = B. x jubar, 767FIG, 768 monroi (Hook. f.) B. Nord., 767FIG, 768 repanda J.R. & G. Forst., 767FIG, 768 'Sunshine', 768 BRACHYPODIUM P. Beauv., 1046 cugnacii auct. non A. Camus, 1047 x cugnacii A. Camus (B. pinnatum x B. sylvaticum), 1047 distachyon (L.) P. Beauv., 1043FIG, 1047 pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv., 1047 ssp. rupestre (Host) Schübl. & G. Martens, 1047 x B. sylvaticum = B. x cugnacii, 1047 rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult., 1047 x B. sylvaticum, 1047 sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv., 1047 BRACHYSCOME Cass., 688 iberidifolia Benth., 688 Bracken, 19 family, 18 Bracteantha Anderb. & Haegi, 736 Bramble, 247 Arctic, 244 Chinese, 244 Korean, 243 Stone, 244 White-stemmed, 246 Brambles, 241 BRASSICA L., 412 campestris L., 413 carinata A. Braun, 413 elongata Ehrh., 413 fruticulosa Cirillo, 412 x harmsiana O.E. Schulz (B. napus x B. rapa), 413 integrifolia auct. non (H. West) Rupr., 413 integrifolia (H. West) Rupr., 413 juncea (L.) Czern., 413 napus L., 398FIG, 412, 415FIG ssp. napus, 413 ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg., 413 ssp. rapifera Metzg., 413 var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb., 413 x B. rapa = B. x harmsiana, 413 nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 413, 415FIG

INDEX

1109

x B. rapa, 413 oleracea L., 398FIG, 412 var. botrytis L., 412 var. capitata L., 412 var. gemmifera DC., 412 var. gongylodes L., 412 var. oleracea, 412 var. sabauda L., 412 var. viridis L., 412 x B. nigra, 413 x B. rapa, 413 rapa L., 398FIG, 413 ssp. campestris (L.) A.R. Clapham, 413 ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg., 413 ssp. rapa, 413 ssp. sylvestris (Lam.) Janch., 413 tournefortii Gouan, 413, 415FIG BRASSICACEAE, 385 Distinctive genera, 386 Bridal-spray, 194 Bridewort, 192 Billard's, 192 Confused, 192 Intermediate, 192 Pale, 192 Brideworts, 191 Bristle-grass, Adherent, 1073 Foxtail, 1073 Green, 1073 Knotroot, 1072 Nodding, 1073 Rough, 1073 Yellow, 1072 Bristle-grasses, 1070 BRIZA L., 1010 maxima L., 1011 media L., 1010 minor L., 1010 Broadleaf family, 797 New Zealand, 797 Broccoli, 412 Brodiaea laxa (Benth.) S. Watson, 904 Brome, Barren, 1044 California, 1046 Compact, 1044 Drooping, 1044 False, 1047 Field, 1040 Foxtail, 1044 Great, 1044 Hungarian, 1045 Interrupted, 1042 Large-headed, 1042 Meadow, 1041 Patagonian, 1046 Rescue, 1046 Ripgut, 1044 Rye, 1042 Smith's, 1042

1110

INDEX

Brome (contd) Smooth, 1041 Southern, 1046 Stiff, 1047 Thunberg's, 1042 Upright, 1045 Western, 1046 BROMELIACEAE, 926 Bromes, 1039 American, 1045 Barren, 1042 False, 1046 Hairy, 1044 BROMOPSIS (Dumort.) Fourr., 1044 benekenii (Lange) Holub, 1045 erecta (Huds.) Fourr., 1045 inermis (Leyss.) Holub, 1045 ssp. inermis, 1043FIG, 1045 ssp. pumpelliana (Scribn.) W.A. Weber, 1045 pumpelliana (Scribn.) Holub, 1045 ramosa (Huds.) Holub, 1045 BROMUS L., 1039 sect. Ceratochloa (DC. & P. Beauv.) Griseb., 1045 sect. Genea Dumort., 1042 sect. Pnigma Dumort., 1044 alopecuros Poir., 1040 arvensis L., 1040 benekenii (Lange) Trimen, 1045 brevis Nees ex Steud., 1046 briziformis Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 1040 carinatus Hook. & Arn., 1046 catharticus Vahl, 1046 cebadilla Steud., 1046 commutatus Schrad., 1041 x B. racemosus, 1041 diandrus Roth, 1044 erectus Huds., 1045 ferronii Mabille, 1041 hordeaceus L., 1041 ssp. divaricatus auct., non (Bonnier & Layens) Kerguélen, 1041 ssp. ferronii (Mabille) P.M. Sm., 1041 ssp. hordeaceus, 1041 ssp. longipedicellatus Spalton, 1041 ssp. molliformis (J. Lloyd ex Godr.) Maire & Weiller, 1041 ssp. pseudothominei (P.M. Sm.) H. Scholz, 1042 ssp. thominei (Hardouin) BraunBlanq., 1041 x B. lepidus = B. x pseudothominei, 1041 inermis Leyss., 1045 interruptus (Hack.) Druce, 1042 japonicus Thunb., 1029FIG, 1042 lanceolatus Roth, 1029FIG, 1042 lepidus Holmb., 1042

BROME

macrostachys Desf., 1042 madritensis L., 1044 marginatus Nees ex Steud., 1046 mollis L., 1041 pectinatus Thunb., 1040 pseudosecalinus P.M. Sm., 1042 x pseudothominei P.M. Sm. (B. hordeaceus x B. lepidus), 1041 pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon, 1045 racemosus L., 1041 ssp. commutatus (Schrad.) Syme, 1041 ramosus Huds., 1045 rigidus Roth, 1044 rubens L., 1044 scoparius L., 1040 secalinus L., 1042 squarrosus L., 1040 stamineus Desv., 1046 sterilis L., 1044 tectorum L., 1044 thominei auct. non Hardouin, 1041 thominei Hardouin, 1041 unioloides (Willd.) Kunth, 1046 valdivianus Phil., 1046 willdenowii Kunth, 1046 Brooklime, 588 Brookweed, 522 Broom, 182 Black, 181 Hairy-fruited, 182 Montpellier, 182 Mount Etna, 184 Spanish, 182 White, 181 Broomrape, Bean, 662 Bedstraw, 662 Common, 663 family, 639 Greater, 662 Hemp, 662 Ivy, 663 Knapweed, 662 Oxtongue, 663 Thistle, 662 Thyme, 662 Yarrow, 662 Broomrapes, 660 Brooms, 181 BRUNNERA Steven, 558 macrophylla (Adams) I.M. Johnst., 558, 561FIG Brussels-sprout, 412 BRYONIA L., 298 cretica L. ssp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin, 299 dioica Jacq., 299 Bryony, Black, 854 family, 854 White, 298, 299

BRYONY

family, 298 Buckler-fern, Broad, 38 Crested, 37 family, 31 Hay-scented, 37 Narrow, 38 Rigid, 37 Scaly, 37 Buckler-ferns, 33 Buck's-beard, 194 Buckthorn, 279 Alder, 279 family, 278 Mediterranean, 279 Buckthorns, 278 Buckwheat, 440 Green, 440 Tall, 440 Buckwheats, 440 BUDDLEJA L., 610 alternifolia Maxim., 610 davidii Franch., 611 x B. globosa = B. x weyeriana, 611 globosa Hope, 611 x weyeriana Weyer (B. davidii x B. globosa), 611 Buddlejaceae, 602 Buffalo-bur, 579 Red, 579 Bugle, 623 Pyramidal, 623 Bugle-lily, 886, 887 Bugles, 623 Bugloss, 559 Buglossoides Moench, 552 arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst., 553 purpureocaerulea (L.) I.M. Johnst., 552 Bugseed, 487 Bullace, 197 Bullwort, 823 Bullworts, 823 Bulrush, 926 family, 925 Lesser, 926 Bulrushes, 926 BUNIAS L., 422 orientalis L., 393FIG, 422 BUNIUM L., 812 bulbocastanum L., 808FIG, 812 BUPHTHALMUM L., 688 salicifolium L., 688 BUPLEURUM L., 818 baldense Turra, 819FIG, 820 falcatum L., 818, 819FIG fontanesii Guss., 818 fruticosum L., 818, 819FIG intermedium (Loisel. ex DC.) Steud., 820 lancifolium auct. non Hornem., 820 odontites L., 818

INDEX

1111

rotundifolium L., 819FIG, 820 subovatum Link ex Spreng., 819FIG, 820 tenuissimum L., 819FIG, 820 Burdock, Greater, 690 Lesser, 690 Wood, 690 Burdocks, 689 Bur-grass, African, 1066 Australian, 1066 European, 1066 Bur-grasses, 1065 Bur-marigold, London, 779 Nodding, 779 Trifid, 779 Bur-marigolds, 778 Burnet, Fodder, 261 Great, 261 Salad, 261 White, 261 Burnets, 261 Burnet-saxifrage, 814 Greater, 812 Burnet-saxifrages, 812 Bur-parsley, Greater, 807 Small, 807 Bur-reed, Branched, 925 Floating, 926 Least, 926 Bur-reeds, 925 Burweeds, 760 Butcher's-broom, 922 Spineless, 923 Butcher's-brooms, 922 BUTOMACEAE, 837 BUTOMUS L., 837 umbellatus L., 837 Butterbur, 770 Giant, 771 White, 771 Butterburs, 770 Buttercup, Aconite-leaved, 115 Bulbous, 113 Celery-leaved, 114 Corn, 114 Creeping, 113 family, 101 Goldilocks, 114 Hairy, 113 Jersey, 114 Meadow, 112 Rough-fruited, 113 Small-flowered, 113 St Martin's, 113 Buttercups, 110 Butterfly-bush, 611 Alternate-leaved, 610 Weyer's, 611 Butterfly-bushes, 610 Butterfly-orchid, Greater, 867

1112

INDEX

Butterfly-orchid (contd) Lesser, 867 Butterfly-orchids, 867 Butterwort, Alpine, 664 Common, 664 Large-flowered, 664 Pale, 664 Butterworts, 664 Button-grass, 1061 Buttonweed, 760 Annual, 760 Buttonweeds, 759 BUXACEAE, 122 BUXUS L., 122 sempervirens L., 122 Cabbage, 412 Bastard, 417 family, 385 Isle of Man, 416 Lundy, 416 Pale, 413 Savoy, 412 Steppe, 417 Wallflower, 416 Wild, 412 Cabbage-palm, 923 Cabbages, 412, 416, 417 CABOMBA Aubl., 79 caroliniana A. Gray, 79 CABOMBACEAE, 79 Caesalpiniaceae, 144, 185 CAKILE Mill., 416 edentula auct. non (Bigelow) Hook., 416 maritima Scop., 416 ssp. integrifolia (Hornem.) Hyl. ex Greuter & Burdet, 416 CALAMAGROSTIS Adans., 1030 canescens (F.H. Wigg.) Roth, 1030 x C. stricta = C. x gracilescens, 1031 epigejos (L.) Roth, 1030 x Ammophila arenaria = X Calammophila baltica, 1031 x C. canescens, 1031 x gracilescens (Blytt) Blytt (C. canescens x C. stricta), 1031 purpurea (Trin.) Trin., 1031 ssp. phragmitoides (Hartm.) Tzvelev., 1031 scotica (Druce) Druce, 1031 stricta (Timm) Koeler, 1031 x C. scotica, 1031 x AMMOPHILA = X CALAMMOPHILA, 1031 Calamint, Common, 627 Greater, 627 Lesser, 627 Wood, 627 Calamintha Mill., 625 ascendens Jord., 627

BUTTERFLY-ORCHID

grandiflora (L.) Moench, 627 nepeta (L.) Savi, 627 ssp. glandulosa (Req.) P.W. Ball, 627 sylvatica Bromf., 627 ssp. ascendens (Jord.) P.W. Ball, 627 Calamints, 625 X CALAMMOPHILA Brand (CALAMAGROSTIS x AMMOPHILA), 1031 baltica (Flüggé ex Schrad.) Brand (C. epigejos x A. arenaria), 1031 var. baltica, 1031 var. subarenaria (T. Marsson) ined., 1031 Calamophyta, 11 CALAMOPHYTES, 11 CALANDRINIA Kunth, 508 ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC., 508 CALCEOLARIA L., 583 chelidonioides Kunth, 583 integrifolia L., 583 CALCEOLARIACEAE, 583 CALENDULA L., 771 arvensis L., 771 officinalis L., 771 flore pleno, 771 CALLA L., 831 palustris L., 831 CALLISTEPHUS Cass., 746 chinensis (L.) Nees, 746 CALLITRICHACEAE, 600 CALLITRICHE L., 600 brutia Petagna, 602 ssp. brutia, 602, 603FIG ssp. hamulata (Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch) O. Bolòs & Vigo, 602, 603FIG cophocarpa Sendtn., 601 hamulata Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch, 602 hermaphroditica L., 601, 603FIG ssp. hermaphroditica, 601 ssp. macrocarpa (Hegelm.) Lansdown, 601 intermedia Hoffm. ssp. pedunculata (DC.) A.R. Clapham, 602 ssp. hamulata (Kütz. ex W.D.J. Koch) A.R. Clapham, 602 obtusangula Le Gall, 602, 603FIG palustris auct. non L., 602 palustris L., 602, 603FIG pedunculata DC., 602 platycarpa Kütz., 602, 603FIG polymorpha auct. non Lönnr., 602 stagnalis Scop., 602, 603FIG truncata Guss., 601, 603FIG ssp. occidentalis (Rouy) Braun-Blanq., 602 CALLUNA Salisb., 527 vulgaris (L.) Hull, 527 CALOTIS R. Br., 739

CALOTIS

INDEX

cuneifolia R. Br., 739, 748FIG hispidula (F. Muell.) F. Muell., 739 lappulacea Benth., 739 CALTHA L., 102 palustris L., 102, 103FIG flore pleno, 102 ssp. minor auct. non Mill., 102 var. radicans (T.F. Forst.) Hook., 102 radicans T.F. Forst., 102 Calycomorphum C. Presl, 179 subterraneum (L.) C. Presl, 179 CALYSTEGIA R. Br., 567 dahurica auct. non (Herb.) G. Don, 569 x howittiorum Brummitt (C. pulchra x C. silvatica), 569 x lucana (Ten.) G. Don (C. sepium x C. silvatica), 569 pulchra Brummitt & Heywood, 568FIG, 569 x C. silvatica = C. x howittiorum, 569 x scanica Brummitt (C. sepium x C. pulchra), 567 sepium (L.) R. Br., 567, 568FIG f. schizoflora (Druce) Stace, 567 ssp. americana (Sims) Brummitt, 567 ssp. pulchra (Brummitt & Heywood) Tutin nom. inval., 569 ssp. roseata Brummitt, 567 ssp. sepium, 567 f. colorata (Lange) Dörfl., 567 ssp. silvatica (Kit.) Batt., 569 ssp. spectabilis Brummitt, 567 x C. pulchra = C. x scanica, 567 x C. silvatica = C. x lucana, 569 silvatica (Kit.) Griseb., 568FIG, 569 ssp. disjuncta Brummitt, 569 ssp. silvatica, 569 var. quinquepartita N. Terracc., 569 x C. pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don, 569 x C. sepium ssp. americana, 569 soldanella (L.) R. Br., 567 CAMASSIA quamash (Pursh) Greene, 915 CAMELINA Crantz, 394 alyssum (Mill.) Thell., 394 macrocarpa Wierzb. ex Rchb., 394 microcarpa Andrz. ex DC., 394, 415FIG sativa (L.) Crantz, 394, 415FIG ssp. alyssum (Mill.) Hegi & Em. Schmid, 394 ssp. microcarpa (Andrz. ex DC.) Thell., 394 CAMPANULA L., 670 alliariifolia Willd., 672, 673FIG carpatica Jacq., 671 cochleariifolia Lam., 674 fragilis Cirillo, 672 giesekiana auct. non Vest, 674 giesekiana Vest, 674 glomerata L., 672

1113

lactiflora M. Bieb., 672, 673FIG latifolia L., 674 medium L., 672 flore pleno, 672 patula L., 672 persicifolia L., 672 portenschlagiana Schult., 672 poscharskyana Degen, 672 pyramidalis L., 672, 673FIG rapunculoides L., 674 rapunculus L., 672 rhomboidalis L., 673FIG, 674 rotundifolia L., 674 ssp. montana (Syme) P.D. Sell, 674 ssp. rotundifolia, 674 trachelium L., 674 CAMPANULACEAE, 669 Campion, Alpine, 472 Bladder, 472 Caucasian, 472 Moss, 472 Red, 473 Rose, 474 Sea, 472 White, 473 Campions, 470 Canary-creeper, 383 Canary-grass, 1025 Awned, 1026 Bulbous, 1025 Confused, 1025 Lesser, 1025 Reed, 1025 Canary-grasses, 1025 Candytuft, Garden, 425 Perennial, 425 Wild, 425 Candytufts, 425 CANNABACEAE, 283 CANNABIS L., 283 sativa L., 283 Canterbury-bells, 672 Cape-gooseberry, 574 Cape-lilies, 904 Cape-lily, Powell's, 905 Cape-pondweed, 841 family, 841 Cape-tulip, 882 Capparaceae in part, 385 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 783 CAPSELLA Medik., 394 bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., 395, 404FIG x C. rubella = C. x gracilis, 395 x gracilis Gren. (C. bursa-pastoris x C. rubella), 395 rubella Reut., 395, 404FIG CAPSICUM L., 575 annuum L., 575 CARAGANA Fabr., 148

1114

INDEX

CARAGANA

x stangii H. Buek ex Nyman (C. crispus x CARAGANA (contd) C. nutans), 692 arborescens Lam., 148 tenuiflorus Curtis, 691, 699FIG Caraway, 823 thoermeri Weinm., 691 Whorled, 823 CAREX L., 951 Caraways, 823 subg. CAREX, 964 CARDAMINE L., 399 subg. Primocarex Kük., 973 amara L., 400 subg. PSYLLOPHORA (Degl.) Peterm., bulbifera (L.) Crantz, 400 973 corymbosa Hook. f., 401 subg. VIGNEA (P. Beauv. ex F. Lestib.) crassifolia Pourr., 400 Kük., 959 dentata Schult., 400 acuta L., 970FIG, 972 flexuosa With., 401, 410FIG x C. elata = C. x prolixa, 972 x C. hirsuta = C. x zahlbruckneriana, x C. nigra, 972 401 acutiformis Ehrh., 963FIG, 965 x fringsii F. Wirtg. (C. pratensis x C. x C. acuta = C. x subgracilis, 965 flexuosa), 401 x C. riparia = C. x sooi, 965 hayneana (Rchb.) Fritsch, 400 x C. vesicaria = C. x ducellieri, 965 heptaphylla (Vill.) O.E. Schulz, 400 x alsatica Zahn (C. flava x C. demissa), hirsuta L., 401 968 x haussknechtiana O.E. Schulz, 401 x appeliana Zahn (C. hostiana x C. impatiens L., 401 oederi), 968 latifolia Vahl non Lej., 400 appropinquata Schumach., 960, 962FIG matthioli auct. non Moretti, 400 aquatilis Wahlenb., 970FIG, 972 nymanii Gand., 400, 401 x C. acuta, 972 palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Peterm., 400 x C. bigelowii = C. x limula, 972 pratensis L., 400 x C. nigra = C. x hibernica, 972 ssp. dentata 6FKXOW ÿHODN arenaria L., 961, 962FIG ssp. paludosa .QDI ÿHODN atrata L., 970FIG, 972 ssp. polemonioides Rouy, 401 atrofusca Schkuhr, 970FIG, 971 ssp. pratensis, 400 x beckmanniana Figert (C. riparia x C. x C. flexuosa = C. x fringsii, 401 rostrata), 965 quinquefolia (M. Bieb.) Schmalh., 400 x beckmannii Keck ex F.W. Schultz (C. raphanifolia Pourr., 400 paniculata x C. diandra), 960 rivularis Schur, 400 bergrothii Palmgr., 968 trifolia L., 400 bicolor All., 959 uniflora (Hook. f.) Allan non Michx., 401 bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein., 970FIG, 973 x zahlbruckneriana O.E. Schulz (C. x biharica Simonk. (C. echinata x C. flexuosa x C. hirsuta), 401 canescens), 964 Cardaminopsis (C.A. Mey.) Hayek, 392 x binderi Podp., 967 arenosa (L.) Hayek, 394 binervis Sm., 967, 969FIG petraea (L.) Hiitonen, 392 x C. demissa = C. x corstorphinei, 967 Cardaria Desv., 401 x C. punctata, 967 chalepensis (L.) Hand.-Mazz., 405 x boenninghausiana Weihe (C. draba (L.) Desv., 405 paniculata x C. remota), 960 ssp. chalepensis (L.) O.E. Schulz, 405 buchananii Berggr., 969FIG, 973 Cardoon, 696 buxbaumii Wahlenb., 970FIG, 972 CARDUUS L., 691 canescens L., 964, 962FIG acanthoides auct. non L., 692 capillaris L., 963FIG, 966 acanthoides L., 692 capitata L., 959 crispus auct. non L., 692 caryophyllea Latourr., 969FIG, 971 crispus L., 692 chordorrhiza L. f., 961, 962FIG ssp. multiflorus (Gaudin) Gremli., 692 contigua Hoppe, 960 x C. nutans = C. x stangii, 692 x corstorphinei Druce (C. binervis x C. x dubius Balb., 692 demissa), 967 macrocephalus Desf., 691 crawfordii Fernald, 959 nutans L., 692 x csomadensis Simonk. (C. riparia x C. x orthocephalus auct. non Wallr., 692 vesicaria), 965 x polyacanthus Schleich. non Lam., 692 pycnocephalus L., 691, 699FIG

CAREX

INDEX

cuprina (I. Sándor ex Heuff.) T. Nendtv. 960 curta Gooden., 964 davalliana Sm., 964, 962FIG x decolorans Wimm. (C. nigra x C. bigelowii), 973 demissa Hornem., 968, 969FIG depauperata Curtis ex With., 963FIG, 967 x deserta Merino (C. laevigata x C. binervis), 967 diandra Schrank, 960, 962FIG digitata L., 969FIG, 971 dioica L., 964, 962FIG distans L., 967, 969FIG x C. demissa, 967 x C. extensa = C. x tornabenii, 967 x C. hostiana = C. x muelleriana, 967 x C. lepidocarpa = C. x luteola, 967 x C. oederi = C. x gogeliana, 967 disticha Huds., 961, 962FIG divisa Huds., 961, 962FIG divulsa Stokes, 961 ssp. divulsa, 961, 962FIG x C. remota = C. x emmae, 961 ssp. leersii (F.W. Schultz) W. Koch, 961, 962FIG x ducellieri Beauverd (C. acutiformis x C. vesicaria), 965 echinata Murray, 964, 962FIG x C. canescens = C. x biharica, 964 x C. dioica = C. x gaudiniana, 964 elata All., 970FIG, 973 elongata L., 962FIG, 964 x elytroides Fr., 972 x emmae L. Gross (C. divulsa ssp. divulsa x C. remota), 961 ericetorum Pollich, 969FIG, 971 x evoluta Hartm. (C. lasiocarpa x C. riparia), 965 ewingii E.S. Marshall, 966 extensa Gooden., 967, 969FIG filiformis L., 969FIG, 971 flacca Schreb., 963FIG, 966 flava L., 968, 969FIG group, 968 ssp. bergrothii (Palmgr.) P.D. Sell, 968 ssp. brachyrrhyncha ÿHODN ssp. jemtlandica (Palmgr.) P.D. Sell, 968 ssp. oedocarpa (Andersson) P.D. Sell, 968 ssp. pulchella (Lönnr.) P.D. Sell, 968 ssp. scotica (E.W. Davies) P.D. Sell, 968 ssp. serotina (Mérat) P.D. Sell, 968 x C. demissa = C. x alsatica, 968 x C. lepidocarpa = C. x pieperiana, 968 x fulva Gooden. (C. hostiana x C. lepidocarpa), 968

1115

x gaudiniana Guthnick (C. echinata x C. dioica), 964 glacialis Mack., 959 x gogeliana Podp. (C. distans x C. oederi), 967 x grahamii Boott (C. saxatilis x ?C. vesicaria or C. rostrata), 963FIG, 966 x grantii A. Benn. (C. recta x C. aquatilis), 972 x grossii Fiek (C. hirta x C. vesicaria), 965 x haussknechtii Senay (C. otrubae x C. spicata), 960 x helvola Blytt ex Fr. (C. lachenalii x C. canescens), 964 x hibernica A. Benn. (C. aquatilis x C. nigra), 972 hirta L., 963FIG, 964 x C. vesicaria = C. x grossii, 965 hostiana DC., 967, 969FIG x C. demissa, 968 x C. lepidocarpa = C. x fulva, 968 x C. oederi = C. x appeliana, 968 humilis Leyss., 969FIG, 971 x involuta (Bab.) Syme (C. rostrata x C. vesicaria), 965 jemtlandica (Palmgr.) Palmgr., 968 x justi-schmidtii Junge nom. nud., 965 lachenalii Schkuhr, 962FIG, 964 x C. canescens = C. x helvola, 964 laevigata Sm., 967, 969FIG x C. binervis = C. x deserta, 967 x C. demissa, 967 lasiocarpa Ehrh., 963FIG, 965 x C. riparia = C. x evoluta, 965 leersii F.W. Schultz, 961 lepidocarpa Tausch, 968, 969FIG ssp. jemtlandica Palmgr., 968 ssp. scotica E.W. Davies, 968 leporina L., 962FIG, 964 x leutzii Kneuck., 968 limosa L., 970FIG, 971 x limula Fr. (C. aquatilis x C. bigelowii), 972 x ludibunda J. Gay (C. paniculata x C. canescens), 960 x luteola Sendtn. (C. distans x C. lepidocarpa), 967 magellanica Lam., 970FIG, 972 ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hiitonen, 972 maritima Gunnerus, 961, 962FIG x marshallii A. Benn. (C. saxatilis x C. lepidocarpa), 966 microglochin Wahlenb., 970FIG, 973 montana L., 969FIG, 971 x muelleriana F.W. Schultz (C. distans x C. hostiana), 967 muricata L., 960

1116

INDEX

CAREX muricata (contd) ssp. lamprocarpa auct. non (Wallr.) ÿHODN ssp. muricata, 960, 962FIG ssp. pairae ):6FKXOW] ÿHODN 962FIG x C. divulsa ssp. divulsa, 961 nigra (L.) Reichard, 970FIG, 973 x C. bigelowii = C. x decolorans, 973 x C. elata = C. x turfosa, 973 nordica A.M. Molina, Acedo & Llamas, 961 norvegica Retz., 970FIG, 972 oederi Retz., 968, 969FIG ssp. bergrothii (Palmgr.) ined., 968 ssp. pulchella (Lönnr.) Palmgr., 968 ornithopoda Willd., 969FIG, 971 otrubae Podp., 960, 962FIG x C. divulsa ssp. divulsa, 960 x C. remota = C. x pseudoaxillaris, 960 x C. spicata = C. x haussknechtii, 960 ovalis Gooden., 964 pairae F.W. Schultz, 961 pallescens L., 968, 969FIG panicea L., 963FIG, 966 paniculata L., 959, 962FIG x C. appropinquata = C. x rotae, 960 x C. canescens = C. x ludibunda, 960 x C. diandra = C. x beckmannii, 960 x C. remota = C. x boenninghausiana, 960 pauciflora Lightf., 970FIG, 973 paupercula Michx., 972 pendula Huds., 963FIG, 966 x pieperiana Junge (C. flava x C. lepidocarpa), 968 pilulifera L., 969FIG, 971 polyphylla auct. non Kar. & Kir., 961 x prolixa Fr. (C. acuta x C. elata), 972 x pseudoaxillaris K. Richt. (C. otrubae x C. remota), 960 pseudocyperus L., 963FIG, 965 x C. rostrata, 965 pulicaris L., 970FIG, 974 punctata Gaudin, 967, 969FIG rariflora (Wahlenb.) Sm., 970FIG, 971 recta Boott, 970FIG, 972 x C. aquatilis = C. x grantii, 972 x C. nigra = C. x spiculosa, 972 remota L., 961, 962FIG riparia Curtis, 963FIG, 965 x C. rostrata = C. x beckmanniana, 965 x C. vesicaria = C. x csomadensis, 965 rostrata Stokes, 963FIG, 965 x C. vesicaria = C. x involuta, 965 x rotae De Not. (C. paniculata x C. appropinquata), 960 rupestris Bellardi ex All., 970FIG, 974 salina Wahlenb., 969FIG, 972

CAREX

saxatilis L., 963FIG, 966 x ?C. vesicaria or C. rostrata = C. x grahamii, 963FIG, 966 x C. lepidocarpa = C. x marshallii, 966 scandinavica E.W. Davies, 968 serotina Mérat, 968 x solstitialis Figert, 960 x sooi Jákucs (C. acutiformis x C. riparia), 965 spicata Huds., 960, 962FIG x spiculosa Fr. (C. recta x C. nigra), 972 stenolepis auct. non Less., 966 strigosa Huds., 963FIG, 966 x subgracilis Druce (C. acutiformis x C. acuta), 965 sylvatica Huds., 963FIG, 966 tomentosa L., 971 x tornabenii Chiov. (C. distans x C. extensa), 967 trinervis Degl., 970FIG, 973 x C. nigra, 973 x turfosa Fr. (C. nigra x C. elata), 973 vaginata Tausch, 963FIG, 966 vesicaria L., 963FIG, 965 viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha ÿHODN % Schmid, 968 ssp. oedocarpa (Andersson) B. Schmid, 968 ssp. viridula, 968 var. jemtlandica (Palmgr.) Blackstock & P.A. Ashton, 968 vulpina L., 960, 962FIG x C. otrubae, 960 vulpinoidea Michx., 960, 962FIG CARLINA L., 689 vulgaris L., 689 CARPINUS L., 296 betulus L., 296 CARPOBROTUS N.E. Br., 504 acinaciformis (L.) L. Bolus, 502FIG, 505 aequilaterus (Haw.) N.E. Br., 505 chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br., 505 edulis (L.) N.E. Br., 505 var. chrysophthalmus C.D. Preston & P.D. Sell, 505 var. edulis, 505 var. rubescens Druce, 505 glaucescens (Haw.) Schwantes, 502FIG, 505 CARRICHTERA DC., 391 annua (L.) DC., 391 Carrot, 829 Australian, 829 family, 802 Moon, 815 Sea, 829 Wild, 829 Carrots, 829 CARTHAMUS L., 701

CARTHAMUS

creticus L., 701 lanatus L., 693FIG, 701 ssp. baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman, 701 tinctorius L., 693FIG, 701 CARUM L., 823 carvi L., 823, 825FIG verticillatum (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 823, 825FIG CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 453 subfam. ALSINOIDEAE, 455 subfam. CARYOPHYLLOIDEAE, 468 subfam. PARONYCHIOIDEAE, 466 Cassia obtusifolia L., 185 occidentalis L., 185 CASTANEA Mill., 287 sativa Mill., 288FIG, 289 Castor-oil-plant, 306 CATABROSA P. Beauv., 1014 aquatica (L.) P. Beauv., 1014 ssp. minor (Bab.) F.H. Perring & P.D. Sell, 1014 var. uniflora Gray, 1014 CATALPA bignonioides Walter, 668 CATANANCHE L., 702 caerulea L., 702 CATAPODIUM Link, 1014 marinum (L.) C.E. Hubb., 1015 rigidum (L.) C.E. Hubb., 1014 ssp. majus (C. Presl) F.H. Perring & P.D. Sell, 1015 ssp. rigidum, 1015 var. majus (C. Presl) Laínz, 1015 x C. marinum, 1015 Catchfly, Alpine, 474 Berry, 474 Forked, 471 Fringed, 472 Italian, 471 Night-flowering, 473 Nodding, 473 Nottingham, 472 Sand, 474 Small-flowered, 473 Spanish, 472 Sticky, 474 Sweet-William, 473 Worcestershire, 472 Caterpillar-plant, 155 Cat-mint, 624 Eastern, 624 Garden, 624 Cat-mints, 623 Cat's-ear, 703 Smooth, 703 Spotted, 703 Cat's-ears, 703 Cat's-tail, Alpine, 1037 Purple-stem, 1037

INDEX

1117

Sand, 1037 Smaller, 1037 Cat's-tails, 1035 CAUCALIS L., 807 latifolia L., 807 platycarpos L., 807 Caucasian-stonecrop, 140 Lesser, 140 Cauliflower, 412 Cedar, Atlas, 48 Cedar-of-Lebanon, 48 Cedars, 47 CEDRUS Trew, 47 atlantica (Endl.) Carrière, 48, 51FIG 'Glauca', 48 deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don, 47, 51FIG libani A. Rich., 45FIG, 48, 51FIG ssp. atlantica (Endl.) Batt. & Trab., 48 Celandine, Greater, 90 Lesser, 118 CELASTRACEAE, 300 CELASTRUS L., 301 orbiculatus Thunb., 301 Celeriac, 821 Celery, 821 Slender, 821 Wild, 821 CELOSIA L., 478 argentea L., 478 CENCHRUS L., 1075 echinatus L., 1071FIG, 1074FIG, 1075 incertus M.A. Curtis, 1075 longispinus (Hack.) Fernald, 1075 pauciflorus Benth., 1075 CENTAUREA L., 697 aspera L., 698, 699FIG calcitrapa L.,698, 699FIG cineraria L., 698 cyanus L., 698, 699FIG debeauxii Gren. & Godr., 699FIG,700 ssp. nemoralis (Jord.) Dostál, 700 ssp. thuillieri Dostál, 700 diluta Aiton, 693FIG, 699FIG, 700 x drucei C.E. Britton, 700 x gerstlaueri Erdner, 699FIG, 700 hyalolepis Boiss., 698 jacea L., 699FIG, 700 macrocephala Muss. Puschk. ex Willd., 699FIG, 700 melitensis L., 699FIG, 700 montana L., 693FIG, 699FIG, 698 x moncktonii C.E. Britton, 700 nemoralis Jord., 700 nigra L., 699FIG, 700 ssp. nemoralis (Jord.) Gremli, 700 ssp. rivularis (Brot.) Cout., 700 x C. debeauxii, 700 paniculata L., 698, 699FIG

1118

INDEX

CENTAUREA (contd) repens L., 697 scabiosa L., 698, 699FIG var. succisifolia E.S. Marshall, 698 solstitialis L., 699FIG, 700 Centauries, 544 CENTAURIUM Hill, 544 x aschersonianum (Seemen) Hegi (C. littorale x C. pulchellum), 545 capitatum (Willd. ex Cham.) Borbás, 545 erythraea Rafn, 545 var. capitatum (Willd. ex Cham.) Melderis, 545 x C. littorale = C. x intermedium, 545 x C. pulchellum, 545 x intermedium (Wheldon) Druce (C. erythraea x C. littorale), 545 latifolium (Sm.) Druce, 545 littorale (Turner ex Sm.) Gilmour, 545 x C. pulchellum = C. x aschersonianum, 545 minus auct. non Moench, 545 minus Moench, 545 portense (Brot.) Butcher, 545 pulchellum (Sw.) Druce, 545 x C. x intermedium, 545 scilloides (L. f.) Samp., 545 tenuiflorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch, 546 Centaury, Common, 545 Guernsey, 544 Lesser, 545 Perennial, 545 Seaside, 545 Slender, 546 Yellow, 544 CENTRANTHUS Neck. ex DC., 793 calcitrapae (L.) Dufr., 794 ruber (L.) DC., 794 CENTUNCULUS L., 521 minimus L., 521 Centuryplant, 923 CEPHALANTHERA Rich., 861 damasonium (Mill.) Druce, 861 x C. longifolia = C. x schulzei, 861 longifolia (L.) Fritsch, 861 rubra (L.) Rich., 861 x schulzei E.G. Camus, Bergon & A. Camus (C. damasonium x C. longifolia), 861 CEPHALARIA Schrad., 795 gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov, 795 syriaca (L.) Roem. & Schult., 795 CERASTIUM L., 460 alpinum L., 461 ssp. lanatum (Lam.) Cesati, 461 x C. fontanum = C. x symei, 462 x C. nigrescens, 461

CENTAUREA

arcticum auct. non Lange, 462 ssp. edmondstonii (Edmondston) Á. & D. Löve, 462 arvense L., 461 x C. fontanum = C. x pseudoalpinum, 461 x C. tomentosum, 461 atrovirens Bab., 463 biebersteinii DC., 461 x blyttii auct. non Baen., 461 brachypetalum Pers., 463 cerastoides (L.) Britton, 461 decalvans auct. non Schloss. & Vuk., 461 decalvans Schloss. & Vuk., 461 diffusum Pers., 463 fontanum Baumg., 462 ssp. glabrescens (G. Mey.) Salman, Ommering & de Voogd, 462 ssp. holosteoides (Fr.) Salman, Ommering & de Voogd, 462 ssp. scoticum Jalas & P.D. Sell, 462 ssp. triviale (Spenn.) Jalas, 462 ssp. vulgare (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet, 462 glomeratum Thuill., 462 holosteoides Fr., 462 var. glabrescens (G. Mey.) Hyl., 462 x maureri M. Schulze nom. nud., 461 nigrescens (H.C. Watson) Edmondston ex H.C. Watson, 462 var. alpinopilosum Hultén, 462 var. laxum (Lindblom) Brysting & Elven, 462 var. nigrescens, 462 x C. fontanum = C. x richardsonii, 462 x pseudoalpinum Murr (C. arvense x C. fontanum), 461 pumilum Curtis, 463 x richardsonii Druce (C. nigrescens x C. fontanum), 462 semidecandrum L., 463 x symei Druce (C. alpinum x C. fontanum), 462 tomentosum L., 461 CERATOCAPNOS Durieu, 92 claviculata (L.) Lidén, 92 CERATOCHLOA DC. & P. Beauv., 1045 brevis (Nees ex Steud.) B.D. Jacks., 1046 carinata (Hook. & Arn.) Tutin, 1043FIG, 1046 cathartica (Vahl) Herter, 1043FIG, 1046 marginata (Nees ex Steud.) B.D. Jacks., 1046 staminea (Desv.) Stace, 1046 unioloides (Willd.) P. Beauv., 1046 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 85 CERATOPHYLLUM L., 85 demersum L., 83FIG, 85 var. apiculatum (Cham.) Asch., 85

CERATOPHYLLUM

var. inerme Gay ex Radcl.-Sm., 85 submersum L., 83FIG, 85 Ceterach Willd., 22 officinarum Willd., 26 CHAENOMELES Lindl., 199 japonica (Thunb.) Spach, 199 speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, 199 x C. japonica = C. x superba, 199 x superba (Frahm) Rehder (C. speciosa x C. japonica), 199 CHAENORHINUM (DC. ex Duby) Rchb., 594 minus (L.) Lange, 594 origanifolium (L.) Kostel., 594 CHAEROPHYLLUM L., 810 aureum L., 808FIG, 810 hirsutum L., 808FIG, 810 temulentum L., 810 temulum L., 808FIG, 810 Chaffweed, 521 CHAMAECYPARIS Spach, 54 lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl., 45FIG, 51FIG, 54 nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, 54 pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Siebold & Zucc., 54 CHAMAEMELUM Mill., 754 mixtum (L.) All., 754 nobile (L.) All., 754 Chamaenerion Ség. nom. illeg., 361 angustifolium (L.) Scop. nom. illeg., 361 dodonaei (Vill.) Schur, 361 Chamaepericlymenum Hill, 509 suecicum (L.) Asch. & Graebn., 510 CHAMERION (Raf.) Raf., 361 angustifolium (L.) Holub, 361 dodonaei (Vill.) Holub, 361 Chamomile, 754 Austrian, 755 Corn, 755 Sicilian, 755 Stinking, 755 Yellow, 755 Chamomiles, 754 Chamomilla Gray, 758 Chard, Swiss, 492 Charlock, 414 CHASMANTHE N.E. Br., 894 aethiopica (L.) N.E. Br., 894 bicolor (Gasp. ex Ten.) N.E. Br., 894 Chasmanthe, 894 Checkerberry, 531 Cheiranthus L., 391 allionii hort., 392 cheiri L., 392 CHELIDONIUM L., 90 majus L., 89FIG, 90 Chenopodiaceae, 477 CHENOPODIUM L., 479

INDEX

1119

sect. AGATHOPHYTON (Moq.) Hook. f., 484 sect. BLITUM (L.) Hook. f., 481 sect. CHENOPODIUM, 484 sect. GLAUCA Ignatov, 484 sect. PSEUDOBLITUM Hook. f., 484 sect. RHAGODIOIDES Benth., 484 album L., 483FIG, 486 ssp. amaranticolor Coste & A. Reyn., 486 ssp. reticulatum (Aellen) Beauge ex Greuter & Burdet, 486 var. album 482FIG var. reticulatum (Aellen) Uotila, 482FIG, 486 x C. berlandieri = C. x variabile, 486 x C. ficifolium = C. x zahnii, 486 x C. opulifolium = C. x preissmannii, 486 x C. suecicum = C. x fursajewii, 486 ambrosioides L., 479 berlandieri Moq., 482FIG, 483FIG, 485 x bontei Aellen, 479 bonus-henricus L., 483FIG, 484 botryodes Sm., 484 botrys L., 479 bushianum Aellen, 482FIG, 485 capitatum (L.) Ambrosi, 484 carinatum R. Br., 479 chenopodioides (L.) Aellen, 482FIG, 483FIG, 484 x christii Aellen, 479 cristatum (F. Muell.) F. Muell., 479 desiccatum auct. non A. Nelson, 485 ficifolium Sm., 482FIG, 485 x fursajewii Aellen & Iljin (C. album x C. suecicum), 486 giganteum D. Don, 482FIG, 486 glaucum L., 482FIG, 484 hircinum Schrad., 482FIG, 485 hybridum L., 482FIG, 485 multifidum L., 479 murale L., 482FIG, 485 nitrariaceum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Benth., 484 opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J. Koch & Ziz, 482FIG, 486 polyspermum L., 482FIG, 485 pratericola Rydb., 482FIG, 485 x preissmannii Murr (C. album x C. opulifolium), 486 probstii Aellen, 482FIG, 486 pumilio R. Br., 479 quinoa Willd., 482FIG, 486 reticulatum Aellen, 486 rubrum L., 482FIG, 483FIG, 484 schraderianum Schult., 479 striatum (Krasan) Murr, 486 strictum Roth, 482FIG, 486

1120

INDEX

CHENOPODIUM (contd) suecicum Murr, 482FIG, 486 urbicum L., 482FIG, 485 x variabile Aellen (C. album x C. berlandieri), 486 vulvaria L., 482FIG, 485 x zahnii Murr (C. album x C. ficifolium), 486 zschackei Murr, 485 Cherleria L., 457 sedoides L., 457 Cherries, 195 Cherry, Bird, 197 Dwarf, 197 Fuji, 197 Japanese, 197 Pin, 197 Rum, 197 St Lucie, 197 Wild, 197 Chervil, Bur, 811 Garden, 811 Golden, 810 Hairy, 810 Rough, 810 Chervils, 810 Chestnut, Sweet, 287, 289 Chickweed, Common, 459 Greater, 460 Jagged, 460 Lesser, 459 Upright, 463 Water, 463 Chickweed-wintergreen, 521 Chickweed-wintergreens, 521 Chicory, 701, 702 Chilean-iris, 883 Lesser, 883 Chilean-irises, 883 CHIMONOBAMBUSA Makino, 991 quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino, 991 Chionodoxa Boiss., 918 forbesii Baker, 920 luciliae auct. non Boiss., 920 luciliae Boiss., 920 sardensis Whittall ex Barr, 920 X Chionoscilla allenii Nicholson (Scilla bifolia x Chionodoxa forbesii), 918 Chives, 900 CHLORIS Sw., 1062 divaricata R. Br., 1062 truncata R. Br., 1059FIG, 1062, 1068FIG virgata Sw., 1064 CHOISYA Kunth, 374 ternata Kunth, 374 Chokeberries, 215 Chokeberry, Black, 216 Red, 216 Christmas-rose, 104

CHENOPODIUM

CHRYSANTHEMUM L., 688 balsamita (L.) Baill. non L., 750 carinatum Schousb., 688 coronarium L., 756 leucanthemum L., 756 maximum auct. non Ramond, 758 parthenium (L.) Bernh., 749 segetum L., 756 serotinum L., 756 uliginosum (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Pers., 756 vulgare (L.) Bernh., 750 Chrysanthemum, Florist's, 688 Chrysaspis Desv., 174 aurea (Pollich) B.D. Greene, 174 campestris (Schreb.) Desv., 175 dubia (Sibth.) Desv., 175 micrantha (Viv.) Hendrych, 175 CHRYSOCOMA L., 744 coma-aurea L., 744 tenuifolia P.J. Bergius, 744 CHRYSOSPLENIUM L., 133 alternifolium L., 133 oppositifolium L., 133 Cicely, Sweet, 811 CICENDIA Adans., 544 filiformis (L.) Delarbre, 544 CICER L., 163 arietinum L., 156FIG, 163 CICERBITA Wallr., 711 alpina (L.) Wallr., 711 bourgaei (Boiss.) Beauverd, 711 macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr., 711 ssp. uralensis (Rouy) P.D. Sell, 711 plumieri (L.) Kirschl., 711 CICHORIUM L., 701 endivia L., 701 intybus L., 702 ssp. intybus, 702 ssp. sativum (Bisch.) Janch., 702 ssp. silvestre (Bisch.) Janch., 702 Ciclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Britton & E.H. Wilson, 821 CICUTA L., 822 virosa L., 819FIG, 823 Cineraria, 762, 766 Cinquefoil, Alpine, 256 Brook, 256 Creeping, 257 Grey, 254 Hoary, 254 Hybrid, 256 Marsh, 257 Rock, 254 Russian, 254 Shrubby, 254 Spring, 256 Sulphur, 254 Ternate-leaved, 254

CINQUEFOIL

INDEX

Western, 257 Cinquefoils, 252 CIRCAEA L., 366 alpina L., 366 x intermedia Ehrh. (C. lutetiana x C. alpina), 366 lutetiana L., 366 x C. alpina = C. x intermedia, 366 CIRSIUM Mill., 692 acaule Scop., 695 x C. arvense = C. x boulayi, 695 x C. palustre = C. x kirschlegeri, 695 arvense (L.) Scop., 695 var. incanum (Fisch.) Ledeb., 695 x boulayi E.G. Camus (C. acaule x C. arvense), 695 x celakovskianum Knaf (C. palustre x C. arvense), 695 dissectum (L.) Hill, 694 x C. acaule = C. x woodwardii, 694 x C. palustre = C. x forsteri, 694 eriophorum (L.) Scop., 694 x C. vulgare = C. x grandiflorum, 694 erisithales (Jacq.) Scop., 693FIG, 694 x forsteri (Sm.) Loudon (C. dissectum x C. palustre), 694 x gerhardtii Sch. Bip., 694 x grandiflorum Kitt. (C. eriophorum x C. vulgare), 694 helenioides auct. non (L.) Hill, 695 heterophyllum (L.) Hill, 695 x C. palustre = C. x wankelii, 695 x kirschlegeri Sch. Bip. (C. acaule x C. palustre), 695 x medium All. (C. tuberosum x C. acaule), 694 oleraceum (L.) Scop., 693FIG, 695 palustre (L.) Scop., 695 x C. arvense = C. x celakovskianum, 695 x sabaudum M. Loehr (C. vulgare x C. acaule), 694 x semidecurrens Richt. (C. tuberosum x C. palustre), 694 x subspinuligerum Peterm. (C. vulgare x C. palustre), 694 tuberosum (L.) All., 694 x C. acaule = C. x medium, 694 x C. palustre = C. x semidecurrens, 694 vulgare (Savi) Ten., 694 x C. acaule = C. x sabaudum, 694 x C. palustre = C. x subspinuligerum, 694 x wankelii Reichardt (C. heterophyllum x C. palustre), 695 x woodwardii (H.C. Watson) Nyman (C. dissectum x C. acaule), 694 x zizianum W.D.J. Koch, 694

1121

CISTACEAE, 382 CISTUS L., 382 incanus L., 382 laurifolius L., 382 CITRULLUS Schrad., 299 lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, 299 CITRUS spp., 374 CLADIUM P. Browne, 950 mariscus (L.) Pohl, 950 Claries, 634 CLARKIA Pursh, 365 amoena (Lehm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., 365 flore pleno, 365 unguiculata Lindl., 365 Clarkia, 365 Clarkias, 365 Clary, 635 Annual, 637 Balkan, 635 Hybrid, 637 Meadow, 635 Sticky, 635 Whorled, 637 Wild, 635 CLAYTONIA L., 507 perfoliata Donn ex Willd., 507 sibirica L., 507 Cleavers, 542 Corn, 542 False, 542 CLEMATIS L., 108 cirrhosa L., 110 var. balearica (Rich.) Willk. & Lange, 110 flammula L., 108, 109FIG montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC., 108, 109FIG tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh., 108, 109FIG vitalba L., 103FIG, 108, 109FIG viticella L., 109FIG, 110 Clematis, Himalayan, 108 Orange-peel, 108 Purple, 110 CLEOMACEAE, 385 CLEOME hassleriana Chodat, 385 sesquiorgyalis Naudin ex C. Huber, 385 CLETHRA arborea Aiton, 523 CLETHRACEAE, 523 CLINOPODIUM L., 625 acinos (L.) Kuntze, 627 ascendens (Jord.) Samp., 615FIG, 627 calamintha (L.) Stace, 615FIG, 627 grandiflorum (L.) Stace, 627 menthifolia Host, 627 menthifolium (Host) Stace, 615FIG, 627 vulgare L., 627 Cloudberry, 243 Clover, Alsike, 173 Bird's-foot, 173

1122

Clover (contd) Bur, 178 Clustered, 173 Crimson, 175 Egyptian, 178 Hare's-foot, 178 Hedgehog, 178 Hungarian, 175 Knotted, 178 Long-headed, 178 Narrow-leaved, 178 Nodding, 173 Red, Reversed, 174 Rose, 178 Rough, 178 Sea, 178 Starry, 175 Strawberry, 174 Subterranean, 179 Suffocated, 174 Sulphur, 175 Twin-headed, 178 Upright, 174 Western, 173 White, 173 Woolly, 174 Zigzag, 175 Clovers, 170 Clubmoss, Alpine, 6 family, 5 Fir, 5 Hare's-foot, 6 Issler's, 6 Krauss's, Lesser, 7 family, 7 Marsh, 5 Stag's-horn, 6 Clubmosses, 6 Alpine, 6 Lesser, 7 & Quillworts, 5 Club-rush, Bristle, 948 Common, 945 Floating, 949 Grey, 945 Round-headed, 948 Sea, 944 Sharp, 945 Slender, 949 Triangular, 945 Wood, 944 Club-rushes, 945, 948 Clusiaceae in part, 337 CNICUS benedictus L., 687 Cobs, Kentish, 298 COCHLEARIA L., 423 acaulis Desf., 415FIG, 425

INDEX

CLOVER

alpina (Bab.) H.C. Watson, 424 anglica L., 398FIG, 404FIG, 423 x C. officinalis = C. x hollandica, 424 atlantica Pobed., 424 danica L., 398FIG, 424 glastifolia L. var. megalosperma Maire, 423 groenlandica auct. non L., 424 x hollandica Henrard (C. anglica x C. officinalis), 424 islandica auct. non Pobed., 424 megalosperma (Maire) Vogt, 423 micacea E.S. Marshall, 424 officinalis L. agg., 424 officinalis L., 398FIG, 404FIG, 424 ssp. alpina (Bab.) Hook. f., 424 ssp. officinalis, 424 ssp. pyrenaica (DC.) Bonnier & Layens, 424 ssp. scotica (Druce) P.S. Wyse Jacks., 424 x C. danica, 424 pyrenaica DC., 424 ssp. alpina (Bab.) Dalby, 424 x C. officinalis ssp. officinalis, 424 ssp. pyrenaica, 424 x C. officinalis, 424 scotica Druce, 424 Cocklebur, Argentine, 774 Rough, 774 Spiny, 774 Cockleburs, 774 Cockscomb, 478 Cock's-eggs, 574 Cock's-foot, 1014 Slender, 1014 Cockspur, 1069 Cockspurs, 1067 Cockspurthorn, 239 Broad-leaved, 239 Hairy, 239 Large-flowered, 239 Pear-fruited, 239 Round-fruited, 240 Coco-yam, 831 COELOGLOSSUM Hartm., 870 viride (L.) Hartm., 870 x Dactylorhiza fuchsii = X Dactyloglossum mixtum, 870 x Dactylorhiza incarnata = X Dactyloglossum guilhotii, 870 x Dactylorhiza maculata = X Dactyloglossum conigerum, 870 x Dactylorhiza praetermissa, 870 x Dactylorhiza purpurella = X Dactyloglossum viridellum, 870

COELOGLOSSUM

x DACTYLORHIZA = X DACTYLOGLOSSUM, 870 Coigue, 286 COINCYA Rouy, 416 cheiranthos (Vill.) Greuter & Burdet, 416 monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet, 416, 415FIG ssp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm., 416 ssp. monensis, 416 ssp. recurvata (All.) Leadlay, 416 wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Stace, 416 COLCHICACEAE, 855 COLCHICUM L., 855 autumnale L., 855 COLOCASIA Schott, 831 antiquorum (L.) Schott, 831 Colt's-foot, 770 Purple, 771 Columbine, 120 Pyrenean, 120 Columbines, 120 COLUTEA L., 149 arborescens L., 150FIG x C. orientalis Mill. = C. x media, 149 x media Willd. (C. arborescens x C. orientalis), 149 COMARUM L., 257 palustre L., 257 Comfrey, Bulbous, 558 Caucasian, 558 Common, 557 Creeping, 557 Crimean, 557 Hidcote, 557 Norfolk, 558 Rough, 557 Russian, 557 Tuberous, 557 White, 558 Comfreys, 555 COMMELINACEAE, 924 Compositae, 678 Coneflower, 775 Coneflowers, 774 Coniferae, 41 Coniferopsida, 41 CONIFERS, 41 CONIUM L., 818 maculatum L., 818, 819FIG CONOPODIUM W.D.J. Koch, 812 majus (Gouan) Loret, 808FIG, 812 CONRINGIA Heist. ex Fabr., 411 austriaca (Jacq.) Sweet, 411 orientalis (L.) Dumort., 411, 415FIG CONSOLIDA (DC.) Gray, 106 ajacis (L.) Schur, 103FIG, 106, 109FIG ambigua auct. non (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, 106

INDEX

1123

hispanica (Willk. ex Costa) Greuter & Burdet, 106 orientalis auct. non (J. Gay ex Des Moul.) Schrödinger, 106 regalis Gray,106 CONVALLARIA L., 915 majalis L., 915 Convallariaceae, 914 CONVOLVULACEAE, 566 CONVOLVULUS L., 566 arvensis L., 567 var. stonestreetii Druce, 567 tricolor L., 567 CONYZA Less., 745 albida Willd. ex Spreng., 746 ambigua DC., 746 bilbaoana J. Rémy, 746 bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, 746 canadensis (L.) Cronquist, 746 x C. bonariensis = ?C. x mixta, 746 daveauana Sennen, 746 floribunda Kunth, 746 x mixta Foucaud & Neyraut (C. canadensis x C. bonariensis), 746 naudinii Bonnet, 746 sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker, 746 X CONYZIGERON Rauschert (ERIGERON x CONYZA), 745 huelsenii (Vatke) Rauschert (E. acris x C. canadensis), 745 COPROSMA J.R. & G. Forst., 537 baueri auct. non Endl., 537 repens A. Rich., 537 Copse-bindweed, 443 Coralbells, 134 Coralberry, 786 Chenault's, 786 Doorenbos', 786 CORALLORHIZA Gagnebin, 865 trifida Châtel., 865 Coral-necklace, 466 Coralroot, 400 Pinnate, 400 Whorled, 400 Cord-grass, Common, 1065 Prairie, 1065 Saltmeadow, 1065 Small, 1064 Smooth, 1065 Townsend's, 1065 Cord-grasses, 1064 CORDYLINE Comm. ex Juss., 923 australis (G. Forst.) Endl., 923 COREOPSIS L., 779 grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, 779 tinctoria Nutt., 779 verticillata L., 779 Coriander, 811, 812 CORIANDRUM L., 811

1124

INDEX

CORIANDRUM (contd) sativum L., 808FIG, 812 CORISPERMUM L., 487 hyssopifolium auct. non L., 487 intermedium Schweigg., 487 leptopterum (Asch.) Iljin, 487 pallasii Steven, 487 CORNACEAE, 509 Corncockle, 468, 470 Cornel, Dwarf, 510 Cornelian-cherry, 510 Cornflower, 698 Perennial, 698 Corn-lilies, 891 Corn-lily, Blue, 883 Red, 891 Tubular, 891 Cornsalad, Broad-fruited, 791 Common, 791 Hairy-fruited, 791 Keeled-fruited, 791 Narrow-fruited, 791 Cornsalads, 791 CORNUS L., 509 alba L., 510 australis C.A. Mey., 509 koenigii C.K. Schneid., 509 mas L., 510 sanguinea L., 509 ssp. australis (C.A. Mey.) Jáv., 509 ssp. sanguinea, 509 sericea L., 510 stolonifera Michx., 510 suecica L., 510 CORONILLA L., 155 emerus L., 155 glauca L., 155 scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 150FIG, 155, 156FIG valentina L., 150FIG, 155 ssp. glauca (L.) Battand, 155 varia L., 155 Coronopus Zinn, 401 didymus (L.) Sm., 405 squamatus (Forssk.) Asch., 405 CORREA J. Kenn., 374 backhouseana Hook., 374 CORRIGIOLA L., 466 litoralis L., 466 ssp. telephiifolia (Pourr.) Briq., 466 telephiifolia Pourr., 466 CORTADERIA Stapf, 1056 richardii (Endl.) Zotov, 1056 selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn., 1036FIG, 1056 CORYDALIS DC., 91 bulbosa auct. non (L.) DC. nom. illeg., 92 bulbosa (L.) DC. nom. illeg., 91 cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte, 92

CORIANDRUM

cheilanthifolia Hemsl., 92 claviculata (L.) DC., 92 lutea (L.) DC., 92 ochroleuca Koch nom. illeg., 92 solida (L.) Clairv., 91 Corydalis, Climbing, 92 Fern-leaved, 92 Pale, 92 Yellow, 92 Corydalises, 91, 92 Corylaceae, 292 CORYLUS L., 296 avellana L., 297 x C. maxima, 298 colurna L., 298 maxima Mill., 298 CORYNEPHORUS P. Beauv., 1022 canescens (L.) P. Beauv., 1022 COSMOS Cav., 780 bipinnatus Cav., 780 Costmary, 750 COTINUS Mill., 369 coggygria Scop., 369 COTONEASTER Medik., 216 Multi-access key to spp. of, 217 sect. Orthopetalum Koehne, 231 subg. CHAENOPETALUM (Koehne) G. Klotz, 223 subg. COTONEASTER, 231 acutifolius auct. non Turcz., 233 adpressus Bois, 225FIG, 232 var. praecox Bois & Berthault, 232 affinis Lindl., 224FIG, 226 var. bacillaris (Wall. ex Lindl.) C.K. Schneid., 226 ambiguus auct. non Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 233 amoenus E.H. Wilson, 225FIG, 236 apiculatus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 225FIG, 232 ascendens Flinck & B. Hylmö, 225FIG, 232 astrophoros J. Fryer & E.C. Nelson, 225FIG, 231 atropurpureus Flinck & B. Hylmö, 225FIG, 232 atrovirens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 233, 235FIG bacillaris Wall. ex Lindl., 224FIG, 226, 228FIG boisianus G. Klotz, 234FIG, 235 bradyi E.C. Nelson & J. Fryer, 235FIG, 237 bullatus Bois, 233, 234FIG var. macrophyllus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 233 buxifolius auct. non Wall. ex Lindl., 231 calocarpus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 227, 235FIG

COTONEASTER

INDEX

cambricus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 234FIG, 237 cashmiriensis G. Klotz, 225FIG, 230 cochleatus auct. non (Franch.) G. Klotz, 230 cochleatus (Franch.) G. Klotz, 225FIG, 230 congestus Baker, 225FIG, 230 conspicuus C. Marquand, 225FIG, 231 cooperi auct. non C. Marquand, 226 cooperi C. Marquand, 224FIG, 230 dammeri C.K. Schneid., 224FIG, 231 x C. conspicuus = ?C. x suecicus, 224FIG, 231 dielsianus E. Pritz. ex Diels, 225FIG, 237 distichus Lange, 232 divaricatus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 225FIG, 229FIG, 232 'Donard Gem', 231 ellipticus (Lindl.) Loudon, 223, 224FIG fangianus T.T. Yu, 225FIG, 237 foveolatus auct. non Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 236 franchetii Bois, 234FIG, 236 frigidus Wall. ex Lindl., 224FIG, 226 x C. salicifolius = C. x watereri, 224FIG, 229FIG, 226 froebelii M. Vilm. ex Sax, 235FIG, 237 fruticosus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 235FIG, 237 glabratus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 227, 235FIG glaucophyllus Franch., 227, 235FIG 'Gloire de Versailles', 236 hedegaardii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 226, 235FIG henryanus (C.K. Schneid.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 224FIG, 226 'Highlight', 231 hissaricus auct. non Pojark., 226 hissaricus Pojark., 223, 224FIG hjelmqvistii Flinck & B. Hylmö, 225FIG, 232 hodjingensis G. Klotz, 231, 235FIG horizontalis Decne., 225FIG, 229FIG, 232 var. wilsonii Havemeyer ex E.H. Wilson, 232 'Prostratus', 232 'Robustus', 232 hsingshangensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 233, 234FIG hummelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 233, 234FIG hurusawanus G. Klotz, 233, 235FIG 'Hybridus Pendulus' (?C. salicifolius x C. dammeri), 224FIG, 226 hylmoei Flinck & J. Fryer, 224FIG, 227 ignescens J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 235FIG, 236 ignotus G. Klotz, 224FIG, 226

1125

induratus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 235FIG, 237 insculptus Diels, 225FIG, 237 insignis auct. non Pojark., 223 integerrimus auct. non Medik., 237 integrifolius (Roxb.) G. Klotz, 225FIG, 229FIG, 230 lacteus W.W. Sm., 227, 229FIG, 234FIG laetevirens (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) G. Klotz, 233, 234FIG lidjiangensis G. Klotz, 231, 235FIG lindleyi Steud. nom. illeg., 223 linearifolius (G. Klotz) G. Klotz, 230 lucidus Schltdl., 228FIG, 233, 234FIG mairei H. Lév., 234FIG, 236 marginatus (Loudon) Schltdl., 225FIG, 230 microphyllus auct. non Wall. ex Lindl., 230 microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl., 225FIG, 230 monopyrenus (W.W. Sm.) Flinck & B. Hylmö, 224FIG, 228FIG, 230 moupinensis Franch, 234FIG, 236 mucronatus Franch., 233, 234FIG multiflorus auct. non Bunge, 230 nanshan M. Vilm. ex Mottet, 225FIG, 232 nitens Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 225FIG, 228FIG, 233 nitidus Jacques, 232 nohelii J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 235FIG, 236 obscurus Rehder & E.H. Wilson, 234FIG, 235 obtusus Wall. ex Lindl., 224FIG, 226 pannosus Franch., 224FIG, 227 perpusillus (C.K. Schneid.) Flinck & B. Hylmö, 233, 235FIG prostratus Baker, 225FIG, 231 pseudoambiguus J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 233, 234FIG radicans (C.K. Schneid) G. Klotz, 231, 235FIG rehderi Pojark., 229FIG, 233, 234FIG rotundifolius auct., non Wall. ex Lindl., 230 rotundifolius Wall. ex Lindl., 225FIG, 232 salicifolius Franch., 224FIG, 226 x C. dammeri = ?C. 'Hybridus Pendulus', 224FIG, 226 serotinus Hutch., 227, 235FIG shannanensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 235FIG, 236 sherriffii G. Klotz, 225FIG, 231 simonsii Baker, 229FIG, 232, 234FIG splendens Flinck & B. Hylmö, 225FIG, 237 sternianus (Turrill) Boom, 229FIG, 234FIG, 236 x suecicus G. Klotz (?C. dammeri x C. conspicuus), 224FIG, 231 'Coral Beauty', 228FIG, 231 'Skogholm', 231

1126

INDEX

COTONEASTER (contd) tengyuehensis J. Fryer & B. Hylmö, 234FIG, 236 thymifolius Wall. ex Lindl., 225FIG, 230 tomentellus Pojark., 224FIG, 227 transens G. Klotz, 224FIG, 227 uva-ursi (Lindl.) G. Don, 225FIG, 230 veitchii auct. non (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) G. Klotz, 230 villosulus (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Flinck & B. Hylmö, 233, 234FIG vilmorinianus G. Klotz, 225FIG, 236 wardii W.W. Sm., 234FIG, 236 x watereri Exell (C. frigidus x C. salicifolius), 224FIG, 229FIG, 226 zabelii C.K. Schneid., 225FIG, 228FIG, 237 Cotoneaster, Ampfield, 233 Apiculate, 232 Ascending, 232 Bearberry, 231 Beautiful, 236 Black-grape, 226 Bois's, 235 Brady's, 237 Bullate, 233 Cherryred, 237 Circular-leaved, 223 Congested, 230 Cooper's, 230 Creeping, 232 Dark, 233 Dartford, 226 Diels', 237 Distichous, 232 Dwarf, 232 Earthquake, 231 Engraved, 237 Entire-leaved, 230 Fang's, 237 Few-flowered, 233 Firebird, 236 Franchet's, 236 Froebel's, 237 Glabrous, 227 Glaucous, 227 Godalming, 227 Hardy, 237 Hedegaard's, 226 Henry's, 226 Himalayan, 232 Hjelmqvist's, 232 Hollyberry, 233 Hsing-Shan, 233 Hummel's, 233 Hurusawa's, 233 Hylmö's, 227 Kangting, 233 Kashmir, 230

COTONEASTER

Late, 227 Lidjiang, 231 Lindley's, 223 Lleyn, 233 Maire's, 236 Moupin, 236 Mucronate, 233 Nohel's, 236 Obscure, 235 One-stoned, 230 Open-fruited, 226 Procumbent, 231 Purpleberry, 226 Purple-flowered, 232 Rooting, 231 Round-leaved, 230 Shannan, 236 Sherriff's, 231 Shiny, 233 Short-felted, 227 Showy, 237 Shrubby, 237 Silverleaf, 227 Sinkiang, 227 Slender, 233 Small-leaved, 230 Spreading, 232 Starry, 231 Stern's, 236 Swedish, 231 Tengyueh, 236 Thyme-leaved, 230 Tibetan, 231 Tree, 226 Vilmorin's, 236 Wall, 232 Ward's, 236 Waterer's, 226 Weeping, 226 Wild, 237 Willow-leaved, 226 Yuletide, 227 Yunnan, 230 Cotoneasters, 216 Cottongrass, Broad-leaved, 943 Common, 943 Hare's-tail, 943 Slender, 943 Cottongrasses, 942 Cottonweed, 754 COTULA L., 759 australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. f., 753FIG, 760 coronopifolia L., 760 dioica (Hook. f.) Hook. f., 760 squalida (Hook. f.) Hook. f., 753FIG, 760 turbinata L., 760 Couch, Australian, 1048 Bearded, 1048

COUCH

Common, 1049 Neglected, 1049 Onion, 1018 Sand, 1049 Sea, 1049 Couches, 1048 Courgette, 300 Cowbane, 822, 823 Cowberry, 532 Cowherb, 475 Cowslip, 517 Japanese, 518 Red, 518 Sikkim, 517 Tibetan, 517 Yunnan, 518 Cow-wheat, Common, 642 Crested, 642 Field, 642 Small, 642 Cow-wheats, 640 Crab, Cherry, 201 Hupeh, 201 Japanese, 200 Purple, 201 Siberian, 200 Crack-willow, 323 Hybrid, 323 Weeping, 323 CRAMBE L., 417 abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr., 417 cordifolia Steven, 415FIG, 417 hispanica L., 415FIG, 417 ssp. abyssinica (Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.) Prina, 417 ssp. hispanica, 417 maritima L., 415FIG, 417 Cranberry, 532 American, 532 Small, 532 Crane's-bill, Alderney, 347 Armenian, 345 Bloody, 347 Cambridge, 348 Caucasian, 347 Cut-leaved, 347 Dove's-foot, 348 Druce's, 345 Dusky, 349 family, 342 French, 345 Glandular, 347 Hedgerow, 348 Himalayan, 345 Knotted, 345 Long-stalked, 347 Meadow, 345 Munich, 349 Pencilled, 345

INDEX

1127

Purple, 347 Rock, 348 Round-leaved, 345 Shining, 348 Small-flowered, 348 Wood, 345 Crane's-bills, 342 CRASSULA L., 135 aquatica (L.) Schönland, 135, 139FIG decumbens Thunb., 135, 139FIG helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne, 135, 139FIG macrantha (Hook. f.) Diels & Pritz., 135 pubescens Thunb., 135, 139FIG radicans (Haw.) D. Dietr., 135 recurva (Hook. f.) Ostenf. non N.E. Br., 135 tillaea Lest.-Garl., 135 CRASSULACEAE, 134 + Crataegomespilus dardarii Simon-Louis ex Bellair, 238 CRATAEGUS L., 238 coccinea auct. non L.239 coccinea L., 239 coccinioides Ashe, 239 crus-galli L., 239 curvisepala Lindm., 240 x heterodonta Pojark., 240 heterophylla Flüggé, 240 x kurtostyla Fingerh., 240 laciniata auct. non Ucria, 240 laciniata Ucria, 240 laevigata (Poir.) DC., 240 flore pleno, 240 x macrocarpa auct. non Hegetschw., 240 x macrocarpa Hegetschw. (C. rhipidophylla x C. laevigata), 240 x media Bechst. (C. monogyna x C. laevigata), 240 monogyna Jacq., 240 ssp. azarella (Griseb.) Franco, 240 ssp. nordica Franco, 240 x C. heterophylla, 240 x C. laevigata = C. x media, 240 x C. rhipidophylla = C. x subsphaerica, 240 orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb., 240 x ovalis Kitt., 240 oxyacanthoides Thuill., 240 pedicellata Sarg., 239 persimilis Sarg., 239 'Prunifolia', 240 prunifolia Pers. non (Marshall) Baumg., 239 punctata Jacq., 239 rhipidophylla Gand., 240 x C. laevigata = C. x macrocarpa, 240 rosiformis Janka, 240 x subsphaerica Gand. (C. monogyna x C. rhipidophylla), 240 submollis Sarg., 239

1128

INDEX

CRATAEGUS (contd) succulenta Schrad., 240 X CRATAEMESPILUS E.G. Camus (MESPILUS x CRATAEGUS), 238 gillotii Beck (M. germanica x C. monogyna), 238 grandiflora (Sm.) E.G. Camus (M. germanica x C. laevigata), 238 Creeping-Jenny, 519 CREPIS L., 717 biennis L., 718, 719FIG capillaris (L.) Wallr., 718, 719FIG var. glandulosa Druce, 718 foetida L., 719FIG, 720 mollis (Jacq.) Asch., 718, 719FIG nicaeensis Balb., 718, 719FIG paludosa (L.) Moench, 718, 719FIG praemorsa (L.) Walther, 719FIG, 720 setosa Haller f., 704FIG, 719FIG, 720 tectorum L., 718, 719FIG vesicaria L., 718, 719FIG ssp. haenseleri (Boiss. ex DC.) P.D. Sell, 720 ssp. stellata (Ball) Babc., 720 ssp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. ex Schinz & R. Keller, 720 Cress, Garden, 402 Garlic, 421 Hoary, 405 Mitre, 391 Rosy, 408 Shepherd's, 420 Thale, 394 Tower, 408 Trefoil, 400 Violet, 425 Cresses, Thale, 392 Crinitaria Cass., 740 linosyris (L.) Less., 744 CRINUM L., 904 bulbispermum (Burm. f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick. x C. moorei Hook. f. = C. x powellii, 905 x powellii Baker (C. bulbispermum x C. moorei), 905 Critesion Raf., 1051 CRITHMUM L., 814 maritimum L., 813FIG, 814 CROCOSMIA Planch., 892 x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E. Br. (C. pottsii x C. aurea), 893FIG, 894 masoniorum (L. Bolus) N.E. Br., 893FIG, 894 x C. x crocosmiiflora, 894 paniculata (Klatt) Goldblatt, 892, 893FIG x C. pottsii, 892

CRATAEGUS

pottsii (Macnab ex Baker) N.E. Br., 893FIG, 894 x C. aurea (Hook.) Planch. = C. x crocosmiiflora, 893FIG, 894 CROCUS L., 887 ancyrensis (Herb.) Maw, 890 angustifolius Weston, 890 x C. flavus = C. x stellaris, 888FIG, 890 biflorus Mill., 890 ssp. adamii (J. Gay) B. Mathew, 890 ssp. biflorus, 890 chrysanthus (Herb.) Herb., 890 x C. biflorus, 890 'Dutch Yellow', 890 flavus Weston, 890 x hybridus 3HWURYLþ kotschyanus K. Koch, 891 longiflorus Raf., 890 nudiflorus Sm., 890 pulchellus Herb., 891 purpureus Weston, 889 sativus L., 889 serotinus Salisb., 890 ssp. salzmannii (J. Gay) B. Mathew, 890 sieberi J. Gay, 890 speciosus M. Bieb., 890 x stellaris Haw. (C. angustifolius x C. flavus), 888FIG, 890 tommasinianus Herb., 888FIG, 889 vernus (L.) Hill, 888FIG, 889 ssp. albiflorus (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn., 889 ssp. vernus, 889 x C. tommasinianus, 889 Crocus, Ankara, 890 Autumn, 890 Bieberstein's, 890 Early, 889 Golden, 890 Hairy, 891 Italian, 890 Kotschy's, 891 Late, 890 Saffron, 889 Sand, 887 Sieber's, 890 Silvery, 890 Spring, 889 Yellow, 890 Crocuses, 887 Sand, 887 Crosswort, 543 Caucasian, 538 Crowberry, 525 Crowfoot, Ivy-leaved, 115 New Forest, 115 Round-leaved, 115 Three-lobed, 115

CROWNBEARD

Crownbeard, Golden, 688 CRUCIANELLA L., 537 angustifolia L., 537 CRUCIATA Mill., 543 chersonensis auct. non (Willd.) Ehrend., 543 laevipes Opiz, 543 Cruciferae, 385 CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br., 19 crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook., 19 Cryptogrammaceae, 19 CRYPTOMERIA D. Don, 53 japonica (L. f.) D. Don, 45FIG, 51FIG, 53 Cryptostemma R. Br., 731 calendulacea (Hill) R. Br., 731 Cuckooflower, 400 Greater, 400 Cucubalus L., 470 baccifer L., 474 Cucumber, 299 Bur, 298 Gooseberry, 299 Squirting, 299 Cucumbers, 299 CUCUMIS L., 299 melo L., 299 myriocarpus Naudin, 299 sativus L., 299 CUCURBITA L., 299 maxima Duchesne ex Lam., 300 pepo L., 300 CUCURBITACEAE, 298 Cudweed, American, 734 Broad-leaved, 733 Cape, 734 Common, 732 Dwarf, 734 Heath, 734 Highland, 734 Jersey, 734 Marsh, 734 Narrow-leaved, 733 Red-tipped, 732 Small, 733 Cudweeds, 732, 733 CULLEN Medik., 149 americanum (L.) Rydb., 149, 150FIG, 156FIG Cumin, 820 CUMINUM L., 820 cyminum L., 819FIG, 820 Cup-grass, Perennial, 1070 Cup-grasses, 1070 Cupidone, Blue, 702 CUPRESSACEAE, 50 X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim., 53 CUPRESSUS L., 53

INDEX

1129

macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon, 45FIG, 51FIG, 53 x Xanthocyparis nootkatensis = X Cuprocyparis leylandii, 45FIG, 51FIG, 53 x XANTHOCYPARIS = X CUPROCYPARIS, 53 X CUPROCYPARIS Farjon (CUPRESSUS x XANTHOCYPARIS), 53 leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Farjon (C. macrocarpa x X. nootkatensis), 45FIG, 51FIG, 53 Currant, Black, 124 Buffalo, 126 Downy, 124 Flowering, 124 Mountain, 126 Red, 124 Curtonus N.E. Br., 892 paniculatus (Klatt) N.E. Br., 892 CUSCUTA L., 570 australis R. Br., 570 campestris Yunck., 570 epilinum Weihe, 570 epithymum (L.) L., 570 europaea L., 570 suaveolens Ser., 570 Cuscutaceae, 566 Cut-grass, 991 Cyathea dealbata (J.R. Forst.) Sw., 18 CYATHEACEAE, 18 CYCLAMEN L., 521 coum Mill., 521 graecum Link, 521 hederifolium Aiton, 521 neapolitanum Ten., 521 repandum Sibth. & Sm., 522 CYDONIA Mill., 199 oblonga Mill., 199 CYMBALARIA Hill, 595 hepaticifolia (Poir.) Wettst., 595 muralis P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 595 ssp. muralis, 595 ssp. visianii (Kümmerle ex Jáv.) D.A. Webb, 595 pallida (Ten.) Wettst., 595 CYNARA L., 696 cardunculus L., 696 var. cardunculus, 696 var. scolymus (L.) Fiori, 696 scolymus L., 696 CYNODON Rich., 1064 dactylon (L.) Pers., 1059FIG, 1064 incompletus Nees, 1064 CYNOGLOSSUM L., 565 amabile Stapf & J.R. Drumm., 565 germanicum Jacq., 565 officinale L., 565

1130

INDEX

CYNOGLOTTIS *XüXO 9XUDO .LW7DQ 559 barrelieri (All.) Vural & Kit Tan, 559 CYNOSURUS L., 1008 cristatus L., 1008 echinatus L., 1009 CYPERACEAE, 941 CYPERUS L., 949 eragrostis Lam., 949 fuscus L., 949 longus L., 949 vegetus Willd., 949 Cyphel, 457 Cypress, Lawson's, 54 Leyland, 53 Monterey, 53 Nootka, 54 Sawara, 54 Swamp, 52 Cypresses, 53, 54 Cypripediaceae, 858 CYPRIPEDIUM L., 860 calceolus L., 860 CYRTOMIUM C. Presl, 32 falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl, 17FIG, 32, 36FIG fortunei J. Sm., 33 CYSTOPTERIS Bernh., 28 alpina (Lam.) Desv., 28, 29FIG diaphana (Bory) Blasdell, 28, 29FIG dickieana R. Sim, 28, 29FIG fragilis (L.) Bernh., 28, 29FIG montana (Lam.) Desv., 28, 29FIG regia (L.) Desv., 28 CYTISUS Desf., 181 monspessulanus L., 182 multiflorus (L'Hér.) Sweet, 181, 183FIG nigricans L., 181, 183FIG scoparius (L.) Link, 182 ssp. maritimus (Rouy) Heywood, 182 ssp. scoparius, 182 striatus (Hill) Rothm., 182, 183FIG DABOECIA D. Don, 527 cantabrica (Huds.) K. Koch, 527 X DACTYLANTHERA P.F. Hunt & Summerh. (PLATANTHERA x DACTYLORHIZA), 867 chevallieriana (E.G. Camus) J.M.H. Shaw (P. bifolia x D. maculata), 867 DACTYLIS L., 1014 glomerata L., 1014 ssp. aschersoniana (Graebn.) Thell., 1014 ssp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman, 1014 ssp. lobata (Drejer) H. Lindb., 1014 hispanica Roth, 1014 polygama Horv., 1014, 1023FIG DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd., 1061

CYNOGLOTTIS

radulans (R. Br.) P. Beauv., 1059FIG, 1061, 1063FIG X DACTYLODENIA Garay & H.R. Sweet (GYMNADENIA x DACTYLORHIZA), 869 evansii (Druce) Stace (G. borealis x D. maculata), 869 heinzeliana (Reichardt) Garay & H.R. Sweet (G. conopsea x D. fuchsii), 869 legrandiana (E.G. Camus) Peitz (G. conopsea x D. maculata), 869 st-quintinii (Godfery) J. Duvign. (G. borealis x D. fuchsii), 869 varia (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Aver. (G. borealis x D. purpurella), 870 vollmannii (M. Schulze) Peitz (G. conopsea s.s. x D. incarnata), 869 wintoni (Druce) Peitz (G. conopsea x D. praetermissa), 870 X DACTYLOGLOSSUM P.F. Hunt & Summerh. (COELOGLOSSUM x DACTYLORHIZA), 870 conigerum (Norman) Rauschert (C. viride x D. maculata), 870 dominianum (E.G. Camus, Bergon & A. Camus) Soó, 870 drucei (A. Camus) Soó, 870 guilhotii (E.G. Camus) Soó (C. viride x D. incarnata), 870 mixtum (Asch. & Graebn.) Rauschert (C. viride x D. fuchsii), 870 viridellum (Hesl.-Harr. f.) Soó (C. viride x D. purpurella), 870 X Dactylogymnadenia Soó, 869 cookei (Hesl.-Harr.) Soó, 869 legrandiana (E.G. Camus) Soó, 869 souppensis (E.G. Camus) Peitz, 869 varia (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Soó, 870 vollmannii (M. Schulze) Soó, 869 wintoni (Druce) Soó, 870 Dactylorchis (Klinge) Verm., 870 fuchsii (Druce) Verm., 872 incarnata (L.) Verm., 874 ssp. coccinea (Pugsley) Hesl.-Harr. f., 875 ssp. cruenta (O.F. Müll.) Verm., 875 ssp. gemmana (Pugsley) Hesl.-Harr. f., 874 ssp. ochroleuca (Wüstnei ex Boll) Hesl.Harr. f., 875 ssp. pulchella (Druce) Hesl.-Harr. f., 875 majalis ssp. cambrensis R.H. Roberts, 876 ssp. occidentalis (Pugsley) Hesl.-Harr. f., 877 praetermissa (Druce) Verm., 875

DACTYLORCHIS

INDEX

purpurella (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Verm., 876 traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) Verm., 876 DACTYLORHIZA Necker ex Nevski, 870 x aschersoniana auct. non (Hausskn.) Soó, 875 x braunii auct. non (Halácsy) Borsos & Soó, 872 x carnea (E.G. Camus) Soó (D. maculata x D. incarnata), 874 x claudiopolitana Soó nom. nud., 874 comosa sensu P.D. Sell non (Scop.) P.D. Sell, 877 ssp. cambrensis (R.H. Roberts) R.H. Roberts, 876 ssp. occidentalis (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 877 ssp. scotica (E. Nelson) P.D. Sell nom. inval., 876 cruenta (O.F. Müll.) Soó, 875 x dinglensis (Wilmott) Soó (D. maculata x D. kerryensis), 874 x dufftii auct. non (Hausskn.) Peitz, 875 ebudensis (Wiefelspütz ex R.M. Bateman & Denholm) P. Delforge, 873FIG, 876 x formosa (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Soó (D. maculata x D. purpurella), 874 fuchsii (Druce) Soó, 872, 873FIG ssp. hebridensis(Wilmott) Soó, 872 ssp. okellyi (Druce) Soó, 872 x D. incarnata = D. x kernerorum, 872 x D. kerryensis, 872 x D. maculata = D. x transiens, 872 x D. praetermissa = D. x grandis, 872 x D. purpurella = D. x venusta, 872 x D. traunsteinerioides, 872 x grandis (Druce) P.F. Hunt (D. fuchsii x D. praetermissa), 872 x hallii (Druce) Soó (D. maculata x D. praetermissa), 874 incarnata (L.) Soó, 873FIG, 874 ssp. coccinea (Pugsley) Soó, 875 ssp. cruenta (O.F. Müll.) P.D. Sell, 875 ssp. gemmana (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 874 ssp. incarnata, 874 ssp. ochroleuca (Wüstnei ex Boll) P.F. Hunt & Summerh., 873FIG, 875 ssp. pulchella (Druce) Soó, 875 x D. kerryensis, 875 x D. praetermissa = D. x wintoni, 875 x D. purpurella = D. x latirella, 875 x D. traunsteinerioides, 875 x insignis (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Soó (D. praetermissa x D. purpurella), 875 x jenensis auct. non (Brand) Soó, 874 x kelleriana Soó ex P.F. Hunt nom. inval., 872

1131

x kernerorum (Soó) Soó (D. fuchsii x D. incarnata), 872 kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F. Hunt & Summerh., 873FIG, 877 var. kerryensis, 877 var. occidentalis (Pugsley) Jebb, 877 lapponica auct. non (Laest. ex Hartm.) Soó, 876 x latirella (P.M. Hall) Soó (D. incarnata x D. purpurella), 875 x lehmanii auct. non (Klinge) Soó, 875 longebracteata auct. non (F.W. Schmidt) Holub, 872 maculata (L.) Soó (Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Verm., 872, 873FIG ssp. elodes (Griseb.) Soó, 872 ssp. ericetorum (E.F. Linton) P.F. Hunt & Summerh., 872 ssp. fuchsii (Druce) Hyl., 872 ssp. maculata, 872 ssp. rhoumensis (Hesl.-Harr. f.) Soó, 874 x D. incarnata = D. x carnea, 874 x D. kerryensis = D. x dinglensis, 874 x D. praetermissa = D. x hallii, 874 x D. purpurella = D. x formosa, 874 x D. traunsteinerioides, 874 x maculatiformis (Rouy) Borsos & Soó, 874 majalis auct. non (Rchb.) P.F. Hunt & Summerh., 877 ssp. cambrensis (R.H. Roberts) R.H. Roberts, 876 ssp. kerryensis (Wilmott) Senghas nom. illeg., 877 ssp. majaliformis E. Nelson ex Løjtnant, 876 ssp. occidentalis (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 877 ssp. praetermissa (Druce) D.M. Moore & Soó, 875 ssp. purpurella (T. & T.A. Stephenson) D.M. Moore & Soó, 875 ssp. scotica E. Nelson nom. inval., 876 ssp. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 876 var. eborensis (Godfery) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 876 var. ebudensis Wiefelspütz ex R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 876 var. francis-drucei (Wilmott) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 876 var. kerryensis (Wilmott) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 877 var. scotica (E. Nelson) R.M. Bateman & Denholm nom. inval., 876 occidentalis (Pugsley) P. Delforge, 877 praetermissa (Druce) Soó, 873FIG, 875 ssp. junialis (Verm.) Soó, 875 var. junialis (Verm.) Senghas, 873FIG, 875

1132

INDEX

DACTYLORHIZA praetermissa (contd) x D. purpurella = D. x insignis, 875 x D. traunsteinerioides, 875 pseudocordigera auct. non (Neuman) Soó, 876 purpurella (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Soó, 873FIG, 875 var. cambrensis (R.H. Roberts) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 873FIG, 876 x D. ebudensis, 876 x D. kerryensis, 876 x D. traunsteinerioides, 876 x silvae-gabretae auct. non F. Proch. & Curn, 872 x townsendiana auct. non (Rouy) Soó, 874 x transiens (Druce) Soó (D. fuchsii x D. maculata), 872 traunsteineri auct. non (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soó, 876 ssp. lapponica auct. non (Laest. ex Hartm.) Soó, 876 traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M. Bateman & Denholm, 873FIG, 876 x venusta (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Soó (D. fuchsii x D. purpurella), 872 viridis (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, 870 x wintoni (A. Camus) P.F. Hunt (D. incarnata x D. praetermissa), 875 Daffodil, 913 Bernard's, 911 Bicoloured, 913 Boutigny's, 911 Bunch-flowered, 910 Cyclamen-flowered, 913 Head-to-head, 910 Hoop-petticoat, 911 Large-flowered, 913 Lesser, 913 Nonesuch, 911 Pale-flowered, 913 Paper-white, 910 Pheasant's-eye, 910 Queen of Spain, 911 Reflexed, 913 Salisbury's, 911 Sea, 914 Spanish, 913 Tenby, 913 Two-coloured, 913 White, 913 Winter, 905 Daffodils, 908 DAHLIA Cav., 780 coccinea Cav., 780 x cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter, 780

DACTYLORHIZA

x hortensis Guillaumin, 780 flore pleno, 780 merckii Lehm., 780 pinnata Cav., 780 variabilis (Willd.) Desf., 780 Dahlia, 780 Daisies, Cape, 773 Crown, 756 Oxeye, 756 Daisy, 749 Bur, 739 Cape, 773 Crown, 756 family, 678 Oxeye, 756 Seaside, 744 Shasta, 758 Swan River, 688 Daisy-bush, 747 Mangrove-leaved, 747 Daisy-bushes, 747 DAMASONIUM Mill., 837 alisma Mill., 837 Dame's-violet, 422 Damson, 197 Dandelions, 712 DANTHONIA DC., 1055 decumbens (L.) DC., 1055 racemosa R. Br., 1055 DAPHNE L., 381 x houtteana Lindl. & Paxton (D. mezereum x D. laureola), 381 laureola L., 382 mezereum L., 381 x D. laureola = D. x houtteana, 381 DARMERA Voss ex Post & Kuntze, 128 peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss ex Post & Kuntze, 128, 131FIG Darnel, 998 Dasheen, 831 DATURA L., 573 ferox L., 573 inermis Juss. ex Jacq., 573 stramonium L., 573 var. chalybaea W.D.J. Koch, 573 var. inermis (Juss. ex Jacq.) Schinz & Thell., 573 var. tatula (L.) Torr., 573 tatula L., 573 DAUCUS L., 829 carota L., 825FIG, 829 ssp. carota, 829 ssp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. f., 829 ssp. major (Vis.) Arcang., 829 ssp. maximus (Desf.) Ball, 829 ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang., 829 glochidiatus (Labill.) Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall., 825FIG, 829

DAUCUS

INDEX

muricatus (L.) L., 829 DAVALLIA canariensis (L.) Sm., 38 DAVALLIACEAE, 38 Day-lilies, 895 Day-lily, Orange, 895 Yellow, 895 Dead-nettle, Cut-leaved, 619 family, 611 Henbit, 619 Northern, 619 Red, 619 Spotted, 619 White, 619 Dead-nettles, 618 Deergrass, 944 Cotton, 944 Northern, 944 Deergrasses, 943 DELAIREA Lem., 766 odorata Lem., 767FIG, 766 Delphinium L. pro parte, 106 ambiguum auct. non L., 106 consolida L., 106 orientale auct. non J. Gay ex Des Moul., 106 Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul., 688 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, 18 Dentaria L., 399 bulbifera L., 400 pinnata Lam., 400 quinquefolia M. Bieb., 400 Deodar, 47 DESCHAMPSIA P. Beauv., 1021 alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult., 1021 cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., 1021 ssp. alpina (L.) Hook. f., 1021 ssp. cespitosa, 1021 ssp. parviflora (Thuill.) Dumort., 1021 flexuosa (L.) Trin., 1022 laevigata (Sm.) Sm. ex Roem. & Schult., 1021 setacea (Huds.) Hack., 1022 DESCURAINIA Webb & Berthel., 406 sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, 393FIG, 406 Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce, 1015 rigida (L.) Tutin, 1014 DEUTZIA Thunb., 511 scabra Thunb., 511 Deutzia, 511 Dewberry, 252 Deltoid-leaved, 503 family, 500 Orange, 504 Pale, 501 Purple, 504 Rosy, 503 Shrubby, 503 Sickle-leaved, 503 Dewplants, 503

1133

DIANTHUS L., 476 armeria L., 477 barbatus L., 477 caryophyllus L., 477 x D. plumarius, 477 deltoides L., 477 gallicus Pers., 477 gratianopolitanus Vill., 476 x D. caryophyllus, 476 x D. plumarius, 477 x D. plumarius, 477 plumarius L., 477 superbus L., 476 DIAPENSIA L., 522 lapponica L., 522 Diapensia, 522 family, 522 DIAPENSIACEAE, 522 DICENTRA Bernh., 91 eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr., 91 formosa (Haw.) Walp., 91 x D. eximia, 91 spectabilis (L.) Lem., 86 DICHONDRA J.R. & G. Forst., 566 micrantha Urb., 566 DICKSONIA L'Hér., 18 antarctica Labill., 17FIG, 18 fibrosa Colenso, 18 DICKSONIACEAE, 18 Dicotyledonidae, 85 DICOTYLEDONS, TRUE, 85 DIGITALIS L., 585 ferruginea L., 585 x fucata Ehrh. (D. lutea x D. purpurea), 585 grandiflora Mill., 585 lanata Ehrh., 585 lutea L., 585 x D. purpurea = D. x fucata, 585 x purpurascens Roth, 585 purpurea L., 585 DIGITARIA Haller, 1073 adscendens (Kunth) Henrard, 1075 brownii (Roem. & Schult.) Hughes, 1075 ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, 1075 ischaemum (Schreb. ex Schweigg.) Muhl., 1071FIG, 1075 sanguinalis (L.) Scop., 1071FIG, 1075 Dill, 817 Dioscorea L., 854 communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin, 854 DIOSCOREACEAE, 854 DIPHASIASTRUM Holub alpinum (L.) Holub, 6 alpinum (L.) Rothm., 6 complanatum (L.) Holub, 6 ssp. alpinum (L.) Jermy, 6 ssp. issleri (Rouy) Jermy, 6 issleri (Rouy) Holub, 6

1134

INDEX

Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm., 6 issleri (Rouy) Holub, 6 Diplachne P. Beauv., 1057 fusca (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., 1058 muelleri Benth., 1057 uninervia (C. Presl) Parodi, 1057 DIPLOTAXIS DC., 411 erucoides (L.) DC., 411 muralis (L.) DC., 411, 415FIG tenuifolia (L.) DC., 411, 415FIG DIPSACACEAE, 794 DIPSACUS L., 794 x fallax Simonk., 795 fullonum L., 795 ssp. sativus (L.) Thell., 795 ssp. sylvestris (Huds.) P. Fourn., 795 x D. laciniatus = D. x pseudosilvester, 795 x D. sativus, 795 laciniatus L., 795 pilosus L., 795 x pseudosilvester Schur = D. fullonum x D. laciniatus, 795 sativus (L.) Honck., 795 strigosus Willd., 795 sylvestris Huds., 795 DISPHYMA N.E. Br., 504 australe (Aiton ex G. Forst.) J.M. Black, 504 crassifolium (L.) L. Bolus, 502FIG, 504 Dittander, 403 Dittany, False, 617 DITTRICHIA Greuter, 737 graveolens (L.) Greuter, 738 viscosa (L.) Greuter, 735FIG, 738 Dock, Aegean, 452 Argentine, 447 Broad-leaved, 451 Clustered, 451 Curled, 450 Fiddle, 451 Golden, 452 Greek, 448 Hooked, 451 Marsh, 452 Northern, 448 Obovate-leaved, 452 Patience, 450 Russian, 448 Scottish, 448 Shore, 451 Water, 448 Willow-leaved, 447 Wood, 451 Docks, 444 Dodder, 570 Australian, 570 Flax, 570

DIPHASIUM

Greater, 570 Yellow, 570 Dodders, 570 Dog-hobble, 531 Dog-rose, 273 Glaucous, 274 Hairy, 274 Round-leaved, 274 Dog's-tail, Crested, 1008 Golden, 1009 Rough, 1009 Dog's-tails, 1008 Dog's-tooth-violet, 857 Dog-violet, Common, 333 Early, 334 Heath, 334 Pale, 334 Dogwood, 509 family, 509 Red-osier, 510 White, 510 Dogwoods, 509 DORONICUM L., 769 columnae Ten., 770 cordatum auct. non Lam., 770 x excelsum (N.E. Br.) Stace (?D. pardalianches x D. plantagineum x D. columnae), 769 pardalianches L., 769 x D. plantagineum = D. x willdenowii, 769 x D. columnae = D. x excelsum, 769 plantagineum L., 769 var. excelsum N.E. Br., 769 var. willdenowii (Rouy) A.B. Jacks., 769 x willdenowii (Rouy) A.W. Hill (?D. pardalianches x D. plantagineum), 769 DORYCNIUM Mill., 147 gracile Jord., 147 pentaphyllum Scop., 147 rectum (L.) Ser., 147 DOWNINGIA Torr., 677 elegans (Douglas ex Lindl.) Torr., 677 Downy-rose, Harsh, 274 Sherard's, 276 Soft, 276 DRABA L., 408 aizoides L., 408, 410FIG incana L., 409, 410FIG muralis L., 409, 410FIG norvegica Gunnerus, 409, 410FIG rupestris W.T. Aiton, 409 Dracaenaceae, 914 DRACOCEPHALUM L., 614 parviflorum Nutt., 614 DRACUNCULUS Mill., 832 vulgaris Schott, 832

DRAGON-HEAD

INDEX

Dragon-head, American, 614 Dragon's-teeth, 154 Dropseed, African, 1062 Dropseeds, 1061 Dropwort, 241 DROSANTHEMUM Schwantes, 501 candens (Haw.) Schwantes, 501 floribundum (Haw.) Schwantes, 501, 502FIG DROSERA L., 453 anglica Huds., 453 x belezeana E.G. Camus (D. rotundifolia x D. intermedia), 453 binata Labill., 453 capensis L., 453 intermedia Hayne, 453 longifolia L., 453 x obovata Mert. & W.D.J. Koch (D. rotundifolia x D. anglica), 453 rotundifolia L., 453 x D. anglica = D. x obovata, 453 x D. intermedia = D. x belezeana, 453 DROSERACEAE, 452 DRYAS L., 195 octopetala L., 195 DRYOPTERIDACEAE, 31 DRYOPTERIS Adans., 33 abbreviata auct. non DC., 34 aemula (Aiton) Kuntze, 37 affinis agg., 35 affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk., 35, 36FIG ssp. affinis, 35 ssp. borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk., 37 ssp. cambrensis Fraser-Jenk., 37 ssp. kerryensis (Fraser-Jenk.) FraserJenk., 37 ssp. paleaceolobata (T. Moore) FraserJenk., 37 ssp. stilluppensis auct. non (Sabr.) Fraser-Jenk., 37 ssp. stilluppensis (Sabr.) Fraser-Jenk., 37 x ambroseae Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy (D. dilatata x D. expansa), 38 assimilis S. Walker, 38 austriaca Woyn. ex Schinz & Thell. non Jacq., 38 borreri (Newman) Newman ex Oberh. & Tavel, 36FIG, 37 x brathaica Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst. (D. filix-mas x D. carthusiana, 35 cambrensis (Fraser-Jenk.) Beitel & W.R. Buck, 36FIG, 37 ssp. cambrensis, 37 ssp. pseudocomplexa Fraser-Jenk., 37 carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs, 38 x D. dilatata = D. x deweveri, 38 x D. expansa = D. x sarvelae, 38

1135

caucasica (A. Braun) Fraser-Jenk. & Corley, 35 x complexa agg. (D. filix-mas x D. affinis agg.), 35 x complexa Fraser-Jenk. (D. filix-mas x D. affinis), 35 nothossp. contorta auct. non FraserJenk., 35 x convoluta Fraser-Jenk. (D. filix-mas x D. cambrensis), 35 cristata (L.) A. Gray, 37 x D. carthusiana = D. x uliginosa, 38 x critica (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. (D. filix-mas x D. borreri), 35 x deweveri (J.T. Jansen) Jansen & Wacht. (D. carthusiana x D. dilatata), 38 dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray, 38 x D. expansa = D. x ambroseae, 38 expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy, 38 filix-mas (L.) Schott, 35, 36FIG x D. affinis = D. x complexa, 35 x D. affinis agg. = D. x complexa agg., 35 x D. borreri = D. x critica, 35 x D. cambrensis = D. x convoluta, 35 x D. carthusiana = D. x brathaica, 35 lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston, 38 x mantoniae Fraser-Jenk. & Corley (P. oreades x D. filix-mas), 34 oreades Fomin, 34, 36FIG x D. aemula = D. x pseudoabbreviata, 35 x D. affinis, 34 x D. borreri, 35 x D. filix-mas = D. x mantoniae, 34 x pseudoabbreviata Jermy (P. oreades x D. aemula), 35 pseudodisjuncta (Tavel ex Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk., 34 pseudomas (Woll.) Holub & Pouzar, 35 remota (A. Braun ex Döll) Druce, 36FIG, 37 x remota auct. non (A. Braun ex Döll) Druce), 35 x sarvelae Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy (D. carthusiana x D. expansa), 38 spinulosa Kuntze, 38 submontana (Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy) Fraser-Jenk., 37 x tavelii auct. non Rothm., 35 tavelii Rothm., 37 x uliginosa (A. Braun ex Döll) Kuntze ex Druce (D. cristata x D. carthusiana), 38 villarii (Bellardi) Woyn. ex Schinz & Thell., 37

1136

INDEX

DRYOPTERIS villarii (contd) ssp. submontana Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy, 37 woynarii auct. non Rothm., 37 woynarii Rothm., 37 Duchesnea L., 252 indica (Jacks.) Focke, 254 Duck-potato, 836 Duckweed, Common, 834 family, 833 Fat, 834 Greater, 833 Ivy-leaved, 834 Least, 834 Red, 834 Rootless, 834 Duckweeds, 833 Dysentery-herb, Short-fruited, 349 Dysentery-herbs, 349 DYSPHANIA R. Br., 478 ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479 x bontei (Aellen) Stace (D. carinata x D. cristata), 479 botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479 carinata (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479, 483FIG x D. cristata = D. x bontei, 479 x christii (Aellen) Stace (D. pumilio x D. carinata), 479 cristata (F. Muell.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479, 483FIG multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479 pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479, 483FIG x D. carinata = D. x christii, 479 schraderiana (Schult.) Mosyakin & Clemants, 479 ECBALLIUM A. Rich., 299 elaterium (L.) A. Rich., 299 ECCREMOCARPUS scaber Ruiz & Pav., 668 ECHINOCHLOA P. Beauv., 1067 colona (L.) Link, 1069, 1071FIG crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., 1069, 1071FIG esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz, 1069 frumentacea auct. non Link, 1069 frumentacea Link, 1069, 1071FIG microstachya (Wiegand) Rydb., 1069 muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald ssp. microstachya (Wiegand) Jauzein, 1069 utilis Ohwi & Yabuno, 1069 ECHINOPS L., 688 bannaticus Rochel ex Schrad., 689 commutatus Jur., 689 exaltatus Schrad., 689 x pellenzianus Hügin & W. Lohmeyer (E. sphaerocephalus x E. exaltatus), 689

DRYOPTERIS

ritro L., 689 sphaerocephalus L., 689 x E. exaltatus = E. x pellenzianus, 689 ECHIUM L., 553 lycopsis auct. non L., 553 pininana Webb & Berthel., 553 x E. webbii Coincy = E. x scilloniensis, 553 plantagineum L., 553 rosulatum Lange, 553 x scilloniensis hort. (E. pininana x E. webbii), 553 vulgare L., 553 Eelgrass, 842 Dwarf, 842 family, 482 Eelgrasses, 842 EGERIA Planch., 839 densa Planch., 839 EHRHARTA Thunb., 993 longiflora Sm., 993 stipoides Labill., 992FIG, 993 ELAEAGNACEAE, 277 ELAEAGNUS L., 277 commutata Bernh., 278 'Ebbingei', 278 x ebbingei hort. nom. nud., 278 macrophylla Thunb., 278 x E. pungens = E. x submacrophylla, 278 pungens Thunb., 278 x submacrophylla Servett. (E. macrophylla x E. pungens), 278 umbellata Thunb., 278 ELATINACEAE, 311 ELATINE L., 312 hexandra (Lapierre) DC., 312 hydropiper L., 312 Elder, 784 American, 784 Dwarf, 784 Red-berried, 784 Elders, 784 Elecampane, 737 ELEOCHARIS R. Br., 946 acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult., 947FIG, 948 austriaca Hayek, 946 mamillata (Lindb. f.) Lindb. f., 946, 947FIG ssp. austriaca (Hayek) Strandh., 946 ssp. mamillata, 948 multicaulis (Sm.) Desv., 947FIG, 948 palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult., 946, 947FIG ssp. microcarpa Walters, 946 ssp. palustris, 946 x E. uniglumis, 946

ELEOCHARIS

INDEX

ssp. vulgaris Walters, 946 x ssp. palustris, 946 x E. uniglumis, 946 parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer, 947FIG, 948 quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz, 947FIG, 948 uniglumis (Link) Schult., 947FIG, 948 ELEOGITON Link, 949 fluitans (L.) Link, 947FIG, 949 Elephant-ears, 128 Heart-leaved, 128 Elephant-grass, 1076 ELEUSINE Gaertn., 1060 africana Kenn.-O'Byrne, 1061 indica (L.) Gaertn., 1059FIG, 1061, 1063FIG ssp. africana (Kenn.-O'Byrne) S.M. Phillips, 1061 ssp. indica, 1061 multiflora Hochst. ex A. Rich., 1061 tristachya (Lam.) Lam., 1061 Elm, Cornish, 283 Dutch, 282 English, 282 family, 279 Goodyer's, 283 Huntingdon, 282 Jersey, 283 Plot's, 283 Rock, 281 Small-leaved, 282 Wych, 281 Elms, 279 ELODEA Michx., 839 callitrichoides (Rich.) Casp., 840 canadensis Michx., 839 ernstiae H. St. John, 840 nuttallii auct. non (Planch.) H. St. John, 840 nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John, 839 X Elyhordeum langei (K. Richt.) Melderis, 1051 Elymus auct. non L., 1051 ELYMUS L., 1048 arenarius L., 1051 athericus (Link) Kerguélen, 1049 canadensis L., 1048 caninus (L.) L., 1048 ssp. donianus (F.B. White) P.D. Sell, 1048 var. caninus, 1048 var. donianus (F.B. White) Melderis, 1048 farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis, non E. junceus Fisch., 1049 ssp. boreoatlanticus (Simonet & Guin.) Melderis, 1051 x laxus (Fr.) Melderis & D.C. McClint., 1049

1137

x obtusiusculus (Lange) Melderis & D.C. McClint., 1049 x oliveri auct., non (Druce) Melderis & D.C. McClint., 1049 pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis, 1049 repens (L.) Gould, 1049 ssp. arenosus auct. non (Spenn.) Melderis, 1049 scabrus (Labill.) Á. Löve, 1048, 1050FIG trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp. donianus (F.B. White) Á. Löve, 1048 ELYTRIGIA Desv., 1048 x acuta (DC.) Tzvelev (E. atherica x E. juncea), 1049 nothossp. obtusiuscula (Lange) Kerguélen (E. atherica x E. juncea ssp. boreoatlantica), 1049 atherica (Link) Kerguélen, 1049 f. setigera (Dumort.) Stace, 1049 x E. juncea = E. x acuta, 1049 x E. juncea ssp. boreoatlantica = E. x acuta nothossp. obtusiuscula, 1049 campestris (Godr. & Gren.) Kerguélen, 1049 ssp. maritima (Tzvelev) H. Scholz, 1049 x drucei Stace (E. repens x E. atherica), 1049 juncea (L.) Nevski, 1049 ssp. boreoatlantica (Simonet & Guin.) Hyl., 1051 x laxa (Fr.) Kerguélen (E. repens x E. juncea), 1049 x obtusiuscula (Lange) Hyl., 1049 x oliveri auct., non (Druce) Kerguélen, 1049 x oliveri (Druce) Kerguélen, 1049 repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski, 1049 f. aristata (Schum.) Beetle, 1049 ssp. arenosa auct. non (Spenn.) Á. Löve, 1049 x E. atherica = E. x drucei, 1049 x E. juncea = E. x laxa, 1049 x Hordeum secalinum = X Elytrordeum langei, 1050FIG, 1051 x HORDEUM = X ELYTRORDEUM, 1051 X ELYTRORDEUM Hyl. (ELYTRIGIA x HORDEUM), 1051 langei (K. Richt.) Hyl. (E. repens x H. secalinum), 1050FIG, 1051 Empetraceae, 523 EMPETRUM L., 525 hermaphroditum Hagerup, 525 nigrum L., 525

1138

INDEX

EMPETRUM nigrum (contd) ssp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher, 525 ssp. nigrum, 525 Enchanter's-nightshade Alpine, 366 Upland, 366 Enchanter's-nightshades, 366 Endive, 701 Endymion Dumort., 920 hispanicus (Mill.) Chouard, 921 non-scriptus (L.) Garcke, 920 EPILOBIUM L., 354 Dichotomous key to spp. of, 355 Multi-access key to spp. of, 355 x abortivum Hausskn. (E. lanceolatum x E. roseum), 359 adenocaulon Hausskn., 360 adnatum Griseb., 359 x aggregatum ÿHODNE. montanum x E. obscurum), 359 alsinifolium Vill., 358FIG, 361 x ambigens Hausskn., 359 anagallidifolium Lam., 361 x E. alsinifolium = E. x boissieri, 361 x anglicum E.S. Marshall (E. hirsutum x E. obscurum), 357 angustifolium L., 361 x argillaceum Kitchener (E. parviflorum x E. brunnescens), 357 x aschersonianum Hausskn. (E. parviflorum x E. lanceolatum), 357 x beckhausii Hausskn., 359 x boissieri Hausskn. (E. anagallidifolium x E. alsinifolium), 361 x borbasianum Hausskn. (E. tetragonum x E. roseum), 360 x brevipilum Hausskn. (E. hirsutum x E. tetragonum), 357 x brunnatum Kitchener & McKean (E. ciliatum x E. brunnescens), 360 brachiatum ÿHODNE. obscurum x E. roseum), 360 brunnescens (Cockayne) P.H. Raven & Engelhorn, 358FIG, 361 x chateri Kitchener & McKean (E. palustre x E. brunnescens), 361 ciliatum Raf., 358FIG, 360 x E. brunnescens = E. x brunnatum, 360 x E. palustre = E. x fossicola, 360 x confusilobum Kitchener & McKean (E. montanum x E. brunnescens) 359

EMPETRUM

x cornubiense Kitchener & McKean (E. lanceolatum x E. brunnescens), 359 x dacicum Borbás (E. parviflorum x E. obscurum), 357 x dasycarpum Fr. (E. palustre x E. anagallidifolium), 361 dodonaei Vill., 361 x dufftii Hausskn., 360 x erroneum Hausskn. (E. hirsutum x E. montanum), 357 x facchinii Hausm. (E. montanum x E. alsinifolium), 359 x fallacinum Hausskn. (E. lanceolatum x E. tetragonum), 359 x floridulum Smejkal (E. parviflorum x E. ciliatum), 357 x fossicola Smejkal (E. ciliatum x E. palustre), 360 x goerzii Rubner (E. hirsutum x E. roseum), 357 x grenieri Rouy & E.G. Camus, 359 x haussknechtianum Borbás (E. montanum x E. tetragonum), 359 x haynaldianum Hausskn. (E. palustre x E. alsinifolium), 361 x heterocaule Borbás (E. montanum x E. roseum), 359 hirsutum L., 357 x E. ciliatum = E. x novae-civitatis, 357 x E. montanum = E. x erroneum, 357 x E. obscurum = E. x anglicum, 357 x E. palustre = E. x waterfallii, 357 x E. parviflorum = E. x subhirsutum, 357 x E. roseum = E. x goerzii, 357 x E. tetragonum = E. x brevipilum, 357 inornatum Melville, 361 x interjectum Smejkal (E. montanum x E. ciliatum), 359 x kitcheneri McKean (E. montanum x E. pedunculare), 359 komarovianum H. Lév., 358FIG, 361 lamyi F.W. Schultz, 359 x lamotteanum Hausskn. (E. lanceolatum x E. obscurum), 359 lanceolatum Sebast. & Mauri, 358FIG, 359 x E. brunnescens = E. x cornubiense, 359 x E. ciliatum, 359 x E. obscurum = E. x lamotteanum, 359 x E. roseum = E. x abortivum, 359 x E. tetragonum = E. x fallacinum, 359 x laschianum Hausskn. (E. tetragonum x E. palustre), 360

EPILOBIUM

INDEX

1139

x E. obscurum = E. x dacicum, 357 x limosum Schur (E. parviflorum x E. x E. palustre, 357 montanum), 357 x E. palustre = E. x rivulare, 357 linnaeoides Hook. f., 361 x E. roseum = E. x persicinum, 357 x marshallianum Hausskn. (E. obscurum x E. tetragonum = E. x palatinum, 357 x E. anagallidifolium), 360 x E. obscurum, 357 x mentiens Smejkal (E. tetragonum x E. pedunculare auct. non A. Cunn., 361 ciliatum), 360 pedunculare A. Cunn., 361 x montaniforme .QDIH[ÿHODNE. x persicinum Rchb. (E. parviflorum x E. montanum x E. palustre), roseum), 357 359 x probstii H. Lév., 360 montanum L., 357, 358FIG x purpureum Fr. (E. roseum x E. x E. alsinifolium = E. x facchinii, 359 x E. brunnescens = E. x palustre), 360 confusilobum, 359 x rivulare Wahlenb. (E. parviflorum x E. x E. ciliatum = E. x interjectum, 359 palustre), 357 x E. lanceolatum = E. x neogradense, x rivulicola Hausskn. (E. obscurum x E. 359 alsinifolium), 360 x E. obscurum = E. x aggregatum, 359 roseum Schreb., 358FIG, 360 x E. palustre = E. x montaniforme, 359 x E. ciliatum = E. x nutantiflorum, 360 x E. pedunculare = E. x kitcheneri, 359 x E. palustre = E. x purpureum, 360 x E. roseum = E. x heterocaule, 359 x schmidtianum Rostk. (E. obscurum x E. x E. tetragonum = E. x palustre), 360 haussknechtianum, 359 x semiadnatum Borbás, 359 x mutabile auct. non Boiss. & Reut., 359 x semiobscurum Borbás (E. tetragonum x x neogradense Borbás (E. montanum x E. E. obscurum), 360 lanceolatum), 359 x subhirsutum Gennari (E. hirsutum x E. nerteroides auct. non A. Cunn., 361 parviflorum), 357 x novae-civitatis Smejkal (E. hirsutum x tetragonum L., 359 E. ciliatum), 357 ssp. lamyi (F.W. Schultz) Nyman, 359 x nutantiflorum Smejkal (E. roseum x E. ssp. tetragonum, 359 ciliatum), 360 ssp. tournefortii (Michalet) Lév., 360 x obscurescens Kitchener & McKean (E. x E. ciliatum = E. x mentiens, 360 obscurum x E. x E. obscurum = E. x semiobscurum, brunnescens), 360 360 obscurum Schreb., 360 x E. palustre = E. x laschianum, 360 x E. alsinifolium = E. x rivulicola, 360 x E. roseum = E. x borbasianum, 360 x E. anagallidifolium = E. x x thuringiacum Hausskn., 360 marshallianum, 360 x vicinum Smejkal (E. obscurum x E. x E. brunnescens = E. x obscurescens, ciliatum), 360 360 x waterfallii E.S. Marshall (E. hirsutum x x E. ciliatum = E. x vicinum, 360 E. palustre), 357 x E. palustre = E. x schmidtianum, 360 watsonii Barbey, 360 x E. roseum = E. x brachiatum, 360 x weissenbergense F.W. Schultz, 357 x palatinum F.W. Schultz (E. parviflorum EPIMEDIUM L., 96 x E. tetragonum), 357 alpinum L., 96 palustre L., 358FIG, 360 grandiflorum C. Morren x E. pinnatum = x E. alsinifolium = E. x E. x versicolor, 96 haynaldianum, 361 pinnatum Fisch. ssp. colchicum Boiss., 96 x E. anagallidifolium = E. x x versicolor C. Morren (E. grandiflorum x dasycarpum, 361 E. pinnatum), 96 x E. brunnescens = E. x chateri, 361 EPIPACTIS Zinn, 861 parviflorum Schreb., 357 atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, 863 x E. brunnescens = E. x argillaceum, x E. helleborine = E. x 357 schmalhausenii, 863 x E. ciliatum = E. x floridulum, 357 cambrensis C.A. Thomas, 864 x E. lanceolatum = E. x dunensis (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Godfery, aschersonianum, 357 863 x E. montanum = E. x limosum, 357 helleborine (L.) Crantz, 863 x E. obscurum, 357 var. neerlandica Verm., 863 x E. roseum, 357

1140

INDEX

EPIPACTIS

x E. variegatum = E. x trachyodon, EPIPACTIS helleborine (contd) 10FIG, 12 var. youngiana (A.J. Richards & A.F. x litorale Kühlew. ex Rupr. (E. fluviatile Porter) Kreutz, 863 x E. arvense), 10FIG, 13 x E. leptochila = E. x stephensonii, x mchaffieae C.N. Page (E. fluviatile x E. 863 pratense), 13 leptochila (Godfery) Godfery, 863 x meridionale (Milde) Chiov. (E. var. cleistogama (C.A. Thomas) D.P. ramosissimum x E. Young, 863 variegatum), 13 var. dunensis T. & T.A. Stephenson, 863 x mildeanum Rothm. (E. pratense x E. var. leptochila, 863 sylvaticum), 13 muelleri Godfery, 862 x moorei Newman (E. hyemale x E. var. dunensis (T. & T.A. Stephenson) ramosissimum), 10FIG, 12 P.D. Sell, 863 palustre L., 10FIG, 14 var. leptochila (Godfery) P.D. Sell, 863 x E. telmateia = E. x font-queri, 14 palustris (L.) Crantz, 862 pratense Ehrh., 13 pendula C.A. Thomas non A.A. Eaton, 864 x E. sylvaticum = E. x mildeanum, 13 phyllanthes G.E. Sm., 864 ramosissimum Desf., 10FIG, 12 var. cambrensis (C.A. Thomas) P.D. x E. variegatum = E. x meridionale, 13 Sell, 864 x robertsii Dines (E. arvense x E. var. degenera D.P. Young, 864 telmateia), 13 var. pendula D.P. Young, 864 x rothmaleri C.N. Page (E. arvense x E. var. phyllanthes, 864 palustre), 13 var. vectensis (T. & T.A. Stephenson) sylvaticum L., 13 D.P. Young, 864 x E. telmateia = E. x bowmanii, 13 purpurata Sm., 863 telmateia Ehrh., 14 x E. helleborine = E. x schulzei, 863 x trachyodon A. Braun (E. hyemale x E. sancta (P. Delforge) P. Delforge, 863 variegatum), 10FIG, 12 x schmalhausenii K. Richt. (E. atrorubens variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. x E. helleborine), 863 Mohr, 10FIG, 13 x schulzei P. Fourn. (E. purpurata x E. x willmotii C.N. Page (E. fluviatile x E. helleborine), 863 telmateia), 13 x stephensonii Godfery (E. helleborine x ERAGROSTIS Wolf, 1058 E. leptochila), 863 barrelieri Daveau, 1058 vectensis (T. & T.A. Stephenson) Brooke & chloromelas Steud., 1060 F. Rose, 864 cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch., youngiana A.J. Richards & A.F. Porter, 863 1059FIG, 1060, 1063FIG EPIPOGIUM J.G. Gmel. ex Borkh., 865 curvula (Schrad.) Nees, 1059FIG, 1060, aphyllum Sw., 865 1063FIG EQUISETACEAE, 11 megastachya (Koeler) Link, 1060 Equisetinae, 11 mexicana (Hornem.) Link, 1058 Equisetopsida, 11 minor Host, 1059FIG, 1060 EQUISETUM L., 11 multicaulis Steud., 1060 arvense L., 10FIG, 13 neomexicana Vasey ex L.H. Dewey, 1058 x E. palustre = E. x rothmaleri, 13 parviflora (R. Br.) Trin., 1059FIG, 1060 x E. telmateia = E. x robertsii, 13 pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., 1059FIG, 1060, x bowmanii C.N. Page (E. sylvaticum x E. 1063FIG telmateia), 13 plana Nees, 1060 x dycei C.N. Page (E. fluviatile x E. pooides P. Beauv., 1060 palustre), 13 tef (Zucc.) Trotter, 1059FIG, 1060 fluviatile L., 10FIG, 13 virescens J. Presl, 1059FIG, 1060 x E. arvense = E. x litorale, 10FIG, 13 ERANTHIS Salisb., 104 x E. palustre = E. x dycei, 13 cilicica Schott & Kotschy, 105 x E. pratense = E. x mchaffieae, 13 x E. hyemalis = E. x tubergenii, 105 x E. telmateia = E. x willmotii, 13 hyemalis (L.) Salisb., 103FIG, 105 x font-queri Rothm. (E. palustre x E. x tubergenii Bowles (E. cilicica x E. telmateia), 14 hyemalis), 105 hyemale L., 10FIG, 12 Erechtites Raf., 760 x E. ramosissimum = E. x moorei, minima (Poir.) DC., 766 10FIG, 12 EREPSIA N.E. Br., 504

EREPSIA

INDEX

heteropetala (Haw.) Schwantes, 502FIG, 504 ERICA L., 528 arborea L., 530 carnea L., 528 ciliaris L., 528, 529FIG x E. tetralix = E. x watsonii, 530 cinerea L., 530 x darleyensis Bean (E. erigena x E. carnea), 529FIG, 530 erigena R. Ross, 529FIG, 530 x E. carnea = E. x darleyensis, 529FIG, 530 herbacea L., 528 ssp. occidentalis (Benth.) Laínz, 530 hibernica (Hook & Arn.) Syme non Utinet, 530 lusitanica Rudolphi, 529FIG, 530 mackayana Bab., 530 x E. tetralix = E. x stuartii, 530 mediterranea auct. non L., 530 x praegeri Ostenf., 530 x stuartii (Macfarl.) Mast. (E. mackayana x E. tetralix), 530 terminalis Salisb., 529FIG, 530 tetralix L., 530 x E. vagans = E. x williamsii, 530 vagans L., 529FIG, 530 x watsonii Benth. (E. ciliaris x E. tetralix), 530 x williamsii Druce (E. tetralix x E. vagans), 530 ERICACEAE, 523 ERIGERON L., 744 acer L., 745 acris L., 745 x Conyza canadensis = X Conyzigeron huelsenii, 745 x Conyza sumatrensis, 745 annuus (L.) Pers., 745, 748FIG ssp. strigosus (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wagenitz, 745 bonariensis L., 746 borealis (Vierh.) Simmons, 745 canadensis L., 746 crispus Pourr., 746 glaucus Ker Gawl., 744 x huelsenii Vatke, 745 karvinskianus DC., 745 mucronatus DC., 745 philadelphicus L., 745 speciosus (Lindl.) DC., 744 strigosus Muhl. ex Willd., 745 sumatrensis Retz., 746 uniflorus L., 744 x CONYZA = X CONYZIGERON, 745 ERINUS L., 585 alpinus L., 585 ERIOCAULACEAE, 927 ERIOCAULON L., 927

1141

aquaticum (Hill) Druce, 927 septangulare With., 927 ERIOCHLOA Kunth, 1070 crebra S.T. Blake, 1070 fatmensis (Hochst. & Steud.) Clayton, 1070 pseudoacrotricha (Stapf ex Thell.) J.M. Black, 1036FIG, 1070, 1074FIG ERIOPHORUM L., 942 angustifolium Honck., 943 gracile W.D.J. Koch ex Roth, 943 latifolium Hoppe, 943 vaginatum L., 943 ERODIUM L'Hér., 350 x anaristatum Andreas (E. cicutarium x E. lebelii), 352 botrys (Cav.) Bertol., 351FIG, 352 brachycarpum (Godr.) Thell., 351FIG, 352 chium (L.) Willd., 351, 351FIG cicutarium (L.) L'Hér., 351FIG, 352 ssp. bipinnatum auct. non (Cav.) Tourlet, 352 ssp. dunense Andreas, 352 x E. lebelii = E. x anaristatum, 352 crinitum Carolin, 351FIG, 352 cygnorum Nees, 351FIG, 352 ssp. cygnorum, 352 ssp. glandulosum Carolin, 352 glutinosum Dumort., 352 lebelii Jord., 351FIG, 352 malacoides (L.) L'Hér., 351, 351FIG manescavii Coss., 351FIG, 353 maritimum (L.) L'Hér., 351FIG, 352 moschatum (L.) L'Hér., 351FIG, 352 obtusiplicatum (Maire, Weiller & Wilczek) Howell, 352 stephanianum Willd., 351 EROPHILA DC., 409 glabrescens Jord., 410FIG, 411 majuscula Jord., 409, 410FIG praecox (Steven) DC., 409 spathulata Láng, 409 verna (L.) DC., 409 ssp. praecox (Steven) Gremli, 409 var. praecox 6WHYHQ 'LNOLþ 410FIG var. verna, 410FIG ERUCA Mill., 414 sativa Mill., 414 vesicaria (L.) Cav., 414, 415FIG ssp. sativa (Mill.) Thell., 414 ssp. vesicaria, 414 ERUCARIA Gaertn., 391 hispanica (L.) Druce, 391 myagroides (L.) Halácsy, 391 ERUCASTRUM (DC.) C. Presl, 414 gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz, 414, 415FIG ERYNGIUM L., 809

1142

INDEX

ERYNGIUM

hamiltonianus Wall., 300 ERYNGIUM (contd) japonicus Thunb., 301 amethystinum L., 808FIG, 810 latifolius (L.) Mill., 300 campestre L., 808FIG, 810 EUPATORIUM L., 781 giganteum M. Bieb., 808FIG, 809 cannabinum L., 781 maritimum L., 808FIG, 810 EUPHORBIA L., 306 planum L., 808FIG, 809 amygdaloides L., 311 x tripartitum Desf., 809 ssp. amygdaloides, 311 Eryngo, Blue, 809 ssp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace, 311 Field, 810 var. robbiae (Turrill) Radcl.-Sm., 311 Italian, 810 boissieriana (Woronow) Prokh., 309 Tall, 809 x E. esula, 309 ERYSIMUM L., 391 ceratocarpa Ten., 308 allionii hort. nom. illeg., 392 characias L., 311 cheiranthoides L., 392, 393FIG ssp. characias, 311 cheiri (L.) Crantz, 392, 393FIG, 398FIG ssp. veneta (Willd.) Litard., 311 decumbens (Schleich. ex Willd.) Dennst. x ssp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J. Koch) E. perofskianum Fisch. & Radcl.-Sm., 311 C.A. Mey. = E. x marshallii, corallioides L., 308, 310FIG 392, 393FIG, 398FIG cyparissias L., 311 x marshallii (Henfr.) Bois (E. decumbens dulcis L., 308, 310FIG x E. perofskianum), 392, esula L. agg., 309 393FIG, 398FIG esula L., 310FIG, 311 repandum L., 392 ssp. tommasiniana auct. non (Bertol.) ERYTHRONIUM L., 857 Kusmanov, 311 dens-canis L., 857 x E. cyparissias = E. x pseudoesula, ESCALLONIA Mutis ex L. f., 782 311 x langleyensis Veitch (E. macrantha x E. exigua L., 309 virgata, 782 x gayeri Boros & Soó (E. waldsteinii x E. macrantha Hook. & Arn., 125FIG, 782 cyparissias), 311 x E. virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. = E. x helioscopia L., 309 langleyensis, 782 hyberna L., 308 rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. var. macrantha lathyris L., 309 (Hook. & Arn.) Reiche, 782 maculata L., 308 Escallonia, 782 mellifera Aiton, 308 family, 782 oblongata Griseb., 308 ESCALLONIACEAE, 782 paralias L., 309 ESCHSCHOLZIA Cham., 90 peplis L., 308 californica Cham., 89FIG,90 peplus L., 309 EUCALYPTUS L'Hér., 367 pilosa auct. non L., 308 dalrympleana Maiden, 367 platyphyllos L., 308, 310FIG globulus Labill., 367 portlandica L., 309 gunnii Hook. f., 367 x E. paralias, 309 johnstonii Maiden, 367 x pseudoesula Schur (E. esula x E. linearis Dehnh., 368 cyparissias), 311 muelleri T. Moore non Miq. nec Naudin, x pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó (E. 367 waldsteinii x E. esula), 309, niphophila Maiden & Blakely, 368 310FIG pauciflora Spreng. ssp. niphophila (Maiden robbiae Turrill, 311 & Blakely) Johnson & serrulata Thuill., 308 Blakelock, 368 stricta L., 308, 310FIG var. alpina Ewart, 368 uralensis auct. non Fisch. ex Link, 309 pulchella Desf., 368 villosa Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., 308 urnigera Hook. f., 367 virgata auct. non Waldst. & Kit. nec Desf., viminalis Labill., 367 311 EU²DICOTS, 85 virgata Waldst. & Kit. non Desf., 309 Keys to families of, 56 waldsteinii (Soják) Czerep., 309 EUONYMUS L., 300 x E. cyparissias = E. x gayeri, 311 europaeus L., 300 fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz., 300

EUPHORBIA

INDEX

x E. esula = E. x pseudovirgata, 309, 310FIG EUPHORBIACEAE, 306 EUPHRASIA L., 642 subsect. ANGUSTIFOLIAE (Wettst.) Jörg., 655 subsect. Ciliatae Jörg., diploids, 646 subsect. Ciliatae Jörg., tetraploids 650 subsect. EUPHRASIA, diploids, 646 subsect. EUPHRASIA, tetraploids, 650 anglica Pugsley, 647 arctica Lange ex Rostrup, 650 ssp. arctica, 649FIG, 650 x E. confusa, 650 x E. foulaensis, 650 x E. marshallii, 650 x E. micrantha = E. x difformis, 651 x E. nemorosa, 650 x E. ostenfeldii, 650 ssp. borealis (F. Towns.) Yeo, 648FIG, 650 x E. confusa, 650 x E. foulaensis, 650 x E. frigida, 650 x E. heslop-harrisonii, 651 x E. marshallii, 650 x E. micrantha = E. x difformis, 651 x E. nemorosa, 650 x E. rotundifolia, 650 x E. salisburgensis, 651 x E. scottica = E. x venusta, 651 x E. tetraquetra, 650 x E. confusa, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. foulaensis, 650 x E. frigida, 650 x E. heslop-harrisonii, 651 x E. marshallii, 650 x E. micrantha = E. x difformis, 651 x E. nemorosa, 650 x E. confusa, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. ostenfeldii, 650 x E. rotundifolia, 650 x E. salisburgensis, 651 x E. scottica = E. x venusta, 651 x E. tetraquetra, 650 x areschougii Wettst. (E. nemorosa x E. micrantha), 651 x atroviolacea Druce & Lumb. (E. confusa x E. foulaensis), 654 borealis auct. non (F. Towns.) Wettst., 650 borealis (F. Towns.) Wettst., 650 brevipila auct. non Burnat & Gremli ex Gremli, 650 brevipila Burnat & Gremli ex Gremli, 645 var. notata (F. Towns.) Pugsley, 645 cambrica Pugsley, 652FIG, 654 x E. ostenfeldii, 654

1143

x E. scottica, 654 campbelliae Pugsley, 653FIG, 655 x E. micrantha, 655 confusa Pugsley, 649FIG, 651 x E. cambrica, 654 x E. campbelliae, 654 x E. foulaensis = E. x atroviolacea, 654 x E. frigida, 654 x E. scottica, 654 x E. heslop-harrisonii, 654 x E. micrantha, 654 x E. ostenfeldii, 654 x E. scottica, 654 curta auct. non (Fr.) Wettst., 654 curta (Fr.) Wettst., 645 curta (Fr.) Wettst. pro parte, 651 difformis F. Towns (E. arctica x E. micrantha), 651 electa F. Towns. (E. micrantha x E. scottica), 655 eurycarpa Pugsl. (E. frigida x E. ostenfeldii), 654 foulaensis F. Towns. ex Wettst., 652FIG, 654 x E. marshallii, 654 x E. micrantha, 654 x E. rotundifolia, 654 x E. scottica, 654 frigida Pugsley, 652FIG, 654 x E. micrantha, 654 x E. ostenfeldii = E. x eurycarpa, 654 x E. scottica, 654 x glanduligera Wettst. (E. officinalis x E. nemorosa), 648 x haussknechtii Wettst. (E. nemorosa x E. stricta), 651 heslop-harrisonii Pugsley, 653FIG, 655 hibernica (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 655 hirtella Jord. ex Reuter, 645 marshallii Pugsley, 652FIG, 654 x E. campbelliae, 654 x E. micrantha, 654 x E. rotundifolia, 654 x E. scottica, 654 micrantha Rchb., 653FIG, 655 x E. salisburgensis, 655 x E. scottica = E. x electa, 655 montana Jord., 646 x murbeckii Wettst., 650 nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr., 648FIG, 651 x E. campbelliae, 651 x E. confusa, 651 x E. scottica, 651 x E. foulaensis, 651 x E. heslop-harrisonii, 651 x E. marshallii, 651 x E. micrantha, 651 x E. micrantha = E. x areschougii, 651 x E. ostenfeldii, 651

1144

INDEX

EUPHRASIA nemorosa (contd) x E. pseudokerneri, 651 x E. salisburgensis, 651 x E. scottica, 651 x E. stricta = E. x haussknechtii, 651 notata F. Towns., 645 occidentalis Wettst., 651 officinalis L., 646 ssp. anglica (Pugsley) Silverside, 647, 647FIG x E. arctica ssp. borealis, 648 x E. confusa, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. nemorosa = E. x glanduligera, 648 x E. rivularis, 648 x E. vigursii, 648 ssp. monticola Silverside, 646, 647FIG ssp. pratensis Schübl. & G. Martens, 646, 647FIG x E. arctica ssp. borealis, 648 x E. confusa, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. nemorosa = E. x glanduligera, 648 x E. rivularis, 648 ssp. rostkoviana (Hayne) F. Towns., 646 x E. arctica, 648 x E. confusa, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. nemorosa = E. x glanduligera, 648 x E. rivularis, 648 x E. vigursii, 648 ostenfeldii (Pugsley) Yeo, 652FIG, 654 x E. micrantha, 654 x E. scottica, 654 x pratiuscula auct. non F. Towns., 650 pseudokerneri Pugsley, 649FIG, 651 x E. confusa, 651 reayensis (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 650 rhumica Pugsley, 645 rivularis Pugsley, 647FIG, 650 x E. confusa x E. scottica, 650 rostkoviana Hayne, 646 ssp. montana (Jord.) Wettst., 646 rotundifolia Pugsley, 653FIG, 654 salisburgensis Funck, 653FIG, 655 var. hibernica Pugsley, 655 scottica Wettst., 653FIG, 655 stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm., 645, 652FIG tetraquetra (Bréb.) Arrond., 648FIG, 651 x E. confusa, 651 x E. marshallii, 651 x E. micrantha, 651 x E. nemorosa, 651 x E. pseudokerneri, 651 x E. stricta, 651 x venusta F. Towns. (E. arctica x E. scottica), 651

EUPHRASIA

vigursii Davey, 647FIG, 650 x E. micrantha, 650 x E. tetraquetra, 650 Euthamia Nutt., 739 graminifolia (L.) Elliott, 740 Evening-primrose, Common, 365 Fragrant, 365 Intermediate, 363 Large-flowered, 363 Evening-primroses, 362 Everlasting, Mountain, 733 Pearly, 733 Everlastingflower, Cape, 736 New Zealand, 736 Silver-bush, 736 Everlastingflowers, 736 Everlasting-pea, Broad-leaved, 162 Narrow-leaved, 162 Norfolk, 162 Two-flowered, 162 EXACULUM Caruel, 544 pusillum (Lam.) Caruel, 544 Eyebright, Arctic, 650 Campbell's, 655 Chalk, 651 Common, 651 Confused, 651 Cornish, 650 Cumbrian, 650 English, 647 Foula, 654 Heslop-Harrison's, 655 Irish, 655 Marshall's, 654 Montane, 647 Ostenfeld's, 654 Pugsley's, 654 Rostkov's, 646 Scottish, 655 Slender, 655 Upland, 654 Welsh, 654 Western, 651 Eyebrights, 642 FABACEAE, 144 subfam. CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 185 subfam. FABOIDEAE, 148 subfam. Lotoideae, 148 subfam. MIMOSOIDEAE, 185 subfam. Papilionoideae, 148 tribe ACACIEAE, 185 tribe Aeschynomeneae, 147 tribe CICEREAE, 163 tribe CORONILLEAE, 154 tribe FABEAE, 157 tribe GALEGEAE, 149 tribe GENISTEAE, 179 tribe HEDYSAREAE, 151 tribe Ingeae, 185

FABACEAE

tribe LOTEAE, 152 tribe PHASEOLEAE, 148 tribe PSORALEEAE, 149 tribe ROBINEAE, 148 tribe Sesbanieae, 147 tribe THERMOPSIDEAE, 179 tribe TRIFOLIEAE, 163 tribe Vicieae, 157 FAGACEAE, 287 FAGOPYRUM Mill., 440 dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara, 440 esculentum Moench, 440 tataricum (L.) Gaertn., 440 FAGUS L., 287 sylvatica L., 287, 288FIG Fairy's-thimble, 674 FALCARIA Fabr., 823 vulgaris Bernh., 823, 825FIG Falcatula Brot., 173 ornithopodioides (L.) Brot. ex Bab., 173 FALLOPIA Adans., 442 aubertii (L. Henry) Holub, 443 baldschuanica (Regel) Holub, 443 x bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J.P. Bailey (F. japonica x F. sachalinensis), 443 x conollyana J.P. Bailey (F. japonica x F. baldschuanica), 443 convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve, 443 var. subalatum (Lej. & Courtois) D.H. Kent, 443 dumetorum (L.) Holub, 443 japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., 442 var. compacta (Hook. f.) J.P. Bailey, 443 x F. baldschuanica = F. x conollyana, 443 x F. sachalinensis = F. x bohemica, 443 sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., 443 scandens (L.) Holub, 443 False-acacia, 148 False-brome, Heath, 1047 False-buck's-beard, 127 Red, 127 Tall, 127 False-buck's-beards, 127 False-helleborine, Green, 855 FARGESIA Franch., 989 murieliae (Gamble) T.P. Yi, 989 nitida (Stapf) Keng f., 989 spathacea Franch., 989 FASCICULARIA Mez, 927 bicolor (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, 927 pitcairniifolia auct. non (Verl.) Mez, 927 Fat-hen, 486 FATSIA Decne. & Planch., 800 japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch., 800

INDEX

Fatsia, 800 Fennel, 817 False, 822 Florence, 817 Giant, 826 Hog's, 826 Fen-sedge, Great, 950 Fenugreek, 167 Blue, 167 Sickle-fruited, 165 Fenugreeks, 165 Fern, Beech, 26 Chain, 30 Hare's-foot, 38 family, 38 Jersey, 21 Kangaroo, 39, 40 Killarney, 16 Lemon-scented, 26 Limestone, 27 Maidenhair, 21 Marsh, 26 family, 26 Oak, 27 Ostrich, 31 Parsley, 19 Ribbon, 21 family, 19 Royal, 15 family, 15 Sensitive, 31 family, 31 Water, 18 family, 18 Fern-grass, 1014 Sea, 1015 Fern-grasses, 1014 FERNS, EUSPORANGIATE, 9 LEPTOSPORANGIATE, 15 & Fern-allies, 1 Ribbon, 21 TRUE, 15 FERULA L., 826 communis L., 801FIG, 826 Fescue, Bearded, 1008 Blue, 1006 Breton, 1005 Chewing's, 1002 Confused, 1006 Dune, 1008 Giant, 996 Hard, 1006 Huon's, 1005 Hybrid, 997 Mat-grass, 1008 Meadow, 996 Rat's-tail, 1008 Red, 1001 Strong Creeping, 1004

1145

1146

INDEX

Fescue (contd) Rush-leaved, 1001 Spiky, 1001 Squirreltail, 1008 Tall, 996 Various-leaved, 1001 Wood, 1000 Fescues, 995, 999, 1007 FESTUCA L., 999 altissima All., 1000 arenaria Osbeck, 1001 ssp. arenaria Osbeck, 1001, 1003FIG ssp. oraria (Dumort.) Dengler, 1001, 1003FIG x Vulpia fasciculata = X Festulpia melderisii, 1006 armoricana Kerguélen, 1004FIG, 1005 arundinacea Schreb., 996 arvernensis Auquier, Kerguélen & Markgr.-Dann., 1000 x aschersoniana Dörfl., 996 bastardii Kerguélen & Plonka, 1006 brevipila R. Tracey, 1004FIG, 1006 caesia Sm., 1006 diffusa Dumort., 1003 elatior auct. non L., 996 elatior L., 996 filiformis Pourr., 1004FIG, 1005 x fleischeri Rohlena, 996 gautieri (Hack.) K. Richt., 1001 ssp. scoparia (A. Kern. & Hack.) Kerguélen, 1001 gigantea (L.) Vill., 996 x gigas Holmb., 996 glauca auct. non Vill., 1006 glauca Vill., 1000 var. caesia (Sm.) Howarth, 1006 guestfalica Boenn. ex Rchb., 1000 heteromalla Pourr., 1003 heterophylla Lam., 1001, 1003FIG huonii Auquier, 1004FIG, 1005 indigesta Boiss., 1000 juncifolia St.-Amans, 1001 lemanii Bastard, 1004FIG, 1006 longifolia pro parte sensu C.E. Hubb. et al. non Thuill., 1006 longifolia Thuill., 1004FIG, 1006 nigrescens Lam., 1002 ophioliticola Kerguélen, 1005 ssp. armoricana (Kerguélen) Auquier, 1005 ssp. hirtula (Hack. ex Travis) Auquier, 1005 ovina L. agg., 1005 ovina L., 977FIG, 1005 ssp. hirtula (Hack. ex Travis) M.J. Wilk., 1004FIG, 1005 ssp. ophioliticola (Kerguélen) M.J. Wilk., 1004FIG, 1005

FESCUE

ssp. ovina, 1004FIG, 1005 ssp. tenuifolia (Sibth.) Dumort., 1005 pratensis Huds., 996 richardsonii Hook., 1002 rubra L. agg., 1001 rubra L., 977FIG, 1001 ssp. arctica (Hack.) Govor., 1002, 1003FIG ssp. arenaria (Osbeck) F. Aresch., 1001 ssp. caespitosa Hack., 1002 ssp. commutata Gaudin, 1002, 1003FIG x Vulpia bromoides, 1007 x Vulpia myuros, 1007 ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman, 1003 ssp. juncea (Hack.) K. Richt., 1002, 1003FIG ssp. litoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier, 1002, 1003FIG x Vulpia myuros, 1007 ssp. megastachys Gaudin, 1003, 1003FIG ssp. multiflora Piper, 1003 ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper, 1002 ssp. rubra, 1002, 1003FIG x Vulpia bromoides, 1007 x Vulpia myuros, 1007 ssp. scotica S. Cunn. ex Al-Bermani, 1003, 1003FIG var. fallax sensu Tutin, 1002, 1003 var. planifolia Hack., 1003 x Vulpia bromoides, 1007 x Vulpia fasciculata = X Festulpia hubbardii, 1007, 1016FIG x Vulpia myuros, 1007 x schlickumii Grantzow, 996 tenuifolia Sibth., 1005 var. hirtula (Hack. ex Travis) Howarth, 1005 trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina non Hack. ex Druce, 1006 vivipara (L.) Sm., 1004FIG, 1005 x VULPIA = X FESTULPIA, 1006 X FESTULOLIUM Asch. & Graebn. (LOLIUM x FESTUCA), 998 braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus, 997 brinkmannii (A. Braun) Asch. & Graebn., 997 fredericii Cugnac & A. Camus (L. perenne x F. rubra), 999 holmbergii (Dörfl.) P. Fourn., 997 loliaceum (Huds.) P. Fourn., 997 nilssonii Cugnac & A. Camus, 997 X FESTULPIA Melderis ex Stace & R. Cotton (FESTUCA x VULPIA), 1006 hubbardii Stace & R. Cotton (F. rubra x V. fasciculata), 1007, 1016FIG melderisii Stace & R. Cotton (F. arenaria x V. fasciculata), 1006

FEVERFEW

Feverfew, 749 FICARIA Schaeff., 118 verna Huds., 116FIG, 118 flore pleno, 119 ssp. chrysocephala (P.D. Sell) Stace, 119 ssp. fertilis (Lawalrée ex Laegaard) Stace, 103FIG, 119 ssp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schultz) B. Walln., 119 ssp. verna, 103FIG, 119 FICUS L., 284 carica L., 284 Fiddleneck, Common, 562 Scarce, 560 Fiddlenecks, 560 Field-rose, 271 Short-styled, 273 Field-speedwell, Common, 591 Crested, 590 Green, 591 Grey, 591 Fig, 284 Figwort, Balm-leaved, 609 Cape, 609, 610 Common, 609 family, 602 French, 609 Green, 609 Italian, 609 Water, 609 Yellow, 609 Figworts, 608 Filaginella Opiz, 733 uliginosa (L.) Opiz, 734 FILAGO L., 732 apiculata G.E. Sm. ex Bab., 732 arvensis L., 732 gallica L., 733 germanica L. non Huds., 732 lutescens Jord., 732 minima (Sm.) Pers., 733 pyramidata L., 733 spathulata auct. non C. Presl, 733 vulgaris Lam., 732 Filbert, 298 Filicineae, 15 Filicopsida, 15 FILIPENDULA Mill., 241 camtschatica (Pall.) Maxim., 241 x F. sp. = F. x purpurea, 241 x purpurea Maxim. (F. camtschatica x F. sp.), 241 ulmaria (L.) Maxim., 241 vulgaris Moench, 241 Filmy-fern family, 16 Tunbridge, 16 Wilson's, 16 Filmy-ferns, 16

INDEX

Finger-grass, Hairy, 1075 Smooth, 1075 Tropical, 1075 Water, 1070 Finger-grasses, 1070, 1073 Fir, Caucasian, 44 Douglas, 44 Fraser, 44 Giant, 44 Greek, 44 Noble, 44 Firethorn, 238 Asian, 238 Firethorns, 237 Fireweed, Toothed, 766 Firs, 43 Fish-plant, 81 family, 81 Flat-sedge, 950 Saltmarsh, 950 Flat-sedges, 950 Flax, 336 Fairy, 336 family, 336 New Zealand, 896 Lesser, 896 Pale, 336 Perennial, 336 Fleabane, Alpine, 745 Argentine, 746 Bilbao, 746 Blue, 745 Canadian, 746 Common, 738 Guernsey, 746 Hairy, 737 Hooker's, 737 Irish, 737 Mexican, 745 Small, 738 Stinking, 738 Tall, 745 Woody, 738 Fleabanes, 736, 737, 738, 744, 745 Fleawort, Field, 766 Marsh, 768 Fleaworts, 766 Flixweed, 406 Flossflower, 782 Flowering-rush, 837 family, 837 Fluellen, Round-leaved, 595 Sharp-leaved, 595 Fluellens, 595 FOENICULUM Mill., 817 vulgare Mill., 813FIG, 817 ssp. sativum (C. Presl) Bertol., 817 var. sativum C. Presl, 817 Fool's-water-cress, 821

1147

1148

Forget-me-not, Alpine, 564 Bur, 565 Changing, 564 Creeping, 563 Early, 564 Field, 564 Great, 558 Jersey, 564 Pale, 564 Tufted, 564 Water, 563 White, 562 Wood, 564 Forget-me-nots, 562 FORSYTHIA Vahl, 581 x intermedia Zabel (F. suspensa x F. viridissima), 581 suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, 581 x F. viridissima Lindl. = F. x intermedia, 581 Forsythia, 581 Forsythias, 581 Fountain-bamboo, Chinese, 990 Indian, 989 Fountain-bamboos, 989 Fox-and-cubs, 722 Irish, 722 Yellow, 722 Foxglove, 585 Fairy, 585 Grecian, 585 Rusty, 585 Straw, 585 Yellow, 585 Foxgloves, 585 Foxglove-tree, 639 family, 639 Fox-sedge, American, 960 False, 960 True, 960 Foxtail, Alpine, 1035 Bulbous, 1034 Marsh, 1034 Meadow, 1034 Orange, 1034 Foxtails, 1033 FRAGARIA L., 257 ananassa (Duchesne) Duchesne, 258 chiloensis (L.) Duchesne, 258 moschata (Duchesne) Weston, 258 muricata sensu D.H. Kent non L., 258 vesca L., 258 Fragrant-orchid, Chalk, 868 Heath, 869 Marsh, 869 FRANGULA Mill., 279 alnus Mill., 279, 373FIG FRANKENIA L., 426 laevis L., 426

INDEX

FORGET-ME-NOT

FRANKENIACEAE, 426 FRAXINUS L., 581 angustifolia Vahl, 582 ssp. angustifolia, 582 ssp. oxycarpa (M. Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso, 582 'Raywood', 582 excelsior L., 582 ornus L., 582 FREESIA Eckl. ex Klatt, 892 refracta auct. non (Jacq.) Eckl. ex Klatt, 892 x hybrida L.H. Bailey, 892 Freesia, 892 Fringecups, 134 FRITILLARIA L., 857 meleagris L., 857 pyrenaica L., 857 Fritillary, 857 Frogbit, 838 family, 838 FUCHSIA L., 365 'Corallina' (?F. splendens x F. globosa), 365 magellanica Lam., 365 var. macrostema (Ruiz & Pav.) Munz, 365 'Riccartonii', 365 splendens Zucc. x F. globosa Benth. = ?F. 'Corallina', 365 Fuchsia, 365 Large-flowered, 365 Fuchsias, 365 FUMARIA L., 92 bastardii Boreau, 94, 95FIG var. hibernica Pugsley, 94 x F. muralis, 94 boroei Jord., 94 capreolata L., 93, 95FIG ssp. babingtonii (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 93 ssp. capreolata, 93, 95FIG densiflora DC., 95FIG, 96 martinii Clavaud, 94 micrantha Lag., 96 muralis Sond. ex W.D.J. Koch, 94, 95FIG ssp. boroei (Jord.) Pugsley, 94 ssp. muralis, 94 ssp. neglecta Pugsley, 94 x F. officinalis = F. x painteri, 94 occidentalis Pugsley, 93, 95FIG officinalis L., 94 ssp. officinalis, 94, 95FIG ssp. wirtgenii (W.D.J. Koch) Arcang., 94 x F. densiflora, 96 x F. parviflora, 96 x painteri Pugsley (F. muralis x F. officinalis), 94 parviflora Lam., 95FIG, 96 purpurea Pugsley, 94, 95FIG

FUMARIA

INDEX

reuteri Boiss., 94, 95FIG ssp. martinii (Clavaud) A. Soler, 94 vaillantii Loisel., 95FIG, 96 Fumariaceae, 85 Fumitories, 92 Fumitory, Common, 94 Dense-flowered, 96 Few-flowered, 96 Fine-leaved, 96 GAGEA Salisb., 856 bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult. f., 856 lutea (L.) Ker Gawl., 856 serotina (L.) Ker Gawl., 857 GAILLARDIA Foug., 781 aristata Pursh x G. pulchella Foug. = G. x grandiflora, 777FIG, 781 x grandiflora Van Houtte (G. aristata x G. pulchella), 777FIG, 781 GALACTITES tomentosus Moench, 687 GALANTHUS L., 905 caucasicus auct. non (Baker) Grossh., 906 caucasicus (Baker) Grossh., 906 elwesii Hook. f., 906, 907FIG x grandiflorus Baker, 906 ikariae auct. non Baker, 906 latifolius auct. non Rupr. nec Salisb., 906 nivalis L., 906, 907FIG flore pleno, 906 x G. elwesii, 906 x G. plicatus, 906 ssp. byzantinus, 906 ssp. plicatus, 906 plicatus M. Bieb., 906, 907FIG ssp. byzantinus (Baker) D.A. Webb, 906 ssp. plicatus, 906 x G. elwesii, 906 reginae-olgae Orph., 906 woronowii Losinsk., 906 Galearia C. Presl, 174 fragifera (L.) C. Presl, 174 resupinata (L.) C. Presl, 174 GALEGA L., 149 officinalis L., 149, 150FIG Galeobdolon Adans., 617 argentatum Smejkal, 618 luteum Huds., 618 ssp. luteum, 618 ssp. montanum 3HUV 'YRĢiNRYi GALEOPSIS L., 619 angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm., 615FIG, 620 bifida Boenn., 615FIG, 620 ladanum L., 619 x ludwigii Hausskn. (G. tetrahit x G. bifida), 620 segetum Neck., 615FIG, 620 speciosa Mill., 620 tetrahit L., 615FIG, 620

1149

x G. bifida = G. x ludwigii, 620 Galingale, 949 Brown, 949 Pale, 949 Galingales, 949 GALINSOGA Ruiz & Pav., 776 ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake, 776 parviflora Cav., 772FIG, 776 quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., 772FIG, 776 GALIUM L., 538 album Mill., 540, 541FIG ssp. pycnotrichum (Heinr. Braun) Krendl, 542 aparine L., 542 boreale L., 540 constrictum Chaub., 540, 541FIG cruciata (L.) Scop., 543 debile Desv. non Hoffmanns. & Link, 540 elongatum C. Presl, 540 erectum Huds. (1778, non 1762), 540 fleurotii auct., ?Jord., 542 fleurotii Jord., 542 mollugo auct. non L., 540 mollugo L. ssp. erectum Syme, 542 ssp. mollugo, 542 murale (L.) All., 539 odoratum (L.) Scop., 540 palustre L., 540, 541FIG ssp. elongatum (C. Presl) Arcang., 540, 541FIG ssp. palustre, 540, 541FIG ssp. tetraploideum A.R. Clapham, 540 parisiense L., 543 x pomeranicum Retz. (G. verum x G. album), 540, 541FIG nothossp. hillardiae (Druce) P.D. Sell (G. verum ssp. maritimum x G. album), 540 pumilum Murray, 541FIG, 542 ssp. fleurotii (Jord.) P.D. Sell, 542 saccharatum All., 539 saxatile L., 541FIG, 542 spurium L., 542 ssp. infestum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schübl. & G. Martens, 542 var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Hayek, 542 var. spurium, 542 var. vaillantii (DC.) Kostel., 542 sterneri Ehrend., 541FIG, 542 x G. saxatile, 542 tricornutum Dandy, 542 uliginosum L., 540, 541FIG valantia Weber, 539 verrucosum Huds., 539 verum L., 540, 541FIG ssp. maritimum (DC.) Adema., 540 x G. album = G. x pomeranicum nothossp. hillardiae, 540 var. maritimum DC., 540

1150

INDEX

GALIUM verum (contd) x G. album = G. x pomeranicum, 540, 541FIG Gallant-soldier, 776 Gallant-soldiers, 776 Gamochaeta Wedd., 733 purpurea (L.) Cabrera, 734 Garlic, 902 American, 900 Few-flowered, 902 Field, 902 Hairy, 900 Honey, 903 Italian, 902 Keeled, 902 Neapolitan, 900 Pale, 902 Rosy, 900 Three-cornered, 902 Yellow, 900 GARRYACEAE, 536 GASTRIDIUM P. Beauv., 1032 phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubb., 1032 ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell., 1032 GAUDINIA P. Beauv., 1019 fragilis (L.) P. Beauv., 1016FIG, 1019, 1036FIG X Gaulnettya Marchant, 531 wisleyensis Marchant nom. nud., 531 GAULTHERIA L., 531 mucronata (L. f.) Hook. & Arn., 531, 533FIG procumbens L., 531 shallon Pursh, 531, 533FIG x G. mucronata = G. x wisleyensis, 531 x wisleyensis D.J. Middleton (G. shallon x G. mucronata), 531 GAZANIA Gaertn., 731 rigens (L.) Gaertn., 731 var. uniflora (L. f.) Roessler, 731 splendens Hend. & A.A. Hend., 731 uniflora (L. f.) Sims, 731 GENISTA L., 182 aetnensis (Raf. ex Biv.) DC., 183FIG, 184 anglica L., 184 var. subinermis (D. Legrand) Rouy, 184 hispanica L., 183FIG, 184 ssp. hispanica, 184 ssp. occidentalis Rouy, 184 monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson, 182, 183FIG pilosa L., 184 tinctoria L., 184 ssp. littoralis (Corb.) Rothm., 184 ssp. tinctoria, 184

GALIUM

Gentian, 549 Alpine, 549 Autumn, 548 Chiltern, 546 Dune, 548 Early, 548 family, 543 Field, 546 Fringed, 548, 549 Koch's, 549 Marsh, 549 Spring, 549 Willow, 549 GENTIANA L., 549 acaulis L., 549 amarella L., 548 asclepiadea L., 549 campestris L., 546 ciliata L., 549 clusii E.P. Perrier & Songeon, 549 germanica Willd., 546 nivalis L., 549 pneumonanthe L., 549 uliginosa Willd., 548 verna L., 549 GENTIANACEAE, 543 GENTIANELLA Moench, 546 amarella (L.) Börner, 548 ssp. amarella, 547FIG, 548 ssp. druceana N.M. Pritch., 548 ssp. hibernica N.M. Pritch., 548 ssp. septentrionalis (Druce) N.M. Pritch., 547FIG, 548 var. cornubiensis (N.M. Pritch.) P.D. Sell, 548 var. praecox (F. Towns.) P.D. Sell, 548 var. uliginosa (Willd.) P.D. Sell, 548 x G. anglica = G. x davidiana, 547FIG, 548 x G. uliginosa, 548 anglica (Pugsley) E.F. Warb., 547FIG, 548 ssp. cornubiensis N.M. Pritch., 548 campestris (L.) Börner, 546, 547FIG x G. amarella, 548 ciliata (L.) Borkh., 549 x davidiana T.C.G. Rich (G. amarella x G. anglica), 547FIG, 548 germanica (Willd.) Börner, 546, 547FIG x G. amarella = G. x pamplinii, 548 x pamplinii (Druce) E.F. Warb. (G. germanica x G. amarella), 548 x G. amarella, 548 septentrionalis (Druce) E.F. Warb., 548 uliginosa (Willd.) Börner, 547FIG, 548 GENTIANOPSIS Ma, 548 ciliata (L.) Ma, 547FIG, 549 Gentians, 546 GERANIACEAE, 342

GERANIUM

INDEX

GERANIUM L., 342 subg. ERODIOIDEA Yeo, 349 subg. GERANIUM, 345 subg. ROBERTIUM Picard, 347 aequale (Bab.) Aedo, 348 brutium Gasp., 345 canariense auct. non Reut., 349 x cantabrigiense Yeo (G. macrorrhizum x G. dalmaticum), 348 columbinum L., 346FIG, 347 core-core auct. non Steud., 347 dissectum L., 346FIG, 347 endressii J. Gay, 345 x G. versicolor = G. x oxonianum, 345 herrerae R. Knuth, 346FIG, 347 himalayense Klotzsch, 345 ibericum Cav., 347 x G. platypetalum = G. x magnificum, 347 x johnsonii P.D. Sell (G. pratense x G. himalayense), 347 'Johnson's Blue', 347 lucidum L., 346FIG, 348 macrorrhizum L., 348 x G. dalmaticum (Beck) Rech. f. = C. x cantabrigiense, 348 maderense Yeo, 349 x magnificum Hyl. (G. ibericum x G. platypetalum), 347 molle L., 346FIG, 348 var. aequale Bab., 348 x monacense Harz (G. phaeum x G. reflexum), 349 nodosum L., 345 x oxonianum Yeo (G. endressii x G. versicolor), 345 phaeum L., 349 x G. reflexum L. = G. x monacense, 349 platypetalum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 347 pratense L., 345 x G. himalayense = G. x johnsonii, 347 psilostemon Ledeb., 345 purpureum Vill., 346FIG, 348 ssp. forsteri (Wilmott) H.G. Baker, 349 pusillum L., 346FIG, 348 pyrenaicum Burm. f., 346FIG, 348 reflexum auct. non L., 349 reuteri Aedo & Muñoz Garm., 349 robertianum L., 346FIG, 348 ssp. celticum Ostenf., 348 ssp. maritimum (Bab.) H.G. Baker, 348 ssp. purpureum (Vill.) Nyman, 348 x G. purpureum, 348 rotundifolium L., 345, 346FIG rubescens Yeo non Andrews, 349 sanguineum L., 347 var. lancastriense (Mill.) Gray, 347

1151

var. striatum Weston, 347 submolle auct. non Steud., 347 sylvaticum L., 345 versicolor L., 345 yeoi Aedo & Muñoz Garm., 346FIG, 349 Geranium, Peppermint-scented, 342 Scarlet, 342 Geraniums, 342 Germander, Cut-leaved, 622 Wall, 622 Water, 622 Germanders, 622 German-ivy, 766 GEROPOGON L., 707 glaber L., 704FIG, 707 GESNERIACEAE, 583 GEUM L., 258 chiloense Balb. ex Ser. nom. inval., 259 x intermedium Ehrh. (G. rivale x G. urbanum), 259 macrophyllum Willd., 259 quellyon Sweet, 259 flore pleno, 259 rivale L., 259 ssp. islandicum Á. & D. Löve, 259 x G. urbanum = G. x intermedium, 259 urbanum L., 259 Giant-rhubarb, 123 Brazilian, 123 family, 123 Giant-rhubarbs, 123 Gifola Cass., 732 apiculata (G.E. Sm. ex Bab.) Chrtek & Holub, 732 germanica Dumort., 732 spathulata auct. non (C. Presl) Rchb., 733 GILIA Ruiz & Pav., 513 capitata Sims, 513 GLADIOLUS L., 891 byzantinus Mill., 891 communis L., 891 ssp. byzantinus (Mill.) R.C.V. Douin, 891 x hortulanus L.H. Bailey, 891 illyricus W.D.J. Koch, 891 italicus Mill., 891 segetum Ker Gawl., 891 Gladiolus, Eastern, 891 Wild, 891 Gladioluses, 891 Glasswort, Common, 493 Glaucous, 493 Long-spiked, 495 One-flowered, 493 Perennial, 492 Purple, 493 Shiny, 495 Yellow, 495

1152

INDEX

Glassworts, 492 GLAUCIUM Mill., 90 corniculatum (L.) Rudolph, 90 flavum Crantz, 89FIG, 90 GLAUX L., 519 maritima L., 519 GLEBIONIS Cass., 756 coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach, 756, 757FIG segetum (L.) Fourr., 756, 757FIG GLECHOMA L., 624 hederacea L., 624 Globeflower, 102 Globe-thistle, 689 Blue, 689 Glandular, 689 Globe-thistles, 688 Gloryflower, Chilean, 668 Glory-of-the-snow, 920 Boissier's, 920 Lesser, 920 GLYCERIA R. Br., 1037 canadensis (Michx.) Trin., 1038 declinata Bréb., 1038 fluitans (L.) R. Br., 1038 x G. declinata, 1038 x G. notata = G. x pedicellata, 1038 maxima (Hartm.) Holmb., 1038 notata Chevall., 1038 x pedicellata F. Towns. (G. fluitans x G. notata), 1038 plicata (Fr.) Fr., 1038 GLYCINE Willd., 148 max (L.) Merr., 149 soja auct. non Siebold & Zucc., 149 GNAPHALIUM L., 733 luteoalbum L., 734 norvegicum Gunnerus, 734 pensylvanicum Willd. nom. illeg., 734 purpureum L., 734, 735FIG serpyllifolium P.J. Bergius, 736 supinum L., 734 sylvaticum L., 734 uliginosum L., 734 undulatum L., 734, 735FIG Goat's-beard, 707 Goat's-beards, 707 Goat's-rue, 149 Godetia Spach, 365 Godetia, 365 Goldenrod, 739 Canadian, 740 Early, 740 Grass-leaved, 740 Rough-stemmed, 740 Goldenrods, 739 Golden-samphire, 737 Golden-saxifrage, Alternate-leaved, 133 Opposite-leaved, 133 Golden-saxifrages, 133

Goldilocks, Fine-leaved, 744 Shrub, 744 Gold-of-pleasure, 394 Lesser, 394 Gold-of-pleasures, 394 Good-King-Henry, 484 GOODYERA R. Br., 866 repens (L.) R. Br., 866 Gooseberries, 124 Gooseberry, 126 Coast, 126 family, 124 Goosefoot, Clammy, 479 Crested, 479 family, 477 Fig-leaved, 485 Foetid, 485 Grey, 486 Keeled, 479 Many-seeded, 485 Maple-leaved, 485 Nettle-leaved, 485 Nitre, 484 Oak-leaved, 484 Pitseed, 485 Probst's, 486 Red, 484 Saltmarsh, 484 Scented, 479 Slimleaf, 485 Soyabean, 485 Sticky, 479 Stinking, 485 Striped, 486 Swedish, 486 Upright, 485 Goosefoots, 478, 479 Gorse, 184 Dwarf, 185 Spanish, 184 Western, 185 Gorses, 184 Gourds, 300 Gramineae, 974 Grape-hyacinth, 921 Compact, 922 Garden, 922 Grape-hyacinths, 921 Grape-vine, 143 family, 143 Grass family, 974 Grass-of-Parnassus, 301 family, 301 Grass-poly, 353 False, 353 Greengage, 197 Greens, Texel, 413 Greenweed, Dyer's, 184 Hairy, 184

GLASSWORTS

GREENWEEDS

INDEX

Greenweeds, 182 GRINDELIA Willd., 738 rubricaulis DC., 739 squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal, 739 stricta DC., 739 GRISELINIA G. Forst., 797 littoralis (Raoul) Raoul, 797 GRISELINIACEAE, 797 GROENLANDIA J. Gay, 851 densa (L.) Fourr., 849FIG, 851 Gromwell, Common, 553 Field, 553 Purple, 552 Gromwells, 552 GROSSULARIACEAE, 124 Ground-cherry, Cut-leaved, 574 Downy, 574 Ground-elder, 814 Ground-ivy, 624 Ground-nut, 148 Ground-pine, 623 Groundsel, 764 Eastern, 764 Heath, 766 Sticky, 766 Tree, 749 Welsh, 764 Guava, Chilean, 368 Guelder-rose, 785 American, 785 Asian, 785 GUIZOTIA Cass., 776 abyssinica (L. f.) Cass., 776, 777FIG Gum, Cider, 367 Johnston's, 367 Ribbon, 367 Snow, 368 Urn-fruited, 367 Gumplant, Coastal, 739 Gumplants, 738 Gums, 367 GUNNERA L., 123 manicata Linden ex André, 123 tinctoria (Molina) Mirb., 123 GUNNERACEAE, 123 X Gymleucorchis schweinfurthii (Hegelm. ex A. Kern.) T. & T.A. Stephenson, 868 GYMNADENIA R. Br., 868 borealis (Druce) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, 869 x Coeloglossum viride, 869 x Dactylorhiza fuchsii = X Dactylodenia st-quintinii, 869 x Dactylorhiza incarnata, 869 x Dactylorhiza maculata = X Dactylodenia evansii, 869 x Dactylorhiza purpurella = X Dactylodenia varia, 870 conopsea (L.) R. Br., 868

1153

conopsea s.s. x Dactylorhiza incarnata = X Dactylodenia vollmannii, 869 ssp. borealis (Druce) F. Rose, 869 ssp. densiflora (Wahlenb.) E.G. Camus, Bergon & A. Camus, 869 x Anacamptis pyramidalis = X Gymnanacamptis anacamptis, 870 x Coeloglossum viride = X Gymnaglossum jacksonii, 869 x Dactylorhiza fuchsii = X Dactylodenia heinzeliana, 869 x Dactylorhiza maculata = X Dactylodenia legrandiana, 869 x Dactylorhiza praetermissa = X Dactylodenia wintoni, 870 x Dactylorhiza purpurella, 870 densiflora (Wahlenb.) A. Dietr., 869 x Coeloglossum viride, 869 x Dactylorhiza fuchsii, 869 x Dactylorhiza praetermissa, 870 odoratissima (L.) Rich., 868 x ANACAMPTIS = X GYMNANACAMPTIS, 870 x COELOGLOSSUM = X GYMNAGLOSSUM, 869 x DACTYLORHIZA = X DACTYLODENIA, 869 X GYMNAGLOSSUM Rolfe (GYMNADENIA x COELOGLOSSUM), 869 jacksonii (Quirk) Rolfe (G. conopsea x C. viride), 869 X GYMNANACAMPTIS Asch. & Graebn. (GYMNADENIA x ANACAMPTIS), 870 anacamptis (F.H. Wilms) Asch. & Graebn. (G. conopsea x A. pyramidalis), 870 X GYMNAPLATANTHERA Lamb. (PLATANTHERA x GYMNADENIA), 867 chodatii (Leudner) Lamb. (P. bifolia x G. conopsea s.s.), 867 GYMNOCARPIUM Newman, 27 dryopteris (L.) Newman, 27, 29FIG robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman, 27, 29FIG Gymnogrammaceae, 19 Gymnospermae, 41 GYMNOSPERMS, 41 Key to families of, 42 GYPSOPHILA L., 475 elegans M. Bieb., 476 muralis L., 476 paniculata L., 476 Gypsywort, 629 HAINARDIA Greuter, 1015 cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter, 1016FIG, 1017

1154

Hair-grass, Bog, 1022 Crested, 1020 Early, 1024 Grey, 1022 Mediterranean, 1020 Silver, 1024 Somerset, 1020 Tufted, 1021 Wavy, 1022 Hair-grasses, 1020, 1021, 1022 Hairy-brome, 1045 Lesser, 1045 Halimione Aellen, 487 pedunculata (L.) Aellen, 490 portulacoides (L.) Aellen, 490 HALORAGACEAE, 142 HALORAGIS J.R. & G. Forst., 142 micrantha (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Siebold & Zucc., 142 HAMMARBYA Kuntze, 865 paludosa (L.) Kuntze, 865 Hampshire-purslane, 362 False, 362 Hampshire-purslanes, 362 Hard-fern, 30 family, 30 Greater, 30 Little, 30 Hard-ferns, 30 Hard-grass, 1015 Curved, 1015 One-glumed, 1015, 1017 Hard-grasses, 1015 Hardhack, 192 Harebell, 674 Broad-leaved, 674 Hare's-ear, Shrubby, 818 Sickle-leaved, 818 Slender, 820 Small, 820 Hare's-ears, 818 Hare's-tail, 1032 Harlequinflower, Plain, 892 Harlequinflowers, 891 Hart's-tongue, 23 Hartwort, 828 Hawkbit, Autumn, 705 Lesser, 705 Rough, 705 Scaly, 703 Hawkbits, 705 Hawk's-beard, Beaked, 718 Bristly, 720 French, 718 Leafless, 720 Marsh, 718 Narrow-leaved, 718 Northern, 718 Rough, 718

INDEX

HAIR-GRASS

Smooth, 718 Stinking, 720 Tuberous, 707, 708 Hawk's-beards, 717 Hawkweeds, 722 Haw-medlar, 238 Hawthorn, 240 Large-sepalled, 240 Midland, 240 Oriental, 240 Various-leaved, 240 Hawthorns, 238 Hazel, 297 Turkish, 298 Hazels, 296 Heath, Blue, 526 Cornish, 530 Corsican, 530 Cross-leaved, 530 Darley Dale, 530 Dorset, 528 Irish, 530 Mackay's, 530 Portuguese, 530 Prickly, 532 St Dabeoc's, 527 Tree, 530 Heather family, 523 Heather, 527 Bell, 530 Heath-grass, 1055 Heaths, 528 Hebe Comm. ex Juss., 585 barkeri (Cockayne) A. Wall, 592 brachysiphon Summerh., 592 dieffenbachii (Benth.) Cockayne & Allan, 592 elliptica (G. Forst.) Pennell, 588 x franciscana (Eastw.) Souster, 592 x lewisii (J.B. Armstr.) A. Wall, 592 salicifolia (G. Forst.) Pennell, 592 speciosa (R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn.) Andersen), 588 Hebe, Barker's, 592 Dieffenbach's, 592 Hooker's, 592 Lewis's, 592 HEDERA L., 798 algeriensis Hibberd, 799, 799FIG azorica Carrière, 799 canariensis auct. non Willd., 799 colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch, 799, 799FIG helix L., 799FIG, 800 f. poetarum (Bertol.) McAllister & A. Rutherf., 800 ssp. hibernica (G. Kirchn.) D.C. McClint., 800 ssp. poetarum (Bertol.) Nyman, 800 hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean, 799FIG, 800

HEDERA

INDEX

'Hibernica', 800 maderensis A. Rutherf., 799 maroccana McAllister, 799 Hedge-parsley, Knotted, 828 Spreading, 828 Upright, 828 Hedge-parsleys, 828 HEDYPNOIS Mill., 703 cretica (L.) Dum. Cours., 703, 704FIG HELENIUM L., 781 autumnale L., 781 HELIANTHEMUM Mill., 382 apenninum (L.) Mill., 383 canum (L.) Hornem., 383 ssp. levigatum M. Proctor, 383 ssp. piloselloides (Lapeyr.) M. Proctor, 383 chamaecistus Mill., 383 nummularium (L.) Mill., 383 x H. apenninum = H. x sulphureum, 383 oelandicum (L.) Dum. Cours., 383 ssp. canum (L.) Bonnier & Layens, 383 ssp. incanum (Willk.) G. López, 383 ssp. levigatum (M. Proctor) D.H. Kent, 383 ssp. piloselloides (Lapeyr.) Greuter & Burdet, 383 x sulphureum Willd. ex Schltdl. (H. nummularium x H. apenninum), 383 HELIANTHUS L., 775 annuus L., 775 x H. decapetalus L.= H. x multiflorus, 775 x laetiflorus Pers. (H. rigidus x H. tuberosus), 775 flore pleno, 775 x multiflorus L. (H. annuus x H. decapetalus), 775 pauciflorus Nutt., 775 petiolaris Nutt., 775 rigidus (Cass.) Desf. x H. tuberosus = H. x laetiflorus, 775 tuberosus L., 775 HELICHRYSUM Mill., 736 bellidioides (G. Forst.) Willd., 735FIG, 736 bracteatum (Vent.) Andrews, 736 italicum (Roth) G. Don, 736 petiolare Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, 736 Helictotrichon neesii (Steud.) Stace, 1017 pratense (L.) Besser, 1017 pubescens (Huds.) Pilg., 1017 HELIOPSIS Pers., 687 helianthoides (L.) Sweet, 687 scabra Dunal, 687 Heliotrope, Winter, 771 HELIOTROPIUM L., 552 europaeum L., 552

1155

Hellebore, Corsican, 104 Green, 104 Stinking, 104 Hellebores, 104 Helleborine, Broad-leaved, 863 Dark-red, 863 Dune, 863 Green-flowered, 864 Lindisfarne, 863 Marsh, 862 Narrow-leaved, 861 Narrow-lipped, 863 Red, 861 Violet, 863 White, 861 Young's, 863 Helleborines, 861 HELLEBORUS L., 104 argutifolius Viv., 104 atrorubens Waldst. & Kit., 104 foetidus L., 103FIG, 104 lividus Aiton ssp. corsicus (Willd.) Tutin, 104 niger L., 104 orientalis Lam., 104 viridis L., 104 ssp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn., 104 HELMINTHOTHECA Zinn, 706 echioides (L.) Holub, 706 Helxine Req. non (L.) L., 286 soleirolii Req., 286 Hemerocallidaceae, 894 HEMEROCALLIS L., 895 fulva (L.) L., 895 lilioasphodelus L., 895 HEMIZONIA DC., 688 pungens (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & A. Gray, 688 Hemlock, 818 Hemlock-spruce, Eastern, 44 Western, 46 Hemlock-spruces, 44 Hemp, 283 Hemp-agrimony, 781 Bifid, 620 Broad-leaved, 619 Common, 620 Downy, 620 Large-flowered, 620 Red, 620 Hemp-nettles, 619 Henbane, 573 HEPATICA Mill., 107 nobilis Schreb., 108 HERACLEUM L., 827 asperum M. Bieb., 827 branca-ursina All., 827 grossheimii Manden. ex Grossh., 827 lehmannianum Bunge, 827

1156

INDEX

HERACLEUM (contd) mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier, 825FIG, 827 sphondylium L., 825FIG, 827 ssp. flavescens (Willd.) Soó, 827 ssp. sibiricum auct. non (L.) Simonk., 827 ssp. sphondylium, 827 x H. mantegazzianum, 827 trachyloma Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 827 Herb-Paris, 855 family, 854 Herb-Robert, 348 Canary, 349 Giant, 349 Greater, 349 HERMINIUM L., 867 monorchis (L.) R. Br., 867 HERMODACTYLUS Mill., 884 tuberosus (L.) Mill., 884 HERNIARIA L., 466 ciliolata Melderis, 458FIG, 466 ssp. ciliolata, 466 ssp. subciliata (Bab.) Chaudhri, 466 var. angustifolia (Pugsley) Melderis, 466 cinerea DC., 466 glabra L., 458FIG, 466 hirsuta L., 458FIG, 466 ssp. cinerea (DC.) Cout., 466 HESPERIS L., 422 matronalis L., 393FIG, 422 HEUCHERA L., 134 sanguinea Engelm., 131FIG, 134 HIBISCUS L., 380 trionum L., 378FIG, 380 HIERACIUM L., 722 sect. Alpestria (Fr.) Arv.-Touv., 729 sect. Alpina (Griseb.) Gremli, 731 sect. Amplexicaulia (Griseb.) Scheele, 730 sect. Andryaloidea Monnier, 730 sect. Bifida (Arv.-Touv.) A.R. Clapham, 730 sect. Caesia (Almq.) A.R. Clapham, 730 sect. Cerinthoidea Monnier, 730 sect. Foliosa (Fr.) Arv.-Touv., 724 sect. Glandulosa (Pugsley) A.R. Clapham, 730 sect. Hieracioides Dumort., 724 sect. Hieracium, 730 sect. Oreadea (Fr.) Dahlst., 730 sect. Prenanthoidea W.D.J. Koch, 724 sect. Sabauda (Fr.) Arv.-Touv., 724 sect. Sagittata (Pugsley) A.R. Clapham, 730 sect. Stelligera Zahn, 730 sect. Subalpina Pugsley, 731 sect. Suboreadea Pugsley, 730 sect. Tridentata (Fr.) Arv.-Touv., 724

HERACLEUM

sect. Umbellata (Fr.) Gremli, 724 sect. Vulgata (Griseb.) Willk. & Lange, 730 subg. Pilosella (Hill) Gray, 720 alatum Lapeyr. group, 730 alpinum L. group, 731 alpinum L., 729FIG, 731 amplexicaule L. group, 730 anglicum Fr., 729FIG, 730 atratum Fr. group, 731 aurantiacum L., 722 ssp. carpathicola Nägeli & Peter, 722 borreri Syme, 729 brunneocroceum Pugsley, 722 caespitosum Dumort., 722 crocatum Fr. group, 724 exotericum Jord. ex Boreau, 727FIG flagellare Willd., 721 ssp. bicapitatum (P.D. Sell & C. West) P.D. Sell, 722 x floribundum Wimm. & Grab., 722 helveolum (Dahlst.) Pugsley, 722 hethlandiae (F. Hanb.) Pugsley, 726FIG holosericeum Backh. f., 731 inuloides Tausch group, 724 juranum Fr. group, 724 lactucella Wallr., 721 laevigatum Willd. group, 724 lanatum Vill., 728FIG, 731 lanceolatum Vill., 729 latobrigorum (Zahn) Roffey, 725FIG leyi F. Hanb., 727FIG lingulatum Backh. f. ex Hook. & Arn., 729FIG x longisquamum Peter, 721 maculatum Sm., 727FIG, 730 nigrescens Willd. group, 731 peleterianum Mérat, 721 ssp. subpeleterianum Nägeli & Peter, 721 ssp. tenuiscapum (Pugsley) P.D. Sell, 721 pentaploideum P.D. Sell & D.J. Tennant, 722 perpropinquum (Zahn) Druce), 724 pilosella L., 721 ssp. colliniforme (Peter) P.D. Sell, 722 ssp. thaumasium (Peter) P.D. Sell, 722 praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat, 722 prenanthoides Vill. group, 724 prenanthoides Vill., 724, 726FIG proximum F. Hanb., 727FIG rohacsense Kit. ex Kanitz group, 731 sabaudum L. group, 724 sabaudum L., 724 senescens Backh. f. group, 731 speluncarum Arv.-Touv., 728FIG x stoloniflorum Waldst. & Kit., 721 subcrocatum (E.F. Linton) Roffey, 724

HIERACIUM

INDEX

trichocaulon (Dahlst.) Johanss., 726FIG umbellatum L., 724, 725FIG ssp. bichlorophyllum (Druce & Zahn) P.D. Sell & C. West, 724 vagum Jord., 724, 725FIG HIEROCHLOE R. Br., 1024 odorata (L.) P. Beauv., 1024 HIMANTOGLOSSUM W.D.J. Koch, 880 hircinum (L.) Spreng., 880 Hippocastanaceae, 370 HIPPOCREPIS L., 155 comosa L., 150FIG, 155 emerus (L.) Lassen, 150FIG, 155, 156FIG HIPPOPHAE L., 277 rhamnoides L., 277 HIPPURIDACEAE, 599 HIPPURIS L., 599 vulgaris L., 599 HIRSCHFELDIA Moench, 416 incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss., 415FIG, 416 Hogweed, 827 Giant, 827 Hogweeds, 827 HOHERIA A. Cunn., 376 populnea A. Cunn., 376 HOLCUS L., 1022 x hybridus Wein (H. lanatus x H. mollis), 1022 lanatus L., 1022 x H. mollis = H. x hybridus, 1022 mollis L., 1022 Hollies, 669 Hollowroot, 92 Holly, 669 family, 669 Highclere, 669 New Zealand, 747 Holly-fern, 32 Fortune's, 33 House, 32 Hollyhock, 379, 380 Australian, 379 HOLODISCUS (K. Koch) Maxim., 194 discolor (Pursh) Maxim., 193FIG, 194 Holoschoenus Link, 948 vulgaris Link, 948 HOLOSTEUM L., 460 umbellatum L., 460 Holy-grass, 1024 HOMERIA Vent., 882 breyniana G.J. Lewis, 882 collina (Thunb.) Salisb., 882 HOMOGYNE Cass., 771 alpina (L.) Cass., 771 HONCKENYA Ehrh., 457 peploides (L.) Ehrh., 457 Honesty, 405 Perennial, 405 Honewort, 820

1157

Honeybells, 903 Honeysuckle, 790 Box-leaved, 789 Californian, 789 family, 783 Fly, 789 Garden, 790 Henry's, 790 Himalayan, 787 Japanese, 790 Perfoliate, 790 Tartarian, 789 Wilson's, 789 Honeysuckles, 787 Hop, 284 family, 283 HORDELYMUS (Jess.) Jess. ex Harz, 1051 europaeus (L.) Jess. ex Harz, 1051 HORDEUM L., 1051 distichon L., 1053 euclaston Steud., 1053 geniculatum All., 1054 glaucum Steud., 1053 hystrix Roth, 1054 jubatum L., 1050FIG, 1053 leporinum Link, 1053 marinum Huds., 1054 ssp. gussoneanum (Parl.) Thell., 1054 murinum L., 1053 ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, 1053 ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang., 1053 ssp. murinum, 1053 pubiflorum Hook. f., 1053 pusillum Nutt., 1050FIG, 1053 secalinum Schreb., 1053 vulgare L., 1052 Horehound, Black, 617 White, 621 Horehounds, Black, 617 Hornbeam, 296 Horned-poppies, 90 Horned-poppy, Red, 90 Violet, 87 Yellow, 90 HORNUNGIA Rchb., 407 petraea (L.) Rchb., 404FIG, 407 Hornwort family, 85 Rigid, 85 Soft, 85 Hornworts, 85 Horse-chestnut, 371 Indian, 371 Red, 371 Horse-chestnuts, 370 Horse-nettle, 578 Horse-radish, 399 Horsetail, Branched, 12 family, 11 Field, 13

1158

INDEX

Horsetail (contd) Great, 14 Mackay's, 12 Marsh, 14 Moore's, 12 Rough, 12 Shady, 13 Shore, 13 Variegated, 13 Water, 13 Wood, 13 Horsetails, 11 Hottentot-fig, 505 Hottentot-figs, 504 HOTTONIA L., 518 palustris L., 518 Hound's-tongue, 565 Chinese, 565 Green, 565 Hound's-tongues, 565 House-leek, 136 Cobweb, 136 House-leeks, 136 HOUTTUYNIA Thunb., 81 cordata Thunb., 81 Huckleberry, Garden, 576 Huevil, 571 HUMULUS L., 284 lupulus L., 284 HUPERZIA Bernh., 5 selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart., 5 ssp. arctica (Grossh. ex Tolm.) Á. & D. Löve, 5 ssp. selago, 5 Hutchinsia, 407 Hutera Porta, 416 cheiranthos (Vill.) Gomez-Campo, 416 monensis (L.) Gomez-Campo, 416 wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Gomez-Campo, 416 Hyacinth, 921 Tassel, 922 Hyacinthaceae, 914 HYACINTHOIDES Heist. ex Fabr., 920 hispanica (Mill.) Rothm., 921 italica (L.) Rothm., 919FIG, 920 x massartiana Geerinck (H. non-scripta x H. hispanica), 921 non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm., 920 x H. hispanica = H. x massartiana, 921 x variabilis P.D. Sell nom. nud., 921 HYACINTHUS L., 921 orientalis L., 921 HYDRANGEA L., 511 anomala D. Don, 511 macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser., 511 petiolaris Siebold & Zucc., 511 sargentiana Rehder, 511 Hydrangea, 511 HYDRANGEACEAE, 510

HORSETAIL

Hydrangeas, 511 HYDRILLA Rich., 840 verticillata (L. f.) Royle, 840 HYDROCHARIS L., 838 morsus-ranae L., 838 HYDROCHARITACEAE, 838 HYDROCOTYLACEAE, 801 HYDROCOTYLE L., 801 microphylla auct. non A. Cunn., 802 moschata G. Forst., 801FIG, 802 novae-zeelandiae DC., 801FIG, 802 ranunculoides L. f., 801FIG, 802 sibthorpioides Lam., 801 vulgaris L., 801, 801FIG Hydrophyllaceae, 550 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE, 16 HYMENOPHYLLUM Sm., 16 tunbrigense (L.) Sm., 14FIG, 16 wilsonii Hook., 14FIG, 16 HYOSCYAMUS L., 573 albus L., 573 niger L., 573 HYPERICACEAE, 337 HYPERICUM L., 337 sect. ADENOSEPALUM Spach, 341 sect. ANDROSAEMUM (Duhamel) Godr., 339 sect. ASCYREIA Choisy, 338 sect. ELODES (Adans.) W.D.J. Koch, 341 sect. Eremanthe (Spach) Boiss., 338 sect. HYPERICUM, 339 sect. INODORA Stef., 339 sect. OLIGOSTEMMA (Boiss.) Stef., 340 sect. OLYMPIA (Spach) Nyman, 338 sect. SPACHIUM (R. Keller) N. Robson, 341 sect. TAENIOCARPIUM Jaub. & Spach, 341 androsaemum L., 339 x H. hircinum = H. x inodorum, 339 calycinum L., 338 canadense L., 341 x desetangsii Lamotte (H. perforatum x H. maculatum), 339 nothossp. carinthiacum (A. Fröhl.) N. Robson (H. perforatum x H. maculatum ssp. maculatum), 340 nothossp. desetangsii (H. perforatum x H. maculatum ssp. obtusiusculum), 340 dubium Leers, 340 x elatum Aiton, 339 elodes L., 341 forrestii (Chitt.) N. Robson, 339 'Hidcote', 338 hircinum L., 339 ssp. majus (Aiton) N. Robson, 339 hirsutum L., 341

HYPERICUM

INDEX

humifusum L., 340 x H. linariifolium, 340 x inodorum Mill. (H. androsaemum x H. hircinum), 339 'Elstead', 339 linariifolium Vahl, 340 maculatum Crantz, 340 ssp. maculatum, 340 ssp. obtusiusculum (Tourlet) Hayek, 340 montanum L., 341 nummularium L., 341 olympicum L., 338 perforatum L., 339 x H. maculatum = H. x desetangsii, 339 ssp. maculatum = H. x desetangsii nothossp. carinthiacum, 340 ssp. obtusiusculum = H x desetangsii nothossp. desetangsii, 340 pseudohenryi N. Robson, 339 pulchrum L., 341 quadrangulum L., 340 tetrapterum Fr., 340 undulatum Schousb. ex Willd., 340 x H. tetrapterum, 340 xylosteifolium (Spach) N. Robson, 339 HYPOCHAERIS L., 703 glabra L., 703, 719FIG x intermedia Richt. (H. radicata x H. glabra), 703 maculata L., 703, 719FIG radicata L., 703, 719FIG ssp. ericetorum van Soest, 703 x H. glabra = H. x intermedia, 703 Hypolepidaceae, 18 HYPOPITYS Crantz, 535 monotropa Crantz, 535 ssp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Tzvelev, 535 ssp. monotropa, 535 Hyssop, 627 HYSSOPUS L., 627 officinalis L., 626FIG, 627 IBERIS L., 425 amara L., 415FIG, 425 sempervirens L., 415FIG, 425 umbellata L., 415FIG, 425 Iceland-purslane, 440 Iceplant, Common, 501 Heart-leaf, 501 ILEX L., 669 x altaclerensis (Loudon) Dallim. (I. aquifolium x I. perado), 669 aquifolium L., 669 x I. perado Aiton = I. x altaclerensis, 669 Illecebraceae, 453 ILLECEBRUM L., 466

1159

verticillatum L., 466 IMPATIENS L., 512 balfourii Hook. f., 512 capensis Meerb., 512 glandulifera Royle, 512 noli-tangere L., 512 parviflora DC., 512 IMPERATORIA L., 826 ostruthium L., 825FIG, 826 Indian-rhubarb, 128 INULA L., 736 britannica L., 737 conyza DC., 737 conyzae (Griess.) Meikle, 737 crithmoides L., 737 graveolens (L.) Desf., 738 helenium L., 737 hookeri C.B. Clarke, 737 magnifica Lipsky, 737 oculus-christi L., 737 salicina L., 737 viscosa (L.) Aiton, 738 IOCHROMA Benth., 571 australe Griseb., 572 Ipheion Raf., 904 uniflorum (Graham) Raf., 904 IPOMOEA L., 569 batatas (L.) Lam., 569 hederacea Jacq., 570 lacunosa L., 570 nil (L.) Roth, 569 purpurea Roth, 569 IRIDACEAE, 881 IRIS L., 884 ensata Thunb., 886 filifolia Boiss. x I. tingitana Boiss. & Reut. = I. x hollandica, 886 foetidissima L., 886 x hollandica hort. (I. filifolia x I. tingitana), 886 germanica L., 885 kaempferi Siebold ex Lem., 886 laevigata Fisch., 886 latifolia (Mill.) Voss, 886 ochroleuca L., 886 orientalis Mill., 886 pseudacorus L., 885 x robusta E.S. Anderson (I. versicolor x I. virginica L.), 886 sibirica L., 885 spuria L., 886 ssp. ochroleuca (L.) Dykes, 886 unguicularis Poir., 886 versicolor L., 886 x I. virginica L. = I. x robusta, 886 xiphioides Ehrh., 886 xiphium L., 886 Iris, Algerian, 886 Beaked, 886

1160

INDEX

Iris (contd) Bearded, 885 Blue, 886 Dutch, 886 English, 886 family, 881 Purple, 886 Siberian, 885 Smooth-leaved, 886 Snake's-head, 884 Spanish, 886 Stinking, 886 Turkish, 886 Windermere, 886 Yellow, 885 Irises, 884 Ironwort, Mountain, 614 ISATIS L., 420 tinctoria L., 393FIG, 420 ISMELIA Cass., 688 carinata (Schousb.) Sch. Bip., 688 ISOETACEAE, 7 ISOETES L., 7 brochonii Motelay, 7 echinospora Durieu, 8, 8FIG x hickeyi W.C. Taylor & Luebke (I. lacustris x I. echinospora), 8 histrix Bory, 8 lacustris L., 8, 8FIG x I. echinospora = I. x hickeyi, 8 morei Moore., 7 setacea auct. non Lam., 8 ISOLEPIS R. Br., 948 subg. Fluitantes (C.B. Clarke) Muasya, 949 cernua (Vahl) Roem. & Schult., 947FIG, 949 fluitans (L.) R. Br., 949 setacea (L.) R. Br., 947FIG, 948 IVA L., 774 xanthiifolia Nutt., 774, 777FIG Ivies, 798 Ivy, Algerian, 799 Atlantic, 800 Common, 800 family, 798 Irish, 800 Persian, 799 IXIA L., 891 campanulata Houtt., 891 paniculata D. Delaroche, 891 speciosa J. Kenn., 891 Jacobaea Mill., 760 aquatica (Hill) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 762 erucifolia (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 763 maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden, 762 paludosa (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 763

IRIS

vulgaris P. Gaertn., 762 Jacob's-ladder, 513 family, 513 Japanese-lantern, 574 Japanese-lanterns, 574 JASIONE L., 676 montana L., 676 Jasmine, Red, 581 Summer, 581 Winter, 581 Jasmines, 581 JASMINUM L., 581 beesianum Forrest & Diels, 581 nudiflorum Lindl., 581 officinale L., 581 Jerusalem-cherry, 576 Johnson-grass, 1076 Jo-jo-weed, 760 Jonopsidium Rchb., 423 acaule (Desf.) Rchb., 425 Jonquil, 911 Campernelle, 911 Intermediate, 910 JUGLANDACEAE, 291 JUGLANS L., 291 x intermedia Carrière (J. regia x J. nigra), 291 nigra L., 291 regia L., 291 x J. nigra = J. x intermedia, 291 JUNCACEAE, 928 JUNCAGINACEAE, 841 JUNCUS L., 928 sect. CAESPITOSI Cout., 931 sect. FORSKALINA Kuntze, 936 sect. GRAMINIFOLII Engelm., 931 sect. JUNCOTYPUS Buchenau, 937 sect. JUNCUS, 935 sect. OZOPHYLLUM Dumort., 931 sect. STEIROCHLOA Griseb., 935 sect. STYGIOPSIS Kuntze, 934 sect. TENAGEIA Dumort., 936 subg. Alpini (Engelm.) Buchenau, 934 subg. Cephaloxys Rchb., 931 subg. Genuini Buchenau, 937 subg. Graminifolii (Engelm.) Buchenau, 931 subg. Juncinella V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch., 931 subg. Poiophylli Buchenau, 936 subg. Pseudotenageia V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch., 935 subg. Septati Buchenau, 931 subg. Subulati Buchenau, 936 subg. Thalassici Buchenau, 935 acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm., 934, 938FIG acutus L., 935, 938FIG x alpiniformis Fernald (J. alpinoarticulatus x J. articulatus), 934

JUNCUS

INDEX

alpinoarticulatus Chaix, 931 ssp. alpinoarticulatus, 931 ssp. nodulosus (Wahlenb.) Lindm., 931 ssp. rariflorus (Hartm.) Holub, 931 x J. articulatus = J. x alpiniformis, 934 alpinus Vill. nom. illeg., 931 var. marshallii (Pugsley) Lindq., 931 ambiguus auct. non Guss., 936 anthelatus (Wiegand) R.E. Brooks & Whittem., 935 aridicola L.A.S. Johnson, 931 articulatus L., 932FIG, 934 x J. acutiflorus = J. x surrejanus, 934 australis Hook. f., 930 balticus Willd., 933FIG, 937 x J. effusus = J. x obotritorum, 937 x J. inflexus, 937 biglumis L., 932FIG, 934 x buchenaui Dörfl. non Sved., 934 bufonius L., 932FIG, 936, 938FIG bulbosus L., 932FIG, 934 ssp. bulbosus, 934 ssp. kochii (F.W. Schultz) Reichg., 934 capitatus Weigel, 931, 932FIG, 938FIG castaneus Sm., 935, 938FIG compressus Jacq., 936 conglomeratus L., 933FIG, 937 var. subuliflorus (Drejer) Asch. & Graebn., 939 x diffusus Hoppe (J. inflexus x J. effusus), 933FIG, 937 dudleyi Wiegand, 935 effusus L., 933FIG, 937, 938FIG var. compactus Lej. & Courtois, 937 var. subglomeratus DC., 937 x J. conglomeratus = J. x kernreichgeltii, 937 filiformis L., 933FIG, 937 foliosus Desf., 936, 938FIG gerardii Loisel., 936 inflexus L., 933FIG, 937 x J. effusus = J. x diffusus, 933FIG, 937 x kern-reichgeltii Jansen & Wacht. ex Reichg. (J. effusus x J. conglomeratus), 937 kochii F.W. Schultz, 934 maritimus Lam., 933FIG, 935 minutulus V.I. Krecz. & Gontsch., 936 mutabilis auct. non Lam., 934 nodulosus Wahlenb., 931 x obotritorum Rothm. (J. balticus x J. effusus), 937 pallidus R. Br., 933FIG, 939 x J. effusus, 939 x J. inflexus, 939 planifolius R. Br., 931, 932FIG, 938FIG pygmaeus Rich. ex Thuill., 934 ranarius Songeon & E.P. Perrier, 936, 938FIG

1161

squarrosus L., 932FIG, 935 subnodulosus Schrank, 931 subulatus Forssk., 933FIG, 936, 938FIG subuliflorus Drejer, 937 x surrejanus Druce ex Stace & Lambinon (J. articulatus x J. acutiflorus), 934 tenuis Willd., 932FIG, 935, 938FIG var. dudleyi (Wiegand) F.J. Herm., 935 trifidus L., 932FIG, 936, 938FIG triglumis L., 934 Juneberry, 216 Juniper, Chinese, 54 Common, 55 family, 50 Junipers, 54 JUNIPERUS L., 54 chinensis L., 54 communis L., 45FIG, 55 ssp. alpina ÿHODNQRPLOOHJ ssp. communis, 55 ssp. nana (Hook.) Syme, 56 ssp. hemisphaerica (J. & C. Presl) Nyman, 55 Kale, 412 Abyssinian, 417 KALMIA L., 526 angustifolia L., 527, 529FIG latifolia L., 527 polifolia Wangenh., 527, 529FIG procumbens (L.) Galasso, Banfi & F. Conti, 527 Kangaroo-apple, 578 Karo, 797 Kelch-grass, 1056 KERRIA DC., 194 japonica (L.) DC., 195 Kerria, 194, 195 Ketmia, Bladder, 380 KICKXIA Dumort., 595 elatine (L.) Dumort., 595 spuria (L.) Dumort., 595 Kidneyweed, 566 Kindlingbark, Broad-leaved, 367 Knapweed, Brown, 700 Chalk, 700 Common, 700 Giant, 700 Greater, 698 Hybrid, 700 Jersey, 698 Russian, 696, 697 Silver, 698 Knapweeds, 697 KNAUTIA L., 796 arvensis (L.) Coult., 796, 796FIG Knawel, Annual, 465 Perennial, 465 Knawels, 465

1162

INDEX

KNIPHOFIA Moench, 896 bruceae (Codd) Codd, 896 ensifolia Baker, 896 linearifolia Baker, 896 x praecox Baker, 896 rufa Baker, 896 uvaria (L.) Oken, 896 Knotgrass, 441 Cornfield, 442 Equal-leaved, 441 Indian, 441 Northern, 442 Ray's, 441 Sea, 441 Knotgrasses, 440 Knotweed, Alpine, 437 Chinese, 437 Conolly's, 443 family, 435 Finnish, 437 Giant, 443 Himalayan, 438 Japanese, 442 Lesser, 437 Soft, 438 Knotweeds, 436, 442 KOBRESIA Willd., 951 simpliciuscula (Wahlenb.) Mack., 951 Kochia Roth, 486 scoparia (L.) Schrad., 486 KOELERIA Pers., 1020 albescens auct. non DC., 1020 britannica (Domin ex Druce) Ujhelyi, 1020 cristata auct. non (L.) Pers., 1020 glauca auct. non (Schrad.) DC., 1020 glauca (Schrad.) DC., 1020 gracilis Pers. nom. illeg., 1020 macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., 1020 phleoides (Vill.) Pers., 1020 vallesiana (Honck.) Gaudin, 1020 x K. macrantha, 1020 KOELREUTERIA Laxm., 370 paniculata Laxm., 370 KOENIGIA L., 440 islandica L., 440 Kohl-rabi, 412 Kohlrauschia Kunth, 475 nanteuilii (Burnat) P.W. Ball & Heywood, 475 prolifera auct. non (L.) Kunth, 475 prolifera (L.) Kunth, 475 saxifraga (L.) Dandy, 475 Kohuhu, 797 KOLKWITZIA Graebn., 783 amabilis Graebn., 783 Koromiko, 592 Labiatae, 611 Labrador-tea, 526 LABURNUM Fabr., 180

KNIPHOFIA

alpinum (Mill.) J. Presl, 181 anagyroides Medik., 181 x L. alpinum = L. x watereri, 181 x vossii hort., 181 x watereri (Wettst.) Dippel (L. anagyroides x L. alpinum), 181 Laburnum, 181 Hybrid, 181 Scottish, 181 Laburnums, 180 LACTUCA L., 709 saligna L., 709, 710FIG sativa L., 709, 710FIG serriola L., 709, 710FIG tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey., 709, 710FIG virosa L., 709, 710FIG Lady-fern, 27 Alpine, 27 family, 27 Lady-ferns, 27 Lady's-mantle, 264 Alpine, 264 Clustered, 267 Crimean, 266 Hairy, 266 Large-toothed, 266 Least, 267 Pale, 266 Rock, 267 Shining, 266 Silky, 266 Silver, 264 Slender, 266 Smooth, 267 Soft, 267 Starry, 266 Velvet, 266 Lady's-mantles, 263 Lady's-slipper, 860 Lady's-tresses, 866 Autumn, 866 Creeping, 866 Irish, 866 Summer, 866 LAGAROSIPHON Harv., 840 major (Ridl.) Moss ex V.A. Wager, 840 Lagoseris M. Bieb., 720 LAGURUS L., 1032 ovatus L., 1032 LAMARCKIA Moench, 1009 aurea (L.) Moench, 992FIG, 1009, 1036FIG Lamb's-ear, 616 LAMIACEAE, 611 Distinctive genera, 611 subfam. AJUGOIDEAE, 622 subfam. LAMIOIDEAE, 614 subfam. Lavanduloideae, 623 subfam. NEPETOIDEAE, 623

LAMIACEAE

subfam. Rosmarinoideae, 623 subfam. SCUTELLARIOIDEAE, 621 subfam. Stachyoideae, 614 LAMIASTRUM Heist. ex Fabr., 617 galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek, 618 ssp. argentatum (Smejkal) Stace, 618 ssp. galeobdolon, 618 ssp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek, 618 LAMIUM L., 618 album L., 619 amplexicaule L., 615FIG, 619 confertum Fr., 615FIG, 619 galeobdolon (L.) L., 618 ssp. galeobdolon, 618 ssp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek, 618 hybridum Vill., 619 maculatum (L.) L., 619 molucellifolium auct. non (Schumach.) Fr., 619 purpureum L., 619 var. incisum (Willd.) Pers., 619 LAMPRANTHUS N.E. Br., 503 aureus (L.) N.E. Br., 504 conspicuus (Haw.) N.E. Br., 503 deltoides (L.) Glen, 503 falciformis (Haw.) N.E. Br., 502FIG, 503 multiradiatus (Jacq.) N.E. Br., 503 roseus (Willd.) Schwantes, 502FIG, 503 scaber (L.) N.E. Br., 503 LAMPROCAPNOS Endl., 86 spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara, 86 LAPPULA Moench, 565 myosotis Moench, 565 squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort., 561FIG, 565 LAPSANA L., 702 communis L., 702 ssp. communis, 702 ssp. intermedia (M. Bieb.) Hayek, 702 intermedia M. Bieb., 702 Larch, European, 47 Japanese, 47 Larches, 47 LARIX Mill., 47 decidua Mill., 45FIG, 47 x L. kaempferi = L. x marschlinsii, 45FIG, 47 x eurolepis A. Henry nom. illeg., 47 x henryana Rehder, 47 kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière, 45FIG, 47 leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl., 47 x marschlinsii Coaz (L. decidua x L. kaempferi), 45FIG, 47 Larkspur, 106 Eastern, 106 Forking, 106 Larkspurs, 106 LASER Borkh., 807

INDEX

1163

trilobum (L.) Borkh., 807 LATHRAEA L., 659 clandestina L., 660 squamaria L., 660 LATHYRUS L., 160 annuus L., 162 aphaca L., 162 cicera L., 161 grandiflorus Sm., 162 heterophyllus L., 162 var. unijugus W.D.J. Koch, 162 hirsutus L., 162 inconspicuus L., 161 japonicus Willd., 161 ssp. maritimus (L.) P.W. Ball, 161 latifolius L., 162 linifolius (Reichard) Bässler, 161 var. montanus (Bernh.) Bässler, 161 maritimus (L.) Bigelow, 161 montanus Bernh., 161 niger (L.) Bernh., 161 nissolia L., 162 ochrus (L.) DC., 161 odoratus L., 162 palustris L., 162 pratensis L., 161 sativus L., 162 sylvestris L., 162 tingitanus auct. non L., 162 tuberosus L., 162 vernus (L.) Bernh., 161 LAURACEAE, 82 Laurel, Cherry, 199 Portugal, 197 LAURUS L., 84 nobilis L., 84 Laurustinus, 786 LAVANDULA L., 634 angustifolia Mill., 634 x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. (L. latifolia x L. angustifolia), 634 latifolia Medik., 634 x L. angustifolia = L. x intermedia, 634 Lavatera L., 376 arborea L., 379 x clementii Cheek, 379 cretica L., 379 olbia auct. non L., 379 plebeia Sims, 379 thuringiaca auct. non L., 379 trimestris L., 379 Lavender, Garden, 634 Lavender-cotton, 752 Lavenders, 634 Laxmanniaceae, 914 Ledum L., 525 groenlandicum Oeder, 526

1164

INDEX

Ledum (contd) palustre L., 526 ssp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hultén, 526 Leek, 903 Broad-leaved, 903 Round-headed, 903 Sand, 903 Wild, 902 LEERSIA Sw., 991 oryzoides (L.) Sw., 991 LEGOUSIA Durande, 674 hybrida (L.) Delarbre, 674 speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix, 675 Leguminosae, 144 Lembotropis Griseb., 181 nigricans (L.) Griseb., 181 LEMNA L., 833 gibba L., 834 minor L., 834 minuscula Herter nom. illeg., 834 minuta Kunth, 834 polyrhiza L., 833 trisulca L., 834 turionifera Landolt, 834 LEMNACEAE, 833 Lemon, 374 LENS Mill., 160 culinaris Medik., 156FIG, 160 Lenten-rose, 104 LENTIBULARIACEAE, 663 Lentil, 160 LEONTODON L., 705 autumnalis L., 705 hispidus L., 705, 719FIG var. glabratus (W.D.J. Koch) Bisch., 705 x L. saxatilis = L. x vegetus, 705 saxatilis Lam., 705, 719FIG taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat nom. illeg., 705 x vegetus Finch & P.D. Sell (L. hispidus x L. saxatilis), 705 LEONURUS L., 617 cardiaca L., 617 Leopardplant, 769 Przewalski's, 769 Leopardplants, 769 Leopard's-bane, 769 Eastern, 770 Harpur-Crewe's, 769 Plantain-leaved, 769 Willdenow's, 769 Leopard's-banes, 769 LEPIDIUM L., 401 africanum (Burm. f.) DC., 403, 404FIG bonariense L., 403, 404FIG campestre (L.) W.T. Aiton, 403, 404FIG coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz, 404FIG, 405 densiflorum Schrad., 403 didymum L., 404FIG, 405

LEDUM

divaricatum Aiton, 403, 404FIG ssp. linoides (Thunb.) Thell., 403 draba L., 405 ssp. chalepense (L.) Thell., 405, 410FIG ssp. draba, 405, 410FIG fasciculatum Thell., 402 graminifolium L., 404FIG, 405 heterophyllum Benth., 403, 404FIG hirtum (L.) Sm., 403 hyssopifolium auct. non Desv., 403 latifolium L., 403, 404FIG neglectum Thell., 403 perfoliatum L., 403, 404FIG pratense (J. Serres ex Gren. & Godr.) Rouy & Foucaud, 403 ramosissimum A. Nelson, 403 ruderale L., 403, 404FIG sativum L., 402, 404FIG smithii Hook., 403 villarsii Gren. & Godr., 403 virginicum L., 403, 404FIG Lepidophyta, 5 Lepidotis inundata (L.) P. Beauv., 5 Leptinella Cass., 759 dioica Hook. f., 760 squalida Hook. f., 760 Leptinella, 760 Hairless, 760 LEPTOCHLOA P. Beauv., 1057 fusca (L.) Kunth, 1058, 1059FIG, 1063FIG muelleri (Benth.) Stace, 1057 uninervia (C. Presl) Hitchc. & Chase, 1057 LEPTOSPERMUM J.R. & G. Forst., 366 scoparium J.R. & G. Forst., 367 Lettuce, Blue, 709 Garden, 709 Great, 709 Least, 709 Prickly, 709 Wall, 711 Lettuces, 709 LEUCANTHEMELLA Tzvelev, 756 serotina (L.) Tzvelev, 756, 757FIG LEUCANTHEMUM Mill., 756 lacustre (Brot.) Samp. x L. maximum (Ramond) DC. = L. x superbum, 757FIG, 758 maximum auct. non (Ramond) DC., 758 paludosum (Poir.) Bonnet & Barratte, 756 vulgare Lam., 756, 757FIG x superbum (Bergmans ex J.W. Ingram) D.H. Kent (?L. lacustre x L. maximum), 757FIG, 758 Leucoglossum B.H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries non Imai, 756 paludosum (Poir.) B.H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries, 756 LEUCOJUM L., 905 aestivum L., 905, 907FIG

LEUCOJUM

ssp. aestivum, 905 ssp. pulchellum (Salisb.) Briq., 905 vernum L., 905, 907FIG Leucorchis E. Mey., 868 albida (L.) E. Mey., 868 LEUCOTHOE D. Don, 531 fontanesiana (Steudel) Sleumer, 531 Leuzea DC., 696 LEVISTICUM Hill, 824 officinale W.D.J. Koch, 824, 825FIG LEYCESTERIA Wall., 787 formosa Wall., 787 LEYMUS Hochst., 1051 arenarius (L.) Hochst., 1051 LIBERTIA Spreng., 883 chilensis (Molina) Klotzsch ex Baker nom. nud., 883 elegans Poepp., 883 formosa Graham, 883 grandiflora (R. Br.) Sweet, 883 LIGULARIA Cass., 769 clivorum Maxim., 769 dentata (A. Gray) H. Hara, 769 przewalskii (Maxim.) Diels, 769 LIGUSTICUM L., 824 scoticum L., 824, 825FIG LIGUSTRUM L., 582 lucidum W.T. Aiton, 582 ovalifolium Hassk., 583 'Aureum', 583 x vicaryi Rehder (L. vulgare x L. ovalifolium 'Aureum', 583 vulgare L., 582 x L. ovalifolium 'Aureum' = L. x vicaryi, 583 Lilac, 582 LILIACEAE, 856 Lilies, 858 May, 916 Liliidae, 830 LILIUM L., 858 bulbiferum L., 858 x L. maculatum Thunb. = L. x hollandicum, 858 candidum L., 858 x hollandicum Woodcock & Stearn (L. bulbiferum x L. maculatum), 858 martagon L., 858 pyrenaicum Gouan, 858 regale E.H. Wilson, 858 Lily, African, 904 family, 856 Guernsey, 904 Jersey, 904 Kaffir, 892 Kerry, 895 Madonna, 858 Martagon, 858

INDEX

1165

May, 916 Orange, 858 Peruvian, 855 family, 855 Pyrenean, 858 Royal, 858 Snowdon, 857 Triplet, 904 Lily-of-the-valley, 915 False, 916 Lily-of-the-valley-tree, 523 family, 523 Limbarda Adans., 736 crithmoides (L.) Dumort., 737 Lime, 381 Caucasian, 381 Large-leaved, 381 Small-leaved, 381 Limes, 380 LIMNANTHACEAE, 384 LIMNANTHES R. Br., 384 douglasii R. Br., 384 LIMONIUM Mill., 427 auriculae-ursifolium (Pourr.) Druce, 429, 431FIG bellidifolium (Gouan) Dumort., 429 binervosum agg., 429, 430FIG, 431FIG Multi-access key to spp. and sspp. of, 429 binervosum (G.E. Sm.) C.E. Salmon, 431FIG, 432 ssp. anglicum Ingr., 432 ssp. binervosum, 432 ssp. cantianum Ingr., 432 ssp. mutatum Ingr., 433 ssp. sarniense Ingr., 433 ssp. saxonicum Ingr., 433 britannicum Ingr., 430FIG, 433 ssp. britannicum, 433 ssp. celticum Ingr., 433 ssp. coombense Ingr., 433 ssp. transcanalis Ingr., 433 companyonis auct. non (Gren. & Billot) Kuntze, 429 dodartiforme Ingr., 431FIG, 434 humile Mill., 429 hyblaeum Brullo, 428FIG, 429 latifolium (Sm.) Kuntze non Moench, 429 loganicum Ingr., 430FIG, 433 x neumanii C.E. Salmon (L. vulgare x L. humile), 428 normannicum Ingr., 429, 431FIG paradoxum Pugsley, 430FIG, 433 parvum Ingr., 430FIG, 433 platyphyllum Lincz., 429 procerum (C.E. Salmon) Ingr., 431FIG, 433 ssp. cambrense Ingr., 433 ssp. devoniense Ingr., 433

1166

INDEX

LIMONIUM procerum (contd) ssp. procerum, 433 recurvum C.E. Salmon, 430FIG, 434 ssp. humile (Girard) Ingr., 434 ssp. portlandicum Ingr., 434 ssp. pseudotranswallianum Ingr., 434 ssp. recurvum, 434 transwallianum (Pugsley) Pugsley, 430FIG, 434 vulgare Mill., 428 x L. humile = L. x neumanii, 428 LIMOSELLA L., 610 aquatica L., 610 x L. australis, 610 australis R. Br., 610 subulata E. Ives, 610 LINACEAE, 336 LINARIA Mill., 596 arenaria DC., 597 x cornubiensis Druce (L. repens x L. supina), 597 dalmatica (L.) Mill., 596 x dominii Druce (L. purpurea x L. repens), 597 genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm., 596 maroccana Hook. f., 597 pelisseriana (L.) Mill., 597 purpurea (L.) Mill., 597, 607FIG x L. repens = L. x dominii, 597 repens (L.) Mill., 597, 607FIG x L. supina = L. x cornubiensis, 597 x sepium G.J. Allman (L. vulgaris x L. repens), 596 supina (L.) Chaz., 597 vulgaris Mill., 596 x L. repens = L. x sepium, 596 LINNAEA L., 787 borealis L., 787 ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén, 787 var. americana (Forbes) Rehder, 787 LINUM L., 336 anglicum Mill., 336 bienne Mill., 336 catharticum L., 336 perenne L., 336 ssp. anglicum (Mill.) Ockendon, 336 usitatissimum L., 336 LIPARIS Rich., 865 loeselii (L.) Rich., 865 Liquorice, Wild, 151 Listera R. Br., 864 cordata (L.) R. Br., 864 ovata (L.) R. Br., 864 LITHOSPERMUM L., 552 arvense L., 553 officinale L., 553 purpureocaeruleum L., 552 Little-Robin, 348

LIMONIUM

LITTORELLA P.J. Bergius, 599 uniflora (L.) Asch., 599 Liverleaf, 107, 108 Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb., 856 serotina (L.) Rchb., 857 LOBELIA L., 676 dortmanna L., 677 erinus L., 676 siphilitica L., 676 urens L., 676 Lobelia, Californian, 677 Garden, 676 Heath, 676 Lawn, 677 Water, 677 Lobeliaceae, 669 Lobelias, 676 LOBULARIA Desv., 406 maritima (L.) Desv., 406, 410FIG Loganberry, 246 Logfia Cass., 732 arvensis (L.) Holub, 732 gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ., 733 minima (Sm.) Dumort., 733 Loiseleuria Desv., 526 procumbens (L.) Desv., 527 LOLIUM L., 997 x boucheanum Kunth (L. perenne x L. multiflorum), 998 x hybridum Hausskn., 998 loliaceum (Bory & Chaub.) Hand.-Mazz., 998 multiflorum Lam., 998 x L. rigidum, 997 x L. temulentum, 997 perenne L., 998 x Festuca rubra = X Festulolium fredericii, 998 x L. multiflorum = L. x boucheanum, 998 persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss., 998 remotum Schrank, 998 rigidum Gaudin, 998, 1023FIG x L. temulentum, 997 temulentum L., 998 x FESTUCA = X FESTULOLIUM, 998 Lombardy-poplar, 314 Giant, 314 Londonpride, 130 False, 132 Lesser, 130 Scarce, 132 London-rocket, 419 False, 419 Longleaf, 823 LONICERA L., 787 x americana auct. non (Mill.) K. Koch, 790 caprifolium L., 790 x L. etrusca Santi = L. x italica, 790 henryi Hemsl., 788FIG, 790

LONICERA

involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng., 788FIG, 789 x italica Schmidt ex Tausch (L. caprifolium x L. etrusca), 790 japonica Thunb., 788FIG, 790 ledebourii Eschsch., 789 nitida E.H. Wilson, 788FIG, 789 periclymenum L., 790 pileata Oliv., 788FIG, 789 tatarica L., 789 trichosantha Bureau & Franch., 789 xylosteum L., 789 Loosestrife, Dotted, 519 Fringed, 519 Lake, 519 Tufted, 519 Yellow, 519 Loosestrifes, 518 Lophochloa Rchb., 1020 cristata (L.) Hyl., 1020 Lords-and-Ladies, 832 family, 830 Italian, 832 LOTUS L., 153 angustissimus L., 154 corniculatus L., 153 ssp. tenuifolius (L.) Hartm., 153 ssp. tenuis (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Syme, 153 var. sativus Hyl., 153 glaber Mill., 153 hispidus auct. non DC., 153 parviflorus auct. non Desf., 153 pedunculatus Cav., 153 suaveolens Pers., 153 subbiflorus Lag., 153 tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., 153 uliginosus Schkuhr, 153 Lousewort, 659 Marsh, 659 Louseworts, 659 Lovage, 824 Scots, 824 Love-grass, African, 1060 American, 1060 Jersey, 1060 Small, 1060 Weeping, 1060 Love-grasses, 1058 Love-in-a-mist, 105 Love-lies-bleeding, 498 Lucerne, 168 Sand, 168 LUDWIGIA L., 362 grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet, 362 x kentiana E.J. Clement (L. palustris x L. repens), 362

INDEX

1167

x mullertii hort. nom. nud., 362 palustris (L.) Elliott, 362 x L. repens J.R. Forst. = L. x kentiana, 362 uruguayensis (Cambess.) H. Hara, 362 LUMA A. Gray, 368 apiculata (DC.) Burret, 368 LUNARIA L., 405 annua L., 405, 410FIG rediviva L., 405 Lungwort, 554 Mawson's, 554 Narrow-leaved, 554 Red, 554 Suffolk, 554 Lungworts, 553 Lupin, False, 179 Garden, 180 Narrow-leaved, 180 Nootka, 180 Russell, 180 Tree, 180 White, 180 Yellow, 180 Lupins, 179 LUPINUS L., 179 albus L., 180 angustifolius L., 180 arboreus Sims, 180 x L. polyphyllus = L. x regalis, 180 luteus L., 180 nootkatensis Donn ex Sims, 180 polyphyllus Lindl., 180 x L. nootkatensis = L. x pseudopolyphyllus, 180 x pseudopolyphyllus C.P. Sm. (L. polyphyllus x L. nootkatensis), 180 x regalis Bergmans (L. arboreus x L. polyphyllus), 180 x L. nootkatensis, 180 LURONIUM Raf., 836 natans (L.) Raf., 836 LUZULA DC., 939 arcuata (Wahlenb.) Sw., 938FIG, 941 x borreri Bromf. ex Bab. (L. forsteri x L. pilosa), 940 campestris (L.) DC., 940 x L. pallescens, 940 congesta (Thuill.) Lej., 940 x danica H. Nordensk. & Kirschner, 941 forsteri (Sm.) DC., 938FIG, 940 x L. pilosa = L. x borreri, 940 luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott, 940 ssp. cuprina Chrtek & Krísa, 940 ssp. rubella (Hoppe ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Holub, 940 multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej., 938FIG, 940 ssp. congesta (Thuill.) Arcang., 940 ssp. frigida (Buchenau) V.I. Krecz., 941

1168

LUZULA multiflora (contd) ssp. hibernica Kirschner & T.C.G. Rich., 940 ssp. multiflora, 940 x ssp. congesta, 941 nivea (L.) DC., 939 pallescens Sw., 941 pallidula Kirschner, 941 pilosa (L.) Willd., 938FIG, 940 spicata (L.) DC., 941 sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin, 938FIG, 940 Lychnis L., 470 alpina L., 474 chalcedonica L., 474 coronaria (L.) Desr., 474 flos-cuculi L., 474 viscaria L., 474 LYCIUM L., 572 barbarum L., 572, 572FIG chinense Mill., 572, 572FIG halimifolium Mill., 572 Lycopersicon Mill., 575 esculentum Mill., 578 lycopersicum (L.) Karsten, 578 LYCOPHYTES, 5 LYCOPODIACEAE, 5 LYCOPODIELLA Holub, 5 inundata (L.) Holub, 5 Lycopodineae, 5 Lycopodiopsida, 5 LYCOPODIUM L., 6 alpinum L., 6 annotinum L., 6 clavatum L., 6 complanatum L., 6 inundatum L., 5 lagopus (Laest. ex Hartm.) Zinserl. ex Kusen, 6 selago L., 5 Lycopsida, 5 Lycopsis L., 558 arvensis L., 559 LYCOPUS L., 629 europaeus L., 629 Lyme-grass, 1051 LYSICHITON Schott, 831 americanus Hultén & H. St. John, 831 camtschatcensis (L.) Schott, 831 LYSIMACHIA L., 518 ciliata L., 516FIG, 519 nemorum L., 519 nummularia L., 519 punctata L., 516FIG, 519 terrestris (L.) Britton, 516FIG, 519 thyrsiflora L., 519 verticillaris Spreng., 519 vulgaris L., 516FIG, 519 LYTHRACEAE, 353 LYTHRUM L., 353

INDEX

LUZULA

hyssopifolia L., 353 junceum Banks & Sol., 353 portula (L.) D.A. Webb, 354 ssp. longidentatum (J. Gay) P.D. Sell, 354 salicaria L., 353 MACLEAYA R. Br., 91 cordata (Willd.) R. Br. x M. microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde = M. x kewensis, 91 x kewensis Turrill (M. cordata x M. microcarpa) 91 Madder, 543 Field, 537 Wild, 543 Madders, 543 Madeira-vine, 508 family, 508 MADIA Molina, 688 capitata Nutt., 688 glomerata Hook., 688 Madwort, 562 Magnoliidae, 85 Magnoliopsida, 56 Marguerite, Annual, 756 MAHONIA Nutt.,100 aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., 100 x M. pinnata (Lag.) Fedde = M. x wagneri, 100 x M. repens (Lindl.) G. Don = M. x decumbens, 101 x decumbens Stace (M. aquifolium x M. repens), 101 x wagneri (Jouin) Rehder (M. aquifolium x M. pinnata), 100 MAIANTHEMUM Weber, 916 bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt, 916 dilatatum (Wood) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr., 916 kamtschaticum (Cham.) Nakai, 916 Maize, 1076 MALCOLMIA W.T. Aiton, 423 maritima (L.) W.T. Aiton, 393FIG, 423 Male-fern, 35 Borrer's, 37 Golden-scaled, 35 Mountain, 34 Narrow, 37 Mallow, Chinese, 377 Dwarf, 377 family, 374 French, 377 Greek, 380 Least, 377 New Zealand, 376 Prairie, 380 Prickly, 375 Rough, 379 Royal, 379

MALLOW

INDEX

Small, 377 Mallows, 376 Greek, 380 Mallow-wort, 375 MALOPE L., 375 trifida Cav., 375 MALUS Mill., 200 baccata (L.) Borkh., 200 x M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. = M. x robusta, 200 domestica Borkh. nom. illegit., 201 floribunda Sieb. ex Van Houtte, 200 hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder, 201 'John Downie', 201 niedzwetzkvana Dieck x M. x atrosanguinea = M x purpurea, 201 pumila Mill., 201 x purpurea (E. Barbier) Rehder (M. niedzwetzkvana x M. x atrosanguinea), 201 x robusta (Carrière) Rehder (M. baccata. x M. prunifolia, 200 sylvestris (L.) Mill., 201 ssp. mitis (Wallr.) Mansf., 201 MALVA L., 376 alcea L., 377, 378FIG x M. moschata, 377 arborea (L.) Webb & Berthel., 378FIG, 379 x clementii (Cheek) Stace (M. olbia x M. thuringiaca), 379 crispa (L.) L., 377 x decipiens Chatenier ex Rouy (M. sylvestris x M. neglecta), 377 moschata L., 377, 378FIG neglecta Wallr., 377, 378FIG nicaeensis All., 377, 378FIG olbia (L.) Alef. x M. thuringiaca (L.) Vis. = M. x clementii, 379 parviflora L., 377, 378FIG preissiana Miq., 379 pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel., 379 pusilla Sm., 377, 378FIG rotundifolia L., 377 setigera Schimp. & Spenn., 379 sylvestris L., 377, 378FIG x M. neglecta = M. x decipiens, 377 trimestris (L.) Salisb., 379 verticillata L., 377, 378FIG MALVACEAE, 374 Mangel-wurzel, 492 MANTISALCA salmantica (L.) Briq. & Cavill., 687 Maple, Ashleaf, 372 Cappadocian, 372 family, 370 Field, 372 Grey-budded, 371 Italian, 371

1169

Miyabe's, 372 Norway, 372 Red, 371 Silver, 372 Sugar, 371 Tartar, 371 Trautvetter's, 371 Maples, 371 Mare's-tail, 599 family, 599 Marigold, African, 780 Corn, 756 Dwarf, 781 Field, 771 French, 780 Pot, 771 Southern, 780 Marigolds, 771, 780 Marjoram, Pot, 628 Wild, 627, 628 Marram, 1031 American, 1031 Purple, 1031 Marrow, 300 Marrows, 299 MARRUBIUM L., 621 vulgare L., 621 Marsh-bedstraw, Common, 540 Slender, 540 Marsh-elder, 774 Marsh-mallow, 379 Marsh-marigold, 102 Marsh-orchid, Early, 874 Hebridean, 876 Irish, 877 Narrow-leaved, 876 Northern, 876 Southern, 875 Marsh-orchids, 870 Marshwort, Creeping, 821 Lesser, 821 Marshworts, 820 MARSILEACEAE, 16 Marvel-of-Peru, 507 family, 506 Masterwort, 826 Mat-grass, 993 Matricaria auct. non L., 758 MATRICARIA L., 758 chamomilla L., 758 decipiens (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) K. Koch, 758 disciformis (C.A. Mey.) DC., 758 discoidea DC., 758 ssp. discoidea, 758 ssp. occidentalis (Greene) P.D. Sell, 758 grandiflora (Thunb.) Fenzl ex Harv., 688 maritima L., 759

1170

INDEX

MATRICARIA (contd) matricarioides (Less.) Porter nom. illeg., 758 perforata Mérat, 759 recutita L., 758 suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau non L., 758 MATTEUCCIA Tod., 31 struthiopteris (L.) Tod., 20FIG, 31 MATTHIOLA W.T. Aiton, 422 bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) DC., 422 incana (L.) W.T. Aiton, 393FIG, 398FIG, 422 longipetala (Vent.) DC., 393FIG, 398FIG, 422 ssp. bicornis (Sibth. & Sm.) P.W. Ball, 423 oxyceras DC., 422 sinuata (L.) W.T. Aiton, 393FIG, 422 MAURANTHEMUM Vogt & Oberprieler, 756 paludosum (Poir.) Vogt & Oberprieler, 756 Mayweed, Scented, 758 Scentless, 759 Mayweed, Sea, 759 Mayweeds, 758 Meadow-foam, 384 family, 384 Meadow-grass, Alpine, 1013 Annual, 1012 Broad-leaved, 1013 Bulbous, 1013 Early, 1012 Flattened, 1013 Glaucous, 1013 Narrow-leaved, 1013 Rough, 1012 Smooth, 1012 Spreading, 1012 Swamp, 1013 Swedish, 1013 Wavy, 1013 Wood, 1013 Meadow-grasses, 1011 Meadow-rue, Alpine, 121 Chinese, 121 Common, 121 French, 121 Lesser, 121 Meadow-rues, 120 Meadowsweet, 241 Giant, 241 Red, 241 Meadowsweets, 241 MECONOPSIS Vig., 88 cambrica (L.) Vig., 89FIG, 90 MEDICAGO L., 167 arabica (L.) Huds., 169FIG, 170 arborea L., 168

MATRICARIA

aschersoniana Urb., 170 falcata L., 168 hispida Gaertn. nom. illeg., 170 intertexta (L.) Mill., 168 laciniata (L.) Mill.169FIG, 170 littoralis Rohde ex Loisel., 169FIG, 170 lupulina L., 166FIG, 168, 169FIG minima (L.) Bartal., 169FIG, 170 nigra (L.) Krock., 170 orbicularis (L.) Bartal., 168 polymorpha L., 169FIG, 170 praecox DC., 169FIG, 170 sativa L., 168 nothossp. varia (Martyn) Arcang., 168 ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang., 168, 169FIG ssp. sativa, 168, 169FIG tribuloides Desr., 170 truncatula Gaertn., 169FIG, 170 x varia Martyn, 168 Medick, Black, 168 Bur, 170 Early, 170 Shore, 170 Sickle, 168 Spotted, 170 Strong-spined, 170 Tattered, 170 Toothed, 170 Tree, 168 Medicks, 167 Medlar, 238 MELAMPYRUM L., 640 arvense L., 642 cristatum L., 642 pratense L., 641FIG, 642 ssp. commutatum (Tausch ex A. Kern.) C.E. Britton, 642 ssp. pratense, 642 sylvaticum L., 641FIG, 642 Melandrium Röhl., 470 dioicum var. zetlandicum Compton, 473 MELANTHIACEAE, 854 MELICA L., 1038 nutans L., 1039 uniflora Retz., 1039 Melick, Mountain, 1039 Wood, 1039 Melicks, 1038 Melilot, Furrowed, 165 Ribbed, 165 Small, 165 Tall, 165 White, 165 Melilots, 164 MELILOTUS Mill., 164 albus Medik., 165, 166FIG altissimus Thuill., 165, 166FIG indicus (L.) All., 165, 166FIG officinalis (L.) Pall., 165, 166FIG

MELILOTUS

INDEX

sulcatus Desf., 165, 166FIG MELISSA L., 625 officinalis L., 625 MELITTIS L., 621 melissophyllum L., 621 Melon, 299 Water, 299 MENTHA L., 629 aquatica L., 631 x M. longifolia = M. x dumetorum, 633 x M. spicata = M. x piperita, 631, 632FIG x M. suaveolens = M. x suavis, 631 arvensis L., 631 x M. aquatica = M. x verticillata, 631, 632FIG x M. spicata = M. x smithiana, 631, 632FIG x M. spicata = M. x gracilis, 631, 632FIG x M. suaveolens = M. x carinthiaca, 631 x carinthiaca Host (M. arvensis x M. suaveolens), 631 x citrata Ehrh., 631 x cordifolia auct. ?non Opiz ex Fresen., 633 x cordifolia auct., 633 x dumetorum auct. non Schult., 631 x dumetorum Schult. (M. aquatica x M. longifolia), 633 gentilis auct. non L., 631 gentilis L., 631 x gracilis Sole (M. arvensis x M. spicata), 631, 632FIG longifolia auct. non (L.) Huds., 633 longifolia (L.) Huds., 631, 633 var. horridula auct. non Briq., 633 x M. suaveolens = M. x rotundifolia, 632FIG, 633 x maximilianea F.W. Schultz, 631 x muelleriana F.W. Schultz, 631 x niliaca auct. non Juss. ex Jacq., 633 x niliaca auct., 633 x niliaca Juss. ex Jacq., 633 x piperita L. (M. aquatica x M. spicata), 631, 632FIG var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq., 633 pulegium L., 633 requienii Benth., 634 rotundifolia auct. non (L.) Huds., 633 x rotundifolia (L.) Huds. (M. longifolia x M. suaveolens), 632FIG, 633 var. webberi (J. Fraser) Harley, 633 scotica R.A. Graham, 633 x smithiana R.A. Graham (M. arvensis x M. aquatica x M. spicata), 631, 632FIG spicata L., 633

1171

x M. longifolia = M. x villosonervata, 632FIG, 633 x M. suaveolens = M. x villosa, 632FIG, 633 suaveolens Ehrh., 633 x suavis Guss. (M. aquatica x M. suaveolens), 631 x verticillata L. (M. arvensis x M. aquatica), 631, 632FIG x M. spicata, 631 x villosa Huds. (M. spicata x M. suaveolens), 632FIG, 633 var. alopecuroides (Hull) Briq., 633 var. nicholsoniana (Strail) Harley, 633 var. villosa, 633 x villosonervata Opiz (M. spicata x M. longifolia), 632FIG, 633 MENYANTHACEAE, 677 MENYANTHES L., 677 trifoliata L., 677 MERCURIALIS L., 306 annua L., 306 perennis L., 306 Mercuries, 306 Mercury, Annual, 306 Dog's, 306 MERTENSIA Roth, 560 ciliata Don, 560 maritima (L.) Gray, 560 virginica (L.) Pers., 560 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM L., 501 crystallinum L., 501 MESPILUS L., 238 germanica L., 238 x Crataegus laevigata = X Crataemespilus grandiflora, 238 x Crataegus monogyna = X Crataemespilus gillotii, 238 x CRATAEGUS = X CRATAEMESPILUS, 238 METASEQUOIA Miki, 52 glyptostroboides Hu & W.C. Cheng, 52 MEUM Mill., 817 athamanticum Jacq., 813FIG, 817 Mexican-stonecrop, Greater, 138 Lesser, 138 Mexican-tea, 479 Mezereon, 381 family, 381 Mezereons, 381 MIBORA Adans., 1033 minima (L.) Desv., 1033 Michaelmas-daisies, 740 Michaelmas-daisy, Common, 743 Confused, 743 Delicate, 743 Frost, 743 Glaucous, 743 Hairy, 743

1172

INDEX

Michaelmas-daisy (contd) Late, 743 Narrow-leaved, 743 Nettle-leaved, 741 Micranthes Haw., 128 Microlaena R. Br., 993 stipoides (Labill.) R. Br., 993 Microsorum diversifolium (Willd.) Copel.), 40 MICROTHLASPI F.K. Mey., 421 perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey., 404FIG, 421 Mignonette, Corn, 385 family, 384 Garden, 385 White, 385 Wild, 385 Mignonettes, 384 MILIUM L., 995 effusum L., 995 scabrum Rich., 995 vernale M. Bieb., 995 ssp. sarniense D.C. McClint., 995 Milk-parsley, 826 Cambridge, 823, 824 Milk-vetch, Alpine, 151 Chick-pea, 151 Lesser, 151 Purple, 151 Milk-vetches, 149 Milkwort, Chalk, 187 Common, 186 Dwarf, 187 family, 186 Heath, 186 Milkworts, 186 Millet, Autumn, 1067 Common, 1067 Early, 995 Great, 1076 Japanese, 1069 Shama, 1069 Transvaal, 1067 White, 1069 Wood, 995 Millets, 995, 1066, 1075 Millet-spray, 1073 Mimosa, 185 Mimosaceae, 144, 185 MIMULUS L., 637 x burnetii S. Arn. (M. guttatus x M. cupreus), 639 x caledonicus Silverside nom. nud., 639 cupreus auct. non Dombrain, 639 cupreus Dombrain, 638 x M x smithii = M. x hybridus, 639 guttatus DC., 638 x M. cupreus = M. x burnetii, 639 x M. luteus = M. x robertsii, 638 x (M. luteus x M. cupreus), 638

MICHAELMAS-DAISY

x hybridus Siebert & Voss. (M. cupreus x M x smithii), 639 x maculosus W. Bull ex T. Moore (M. luteus x M. cupreus), 639 luteus auct. non L., 638 luteus L., 639 var. luteus, 639 var. rivularis Lindl., 639 x M. variegatus = M. x smithii, 639 x M. cupreus = M. x maculosus, 639 moschatus Douglas ex Lindl., 638 nummularius (Clos) Stace, 639 x polymaculus Silverside nom. nud., 638 x robertsii Silverside (M. guttatus x M. luteus), 638 x M. x smithii, 639 x smithii Paxton (M. luteus var. rivularis x M. variegatus), 639 variegatus J. St. Hil., 639 Mind-your-own-business, 286 Mint, Bushy, 631 Corn, 631 Corsican, 634 Eau de Cologne, 633 Horse, 631 Round-leaved, 633 Sharp-toothed, 633 Spear, 633 Tall, 631 Water, 631 Whorled, 631 Mints, 629 Mintweed, 637 MINUARTIA L., 457 hybrida (Vill.) Schischk., 457 ssp. tenuifolia (L.) Kerguélen, 457 recurva (All.) Schinz & Thell., 457 rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern, 457 rubra (Scop.) McNeill, 457 sedoides (L.) Hiern, 457 stricta (Sw.) Hiern, 457 verna (L.) Hiern, 457 MIRABILIS L., 507 jalapa L., 507 MISCANTHUS Andersson, 1076 x giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize (M. sinensis x M. sacchariflorus), 1076 sinensis Andersson, 1076 x M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. = M. x giganteus, 1076 MISOPATES Raf., 594 calycinum Rothm., 594 orontium (L.) Raf., 594 Mistletoe, 426 Mock-orange, 511 family, 510 Double, 511 Hairy, 511

MOCK-ORANGES

Mock-oranges, 510 MOEHRINGIA L., 456 trinervia (L.) Clairv., 456 MOENCHIA Ehrh., 463 erecta (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 463 MOLINIA Schrank, 1056 caerulea (L.) Moench, 1056 ssp. altissima (Link) Domin, 1057 ssp. arundinacea (Schrank) K. Richt., 1057 ssp. caerulea, 1056 litoralis Host, 1057 Monerma auct. non P. Beauv., 1015 cylindrica (Willd.) Coss. & Durieu, 1017 MONESES Salisb. ex Gray, 535 uniflora (L.) A. Gray, 535 Moneywort, Cornish, 592, 594 Monkeyflower, 638 Coppery, 639 family, 637 Hybrid, 638 Scottish, 639 Monkeyflowers, 637 Monkey-puzzle, 50 family, 50 Monk's-hood, 105 Hybrid, 106 Monk's-hoods, 105 Monk's-rhubarb, 447 MONOCOTS, 830 Keys to families of, 56 Monocotyledonidae, 830 Monotropa hypophegea Wallr., 535 hypopitys L., 535 ssp. hypophegea (Wallr.) Holmboe, 535 ssp. hypopitys, 535 var. glabra Roth, 535 Monotropaceae, 523 MONSONIA L., 349 brevirostrata R. Knuth, 349 Montbretia, 894 Giant, 894 Potts', 894 Montbretias, 892 MONTIA L., 507 fontana L., 507 ssp. amporitana Sennen, 506FIG, 508 ssp. chondrosperma (Fenzl) Walters, 506FIG, 508 ssp. fontana, 506FIG, 508 ssp. intermedia (Beeby) Walters, 508 ssp. minor (C.C. Gmel.) Schübl. & G. Martens, 508 ssp. variabilis Walters, 506FIG, 508 minor C.C. Gmel., 508 parvifolia (Moç.) Greene, 508 perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.) Howell, 507 sibirica (L.) Howell, 507

INDEX

MONTIACEAE, 507 Moonwort, 10 MOONWORTS, 9 Moor-grass, Blue, 1015 Purple, 1056 MORACEAE, 284 Morning-glories, 569 Morning-glory, Common, 569 Ivy-leaved, 570 Morning-glory, White, 570 MORUS L., 284 nigra L., 284 Moschatel, 783 family, 782 Motherwort, 617 Mountain-laurel, 527 Mountain-pine, Dwarf, 49 Mouse-ear, Alpine, 461 Arctic, 462 Common, 462 Dwarf, 463 Field, 461 Grey, 463 Little, 463 Sea, 463 Starwort, 461 Sticky, 462 Mouse-ear-hawkweed, 721 Shaggy, 721 Shetland, 722 Spreading, 721 Tall, 722 Mouse-ear-hawkweeds, 720 Mouse-ears, 460 Mousetail, 119 Mousetailplant, 832, 833 Mudwort, 610 Welsh, 610 Mudworts, 610 MUEHLENBECKIA Meisn., 443 complexa (A. Cunn.) Meisn., 443 Mugwort, 751 Annual, 751 Chinese, 751 Hoary, 751 Norwegian, 751 Slender, 751 Mugworts, 750 Mulberries, 284 Mulberry, Black, 284 family, 284 Mulgedium Cass., 709 tataricum (L.) DC., 709 Mullein, Broussa, 606 Caucasian, 606 Dark, 608 Dense-flowered, 606 Great, 606 Hoary, 608

1173

1174

INDEX

Mullein (contd) Hungarian, 608 Moth, 605 Nettle-leaved, 608 Orange, 606 Purple, 606 Twiggy, 606 White, 608 Mulleins, 604 Mung-bean, 148 MUSCARI Mill., 921 armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker, 919FIG, 922 atlanticum Boiss. & Reut., 921 azureum Fenzl, 921 botryoides (L.) Mill., 922 comosum (L.) Mill., 922 neglectum Guss. ex Ten., 919FIG, 921 racemosum Lam. & DC. non (L.) Mill., 921 Musk, 638 Musk-mallow, 377 Greater, 377 Mustard, Ball, 394 Black, 413 Chinese, 413 Garlic, 420 Hare's-ear, 411 Hedge, 420 Hoary, 416 Horned, 420 Russian, 419 Tower, 395 White, 414 Mustards, 414 MYAGRUM L., 391 perfoliatum L., 391 MYCELIS Cass., 711 muralis (L.) Dumort., 711 MYOSOTIS L., 562 alpestris F.W. Schmidt, 564 arvensis (L.) Hill, 564 ssp. umbrata (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) O. Schwarz, 564 var. sylvestris Schltdl., 564 var. umbrosa Bab., 564 brevifolia Salmon, 564 caespitosa Schultz, 564 decumbens Host, 563 discolor Pers., 564 ssp. dubia (Arrond.) Blaise, 564 laxa Lehm., 564 ssp. caespitosa (Schultz) Hyl. ex Nordh., 564 ramosissima Rochel, 564 ssp. globularis (Samp.) Grau, 564 ssp. lebelii (Godr.) Blaise, 564 var. mittenii (Baker) ined., 564 scorpioides L., 563 x M. laxa = M. x suzae, 563

MULLEIN

secunda Al. Murray, 563 x M. stolonifera, 563 sicula Guss., 564 stolonifera (DC.) J. Gay ex Leresche & Levier, 564 x suzae Domin (M. scorpioides x M. laxa), 563 sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm., 564 MYOSOTON Moench, 463 aquaticum (L.) Moench, 463 MYOSURUS L., 119 minimus L., 103FIG, 119 MYRICA L., 291 caroliniensis auct. non Mill., 291 cerifera auct. non L., 291 gale L., 291 pensylvanica Loisel. ex Duhamel, 291 MYRICACEAE, 290 MYRIOPHYLLUM L., 142 alterniflorum DC., 143 aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc., 143 brasiliense Cambess., 143 heterophyllum Michx., 142 spicatum L., 143 verrucosum Lindl., 143 verticillatum L., 143 MYRRHIS Mill., 811 odorata (L.) Scop., 808FIG, 811 Myrsinaceae, 513 MYRSINE africana L., 514 MYRTACEAE, 366 Myrtle, Chilean, 368 family, 366 Myrtus luma auct. non Molina, 368 Naiad, Holly-leaved, 841 Slender, 841 Naiads, 840 Najadaceae, 838 NAJAS L., 840 flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W.L.E. Schmidt, 841 graminea Delile, 841 marina L., 841 ssp. intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Casper, 841 NARCISSUS L., 908 abscissus (Haw.) Schult. f., 913 barrii Baker, 911 x bernardii DC. ex Hénon (N. poeticus x N. hispanicus), 911 bicolor L., 913 x biflorus Curtis, 910 x boutignyanus Philippe (N. poeticus x N. moschatus), 911 bulbocodium L., 911 cyclamineus DC., 913 x cyclazetta Chater & Stace (N. tazetta x N. cyclamineus), 910

NARCISSUS

INDEX

x dichromus P.D. Sell (N. moschatus x N. cyclamineus), 913 'February Gold', 913 hispanicus Gouan, 913 x incomparabilis Mill. (N. poeticus x N. pseudonarcissus), 911, 912FIG x N. poeticus, 911 x intermedius Loisel. (N. tazetta x N. jonquilla), 910 x johnstonii (Baker) Pugsley, 911 jonquilla L., 911 x N. pseudonarcissus = N. x odorus, 911, 912FIG macrolobus (Jord.) Pugsley, 913 majalis Curtis, 910 x medioluteus Mill. (N. tazetta x N. poeticus), 910 minor L., 913 x monochromus P.D. Sell (N. pseudonarcissus x N. cyclamineus), 913 moschatus L., 913 x N. cyclamineus = N. x dichromus, 913 nobilis (Haw.) Schult. f., 913 obvallaris Salisb., 913 x odorus L. (N. jonquilla x N. pseudonarcissus), 911, 912FIG pallidiflorus Pugsley, 913 papyraceus Ker Gawl., 910 poeticus L., 910, 912FIG ssp. radiiflorus (Salisb.) Baker, 911 x N. hispanicus = N. x bernardii, 911 x N. moschatus = N. x boutignyanus, 911 x N. pseudonarcissus = N. x incomparabilis, 911, 912FIG pseudonarcissus L., 912FIG, 913 flore pleno, 912FIG, 913 ssp. major (Curtis) Baker, 913 ssp. moschatus (L.) Baker, 913 ssp. nobilis (Haw.) A. Fern., 913 ssp. obvallaris (Salisb.) A. Fern., 913 ssp. pallidiflorus (Pugsley) A. Fern., 913 x N. cyclamineus = N. x monochromus, 913 radiiflorus Salisb., 911 x taitii Henriq. (N. triandrus x N. pseudonarcissus), 911 tazetta L., 910, 912FIG x N. cyclamineus = N. x cyclazetta, 910 x N. jonquilla = N. x intermedius, 910 x N. poeticus = N. x medioluteus, 910 telamonius Link, 913 'Telamonius Plenus', 913 'Tête à Tête', 910 triandrus L., 911

1175

x N. pseudonarcissus = N. x taitii, 911 Nardurus Rchb., 1007 maritimus (L.) Murb., 1008 NARDUS L., 993 stricta L., 993 NARTHECIACEAE, 852 NARTHECIUM Huds., 854 ossifragum (L.) Huds., 854 NASSELLA E. Desv., 994 formicarum (Delile) Barkworth, 994 neesiana (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth, 992FIG, 994 tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth, 994 trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav., 994 NASTURTIUM W.T. Aiton, 397 microphyllum (Boenn.) Rchb., 398FIG, 399, 410FIG officinale W.T. Aiton, 398FIG, 399, 410FIG x N. microphyllum = N. x sterile, 399, 410FIG x sterile (Airy Shaw) Oefelein (N. officinale x N. microphyllum), 399, 410FIG Nasturtium, 384 family, 383 Flame, 384 Nasturtiums, 383 Naumburgia Moench, 518 thyrsiflora (L.) Rchb., 519 NAVARRETIA Ruiz & Pav., 513 squarrosa (Eschsch.) Hook. & Arn., 513 Navelwort, 136 NECTAROSCORDUM Lindl., 903 siculum (Ucria) Lindl., 888FIG, 903 ssp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn, 903 ssp. siculum, 903 Needle-grass, American, 994 Argentine, 994 Mediterranean, 994 Needle-grasses, 993, 994 NEILLIA D. Don, 190 sinensis Oliv., 190 NEMESIA Vent., 604 strumosa Benth., 604 Nemesias, 604 NEMOPHILA Nutt., 552 menziesii Hook. & Arn., 552 NEOTINEA Rchb. f., 879 intacta (Link) Rchb. f., 879 maculata (Desf.) Stearn, 879 ustulata (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase, 879 NEOTTIA Guett., 864 cordata (L.) Rich., 864 nidus-avis (L.) Rich., 864 ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh., 864 NEPETA L., 623 cataria L., 624

1176

INDEX

NEPETA (contd) x faassenii Bergmans ex Stearn (N. racemosa x N. nepetella), 624 mussinii auct. non Spreng. ex Henckel, 624 mussinii Spreng. ex Henckel, 624 racemosa Lam., 624 x N. nepetella L. = N. x faassenii, 624 Nerine sarniensis (L.) Herb., 904 NERTERA Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn., 537 depressa Banks & Sol. ex Gaertn., 537 granadensis (Mutis ex L. f.) Druce, 537 NESLIA Desv., 394 apiculata Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall., 394 paniculata (L.) Desv., 394, 415FIG ssp. thracica (Velen.) Bornm., 394 Nettle, Common, 285 family, 285 Roman, 285 Small, 286 Nettles, 285 New Zealand Flax, 896 Lesser, 896 New Zealand Flaxes, 896 NICANDRA Adans., 573 physalodes (L.) Gaertn., 573, 577FIG NICOTIANA L., 579 alata Link & Otto, 579 x N. forgetiana = N. x sanderae, 580 forgetiana Hemsl., 580 goodspeedii H.-M. Wheeler, 579 rustica L., 579 x sanderae W. Watson (N. alata x N. forgetiana), 580 sylvestris Speg. & Comes, 579 tabacum L., 579 NIGELLA L., 105 damascena L., 103FIG, 105 Niger, 776 Nightshade, Black, 576 Deadly, 573 Green, 578 family, 570 Leafy-fruited, 578 Red, 576 Small, 578 Small-flowered, 576 Tall, 578 Nightshades, 575 Ninebark, 190 Nipplewort, 702 Nit-grass, 1032 Eastern, 1032 Nit-grasses, 1032 NOCCAEA Moench, 421 caerulescens (J. & C. Presl) F.K. Mey., 404FIG, 421 NONEA Medik., 552

NEPETA

lutea (Desr.) DC., 552 rosea (M. Bieb.) Link, 552 NOTHOFAGACEAE, 286 NOTHOFAGUS Blume, 286 alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst., 287, 288FIG x dodecaphleps Mike L. Grant & E.J. Clement (N. obliqua x N. alpina), 287 dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume, 286 nervosa (Phil.) Krasser, 287 obliqua (Mirb.) Blume, 287, 288FIG x N. alpina = N. x dodecaphleps, 287 procera Oerst., 287 NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth, 903 borbonicum Kunth, 888FIG, 903 fragrans (Vent.) Kunth, 903 gracile auct. non (Aiton) Stearn, 903 inodorum auct. non (Aiton) G. Nicholson, 903 NUPHAR Sm., 80 advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, 81 lutea (L.) Sm., 81 x N. pumila = N. x spenneriana, 81 pumila (Timm) DC., 81 x spenneriana Gaudin (N. lutea x N. pumila), 81 NYCTAGINACEAE, 506 NYMPHAEA L., 80 alba L., 80 ssp. alba, 80 ssp. occidentalis (Ostenf.) Hyl., 80 marliacea Lat.-Marl., 80 NYMPHAEACEAE, 79 NYMPHOIDES Ség., 678 peltata Kuntze, 678 Oak Ferns, 27 Oak, Algerian, 290 Chestnut-leaved, 289 Evergreen, 290 Lucombe, 290 Pedunculate, 290 Red, 290 Scarlet, 289 Sessile, 290 Turkey, 289 Turner's, 289 Oaks, 289 Oat, 1019 Algerian, 1018 Bristle, 1019 Slender, 1018 Oat-grass, Downy, 1017 False, 1017, 1018 French, 1019 Meadow, 1017 Yellow, 1019 Oat-grasses, 1017 Oats, 1018

OCEANSPRAY

INDEX

Oceanspray, 194 OCHAGAVIA Phil., 927 carnea (Beer) L.B. Sm. & Looser, 927 ODONTITES Ludw., 655 jaubertianus (Boreau) D. Dietr. ex Walp., 655 ssp. chrysanthus (Boreau) P. Fourn., 655 ssp. jaubertianus, 655 litoralis Fr., 656 luteus (L.) Clairv., 655 vernus (Bellardi) Dumort., 656 ssp. litoralis (Fr.) Nyman, 641FIG, 656 ssp. pumilus (Nordst.) A. Pedersen, 656 ssp. pumilus auct. non (Nordst.) A. Pedersen, 656 ssp. serotinus (Syme) Corb., 641FIG, 656 ssp. vernus, 641FIG, 656 vulgaris Moench, 656 OEMLERIA Rchb., 199 cerasiformis (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) J.W. Landon, 198FIG, 199 OENANTHE L., 815 aquatica (L.) Poir., 813FIG, 816 crocata L., 813FIG, 816 fistulosa L., 813FIG, 816 fluviatilis (Bab.) Coleman, 813FIG, 816 javanica (Blume) DC., 815 lachenalii C.C. Gmel., 813FIG, 816 pimpinelloides L., 813FIG, 816 silaifolia M. Bieb., 813FIG, 816 OENOTHERA L., 362 ammophila Focke, 363 biennis L., 364FIG, 365 x britannica 5RVWDęVNL (O. glazioviana x O. cambrica), 363, 364FIG cambrica 5RVWDęVNL),* erythrosepala Borbás, 363 x fallax Renner (O. glazioviana x O. biennis), 363, 364FIG glazioviana P. Micheli, 363, 364FIG x O. biennis = O. x fallax, 363, 364FIG x O. cambrica = O. x britannica, 363, 364FIG grandiflora Aito, 363 oakesiana (A. Gray) J.W. Robbins, 363 parviflora L., 363 perangusta R.R. Gates, 363 renneri H. Scholz, 363 rosea Aiton, 363 rubricaulis Kleb., 363 stricta Ledeb. ex Link, 364FIG, 365 Oglifa Cass., 732 gallica (L.) Chrtek & Holub, 733 OLEACEAE, 580 OLEARIA Moench, 747

1177

avicenniifolia (Raoul) Hook. f., 747, 748FIG x O. moschata Hook. f. = O. x haastii, 747, 748FIG x haastii Hook. f. (O. avicenniifolia x O. moschata), 747, 748FIG ilicifolia (Hook. f.) Hook. f., 747 macrodonta Baker, 747, 748FIG nummulariifolia (Hook. f.) Hook. f., 747 paniculata (J.R. & G. Forst.) Druce, 747, 748FIG solandri Hook. f., 747 traversii (F. Muell.) Hook. f., 747, 748FIG Oleaster, Broad-leaved, 278 Spiny, 278 Spreading, 278 Oleasters, 277 Omalotheca Cass., 733 norvegica (Gunnerus) Sch. Bip. & F.W. Schultz, 734 supina (L.) DC., 734 sylvatica (L.) Sch. Bip. & F.W. Schultz, 734 OMPHALODES Mill., 565 verna Moench, 561FIG, 565 ONAGRACEAE, 354 ONCOSIPHON Källersjö, 688 grandiflorum (Thunb.) Källersjö, 688 Onion, 900 family, 896 Spring, 900 Tree, 900 Welsh, 900 Wild, 903 Oniongrass, 887 Onions, 897 ONOBRYCHIS Mill., 152 viciifolia Scop., 150FIG, 152 ONOCLEA L., 31 sensibilis L., 17FIG, 31 ONOCLEACEAE, 31 ONONIS L., 163 alopecuroides L., 156FIG, 164 baetica auct. non Clemente, 164 baetica Clemente, 164 campestris W.D.J. Koch, 164 mitissima L., 156FIG, 164 natrix L., 164 x pseudohircina Schur (O. spinosa x O. repens), 164 reclinata L., 164 repens L., 164 ssp. maritima (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn., 164 ssp. spinosa Greuter, 164 salzmanniana Boiss. & Reuter, 164 spinosa L., 164 ssp. intermedia (Rouy) P. Fourn., 164 ssp. maritima (Dumort.) P. Fourn., 164 ssp. procurrens (Wallr.) Briq., 164

1178

INDEX

ONONIS spinosa (contd) x O. repens = O. x pseudohircina, 164 ONOPORDUM L., 695 acanthium L., 695 nervosum Boiss., 696 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 9 OPHIOGLOSSUM L., 9 azoricum C. Presl, 9 lusitanicum L., 9 vulgatum L., 9 ssp. ambiguum (Coss. & Germ.) E.F. Warb., 9 x O. lusitanicum, 9 OPHRYS L., 880 x albertiana E.G. Camus (O. apifera x O. fuciflora), 881 apifera Huds., 881 x O. fuciflora = O. x albertiana, 881 bertolonii Moretti, 880 fuciflora (Crantz) Moench, 881 holoserica auct. non (Burm. f.) Greuter, 881 x hybrida Pokorny (O. insectifera x O. sphegodes), 881 insectifera L., 881 x O. apifera, 881 x O. sphegodes = O. x hybrida, 881 x obscura Beck (O. sphegodes x O. fuciflora), 881 x pietzschii Kümpel nom. inval., 881 sphegodes Mill., 881 x O. fuciflora = O. x obscura, 881 Orache, Australian, 490 Babington's, 489 Common, 490 Early, 489 Frosted, 490 Garden, 488 Grass-leaved, 490 Kattegat, 489 Long-stalked, 489 Shining, 489 Shrubby, 490 Spear-leaved, 489 Taschereau's, 489 Oraches, 487 Orange, 374 Mexican, 374 Orange-ball-tree, 611 X Orchiaceras E.G. Camus, 877 bergonii (De Nant.) E.G. Camus, 878 meilsheimeri (Rouy) P. Fourn., 878 Orchid, Bee, 881 Bird's-nest, 864 Bog, 865 Bog, 865 Burnt, 879 Coralroot, 865 Dense-flowered, 879 Early-purple, 878

ONONIS

family, 858 Fen, 865 Fly, 881 Frog, 870 Ghost, 865 Green-winged, 879 Lady, 878 Lizard, 880 Loose-flowered, 879 Man, 878 Military, 878 Monkey, 878 Musk, 867 Pyramidal, 879 Small-white, 868 ORCHIDACEAE, 858 tribe CALYPSOEAE, 865 tribe CRANICHIDEAE, 866 tribe CYPRIPEDIEAE, 860 tribe GASTRODIEAE, 865 tribe MALAXIDEAE, 865 tribe NEOTTIEAE, 861 tribe ORCHIDEAE, 866 Orchids, 877 Orchids, Bee, 880 Dense-flowered, 879 Fragrant, 868 Pyramidal, 879 X Orchigymnadenia evansii (Druce) T. & T.A. Stephenson, 869 ORCHIS L., 877 x alata Fleury, 879 anthropophora (L.) All., 878 x angusticruris Franch. (O. purpurea x O. simia), 878 x bergonii De Nant. (O. simia x O. anthropophora), 878 x beyrichii A. Kern. (O. militaris x O. simia), 878 laxiflora Lam., 879 mascula (L.) L., 878 x Anacamptis morio = X Anacamptorchis morioides, 878 x meilsheimeri Rouy (O. purpurea x O. anthropophora) 878 militaris L., 878 x O. simia = O. x beyrichii, 878 morio L., 879 pardalina Pugsley, 875 purpurea Huds., 878 x O. anthropophora = O. x meilsheimeri, 878 x O. simia = O. x angusticruris, 878 simia Lam., 878 x O. anthropophora = O. x bergonii, 878 strictifolia Opiz, 874 ustulata L., 879 x weddellii E.G. Camus, 878

ORCHIS

INDEX

x ANACAMPTIS = X ANACAMPTORCHIS, 878 Oregano, 628 Oregon-grape, 100 Newmarket, 101 Oregon-grapes, 100 OREOPTERIS Holub, 26 limbosperma (All.) Holub, 26 ORIGANUM L., 627 majorana L., 628 vulgare L., 628 ORNITHOGALUM L., 917 angustifolium Boreau, 917 arabicum L., 917 nutans L., 917 pyrenaicum L., 917 umbellatum L., 917 ssp. angustifolium (Boreau) P.D. Sell, 917 ssp. campestre Rouy, 917 ssp. umbellatum, 917 ORNITHOPUS L., 154 compressus L., 150FIG, 154 perpusillus L., 150FIG, 154 pinnatus (Mill.) Druce, 154 roseus Dufour, 154 sativus Brot., 154 OROBANCHACEAE, 639 OROBANCHE L., 660 alba Stephan ex Willd., 661FIG, 662 amethystea auct. non Thuill., 663 amethystea Thuill., 662 artemisiae-campestris auct. non Vaucher ex Gaudin, 663 caryophyllacea Sm., 661FIG, 662 cernua Loefl., 662 crenata Forssk., 661FIG, 662 elatior Sutton, 661FIG, 662 hederae Duby, 661FIG, 663 loricata auct. non Rchb., 663 maritima Pugsley, 663 minor Sm., 663 ssp. maritima (Pugsley) Rumsey, 661FIG, 663 var. hypochaeridis (Beck) Rumsey, 661FIG, 663 ssp. minor, 661FIG, 663 var. compositarum Pugsley, 661FIG, 663 var. flava Regel., 663 var. maritima (Pugsley) Rumsey & Jury, 663 pallidiflora Wimm. & Grab.)., 662 picridis F.W. Schultz, 661FIG, 663 purpurea Jacq., 661FIG, 662 ramosa L., 662 rapum-genistae Thuill., 661FIG, 662 reticulata Wallr., 661FIG, 662 ssp. pallidiflora (Wimm. & Grab.) Hayek, 662

1179

ssp. procera (W.D.J. Koch) Dostál, 662 Orpine, 138 ORTHILIA Raf., 535 secunda (L.) House, 535 ORYZOPSIS Michx., 995 miliacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Asch. & Schweinf., 992FIG, 995, 1036FIG OSCULARIA Schwantes, 503 deltoides (L.) Schwantes, 502FIG, 503 Osier, 327 Broad-leaved, 327 Eared, 328 Fine, 326 Shrubby, 328 Silky-leaved, 328 Osmaronia Greene,199 cerasiformis (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Greene, 199 OSMUNDA L., 15 regalis L. OSMUNDACEAE, 15 Osoberry, 199 OSTEOSPERMUM L., 773 barberiae (Harvey) Norl., 773 ecklonis (DC.) Norl., 773 jucundum (E. Phillips) Norl., 773 Otanthus Hoffmanns. & Link, 752 maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link, 754 OXALIDACEAE, 301 OXALIS L., 302 acetosella L., 305 articulata Savigny, 303, 304FIG ssp. rubra (A. St.-Hil.) Lourteig, 303 bulbifera R. Knuth, 302 carnosa auct. non Molina, 303 corniculata L., 303 var. microphylla Hook. f., 303 corymbosa DC., 305 debilis Kunth, 304FIG, 305 var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig, 305 var. debilis, 305 decaphylla Kunth, 305 deppei Lodd. ex Sweet, 304FIG, 305 dillenii Jacq., 303 drummondii A. Gray, 302 europaea Jord., 303 exilis A. Cunn., 303 floribunda auct. non Lehm., 303 fontana Bunge, 303 incarnata L., 304FIG, 305 lasiandra auct. non Zucc., 305 latifolia Kunth, 304FIG, 305 magellanica G. Forst., 302 megalorrhiza Jacq., 303 pes-caprae L., 305 rosea Jacq., 303, 304FIG stricta auct. non L., 303 stricta L., 303

1180

INDEX

OXALIS (contd) tetraphylla Cav., 304FIG, 305 valdiviensis Barnéoud, 303 vespertilionis Zucc., 304FIG, 305 Oxeye, Autumn, 756 Yellow, 738 Oxlip, 517 Oxtongue, Bristly, 706 Hawkweed, 705 Oxycoccus Hill, 532 macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh, 532 microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr., 532 palustris Pers., 532 OXYRIA Hill, 452 digyna (L.) Hill, 452 OXYTROPIS DC., 151 campestris (L.) DC., 150FIG, 151 halleri Bunge ex W.D.J. Koch, 151 Oxytropis, Purple, 151 Yellow, 151 Oxytropises, 151 Oysterplant, 560 Oysterplants, 560 PACHYPHRAGMA (DC.) Rchb., 420 macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N. Busch, 404FIG, 420 PACHYSANDRA Michx., 122 terminalis Siebold & Zucc., 122 PAEONIA L., 123 lactiflora Pall., 123 mascula (L.) Mill., 123 officinalis L., 123 PAEONIACEAE, 123 Palm, Canary, 923 Chusan, 924 Date, 923 family, 923 Palmae, 923 Pampas-grass, 1056 Early, 1056 Pampas-grasses, 1056 PANCRATIUM L., 914 maritimum L., 914 PANICUM L., 1066 capillare L., 1067, 1068FIG, 1071FIG dichotomiflorum Michx., 1067, 1068FIG, 1071FIG geniculatum Willd. non Lam., 1072 laevifolium Hack., 1067 miliaceum L., 1067, 1071FIG schinzii Hack. ex Schinz, 1067, 1071FIG subalbidum Kunth, 1066 Pansy, Dwarf, 335 Field, 335 Garden, 335 Horned, 334 Mountain, 335 Wild, 335 PAPAVER L., 87

OXALIS

argemone L., 88, 89FIG atlanticum (Ball) Coss., 87, 89FIG bivalve (DC.) K.-F. Günther ssp. hybridum (L.) Karlsson, 87 bracteatum Lindl., 87 commutatum Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 88 dubium L., 88, 89FIG ssp. lecoqii (Lamotte) Syme, 88 x expectatum Fedde, 88 x hungaricum Borbás (P. rhoeas x P. dubium), 88 hybridum L., 88, 89FIG lateritium K. Koch, 87 lecoqii Lamotte, 88 orientale auct. non L., 87 orientale L., 87 pseudoorientale (Fedde) Medw., 87, 89FIG rhoeas L., 88, 89FIG x P. dubium = P. x hungaricum, 88 setigerum DC., 88 somniferum L., 87, 89FIG ssp. hortense (Hussenot) Syme, 88 ssp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang., 88 ssp. somniferum, 88 strigosum (Boenn.) Schur, 88 PAPAVERACEAE, 85 subfam. FUMARIOIDEAE, 91 subfam. PAPAVEROIDEAE, 86 Papilionaceae, 144 Pará-cress, 688 Paramesus C. Presl, 174 strictus (L.) C. Presl, 174 PARAPHOLIS C.E. Hubb., 1015 incurva (L.) C.E. Hubb., 1015 strigosa (Dumort.) C.E. Hubb., 1015 PARENTUCELLIA Viv., 656 viscosa (L.) Caruel, 656 PARIETARIA L., 286 diffusa Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, 286 judaica L., 286 officinalis L., 286 PARIS L., 855 quadrifolia L., 855 PARNASSIA L., 301 palustris L., 301 PARNASSIACEAE, 301 Parodiochloa C.E. Hubb., 1011 flabellata (Lam.) C.E. Hubb., 1013 PARONYCHIA Mill., 455 polygonifolia (Vill.) DC., 455 Parrot's-feather, 143 Parsley, Corn, 822 Cow, 811 Fool's, 816 Garden, 822 Stone, 822 Parsley-piert, 267 Slender, 267

PARSLEY-PIERTS

Parsley-pierts, 267 Parsleys, 822 Parsnip, 827 Eastern, 827 Wild, 827 Parsnips, 826 PARTHENOCISSUS Planch., 144 inserta auct. non (A. Kern.) Fritsch, 144 quinquefolia (L.) Planch., 144 tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch., 144 vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc., 144 PASPALUM L., 1070 dilatatum Poir., 1070 distichum L., 1036FIG, 1070, 1074FIG paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn., 1070 Pasqueflower, 108 PASTINACA L., 826 sativa L., 825FIG, 827 ssp. sativa, 827 ssp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy & E.G. Camus, 827 ssp. urens 5HTH[*RGU ÿHODN var. hortensis Gaudin, 827 var. sylvestris (Mill. DC., 827 PAULOWNIA Siebold & Zucc., 639 tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., 639 PAULOWNIACEAE, 639 Pea, Black, 161 Chick, 163 family, 144 Field, 163 Fodder, 162 Garden, 163 Indian, 162 Marsh, 162 Scurfy, 149 Sea, 161 Spring, 161 Sweet, 162 Tuberous, 162 Peach, 196 Pear, 200 Plymouth, 200 Wild, 200 Willow-leaved, 200 Pearlwort, Alpine, 464 Annual, 465 Heath, 464 Knotted, 464 Procumbent, 465 Scottish, 464 Sea, 465 Slender, 465 Snow, 464 Pearlworts, 463 Pears, 199 Peas, 160 Pea-tree, Siberian, 148

INDEX

1181

PEDICULARIS L., 659 palustris L., 659 sylvatica L., 659 ssp. hibernica D.A. Webb, 659 ssp. sylvatica, 659 PELARGONIUM Aiton, 342 x hybridum Aiton (P. inquinans x P. zonale), 342 inquinans (L.) Aiton x P. zonale (L.) Aiton = P. x hybridum, 342 tomentosum Jacq., 342 Pellitories-of-the-wall, 286 Pellitory-of-the-wall, 286 Eastern, 286 PELTARIA Jacq., 421 alliacea Jacq., 421 Peltiphyllum (Engl.) Engl. non Peltophyllum Gardner, 128 peltatum (Torr. ex Benth.) Engl., 128 Penny-cress, Alpine, 421 Caucasian, 420 Field, 421 Garlic, 421 Perfoliate, 421 Penny-cresses, 421 Pennyroyal, 633 Pennywort family, 801 Floating, 802 Hairy, 802 Marsh, 801 New Zealand, 802 Pennyworts, 801 PENTAGLOTTIS Tausch, 559 sempervirens (L.) Tausch ex L.H. Bailey, 559 Pentzia grandiflora (Thunb.) Hutch., 688 Peonies, 123 Peony, 123 family, 123 Garden, 123 Peplis L., 353 portula L., 354 Pepper, Sweet, 575 Peppermint, 631 Peppermint-gum, White, 368 Pepper-saxifrage, 817 Pepperwort, African, 403 Argentine, 403 Divaricate, 403 Field, 403 Least, 403 Narrow-leaved, 403 Perfoliate, 403 Smith's, 403 Tall, 405 Pepperworts, 401 PERICALLIS D. Don, 766 cruenta /·+pU %ROOH hybrida B. Nord., 766

1182

INDEX

Periwinkle family, 549 Greater, 550 Intermediate, 550 Lesser, 550 Periwinkles, 550 Pernettya Gaudich., 531 mucronata (L. f.) Gaudich. ex Spreng., 531 PERSICARIA Mill., 436 alpina (All.) H. Gross, 437 x P. weyrichii = P. x fennica, 437 amphibia (L.) Delarbre, 439 amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr., 438 bistorta (L.) Samp., 438 x brauniana (F.W. Schultz) Soják (P. maculosa x P. minor), 439 campanulata (Hook. f.) Ronse Decr., 437 capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross, 438 x condensata (F.W. Schultz) Soják (P. maculosa x P. mitis), 439 x fennica (Reiersen) Stace (P. alpina x P. weyrichii), 437 x figertii (Beck) Soják (P. lapathifolia x P. hydropiper), 439 x hybrida (Chaub. ex St.-Amans) Soják (P. hydropiper x P. mitis), 439 hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, 439 x P. minor = P. x subglandulosa, 439 x P. mitis = P. x hybrida, 439 x intercedens (Beck) Soják (P. maculosa x P. hydropiper), 439 lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre, 439 x P. hydropiper = P. x figertii, 439 laxiflora (Weihe) Opiz, 439 x lenticularis (Hy) Soják, 439 maculosa Gray, 439 x P. hydropiper = P. x intercedens, 439 x P. lapathifolia = P. x pseudolapathum, 439 x P. minor = P. x brauniana, 439 x P. mitis = P. x condensata, 439 minor (Huds.) Opiz, 440 mitis (Schrank) Assenov, 439 x P. minor = P. x wilmsii, 440 mollis (D. Don) H. Gross, 438 nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross, 438 pensylvanica (L.) M. Gómez, 439 polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) H. Gross non Opiz, 438 x pseudolapathum (Schur) D.H. Kent (P. maculosa x P. lapathifolia), 439 sagittata (L.) H. Gross ex Nakai, 438 senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják, 437 x subglandulosa (Borbás) Soják (P. hydropiper x P. minor), 439 vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr., 438 wallichii Greuter & Burdet, 438 weyrichii (F. Schmidt) Ronse Decr., 437

PERIWINKLE

x wilmsii (Beck) Soják (P. mitis x P. minor), 440 Persicaria, Nepal, 438 Pale, 439 Pink-headed, 438 PETASITES Mill., 770 albus (L.) Gaertn., 771 fragrans (Vill.) C. Presl, 771 hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., 770 japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., 771 ssp. giganteus Kitam., 771 pyrenaicus (L.) G. López, 771 PETRORHAGIA (Ser. ex DC.) Link, 475 dubia (Raf.) G. López & Romo, 475 nanteuilii (Burnat) P.W. Ball & Heywood, 475 prolifera (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, 475 saxifraga (L.) Link, 475 velutina (Guss.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, 475 PETROSELINUM Hill, 822 crispum (Mill.) Fuss, 819FIG, 822 segetum (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 819FIG, 822 PETUNIA Juss., 580 axillaris (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. x P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell. = P. x hybrida, 580 x hybrida (Hook.) Vilm. (P. axillaris x P. integrifolia, 580 Petunia, 580 PEUCEDANUM L., 826 officinale L., 825FIG, 826 ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 826 palustre (L.) Moench, 826 PHACELIA Juss., 565 ciliata Benth., 566 tanacetifolia Benth., 566, 568FIG Phacelia, 565, 566 PHALARIS L., 1025 angusta Nees ex Trin., 1025 aquatica L., 1023FIG, 1025 arundinacea L., 1025 brachystachys Link, 1025 canariensis L., 1025 coerulescens Desf., 1025 minor Retz., 1025 paradoxa L., 1023FIG, 1026 tuberosa L., 1025 Phanerophlebia C. Presl, 32 falcata (L. f.) Copel., 32 PHASEOLUS L., 148 aureus Roxb., 148 coccineus L., 148 vulgaris L., 148 Pheasant's-eye, 120 Pheasant's-tail, 994 PHEGOPTERIS (C. Presl) Fée, 26

PHEGOPTERIS

INDEX

connectilis (Michx.) Watt, 26 Phelipanche Pomel., 660 PHILADELPHUS L., 510 coronarius L., 511 x P. microphyllus = P. x lemoinei, 511 x P. pubescens Loisel. = P. x virginalis, 511 x lemoinei Lemoine (P. coronarius x P. microphyllus), 511 'Lemoinei Group' 125FIG, 511 microphyllus A. Gray, 511 x virginalis Rehder (P. coronarius x P. microphyllus x P. pubescens), 511 'Virginalis Group', 511 PHLEUM L., 1035 alpinum L., 1037 arenarium L., 1037 bertolonii DC., 1037 commutatum Gaudin, 1037 hubbardii D. Kováts, 1037 nodosum auct. non L., 1037 phleoides (L.) H. Karst., 1037 pratense L., 1037 ssp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm., 1037 ssp. serotinum (Jord.) Berher, 1037 serotinum Jord., 1037 subulatum (Savi) Asch. & Graebn., 1037 PHLOMIS L., 620 fruticosa L., 620, 636FIG russeliana (Sims) Benth., 620, 636FIG samia L., 620 PHLOX L., 513 paniculata L., 513 Phlox, 513 PHOENIX canariensis Chabaud, 923 dactylifera L., 923 Phormiaceae, 894 PHORMIUM J.R. & G. Forst., 896 colensoi Hook. f., 896 cookianum Le Jol., 896 tenax J.R. & G. Forst., 896 Photinia davidiana (Decne.) Cardot, 216 PHRAGMITES Adans., 1057 australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1057 communis Trin., 1057 PHRYMACEAE, 637 PHUOPSIS (Griseb.) Hook. f., 538 stylosa (Trin.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex B.D. Jacks., 538 PHYGELIUS E. Mey. ex Benth., 609 capensis E. Mey. ex Benth., 610 Phyllitis Hill, 22 scolopendrium (L.) Newman, 23 PHYLLODOCE Salisb., 526 caerulea (L.) Bab., 526 PHYLLOSTACHYS Siebold & Zucc., 988 bambusoides Siebold & Zucc., 988 Phymatodes C. Presl nom. illeg., 39 diversifolia (Willd.) Pic. Serm., 40

1183

PHYMATOSORUS Pic. Serm., 39 diversifolius (Willd.) Pic. Serm., 17FIG, 40 PHYSALIS L., 574 alkekengi L., 568FIG, 574 angulata L., 574 franchetii Mast., 574 ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem., 568FIG, 574 peruviana L., 568FIG, 574 philadelphica Lam., 574 pubescens L., 574 PHYSOCARPUS (Cambess.) Raf., 190 opulifolius (L.) Maxim., 190, 193FIG PHYSOSPERMUM Cusson ex Juss., 817 cornubiense (L.) DC., 813FIG, 818 PHYTEUMA L., 675 orbiculare L., 676 ssp. tenerum (Rich. Schulz) P.D. Sell., 676 scheuchzeri All., 676 spicatum L., 675 ssp. coeruleum Rich. Schulz, 675 tenerum Rich. Schulz, 676 PHYTOLACCA L., 505 acinosa Roxb., 506 americana L., 505 clavigera W.W. Sm., 506 esculenta Van Houtte, 505 latbenia (Buch.-Ham.) H. Walter, 505 polyandra Batalin, 506 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 505 PICEA A. Dietr., 46 abies (L.) H. Karst., 45FIG, 46, 51FIG engelmannii Engelm., 46 x P. pungens, 46 glauca (Moench) Voss, 46 omorika (Pancic) Purk., 46 pungens Engelm., 46 'Glauca', 46 sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière, 46, 51FIG x P. omorika, 46 Pick-a-back-plant, 134 Pickerelweed, 924 family, 924 PICRIS L., 705 echioides L., 706 hieracioides L., 705 ssp. grandiflora (Ten.) Arcang., 706 ssp. hieracioides, 706 ssp. spinulosa (Bertol. ex Guss.) Arcang., 706 ssp. villarsii (Jord.) Nyman, 706 spinulosa Bertol. ex Guss., 706 PIERIS D. Don, 524 japonica (Thunb.) D. Don, 524 Pigmyweed, 135 Jersey, 135 New Zealand, 135 Scilly, 135

1184

INDEX

Pigmyweeds, 135 Pignut, 812 Great, 812 Pigweed, Cape, 500 Guernsey, 498 Indehiscent, 500 Perennial, 498 Prostrate, 500 Russian, 478 Short-tepalled, 500 Thunberg's, 500 White, 498 Pigweeds, 496 Pillwort, 16 family, 16 PILOSELLA Hill, 720 aurantiaca (L.) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip., 722 ssp. aurantiaca, 722 ssp. brunneocrocea (Pugsley) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 ssp. carpathicola (Nägeli & Peter) Soják, 722 caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 ssp. colliniformis (Peter) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 flagellaris (Willd.) P.D. Sell & C. West, 721 ssp. bicapitata P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 ssp. flagellaris, 721 x floribunda (Wimm. & Grab.) Arv.Touv. (P. lactucella x P. caespitosa), 722 lactucella (Wallr.) P.D. Sell & C. West, 721 ssp. helveola (Dahlst.) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 x P. caespitosa = P. x floribunda, 722 x longisquama (Peter) Holub (P. peleteriana x P. officinarum), 721 officinarum F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip., 721 x P. aurantiaca = P. x stoloniflora, 721 ssp. carpathicola = P. x stoloniflora, 721 x pachylodes (Nägeli & Peter) Soják nom. illeg., 721 peleteriana (Mérat) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip., 721 ssp. peleteriana, 721 x P. officinarum = P. x longisquama, 721 ssp. subpeleteriana (Nägeli & Peter) P.D. Sell, 721 ssp. tenuiscapa (Pugsley) P.D. Sell & C. West, 721 x P. officinarum = P. x longisquama, 721 x P. officinarum = P. x longisquama, 721

PIGMYWEEDS

praealta (Vill. ex Gochnat) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip., 722 ssp. arvorum (Nägeli & Peter) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 ssp. praealta, 722 ssp. spraguei (Pugsley) P.D. Sell & C. West, 722 ssp. thaumasia (Peter) P.D. Sell, 722 x stoloniflora (Waldst. & Kit.) F.W. Schultz & Sch. Bip. (P. officinarum x P. aurantiaca), 721 PILULARIA L., 16 globulifera L., 16 Pimpernel, Blue, 520 Bog, 520 Scarlet, 520 Yellow, 519 Pimpernels, 520 PIMPINELLA L., 812 affinis Ledeb., 812 major (L.) Huds., 812, 813FIG saxifraga L., 813FIG, 814 PINACEAE, 42 Pine, Austrian, 49 Bhutan, 49 Bishop, 48 Corsican, 49 family, 42 Lodgepole, 49 Macedonian, 49 Maritime, 49 Monterey, 49 Scots, 49 Weymouth, 49 Pineappleweed, 758 Pines, 48 PINGUICULA L., 664 alpina L., 664 grandiflora Lam., 664 lusitanica L., 664 x scullyi Druce (P. vulgaris x P. grandiflora), 664 vulgaris L., 664 x P. grandiflora = P. x scullyi, 664 Pink, 477 Cheddar, 476 Childing, 475 Clove, 477 Deptford, 477 family, 453 Hayling Island, 475 Jersey, 477 Large, 476 Maiden, 477 Proliferous, 475 Pinks, 475, 476 Pink-sorrel, 303 Annual, 303

PINK-SORREL

INDEX

Four-leaved, 305 Garden, 305 Large-flowered, 305 Pale, 305 Ten-leaved, 305 Pinkweed, 439 Pinopsida, 41 PINUS L., 48 chylla Lodd. nom. nud., 49 contorta Douglas ex Loudon, 45FIG, 49 mugo Turra, 49 muricata D. Don, 48 nigra J.F. Arnold, 49 ssp. laricio Maire, 49 ssp. nigra, 49 ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, 49 var. corsicana (Loudon) Hyl., 49 var. maritima auct. non (Aiton) Melville, 49 peuce Griseb., 49 pinaster Aiton, 49 ssp. atlantica Villar, 49 ssp. pinaster, 49 ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson, 49 radiata D. Don, 49 strobus L., 49 sylvestris L., 49, 51FIG ssp. scotica (P.K. Schott) E.F. Warb., 49 wallichiana A.B. Jacks., 49 Pipewort, 927 family, 927 Piptatherum P. Beauv., 995 miliaceum (L.) Coss., 995 Pirri-pirri-bur, 262 Bronze, 262 Glaucous, 262 Pirri-pirri-burs, 262 PISUM L., 163 arvense L., 163 sativum L., 163 var. arvense (L.) Poiret, 163 Pitcherplant, 522 family, 522 PITTOSPORACEAE, 797 PITTOSPORUM Banks ex Gaertn., 797 crassifolium Banks & Sol. ex A. Cunn., 125FIG, 797 tenuifolium Gaertn., 125FIG, 797 Pittosporum family, 797 Pittosporums, 797 PLAGIOBOTHRYS Fisch. & C.A. Mey., 562 scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst., 562 Plane family, 121 London, 122 Planes, 122 PLANTAGINACEAE, 597 PLANTAGO L., 598 afra L., 599

1185

arenaria Waldst. & Kit., 599 coronopus L., 598 indica auct. non L., 599 indica L. nom. illeg., 599 intermedia Gilib., 599 lanceolata L., 599 major L., 598 ssp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange, 599 ssp. major, 598 ssp. pleiosperma Pilg., 599 maritima L., 598 media L., 599 psyllium L. 1762 non 1753, 599 psyllium L. nom. ambig., 599 scabra Moench nom. illeg., 599 sempervirens Crantz, 598 uliginosa F.W. Schmidt, 599 Plantain, Branched, 599 Buck's-horn, 598 family, 597 Glandular, 599 Greater, 598 Hoary, 599 Ribwort, 599 Sea, 598 Plantains, 598 PLATANACEAE, 121 PLATANTHERA Rich., 867 bifolia (L.) Rich., 867 x Dactylorhiza maculata = X Dactylanthera chevallieriana, 867 x Gymnadenia borealis, 867 x Gymnadenia conopsea s.s. = X Gymnaplatanthera chodatii, 867 chlorantha (Custer) Rchb., 867 x P. bifolia = P. x hybrida, 867 x Pseudorchis albida = X Pseudanthera breadalbanensis, 867 x hybrida Brügger (P. chlorantha x P. bifolia), 867 x DACTYLORHIZA = X DACTYLANTHERA, 867 x GYMNADENIA = X GYMNAPLATANTHERA, 867 x PSEUDORCHIS = X PSEUDANTHERA, 867 PLATANUS L., 122 x acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., 122 x hispanica Mill. ex Münchh. (P. occidentalis x P. orientalis), 122 x hybrida Brot., 122 occidentalis L. x P. orientalis L. = P. x hispanica, 122 PLECOSTACHYS Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, 736

1186

INDEX

PLECOSTACHYS (contd) serpyllifolia (P.J. Bergius) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, 736 PLEIOBLASTUS Nakai, 990 chino (Franch. & Sav.) Makino, 990 humilis (Mitford) Nakai, 990 pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai, 990 var. distichus (Mitf.) Nakai, 990 simonii (Carrière) Nakai, 990 Ploughman's-spikenard, 737 Plum, 197 Cherry, 196 Wild, 196 PLUMBAGINACEAE, 427 Plume-poppies, 91 Plume-poppy, Hybrid, 91 POA L., 1011 alpina L., 1013 angustifolia L., 1013 annua L., 1012 balfourii Parn., 1013 bulbosa L., 1013 chaixii Vill., 1013 compressa L., 1013 flabellata (Lam.) Raspail, 1013, 1016FIG flexuosa Sm., 1013 x P. alpina = P. x jemtlandica, 1013 glauca Vahl, 1013 humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm., 1012 x jemtlandica (Almq.) K. Richt. (P. flexuosa x P. alpina), 1013 infirma Kunth, 1012 x P. annua, 1012 labillardieri Steud., 1012 nemoralis L., 1013 palustris L., 1013 pratensis L., 1012 ssp. angustifolia (L.) Dumort., 1013 ssp. irrigata (Lindm.) H. Lindb., 1012 subcaerulea Sm., 1012 trivialis L., 1012 POACEAE, 974 subfam. ARUNDINOIDEAE, 1055 subfam. BAMBUSOIDEAE, 988 subfam. CHLORIDOIDEAE, 1057 subfam. Danthonioideae, 1055 subfam. Ehrhartoideae, 988 subfam. Festucoideae, 993 subfam. PANICOIDEAE, 1066 subfam. POOIDEAE, 993 tribe Agrostideae, 995 tribe ANDROPOGONEAE, 1075 tribe Arundinarieae, 988 tribe ARUNDINEAE, 1056 tribe Aveneae, 995 tribe BAMBUSEAE, 988 tribe BRACHYPODIEAE, 1046 tribe BROMEAE, 1039 tribe Chlorideae, 1062

PLECOSTACHYS

tribe Cortaderieae, 1055 tribe CYNODONTEAE, 1062 tribe DANTHONIEAE, 1055 tribe EHRHARTEAE, 993 tribe ERAGROSTIDEAE, 1057 tribe Festuceae, 995 tribe Glycerieae, 1037 tribe Hainardieae, 995 tribe Hordeeae, 1047 tribe Maydeae, 1075 tribe MELICEAE, 1037 tribe Milieae, 993 tribe Molinieae, 1056 tribe NARDEAE, 993 tribe ORYZEAE, 991 tribe PANICEAE, 1066 tribe Phalarideae, 995 tribe POEAE, 995 tribe Seslerieae, 995 tribe Spartineae, 1062 tribe Sporoboleae, 1057 tribe STIPEAE, 993 tribe TRITICEAE, 1047 tribe Zoysieae, 1062 Pokeweed family, 505 American, 505 Chinese, 506 Indian, 506 Pokeweeds, 505 POLEMONIACEAE, 513 POLEMONIUM L., 513 caeruleum L., 513 Polyanthus, 517 POLYCARPON L., 467 diphyllum Cav., 467 tetraphyllum (L.) L., 467 ssp. diphyllum (Cav.) O. Bolòs & Font Quer, 467 var. diphyllum (Cav.) DC., 467 POLYGALA L., 186 amara auct. non L., 187 amarella Crantz, 187 austriaca Crantz, 187 calcarea F.W. Schultz, 187 oxyptera auct. non Rchb., 186 serpyllifolia Hosé, 186 x skrivanekii auct. non Podp., 186 vulgaris L., 186 ssp. collina (Rchb.) Borbás, 186 ssp. vulgaris, 186 x P. amarella, 186 x P. calcarea, 186 POLYGALACEAE, 186 POLYGONACEAE, 435 POLYGONATUM Mill., 916 biflorum (Walter) Elliott, 916 x hybridum Brügger (P. multiflorum x P. odoratum), 893FIG, 916 multiflorum (L.) All., 893FIG, 916

POLYGONATUM

INDEX

x P. odoratum = P. x hybridum, 893FIG, 916 odoratum (Mill.) Druce, 893FIG, 916 verticillatum (L.) All., 893FIG, 916 POLYGONUM L., 440 sect. Aconogonon Meisn., 436 sect. Avicularia Meisn., 440 sect. Bistorta (Adans.) D. Don, 436 sect. Cephalophilon Meisn., 436 sect. Echinocaulon Meisn., 436 sect. Persicaria (L.) Meisn., 436 sect. Pleuropterus (Turcz.) Benth., 442 sect. Polygonum, 440 sect. Tiniaria Meisn., 442 alpinum All., 437 amphibium L., 439 amplexicaule D. Don, 438 arenarium Waldst. & Kit., 442 ssp. pulchellum (Loisel.) Thell., 442 arenastrum Boreau, 441 aubertii L. Henry, 443 aviculare L., 441 ssp. depressum (Meisn.) Arcang., 441 baldschuanicum Regel, 443 bistorta L., 438 boreale (Lange) Small, 442 x braunianum F.W. Schultz, 439 calcatum Lindm., 441 campanulatum Hook. f., 437 capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, 438 cognatum Meisn., 441 x condensatum (F.W. Schultz) F.W. Schultz, 439 convolvulus L., 443 cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., 442 dumetorum L., 443 hydropiper L., 439 x intercedens Beck, 439 lapathifolium L., 439 x lenticulare Hy, 439 lichiangense W. Sm., 437 maritimum L., 441 x metschii Beck, 439 microspermum Jord. ex Boreau, 441 minus Huds., 440 mite Schrank, 439 molle D. Don, 438 neglectum Besser, 441 nepalense Meisn., 438 nodosum Pers., 439 x oleraceum Schur, 439 oxyspermum C.A. Mey. & Bunge, 441 ssp. oxyspermum, 441 ssp. raii (Bab.) D.A. Webb & Chater, 441 paniculatum Blume, 438 patulum M. Bieb., 442 pensylvanicum L., 439 persicaria L., 439

1187

polystachyum Wall. ex Meisn., 438 raii Bab., 441 rude Meisn., 438 rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau, 442 sachalinense F. Schmidt, 443 sagittatum L., 438 senegalense Meisn., 437 x subglandulosum Borbás, 439 viviparum L., 438 weyrichii F. Schmidt, 437 x wilmsii Beck, 440 POLYPODIACEAE, 38 Polypodies, 38 POLYPODIUM L., 38 australe Fée, 39 cambricum L., 39, 40FIG x font-queri Rothm. (P. vulgare x P. cambricum), 39 interjectum Shivas, 39, 40FIG x P. cambricum = P. x shivasiae, 39 x mantoniae Rothm. & U. Schneid. (P. vulgare x P. interjectum), 39 x shivasiae Rothm.(P. interjectum x P. cambricum), 39 vulgare L., 39, 40FIG ssp. prionodes (Asch.) Rothm.), 39 ssp. serrulatum F.W. Schultz ex Arcang., 39 x P. cambricum = P. x font-queri, 39 x P. interjectum = P. x mantoniae, 39 Polypody, 39 family, 38 Intermediate, 39 Southern, 39 POLYPOGON Desf., 1033 elongatus Kunth, 1033 maritimus Willd., 1033 monspeliensis (L.) Desf., 1033 paniceus (L.) Lag., 1033 semiverticillatus (Forssk.) Hyl., 1033 viridis (Gouan) Breistr., 1033 POLYSTICHUM Roth, 31 aculeatum (L.) Roth, 32, 36FIG x P. lonchitis = P. x illyricum, 32 x bicknellii (H. Christ) Hahne (P. setiferum x P. aculeatum), 32 falcatum (L. f.) Diels, 32 x illyricum (Borbás) Hahne (P. aculeatum x P. lonchitis), 32 x lesliei Rumsey & Acock (P. setiferum x P. munitum), 32 x lonchitiforme (Halácsy) Bech. (P. setiferum x P. lonchitis), 32 lonchitis (L.) Roth, 32, 36FIG munitum (Kaulf.) C. Presl, 32, 36FIG setiferum (Forssk.) T. Moore ex Woyn., 32, 36FIG x P. aculeatum = P. x bicknellii, 32

1188

INDEX

POLYSTICHUM setiferum (contd) x P. lonchitis = P. x lonchitiforme, 32 x P. munitum = P. x lesliei, 32 Pond-sedge, Greater, 965 Lesser, 965 Pondweed, American, 850 Blunt-leaved, 850 Bog, 846 Bothnian, 851 Bright-leaved, 847 Broad-leaved, 846 Cooper's, 850 Curled, 851 family, 843 Fen, 846 Fennel, 851 Flat-stalked, 850 Graceful, 847 Grass-wrack, 851 Hairlike, 851 Horned, 852 Lesser, 850 Linton's, 850 Loddon, 847 Long-leaved, 847 Long-stalked, 847 Opposite-leaved, 851 Perfoliate, 850 Red, 847 Ribbon-leaved, 846 Schreber's, 846 Sharp-leaved, 851 Shetland, 850 Shining, 847 Slender-leaved, 851 Small, 850 Swedish, 851 Various-leaved, 847 Willow-leaved, 847 Pondweeds, 843 PONTEDERIA L., 924 cordata L., 924 PONTEDERIACEAE, 924 Poplar, Berlin, 315 Black-Italian, 315 Carolina, 315 Generous, 315 Grey, 313 Laurel-leaved, 313 Railway, 315 White, 313 Poplars, 312 Poppies, 87 Poppy, Armenian, 86 Atlas, 87 Blue, 88 Californian, 90 Common, 88 family, 85

POLYSTICHUM

Long-headed, 88 Mexican, 90 Opium, 87 Oriental, 87 Prickly, 88 Rough, 88 Shirley, 88 Welsh, 88, 90 Yellow-juiced, 88 POPULUS L., 312 alba L., 313, 316FIG x P. tremula = P. x canescens, 313, 316FIG 'Balsam Spire' (P. trichocarpa x P. balsamifera), 316FIG, 318 balsamifera L., 316FIG, 318 x P. deltoides x P. nigra, 314 x berolinensis (K. Koch) Dippel (P. nigra 'Italica' x P. laurifolia), 315, 316FIG x canadensis Moench (P. nigra x P. deltoides), 314, 317FIG Multi-access key to cultivars of, 314 'Casale 78', 315, 317FIG 'Eugenei' (P. x canadensis 'Regenerata' x P. nigra 'Italica'), 315, 317FIG 'Gelrica', 315, 317FIG 'Heidemij', 315, 317FIG 'I78', 315 'Marilandica' (P. nigra ssp. nigra x P. x canadensis 'Serotina'), 315, 317FIG x P. x canadensis 'Serotina' = P. x canadensis 'Regenerata', 315, 317FIG 'Regenerata' (P. x canadensis 'Marilandica' x P. x canadensis 'Serotina'), 315, 317FIG x P. nigra 'Italica' = P. x canadensis 'Eugenei', 315, 317FIG 'Robusta' (P. deltoides 'Cordata' x P. nigra 'Plantierensis'), 315, 317FIG 'Serotina' (P. nigra ssp. nigra x P. deltoides), 315, 317FIG x P. x jackii, 315 x candicans auct. non Aiton, 318 candicans Aiton, 318 x canescens (Aiton) Sm.(P. alba x P. tremula), 313, 316FIG deltoides Marshall, 313 'Cordata' x P. nigra 'Plantierensis' = P. x canadensis 'Robusta', 315, 317FIG x P. balsamifera = P. x jackii, 316FIG, 318 x P. trichocarpa = P. x generosa 315 x euramericana (Dode) Guinier, 314

POPULUS

x generosa A. Henry (P. deltoides x P. trichocarpa), 315 'Barn', 316FIG, 318 'Beaupré', 316FIG, 318 x gileadensis Rouleau, 318 x hybrida M. Bieb., 313 x jackii Sarg. (P. deltoides x P. balsamifera), 316FIG, 318 'Aurora', 318 'Gileadensis', 318 laurifolia Ledeb., 313 maximowiczii A. Henry, 313 x P. trichocarpa, 313 'Androscoggin', 313 nigra L., 314 ssp. betulifolia (Pursh) Dippel, 314, 317FIG x P. nigra 'Italica' = P. nigra 'Plantierensis', 314 ssp. nigra x P. deltoides = P. x canadensis 'Serotina', 315, 317FIG x P. x canadensis 'Serotina' = P. x canadensis 'Marilandica', 315, 317FIG var. italica Münchh., 314 'Gigantea', 314 'Italica', 314, 317FIG x P. laurifolia = P. x berolinensis, 315, 316FIG 'Plantierensis' (P. nigra ssp. betulifolia x P. nigra 'Italica'), 314 x P. deltoides = P. x canadensis, 314, 317FIG x P. x jackii, 314 tacamahacca Mill., 318 'Tacatricho 32', 318 tremula L., 314, 316FIG trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook., 316FIG, 318 'Trichobel', 318 x P. balsamifera = P. 'Balsam Spire', 316FIG, 318 PORTULACA L., 509 oleracea L., 509 ssp. sativa +DZ ÿHODN PORTULACACEAE, 508 POTAMOGETON L., 843 subg. COLEOGETON Rchb., 851 subg. POTAMOGETON, 846 acutifolius Link, 851, 853FIG alpinus Balb., 847, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. crispus = P. x olivaceus, 847, 849FIG x P. perfoliatus = P. x prussicus, 847 x P. praelongus = P. x griffithii, 847 x angustifolius J. Presl (P. lucens x P. gramineus), 847, 848FIG, 849FIG

INDEX

1189

x bennettii Fryer (P. trichoides x P. crispus), 851 berchtoldii Fieber, 850, 853FIG x P. acutifolius = P. x sudermanicus, 850 x billupsii Fryer (P. coloratus x P. gramineus), 847 x bottnicus Hagstr. (P. pectinatus x P. vaginatus), 851, 853FIG x cadburyae Dandy & G. Taylor (P. lucens x P. crispus), 847 x cognatus Asch. & Graebn. (P. praelongus x P. perfoliatus), 850 coloratus Hornem., 846, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. berchtoldii = P. x lanceolatus, 847 x P. gramineus = P. x billupsii, 847 compressus L., 851, 853FIG x cooperi (Fryer) Fryer (P. perfoliatus x P. crispus), 849FIG, 850 crispus L., 849FIG, 851 epihydrus Raf., 848FIG, 849FIG, 850 filiformis Pers., 851, 853FIG x P. pectinatus = P. x suecicus, 851, 853FIG x fluitans Roth (P. natans x P. lucens), 846 friesii Rupr., 850, 853FIG x P. acutifolius = P. x pseudofriesii, 850 x P. crispus = P. x lintonii, 849FIG, 850 x gessnacensis G. Fisch. (P. natans x P. polygonifolius), 846 gramineus L., 847, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. alpinus = P. x nericius, 847 x P. perfoliatus = P. x nitens, 847, 848FIG, 849FIG x griffithii A. Benn. (P. alpinus x P. praelongus), 847 x grovesii Dandy & G. Taylor (P. pusillus x P. trichoides), 850 x lanceolatifolius (Tiselius) C.D. Preston (P. polygonifolius x P. gramineus), 846 x lanceolatus Sm. (P. coloratus x P. berchtoldii), 847 x lintonii Fryer (P. friesii x P. crispus), 849FIG, 850 lucens L., 847, 849FIG x P. alpinus = P. x nerviger, 847 x P. crispus = P. x cadburyae, 847 x P. gramineus = P. x angustifolius, 847, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. perfoliatus = P. x salicifolius, 847, 849FIG natans L., 846, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. berchtoldii = P. x variifolius, 846 x P. gramineus = P. x sparganiifolius, 846, 848FIG, 849FIG

1190

INDEX

POTAMOGETON natans (contd) x P. lucens = P. x fluitans, 846 x P. nodosus = P. x schreberi, 846 x P. polygonifolius = P. x gessnacensis, 846 x nericius Hagstr. (P. gramineus x P. alpinus), 847 x nerviger Wolfg. (P. lucens x P. alpinus), 847 x nitens Weber (P. gramineus x P. perfoliatus), 847, 848FIG, 849FIG nodosus Poir., 847, 848FIG, 849FIG obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, 850, 853FIG x olivaceus Baagøe ex G. Fisch. (P. alpinus x P. crispus), 847, 849FIG panormitanus Biv., 850 pectinatus L., 851, 853FIG x P. vaginatus Turcz. = P. x bottnicus), 851, 853FIG perfoliatus L., 849FIG, 850 x P. crispus = P. x cooperi, 849FIG, 850 polygonifolius Pourr., 846, 848FIG, 849FIG x P. berchtoldii = P. x rivularis, 846 x P. gramineus = P. x lanceolatifolius, 846 praelongus Wulfen, 847, 849FIG x P. crispus = P. x undulatus, 850 x P. perfoliatus = P. x cognatus, 850 x prussicus Hagstr. (P. alpinus x P. perfoliatus), 847 x pseudofriesii Dandy & G. Taylor (P. friesii x P. acutifolius), 850 pusillus auct. non L., 850 pusillus L., 850, 853FIG x P. trichoides = P. x grovesii, 850 x rivularis Gillot (P. polygonifolius x P. berchtoldii), 846 rutilus Wolfg., 850, 853FIG x salicifolius Wolfg. (P. lucens x P. perfoliatus), 847, 849FIG x schreberi G. Fisch. (P. natans x P. nodosus), 846 x sparganiifolius Laest. ex Fr. (P. natans x P. gramineus), 846, 848FIG, 849FIG x sudermanicus Hagstr. (P. berchtoldii x P. acutifolius), 850 x suecicus K. Richt. (P. filiformis x P. pectinatus), 851, 853FIG trichoides Cham. & Schltdl., 851, 853FIG x P. crispus = P. x bennettii, 851 x variifolius Thore (P. natans x P. berchtoldii), 846 x zizii W.D.J. Koch ex Roth, 847 POTAMOGETONACEAE, 843

POTAMOGETON

Potato, 578 Purple, 576 POTENTILLA L., 252 anglica Laichard., 255FIG, 256 x P. reptans = P. x mixta, 255FIG, 256 anserina L., 254 argentea L., 254, 255FIG x beckii Murr (?P. crantzii x P. tabernaemontani), 256 canescens Besser, 254 crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch, 256 x P. tabernaemontani = ?P. x beckii, 256 davurica Nestl., 254 erecta (L.) Raeusch., 255FIG, 256 ssp. erecta, 256 ssp. strictissima (Zimmeter) A.J. Richards, 256 x P. anglica = P. x suberecta, 255FIG, 256 x P. reptans = P. x italica, 256 eriocarpa Wall. ex Lehm., 254 fruticosa L., 254 glabrata Willd., 254 inclinata Vill.,254, 255FIG indica (Jacks.) Wolf, 254 intermedia L., 254, 255FIG x italica Lehm. (P. erecta x P. reptans), 256 x mixta Nolte ex Rchb. (P. anglica x P. reptans), 255FIG, 256 montana Brot., 257 neumanniana auct. non Rchb., 256 norvegica L., 254, 255FIG palustris (L.) Scop., 257 procumbens Sibth. nom. illeg., 256 recta L., 254, 255FIG reptans L., 255FIG, 257 rivalis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, 256 rupestris L., 254 sibbaldii Haller f., 257 sterilis (L.) Garcke, 257 x suberecta Zimmeter (P. erecta x P. anglica), 255FIG, 256 tabernaemontani Asch., 256 thuringiaca Bernh. ex Link, 254 verna auct. non L., 256 verna L., 256 POTERIUM L., 261 officinale (L.) A. Gray, 261 polygamum Waldst. & Kit., 261 sanguisorba L., 261 ssp. balearicum (Bourg. ex Nyman) Stace, 260FIG, 261 ssp. muricatum (Gremli) Rouy & Camus, 261 ssp. sanguisorba, 260FIG, 261 PRATIA Gaudich., 677 angulata (G. Forst.) Hook. f., 673FIG, 677

PRE-DICOTS

INDEX

PRE²DICOTS, 79 Keys to families of, 56 Pride-of-India, 370 Primrose, 515 Bird's-eye, 517 Drumstick, 515 family, 513 Hybrid, 517 Julia's, 517 Scottish, 517 Primrose-peerless, 910 Primroses, 514 PRIMULA L., 514 acaulis (L.) Hill, 515 auricula L., 517 denticulata Sm., 515 x digenea A. Kern. (P. vulgaris x P. elatior), 515 elatior (L.) Hill, 517 x P. veris = P. x media, 517 farinosa L., 517 florindae Kingdon-Ward, 516FIG, 517 helodoxa Balf. f., 518 japonica A. Gray, 516FIG, 518 juliae Kusn., 517 x media Peterm. (P. elatior x P. veris), 517 x murbeckii Lindq. (P. vulgaris x P. elatior x P. veris), 515 x polyantha Mill. (P. vulgaris x P. veris), 515 prolifera Wall., 518 x pruhonicensis Zemann ex Bergmans (P. vulgaris x P. juliae), 517 x P. vulgaris, 517 pulverulenta Duthie, 518 scotica Hook., 517 sikkimensis Hook. f., 517 x tommasinii Gren. & Godr., 515 x variabilis Goupil non Bastard, 515 veris L., 517 vulgaris Huds., 515 x P. elatior = P. x digenea, 515 x P. veris = P. x murbeckii, 515 x P. juliae = P. x pruhonicensis, 517 x P. veris = P. x polyantha, 515 'Wanda', 517 PRIMULACEAE, 513 Prince's-feather, 498 Privet, Garden, 583 Golden, 583 Hybrid, 583 Wild, 582 Privets, 582 PRUNELLA L., 624 grandiflora (L.) Scholler, 625 x hybrida Knaf, 624 x intermedia Link (P. vulgaris x P. laciniata), 624 laciniata (L.) L., 625

1191

vulgaris L., 624 x P. laciniata = P. x intermedia, 624 PRUNUS L., 195 amygdalus Batsch, 196 'Atropurpurea', 196 avium (L.) L., 197 cerasifera Ehrh., 196 var. pissardii (Carrière) L.H. Bailey, 196 'Nigra', 196 x P. spinosa = P. x simmleri, 196 cerasus L., 197 domestica L., 196 ssp. domestica, 197 ssp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & Layens, 197 ssp. x italica (Borkh.) Gams ex Hegi, 197 dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, 196 x fruticans Weihe (P. spinosa x P. domestica), 196 incisa Thunb., 197, 198FIG insititia L., 196 x italica Borkh., 197 laurocerasus L., 199 lusitanica L., 197 mahaleb L., 197, 198FIG padus L., 197, 198FIG 'Watereri', 197 pensylvanica L. f., 197 persica (L.) Batsch, 196 serotina Ehrh., 198FIG, 197 serrulata Lindl., 197 flore pleno, 197 'Kanzan', 197 x simmleri Paléz. (P. cerasifera x P. spinosa), 196 spinosa L., 196 var. macrocarpa Wallr., 196 x P. domestica = P. x fruticans, 196 X PSEUDADENIA P.F. Hunt (PSEUDORCHIS x GYMNADENIA), 868 schweinfurthii (Hegelm. ex A. Kern.) P.F. Hunt (P. albida x G. conopsea s.s.), 868 X PSEUDANTHERA McKean (PLATANTHERA x PSEUDORCHIS), 867 breadalbanensis McKean (Pl. chlorantha x Ps. albida), 867 PSEUDOFUMARIA Medik., 92 alba (Mill.) Lidén, 92 lutea (L.) Borkh., 92 ochroleuca (Koch) Holub nom. illeg., 92 Pseudognaphalium Kirp., 733 luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, 734 undulatum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, 734 PSEUDORCHIS Ség., 868 albida (L.) Á. & D. Löve, 868 x Dactylorhiza maculata = X Pseudorhiza bruniana, 868

1192

INDEX

PSEUDORCHIS albida (contd) x Gymnadenia borealis, 868 x Gymnadenia conopsea s.s. = X Pseudadenia schweinfurthii, 868 x DACTYLORHIZA = X PSEUDORHIZA, 868 x GYMNADENIA = X PSEUDADENIA, 868 X PSEUDORHIZA P.F. Hunt (PSEUDORCHIS x DACTYLORHIZA), 868 bruniana (Brügger) P.F. Hunt (P. albida x D. maculata), 868 PSEUDOSASA Makino ex Nakai, 991 japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai, 991, 992FIG PSEUDOTSUGA Carrière, 44 menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, 44, 45FIG taxifolia Britton nom. illeg. PSEUDOTURRITIS Al-Shehbaz, 408 turrita (L.) Al-Shehbaz, 408 Psoralea americana L., 149 PTERIDACEAE, 19 PTERIDIUM Gled. ex Scop., 19 aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, 19 ssp. aquilinum, 19 ssp. atlanticum C.N. Page, 19 ssp. fulvum C.N. Page, 19 ssp. latiusculum (Desv.) C.N. Page, 19 latiusculum (Desv.) Hieron. ex Fr., 19 pinetorum C.N. Page & R.R. Mill, 19 ssp. osmundaceum (H. Christ) C.N. Page, 19 ssp. pinetorum, 19 PTERIDOPHYTES, Keys to genera of, 1 PTERIS L., 21 cretica L., 20FIG, 21 multifida Poir., 21 serrulata L. f. non Forssk., 21 vittata L., 21 PTEROCARYA Kunth, 291 fraxinifolia (Poir.) Spach, 291 x P. stenoptera DC. = P. x rehderiana, 292 x rehderiana C.K. Schneid. (P. fraxinifolia x P. stenoptera), 292 stenoptera DC., 292 Pteropsida, 15 PUCCINELLIA Parl., 1009 capillaris (Lilj.) Jansen, 1010 distans (Jacq.) Parl., 1010 ssp. borealis (Holmb.) W.E. Hughes, 1010 ssp. distans, 1010 x P. fasciculata, 1010 x P. rupestris = P. x pannonica, 1010 fasciculata (Torr.) E.P. Bicknell, 1010

PSEUDORCHIS

var. pseudodistans (Crép.) P.D. Sell, 1010 x hybrida Holmb. (P. maritima x P. distans), 1009 x krusemaniana Jansen & Wacht. (P. maritima x P. rupestris), 1009 maritima (Huds.) Parl., 1009 x P. distans = P. x hybrida, 1009 ssp. borealis, 1009 x P. rupestris = P. x krusemaniana, 1009 x mixta Holmb., 1009 x pannonica (Hack.) Holmb. (P. distans x P. rupestris), 1010 pseudodistans (Crép.) Jansen & Wacht., 1010 rupestris (With.) Fernald & Weath., 1010 PULICARIA Gaertn., 738 dysenterica (L.) Bernh., 738 vulgaris Gaertn., 738 PULMONARIA L., 553 angustifolia auct. non L., 554 angustifolia L., 554 longifolia (Bastard) Boreau, 554, 556FIG 'Mawson's Blue', 554, 556FIG obscura Dumort., 554, 556FIG officinalis L., 554 ssp. obscura (Dumort.) Murb., 554 rubra Schott, 554 PULSATILLA Mill., 108 vulgaris Mill., 103FIG, 108 Pumpkin, 300 Purple-loosestrife, 353 family, 353 Purple-loosestrifes, 353 Purslane, Common, 509 family, 508 Pink, 507 Purslanes, 507 PYRACANTHA M. Roem., 237 coccinea M. Roem., 238 x P. rogersiana, 238 rogersiana (A.B. Jacks.) Coltm.-Rog., 238 Pyrenean-violet, 584 family, 583 PYROLA L., 534 media Sw., 534 minor L., 534 rotundifolia L., 535 ssp. maritima (Kenyon) E.F. Warb., 535 ssp. rotundifolia, 535 secunda L., 535 Pyrolaceae, 523 PYRUS L., 199 communis L., 200 cordata Desv., 200 pyraster (L.) Burgsd., 200

PYRUS

ssp. achras (Wallr.) Terpó, 200 ssp. pyraster, 200 salicifolia Pall., 200 Quaking-grass, 1010 Greater, 1011 Lesser, 1010 Quaking-grasses, 1010 Quamash, 915 Queensland-hemp, 376 Queensland-hemps, 375 QUERCUS L., 289 borealis F. Michx., 290 canariensis Willd., 290 castaneifolia C.A. Mey., 289 cerris L., 288FIG, 289 x Q. robur, 289 x Q. suber L. = Q. x crenata, 290 coccinea Münchh., 289 x crenata Lam. (Q. cerris x Q. suber), 290 x hispanica auct. non Lam., 290 ilex L., 288FIG, 290 x Q. robur = Q. x turneri, 289 petraea (Matt.) Liebl., 290 x Q. robur = Q. x rosacea, 290 x pseudosuber Santi, 290 robur L., 288FIG, 290 x rosacea Bechst. (Q. petraea x Q. robur), 290 rubra L., 288FIG, 290 x turneri Willd. (Q. ilex x Q. robur), 289 Quillwort, 8 family, 7 Land, 8 Spring, 8 Quillworts, 7 Quince, 199 Chinese, 199 Japanese, 199 Quinoa, 486 RADIOLA Hill, 337 linoides Roth, 337 Radish, Fodder, 418 Garden, 418 Mediterranean, 418 Sea, 418 Wild, 418 Radishes, 418 Ragged-Robin, 474 Ragweed, 773 Giant, 773 Perennial, 773 Ragweeds, 773 Ragwort, Broad-leaved, 763 Chamois, 763 Chinese, 768 Common, 762 Fen, 763 Golden, 763 Hedge, 768

INDEX

1193

Hoary, 763 Magellan, 763 Marsh, 762 Monro's, 768 Narrow-leaved, 763 Oxford, 764 Purple, 763 Shoddy, 763 Shrub, 768 Silver, 762 Woad-leaved, 763 Wood, 763 Ragworts, 760, 768 Ramischia Opiz ex Garcke, 535 secunda (L.) Garcke, 535 RAMONDA Rich., 584 myconi (L.) Rchb., 584 Ramping-fumitory, Common, 94 Martin's, 94 Purple, 94 Tall, 94 Western, 93 White, 93 Rampion, Oxford, 676 Round-headed, 676 Spiked, 675 Rampions, 675 Ramsons, 902 Rannoch-rush, 841 family, 841 RANUNCULACEAE, 101 RANUNCULUS L., 110 subg. BATRACHIUM (DC.) A. Gray, 115 subg. Ficaria (Schaeff.) L.D. Benson, 118 subg. RANUNCULUS, 112 aconitifolius L., 115, 116FIG flore pleno, 115 acris L., 112, 116FIG ssp. acris, 112 ssp. borealis (Regel) Nyman, 113 var. borealis Regel, 113 var. pumilus Wahlenb., 113 var. villosus (Drabble) S.M. Coles, 113 aquatilis L., 116FIG, 117 var. diffusus With., 117 x R. peltatus = R. x virzionensis, 117 arvensis L., 114, 116FIG auricomus L., 114, 116FIG x bachii Wirtg. (R. fluitans x R. trichophyllus & R. fluitans x R. aquatilis), 118 baudotii Godr., 116FIG, 117 x R. aquatilis = R. x lambertii, 117 x R. peltatus, 117 x R. trichophyllus = R. x segretii, 117 bulbosus L., 113, 116FIG ssp. bulbifer (Jord.) P. Fourn., 113 var. dunensis Druce, 113

1194

INDEX

RANUNCULUS bulbosus (contd) ssp. bulbosus, 113 circinatus Sibth., 118 ficaria L., 118 ssp. bulbifer Lawalrée nom. illeg., 119 ssp. bulbilifer Lambinon, 119 ssp. chrysocephalus P.D. Sell, 119 ssp. fertilis Lawalrée ex Laegaard, 119 ssp. ficariiformis (F.W. Schultz) Rouy & Foucaud, 119 var. bulbifera Marsden-Jones nom. illeg., 119 var. fertilis A.R. Clapham nom. nud., 119 flammula L., 114, 116FIG ssp. flammula, 114 ssp. minimus (A. Benn.) Padmore, 114 ssp. scoticus (E.S. Marshall) A.R. Clapham, 114 x R. reptans = R. x levenensis, 115 fluitans Lam., 118 x R. aquatilis & R. fluitans x R. trichophyllus = R. x bachii, 118 x R. circinatus, 118 x R. trichophyllus & R. fluitans x R. aquatilis = R. x bachii, 118 x glueckii A. Félix nom. nud., 117 hederaceus L., 115, 116FIG x hiltonii H. & J. Groves (R. omiophyllus x R. peltatus), 115 x kelchoensis S.D. Webster (R. peltatus x R. fluitans), 117 x lambertii A. Félix (R. baudotii x R. aquatilis), 117 lenormandii F.W. Schultz, 115 x levenensis Druce ex Gornall (R. flammula x R. reptans), 115 lingua L., 114, 116FIG lutarius auct. non (Revel) Bouvet, 115 x lutzii A. Félix (R. trichophyllus x R. aquatilis), 117 marginatus d'Urv., 113, 116FIG var. marginatus, 113 var. trachycarpus (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Azn., 113 muricatus L., 113, 116FIG x novae-forestae S.D. Webster (R. omiophyllus x R. tripartitus), 115 omiophyllus Ten., 115, 116FIG x R. peltatus = R. x hiltonii, 115 x R. tripartitus = R. x novae-forestae, 115 ophioglossifolius Vill., 115, 116FIG paludosus Poir., 114, 116FIG parviflorus L., 113, 116FIG peltatus Schrank, 116FIG, 117

RANUNCULUS

ssp. baudotii (Godr.) Meikle ex C.D.K. Cook, 117 ssp. pseudofluitans (Syme) C.D.K. Cook nom. inval., 118 x R. fluitans = R. x kelchoensis, 117 penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab., 116FIG, 118 ssp. penicillatus, 118 ssp. pseudofluitans (Syme) S.D. Webster, 118 var. calcareus (Butcher) C.D.K. Cook, 118 var. vertumnus C.D.K. Cook, 118 pseudofluitans (Syme) Newbould ex Baker & Foggitt, 118 repens L., 113, 116FIG reptans L., 115 sardous Crantz, 113, 116FIG sceleratus L., 114, 116FIG x segretii A. Félix (R. baudotii x R. trichophyllus), 117 trichophyllus Chaix, 117 x R. aquatilis = R. x lutzii, 117 x R. circinatus, 117 x R. peltatus, 117 tripartitus DC., 115, 116FIG x R. aquatilis, 117 x virzionensis A. Félix (R. aquatilis x R. peltatus), 117 Rape, Ethiopian, 413 Long-stalked, 413 Oil-seed, 413 RAPHANUS L., 418 landra Moretti ex DC., 418 maritimus Sm., 418 x micranthus (Uechtr.) O.E. Schulz (R. raphanistrum x R. sativus), 418 raphanistrum L., 418 ssp. landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens, 415FIG, 418 ssp. maritimus (Sm.) Thell., 415FIG, 418 x ssp. raphanistrum, 418 ssp. raphanistrum, 415FIG, 418 x R. sativus = R. x micranthus, 418 sativus L., 415FIG, 418 RAPISTRUM Crantz, 417 hispanicum (L.) Crantz, 417 orientale (L.) Crantz, 417 perenne (L.) All., 415FIG, 417 rugosum (L.) Bergeret, 417 ssp. linnaeanum (Coss.) Rouy & Foucaud, 415FIG, 417 ssp. orientale (L.) Arcang., 417 ssp. rugosum, 415FIG, 417 Raspberry, 244 Purple-flowered, 244 Rocky Mountain, 243 Raspwort, Creeping, 142

RATTLESNAKE-GRASS

INDEX

Rattlesnake-grass, 1038 Rauli, 287 Red-cedar, Japanese, 53 Western, 54 Red-cedars, 54 Red-hot-poker, 896 Greater, 896 Red-hot-pokers, 896 Red-knotgrass, 442 Lesser, 442 Red-maids, 508 Redshank, 439 Redwood, Coastal, 52 Dawn, 52 Reed, Common, 1057 REINECKEA Kunth, 917 carnea (Haw.) Kunth, 917 Reineckea, 917 RESEDA L., 384 alba L., 385 lutea L., 385 luteola L., 385 odorata L., 385 phyteuma L., 385 stricta auct. non Pers., 385 RESEDACEAE, 384 Restharrow, Andalucian, 164 Common, 164 Mediterranean, 164 Salzmann's, 164 Small, 164 Spiny, 164 Yellow, 164 Restharrows, 163 Reynoutria Houtt., 442 x bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková, 443 japonica Houtt., 442 var. compacta (Hook. f.) Buchheim, 443 sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai, 443 RHAGADIOLUS Scop., 687 stellatus (L.) Gaertn., 687 RHAMNACEAE, 278 RHAMNUS L., 278 alaternus L., 279, 373FIG cathartica L., 279, 373FIG Rhaponticum Vaill., 696 repens (L.) Hidalgo, 696 RHEUM L., 444 x cultorum Thorsrud & Reis. nom. nud., 444 x hybridum Murray, 444 officinale Baill., 444 palmatum L., 444 x rhabarbarum L., 444 x rhaponticum auct. non L., 444 RHINANTHUS L., 656 angustifolius C.C. Gmel., 657, 658FIG borealis (Sterneck) Druce, 659 calcareus Wilmott, 659

1195

gardineri Druce, 659 lintonii Wilmott, 659 lochabrensis Wilmott, 659 minor L., 657, 658FIG ssp. borealis (Sterneck) P.D. Sell, 658FIG, 659 ssp. calcareus (Wilmott) E.F. Warb., 658FIG, 659 ssp. lintonii (Wilmott) P.D. Sell, 658FIG, 659 ssp. minor, 657, 658FIG ssp. monticola (Sterneck) O. Schwarz, 658FIG, 659 ssp. stenophyllus O. Schwarz, 658FIG, 659 monticola (Sterneck) Druce, 659 serotinus (Schönh.) Oborny, 657 ssp. apterus (Fr.) Hyl., 657 spadiceus Wilmott, 659 stenophyllus Druce, 659 X Rhizanthera P.F. Hunt & Summerh. nom. inval., 867 chevallieriana (E.G. Camus) Soó, 867 Rhodes-grass, Australian, 1062 Feathery, 1064 Rhodes-grasses, 1062 Rhodiola L., 136, 138 rosea L., 138 RHODODENDRON L., 525 catawbiense Michx., 526 groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd, 526, 533FIG luteum Sweet, 526 macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don, 526 maximum L., 526 ponticum L., 526 ssp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reut.) Hand.Mazz., 526 tomentosum Harmaja, 526 Rhododendron, 526 Rhododendrons, 525 Rhodostachys, 927 family, 926 Tresco, 927 Rhubarb, 444 Ornamental, 444 Rhubarbs, 444 RHUS L., 369 copallina L., 369 coriaria L., 369 cotinus L., 369 hirta (L.) Sudw., 369 typhina L., 369 Rhynchosinapis Hayek, 416 cheiranthos (Vill.) Dandy, 416 erucastrum Dandy ex A.R. Clapham pro parte excl. typ., 416 monensis (L.) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham, 416

1196

INDEX

Rhynchosinapis (contd) wrightii (O.E. Schulz) Dandy ex A.R. Clapham, 416 RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl, 951 alba (L.) Vahl, 947FIG, 951 fusca (L.) W.T. Aiton, 947FIG, 951 RIBES L., 124 alpinum L., 126 aureum auct. non Pursh, 126 divaricatum Douglas, 126 nigrum L., 124, 125FIG odoratum H.L. Wendl., 125FIG, 126 rubrum L., 124, 125FIG sanguineum Pursh, 124, 125FIG spicatum E. Robson, 124, 125FIG sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, 124 uva-crispa L., 126 Rice-grass, Manchurian, 991 Rice-grasses, 991 RICINUS L., 306 communis L., 306 RIDOLFIA Moris, 822 segetum (Guss.) Moris, 819FIG, 822 River-hemp, Colorado, 147 ROBINIA L., 148 pseudoacacia L., 148 Robin's-plantain, 745 Roble, 287 Rock-cress, Alpine, 407 Bristol, 408 Hairy, 407 Northern, 392 Sand, 394 Rock-cresses, 407 Rocket, Cress, 391 Eastern, 419 French, 419 Garden, 414 Hairy, 414 Perennial, 419 Sea, 416 Tall, 419 Wild, 411 Rockets, 418 Rock-rose, Common, 383 family, 382 Hoary, 383 Spotted, 382 White, 383 Rock-roses, 382 RODGERSIA A. Gray, 127 podophylla A. Gray, 127 Rodgersia, 127 Roegneria K. Koch, 1048 Roemeria Medik., 87 hybrida (L.) DC., 87 ROMULEA Maratti, 887 columnae Sebast. & Mauri, 887 rosea (L.) Eckl., 887

RHYNCHOSINAPIS

var. australis (Ewart) M.P. de Vos., 887 RORIPPA Scop., 396 amphibia (L.) Besser, 397, 410FIG x R. austriaca = R. x hungarica, 397 x anceps (Wahlenb.) Rchb. (R. sylvestris x R. amphibia), 397 x armoracioides (Tausch) Fuss (R. sylvestris x R. austriaca), 397 austriaca (Crantz) Besser, 397, 410FIG x erythrocaulis Borbás (R. palustris x R. amphibia), 397 x hungarica Borbás (R. amphibia x R. austriaca), 397 islandica auct. non (Oeder ex Gunnerus) Borbás, 396 islandica (Oeder ex Gunnerus) Borbás, 396 microphylla (Boenn.) Hyl. ex Á. & D. Löve, 399 nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, 399 palustris (L.) Besser, 396, 410FIG x R. amphibia = R. x erythrocaulis, 397 x R. sylvestris, 397 x sterilis Airy Shaw, 399 sylvestris (L.) Besser, 397, 410FIG x R. amphibia = R. x anceps, 397 x R. austriaca = R. x armoracioides, 397 ROSA L., 267 sect. CANINAE DC., 273 sect. CAROLINAE Crép., 272 sect. CASSIORHODON Dumort., 272 sect. Cinnamomeae auct. non Ser., 272 sect. Gallicanae DC., 272 sect. Gymnocarpae Thory, 270 sect. PIMPINELLIFOLIAE DC., 271 sect. ROSA, 272 sect. SYNSTYLAE DC., 270 x aberrans Wolley-Dod, 274 afzeliana Fr. nom. illeg., 274 agrestis Savi, 275FIG, 277 x alba L., 272, 275FIG x alpestris Rapin ex Reut. (?R. caesia x R. sherardii), 274 x andegavensis Bastard (R. stylosa x R. canina), 273 x andrzejowskii Boreau (R. spinosissima x R. tomentosa), 271 arvensis Huds., 271, 275FIG x R. caesia, 271 ssp. caesia, 271 ssp. vosagiaca, 271 x R. canina = R. x irregularis, 271 x R. micrantha = R. x vituperabilis, 271 x R. obtusifolia = R. x rouyana, 271

ROSA

INDEX

x R. rubiginosa = R. x gallicoides, 271 x R. rugosa = R. x paulii, 271 x R. sherardii, 271 x R. stylosa = R. x pseudorusticana, 271 x R. tomentosa, 271 x avrayensis Rouy (R. tomentosa x R. rubiginosa), 276 x belnensis auct. non Ozanon, 273 x belnensis Ozanon (R. canina x R. agrestis), 274 x bengyana Rouy (R. stylosa x R. rubiginosa), 273 x bibracteoides Wolley-Dod, 271 x bigeneris Duffort ex Rouy (R. rubiginosa x R. micrantha), 276 x bishopii Wolley-Dod (R. micrantha x R. agrestis), 277 x biturigensis Boreau (R. spinosissima x R. rubiginosa), 272 x burdonii Wolley-Dod, 276 caesia Sm., 274, 275FIG ssp. caesia, 274 x R. mollis = R. x glaucoides, 274 x R. sherardii = ?R. x alpestris, 274 ssp. glauca (Nyman) G.G. Graham & Primavesi nom. inval., 274 ssp. vosagiaca (N.H.F. Desp.) D.H. Kent, 274 x R. micrantha, 274 x R. mollis= R. x glaucoides, 274 x R. obtusifolia, 274 x R. sherardii = ?R. x alpestris, 274 x R. tomentosa = R. x cottetii, 274 x R. micrantha = R. x longicolla, 274 x R. mollis = R. x glaucoides, 274 x R. rubiginosa x R. sherardii = ?R. x alpestris, 274 x R. tomentosa = R. x cottetii, 274 canina L., 273, 275FIG group 'Dumales', 273 group 'Lutetianae', 273 group 'Pubescentes', 273 group 'Transitoriae', 273 x R. agrestis = R. x belnensis, 274 x R. caesia = R. x dumalis, 273 x R. micrantha = R. x toddiae, 274 x R. mollis = R. x molletorum, 274 x R. obtusifolia = R. x dumetorum, 273 x R. rubiginosa = R. x nitidula, 274 x R. sherardii = R. x rothschildii, 274 x R. tomentosa = R. x scabriuscula Sm., 273 x cantiana (Wolley-Dod) Wolley-Dod, 272 centifolia L., 272 cinnamomea L. 1753 non 1759, 270 cinnamomea L. 1759 non 1753, 270 x collina Jacq. non Woods, 272

1197

x concinnoides Wolley-Dod, 273 x consanguinea Gren., 271 coriifolia Fr., 274 x coronata Crép. ex Reut., 271 corymbifera Borkh., 273 x cottetii (H. Christ) Lagger & Puget ex Cottet (R. caesia x R. tomentosa), 274 x curvispina Wolley-Dod, 273 damascena Mill., 272 x deseglisei Boreau, 271 dumalis auct. non Bechst., 273, 274 x dumalis Bechst. (R. canina x R. caesia), 273 dumetorum auct. non Thuill., 273 x dumetorum Thuill. (R. canina x R. obtusifolia), 273 elliptica auct. non Tausch, 277 elliptica Tausch, 277 ferruginea Vill., 273, 275FIG gallica L., 272, 275FIG x gallicoides (Baker) Déségl. (R. arvensis x R. rubiginosa), 271 glauca Pourr. non Vill. ex Loisel., 273 glauca Vill. ex Loisel. non Pourr., 274 x glaucoides Wolley-Dod (R. caesia x R. mollis), 274 gymnocarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. willmottiae (Hemsl.) P.V. Heath, 270 x hibernica Templeton (R. spinosissima x R. canina), 271 'Hollandica', 272, 275FIG x inelegans Wolley-Dod, 271 x involuta Sm. (R. spinosissima x R. sherardii), 271 x irregularis Déségl. & Guillon (R. arvensis x R. canina), 271 x kosinskiana Besser, 271 x latebrosa Déségl., 274 x latens Wolley-Dod, 274 x longicolla Ravaud ex Rouy (R. caesia x R. micrantha), 274 luciae Franch. & Rochebr. ex Crép., 270, 275FIG lucida Ehrh., 272 majalis Herrm., 270 x margerisonii (Wolley-Dod) Wolley-Dod (R. spinosissima x R. caesia), 271 micrantha Borrer ex Sm., 275FIG, 276 x R. agrestis = R. x bishopii, 277 x molletorum Hesl.-Harr. (R. canina x R. mollis), 274 x molliformis Wolley-Dod (R. mollis x R. rubiginosa), 276 mollis Sm., 275FIG, 276 x R. rubiginosa = R. x molliformis, 276

1198

INDEX

ROSA

x R. tomentosa = R. x andrzejowskii, ROSA (contd) 271 x moorei (Baker) Wolley-Dod, 272 squarrosa auct., ?(A. Rau) Boreau, 273 multiflora Thunb., 270, 275FIG stylosa Desv., 273, 275FIG nitida Willd., 270 x R. agrestis, 273 x nitidula Besser (R. canina x R. x R. caesia, 273 rubiginosa), 274 ssp. vosagiaca, 273 x obovata (Baker) Ley non Raf., 274 x R. canina = R. x andegavensis, 273 obtusifolia Desv., 274, 275FIG x R. obtusifolia, 273 x R. micrantha, 274 x R. rubiginosa = R. x bengyana, 273 x R. rubiginosa = R. x timbalii, 274 x R. sherardii, 273 x R. sherardii, 274 x subcanina (H. Christ) Dalla Torre & x R. tomentosa, 274 Sarnth., 273 omeiensis Rolfe, 270 x subcollina (H. Christ) Dalla Torre & x paulii Rehder (R. arvensis x R. rugosa), Sarnth., 273 271 x suberecta (Woods) Ley (R. sherardii x pendulina L. 270 R. rubiginosa), 276 x perthensis Rouy (R. sherardii x R. x suberectiformis Wolley-Dod (R. mollis), 276 tomentosa x R. sherardii), pimpinellifolia L., 271 276 x praegeri Wolley-Dod (R. rugosa x R. x subobtusifolia Wolley-Dod, 273 canina), 272 x timbalii Crép. (R. obtusifolia x R. x pseudorusticana Crép. ex Preston (R. rubiginosa), 274 arvensis x R. stylosa), 271 x toddiae Wolley-Dod (R. canina x R. 'Queen Elizabeth', 270 micrantha), 274 x rogersii Wolley-Dod, 274 x tomentelliformis Wolley-Dod, 274 x rothschildii Druce (R. canina x R. tomentosa Sm., 274, 275FIG sherardii), 274 x R. agrestis, 276 x rouyana Duffort ex Rouy (R. arvensis x x R. micrantha, 276 R. obtusifolia), 271 x R. mollis, 276 x rufescens Wolley-Dod, 273 x R. rubiginosa = R. x avrayensis, 276 rubiginosa L., 275FIG, 276 x R. sherardii = R. x suberectiformis, x R. micrantha = R. x bigeneris, 276 276 rubrifolia Vill. nom. illeg., 273 x verticillacantha Mérat, 271 rugosa Thunb., 272, 275FIG villosa auct. non L., 276 x R. canina = R. x praegeri, 272 virginiana Herrm., 272 x sabinii Woods (R. spinosissima x R. virginiana Mill. (non Herrm.), 272, mollis), 271 275FIG scabriuscula auct. non Sm., 274 x vituperabilis Duffort ex Rouy (R. x scabriuscula Sm. (R. canina x R. arvensis x R. micrantha), tomentosa), 273 271 sempervirens L., 270 vosagiaca N.H.F. Desp., 274 sericea Lindl., 270 x wheldonii Wolley-Dod, 271 setigera Michx., 270, 275FIG wichurana Crép., 270 x setonensis Wolley-Dod, 271 willmottiae Hemsl., 270 sherardii Davies, 275FIG, 276 ROSACEAE, 187 x R. agrestis, 276 subfam. Amygdaloideae, 190 x R. micrantha, 276 subfam. Maloideae, 190 x R. mollis = R. x perthensis, 276 subfam. Pomoideae, 190 x R. rubiginosa = R. x suberecta, 276 subfam. Prunoideae, 190 x shoolbredii Wolley-Dod, 276 subfam. ROSOIDEAE, 240 spinosissima L., 271, 275FIG subfam. SPIRAEOIDEAE, 190 x R. caesia = R. x margerisonii, 271 Rose, Burnet, 271 x R. canina = R. x hibernica, 271 Dutch, 272 x R. mollis = R. x sabinii, 271 Evergreen, 270 x R. rubiginosa = R. x biturigensis, family, 187 272 Japanese, 272 x R. rugosa, 271 Many-flowered, 270 x R. sherardii = R. x involuta, 271 Memorial, 270

ROSE

INDEX

Prairie, 270 Red, (of Lancaster), 272 Red-leaved, 273 Virginian, 272 White, (of York), 272 Rosemary, 634 Rose-of-heaven, 473 Rose-of-Sharon, 338 Roseroot, 138 Roses, 267 ROSMARINUS L., 634 officinalis L., 626FIG, 634 ROSTRARIA Trin., 1020 cristata (L.) Tzvelev, 1020, 1023FIG, 1036FIG Rowan, 202 Chinese, 203 False, 203 Ladder-leaf, 203 RUBIA L., 543 peregrina L., 543 tinctorum L., 543 RUBIACEAE, 536 RUBUS L., 241 group Vestiti Focke, 251 sect. Appendiculati (Genev.) Sudre, 251 sect. Caesii Lej. & Courtois, 252 sect. Corylifolii Lindl., 252 sect. Discolores P.J. Müll., 247 sect. Glandulosus Wimm. & Grab., 247 sect. Glaucobatus Dumort., 252 sect. Rotundifolii W.C.R. Watson nom. inval., 251 sect. Rubus, 246 sect. Sprengeliani (Focke) W.C.R. Watson nom. inval., 247 sect. Suberecti Lindl., 246 sect. Sylvatici P.J. Müll., 247 sect. Triviales P.J. Müll., 252 series Anisacanthi H.E. Weber, 251 series Apiculati Focke pro parte, 251 series Discolores (P.J. Müll.) Focke, 247 series Dispares W.C.R. Watson pro parte nom. inval., 251 series Euglandulosi W.C.R. Watson nom. inval., 252 series Glandulosi (Wimm. & Grab.) Focke, 252 series Grandifolii Focke, 251 series Hystrices Focke, 251 series Micantes Sudre ex Bouvet, 251 series Mucronati (Focke) H.E. Weber, 251 series Pallidi W.C.R. Watson, 251 series Radulae (Focke) Focke, 251 series Rhamnifolii (Bab.) Focke, 247 series Sprengeliani Focke, 247 series Sylvatici (P.J. Müll.) Focke, 247 series Vestiti (Focke) Focke, 251 subg. ANOPLOBATUS Focke, 244

1199

subg. CHAMAEMORUS (Hill) Focke, 243 subg. CYLACTIS (Raf.) Focke, 244 subg. IDAEOBATUS Focke, 244 x subg. RUBUS, 246 subg. RUBUS, 246 subg. DALIBARDASTRUM Focke, 243 subsect. Discoloroides Genev. ex Sudre, 247 subsect. Hiemales E.H.L. Krause, 247 subsect. Rudes Sudre pro parte, 251 subsect. Virescentes Genev., 247 allegheniensis Porter, 247 arcticus L., 244 armeniacus Focke, 247 'Himalayan Giant', 247 atrebatum A. Newton, 250FIG boraeanus Genev., 249FIG caesius L., 245FIG, 250FIG, 252 calvatus Lees ex A. Bloxam, 248FIG canadensis L., 247 cardiophyllus Lefèvre & P.J. Müll., 248FIG chamaemorus L., 243 cockburnianus Hemsl., 245FIG, 246 coreanus Miq., 243 dasyphyllus (W.M. Rogers) E.S. Marshall, 252 deliciosus Torr., 243 elegantispinosus (Schumach.) H.E. Weber, 247 fissus Lindl., 246 x fraseri Rehder (R. odoratus x R. parviflorus), 244 fruticosus L. agg., 241, 247 fuscicaulis Edees, 250FIG hylonomus Lefèvre & P.J. Müll., 250FIG x idaeoides Ruthe, 244 idaeus L., 244, 245FIG, 248FIG x R. caesius = R. x pseudoidaeus, 244 x R. fruticosus agg., 247 x R. phoenicolasius = R. x paxii, 244 x R. vitifolius Cham. & Schltdl., 246 inermis auct. non Pourr., 247 laciniatus Willd., 247 leyanus W.M. Rogers, 249FIG lindleianus Lees, 247 loganobaccus L.H. Bailey, 245FIG, 246 mucronulatus Boreau, 249FIG nemoralis P.J. Müll., 247 nessensis Hall, 246 nobilissimus (W.C.R. Watson) Pearsall, 248FIG odoratus L., 244 x R. parviflorus = R. x fraseri, 244 parviflorus Nutt.,244, 245FIG x paxii Focke (R. idaeus x R. phoenicolasius), 244 phoenicolasius Maxim., 245FIG, 246 plicatus Weihe & Nees, 246

1200

INDEX

RUBUS (contd) polyanthemus Lindeb., 247 procerus auct., 247 x pseudoidaeus (Weihe) Lej. (R. idaeus x R. caesius), 244 radula Weihe ex Boenn., 251 saxatilis L., 244 scissus W.C.R. Watson, 246 spectabilis Pursh, 245FIG, 246 sprengelii Weihe, 247, 248FIG tricolor Focke, 244, 245FIG tuberculatus Bab., 250FIG ulmifolius Schott, 247, 249FIG x R. caesius, 252 vestitus Weihe, 251 wedgwoodiae W.C. Barton & Ridd., 249FIG RUDBECKIA L., 774 hirta L., 774, 777FIG laciniata L., 775 serotina Nutt., 774 Rue, 374 family, 372 RUMEX L., 444 subg. ACETOSA Raf., 446 subg. ACETOSELLA Raf., 446 subg. RUMEX, 447 x abortivus Ruhmer (R. conglomeratus x R. obtusifolius), 451 acetosa L., 446, 449FIG ssp. acetosa, 447 ssp. ambiguus (Gren.) Á. Löve, 447 ssp. biformis (Lange) Valdés Berm. & Castrov, 447 ssp. hibernicus (Rech. f.) Akeroyd, 447 acetosella L., 446, 449FIG ssp. acetosella, 446 var. tenuifolius Wallr., 446 ssp. angiocarpus auct. non (Murb.) Murb., 446 ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourr.) Akeroyd, 446 x acutus auct. non L., 450 x akeroydii F.J. Rumsey (R. cristatus x R. palustris), 450 alpinus L., 447, 449FIG angiocarpus auct. non Murb., 446 aquaticus L., 448, 449FIG x R. crispus = R. x conspersus, 448 x R. obtusifolius = R. x platyphyllus, 448 x R. sanguineus = R. x dumulosus, 448 x areschougii Beck, 450 x arnottii Druce, 448 x bontei Danser (R. crispus x R. obovatus), 450 x borbasii %ãRFNL (R. confertus x R. obtusifolius), 448 brownii Campd., 449FIG, 451

RUBUS

x callianthemus Danser (R. obtusifolius x R. maritimus), 452 confertus Willd., 448, 449FIG x R. crispus = R. x skofitzii, 448 x R. obtusifolius = R. x borbasii, 448 x confusus Simonk. (R. patientia x R. crispus), 450 conglomeratus Murray, 449FIG, 451 x R. maritimus = R. x knafii, 451 x R. obtusifolius = R. x abortivus, 451 x R. palustris = R. x wirtgenii, 451 x R. pulcher = R. x muretii, 451 x R. rupestris = R. x rosemurphyae, 451 x R. sanguineus = R. x ruhmeri, 451 x conspersus Hartm. (R. aquaticus x R. crispus), 448 x cornubiensis Holyoak (R. frutescens x R. obtusifolius), 447 crispus L., 449FIG, 450 ssp. crispus, 450 ssp. littoreus (J. Hardy) Akeroyd, 450 x R. pulcher = R. x pseudopulcher, 450 ssp. uliginosus (Le Gall) Akeroyd, 450 x R. conglomeratus = R. x schulzei, 450 x R. maritimus = R. x fallacinus, 450 x R. obovatus = R. x bontei, 450 x R. obtusifolius = R. x pratensis, 449FIG, 450 x R. palustris = R. x heteranthos, 450 x R. pulcher = R. x pseudopulcher, 450 x R. rupestris, 450 x R. sanguineus = R. x sagorskii, 450 cristatus DC., 448, 449FIG x R. conglomeratus, 448 x R. crispus = R. x dimidiatus, 448 x R. obtusifolius = R. x lousleyi, 448 x R. palustris = R. x akeroydii, 450 x R. patientia ssp. orientalis = R. x xenogenus, 448 dentatus L., 449FIG, 452 ssp. halacsyi (Rech.) Rech. f., 452 x digeneus Beck (R. hydrolapathum x R. conglomeratus), 448 x dimidiatus Hausskn. (R. cristatus x R. crispus), 448 x dufftii Hausskn. (R. sanguineus x R. obtusifolius), 451 x dumulosus Hausskn. (R. aquaticus x R. sanguineus), 448 x erubescens Simonk. (R. patientia x R. obtusifolius), 450 x fallacinus Hausskn. (R. crispus x R. maritimus), 450 frutescens Thouars, 447, 449FIG

RUMEX

INDEX

1201

x pratensis Mert. & W.D.J. Koch (R. x R. conglomeratus = R. x wrightii, crispus x R. obtusifolius), 447 449FIG. 450 x R. crispus = R. x mirabilis, 447 x propinquus Aresch. (R. longifolius x R. x R. obtusifolius = R. x cornubiensis, crispus), 448 447 pseudoalpinus Höfft, 447 x henrardii Danser (R. palustris x R. x pseudopulcher Hausskn. (R. crispus x maritimus), 452 R. pulcher), 450 x heteranthos Borbás (R. crispus x R. pulcher L., 449FIG, 451 palustris), 450 ssp. pulcher, 451 hibernicus Rech. f., 447 x R. obtusifolius = R. x ogulinensis, x hybridus Kindb. (R. longifolius x R. 451 obtusifolius), 448 x rosemurphyae Holyoak (R. hydrolapathum Huds., 448, 449FIG conglomeratus x R. x R. conglomeratus = R. x digeneus, rupestris), 451 448 rugosus Campd., 447 x R. crispus = R. x schreberi, 448 x ruhmeri Hausskn. (R. conglomeratus x x R. obtusifolius = R. x weberi, 448 R. sanguineus), 451 x knafii ÿHODNR. conglomeratus x R. rupestris Le Gall, 449FIG, 451 maritimus), 451 x R. pulcher = R. x trimenii, 451 x lingulatus Jungner non Schur, 448 x sagorskii Hausskn. (R. crispus x R. longifolius DC., 448, 449FIG sanguineus), 450 x R. crispus = R. x propinquus, 448 salicifolius T. Lestib., 447, 449FIG x R. obtusifolius = R. x hybridus, 448 ssp. triangulivalvis Danser., 447 x lousleyi D.H. Kent (R. cristatus x R. sanguineus L., 449FIG, 451 obtusifolius), 448 var. sanguineus, 451 maritimus L., 449FIG, 452 var. viridis Sibth., 451 x mirabilis Rech. f. (R. frutescens x R. x R. obtusifolius = R. x dufftii, 451 crispus), 447 x R. pulcher = R. x mixtus, 451 x mixtus Lamb. (R. sanguineus x R. scutatus L., 446, 449FIG pulcher), 451 x schmidtii Hausskn., 448 x muretii Hausskn. (R. conglomeratus x x schreberi Hausskn. (R. hydrolapathum R. pulcher), 451 x R. crispus), 448 obovatus Danser, 449FIG, 452 x schulzei Hausskn. (R. crispus x R. obtusifolius L., 451 conglomeratus), 450 ssp. sylvestris :DOOU ÿHODN x skofitzii %ãRFNL (R. confertus x R. ssp. transiens (Simonk.) Rech. f., 452 crispus), 448 var. microcarpus Dierb., 449FIG, 452 x steinii Becker (R. obtusifolius x R. var. obtusifolius, 449FIG, 452 palustris), 452 var. transiens (Simonk.) Kubát, 452 stenophyllus Ledeb., 446 x R. maritimus = R. x callianthemus, tenuifolius (Wallr.) Á. Löve, 446 452 triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., 447 x R. palustris = R. x steinii, 452 x trimenii E.G. Camus (R. rupestris x R. x ogulinensis Borbás (R. pulcher x R. pulcher), 451 obtusifolius), 451 x weberi Fisch.-Benz. (R. hydrolapathum palustris Sm., 449FIG, 452 x R. obtusifolius), 448 x R. maritimus = R. x henrardii, 452 x wirtgenii Beck (R. conglomeratus x R. patientia L., 449FIG, 450 palustris), 451 ssp. orientalis Danser, 450 x wrightii Lousley (R. frutescens x R. x R. conglomeratus = R. x philpii, 450 conglomeratus), 447 x R. crispus = R. x confusus, 450 x xenogenus Rech. f. (R. cristatus x R. x R. obtusifolius, 450 patientia ssp. orientalis), x R. obtusifolius = R. x erubescens, 448 450 RUPPIA L., 852 x philpii Kitchener (R. patientia x R. cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, 852, 853FIG conglomeratus), 450 maritima L., 852, 853FIG x platyphyllus Aresch. (R. aquaticus x R. spiralis L. ex Dumort., 852 obtusifolius), 448 RUPPIACEAE, 852 Rupturewort, Fringed, 466 Hairy, 466

1202

INDEX

Rupturewort (contd) Smooth, 466 Ruptureworts, 466 Ruscaceae, 914 RUSCHIA Schwantes, 503 caroli (L. Bolus) Schwantes, 502FIG, 503 RUSCUS L., 922 aculeatus L., 922 hypoglossum L., 923 Rush, Alpine, 931 Baltic, 937 Blunt-flowered, 931 Broad-leaved, 931 Bulbous, 934 Chestnut, 935 Compact, 937 Dudley's, 935 Dwarf, 931 family, 928 Frog, 936 Hard, 937 Heath, 935 Jointed, 934 Lax-flowered, 935 Leafy, 936 Pigmy, 934 Round-fruited, 936 Saltmarsh, 936 Sea, 935 Sharp, 935 Sharp-flowered, 934 Slender, 935 Somerset, 936 Thread, 937 Three-flowered, 934 Three-leaved, 936 Toad, 936 Two-flowered, 934 Rushes, 928 Russian-vine, 443 Rustyback, 26 RUTA graveolens L., 374 RUTACEAE, 372 Rye, 1054 Rye-grass, Flaxfield, 998 Italian, 998 Mediterranean, 998 Perennial, 998 Rye-grasses, 997 RYTIDOSPERMA Steud., 1055 racemosum (R. Br.) Connor & Edgar, 1036FIG, 1050FIG, 1055 Safflower, 701 Downy, 701 Safflowers, 701 Saffron, Meadow, 855 family, 855 Sage, 637 Jerusalem, 620

RUPTUREWORT

Scarlet, 635 Turkish, 620 Sages, 620 SAGINA L., 463 apetala auct. non Ard., 465 apetala Ard., 458FIG, 465 ssp. erecta F. Herm., 465 boydii F.B. White, 465 ciliata Fr., 465 filicaulis Jord., 458FIG, 465 glabra (Willd.) Fenzl, 464 intermedia Fenzl, 464 maritima Don, 465 x micrantha Boreau ex E. Martin (S. subulata x S. procumbens), 464 micropetala Rauschert, 465 nivalis (Lindblom) Fr., 464 nodosa (L.) Fenzl, 464 x normaniana Lagerh. (S. saginoides x S. procumbens), 464 pilifera (DC.) Fenzl, 464 procumbens L., 458FIG, 465 'Boydii', 465 saginoides (L.) H. Karst., 464 ssp. scotica (Druce) A.R. Clapham, 464 x S. procumbens = S. x normaniana, 464 subulata (Sw.) C. Presl, 458FIG, 464 'Aurea', 464 var. glabrata Gillot, 464 x S. procumbens = S. x micrantha, 464 SAGITTARIA L., 835 latifolia Willd., 836 rigida Pursh, 836 sagittifolia L., 835 subulata (L.) Buchenau, 836 Sainfoin, 152 SALICACEAE, 312 SALICORNIA L., 492 dolichostachya Moss, 494FIG, 495 emerici Duval-Jouve, 494FIG, 495 europaea L. agg., 493, 494FIG europaea L., 493 fragilis P.W. Ball & Tutin, 494FIG, 495 lutescens P.W. Ball & Tutin, 495 nitens P.W. Ball & Tutin, 495 obscura P.W. Ball & Tutin, 493, 494FIG oliveri Moss, 495 perennis Mill., 492 procumbens Sm. agg., 495 procumbens Sm., 495 pusilla Woods, 493, 494FIG x S. ramosissima, 493 ramosissima Woods, 493, 494FIG SALIX L., 318 sect. CHAMAETIA Dumort., 331 sect. SALIX, 322 sect. VETRIX Dumort., 326

SALIX

INDEX

acutifolia Willd., 324FIG, 327 alba L., 323, 324FIG ssp. caerulea (Sm.) Rech. f., 323 ssp. vitellina (L.) Arcang., 323 var. caerulea (Sm.) Dumort., 323 var. vitellina (L.) Stokes, 323 'Britzensis', 323 x S. babylonica = S. x sepulcralis, 323, 324FIG x S. decipiens = S. x fragilis, 323 x S. fragilis = S. x rubens, 323, 324FIG x S. fragilis var. decipiens, 323 x alopecuroides Tausch ex Opiz (S. fragilis x S. triandra), 323 x ambigua Ehrh. (S. aurita x S. repens), 329 x angusensis Rech. f. (S. viminalis x S. cinerea x S. repens), 327 arbuscula L., 325FIG, 331 x S. herbacea = S. x simulatrix, 331 x S. reticulata = S. x ganderi, 331 arenaria L., 330 atrocinerea Brot., 329 aurita L., 325FIG, 329 x S. herbacea = S. x margarita, 329 x S. lapponum = S. x obtusifolia, 329 x S. herbacea, 329 x S. myrsinifolia = S. x coriacea, 329 x S. phylicifolia = S. x saxetana, 329 x S. phylicifolia = S. x ludificans, 329 x S. repens = S. x ambigua, 329 x S. herbacea = S. x grahamii, 329 x S. lapponum, 329 babylonica L., 322 x S. alba, 322 x S. fragilis, 322 x basfordiana Scaling ex Salter, 323 bebbiana Sarg., 322 x beckiana Beck (S. purpurea x S. myrsinifolia), 326 x blanda Andersson, 323 x blyttiana Andersson (S. myrsinifolia x S. phylicifolia x S. myrsinites), 330 x boydii E.F. Linton (S. lapponum x S. sp.), 318 x breadalbanensis Druce nom. nud., 330 x calodendron Wimm. (S. viminalis x S. caprea x S. cinerea), 325FIG, 327 x canescens Willd. (S. caprea x S. lapponum), 328 caprea L., 325FIG, 328 ssp. caprea, 328 ssp. sericea (Andersson) Flod., 328 ssp. sphacelata (Sm.) Macreight, 328 x S. aurita = S. x capreola, 328 x S. cinerea = S. x reichardtii, 328 x S. repens = S. x permixta, 328

1203

x lapponum = S. x canescens, 328 x S. myrsinifolia = S. x latifolia, 328 x S. phylicifolia = S. x meikleana, 328 x S. myrsinites = S. x lintonii, 328 x S. phylicifolia, 328 x S. repens = S. x laschiana, 328 x capreola Jos. Kern. ex Andersson (S. caprea x S. aurita), 328 x cernua E.F. Linton (S. repens x S. herbacea), 331 x chrysocoma Dode, 323 cinerea L., 325FIG, 328 ssp. atrocinerea (Brot.) Pirajá & Sobr., 329 ssp. cinerea, 328 ssp. oleifolia Macreight, 329 x S. aurita = S. x multinervis, 329 x S. myrsinifolia = S. x forbesiana, 329 x S. myrsinifolia, 329 x S. phylicifolia, 329 x S. phylicifolia = S. x laurina, 325FIG, 329 x S. repens = S. x subsericea, 329 x cinereoides Druce nom. nud., 329 coaetanea (Hartm.) Flod., 328 x confinis E.G. & A. Camus (S. purpurea x S. cinerea x S. aurita), 326 cordata Muhl. non Michx., 329 x coriacea J. Forbes (S. aurita x S. myrsinifolia), 329 x dalecarlica auct. non Rouy, 330 daphnoides Vill., 324FIG, 327 ssp. acutifolia (Willd.) Ahlfv., 327 x dasyclados auct. non Wimm., 327 x dichroa Döll (S. purpurea x S. aurita), 326 decipiens Hoffm., 323 disperma Roxb. ex D. Don, 322 x doniana G. Anderson ex Sm. (S. purpurea x S. repens, 326 x ehrhartiana Sm. (S. pentandra x S. alba), 322, 324FIG elaeagnos Scop., 324FIG, 327 eriocephala Michx., 324FIG, 329 x eugenes auct., non E.F. Linton, 331 x felina Buser ex E.G. & A. Camus (S. myrsinifolia x S. repens), 330 x forbesiana Druce (S. cinerea x S. aurita x S. myrsinifolia), 329 x forbyana Sm. (S. purpurea x S. viminalis x S. cinerea), 324FIG, 326 fragilis L., 323 var. decipiens (Hoffm.) W.D.J. Koch, 323, 324FIG var. fragilis, 323

1204

INDEX

SALIX fragilis (contd) var. furcata Ser. ex Gaudin, 323 var. russelliana (Sm.) W.D.J. Koch, 323, 324FIG x S. alba var. caerulea = S. x rubens nothovar. rubens, 323 var. vitellina = S. x rubens nothovar. basfordiana, 323 x S. babylonica = S. x pendulina, 323, 324FIG x S. triandra = S. x alopecuroides, 323 x fragilis (S. alba x S. decipiens), 323 x friesiana Andersson (S. viminalis x S. repens), 327 x fruticosa Döll (S. viminalis x S. aurita), 325FIG, 328 x ganderi Huter ex Zahn (S. arbuscula x S. reticulata), 331 x geminata J. Forbes, 328 x grahamii Borrer ex Baker (S. aurita x S. repens x S. herbacea), 329 herbacea L., 325FIG, 331 hibernica Rech. f., 330 x hirtei Strähler (S. viminalis x S. cinerea x S. aurita), 327 x holosericea Willd. (S. viminalis x S. cinerea), 325FIG, 328 x laestadiana Hartm., 328 lanata L., 325FIG, 331 x S. herbacea = S. x sadleri, 331 lapponum L., 325FIG, 331 x S. arbuscula = S. x pseudoglauca, 331 x S. herbacea = S. x sobrina, 331 x S. lanata, 331 x S. myrsinites x S. herbacea, 331 x S. reticulata, 318 x S. sp = S. x boydii, 318 x laschiana Zahn (S. caprea x S. repens), 328 x latifolia J. Forbes (S. caprea x S. myrsinifolia), 328 x laurina auct. non Sm., 327 x laurina Sm. (S. cinerea x S. phylicifolia), 325FIG, 329 x leiophylla auct. non E.G. & A. Camus, 323 x lintonii E.G. & A. Camus (S. caprea x S. myrsinites), 328 x lochsiensis D.J. Tennant (S. myrsinifolia x S. phylicifolia x S. repens), 330 x ludificans F.B. White (S. aurita x S. phylicifolia), 329 x lyonensis D.J. Tennant (S. repens x S. arbuscula), 331 x margarita F.B. White (S. aurita x S. herbacea), 329

SALIX

x meikleana D.J. Tennant (S. caprea x S. myrsinifolia x S. phylicifolia), 328 x meyeriana Rostk. ex Willd. (S. pentandra x S. fragilis), 322, 324FIG x mollissima Hoffm. ex Elwert (S. triandra x S. viminalis), 324FIG, 326 var. hippophaefolia (Thuill.) Wimm., 326 var. undulata (Ehrh.) Wimm., 326 x multinervis Döll (S. cinerea x S. aurita), 329 x myrsinatoides Druce nom. nud., 330 myrsinifolia Salisb., 325FIG, 329 x S. arbuscula, 330 x S. lapponum, 330 x S. myrsinites = S. x punctata, 330 x S. phylicifolia = S. x tetrapla, 330 x S. arbuscula, 330 x S. lapponum, 330 x S. myrsinites = S. x blyttiana, 330 x S. repens = S. x lochsiensis, 330 x S. repens = S. x felina, 330 myrsinites L., 325FIG, 331 x S. herbacea, 331 nigricans Sm., 329 x obtusifolia Willd. (S. aurita x S. lapponum), 329 x pendulina Wender. (S. fragilis x S. babylonica), 323, 324FIG pentandra L., 322, 324FIG x S. alba = S. x ehrhartiana, 322, 324FIG x S. fragilis = S. x meyeriana, 322, 324FIG x permixta J. Webb (S. caprea x S. cinerea x S. repens), 328 phylicifolia L., 325FIG, 330 x S. repens, 330 x phylicioides Druce nom. nud., 328 x pithoensis Rouy nom. nud., 330 x pontederiana Willd. (S. purpurea x S. cinerea), 326 x pseudoglauca Andersson (S. lapponum x S. arbuscula), 331 x pseudospuria Rouy nom. nud., 331 x punctata Wahlenb. (S. myrsinifolia x S. myrsinites), 330 purpurea L., 324FIG, 326 ssp. lambertiana (Sm.) Macreight, 326 x S. aurita = S. x dichroa, 326 x S. phylicifolia = S. x sesquitertia, 326 x S. cinerea = S. x pontederiana, 326 x S. aurita = S. x confinis, 326 x S. myrsinifolia = S. x beckiana, 326 x S. phylicifolia = S. x secernata, 326 x S. repens = S. x doniana, 326

SALIX

INDEX

x S. viminalis = S. x rubra, 324FIG, 326 x S. caprea x S. cinerea = S. x taylorii, 326 x S. cinerea = S. x forbyana, 324FIG, 326 x S. repens, 326 x reichardtii A. Kern. (S. caprea x S. cinerea), 328 repens L., 325FIG, 330 ssp. arenaria (L.) Hiitonen, 330 ssp. argentea (Sm.) E.G. & A. Camus, 330 var. argentea (Sm.) Wimm. & Grab., 330 var. fusca Wimm. & Grab., 330 var. repens, 330 x S. arbuscula = S. x lyonensis, 331 x S. herbacea = S. x cernua, 331 x S. lapponum, 330 reticulata L., 325FIG, 331 rigida Muhl., 329 x rubens Schrank (S. alba x S. fragilis), 323, 324FIG nothovar. basfordiana (Scaling ex S.J.A. Salter) Meikle (S. fragilis x S. alba var. vitellina), 323 nothovar. rubens (S. fragilis x S. alba var. caerulea), 323 x rubra Huds. (S. purpurea x S. viminalis), 324FIG, 326 sachalinensis F. Schmidt, 327 x sadleri Syme (S. lanata x S. herbacea), 331 x saxetana F.B. White (S. aurita x S. myrsinifolia x S. phylicifolia), 329 x schraderiana auct. non Willd., 330 x secernata F.B. White (S. purpurea x S. phylicifolia), 326 x seminigricans E.G. & A. Camus (S. viminalis x S. myrsinifolia), 327 x sepulcralis Simonk. (S. alba x S. babylonica), 323, 324FIG nothovar. chrysocoma (Dode) Meikle, 323 x sericans Tausch ex A. Kern., 327 x sesquitertia F.B. White (S. purpurea x S. aurita x S. phylicifolia), 326 x simulatrix F.B. White (S. arbuscula x S. herbacea), 331 x smithiana auct. non Willd., 328 x smithiana Willd. (S. viminalis x S. caprea), 325FIG, 327 x sobrina F.B. White (S. lapponum x S. herbacea), 331 x sordida A. Kern., 326

1205

spaethii Koopmann, 322 x speciosa Host, 323 x stipularis Sm. (S. viminalis x S. caprea x S. aurita), 325FIG, 328 x strepida J. Forbes non Schleich., 329 x stuartii hort., 331 x subsericea Döll (S. cinerea x S. repens), 329 x taylorii Rech. f. (S. purpurea x S. viminalis x S. caprea x S. cinerea), 326 x tenuifolia Sm., 330 x tetrapla Walker (S. myrsinifolia x S. phylicifolia), 330 tetrasperma Roxb., 322 triandra L., 323, 324FIG x S. purpurea, 323 x S. viminalis = S. x mollissima, 324FIG, 326 udensis Trautv. & C.A. Mey., 324FIG, 327 'Sekka', 327 viminalis L., 325FIG, 327 x S. aurita = S. x fruticosa, 325FIG, 328 x S. caprea = S. x smithiana, 325FIG, 327 x S. aurita = S. x stipularis, 325FIG, 328 x S. cinerea = S. x calodendron, 325FIG, 327 x S. cinerea = S. x holosericea, 325FIG, 328 x S. aurita = S. x hirtei, 327 x S. repens = S. x angusensis, 327 x S. myrsinifolia = S. x seminigricans, 327 x S. repens = S. x friesiana, 327 x wardiana Leefe ex F.B. White, 329 wilhelmsiana M. Bieb., 322 Sally-my-handsome, 505 Salmonberry, 246 SALPICHROA Miers, 574 origanifolia (Lam.) Thell., 574, 577FIG Salsify, 707 Slender, 707 SALSOLA L., 495 kali L., 495 ssp. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Rilke, 496 ssp. kali, 495 ssp. ruthenica (Iljin) Soó, 496 ssp. tragus / ÿHODN pestifer A. Nelson, 496 tragus L., 496 Saltmarsh-grass, Borrer's, 1010 Common, 1009 Reflexed, 1010 Stiff, 1010 Saltmarsh-grasses, 1009 Saltwort, Prickly, 495 Spineless, 496 Saltworts, 495

1206

INDEX

SALVIA L., 634 amplexicaulis Lam., 635 x digenea Borbás, 635 glutinosa L., 636FIG, 635 horminoides Pourr., 637 horminum L., 637 nemorosa L., 635 officinalis L., 637 pratensis L., 635 x S. nemorosa L. = S. x sylvestris, 637 reflexa Hornem., 636FIG, 637 sclarea L., 635 splendens Ker Gawl., 635 x superba Stapf, 635 sylvestris auct. non L., 635 x sylvestris L. (S. pratensis x S. nemorosa), 637 verbenaca L., 635 ssp. horminoides (Pourr.) Nyman, 637 ssp. verbenaca, 635 verticillata L., 636FIG, 637 villicaulis Borbás, 635 viridis L., 636FIG, 637 SALVINIACEAE, 18 SAMBUCUS L., 784 canadensis L., 784 ebulus L., 784 nigra L., 784 pubens Michx., 784 racemosa L., 784 ssp. pubens (Michx.) House, 784 ssp. racemosa, 784 ssp. sieboldiana (Miq.) Hara, 784 sieboldiana (Miq.) Graebn., 784 Samolaceae, 513 SAMOLUS L., 522 valerandi L., 522 Samphire, Rock, 814 Sandbur, Spiny, 1075 Sandburs, 1075 Sand-grass, Early, 1033 Sandwort, Arctic, 456 English, 456 Fine-leaved, 457 Fringed, 456 Large-flowered, 456 Mossy, 456 Mountain, 457 Recurved, 457 Sea, 457 Slender, 456 Spring, 457 Teesdale, 457 Three-nerved, 456 Thyme-leaved, 456 Sandworts, 455, 457 SANGUISORBA L., 261 canadensis L., 261 minor Scop., 261

SALVIA

ssp. balearica (Bourg. ex Nyman) Muñoz Garm. & C. Navarro, 261 ssp. minor, 261 ssp. muricata (Gremli) Briq., 261 officinalis L., 261 Sanicle, 807 SANICULA L., 807 europaea L., 807, 808FIG SANTALACEAE, 425 SANTOLINA L., 752 chamaecyparissus L., 752 SANVITALIA Lam., 687 procumbens Lam., 687 SAPINDACEAE, 370 SAPONARIA L., 474 ocymoides L., 474 officinalis L., 474 flore pleno, 474 SARCOCORNIA A.J. Scott, 492 perennis (Mill.) A.J. Scott, 492, 494FIG Sarothamnus Wimm., 181 scoparius (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 182 ssp. maritimus (Rouy) Ulbr., 182 SARRACENIA L., 522 flava L., 522 purpurea L., 522 SARRACENIACEAE, 522 SASA Makino & Shibata, 990 palmata (Burb.) E.G. Camus, 990 ramosa (Makino) Makino & Shibata, 991 veitchii (Carrière) Rehder, 990 SASAELLA Makino, 991 ramosa (Makino) Makino, 991 SATUREJA L., 625 acinos (L.) Scheele, 627 ascendens (Jord.) K. Maly, 627 calamintha (L.) Scheele, 627 grandiflora (L.) Scheele, 627 menthifolia (Host) Fritsch, 627 montana L., 625, 626FIG vulgaris (L.) Fritsch, 627 SAURURACEAE, 81 SAUSSUREA DC., 691 alpina (L.) DC., 691, 699FIG Savory, Winter, 625 Saw-wort, 696 Alpine, 691 SAXIFRAGA L., 128 sect. Gymnopera D. Don, 128 sect. Micranthes (Haw.) D. Don, 128 sect. Saxifraga, 128 aizoides L., 132 x arendsii hort., 133 cernua L., 132 cespitosa L., 133 cuneifolia L., 130, 131FIG cymbalaria L., 130

SAXIFRAGA

var. huetiana (Boiss.) Engl. & Irmsch., 130 decipiens Ehrh. nom. nud., 133 x geum L. (S. umbrosa x S. hirsuta), 131FIG, 132 geum L. 1762 non L. 1753, 132 granulata L., 132 flore pleno, 133 hartii D.A. Webb, 133 hirculus L., 130 hirsuta L., 131FIG, 132 hypnoides L., 133 x S. rosacea, 133 x S. tridactylites, 133 nivalis L., 130 oppositifolia L., 132 paniculata Mill., 132 platypetala Sm., 133 x polita (Haw.) Link (S. spathularis x S. hirsuta) 131FIG, 132 rivularis L., 132 rosacea Moench, 133 ssp. hartii (D.A. Webb) D.A. Webb, 133 ssp. rosacea, 133 rotundifolia L., 130 sarmentosa L. f., 130 spathularis Brot., 131FIG, 132 x S. hirsuta = S. x polita, 131FIG, 132 stellaris L., 130 stolonifera Curtis, 130 tridactylites L., 133 umbrosa L., 130, 131FIG x S. hirsuta = S. x geum, 131FIG, 132 x S. spathularis = S. x urbium, 130, 131FIG x urbium D.A. Webb (S. umbrosa x S. spathularis), 130, 131FIG SAXIFRAGACEAE, 126 Saxifrage, Alpine, 130 Celandine, 130 Drooping, 132 family, 126 Highland, 132 Irish, 133 Kidney, 132 Livelong, 132 Marsh, 130 Meadow, 132 Mossy, 133 Purple, 132 Pyrenean, 130 Round-leaved, 130 Rue-leaved, 133 Starry, 130 Strawberry, 130 Tufted, 133 Yellow, 132 Saxifrages, 128

INDEX

1207

SCABIOSA L., 796 atropurpurea L., 796FIG, 797 columbaria L., 796FIG, 797 Scabious, Devil's-bit, 796 Field, 796 Giant, 795 Sweet, 797 Scabiouses, 796 SCANDIX L., 811 pecten-veneris L., 808FIG, 811 X SCHEDOLIUM Holub (SCHEDONORUS x LOLIUM), 996 braunii (K. Richt.) Stace (S. pratensis x L. multiflorum), 997 brinkmannii (A. Braun) Holub (S. giganteus x L. perenne), 997 holmbergii (Dörfl.) Holub (S. arundinaceus x L. perenne), 997 krasanii H. Scholz (S. arundinaceus x L. multiflorum), 997 loliaceum (Huds.) Holub (S. pratensis x L. perenne), 997 nilssonii (Cugnac & A. Camus) Stace (S. giganteus x L. multiflorum), 997 SCHEDONORUS P. Beauv., 995 arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., 996 x Lolium multiflorum = X Schedolium krasanii, 997 x Lolium perenne = X Schedolium holmbergii, 997 x S. giganteus = S. x fleischeri, 996 x aschersonianus (Dörfl.) Holub (S. pratensis x S. arundinaceus), 996 x fleischeri (Rohlena) Holub (S. arundinaceus x S. giganteus), 996 giganteus (L.) Holub, 996 x Lolium multiflorum = X Schedolium nilssonii, 997 x Lolium perenne = X Schedolium brinkmannii, 997 pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv., 977FIG, 996 x Lolium multiflorum = X Schedolium braunii, 997 x Lolium perenne = X Schedolium loliaceus, 997 x S. arundinaceus = S. x aschersonianus, 996 x S. giganteus = S. x schlickumii, 996 x schlickumii (Grantzow) Holub (S. pratensis x S. giganteus), 996 x LOLIUM = X SCHEDOLIUM, 996 SCHEUCHZERIA L., 841 palustris L., 841 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 841 SCHISMUS P. Beauv., 1056

1208

INDEX

SCHISMUS (contd) arabicus Nees, 1056 barbatus (L.) Thell., 1036FIG, 1050FIG, 1056 SCHIZOSTYLIS Backh. & Harv. ex Hook., 892 coccinea Backh. & Harv. ex Hook., 892 SCHKUHRIA Roth, 781 pinnata (Lam.) Thell., 777FIG, 781 SCHOENOPLECTUS (Rchb.) Palla, 945 americanus auct. non (Pers.) Volkart, 945 x carinatus (Sm.) Palla (S. lacustris x S. triqueter), 945 x kuekenthalianus (Junge) D.H. Kent (S. tabernaemontani x S. triqueter), 945 lacustris (L.) Palla, 945, 947FIG ssp. tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Á. & D. Löve, 945 x S. triqueter = S. x carinatus, 945 pungens (Vahl) Palla, 945, 947FIG tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla, 945, 947FIG x S. triqueter = S. x kuekenthalianus, 945 triqueter (L.) Palla, 945, 947FIG SCHOENUS L., 950 ferrugineus L., 947FIG, 950 nigricans L., 947FIG, 950 SCILLA L., 918 x allenii (Nicholson) Speta (S. bifolia x S. forbesii), 918 autumnalis L., 920 bifolia L., 918, 919FIG x Chionodoxa forbesii = X Chionoscilla allenii, 918 x S. forbesii = S. x allenii, 918 bithynica Boiss., 918 forbesii (Baker) Speta, 919FIG, 920 italica L., 920 liliohyacinthus L., 920 luciliae (Boiss.) Speta, 920 messeniaca Boiss., 918 peruviana L., 920 sardensis (Whittall ex Barr) Speta, 920 siberica Haw., 918, 919FIG verna Huds., 920 SCIRPOIDES Ség., 948 holoschoenus (L.) Soják, 948 SCIRPUS L., 944 sect. Baeothryon auct. non (Ehrh. ex A. Dietr.) Benth. & Hook. f., 943 sect. Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Beetle, 944 sect. Eleogiton (Link) Pax, 949 sect. Holoschoenus (Link) W.D.J. Koch, 948 sect. Isolepis (R. Br.) Griseb., 948 sect. Pterolepis (Schrad.) Asch. & Graebn., 945

SCHISMUS

sect. Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Benth. & Hook. f., 945 americanus auct. non Pers., 945 x carinatus Sm., 945 cernuus Vahl, 949 cespitosus L., 944 fluitans L., 949 holoschoenus L., 948 hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald, 944 x kuekenthalianus Junge, 945 lacustris L., 945 ssp. tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Syme, 945 maritimus L., 944 pungens Vahl, 945 x scheuchzeri Brügger, 945 setaceus L., 948 sylvaticus L., 944 tabernaemontani C.C. Gmel., 945 triqueter L., 945 SCLERANTHUS L., 465 annuus L., 465 ssp. annuus, 458FIG, 465 ssp. polycarpos (L.) Bonnier & Layens, 458FIG, 465 perennis L., 465 ssp. perennis, 458FIG, 465 ssp. prostratus P.D. Sell, 458FIG, 465 polycarpos L., 465 SCOLYMUS L., 701 hispanicus L., 701, 704FIG maculatus L., 701 SCOPOLIA Jacq., 571 carniolica Jacq., 571 Scorpion-vetch, Annual, 155 Shrubby, 155 Scorpion-vetches, 155 SCORPIURUS L., 155 muricatus L., 150FIG, 155 subvillosus L., 155 sulcatus L., 155 SCORZONERA L., 706 hispanica L., 706 humilis L., 706 SCORZONEROIDES Moench, 705 autumnalis (L.) Moench, 705, 719FIG var. alpina (Gaudin) P.D. Sell, 705 var. pratensis (Hornem.) P.D. Sell, 705 var. salina (Aspegren) P.D. Sell, 705 SCROPHULARIA L., 608 aquatica auct. non L., 609 auriculata L., 609 canina L., 609 nodosa L., 609 scopolii Hoppe, 609 scorodonia L., 609 umbrosa Dumort., 609 vernalis L., 609 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 602

SCROPHULARIACEAE

tribe Pedicularieae, 640 tribe Rhinantheae, 640 Scurvygrass, Common, 424 Danish, 424 English, 423 Mountain, 424 Pyrenean, 424 Tall, 423 Scurvygrasses, 423 SCUTELLARIA L., 621 altissima L., 621 x hybrida Strail (S. galericulata x S. minor), 622 galericulata L., 621 x S. minor = S. x hybrida, 622 hastifolia L., 621 minor Huds., 622 Sea-blite, Annual, 495 Shrubby, 495 Sea-blites, 495 Sea-buckthorn, 277 family, 277 Sea-fig, Angular, 505 Lesser, 504 Sea-heath, 426 family, 426 Sea-hollies, 809 Sea-holly, 810 Sea-kale, 417 Greater, 417 Sea-lavender, Alderney, 429 Broad-leaved, 429 Common, 428 Florist's, 429 Giltar, 434 Irish, 434 Logan's, 433 Matted, 429 Purbeck, 434 Rock, 432 Rottingdean, 429 Small, 433 St David's, 433 Tall, 433 Western, 433 Sea-lavenders, 427 Sea-milkwort, 519 Sea-purslane, 490 Pedunculate, 490 Sea-spurrey, Greater, 468 Greek, 468 Lesser, 468 Rock, 468 Sea-spurreys, 467 SECALE L., 1054 cereale L., 1054 x TRITICUM = X TRITICOSECALE, 1054 SECURIGERA DC., 155

INDEX

varia (L.) Lassen, 150FIG, 155 Sedge, Bird's-foot, 971 Bottle, 965 Bristle, 973 Brown, 961 Capitate, 959 Carnation, 966 Club, 972 Common, 973 Curved, 961 Cyperus, 965 Davall's, 964 Dioecious, 964 Distant, 967 Divided, 961 Dotted, 967 Downy-fruited, 971 Dwarf, 971 Elongated, 964 Estuarine, 972 False, 951 family, 941 Few-flowered, 973 Fingered, 971 Flea, 974 Glaucous, 966 Green-ribbed, 967 Grey, 961 Hair, 966 Hairy, 964 Hare's-foot, 964 Long-bracted, 967 Oval, 964 Pale, 968 Pendulous, 966 Pill, 971 Prickly, 960 Remote, 961 Rock, 974 Russet, 966 Saltmarsh, 972 Sand, 961 Sheathed, 966 Silver-spiked, 973 Slender, 965 Smooth-stalked, 967 Soft-leaved, 971 Spiked, 960 Star, 964 Stiff, 973 String, 961 Tawny, 967 Three-nerved, 973 Two-coloured, 959 Water, 972 White, 964 Sedges, 951 SEDUM L., 136 sect. AIZOON W.D.J. Koch, 140

1209

1210

INDEX

SEDUM (contd) sect. DENDROSEDUM Berger, 138 sect. EPETEIUM Boiss., 141 sect. RHODIOLA (L.) Scop., 138 sect. SEDUM, 140 sect. TELEPHIUM Gray, 138 acre L., 141 album L., 141 ssp. album, 141 ssp. micranthum (Bastard) Syme, 141 anacampseros L., 139FIG, 140 anglicum Huds., 141 'Autumn Joy', 138 cepaea L.,138 confusum Hemsl., 138 dasyphyllum L., 141 dendroideum auct. non Sessé & Moç., 138 elegans Lej., 140 forsterianum Sm., 139FIG, 140 ssp. elegans (Lej.) E.F. Warb., 141 ssp. forsterianum, 141 'Herbstfreude' (S. spectabile x S. telephium) hispanicum L., 139FIG, 141 hybridum L., 138 kamtschaticum Mast., 140 ssp. middendorfianum (Maxim.) Fröd.), 140 var. middendorfianum (Maxim.) R.T. Clausen, 140 lydium Boiss., 141 mexicanum Britton, 138 middendorfianum Maxim., 140 nicaeense All., 140 praealtum A. DC., 138 reflexum L., 140 rosea (L.) Scop., 138 rupestre auct. non L., 140 rupestre L., 139FIG, 140 sediforme (Jacq.) Pau non (Schweinf.) Raym.-Hamet, 140 sexangulare L., 141 spathulifolium Hook., 140 spectabile Boreau, 138, 139FIG x S. telephium = S. 'Herbstfreude', 138 spurium M. Bieb., 139FIG, 140 stellatum L., 141 stoloniferum S.G. Gmel., 140 telephium L., 138 ssp. fabaria Syme, 140 ssp. purpurascens Syme, 140 ssp. telephium, 140 villosum L., 141 var. glabratum Rostr., 141 SELAGINELLA P. Beauv., 7 kraussiana (Kunze) A. Braun, 7 selaginoides (L.) P. Beauv., 7 SELAGINELLACEAE, 7

SEDUM

Selfheal, 624 Cut-leaved, 625 Large-flowered, 625 Selfheals, 624 SELINUM L., 823 carvifolia (L.) L., 824, 825FIG SEMIARUNDINARIA Nakai, 989 fastuosa (Lat.-Marl. ex Mitford) Makino ex Nakai, 989 SEMPERVIVUM L., 136 arachnoideum L., 136 tectorum L., 136 SENECIO L., 760 x albescens Burb. & Colgan (S. cineraria x S. jacobaea), 762 ambiguus (Biv.) DC., 762 aquaticus Hill, 762 ssp. aquaticus, 762 ssp. erraticus (Bertol.) V.A. Matthews, 763 ssp. ornatus (Druce) P.D. Sell, 762 var. barbareifolius Wimm. & Grab., 762 x baxteri Druce (S. squalidus x S. vulgaris), 764, 765FIG bicolor (Willd.) Tod. ssp. cineraria (DC.) Chater, 762 cambrensis Rosser, 764, 765FIG cineraria DC., 762 x S. erucifolius = S. x thuretii, 762 x S. jacobaea = S. x albescens, 762 clivorum (Maxim.) Maxim., 769 congestus (R. Br.) DC., 768 cruentus auct. non Roth nec (L'Hér.) DC., 766 doria L., 763 doronicum (L.) L., 763 eboracensis R.J. Abbott & A.J. Lowe, 764 erraticus auct. non Bertol., 762 erraticus Bertol., 762 erucifolius L., 763 fluviatilis Wallr., 763 fuchsii C.C. Gmel., 763 glastifolius L. f., 763 grandiflorus P.J. Bergius, 763 greyi auct. non Hook. f., 768 x helwingii Beger ex Hegi (S. vulgaris x S. vernalis), 764 hybridus Hyl. nom. inval., 766 inaequidens DC., 763 integrifolius (L.) Clairv., 766 ssp. maritimus (Syme) Chater, 768 jacobaea L., 762 ssp. dunensis (Dumort.) Kadereit & P.D. Sell, 762 var. nudus Weston, 762 x S. aquaticus = S. x ostenfeldii, 762 lautus auct. non Sol. ex Willd., 763 lautus Sol. ex Willd., 762 x londinensis Lousley, 764

SENECIO

INDEX

mikanioides Otto ex Walp., 766 minimus Poir., 766 monroi Hook. f., 768 nemorensis L. ssp. fuchsii (C.C. Gmel.) ÿHODN x ostenfeldii Druce (S. jacobaea x S. aquaticus), 762 ovatus (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Willd., 763 ssp. alpestris (Gaudin) Herborg., 763 paludosus L., 763 palustris (L.) Hook. non Vell., 768 x patersonianus R.M. Burton, 762 x pseudovernalis Zabel ex Nyman nom. inval., 764 pterophorus DC., 763 rupestris Waldst. & Kit., 764 sarracenicus L., 763 smithii DC., 763 spathulifolius auct. non Griess., 766 squalidus L., 764, 765FIG ssp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) P.D. Sell, 764 x S. viscosus = S. x subnebrodensis, 764 x S. vulgaris = S. x baxteri, 764, 765FIG x subnebrodensis Simonk. (S. squalidus x S. viscosus), 764 sylvaticus L., 766 x S. viscosus = S. x viscidulus, 766 tanguticus Maxim., 768 x thuretii Briq. & Cavill. (S. cineraria x S. erucifolius), 762 vernalis Waldst. & Kit., 764, 765FIG x viscidulus Scheele (S. sylvaticus x S. viscosus), 766 viscosus L., 766 vulgaris L., 764, 765FIG ssp. denticulatus (O.F. Müll.) P.D. Sell, 764 ssp. vulgaris, 764 var. hibernicus Syme, 764 var. denticulatus (O.F. Müll.) Hyl., 764 x S. vernalis = S. x helwingii, 764 SENNA Mill., 185 obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, 185 occidentalis (L.) Link, 185 Senna, Coffee, 185 Scorpion, 155 SEQUOIA Endl., 52 sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., 52, 55FIG wellingtonia Seem., 53 SEQUOIADENDRON Buchholz, 53 giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz, 45FIG, 51FIG, 53 SERAPIAS L., 880 cordigera L., 880

1211

lingua L., 880 parviflora Parl., 880 Seriphidium (Besser) Fourr., 750 maritimum (L.) Poljakov, 752 Serradella, 154 Yellow, 154 SERRATULA L., 696 tinctoria L., 696, 699FIG Service-tree, 202 Arran, 203 False, 214 German, 203 Swedish, 203 Wild, 215 SESBANIA Adans., 147 exaltata (Raf.) Cory, 147 SESELI L., 815 libanotis (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 813FIG, 815 SESLERIA Scop., 1015 albicans Kit. ex Schult., 1015 caerulea (L.) Ard., 1015 SETARIA P. Beauv., 1070 adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov., 1073 ambigua (Guss.) Guss., 1073 faberi Herrm., 1073 geniculata P. Beauv., 1072 glauca auct. non (L.) P. Beauv., 1072 italica (L.) P. Beauv., 1073 lutescens F.T. Hubb., 1072 parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen, 1072 pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., 1071FIG, 1072 verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., 1071FIG, 1073 ssp. aparine (Steud.) T. Durand & Schinz, 1073 var. ambigua (Guss.) Parl., 1073 x S. viridis, 1073 verticilliformis Dumort., 1073 viridis (L.) P. Beauv., 1073 Shaggy-soldier, 776 Shallon, 531 Shallons, 531 Shallot, 900 Sheep-laurel, 527 Sheep-laurels, 526 Sheep's-bit, 676 Sheep's-fescue, 1005 Fine-leaved, 1005 Viviparous, 1005 Shepherd's-needle, 811 Shepherd's-purse, 395 Pink, 395 Shepherd's-purses, 394 SHERARDIA L., 537 arvensis L., 537 Shield-fern, Hard, 32 Soft, 32 Shield-ferns, 31 Shoreweed, 599

1212

INDEX

SIBBALDIA L., 257 procumbens L., 257 Sibbaldia, 257 SIBTHORPIA L., 592 europaea L., 594 Sicklepod, American, 185 SICYOS L., 298 angulatus L., 298 SIDA L., 375 cordifolia L., 375 rhombifolia L., 376, 378FIG spinosa L., 375, 378FIG SIDALCEA A. Gray ex Benth., 380 candida A. Gray, 380 hendersonii S. Watson, 380 malviflora (DC.) A. Gray ex Benth., 378FIG, 380 SIDERITIS L., 614 montana L., 614 Sieglingia Bernh., 1055 decumbens (L.) Bernh., 1055 SIGESBECKIA L., 776 cordifolia auct. non Kunth, 776 jorullensis auct. non Kunth, 776 orientalis L., 776 serrata DC., 776, 777FIG Signal-grass, Broad-leaved, 1069 Sharp-flowered, 1069 Signal-grasses, 1069 SILAUM Mill., 817 silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell., 813FIG, 817 SILENE L., 470 acaulis (L.) Jacq., 472 alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause nom. illeg., 473 ssp. divaricata (Rchb.) Walters, 473 alpestris Jacq., 472 armeria L., 473 baccifera (L.) Roth, 474 behen L., 471 catholica (L.) W.T. Aiton, 472 chalcedonica (L.) E.H.L. Krause, 474 coeli-rosa (L.) Godr., 473 conica L., 474 conoidea L., 471 coronaria (L.) Clairv., 474 cretica L., 471 csereii Baumg., 471 dichotoma Ehrh., 471 dioica (L.) Clairv., 458FIG, 473 ssp. zetlandica (Compton) A.R. Clapham nom. inval., 473 fimbriata (Gueldenst. ex M. Bieb.) Boiss., 472 flos-cuculi (L.) Clairv., 474 gallica L., 473 x hampeana Meusel & K. Werner (S. latifolia x S. dioica), 473 x intermedia (Schur) Philp nom. illeg. non (Lange) Bocq., 473

SIBBALDIA

italica (L.) Pers., 458FIG, 471 latifolia Poir., 458FIG, 473 ssp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet, 473 ssp. latifolia, 473 x S. dioica = S. x hampeana, 473 linearis auct. non Sweet, 472 macrocarpa (Boiss. & Reut.) E.H.L. Krause, 473 maritima With., 472 multifida (Adams) Rohrb., 472 muscipula L., 471 noctiflora L., 473 nutans L., 458FIG, 472 ssp. smithiana (Moss) Jeanm. & Bocq., 472 otites (L.) Wibel, 472 pendula L., 473 pratensis (Rafn) Godr. & Gren., 473 ssp. divaricata (Rchb.) McNeill & H.C. Prent., 473 quadrifida (L.) L., 472 schafta S.G. Gmel. ex Hohen., 472 suecica (Lodd.) Greuter & Burdet, 474 uniflora Roth, 458FIG, 472 viscaria (L.) Jess., 474 vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, 472 ssp. macrocarpa Turrill, 472 ssp. maritima (With.) Á. & D. Löve, 472 ssp. vulgaris, 458FIG, 472 x S. uniflora, 472 Silenoideae, 468 Silky-bent, Dense, 1032 Loose, 1032 Silky-bents, 1032 Silverberry, 278 Silver-fir, European, 43 Silver-grass, Chinese, 1076 Giant, 1076 Silver-grasses, 1076 Silver-lime, 381 Pendent, 381 Silverweed, 254 SILYBUM Adans., 696 marianum (L.) Gaertn., 696 SIMAROUBACEAE, 374 SIMETHIS Kunth, 895 mattiazzii (Vand.) Sacc., 895 planifolia (L.) Gren., 895 SINACALIA H. Rob. & Brettell, 768 tangutica (Maxim.) B. Nord., 767FIG, 768 SINAPIS L., 414 alba L., 414, 415FIG ssp. alba, 414 ssp. dissecta (Lag.) Bonnier, 414 arvensis L., 414, 415FIG dissecta Lag., 414 flexuosa Poir., 414 hispida Schousb., 414 Sinarundinaria Nakai, 989

SINARUNDINARIA

INDEX

anceps (Mitford) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, 989 murieliae (Gamble) Nakai, 989 nitida (Stapf) Nakai, 989 SISON L., 822 amomum L., 819FIG, 822 SISYMBRIUM L., 418 altissimum L., 393FIG, 419 erysimoides Desf., 393FIG, 419 irio L., 393FIG, 419 loeselii L., 393FIG, 419 officinale (L.) Scop., 393FIG, 420 orientale L., 393FIG, 419 polyceratium L., 420 strictissimum L., 393FIG, 419 volgense M. Bieb. ex E. Fourn., 393FIG, 419 SISYRINCHIUM L., 883 bermudiana auct. non L., 884 bermudiana L., 883 boreale (E.P. Bicknell) J.K. Henry, 884 californicum (Ker Gawl.) W.T. Aiton, 884 graminoides E.P. Bicknell, 883 hibernicum Á. & D. Löve, 883 iridifolium Kunth ssp. valdivianum (Phil.) Ravenna, 884 laxum Otto ex Sims, 884 montanum Greene, 884 striatum Sm., 884 SIUM L., 814 latifolium L., 813FIG, 814 Sixalix Raf., 796 atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & Burdet, 797 Skullcap, 621 Lesser, 622 Norfolk, 621 Somerset, 621 Skullcaps, 621 Skunk-cabbage, American, 831 Asian, 831 Skunk-cabbages, 831 Skunkweed, 513 Slipperwort, 583 Annual, 583 family, 583 Slough-grass, American, 1035 European, 1035 Slough-grasses, 1035 Small-reed, Narrow, 1031 Purple, 1030 Scandinavian, 1031 Scottish, 1031 Wood, 1030 Small-reeds, 1030 Smearwort, 82 Smilo-grass, 995 Smoke-tree, 369 SMYRNIUM L., 812 olusatrum L., 808FIG, 812

1213

perfoliatum L., 808FIG, 812 Snapdragon, 594 Trailing, 595 Sneezeweed, 781 Sneezewort, 752 Snowball-tree, 785 Snowberries, 786 Snowberry, 786 Snowdrop, 906 Greater, 906 Green, 906 Pleated, 906 Queen Olga's, 906 Snowdrops, 905 Snowflake, Spring, 905 Summer, 905 Snowflakes, 905 Snow-in-summer, 461 Soapwort, 474 Rock, 474 Soapworts, 474 Soft-brome, 1041 Lesser, 1041 Slender, 1042 Soft-grass, Creeping, 1022 Soft-grasses, 1022 Soft-rush, 937 Great, 939 SOLANACEAE, 570 SOLANUM L., 575 abutiloides (Griseb.) Bitter & Lillo, 576 americanum Mill., 576 aviculare auct. non G. Forst., 578 capsicastrum Link ex Schauer, 576 carolinense L., 578 chenopodioides Lam., 577FIG, 578 cornutum auct. non Lam., 579 diflorum Vell., 576 dimidiatum Raf., 579 dulcamara L., 578 var. marinum Bab., 578 laciniatum Aiton, 578 luteum Mill., 576 ssp. alatum (Moench) Dostál, 576 lycopersicum L., 578 melanocerasum All., 576 miniatum Bernh. ex Willd., 576 nigrum L., 576 ssp. nigrum, 576 ssp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely, 576 var. guineense L., 576 x S. physalifolium = S. x procurrens, 576 nitidibaccatum Bitter, 578 physalifolium Rusby, 577FIG, 578 var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds, 578 x procurrens A.C. Leslie (S. nigrum x S. physalifolium), 576

1214

INDEX

SOLANUM

aitchisonii (Hemsl.) Hemsl. ex Rehder, 190 SOLANUM (contd) arborea C.K. Schneid., 190 pseudocapsicum L., 576 assurgens M. Vilm. & Bois, 190 pygmaeum Cav., 576 grandiflora (Sweet) Maxim., 190 rostratum Dunal, 577FIG, 579 kirilowii (Regel) Maxim., 190 sarachoides auct. non Sendtn., 578 sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun, 190, 193FIG sarachoides Sendtn., 578 tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder, 190, 193FIG scabrum Mill., 576 Sorbaria, 190 sisymbriifolium Lam., 579 Chinese, 190 sublobatum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., 578 Himalayan, 190 triflorum Nutt., 577FIG, 578 Sorbarias, 190 tuberosum L., 578 SORBUS L., 201 vernei Bitter & Wittm., 576 admonitor M. Proctor, 205FIG, 214 villosum Mill., 576 anglica Hedl., 204FIG, 207 ssp. alatum (Moench) Edmonds, 576 aria agg., 207 ssp. miniatum (Bernh. ex Willd.) Multi-access keys to spp of, 207 Edmonds, 576 aria (L.) Crantz, 209, 210FIG ssp. puniceum (Kirschl.) Edmonds, 576 x S. bristoliensis = S. x houstoniae, ssp. villosum, 576 209 SOLEIROLIA Gaudich., 286 x S. eminens = S. x robertsonii, 209 soleirolii (Req.) Dandy, 286 x S. porrigentiformis = S. x SOLIDAGO L., 739 avonensis, 209 altissima Aiton non L., 740 x S. torminalis = S. x tomentella, altissima L., 740 205FIG, 214 canadensis L., 740 arranensis Hedl., 204FIG, 206 ssp. altissima (L.) O. Bolòs & Vigo, 740 aucuparia L., 202, 205FIG ssp. canadensis, 740 x S. aria = S. x thuringiaca, 203, var. scabra Torr. & A. Gray, 740 204FIG x S. gigantea, 740 x S. intermedia = S. x liljeforsii, 203 x S. rugosa, 740 x S. leyana = S. x motleyi, 203 gigantea Aiton, 740 x S. scalaris Koehne = S. x proctoris, ssp. serotina (O. Kuntze) McNeill, 740 203 var. leiophylla Fernald, 740 x avonensis T.C.G. Rich (S. aria x S. var. serotina (O. Kuntze) Cronquist, porrigentiformis), 209 740 bristoliensis Wilmott, 205FIG, 215 graminifolia (L.) Salisb, 740, 748FIG cambrensis M. Proctor, 211FIG, 212 x niederederi Khek (S. virgaurea x S. cheddarensis L. Houston & Ashley canadensis), 740 Robertson, 211FIG, 212 rugosa Mill., 740 croceocarpa P.D. Sell, 205FIG, 215 serotina Aiton non Retz., 740 cuneifolia T.C.G. Rich, 204FIG, 207 virgaurea L., 739 decipiens (Bechst.) Irmisch, 205FIG, 215 ssp. minuta (L.) Arcang., 740 devoniensis E.F. Warb., 205FIG, 215 x S. canadensis = S. x niederederi, 740 domestica L., 202, 205FIG SOLIVA Ruiz & Pav., 760 eminens E.F. Warb., 209, 210FIG pterosperma (Juss.) Less., 760 eminentiformis T.C.G. Rich, 209, 210FIG Solomon's-seal, 916 eminentoides L. Houston, 210FIG, 212 Angular, 916 glabriuscula McAllister, 203, 211FIG Garden, 916 hibernica E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 213 Whorled, 916 x houstoniae T.C.G. Rich (S. aria x S. Solomon's-seals, 916 bristoliensis), 209 SONCHUS L., 708 hupehensis auct. non C.K. Schneid., 203 arvensis L., 708 hybrida L., 203, 204FIG ssp. uliginosus (M. Bieb.) Nyman, 708 intermedia agg., 203 asper (L.) Hill, 708 Key to spp. of, 206 ssp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball, 709 Multi-access key to spp. of, 206 oleraceus L., 708 intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers., 204FIG, 206 x S. asper, 708 lancastriensis E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 213 palustris L., 708 latifolia agg., 214 tenerrimus L., 708 Multi-access key to spp. of, 214 SORBARIA (Ser. ex DC.) A. Braun, 190 latifolia (Lam.) Pers., 205FIG, 214

SORBUS

INDEX

leighensis T.C.G. Rich, 211FIG, 212 leptophylla E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 213 leyana Wilmott, 204FIG, 206 x liljeforsii T.C.G. Rich (S. aucuparia x S. intermedia), 203 margaretae M. Proctor, 211FIG, 213 minima (Ley) Hedl., 204FIG, 206 x motleyi T.C.G. Rich (S. aucuparia x S. leyana), 203 mougeotii Soy.-Will. & Godr., 204FIG, 207 parviloba T.C.G. Rich, 211FIG, 212 x pinnatifida auct. non Düll, 203 x pinnatifida Düll, 203 porrigentiformis E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 212 x proctoris T.C.G. Rich (S. aucuparia x S. scalaris), 203 pseudofennica E.F. Warb., 203, 204FIG pseudomeinichii Ashley Robertson, 203, 204FIG x robertsonii T.C.G. Rich (S. aria x S. eminens), 209 rupicola (Syme) Hedl., 210FIG, 213 rupicoloides T.C.G. Rich & L. Houston, 211FIG, 213 saxicola T.C.G. Rich, 211FIG, 212 scannelliana T.C.G. Rich, 204FIG, 206 x semipinnata (Roth) Hedl. non Borbás, 203 stenophylla M. Proctor, 211FIG, 213 stirtoniana T.C.G. Rich, 211FIG, 213 subcuneata Wilmott, 205FIG, 215 x thuringiaca (Ilse) Fritsch (S. aucuparia x S. aria), 203, 204FIG x tomentella Gand. (S. aria x S. torminalis), 205FIG, 214 torminalis (L.) Crantz, 205FIG, 215 x vagensis Wilmott, 214 vexans E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 213 whiteana T.C.G. Rich & L. Houston, 211FIG, 212 wilmottiana E.F. Warb., 210FIG, 212 SORGHUM Moench, 1075 bicolor (L.) Moench, 1076 halepense (L.) Pers., 1071FIG, 1074FIG, 1076 vulgare Pers., 1076 Sorrel, Common, 446 French, 446 Mountain, 452 Sheep's, 446 Southernwood, 751 Sowbread, 521 Eastern, 521 Spring, 522 Sowbreads, 521 Sowthistle, Marsh, 708 Perennial, 708 Prickly, 708

1215

Slender, 708 Smooth, 708 Sowthistles, 708 Soyabean, 148, 149 Spanish-daggers, 923 Spanish-needles, 779 SPARAXIS Ker Gawl., 891 grandiflora (D. Delaroche) Ker Gawl., 892 Sparganiaceae, 925 SPARGANIUM L., 925 angustifolium Michx., 893FIG, 926 x diversifolium Graebn (S. emersum x S. angustifolium), 926 emersum Rehmann, 893FIG, 926 x S. angustifolium = S. x diversifolium, 926 erectum L., 925 ssp. erectum, 893FIG, 925 x ssp. neglectum, 926 ssp. microcarpum (Neuman) Domin., 893FIG, 926 ssp. neglectum (Beeby) K. Richt., 893FIG, 926 ssp. oocarpum ÿHODN 'RPLQ 893FIG, 926 minimum Wallr., 926 natans L., 893FIG, 926 SPARTINA Schreb., 1064 alterniflora Loisel., 1065 var. glabra (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Fernald, 1065 anglica C.E. Hubb., 1065 glabra Muhl. ex Bigelow, 1065 maritima (Curtis) Fernald, 1064 x S. alterniflora = S. x townsendii, 1065 patens (Aiton) Muhl., 1065 pectinata Bosc ex Link, 1065, 1068FIG x townsendii auct. non H. & J. Groves, 1065 x townsendii H. & J. Groves (S. maritima x S. alterniflora), 1065 SPARTIUM L., 182 junceum L., 182, 183FIG Spatter-dock, 81 Spearwort, Adder's-tongue, 115 Creeping, 115 Greater, 114 Loch Leven, 115 Speedwell, Alpine, 588 American, 589 Breckland, 590 Corsican, 589 family, 584 Fingered, 590 French, 589 Garden, 590 Germander, 591 Heath, 588 Ivy-leaved, 590 Large, 591

1216

INDEX

Speedwell (contd) Marsh, 588 Pale, 588 Rock, 591 Slender, 591 Spiked, 590 Spring, 592 Thyme-leaved, 589 Wall, 592 Wood, 588 Speedwells, 585 SPERGULA L., 467 arvensis L., 467 ssp. nana (E.F. Linton) D.C. McClint., 467 var. arvensis, 467, 469FIG var. nana E.F. Linton, 467 var. sativa (Boenn.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch, 467, 469FIG morisonii Boreau, 467, 469FIG SPERGULARIA (Pers.) J. & C. Presl, 467 bocconei (Scheele) Graebn., 468, 469FIG marginata Kitt. nom. illeg., 468 marina (L.) Besser, 468, 469FIG maritima (All.) Chiov., 468 media (L.) C. Presl, 468, 469FIG rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl, 468, 469FIG rupicola Lebel ex Le Jol., 468, 469FIG x S. marina, 468 salina J. & C. Presl, 468 Sphenopsida, 11 Spiderflower, 385 family, 385 Spider-orchid, Early, 881 Late, 881 Spiderwort, 924 family, 924 Spiderworts, 924 Spignel, 817 Spike-rush, Common, 946 Dwarf, 948 Few-flowered, 948 Many-stalked, 948 Needle, 948 Northern, 946 Slender, 948 Spike-rushes, 946 Spikeweed, 688 SPILANTHES Jacq., 687 oleracea L., 687 Spinach, 487 New Zealand, 505 Summer, 487 Tree, 486 SPINACIA L., 487 oleracea L., 487 Spindle, 300 Evergreen, 301 family, 300

SPEEDWELL

Large-leaved, 300 Spindles, 300 SPIRAEA L., 191 alba Du Roi, 192, 193FIG x S. douglasii = S. x billardii, 192 'Anthony Waterer', 192 x arguta Zabel (S. thunbergii x S. x multiflora, 194 x billardii auct. non Hérincq, 192 x billardii Hérincq (S. alba x S. douglasii), 192 x brachybotrys Lange (S. douglasii x S. canescens), 192 x bumalda Burv. (S. japonica x S. albiflora, 192 canescens D. Don, 192, 193FIG cantoniensis Lour. x S. trilobata L. = S. x vanhouttei, 193FIG, 194 chamaedryfolia L., 193FIG,194 ssp. ulmifolia (Scop.) J. Duvign., 194 douglasii Hook., 192, 193FIG ssp. douglasii, 192 ssp. menziesii (Hook.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor, 192 x S. canescens = S. x brachybotrys, 192 japonica L. f., 192, 193FIG x S. albiflora (Miq.) Zabel = S. x bumalda, 192 latifolia (Aiton) Borkh., 192 media Schmidt, 194 x pseudosalicifolia Silverside (S. salicifolia x S. douglasii), 192 x rosalba Dippel (S. salicifolia x S. alba), 192 x rubella Dippel, 192 salicifolia L., 192 x S. alba = S. x rosalba, 192 x S. douglasii = S. x pseudosalicifolia, 192 thunbergii Sieb. ex Blume x S. x multiflora Zabel = S. x arguta, 194 tomentosa L., 192 x vanhouttei (Briot) Carrière (S. cantoniensis x S. trilobata), 193FIG, 194 Spiraea, Elm-leaved, 194 Himalayan, 192 Japanese, 192 Lange's, 192 Van Houtte's, 194 SPIRANTHES Rich., 866 aestivalis (Poir.) Rich., 866 romanzoffiana Cham., 866 spiralis (L.) Chevall., 866 SPIRODELA Schleid., 833 polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., 833

SPLEENWORT

Spleenwort, Black, 23 family, 21 Forked, 25 Green, 25 Irish, 23 Lanceolate, 23 Maidenhair, 25 Sea, 23 Spleenworts, 22 SPOROBOLUS R. Br., 1061 africanus (Poir.) A. Robyns & Tournay, 1059FIG, 1062, 1063FIG elongatus R. Br., 1062 indicus (L.) R. Br., 1062 Spotted-laurel, 536 family, 536 Spotted-orchid, Common, 872 Heath, 872 Springbeauty, 507 Spring-sedge, 971 Rare, 971 Spruce, Blue, 46 Colorado, 46 Engelmann, 46 Norway, 46 Serbian, 46 Sitka, 46 White, 46 Spruces, 46 Spurge, Balkan, 308 Broad-leaved, 308 Caper, 309 Coral, 308 Cypress, 311 Dwarf, 309 family, 306 Figert's, 311 Gáyer's, 311 Hairy, 308 Irish, 308 Leafy, 311 Mediterranean, 311 Petty, 309 Portland, 309 Purple, 308 Sea, 308 Spotted, 308 Sun, 309 Sweet, 308 Upright, 308 Waldstein's, 309 Wood, 311 Spurge-laurel, 382 Spurges, 306 Spurrey, Corn, 467 Pearlwort, 467 Sand, 468 Spurreys, 467 Squill, Alpine, 918

INDEX

1217

Autumn, 920 Greek, 918 Portuguese, 920 Pyrenean, 920 Siberian, 918 Spring, 920 Turkish, 918 Squills, 918 Squinancywort, 538 St John's-wort, Des Etangs', 339 family, 337 Hairy, 341 Imperforate, 340 Irish, 341 Marsh, 341 Pale, 341 Perforate, 339 Round-leaved, 341 Slender, 341 Square-stalked, 340 Toadflax-leaved, 340 Trailing, 340 Wavy, 340 St John's-worts, 337 St Patrick's-cabbage, 132 St Paul's-wort, Eastern, 776 Western, 776 St Paul's-worts, 776 STACHYS L., 614 alpina L., 616 x ambigua Sm. (S. sylvatica x S. palustris), 615FIG, 616 annua (L.) L., 616 arvensis (L.) L., 617 byzantina K. Koch, 616 germanica L., 616 lanata Jacq. non Crantz, 616 officinalis (L.) Trevis., 617 palustris L., 615FIG, 616 recta L., 616 sylvatica L., 615FIG, 616 x S. palustris = S. x ambigua, 615FIG, 616 Staff-vine, 301 STAPHYLEA L., 368 pinnata L., 368 STAPHYLEACEAE, 368 Starflower, Spring, 904 Starflowers, 904 Starfruit, 837 Star-of-Bethlehem, 917 Drooping, 917 Early, 856 Spiked, 917 Tall, 917 Yellow, 856 Star-of-Bethlehems, 856, 917 Star-thistle, Lesser, 700 Maltese, 700

1218

Star-thistle (contd) Red, 698 Rough, 698 Yellow, 700 Steeple-bush, 192 STELLARIA L., 459 alsine Grimm, 460 aquatica (L.) Scop., 463 glauca With., 460 graminea L., 460 holostea L., 460 media (L.) Vill., 459 neglecta Weihe, 460 nemorum L., 459 ssp. glochidisperma Murb., 459 ssp. montana (Pierrat) Berher, 459, 469FIG ssp. nemorum, 459, 469FIG pallida (Dumort.) Crép., 459 palustris Ehrh. ex Hoffm., 460 uliginosa Murray, 460 STEPHANANDRA Siebold & Zucc., 190 incisa (Thunb.) Zabel, 190 Steris Adans., 470 alpina (L.) Sourk. nom. inval., 474 viscaria (L.) Raf., 474 STERNBERGIA Waldst. & Kit., 905 lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Spreng., 905 Stink-grass, 1060 STIPA L., 993 ambigua Speg., 994 aristiglumis F. Muell., 994 arundinacea (Hook. f.) Benth., 994 capensis Thunb., 994 formicarum Delile, 994 neesiana Trin. & Rupr., 994 tenuissima Trin., 994 trichotoma Nees, 994 variabilis Hughes, 994 verticillata Nees ex Spreng., 994 Stitchwort, Bog, 460 Greater, 460 Lesser, 460 Marsh, 460 Wood, 459 Stitchworts, 459 Stock, Hoary, 422 Night-scented, 422 Sea, 422 Virginia, 423 Stocks, 422 Stonecrop, Autumn, 138 Biting, 141 Butterfly, 138 Colorado, 140 English, 141 family, 134 Hairy, 141 Kamchatka, 140

INDEX

STAR-THISTLE

Least, 141 Love-restoring, 140 Mossy, 135 Pale, 140 Reflexed, 140 Rock, 140 Spanish, 141 Starry, 141 Tasteless, 141 Thick-leaved, 141 White, 141 Stonecrops, 136 Stork's-bill, Common, 352 Eastern, 352 Garden, 353 Hairy-pitted, 352 Mediterranean, 352 Musk, 352 Sea, 352 Soft, 351 Sticky, 353 Three-lobed, 351 Western, 352 Stork's-bills, 350 STRANVAESIA Lindl., 216 davidiana Decne., 198FIG, 216 Stranvaesia, 216 Strapwort, 466 STRATIOTES L., 839 aloides L., 839 Strawberries, 257 Strawberry, Barren, 257 Beach, 258 Garden, 258 Hautbois, 258 Wild, 258 Yellow-flowered, 254 Strawberry-blite, 484 Strawberry-tree, 524 Strawflower, 736 SUAEDA Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel., 495 fruticosa sensu Coste non Forssk., 495 maritima (L.) Dumort., 495 vera Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel., 495 SUBULARIA L., 405 aquatica L., 404FIG, 405 SUCCISA Haller, 796 pratensis Moench, 796, 796FIG Succory, Lamb's, 702 Sumach family, 369 Shining, 369 Stag's-horn, 369 Tanners', 369 Sumachs, 369 Summer-cypress, 486 Sundew family, 452 Great, 453 Oblong-leaved, 453 Round-leaved, 453

SUNDEWS

INDEX

Sundews, 453 Sunflower, 775 Lesser, 775 Perennial, 775 Thin-leaved, 775 Sunflowers, 775 SUTERA Roth, 610 cordata (Thunb.) Kuntze, 610 Swede, 413 Sweet-briar, 276 Small-flowered, 276 Small-leaved, 277 Sweet-flag, 830 family, 830 Slender, 830 Sweet-flags, 830 Sweet-grass, Floating, 1038 Hybrid, 1038 Plicate, 1038 Reed, 1038 Small, 1038 Sweet-grasses, 1037 Sweet-potato, 569 Sweet-William, 477 Swida Opiz, 509 sanguinea (L.) Opiz, 509 sericea (L.) Holub, 510 Swine-cress, 405 Lesser, 405 Western, 32 Sycamore, 372 Downy, 371 SYMPHORICARPOS Duhamel, 786 albus (L.) S.F. Blake, 786 ssp. laevigatus (Fernald) P.D. Sell, 786 var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F. Blake, 786 x S. x chenaultii = S. x doorenbosii, 786 x chenaultii Rehder (S. microphyllus x S. orbiculatus), 786 'Doorenbos Hybrids', 786 x doorenbosii Krüssm. (S. albus x S. x chenaultii), 786 microphyllus Kunth, 786 x S. orbiculatus = S. x chenaultii, 786 orbiculatus Moench, 786 racemosus Michx., 786 rivularis Suksd., 786 SYMPHYTUM L., 555 asperum Lepech., 557 x S. caucasicum, 557 x S. orientale = S. x norvicense, 558 bulbosum K.F. Schimper, 556FIG, 558 caucasicum M. Bieb., 558 grandiflorum DC., 556FIG, 557 x ?S. x uplandicum = S. x hidcotense, 556FIG, 557 'Hidcote Blue', 557 'Hidcote Pink', 557

1219

x hidcotense P.D. Sell (S. grandiflorum x ?S. x uplandicum), 556FIG, 557 ibericum Steven, 557 x norvicense Leaney & C.L. O'Reilly (S. asperum x S. orientale), 558 officinale L., 557 ssp. bohemicum (F.W. Schmidt) ÿHODN ssp. officinale, 557 x S. asperum = S. x uplandicum, 557 x S. tuberosum, 557 orientale L., 558 x S. sp. = S. x perringianum, 555 x perringianum P.H. Oswald & P.D. Sell (S. orientale x S. sp.), 555 savvalense auct. non Kurtto, 558 tauricum Willd., 557 tuberosum L., 557 x uplandicum Nyman (S. officinale x S. asperum), 557 x S. tuberosum, 557 SYRINGA L., 582 vulgaris L., 582 TAENIATHERUM Nevski, 988 caput-medusae (L.) Nevski, 988 TAGETES L., 780 erecta L., 772FIG, 780 minuta L., 772FIG, 780 patula L., 772FIG, 780 TAMARICACEAE, 426 Tamarisk, African, 427 family, 426 Tamarisks, 427 TAMARIX L., 427 africana Poir., 427 anglica Webb, 427 gallica L., 427 TAMUS L., 854 communis L., 854 TANACETUM L., 749 balsamita L., 750 macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch. Bip., 749, 753FIG parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip., 749 vulgare L., 750 Tansies, 749 Tansy, 750 Rayed, 749 Tapegrass, 840 TARAXACUM F.H. Wigg., 712 sect. Celtica A.J. Richards, 717 sect. Crocea M.P. Christ., 713 sect. Erythrosperma (H. Lindb.) Dahlst., 713 sect. Hamata H. Øllg., 717 sect. Naevosa M.P. Christ., 713 sect. Obliqua (Dahlst.) Dahlst., 713 sect. Palustria (H. Lindb.) Dahlst., 713

1220

INDEX

TARAXACUM (contd) sect. Ruderalia Kirschner, H. Øllg. & Stepánek, 717 sect. Spectabilia (Dahlst.) Dahlst., 713 sect. Taraxacum, 713 sect. Vulgaria Dahlst. nom. illeg., 717 adamii Claire group, 717 celticum A.J. Richards group, 717 ceratolobum Dahlst., 716FIG croceiflorum Dahlst., 715FIG croceum Dahlst. group, 713 duplidentifrons Dahlst., 716FIG euryphyllum (Dahlst.) Hjelt, 715FIG faeroense (Dahlst.) Dahlst., 713, 714FIG fulvum Raunk. group, 713 hamatum Raunk., 714FIG hamatum Raunk. group, 717 lacistophyllum (Dahlst.) Raunk., 714FIG laevigatum (Willd.) DC. group, 713 naevosum Dahlst. group, 713 nordstedtii Dahlst. group, 717 obliquum (Fr.) Dahlst., 713, 715FIG obliquum (Fr.) Dahlst. group, 713 officinale Wigg. group, 717 palustre (Lyons) Symons, 713, 716FIG palustre (Lyons) Symons group, 713 platyglossum Raunk., 713 praestans H. Lindb. group pro parte, 713, 717 simile Raunk. group, 713 spectabile Dahlst. group, 713 unguilobum Dahlst. group, 717 Tare, Hairy, 159 Slender, 159 Smooth, 159 Taro, 831 Tarragon, 751 Tasmanian-fuchsia, 374 Tasselweed, Beaked, 852 family, 852 Spiral, 852 Tasselweeds, 852 TAXACEAE, 50 Taxodiaceae, 50 TAXODIUM Rich., 52 distichum (L.) Rich., 52 Taxopsida, 41 TAXUS L., 50 baccata L., 45FIG, 50 Tayberry, 247 Teaplant, Chinese, 572 Duke of Argyll's, 572 Teaplants, 572 Tear-thumb, American, 438 Teasel, Cut-leaved, 795 family, 794 Fuller's, 795 Small, 795 Wild, 795

TARAXACUM

Yellow-flowered, 795 Teasels, 794 Tea-trees, 366 TEESDALIA W.T. Aiton, 420 coronopifolia (J.P. Bergeret) Thell., 420 nudicaulis (L.) W.T. Aiton, 404FIG, 420 Teff, 1060 TELEKIA Baumg., 738 speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg., 735FIG, 738 TELEPHIUM L., 455 imperati L., 455 Teline Medik., 182 monspessulana (L.) K. Koch, 182 TELLIMA R. Br., 134 grandiflora (Pursh) Douglas ex Lindl., 131FIG, 134 TEPHROSERIS (Rchb.) Rchb., 766 integrifolia (L.) Holub, 766 ssp. integrifolia, 766 ssp. maritima (Syme) B. Nord., 766 palustris (L.) Fourr., 768 TETRAGONIA L., 505 tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze, 505 Tetragoniaceae, 500 TETRAGONOLOBUS Scop., 154 maritimus (L.) Roth, 150FIG, 154 TEUCRIUM L., 622 botrys L., 622 chamaedrys L., 622 x T. lucidum L. = T. x lucidrys, 622 x lucidrys Boom (T. chamaedrys x T. lucidum), 622 scordium L., 622 THALICTRUM L., 120 alpinum L., 121 aquilegiifolium L., 121 delavayi Franch., 121 flavum L., 121 lucidum L., 121 minus L., 103FIG, 121 ssp. arenarium (Butcher) A.R. Clapham, 121 ssp. saxatile DC. ex Ces., 121 THAMNOCALAMUS Munro, 988 spathaceus (Franch.) Soderstr., 990 spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro, 988 Thelycrania (Dumort.) Fourr., 509 alba (L.) Pojark., 510 sanguinea (L.) Fourr., 509 sericea (L.) Dandy, 510 THELYPTERIDACEAE, 26 THELYPTERIS Schmidel, 26 dryopteris (L.) Sloss., 27 limbosperma (All.) H.P. Fuchs, 26 oreopteris (Ehrh.) Sloss., 26 palustris Schott, 26 phegopteris (L.) Sloss., 26 robertiana (Hoffm.) Sloss., 27 thelypteroides Michx. ssp. glabra Holub, 26

THEMIDACEAE

Themidaceae, 914 Theophrastaceae, 513 THERMOPSIS R. Br., 179 montana Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, 179 THESIUM L., 426 humifusum DC., 426 Thimbleberry, 244 Thimbleflower, Blue, 513 Thinopyrum Á. Löve, 1048 junceiforme (Á. & D. Löve) Á. Löve, 1051 Thistle, Blessed, 687 Broad-winged, 692 Cabbage, 695 Carline, 689 Cotton, 695 Creeping, 695 Dwarf, 695 Giant, 691 Golden, 701 Marsh, 695 Meadow, 694 Melancholy, 695 Milk, 696 Musk, 692 Plymouth, 691 Reticulate, 696 Slender, 691 Spear, 694 Tuberous, 694 Welted, 692 Woolly, 694 Yellow, 694 Thistles, 691, 692 Cotton, 695 THLASPI L., 421 alliaceum L., 404FIG, 421 alpestre L. non Jacq., 421 arvense L., 404FIG, 421 caerulescens J. & C. Presl, 421 calaminare (Lej.) Lej. & Courtois, 421 macrophyllum Hoffm., 420 perfoliatum L., 421 Thorn-apple, 573 Longspine, 573 Thorn-apples, 573 Thorow-wax, 820 False, 820 Thrift, 434 Estoril, 434 family, 427 Jersey, 435 Thrifts, 434 Throatwort, 675 THUJA L.. 54 plicata Donn ex D. Don, 45FIG, 51FIG, 54 Thyme, Basil, 627 Breckland, 629 Garden, 628 Large, 628

INDEX

1221

Lemon, 628 Wild, 628 THYMELAEACEAE, 381 Thymes, 628 THYMUS L., 628 drucei Ronniger, 628 x citriodorus Pers. (T. vulgaris x T. pulegioides), 628 polytrichus A. Kern. ex Borbás, 626FIG, 628 ssp. britannicus (Ronniger) Kerguélen, 629 ssp. ligusticus (Briq.) Stace, 629 praecox auct. non Opiz, 628 ssp. arcticus (Durand) Jalas, 629 ssp. britannicus (Ronniger) Holub, 629 pulegioides L., 626FIG, 628 serpyllum auct. non L., 628 serpyllum L., 626FIG, 629 vulgaris L., 626FIG, 628 x T. pulegioides = T. x citriodorus, 628 THYSELIUM Raf., 826 palustre (L.) Raf., 825FIG, 826 Tickseed, Large-flowered, 779 Tickseeds, 779 TILIA L., 380 cordata Mill., 381 x euchlora K. Koch, 381 x europaea L. (T. platyphyllos x T. cordata), 381 'Petiolaris', 381 platyphyllos Scop., 381 ssp. cordifolia (Besser) C.K. Schneid., 381 x T. cordata = T. x europaea, 381 tomentosa Moench, 381 x vulgaris Hayne, 381 Tiliaceae, 374 Tillaea L., 135 aquatica L., 135 muscosa L., 135 recurva (Hook. f.) Hook. f., 135 Timothy, 1037 Toadflax, Annual, 597 Balkan, 596 Common, 596 Corsican, 595 Italian, 595 Ivy-leaved, 595 Jersey, 597 Malling, 594 Pale, 597 Prostrate, 597 Purple, 597 Sand, 597 Small, 594 Toadflaxes, 594, 595, 596 Tobacco, 579

1222

INDEX

Tobacco (contd) Red, 580 Sweet, 579 Wild, 579 Tobaccos, 579 TOFIELDIA Huds., 834 pusilla (Michx.) Pers., 834 TOFIELDIACEAE, 834, 834 TOLMIEA Torr. & A. Gray, 134 menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray, 131FIG, 134 TOLPIS Adans., 687 barbata (L.) Gaertn., 687 Tomatillo, 574 Large-flowered, 574 Tomato, 578 Tongue-orchid, Lesser, 880 Tongue-orchids, 880 Toothpick-plant, 823 Toothwort, 660 Purple, 660 Toothworts, 659 TORDYLIUM L., 828 maximum L., 825FIG, 828 Tor-grass, 1047 TORILIS Adans., 828 arvensis (Huds.) Link, 825FIG, 828 japonica (Houtt.) DC., 825FIG, 828 leptophylla (L.) Rchb. f., 828 nodosa (L.) Gaertn., 825FIG, 828 Tormentil, 256 Trailing, 256 TRACHELIUM L., 675 caeruleum L., 675 TRACHYCARPUS fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl., 924 TRACHYSPERMUM Link, 821 ammi (L.) Sprague, 819FIG, 822 TRACHYSTEMON D. Don, 560 orientalis (L.) G. Don, 560 TRADESCANTIA L., 924 x andersoniana W. Ludwig & Rohw. nom. inval., 924 fluminensis Vell., 924 virginiana L., 924 x T. subaspera Ker-Gawl., 924 zebrina Bosse, 924 TRAGOPOGON L., 707 hybridus L., 707 x mirabilis Rouy (T. pratensis x T. porrifolius), 707 porrifolius L., 707 ssp. australis (Jord.) Nyman, 707 ssp. porrifolius, 707 pratensis L., 707 ssp. minor (Mill.) Wahlenb., 707 ssp. orientalis / ÿHODN ssp. pratensis, 707 x T. porrifolius = T. x mirabilis, 707

TOBACCO

TRAGUS Haller, 1065 australianus S.T. Blake, 1066, 1068FIG, 1071FIG berteronianus Schult., 1066 racemosus (L.) All., 1066 Traveller's-joy, 108 Traveller's-joys, 108 Treacle-mustard, 392 Spreading, 392 Treasureflower, 731 Plain, 731 Tree-fern family, 18 Australian, 18 Scaly, 18 family, 18 Tree-mallow, 379 Garden, 379 Smaller, 379 Tree-of-heaven, 374 family, 374 Trefoil, Hop, 175 Large, 174 Lesser, 175 Slender, 175 TRICHOMANES L., 16 speciosum Willd., 16 TRICHOPHORUM Pers., 943 alpinum (L.) Pers., 944, 947FIG cespitosum (L.) Hartm., 944, 947FIG nothossp. foersteri Swan, 944 ssp. germanicum (Palla) Hegi, 944 x T. germanicum = T. x foersteri, 944 x foersteri (Swan) D.A. Simpson (T. cespitosum x T. germanicum), 944 germanicum Palla, 944, 947FIG TRIENTALIS L., 521 borealis Raf., 521 europaea L., 521 TRIFOLIUM L., 170 sect. CHRONOSEMIUM Ser., 174 sect. Fragifera W.D.J. Koch, 174 sect. Involucrarium auct. non Hook., 174 sect. LOTOIDEA Crantz, 173 sect. Ornithopoda (Mall.) Tutin nom. inval., 173 sect. PARAMESUS (C. Presl) Endl., 174 sect. TRICHOCEPHALUM W.D.J. Koch, 179 sect. Trifoliastrum Gray, 173 sect. TRIFOLIUM, 175 sect. VESICARIA Crantz, 174 sect. Vesicastrum Ser., 174 alexandrinum L., 178, 177FIG angustifolium L., 178, 177FIG arvense L., 178, 177FIG aureum Pollich, 174, 176FIG bocconei Savi, 178, 177FIG campestre Schreb., 175, 176FIG cernuum Brot., 173, 176FIG

TRIFOLIUM

INDEX

constantinopolitanum Ser., 178 dubium Sibth., 166FIG, 175, 176FIG echinatum M. Bieb., 178, 177FIG fragiferum L., 174, 176FIG ssp. bonannii (C. Presl) Soják, 174 ssp. fragiferum, 174 glomeratum L., 173, 176FIG hirtum All., 178, 177FIG hybridum L., 173, 176FIG ssp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn., 173 ssp. hybridum, 173 incarnatum L., 175, 177FIG ssp. incarnatum, 175 ssp. molinerii (Balb. ex Hornem.) Ces., 178 lappaceum L., 178, 177FIG medium L., 175, 177FIG micranthum Viv., 166FIG, 175, 176FIG molinerii Balb. ex Hornem., 178 occidentale Coombe, 173, 176FIG ochroleucon Huds., 175, 177FIG ornithopodioides L., 173, 176FIG pannonicum Jacq., 175, 177FIG pratense L., 175, 177FIG var. sativum Schreb., 175 prostratum Biasol., 173 repens L., 173, 176FIG resupinatum L., 174, 176FIG scabrum L., 177FIG, 178 spumosum L., 173 squamosum L., 177FIG, 178 stellatum L., 175, 177FIG striatum L., 177FIG, 178 strictum L., 174, 176FIG subterraneum L., 177FIG, 179 var. oxaloides (Bunge ex Nyman) Rouy, 179 suffocatum L., 174, 176FIG tomentosum L., 174, 176FIG TRIGLOCHIN L., 842 maritima L., 842 palustris L., 842 TRIGONELLA L., 165 caerulea (L.) Ser., 167, 169FIG corniculata (L.) L., 165, 169FIG foenum-graecum L., 167, 169FIG glabra Thunb., 165 hamosa Forssk. non L., 165 procumbens (Besser) Rchb., 165 Trilliaceae, 854 TRINIA Hoffm., 820 glauca (L.) Dumort., 819FIG, 820 TRIPLEUROSPERMUM Sch. Bip., 758 decipiens (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Bornm., 758 disciforme (C.A. Mey.) Sch. Bip., 758 inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip., 757FIG, 759 maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch, 757FIG, 759

1223

ssp. inodorum (L.) Hyl. ex Vaar., 759 ssp. maritimum, 759 ssp. nigriceps P.D. Sell, 759 ssp. phaeocephalum auct. non (Rupr.) Hämet-Ahti, 759 ssp. phaeocephalum (Rupr.) HämetAhti., 759 ssp. vinicaule P.D. Sell, 759 var. salinum auct. non (Wallr.) Kay, 759 x T. inodorum, 759 X TRIPLEUROTHEMIS Stace (ANTHEMIS x TRIPLEUROSPERMUM), 755 maleolens (P. Fourn.) Stace (A. cotula x T. inodorum), 755 Tripolium Nees, 740 vulgare Besler ex Nees, 743 TRISETUM Pers., 1019 flavescens (L.) P. Beauv., 1019 ssp. flavescens, 1020 ssp. purpurascens (DC.) Arcang., 1020 TRISTAGMA Poepp., 904 uniflorum (Lindl.) Traub, 904, 907FIG TRITELEIA Douglas ex Lindl., 904 laxa Benth., 904 Triticale, 1054 X TRITICOSECALE Wittm. ex A. Camus (SECALE x TRITICUM), 1054 'Lasko', 1054 TRITICUM L., 1054 aestivum L., 1054 durum Desf., 1055 turgidum L., 1055 Tritonia x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) G. Nicholson, 894 TROLLIUS L., 102 europaeus L., 102, 103FIG TROPAEOLACEAE, 383 TROPAEOLUM L., 383 canariense hort., 383 ferreyae Sparre x T. minus, 384 majus L., 384 minus L., 383 peltophorum Benth., 384 peregrinum L., 383 speciosum Poepp. & Endl., 384 Trumpets, 522 TSUGA (Antoine) Carrière, 44 canadensis (L.) Carrière, 44 heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., 45FIG, 46 TUBERARIA (Dunal) Spach, 382 guttata (L.) Fourr., 382 ssp. breweri (Planch.) E.F. Warb., 382 Tufted-sedge, 973 Slender, 972 Tulip, Cretan, 857 Garden, 857 Wild, 857 TULIPA L., 857

1224

INDEX

TULIPA (contd) gesneriana L., 857 saxatilis Sieber ex Spreng., 857 sylvestris L., 857 Tulips, 857 Tunicflower, 475 TURGENIA Hoffm., 807 latifolia (L.) Hoffm., 807 Turkey-corn, 91 Turnip, 413 Wild, 413 Turnip-rape, 413 Turnsole, European, 552 TURRITIS L., 395 glabra L., 395, 410FIG Tussac-grass, 1013 TUSSILAGO L., 770 farfara L., 770 Tussock-sedge, Fibrous, 960 Greater, 959 Lesser, 960 Tutsan, 339 Forrest's, 339 Irish, 339 Stinking, 339 Tall, 339 Turkish, 339 Twayblade, Common, 864 Lesser, 864 Twayblades, 864 Twinflower, 787 TYPHA L., 926 angustifolia L., 926 x glauca Godr. (T. latifolia x T. angustifolia), 926 latifolia L., 926 x T. angustifolia = T. x glauca, 926 TYPHACEAE, 925 UGNI Turcz., 368 molinae Turcz., 368 ULEX L., 184 x breoganii (Castrov. & Valdés-Berm.) Castrov. & Valdés-Berm. (U. europaeus x U. gallii), 184 europaeus L., 166FIG, 184 x U. gallii = U. x breoganii, 184 gallii Planch., 166FIG, 185 x U. minor, 185 minor Roth, 166FIG, 185 ULMACEAE, 279 ULMUS L., 279 angustifolia (Weston) Weston, 283 carpinifolia Gled., 280FIG, 282 coritana Melville, 280FIG, 282 diversifolia Melville, 282 x elegantissima Horw. (?U. glabra x U. plotii), 282 glabra Huds., 280FIG, 281 ssp. glabra, 281

TULIPA

ssp. montana Hyl., 281 x U. minor, 281 x U. minor = U. x vegeta, 280FIG, 282 or U. glabra x U. minor x U. plotii = U. x hollandica, 280FIG, 282 x U. plotii, or U. glabra x U. minor = U. x hollandica, 280FIG, 282 ssp. sarniensis = U. x hollandica var. insularum, 282 x U. plotii = ?U. x elegantissima, 282 x U. procera, 281 x hollandica Mill. (?U. glabra x U. minor, or U. glabra x U. minor x U. plotii), 280FIG, 282 var. insularum Richens (U. glabra x U. minor ssp. sarniensis), 282 var. vegeta (Loudon) Rehder, 282 laevis Pall., 280FIG, 283 minor Mill., 282 ssp. angustifolia (Weston) Stace, 280FIG, 283 ssp. minor, 282 ssp. sarniensis (C.K. Schneid.) Stace, 280FIG, 283 var. cornubiensis (Weston) Richens, 283 var. lockii (Druce) Richens, 283 var. sarniensis (C.K. Schneid.) Richens, 283 var. vulgaris (Aiton) Richens, 282 x U. plotii = ?U. x viminalis, 283 plotii Druce, 280FIG, 283 procera Salisb., 280FIG, 282 x U. minor, 282 x U. plotii, 282 sarniensis (C.K. Schneid.) H.H. Bancr., 283 stricta (Aiton) Lindl., 283 var. goodyeri Melville, 283 thomasii Sarg., 281 x vegeta (Loudon) Ley (U. glabra x U. minor), 280FIG, 282 x viminalis Lodd. ex Loudon (?U. minor x U. plotii), 283 Umbelliferae, 802 UMBILICUS DC., 136 rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy, 136 UROCHLOA P. Beauv., 1069 panicoides P. Beauv., 1036FIG, 1069, 1074FIG URTICA L., 285 dioica L., 280FIG, 285 ssp. dioica, 285 ssp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek, 285 dubia Forrsk. nom. illeg., 285 galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz, 285 incisa Poir., 285 membranacea Poir., 285

URTICA

INDEX

pilulifera L., 285 urens L., 280FIG, 286 URTICACEAE, 285 UTRICULARIA L., 664 australis R. Br., 665, 666FIG bremii Heer ex Koell., 667 intermedia Hayne, 666FIG, 667 minor L., 666FIG, 667 neglecta Lehm., 665 ochroleuca R.W. Hartm., 666FIG, 667 stygia G. Thor, 666FIG, 667 vulgaris L., 665, 666FIG VACCARIA Wolf, 475 hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert, 475 pyramidata Medik., 475 VACCINIUM L., 532 corymbosum L., 533FIG, 534 x intermedium Ruthe (V. vitis-idaea x V. myrtillus), 533FIG, 534 macrocarpon Aiton, 532 microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh., 532 myrtillus L., 533FIG, 534 oxycoccos L., 532 uliginosum L., 533FIG, 534 ssp. microphyllum Lange, 534 vitis-idaea L., 532, 533FIG x V. myrtillus = V. x intermedium, 533FIG, 534 Valerian, Annual, 794 Common, 793 family, 790 Marsh, 793 Pyrenean, 793 Red, 794 Turkish, 793 VALERIANA L., 793 dioica L., 793 officinalis L., 793 ssp. collina (Wallr.) Nyman, 793 ssp. dunensis P.D. Sell, 793 ssp. officinalis, 793 ssp. sambucifolia (J.C. Mikan ex Pohl) W.R. Hayw., 793 phu L., 793 pyrenaica L., 793 sambucifolia J.C. Mikan ex Pohl, 793 VALERIANACEAE, 790 VALERIANELLA Mill., 791 carinata Loisel., 791, 792FIG dentata (L.) Pollich, 791, 792FIG eriocarpa Desv., 791, 792FIG locusta (L.) Laterr., 791, 792FIG ssp. dunensis (D.E. Allen) P.D. Sell, 791 var. dunensis D.E. Allen, 791 rimosa Bastard, 791, 792FIG Valerians, 793 VALLISNERIA L., 840 spiralis L., 840

1225

Vandenboschia Copel., 16 speciosa (Willd.) G. Kunkel, 16 Veldtgrass, Annual, 993 Velvetleaf, 380 Venus's-looking-glass, 674 Large, 675 Venus's-looking-glasses, 674 VERATRUM viride Aiton, 855 VERBASCUM L., 604 blattaria L., 605 x V. nigrum = V. x intermedium, 606 bombyciferum Boiss., 606 x V. nigrum, 606 x V. phlomoides, 606 chaixii Vill., 608 ssp. austriacum (Schott ex Roem. & Schult.) Hayek, 608 ssp. chaixii, 608 densiflorum Bertol., 606 x duernsteinense Teyber (V. thapsus x V. speciosum), 606 x godronii Boreau (V. thapsus x V. pulverulentum), 608 x incanum Gaudin (V. nigrum x V. lychnitis), 608 x intermedium Rupr. ex Bercht. & Pfund (V. blattaria x V. nigrum), 606 x kerneri Fritsch (V. phlomoides x V. thapsus), 606 x lemaitrei Boreau (V. virgatum x V. thapsus), 606 lychnitis L., 608 var. album (Mill.) Druce, 608 x mixtum Ramond ex DC. (V. nigrum x V. pulverulentum), 608 x murbeckii Borbás (V. phlomoides x V. pulverulentum), 606 nigrum L., 608 x V. lychnitis = V. x incanum, 608 x V. pulverulentum = V. x mixtum, 608 x V. speciosum, 608 phlomoides L., 606, 607FIG x V. pulverulentum = V. x murbeckii, 606 x V. thapsus = V. x kerneri, 606 phoeniceum L., 606 x V. nigrum = V. x ustulatum, 606 pulverulentum Vill., 607FIG, 608 x V. lychnitis = V. x regelianum, 608 pyramidatum M. Bieb., 606 x V. nigrum, 606 x V. thapsus, 606 x regelianum Wirtg. (V. pulverulentum x V. lychnitis), 608 x schiedeanum W.D.J. Koch, 608 x semialbum Chaub. (V. thapsus x V. nigrum), 606

1226

INDEX

VERBASCUM (contd) sinuatum L., 605 speciosum Schrad., 608 x spurium W.D.J. Koch, 608 x thapsi L. (V. thapsus x V. lychnitis), 608 thapsiforme Schrad., 606 thapsus L., 606, 607FIG x V. lychnitis = V. x thapsi, 608 x V. nigrum = V. x semialbum, 606 x V. pulverulentum = V. x godronii, 608 x V. speciosum = V. x duernsteinense, 606 x ustulatum ÿHODNV. phoeniceum x V. nigrum), 606 virgatum Stokes, 606 x V. nigrum, 606 x V. pulverulentum, 606 x V. thapsus = V. x lemaitrei, 606 x wirtgenii Franch., 608 VERBENA L., 668 bonariensis L., 669 x hybrida Groenl. & Rümpler, 668 litoralis Kunth, 668 officinalis L., 668 rigida Spreng., 669 venosa Gillies & Hook., 669 VERBENACEAE, 668 VERBESINA L., 688 encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray, 688 Vernal-grass, Annual, 1024 Sweet, 1024 Vernal-grasses, 1024 VERONICA L., 585 sect. Hebe (Comm. ex Juss.) G. Don, 592 subg. BECCABUNGA (Hill) M.M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 588 subg. CHAMAEDRYS (W.D.J. Koch) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 591 subg. COCHLIDIOSPERMA (Rchb.) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 590 subg. PELLIDOSPERMA (E.B.J. Lehm.) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 590 subg. PENTASEPALAE M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 591 subg. POCILLA (Dumort.) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 591 subg. PSEUDOLYSIMACHIUM (W.D.J. Koch) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 589 subg. PSEUDOVERONICA J.B. Armstr., 592

VERBASCUM

subg. STENOCARPON (Boriss.) M. Mart. Ort., Albach & M.A. Fisch., 591 subg. VERONICA, 588 acinifolia L., 589 agrestis L., 591, 607FIG alpina L., 588 anagallis-aquatica L., 589, 641FIG x V. catenata = V. x lackschewitzii, 589 arvensis L., 592 austriaca L., 591 barkeri Cockayne, 592, 593FIG beccabunga L., 588 brachysiphon (Summerh.) Bean, 592, 593FIG catenata Pennell, 589, 641FIG chamaedrys L., 591 crista-galli Steven, 590 cymbalaria Bodard, 588 dieffenbachii Benth., 592, 593FIG elliptica auct. non G. Forst., 592 elliptica G. Forst., 588 x V. speciosa = V. x franciscana, 592, 593FIG filiformis Sm., 591 x franciscana Eastw. (V. elliptica x V. speciosa), 592, 593FIG 'Blue Gem', 592, 593FIG fruticans Jacq., 591 hederifolia L., 590 ssp. hederifolia, 590, 607FIG ssp. lucorum (Klett & Richt.) Hartl, 590, 607FIG x lackschewitzii J.B. Keller (V. anagallisaquatica x V. catenata), 589 x lewisii auct. non J.B. Armstr., 592 x lewisii J.B. Armstr. (V. salicifolia x V. elliptica), 592, 593FIG longifolia L., 590 x V. spicata, 590 montana L., 588 officinalis L., 588 paniculata L., 588 peregrina L., 589 persica Poir., 591, 607FIG polita Fr., 591, 607FIG praecox All., 590 repens Clarion ex DC., 589 reptans D.H. Kent nom. illeg, 589 salicifolia G. Forst., 592, 593FIG x V. elliptica = V. x lewisii, 592, 593FIG scutellata L., 588 var. villosa Schum., 588 serpyllifolia L., 589 ssp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme, 589 ssp. serpyllifolia, 589

VERONICA

speciosa auct. non R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn., 592 speciosa R. Cunn. ex A. Cunn., 588 spicata L., 590 ssp. hybrida (L.) Gaudin, 590 spuria auct. non L., 588 sublobata M.A. Fisch., 590 teucrium L., 591 triphyllos L., 590 verna L., 592 Veronica, Hedge, 592 VERONICACEAE, 584 Vervain, 668 family, 668 Argentinian, 669 Slender, 669 Vervains, 668 VESTIA Willd., 571 foetida (Ruiz & Pav.) Hoffmanns., 571 lycioides Willd., 571 Vetch, Bithynian, 160 Bush, 159 Common, 159 Crown, 155 Danzig, 158 Fine-leaved, 158 Fodder, 158 Horseshoe, 155 Hungarian, 159 Kidney, 152 Narbonne, 160 Purple, 158 Spring, 159 Tufted, 158 Wood, 158 Vetches, 157 Horseshoe, 155 Vetchling, Grass, 162 Hairy, 162 Meadow, 161 Yellow, 162 VIBURNUM L., 784 lantana L., 785 x V. rhytidophyllum = V. x rhytidophylloides, 786 opulus L., 785 'Roseum', 785 x rhytidophylloides J.V. Suringar (V. lantana x V. rhytidophyllum), 786 rhytidophyllum Hemsl., 786 sargentii Koehne, 785 tinus L., 786 trilobum Marshall, 785 veitchii C.H. Wright, 785 Viburnum, Wrinkled, 786 Viburnums, 784 VICIA L., 157 angustifolia L. ssp. angustifolia, 159 ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Arcang., 159

INDEX

1227

benghalensis L.158 bithynica (L.) L., 160 cassubica L., 158 cracca L., 158 dasycarpa auct., ?Ten., 158 faba L., 160 hirsuta (L.) Gray, 159 hybrida L., 158 laevigata Sm., 160 lathyroides L., 159 laxiflora Brot. nom. illeg., 159 lutea L., 160 monantha Retz., 158 narbonensis L., 160 orobus DC., 158 pannonica Crantz, 159 ssp. pannonica, 159 ssp. striata (M. Bieb.) Nyman, 159 parviflora Cav., 159 sativa L., 159 ssp. angustifolia (L.) Gaudin, 159 ssp. bobartii (E. Forst.) P.D. Sell, 159 ssp. cordata (Wulfen ex Hoppe) Arcang., 159 ssp. macrocarpa (Moris) Arcang., 159 ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh., 159 ssp. sativa, 159 ssp. segetalis (Thuill.) Gaudin, 159 ssp. uncinata (Rouy) P.D. Sell, 159 sepium L., 159 sylvatica L., 158 tenuifolia Roth, 158 tenuissima auct. non (M. Bieb.) Schinz & Thell., 159 tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., 159 ssp. gracilis Hook. f., 159 varia Host, 158 villosa Roth, 158 VIGNA Savi, 148 mungo auct. non (L.) Hepper, 148 radiata (L.) Wilczek, 148 VINCA L., 550 difformis Pourr., 550 herbacea Waldst. & Kit., 550 major L., 550 ssp. hirsuta auct. non (Boiss.) Stearn, 550 var. oxyloba Stearn, 550 minor L., 550 VIOLA L., 332 altaica Ker Gawl., 335 arvensis Murray, 335 x bavarica Schrank (V. riviniana x V. reichenbachiana), 334 x borussica (Borbás) W. Becker, 334 x burnatii Gremli (V. rupestris x V. riviniana), 333 canina L., 334 ssp. canina, 334

1228

INDEX

VIOLA canina (contd) ssp. montana (L.) Hartm., 334 x V. lactea, 334 x V. persicifolia = V. x ritschliana, 334 x contempta Jord. (V. tricolor x V. arvensis), 335 cornuta L., 334 x V. x wittrockiana, 335 hirta L., 333 ssp. calcarea (Bab.) E.F. Warb., 333 x intersita Beck (V. riviniana x V. canina), 334 kitaibeliana Schult., 335 lactea Sm., 334 x lambertii H. Lév. nom. nud., 334 lepida Jord., 335 lutea Huds., 335 x V. arvensis, 335 x V. tricolor, 335 x militaris Savouré nom. nud., 334 x mixta A. Kern. (V. reichenbachiana x V. canina), 334 odorata L., 333 x V. hirta = V. x scabra, 333 palustris L., 334 ssp. juressi (Link ex Wein) P. Fourn., 334 ssp. palustris, 334 x permixta Jord., 333 persicifolia Schreb., 334 reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau, 334 x V. canina = V. x mixta, 334 x ritschliana W. Becker (V. canina x V. persicifolia), 334 riviniana Rchb., 333 ssp. minor (Murb. ex Greg.) Valentine, 333 var. minor (Murb. ex Greg.) Valentine, 334 x V. canina = V. x intersita, 334 x V. lactea, 334 x V. reichenbachiana = V. x bavarica, 334 rupestris F.W. Schmidt, 333 x V. riviniana = V. x burnatii, 333 x scabra F. Braun (V. odorata x V. hirta), 333 stagnina Kit., 334 tricolor L., 335 ssp. curtisii (E. Forst.) Syme, 335 ssp. saxatilis (F.W. Schmidt) E.F. Warb., 335 ssp. tricolor, 335 x V. arvensis = V. x contempta, 335 x weinhartii W. Becker, 334 x wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert, 335 Viola, Bedding, 335 VIOLACEAE, 332 Violet family, 332

VIOLA

Fen, 334 Hairy, 333 Marsh, 334 Sweet, 333 Teesdale, 333 Violets, 332 Violetta, 335 Violet-willow, European, 327 Siberian, 327 Viper's-bugloss, 553 Giant, 553 Lax, 553 Purple, 553 Viper's-buglosses, 553 Viper's-grass, 706 Virginia-creeper, 144 False, 144 Virginia-creepers, 144 Virgin's-bower, 108 Early, 110 Viscaceae, 425 Viscaria Röhl., 470 alpina (L.) Don, 474 vulgaris Bernh., 474 VISCUM L., 426 album L., 426 VITACEAE, 143 VITIS L., 143 coignetiae Pulliat, 143 vinifera L., 143 VULPIA C.C. Gmel., 1007 ambigua (Le Gall) More, 1008 bromoides (L.) Gray, 1008 broteri Boiss. & Reut., 1007 ciliata Dumort., 1008 ssp. ambigua (Le Gall) Stace & Auquier, 1008 ssp. ciliata, 1008 fasciculata (Forssk.) Fritsch, 1008 geniculata (L.) Link, 1007 megalura (Nutt.) Rydb., 1008 membranacea auct. non (L.) Dumort., 1008 muralis (Kunth) Nees, 1007 myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel., 1008 f. hirsuta (Hack.) Blom, 1008 f. megalura (Nutt.) Stace & R. Cotton, 1008 unilateralis (L.) Stace, 1008 WAHLENBERGIA Schrad. ex Roth, 675 hederacea (L.) Rchb., 675 Wallaby-grass, 1055 Swamp, 1017 Wallaby-grasses, 1017 Wallflower, 392 Siberian, 392 Wallflowers, 391 Wall-rocket, Annual, 411 Perennial, 411 White, 411

WALL-ROCKETS

Wall-rockets, 411 Wall-rue, 25 Walnut, 291 Black, 291 family, 291 Wandering-jew, 924 Warty-cabbage, 422 Warty-cabbages, 422 Water-cress, 399 Hybrid, 399 Narrow-fruited, 399 Water-cresses, 397 Water-crowfoot, Brackish, 117 Common, 117 Fan-leaved, 118 Kelso, 117 Pond, 117 River, 118 Stream, 118 Thread-leaved, 117 Wirtgen's, 118 Water-dropwort, Corky-fruited, 816 Fine-leaved, 816 Hemlock, 816 Java, 815 Narrow-leaved, 816 Parsley, 816 River, 816 Tubular, 816 Water-dropworts, 815 Water-lilies, White, 80 Yellow, 80 Water-lily family, 79 Fringed, 678 Hybrid, 81 Least, 81 White, 80 Yellow, 81 Water-milfoil, Alternate, 143 family, 142 Spiked, 143 Whorled, 143 Water-milfoils, 142 Water-parsnip, Greater, 814 Lesser, 814 Water-pepper, 439 Small, 440 Tasteless, 439 Water-plantain, 837 family, 835 Floating, 836 Lesser, 836 Narrow-leaved, 837 Ribbon-leaved, 837 Water-plantains, 836 Water-primrose, 362 Water-purslane, 354 Water-shield family, 79 Carolina, 79

INDEX

Water-shields, 79 Water-soldier, 839 Water-speedwell, Blue, 589 Hybrid, 589 Pink, 589 Water-starwort, Autumnal, 601 Blunt-fruited, 602 Common, 602 family, 600 Intermediate, 602 Narrow-fruited, 602 Pedunculate, 602 Short-leaved, 601 Various-leaved, 602 Water-starworts, 600 Water-violet, 518 Waterweed, Canadian, 839 Curly, 840 Esthwaite, 840 Large-flowered, 839 Nuttall's, 839 South American, 840 Waterweeds, 839 Waterwort, Eight-stamened, 312 family, 311 Six-stamened, 312 Waterworts, 312 WATSONIA Mill., 886 ardernei Sander, 887 borbonica (Pourr.) Goldblatt, 887 Wattle, Silver, 185 Wayfaring-tree, 785 Chinese, 785 Hybrid, 786 Weasel's-snout, 594 Pale, 594 Weasel's-snouts, 594 Weeping-grass, 993 Weeping-grasses, 993 WEIGELA Thunb., 787 florida (Bunge) A. DC., 787 Weigelia, 787 Weld, 385 Wellingtonia, 53 Wheat, Bread, 1054 Pasta, 1055 Rivet, 1055 Wheats, 1054 Whin, Petty, 184 Whitebeam, Arran, 206 Bloody, 213 Bristol, 215 Broad-leaved, 214 Cheddar, 212 Common, 209 Devon, 215 Doward, 209 English, 207 Gough's Rock, 213

1229

1230

Whitebeam (contd) Grey-leaved, 212 Irish, 213 Lancastrian, 213 Least, 206 Leigh Woods, 212 Ley's, 206 Llangollen, 207 Llanthony, 213 Margaret's, 213 Mougeot's, 207 Orange, 215 Rock, 213 Round-leaved, 209 Scannell's, 206 Sharp-toothed, 215 Ship Rock, 212 Somerset, 215 Stirton's, 213 Swedish, 206 Symonds Yat, 212 Thin-leaved, 213 Twin Cliffs, 212 Watersmeet, 214 Welsh, 212 White's, 212 Wilmott's, 212 Whitebeams, 201 White-elm, European, 283 Whitlowgrass, Common, 409 Glabrous, 411 Hairy, 409 Hoary, 409 Rock, 409 Wall, 409 Yellow, 408 Whitlowgrasses, 408, 409 Whorl-grass, 1014 Wild-oat, 1019 Winter, 1019 Willow, Almond, 323 Bay, 322 Bedford, 323 Creeping, 330 Cricket-bat, 323 Dark-leaved, 329 Downy, 331 Dwarf, 331 Eared, 329 Ehrhart's, 322 family, 312 Goat, 328 Golden, 323 Green-leaved, 326 Grey, 328 Heart-leaved, 329 Holme, 327 Laurel-leaved, 329 Mountain, 331

INDEX

WHITEBEAM

Net-leaved, 331 Olive, 327 Purple, 326 Sachalin, 327 Sharp-stipuled, 326 Shiny-leaved, 322 Tea-leaved, 330 Weeping, 322, 323 White, 323 Whortle-leaved, 331 Woolly, 331 Willowherb, Alpine, 361 American, 360 Broad-leaved, 357 Bronzy, 361 Chickweed, 361 family, 354 Great, 357 Hoary, 357 Marsh, 360 New Zealand, 361 Pale, 360 Rockery, 361 Rosebay, 361 Short-fruited, 360 Spear-leaved, 359 Square-stalked, 359 Willowherbs, 354 Willows, 318 Windmill-grass, 1062 Wineberry, Japanese, 246 Wingnut, Caucasian, 291 Hybrid, 292 Wingnuts, 291 Winter-cherry, 576 Winter-cress, 395 American, 396 Medium-flowered, 396 Small-flowered, 396 Winter-cresses, 395 Wintergreen, Common, 534 Intermediate, 534 One-flowered, 535 Round-leaved, 535 Serrated, 535 Wintergreens, 534 Wireplant, 443 Witch-grass, 1067 Woad, 420 WOLFFIA Horkel ex Schleid., 834 arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm., 834 Wolf's-bane, 106 Woodruff, 540 Blue, 538 Pink, 538 Woodruffs, 538 Wood-rush, Curved, 941 Fen, 941 Field, 940

WOOD-RUSH

Great, 940 Hairy, 940 Heath, 940 Snow-white, 939 Southern, 940 Spiked, 941 White, 940 Wood-rushes, 939 Wood-sedge, 966 Starved, 967 Thin-spiked, 966 WOODSIA R. Br., 28 alpina (Bolton) Gray, 24FIG, 30 ilvensis (L.) R. Br., 24FIG, 28 Woodsia, Alpine, 30 Oblong, 28 WOODSIACEAE, 27 Woodsias, 28 Wood-sorrel, 305 family, 301 Wood-sorrels, 302 WOODWARDIA radicans (L.) Sm., 30 Wormwood, 751 Field, 751 Sea, 752 Woundwort, Downy, 616 Field, 617 Hedge, 616 Hybrid, 616 Limestone, 616 Marsh, 616 Woundworts, 614 XANTHIUM L., 774 ambrosioides Hook. & Arn., 772FIG, 774 echinatum Murray, 774 italicum Moretti, 774 spinosum L., 772FIG, 774 strumarium L., 772FIG, 774 ssp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve, 774 XANTHOCYPARIS Farjon & Hiep, 54 nootkatensis (D. Don) Farjon & D.K. Harder, 54 XANTHORRHOEACEAE, 894 Xantophthalmum Sch. Bip., 756 coronarium (L.) P.D. Sell, 756 segetum (L.) Sch. Bip., 756 Yard-grass, 1061 American, 1061 Fat-spiked, 1061 Yard-grasses, 1060 Yarrow, 754 Fern-leaf, 754 Southern, 754 Tall, 754 Yarrows, 752 Yellow-cress, Austrian, 397 Creeping, 397 Great, 397 Hybrid, 397

INDEX

1231

Marsh, 397 Northern, 396 Thames, 397 Walthamstow, 397 Yellow-cresses, 396 Yellow-eyed-grass, 884 Pale, 884 Veined, 884 Yellow-pine, Western, 49 Yellow-rattle, 657 Greater, 657 Yellow-rattles, 656 Yellow-sedge, Common, 968 Large, 968 Long-stalked, 968 Small-fruited, 968, 968 Yellow-sorrel, Chilean, 303 Fleshy, 303 Least, 303 Procumbent, 303 Sussex, 303 Upright, 303 Yellow-vetch, 160 Hairy, 158 Yellow-wort, 546 Yellow-woundwort, Annual, 616 Perennial, 616 Yew, 50 family, 50 Yorkshire-fog, 1022 YUCCA L., 923 gloriosa L., 923 var. gloriosa, 923 var. recurvifolia (Salisb.) Engelm., 923 recurvifolia Salisb., 923 YUSHANIA Keng f., 989 anceps (Mitford) W.C. Lin, 989 ZANNICHELLIA L., 852 palustris L., 852, 853FIG ssp. palustris, 852 ssp. pedicellata (Fr.) Syme, 852 Zannichelliaceae, 843 ZANTEDESCHIA Spreng., 831 aethiopica (L.) Spreng., 832 ZEA L., 1076 mays L., 1076 Zebrina Schnizl., 924 pendula Schnizl., 924 Zerna auct. non Panz., 1044 benekenii (Lange) Lindm., 1045 erecta (Huds.) Gray, 1045 inermis (Leyss.) Lindm., 1045 ramosa (Huds.) Lindm., 1045 Xerochrysum Tzvelev, 736 ZINNIA L., 687 elegans Jacq., 687 flore pleno, 687 ZIZANIA L., 991 latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf, 991

1232

INDEX

ZOSTERA L., 842 angustifolia Rchb., 842 hornemanniana Tutin, 842 marina L., 842 var. angustifolia Hornem., 842 var. marina, 853FIG var. stenophylla Asch. & Graebn., 842, 853FIG noltei Hornem., 842, 853FIG ZOSTERACEAE, 842

ZOSTERA