Marx and the Politics of Abstraction (Studies in Critical Social Sciences)

Marx and the Politics of Abstraction

Studies in Critical Social Sciences Series Editor

David Fasenfest Wayne State University Editorial Board

Chris Chase-Dunn, University of California-Riverside G. William Domhoff, University of California-Santa Cruz Colette Fagan, Manchester University Martha Gimenez, University of Colorado, Boulder Heidi Gottfried, Wayne State University Karin Gottschall, University of Bremen Bob Jessop, Lancaster University Rhonda Levine, Colgate University Jacqueline O’Reilly, University of Brighton Mary Romero, Arizona State University Chizuko Ueno, University of Tokyo

VOLUME 31

Marx and the Politics of Abstraction By

Paul Paolucci

LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011

On the cover: Karl Marx Monument at the entrance of the University of Leipzig at Augustus Platz before it was removed in 2006. Photographer: Lars Göhler. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Paolucci, Paul. Marx and the politics of abstraction / by Paul Paolucci. p. cm. -- (Studies in critical social sciences; 31) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20137-8 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Marx, Karl, 1818-1883. 2. Science--Political aspects. I. Title. HX39.5.P2645 2011 335.4'112--dc22 2010051561

ISSN 1573-4234 ISBN 978 90 04 20137 8 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.

CONTENTS Author’s Foreword ................................................................................

vii

Chapter One

Science and Politics ................................................

1

Chapter Two

Critique and Method .............................................

27

Chapter Three

Inquiry and Abstraction ........................................

55

Chapter Four

Relational Sociology and Dialectic ......................

85

Chapter Five

Teleology and Dialectic ......................................... 137

Chapter Six

Marx’s Political Science.......................................... 179

Afterword .............................................................................................. 209 References.............................................................................................. 217 Index ...................................................................................................... 227

AUTHOR’S FOREWORD Midway through the first decade of the twenty-first century, Moishe Postone (2005: 77) wrote the following: Because this dynamic is quasi-independent of its constituting individuals, it has the properties of an intrinsic historical logic. In other words, Marx’s mature theory no longer hypostatized history as a force moving all human societies; it no longer presupposed that a directional dynamic of history in general exists. It did, however, characterize modern society in terms of an ongoing directional dynamic and sought to explain that historical dynamic with reference to the dual character of the social forms expressed by the categories of the commodity and capital. The existence of a historical dynamic is now taken to be a manifestation of heteronomy…. As an aside, it should be noted that, by grounding the contradictory character of the social formation in the dualistic forms expressed by the categories of commodity and capital, Marx historicizes the notion of contradiction. The idea that reality or social relations in general are essentially contradictory and dialectical appears, in light of this analysis, to be one that can only be assumed metaphysically, not explained. This also suggests that any theory that posits an intrinsic developmental logic to history as such, whether dialectical or evolutionary, projects what is the case for capitalism onto history in general. (also see Postone 2004 for a similar argument)

For many people who read, analyze, and write about Marx, Postone’s observation seems accurate, though perhaps unremarkable. Many commonly accept that Marx had a universal theory of history driven by a contradictory metaphysical dynamic. In a reading such as Postone’s, the older Marx discarded the younger Marx’s metaphysical conception of social relations and historical development as he became more scientific. What if this reading is wrong? Not in that the older Marx retained a metaphysical universal theory of history, but the reverse. What if the younger Marx was no metaphysician and the traditional way we learn to read him has us interpreting him in ways he never intended? To the extent this is so, we must ask how many other ways of reading Marx provide us a less-than-clear view of his ideas. Before we can adequately understand Marx’s view of social relations, history, and the logic of capital, we must understand the methodological principles he accepted and rejected and how these inform both his work and our reading of it. Marxist scholars are not finished with this task. This book is the second installment of my research on this issue.

viii

author’s foreword

As this book builds on findings in my Marx’s Scientific Dialectics, readers might find familiarity with that material helpful. Hopefully, this is not a requirement, as this current work discusses several central ideas found there. That having been said, perhaps a brief overview of what returns here is necessary. First, this book revisits Marx’s method of critique, which Marx’s Scientific Dialectics addresses, though in a relatively shorter, less systematic, and less detailed and complete form than here. Second, this book contains a summary of the methods of abstraction and moments of inquiry that Marx’s Scientific Dialectics spends space examining, though only in summary form here. Third, this book returns to Marx’s so-called theory of history, but this time in a discussion of teleology and with additional material brought to bear on the claim that his approach is (still) widely misread. Besides an expanded discussion of critique and a new one on teleology, what else is new? First, several examples of relationships between science and politics, and how we might think about them, open the discussion. Second, extending from the first, there is focus on how Marx’s method of critique provides principles for evaluating standard social science as well as conventional social discourse and practice. Here, I examine how Marx asks us to consider a different and new way of asking questions about science and politics. Marx’s method of critique does not rely on, though he does not deny, traditional criticisms of malformed science, such as corruption of scientists (from political entities as well as of their own doing), debates over objectivity versus subjectivity, and unconscious prejudice. My discussion extracts categories in the philosophy of science that Marx’s method of critique targets and uses these as a point of departure for examining how, unlike conventional moral-ethical-political criticisms that rely on abstract absolutes, Marx’s criticism comes through a form of historical and scientific analysis. Though Marx’s Scientific Dialectics referenced the political in Marx’s work, how this extended from his scientific and dialectical sensibilities is the central focus of analysis here. This issue would benefit from additional elaboration in Marxian scholarship. Third, while the influence of Bertell Ollman’s work on my own should be apparent to those familiar with both, here my discussion offers a more extended involvement with his take on Marx. Though I try to keep repetition of quotations from Ollman found in Marx’s Scientific Dialectics to a minimum, some revisiting is inevitable for a few reasons. First, his work presents complex issues in Marx’s methodology in a manner more easily understood than was Marx very

author’s foreword

ix

often. Second, several of his categories and explanations of the method of abstraction have become ingrained in my own thinking, so much so that it is only proper to acknowledge their source when I use them. At the same time, studying and using his framework sometimes brings one to conclusions Ollman makes elsewhere and thus is often necessary to refer to his work as the source of a particular idea. Though one of the top Marxian theoreticians, Ollman’s influence on other scholars is sometimes unclear. True, one can find instances where others cite him in reference to a particular point they are making but few work in his tradition directly as one might work within Goffman’s dramaturgy, Foucault’s archaeology, or Wallsertein’s worldsystems analysis. Further, his influence on sociology as a whole is not extensive. Ollman refers to how Marx put dialectics “to work.” In showing how Marx through Ollman’s eyes (though not solely his) tells us much about scientific practice in general as well as the social sciences in particular, I wish to similarly put his ideas to work. As sociology’s paradigms and literature are most familiar to me, I have a bias toward asking how Marx and Ollman inform theories and practices there, though my analysis addresses other Marxist traditions as well as other disciplines. As such, one of this book’s goals is to utilize the principles Ollman advocates in interpreting Marx and, by extension, advancing the Marxian research agenda through showing how the internal relations approach informs a myriad of issues in popular, social scientific, and political discourse. These issues include an engagement with the philosophy of science, conceptualizing variables and estimating their associations, theories of religion, class analysis, and models of history. These are not issues just for Marxology but are fit for all social scientists interested in how to study the world and anyone concerned about questions of the political in social life. What is not here? First, the book does not provide an in-depth demonstration of how Marx applies empirical data to each of the principles in the philosophy of science dealt with herein. In order to maintain focus and not get bogged down in extensive examples of how Marx’s specific analyses mobilize the methods he advocates, my narrative strives to present the categories of scientific reasoning Marx ejects and accepts and why he does so in a relatively succinct manner. Though I apply these issues to conceptual frameworks in sociology, Marxist studies, and popular discourse, a goal here is to provide interested readers categories they might need when reading Marx in order to understand his methodology better, as rarely does one find him using

x

author’s foreword

lengthy dialectical exegesis to analyze and explain historically emerging data of his period, especially true of the journalism done after his younger years. Though the question of the politics of Marx’s abstractions organizes the book’s overall content, it treats his specific strategies for revolution, socialism, and communism generally, as my past work—as well as work of others—treat these issues more thoroughly. Additionally absent is an in-depth political-economic analysis of capitalism (past and present) as well as a theory of the state. The internal relations approach has much to offer these issues in Marxist studies as well as in sociology, though retaining a focus requires that I reserve these inquiries for another time and/or place. I want to make a few comments on this return to the issue of critique in Marx’s work as part of his methodological development, and by implication his understanding of science. It is probable most experienced Marxist scholars have encountered most, if not all, of the terms anes of (Development Theory) 10 Dialectic 9, 10, 15, 22, 27, 28, 30, 34–36, 39, 42, 44–49, 54, 55, 62–67, 71–73, 75, 77, 83–86, 96, 113, 117–121, 122, 127, 128, 133, 146, 149, 170–175, 179, 188, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202–205, 207, 209, 210, 213, 214 “Dialectical Materialism” (see also Metaphysics) 48, 67, 170

230

index

Thesis-Synthesis-Antithesis 48, 49, 174, 214 Dialectical Method (see also Dialectic, Hegel, Science, Scientific Dialectic) 35, 55, 62, 65, 83, 84, 205, 213 Difference (Differences) (see also Identity) 72 Disciplines (see also Anthropology, Economics, Psychology, Sociology) 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 52, 62, 184 Discourse 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 23, 24, 26, 36, 44, 48, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 69, 75, 106, 124, 130, 138, 140, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152, 155, 167, 173, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204, 210, 214, 215 Scientific Discourse 9, 13, 26, 36, 52, 53, 138, 184 Doctrine (Doctrinaire, Doctrinal) (see also Dogma) 2, 3, 15, 26, 28, 44, 80, 138, 141, 143–146, 155–157, 160, 191, 199, 206 Dogma (Dogmatic) (see also Doctrine) 2, 3, 11, 20, 27, 28, 43, 44, 80, 166, 180, 203, 205, 207 Dominant (Domination) 1, 6, 11, 13, 25, 55, 70, 96, 101, 113, 122, 147, 154, 155, 180, 183, 185, 188, 189, 190, 194, 203 Durkheim, Emile 56, 66, 146 Dynamic (Dynamics) 12, 19, 20, 57, 59, 61, 66, 76, 78, 85, 86, 90, 91, 97, 104, 107–110, 115, 120–122, 126, 127, 134, 137, 140, 168, 173, 176, 180, 185, 190, 191, 206 Ecology (Ecological) 102, 105, 106, 215 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, The 79 Economics (Economists) 6, 8, 13, 26, 30, 31, 37, 41, 42, 54, 71, 72, 87, 97, 98, 122, 124, 151, 152, 164, 188, 189, 191–196, 213 Economy-of-Scale 118 Education (Educating) 7, 53, 87, 89, 94, 123, 158, 173, 176, 197, 201 Ehrman, Bart 142–144 Emerge (Emergent, Emergence) (see also Develop) 1, 10, 13, 20, 30, 32, 60, 61, 69, 79–82, 87, 95, 101, 106, 107, 109, 112, 116, 139, 140, 142, 145, 151, 153–155, 160, 163, 167, 171, 173, 175, 176, 182, 185, 188, 191, 192, 203, 204

Emirbayer, Mustafa 85, 86, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 109, 110, 130–135, 193 Empiricism (Empirical Data) 21, 45, 47, 83, 131 Engels, Frederick 26, 29, 30, 32–35, 37–39, 42, 44–46, 48, 53, 65, 67, 68, 70, 80, 88, 92, 110, 114, 126, 144, 151, 159, 161–163, 166, 169, 173, 179, 183–185, 187, 194, 200, 206, 207, 210 Enlightenment 1, 26 Epistemology (Epistemological) 5, 14, 26, 55, 59, 62, 85, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 96, 109, 179 Eras (Epochs, Era) (see also Periods) 64, 72, 102, 144, 160, 163–165, 170, 200 Essence (Essentialism in Marx) (see also Operational Definitions) 24, 28, 31, 32, 56, 66, 73, 100, 121, 125, 126, 133, 152, 154, 185, 186, 200, 203, 204 Essentialism 100, 125, 133, 200 Anti-Essentialism (AntiEssentialist) 10, 133 Eternal 29, 31, 42, 71, 142, 143, 145, 149, 163 Ethics (Ethical) 23, 53, 181, 182 Ethnography 5 Eugenics 13, 155, 167 Evaluation (Evaluate) 23, 52, 60, 111, 113, 114, 117, 183, 187–189 Evidence 9, 19, 38, 39, 56, 131, 151, 162, 168, 197, 198 Evolution (see also Darwin, Natural Selection, Teleology) 2, 5, 37, 62, 64, 69, 74, 79–82, 102, 105, 108, 138–141, 143, 144, 154–157, 160–162, 165, 168–171, 173, 174, 176, 183, 184, 186, 192, 200, 202–204, 215 Exchange 22, 38, 40, 42, 58, 75, 92, 97, 102, 103, 109, 111, 128, 147, 148, 168, 179, 198, 199 Exchange-Value (see Value) 38, 92, 111 Expansion (Expand) 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 77, 94, 105, 117–119, 125, 132, 133, 159, 169, 170, 191 Experiment (Experiments, Experimental Model) (see also Control, Variables) 18, 47, 64, 75, 195 Explanation (Explanations, Explanatory) 4, 16–19, 21, 24, 27, 37, 46, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 71, 72, 77, 82, 84, 87, 88, 97–99, 105–113, 119, 121–123, 129, 134, 137–141, 146, 149,

index 153–155, 171, 176–178, 192, 196, 203, 213 Exploitation 4, 27, 60, 77, 84, 97, 98, 108, 112, 113, 121–123, 153, 154, 192, 196, 203 Expression (Expressions) 29, 31, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 57, 69, 88, 90, 94, 116, 127, 129, 130, 137, 138, 146, 147, 149, 152, 162, 177, 185, 186, 190, 207 Expropriation 71, 73, 154 Extension (see also Abstracting) 33, 56, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 72, 75, 78, 82, 83, 94–99, 112, 117, 118, 120, 126, 133, 188, 191, 192, 195, 199 External Relations (see also Internal Relations, Things) 86, 87, 90–93, 100, 128, 133 Facts 21, 36, 37, 39, 45, 48, 66, 74, 78, 82, 87, 109, 111, 138, 141, 142, 146, 153, 156, 172, 187, 201, 202 False Historization (see also Historical Analysis) 96 False Universalization (see also Universal) 28, 29, 32, 33, 54, 73, 101, 148, 152, 177, 191 Feudalism (see also Class Systems) 26, 59, 60, 71, 78, 96, 99, 103, 108, 110, 166, 169, 170, 175, 183, 190, 215 Feuerbach, Ludwig 30, 34, 39, 45, 53, 66, 70, 80, 180 Theses on Feuerbach 66, 70, 180 Fight Club 211, 212 Flexible (Flexibility) (see also Precision) Foucault, Michel 1, 5, 193, 194, 199, 210, 211 Framework (Frameworks) (see also Model) 6, 11–13, 16–18, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 42, 44, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62, 67, 73, 75, 82, 85–87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 112, 115, 116, 120–123, 125, 126, 131, 133, 134, 146, 150, 152, 169, 171–173, 177, 178, 188, 190–193, 195, 206, 207, 211 Freedom (see also Agency) 9, 51, 200, 203, 205–207, 214, 215 Function (Functional, Functioning, Functions) 8, 12, 16, 31, 55, 57, 60, 70, 74, 87, 89, 95, 97, 101, 102, 104, 108, 122, 124, 125, 139–141, 146–148, 150–152, 161, 173, 176, 177, 187–189, 191, 193, 194, 202, 207 Future 19, 25, 47, 60–62, 75, 79, 81, 83, 84, 91, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 150,

231 157, 159, 160, 167–169, 173–177, 183, 192, 204–207, 214, 215

General (see also Level of Generality, Specific) 6, 12, 15, 18, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 40–44, 46, 56, 58–61, 63–73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81–83, 87, 89, 92, 94–100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116, 121, 122, 126, 127, 129, 131–133, 138, 146, 149, 151–153, 155, 160, 162, 164–166, 170, 172, 174, 184, 187–193, 197, 198, 201–203, 210 General Abstractions 12, 73, 110, 111 Geography (Geographical) 10, 14, 94, 109, 118, 123, 129, 176 German Ideology, The 29, 49, 68, 70 God (Gods) 16, 17, 24, 29, 30, 33, 35, 39, 58, 97, 138, 139, 141–143, 145, 150, 152, 153, 156–159, 177, 181, 183, 187, 202–204, 206 Government (Governing) (see also State, The) 2, 6, 8, 10, 45, 75, 89, 119, 151, 189, 191, 196, 202 Grundrisse 37, 40, 57, 70, 72, 73, 75, 92, 164, 165, 190 Harding, Sandra 9, 10 Harvey, David 14, 15 Hegel, Georg (see also Dialectic, Dialectical Method, Hegelian, Idealism, Speculative Philosophy) 15, 29–36, 39, 43–46, 48, 49, 53, 65, 67, 70, 82, 91, 96, 97, 111, 117, 128, 133, 161, 177, 192, 197, 198 Hegelian (see also Dialectic, Dialectical Method, Idealism, Speculative Philosophy, Young Hegelians) 15, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39, 44, 45, 49, 146, 151, 161, 163 History (Historical) 1, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14–16, 18, 19, 22–24, 29–35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45–79, 81–84, 88–101, 103–109, 111–113, 116, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 142, 144–149, 151–174, 176, 177, 179–185, 187, 190–195, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 210, 213, 214 History, Stage Theories of Marx’s Supposed Stage Theory of History 168, 169, 214 Smith and Stage Theory of History 153 Rostow’s Stage Theory of History 169

232

index

Historical Analysis (Historicism) (see also Backward Study of History, False Historization, Historical Materialism) 11, 28–32, 44, 45, 63, 67, 73, 113, 120, 122, 182, 187, 213 Historical Materialism 7, 53, 55, 62, 66, 67, 70, 72, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 122 Holy Family, The 28, 49, 70, 161, 200 Horticultural Societies 107 Human Nature 13, 32, 50, 54, 58, 71, 84, 97, 149, 150, 153–155, 177, 195, 198 Hunter-Gatherer Societies 106, 107, 204 Hypothesis (Hypotheses) 21, 63, 70 Idealism (Idealist, Ideas) 1, 10, 16, 20, 22, 28–36, 43–46, 49, 53, 54, 63, 65, 68, 69, 73, 74, 83–85, 91, 101, 105, 107, 114, 122, 130, 144, 155, 161, 166, 171, 172, 176, 180, 181, 186, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 208, 213, 214, 215 Identity (Identities) (see also Difference) 7, 41, 39, 57, 72, 84, 96, 110, 128, 133, 149, 174, 185, 193, 211, 212 Identity/Difference 39, 96 Ideology (Ideological) (see also Capitalist Mode of Conception) 7, 29, 31, 39, 41, 42, 49, 55, 60, 68–70, 72, 75, 106, 130, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 170, 171, 177, 182, 183, 185, 186, 195, 196, 199, 201, 206, 207 Imperialism (see also Colonial System) 112, 189, 197 Imprecision (see also Precision) 28, 36, 94 Income (see also Class Measurement) 4, 5, 7, 12, 87, 114, 121–125, 134, 198 Incommensurability (see also Commensurability) 28 Individualism (see also Atomism, Reductionism) 33, 49, 50, 63, 122 Induction (Inductive Method) (see also Deduction) 10, 47, 74 Industry (Industrialization) 30, 91, 104, 112, 125, 151, 154, 167, 170, 201, 202 Inquiry 1, 8, 12, 14, 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 30, 36, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61–63, 65–67, 69, 71, 73–77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 107, 110, 134, 146, 168, 172, 177, 178, 180, 183, 186, 187, 191, 193, 208, 214 Institution (Institutions, Institutional, Institutional Spheres) 1–6, 8–14, 20, 24, 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, 58, 71, 87, 89, 90,

109, 112, 130, 141, 145, 146, 148, 150–152, 170, 173, 177, 180, 184, 190–195, 204–206, 214 Apparent Separation of Institutional Spheres 89, 148, 191 Intellectuals 1, 2, 8, 23, 26, 53, 155, 206, 207 Interest (see also Capital, Usury) 5, 11, 45, 71, 77, 118, 156, 184, 197, 198, 200, 203, 209 Interests 3–6, 8, 9, 23, 24, 45, 46, 65, 73, 97, 107, 113, 117, 118, 122, 157, 158, 196–198 Interiorize (Interiorized, Interiorizing) 90, 93, 98, 104–109, 111, 124, 133, 135, 152, 192, 193, 195 Internal Relations (Philosophy of Internal Relations) (see also Abstracting Internal Relations, External Relations, Interrelations) 55–61, 65, 66, 84, 86–88, 90, 93–96, 99, 100, 113, 125–128, 130, 132–135, 174, 193–195, 199, 208, 210 Interpenetration of Opposites 175 Interpretation 21, 22, 30, 48, 51, 52, 123, 141, 143, 145, 159–163, 165, 169–171, 174, 187, 190, 211, 214 Interrelations (Inner-connections) (see also Internal Relations) 55, 56, 59, 74, 78, 83, 137, 188 Invert (Inversion, Inverted, Inverts) 28, 32–34, 44, 54, 84, 86, 101, 104, 122, 131, 186, 199, 214 Judgment (Judgments) 51–53, 122, 127, 144, 181 Justice 4, 5, 14, 15, 53, 122, 181, 186 Kant, Immanuel (see also A Priori Conceptualization, Speculative Philosophy) 15, 34, 35, 39, 46, 48, 53, 105, 137, 160, 169, 175, 177, 184, 199, 210 Kantian Philosophy of Science 35, 39, 160, 169 Knowledge 1–3, 5, 8–29, 34, 36, 38, 44–47, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63–65, 67, 68, 71–73, 80, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 98, 100, 109, 111, 116, 121, 122, 125, 128, 131, 133, 139, 141, 142, 145, 148, 150, 152, 158, 163, 167, 170, 177, 179–195, 199, 204, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 215

index Popular Knowledge 92 Positive Knowledge 34, 45, 180, 193, 211, 212 Labor (see also Centrality of Labor, Slavery) 3, 7, 9, 12, 13, 28, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46–48, 52, 58, 59, 61, 67, 68, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 90–94, 96–99, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109–114, 116–124, 130, 133, 134, 147, 163, 171–173, 176, 181, 183, 186, 188–190, 192, 196, 209, 213, 214 Abstract Labor 76, 84, 133, 188–190 Division of Labor 46, 75, 90, 116, 130, 163, 172, 209 Labor in General versus WageLabor 42, 92, 110, 188 Labor-Power 77, 114, 116, 117, 189 Unpaid Labor (see also SurplusValue) 77 Wage-Labor 42, 59, 96, 110, 111, 133 Laissez-Faire 104, 153, 155 Language (Linguistic) (see also Obscurantism) 4, 10, 12, 22, 36, 39, 43, 49, 51, 62, 68, 72, 101, 143, 152, 198, 211, 214 Laws 29, 30, 31, 49, 50, 59, 62–64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76–78, 109, 120, 132, 151, 153, 156, 166, 167, 189, 191, 205, 206, 211 Eternal Laws 29, 31, 71 General Laws 153 Laws of Motion, Capital’s 59, 64, 76 Laws of Variation 74 Legitimate (Legitimacy) 4, 7, 8, 40, 114, 157, 183, 187, 196, 206 Lenski, Gehard 102–108, 169 Levels of Generality (see also Abstracting) 61, 66, 70–72, 78, 79, 82, 83, 92, 96, 99 Capitalism in General (Level Three) 59, 61, 70, 71, 78, 81, 82, 98 Class Systems (Level Four) 46, 59, 60, 62, 67, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 84, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105, 182, 205 Humans as Animals (Level Six) 71, 92, 98 Humans as Humans (Level Five) 58, 71, 98, 99, 102 Humans as Nature (Level Seven) 98 Recent Capitalism (Level Two) 59, 60, 71, 76, 81, 82, 98

233

Unique Persons, Situations (Level One) 59, 71, 82, 98 Liberal (Liberalism) 3–6, 9, 13, 112, 146, 150, 156, 158, 169, 184, 189, 197, 200, 204 Limit (Limitation, Limits) 1, 6, 16, 20, 39, 48, 57, 58, 64, 90, 96, 102, 105, 113, 119–121, 125, 129, 149, 150, 154, 167, 168, 179, 182, 200, 210, 215 Logic (Logical) 3, 5, 16–18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 34–36, 38, 39, 42, 51, 53, 54, 60–62, 75–77, 89, 103, 108, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131, 137, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 155, 163, 164, 175, 177, 179–182, 185, 188, 192, 194, 202, 204 Logic, Systemic (Inner Logic, Logic of a System) 181 Management (Managers) 3, 4, 6, 26, 104, 116, 118, 119, 189 Manifesto of the Communist Party, The 42, 69, 80, 159, 175, 200 Market, The (Free Market) 7, 44, 50, 75, 77, 78, 98, 103–105, 109, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122, 132, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 169, 175, 188, 190, 193, 195, 196, 199–202, 213 “Marxism” 50, 62, 113, 114, 120, 134, 174, 180, 194, 209 Materialism (Materialist) (see also Historical Materialism) 7, 14, 30, 33, 37, 45, 48, 53, 55, 62–64, 66–70, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 101, 102, 122, 138, 166, 170, 172, 175, 181, 186, 192, 202, 203 Math (Mathematics, Mathematical) 36, 43, 64, 73, 127, 189 Matrix, The 211, 212 Measure (Measurement) 8, 17, 19, 25, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 80, 87, 94, 123–125, 127–130, 134, 154, 189, 196, 198 Measurement Error 129 Media (Mainstream Media, Mass Media) 26, 35, 37, 88, 97, 98, 120, 133, 168, 171, 172, 190, 195, 197, 201, 202, 206, 215 Metaphysics (Metaphysical) 28–32, 34–36, 43–45, 48, 49, 51, 53–55, 62, 65, 68, 70, 80, 85, 105, 131, 139, 141, 146, 154, 160–163, 165, 168–176, 180, 184, 199, 207 Method (Methodological Principles) (see also Abstracting, Dialectical

234

index

Method, Scientific Method) 10, 12–14, 18, 21, 23, 25–33, 35, 37, 39, 41–45, 47–53, 55, 56, 58, 60–65, 67–70, 72–74, 76, 83–85, 95, 97, 99, 102, 104, 111, 118, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 150, 153, 160, 162–164, 174, 181, 188, 195, 198, 205, 207–210, 213, 214 Middle Class (see also Class) 98 Model (Modeling, Models) (see also Framework) 2, 12, 15, 17, 19–22, 26, 32, 42, 47, 49, 50, 62, 64, 65, 73, 75, 76, 83, 85, 90, 100–102, 104–110, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 127, 132–134, 152–154, 161, 163, 169–171, 174, 176, 179, 181, 188, 192, 193, 195, 196, 204, 210, 213 Modernity (Modern Society) 2, 24, 27, 46, 55, 75, 84, 111, 146, 148, 151, 152, 167, 177, 183, 185, 190, 195, 214 Moments of Inquiry (Marx’s) 61, 62, 65, 66, 79, 83, 208 Communist Project 78–82 Dialectical Method 65, 66 Historical Materialism 66–70 Method of Critique 62, 70, 72, 73 Political Economy 70–78 Scientific Method 63–65 Money 3, 8, 38, 40, 42, 45, 61, 71, 73, 77, 102, 123, 124, 133, 134, 146–149, 173, 177, 186, 197, 201 Morality (Moral, Morals) 1, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 38, 39, 51–53, 60, 68, 87, 112, 122, 144, 155, 158, 175, 177, 181, 186, 187, 189, 202, 204, 207 Movement 13, 46, 47, 74, 76, 80, 88, 98, 128, 132, 145, 159, 161, 163, 166, 170, 172, 176, 183, 186, 203, 207, 215 Mystification (Mystify, Mystifying) 29, 30, 54, 57, 70, 71, 72, 126, 187, 191, 215

162, 164, 166, 171–174, 177, 182–184, 190, 195, 196, 198–200, 202–204, 206 Necessary (Necessity) (see Relations of Necessity) (see also Relations of Contingency) 1, 9, 25, 27, 31, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 53, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 74, 79, 82, 89, 93, 99, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122, 125, 130, 137, 141–144, 148–152, 154–156, 158, 162, 166, 168, 169, 173–177, 182, 184, 186, 193, 194, 202, 203 Needs 13, 45, 83, 92, 97, 101, 103, 119, 140, 191, 193, 203, 214 Negation 62, 64, 66, 89, 163, 168 Negative Criticism (see Critique) 27, 28, 43, 44, 51, 52, 55 Neutral (Neutrality) 12, 16, 25, 51, 53, 125, 181, 182, 187 Non-Sequitur 9, 200

Nationalism (see also State, NationState) 39, 156, 177, 185, 199 Naturalism, Philosophical 63, 65, 67 Natural Selection (see also Darwin, Evolution, Teleology) 65, 138, 140, 161, 162, 172 Nature (Natural) 3, 7, 12–14, 19, 22, 26, 29–32, 37, 40–42, 46, 48, 50, 51, 54, 57, 58, 63–65, 67, 69–72, 84, 86, 89–92, 94, 97, 101, 103, 106, 110, 112, 119, 121, 123, 126, 130, 133, 134, 137–141, 150, 152–157, 161,

Paradigm (Paradigms) 8, 13, 20, 21, 24, 26, 134, 171, 188, 191 Paradox (Paradoxical) 10, 22, 98, 117, 119, 123 Part (Parts) (see also Whole) 1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 41, 42, 48–50, 56–61, 63, 65, 66, 77, 80, 82, 86–91, 95, 96, 98, 107, 108, 111, 117, 118, 121–123, 126–128, 130, 131, 134, 137, 139–141, 144, 147, 149, 154, 156, 164, 166, 170, 174, 175, 180, 187, 188, 193, 199, 202, 204, 205, 211

Objective (Objectivity) 5, 9, 12, 22, 25, 34, 50–53, 91, 100, 126, 148, 161, 171, 172, 180, 181, 182, 187, 199 Obscurantism (Obscure) 12, 28, 36, 37, 43, 47, 53, 54, 57, 109, 115, 124, 128, 132, 139, 156, 185, 187, 188, 191, 201 Linguistic Obscurantism 36 Observation (Observable) 1, 8, 10, 11, 17–19, 21, 22, 24, 34–36, 45, 46, 50, 64, 66, 72, 83, 110, 115, 123, 126, 129, 131, 133, 139, 150, 165, 166, 175, 179, 184, 186, 187, 195, 202, 210, 214 Ollman, Bertell 9, 55–60, 80, 82, 95, 96, 98, 174–176 Ontology (Ontological) 14, 39, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 82, 83, 86, 89–96, 98–101, 106, 108–110, 112, 126, 172, 179 Organic Systems (Organisms) 74, 137, 140 Ownership (Owners) 12, 41, 84, 96, 114, 116, 117, 124, 189, 195, 197

index Pastoral Societies 147 Periods (Periodizing) (see also Eras) 79, 94, 170, 193, 197 Peripheral, Regions of the WorldEconomy (Peripheries, Periphery) 10, 153, 185, 189, 193, 201 Philosophy (see also Philosophy of Science, Speculative Philosophy) 7, 9–11, 14, 15, 27, 28, 31, 33–36, 39, 41, 44–46, 48, 49, 51–56, 58, 61, 63, 65, 66, 70, 94, 104, 115, 123, 127, 130, 134, 135, 137, 152, 156, 160, 161, 163, 169, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 184, 193–195, 197, 200, 210, 212, 213 World-Philosophy 36 Philosophy of Science 7, 10, 14, 15, 27, 28, 35, 39, 48, 49, 52, 94, 137, 160, 169, 193, 213 Physics 25, 28–31, 34, 35, 45, 48, 49, 53, 65, 68, 85, 138, 139, 141, 161, 169, 171, 179, 184, 207 Pole (Poles) 23, 155, 187 Polarization 190 Politics (Political) 1–17, 19–33, 36, 37, 39–47, 50, 52–55, 58, 60–63, 67–72, 74–81, 83– 85, 87, 97, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 114–116, 122–125, 128, 130, 131, 137, 147–151, 153, 155–158, 160, 163–167, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179–185, 187–195, 197–201, 203–207, 209, 210, 213 Politics of Abstraction, The 14–16, 210 Political Economy 23, 27, 30, 33, 36, 37, 39–43, 50, 53, 55, 62, 69–72, 74–78, 80, 81, 83–85, 114, 123, 160, 164, 165, 182, 189, 194, 198, 199, 209, 213 Positive Critique (see Critique) 44, 51 Positivism 199 Positive Science (see also Science) 46 Possibility (Conditions of Possibility, Possibilities) (see also Potential) 22, 25, 79, 81, 92, 107, 150–152, 174, 180, 200, 204, 206, 207 Postmodernism 22, 49, 199, 200 Postone, Moishe 6, 27, 91, 92, 160, 180, 190, 205, 206 Potential (Potentialities) (see also Possibility) 60, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84, 96, 116, 118, 148, 150, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 189, 192, 203, 204, 206, 207 Poverty of Philosophy, The 31, 49, 70, 152, 163

235

Power 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 25, 26, 31, 32, 44, 45, 47, 48, 60, 66, 69, 71, 74, 77, 81, 84, 88, 92, 95, 101, 103, 104, 108, 109, 114–119, 123–126, 129, 134, 146, 150, 152, 156, 157, 160, 177, 182, 183, 188, 189, 193, 194, 198, 200, 203, 205–207, 209, 212, 213, 215 Practice (Practices) (see also Praxis) 3–5, 9, 14, 17, 21–23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 42, 44, 49, 52–56, 59, 62, 79, 80, 85–87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 128, 132, 144, 145, 149–152, 155, 173, 179–183, 187, 190, 194, 195, 198, 202, 204, 206 Praxis 25, 156, 171, 172, 179, 181, 187, 188, 204 Precision (see also Flexibility, Imprecision) 19, 20, 28, 36, 66, 69, 94, 95, 104, 132, 195 Flexible Precision 95, 132, 195 Preconditions (see also Presuppositions) 41, 60, 61, 78, 79 Premise (Premises) (see also Conclusion) 19, 38, 45, 68, 93, 122, 146, 188 Presuppositions (see also Preconditions) 60, 61, 78, 79, 81–83, 89, 120, 186 Principles 10, 11, 26–28, 31, 35, 37, 44, 47, 49, 55, 59, 61, 62, 67–71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 93, 115, 117, 122, 137, 138, 155, 163, 177, 179, 181, 182, 184, 198, 209, 210, 213 Processes (see also Relations) 10, 11, 17, 21, 22, 30, 45, 47, 53, 56, 61, 62, 64, 66, 69, 80, 83, 85– 88, 90, 91, 95–97, 99, 100, 107, 109, 120, 121, 124, 131–133, 135, 139, 141, 149, 172, 175, 176, 191, 192, 195, 202, 206, 207 Production (Productive Relations) 3, 10, 15, 17–21, 26, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49, 53, 58, 59, 62, 64, 67–73, 75–79, 81, 84, 87, 90, 92–97, 100–103, 105–108, 110, 111, 114, 118, 122, 124, 132, 133, 144, 148, 149, 160, 162–166, 168–170, 182, 190, 192, 198, 201–203 Production, Forces of 32, 69, 70, 103, 106 Production, Means of 41, 81, 84, 103, 106, 148 Production, Modes of (Forms of Production) 41, 46, 58, 59, 75, 94,

236

index

96, 103, 105–108, 160, 163, 165, 168–170 Profit (also see Appropriation, Capital, Surplus-Value) 3, 37, 40, 42, 50, 77, 78, 84, 96–98, 105, 114, 118, 119, 133, 148, 170, 186, 189, 201, 212 Profit Rate 97, 119 Tendency for the Rate of Profit to Fall (see also Laws) 77, 78 Progress 8, 13–15, 19–23, 26, 29, 39, 41, 60, 105, 138, 140, 154, 158–160, 163–166, 168–170, 176, 180, 200, 205 Historical Progress 180 Scientific Progress 21, 138 Proletariat (see also Bourgeoisie, Class, Working Class) 80, 133, 159, 184 Proletarianization 190 Property 30, 41, 42, 61, 67, 69–71, 75, 76, 90, 92, 96, 107, 123, 124, 132, 133, 150, 151, 157, 180, 192, 194, 195, 199, 205 Communal Property 41 Private Property 41, 42, 61, 67, 71, 90, 96, 133, 192, 195, 199 Proudhon, Pierre 27, 31, 34, 37, 39, 46, 47, 49, 53, 70, 163 Psychology (Psychologists) 5, 6, 33, 100, 101 Quality (Qualitative) (see also Quantity) 2, 4–7, 9, 13, 32, 37, 38, 56, 58, 62, 66, 84, 89, 115, 120, 121, 123–125, 127, 147–149, 152, 167, 181, 189, 198, 202 Quantity (Quantitative) (see also Quality) 6, 37, 38, 40, 62, 66, 127 Race (Racism, Racist) 1, 2, 6–9, 13, 22–24, 35, 39, 46, 61–63, 76, 78, 105, 107, 122, 133, 146, 152, 155, 156, 163, 167, 170, 179, 185, 199, 200, 209, 214 Radical (Radicalism) 7–9, 15, 24–26, 77, 81, 122, 158, 172, 177, 181, 185, 190, 204, 207 Rationality 50, 51, 97, 101, 196 Rational-Actor 85 Rational-Choice 50, 101, 154 Realism 46, 47, 55, 193 Reason 3, 4, 6, 9, 15, 17, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36, 38–41, 62, 64, 73, 85, 102, 123, 129, 130, 137–139, 146, 149–151, 156, 157, 162, 167, 169, 171–174, 176–178, 180, 183, 186,

188, 194, 198, 200, 202, 203, 207–209, 214 Reductionism (see also Atomism, Individualism) 28, 32, 33, 45, 54, 63, 73, 78, 85, 105, 123, 214 Individualistic Reductionism 54, 63, 78, 214 Refute (Refutation) 21, 171, 214 Reification (Reify) 10, 133, 152, 169, 195 Relations (Relational) (see also Processes) 1, 5, 6, 8–14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24–26, 30–33, 35–39, 41, 45–47, 52–67, 69–75, 78, 81– 135, 137, 141, 147–149, 151–153, 156, 157, 160, 164, 172–177, 179, 181–185, 187–196, 198, 199, 201–203, 205–211, 214 Labor-Capital Relation (Capital-Labor Relation) 98 Religion (Religious) (see also Christianity) 1, 2, 7, 11, 17, 22, 29, 31, 37, 39, 46, 66, 68, 69, 75, 84, 87, 89, 107, 130, 138, 141, 142, 144–146, 150–152, 154–159, 166, 167, 177, 185–187, 190, 191, 194, 199, 200, 203–207, 209 Civil Religion, American 156–158 Religious Fundamentalism 130 Rent (see also Capital) 3, 77 Research Programs, Degenerating and Progressive 8 Revolution (Revolutionary) 5, 37, 62, 69, 79–82, 144, 157, 165, 168–170, 173, 174, 176, 183, 184, 186, 192, 200, 203, 204, 215 Ricardo, David 32, 44, 53, 54, 71 Ritual (Rituals) 18, 32, 69, 109, 146, 150–152, 155, 186, 204 Ruling Class (see also Bourgeoisie, Business Class, Class) 53, 79, 104, 144, 154, 157, 158, 177, 183, 197, 203, 215 Science (see also Positivism, Positive Science) 1–11, 13–30, 34–36, 39, 44–49, 51–55, 62–66, 69, 73, 85, 86, 92, 94, 100, 112, 129, 134, 137–140, 154, 160–162, 164, 169–171, 174, 179, 181, 183–185, 187–189, 191–195, 197–201, 203–205, 207, 209, 213, 214 Corrupted Science 11, 85 Relational Science 21

index Scientific Dialectic (see also Dialectic) 27, 28, 34, 47, 62, 188, 197, 207, 209, 210 Scientific Method (see also Experiment, Controlled Comparison) 13, 23, 45, 52, 55, 62, 63, 73, 83, 188, 198 Self-Reference (Self-Referentiality) (see also Tautology) 128, 129 Sex (Sexuality) 6, 7, 9, 18, 24, 58, 102, 112, 130, 133, 140, 145, 185, 191, 193, 194 Sexism 185 Simplify (Simplification, Oversimplification) 126, 127 Slavery (Slave-Labor) (see also Class Systems) 26, 59, 60, 96, 99, 102, 110, 112, 145, 157, 165, 181, 184, 201, 207 Smith, Adam 27, 32, 41, 44, 50, 53, 54, 71, 153, 192, 199 Social Change 58, 78, 82, 94, 105, 106, 121, 122, 126, 134, 151, 173, 176, 177, 192, 202 Social Forms (Social Formation) (see also Social Organization, Systems) 41, 64, 67, 88, 94, 101–103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 148–150, 160, 164, 172, 188, 202, 204 Social Organization (see also Social Forms, Systems) 13, 22, 68, 84, 101, 148, 182 Social Science (see also Sociology) 4, 6–9, 14, 19, 22, 23, 26, 51, 55, 86, 92, 100, 112, 129, 134, 137, 140, 164, 183, 192, 195, 197, 204, 205, 207, 214 Socialism (Socialist) (see also Communism) 1, 15, 47, 79, 80–82, 122, 173, 174–176, 181, 198, 205, 206, 214 Dictatorship of the Proletariat 80 Scientific Socialism 80, 181 Society 1, 4, 12, 13, 15, 24, 27, 32, 37, 41, 42, 45–48, 50, 55–59, 63, 66, 67, 69–73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95–100, 103–105, 107–113, 119, 124, 125, 127, 131, 144–153, 155, 157, 160, 162–165, 168, 169, 171–177, 180, 182, 183, 185, 189–192, 194, 195, 197–203, 205, 207–209, 212–215 Society in General (Society as a General Abstraction) 58, 59, 71, 72, 92, 95, 97, 99, 127, 131, 152, 172, 174, 192 “Society” versus “Capitalism” 100, 110

237

Sociology (Sociologists) (see also Social Science) 1, 6–8, 10, 22, 25, 26, 48–50, 56, 66, 73, 85–89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99–101, 103, 104, 110, 113, 121, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 146, 179, 186, 191–193, 195, 198, 205, 209, 211, 213 Conventional Sociology (Mainstream Sociology) 25, 85, 100, 209 Public Sociology 186 Relational Sociology 85–89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 113, 121, 134 Space (Spatial, Spatially) (see also Time) 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 29, 43, 54, 58, 61, 66, 87, 91, 96, 98, 107, 111, 119, 125, 134, 144, 167, 177, 179, 191, 193, 195 Species 45, 52, 78, 79, 91, 92, 111, 138, 139, 140, 155, 161, 162, 172, 182, 185, 186, 198–200, 203, 212 Species Activity 92, 199 Species Being 111, 200 Specific (see also General) 12, 18, 27, 28, 31, 40, 41, 50, 59, 62, 65–68, 71, 73, 76, 78, 81–84, 86, 94–99, 101, 110, 111, 114, 122, 123, 128, 133, 134, 139–141, 155, 162, 179, 188, 190, 192–194, 201, 204, 210 Speculation (see also Speculative Philosophy) 33, 45–47, 54, 63, 162, 184, 196, 204, 210, 211, 213, 214 Speculative Philosophy (see also Speculation) 28, 33–35, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 53, 54, 177, 180, 200 Spuriousness 127–130 Stasis (Static, Static Conceptualization) 26, 58, 67, 85, 86, 89–91, 93, 99, 101, 107–111, 121, 127, 132 State, The (States) (see also Government) 2, 4–8, 12, 13, 18, 23, 24, 31, 33, 38, 40–42, 45–47, 49, 51, 55, 62, 66–70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 81, 94–96, 101, 104, 106, 108, 110–113, 119, 120, 128, 130, 141, 145, 148, 150, 151, 153, 156–160, 162–164, 167, 171, 175, 177, 180–185, 190–194, 196, 197, 199–201, 203, 204, 207, 209–211, 213, 214 Nation-State 119, 120 Statistics (Statistical) 47, 85, 87, 94, 100, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 198 Structure (Structural, Structural Analysis) (see also Systems) 6, 9–11,

238

index

15, 32, 45, 46, 50, 54–57, 59–63, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72–76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 91–99, 101, 104, 106–111, 114–116, 119–122, 124–128, 132, 134, 135, 139, 141, 143, 154, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 168, 169, 173, 175– 177, 179–181, 183, 188–190, 192–195, 202, 205–207, 211 Subjective (Subjectivity) 10, 11, 22, 32, 50–52, 60, 161, 185 Superstructure (see also Base, BaseSuperstructure Model) 67, 69, 70, 107, 166, 192 Surplus-Value (see also Value) 3, 42, 77, 92, 96, 105, 117–119, 123, 196 Surveys (Survey Analysis) 4, 123 Systems (Systemic) (see also Organic Systems) 10, 12, 21, 23, 26, 46, 54, 58–60, 62, 67, 70, 72–76, 79, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90–95, 97–99, 101–106, 108, 110, 122, 130, 134, 135, 140, 148, 165, 166, 170, 176, 182, 193, 204, 205 Tautology (Tautological) (see also Self-Reference) 10, 28, 36–42, 50, 127–130, 146 Taxonomy (Taxonomic) (see also Classification, Criteria, Type) 12, 16, 87, 100, 102, 104, 106, 116, 117, 124, 133, 134 Technology (Technological) 2–4, 17, 19, 79, 94, 102–106, 108, 118, 134, 183, 191, 192, 200 Technological Determinism (see also Lenski) 102 Teleology (Teleological) (see also Darwin, Evolution, Metaphysics, Natural Selection, Religion) 31, 52, 65, 105, 137–141, 143, 145–147, 149, 151–153, 155–157, 159–163, 165–169, 171–178, 192, 202, 207 Teleologies of Finalism 139 Teleologies of Self-Direction 139 Teleology and Marxist Theory 159 Teleology of the Modern 156 Theological-Teleology 138, 141 Tendency (Tendencies) (see also Laws) 25, 33, 59, 68, 77, 78, 117, 121, 129, 170, 173, 191, 203 Countervailing Tendencies 77 Things (see also External Relations) 8–10, 12, 16–19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 32–34, 36, 37, 45, 46, 48, 54, 56–58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 72, 83, 85, 87–91, 94, 96–99, 104, 106,

108–110, 114, 115, 117, 121, 123, 126–129, 131, 133, 137, 148–150, 154, 157, 159, 160, 165, 166, 174–176, 190, 194, 198, 199, 204, 206, 210, 212, 214 Time (Temporal, Temporally, Time/ Space) (see also Space) 3–9, 13, 14, 16–21, 23–32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42–44, 47, 51–54, 57–62, 64, 66, 67, 70–72, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 96–99, 101, 102, 106, 107, 111–113, 116–120, 124–127, 129, 130, 132–134, 138–141, 145–147, 149–153, 155, 156, 158, 160–162, 164, 166–169, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 185, 188, 190– 193, 195, 196, 198, 200–202, 206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215 Totality (Totalities) (see also Whole) 32, 57, 58, 61, 65, 77, 79, 87–89, 103, 127, 129, 164, 199 Transformation 21, 35, 60, 68, 69, 71, 73, 79, 82, 93, 109, 126, 134, 142, 155, 189, 190, 193, 198, 203, 206 Transhistorical (see also Universal) 29, 32, 50, 94, 97, 152 Tribal Society (Tribes) 65, 147 Truth (Truth-Value) 1, 8, 10, 22, 23, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 51, 65, 70, 101, 145, 146, 161, 175, 177, 183–185, 187, 210, 214 Type (Typify, Typology) (see also Criteria, Taxonomy) 2, 6, 11, 12, 21, 36, 47, 52, 57, 94, 102, 104, 114, 129, 140, 187, 188, 194, 211 Uncertainty (see also Certainty) 17, 19, 22 Unit of Analysis (Units of Analysis) 58, 90, 97, 113, 115, 119 Universal (Universalization) (see also False Universalization, Transhistorical) 4, 14–16, 22, 28–33, 36, 41, 42, 48, 50, 54, 63, 65, 68, 71–73, 76, 96, 100, 101, 105, 108, 111, 126, 128, 142, 146, 148–152, 154, 155, 160, 161, 163–165, 167–171, 173, 176, 177, 184, 185, 191, 192, 195, 199, 205, 214 Universal Reason 29 Use-Value (see also Value) 40, 92, 97, 111 Usury (see also Interest) 144, 145 Utopia (Utopian, Utopians) 41, 47, 53, 79–81, 181, 183, 192, 193, 208

index Value 3, 5, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 29, 33, 37, 38, 40–42, 44, 48, 51–53, 63, 74, 75, 77, 82, 87, 92, 94, 96–98, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 116–119, 123, 129, 133, 147, 148, 155, 175, 178, 182, 184, 186–190, 196, 198, 199, 210, 214 Exchange-Value 38, 92, 97, 103, 111 Surplus-Value 3, 42, 77, 92, 96, 105, 117–119, 123, 196 Use-Value 40, 92, 97, 11, 148, 190 Values 5, 11, 40, 52, 63, 75, 87, 94, 98, 101, 103, 111, 129, 155, 187, 190 Vantage Point (see also Abstracting) 9, 10, 56, 58–61, 67, 71, 75, 78, 82, 83, 85, 95–97, 99, 102, 106, 107, 126, 131, 133, 134, 142, 153, 156, 163, 164, 166, 172, 176, 183, 195, 210 Variables (see also Control, Experiment) 19, 33, 37, 47, 64, 67, 68, 70, 74, 77, 78, 82, 87–89, 98, 102, 106, 108, 123, 125–130, 132, 134, 137, 205, 214 Control Variables 68 Dependent Variables 74, 128, 129, 132 Independent Variables 128, 129, 132 Violence 1, 154, 155, 157, 182, 201 Verify (Verification) (see also Confirmation Bias) 19, 36

239

Wallerstein, Immanuel 160, 169, 193, 194 War 2, 5, 6, 69, 70, 80, 103, 108, 125, 150, 157, 159, 162 Wealth (see also Appropriation, Surplus-Value) 25, 38, 41, 46, 50, 71, 76, 77, 81, 84, 96–98, 108, 112, 124, 125, 148, 177, 190, 196, 198, 200, 206, 215 Concentration of Wealth 77, 125, 196, 206 Whole (Wholes) (see also Part, Totality) 7, 15, 18, 28, 32, 35, 42, 49, 55–60, 62, 64–66, 72, 74, 77, 82, 87–90, 92, 94, 98, 100, 103–105, 111, 112, 115, 116, 120, 123, 124, 126–128, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141, 147, 148, 153, 155, 164, 170, 172, 173, 176, 181, 186–188, 191, 199, 202, 207, 212, 213 Whole-Part Relation 57 Working Class (see also Class, Proletariat) 5, 23, 52, 53, 56, 77, 79–81, 112, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 154, 167, 173, 179, 203, 206, 215 World Market (World-Economy) 75, 77, 119, 122, 132, 189 Wright, Erik O. 4, 5, 7, 47, 49, 113–117, 119–123 Young Hegelians, The (see also Hegel, Hegelian) 28, 39