Josephus: The Jewish War, Books I-III (Loeb Classical Library No. 203)

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,

LL.D.

EDITED BY t T. E. t E.

L. A.

CAPPS, POST,

PAGE,

PH.D., LL.D.

M.A.

E. H.

C.H., LITT.D.

t

W. H.

D.

WARMINGTON,

JOSEPHUS II

ROUSE,

m.a.,

litt.d.

f.r.hist.soc.

JOSEPHUS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY H. ST.

J.

THACKERAY,

M.A.

HON. D.D. OXFORD, HON. D.D. DURHAM

IN NINE VOLUMES II

THE JEWISH WAR, BOOKS

I-III

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLVI

First printed 1927

Reprinted 1956

s.w

Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTS OF VOLUME

II PAGE

Introduction

vii

THE JEWISH W AR— Book Book Book

2

I

II

III

322 574

.

.

The Herodian Family Maps

— Galilee

District

Central

and

Palestine

Jerusalem

at

.

....

and

Surrounding

Southern

end of Book

:

INTRODUCTION The

History of the Jewish War is the earliest and the most famous of the works of Josephus. The firstfruits of the leisure which he found in Rome after the war, it was written with all the advantages possessed by an ex-combatant and eyewitness, now a pensioner in the former palace of Vespasian, with the commentaries " of his imperial patrons, the commanders in the recent campaign, placed at his disposal." The title by which the author refers to his work is "Concerning the Jewish War" (Ilept tov 'lov^alKov TTokifjiov Vita 412, A. xx. 258, cf. xviii. 11). Laqueur, Der Jild. Hisioriker Flavins Josephus, Giessen, 1920, p 255 and p. 98, considers that this heading plainly betrays the purely Roman point of view of the Jewish turncoat. The expanded form, 'loi'SaJKov iroXe/xov Trpos 'Poj/zaiovs, found at the head of the first two books in Niese's principal ms P, may, it has been suggested, be an attempt of the author to neutralize the offensive character of the former superscription. But the majority of the mss employ another title, " Concerning (the) capture " (Ylepl aAolcreojs), often

quartered "

with the addition of

'lov8al'Ky]s

l(rropiaspasian, between a.d. 15 and 79, before the death of that Emperor, who received a copy, but after the dedication of the Temple of Pax {B. vii. 158 ff.) in the year 15 (Dio Cassius, Ixvi. 15). It had, we know, been preceded bv other narratives of the war [B. i. 1 If.,

should learn the

A.'i.^).

These limits cannot, however, be pressed and may be applicable only to a single edition. Josephus, as we have come to learn, like other ancient authors, must have constantly retouched and added to his works as fresh copies were called for. We know that in a.d. 93-4, towards the end of his life, he was contemplating a new edition of the ^Vor, which was to include the after events of his nation's history brought up to date {A. w. 267). Similarly our extant text was not improbably preceded by a shorter draft. From the fact that the " table of contents" in the Greek proem {B. i. 39) concludes with the triumph. Dr. Eisler infers that the first Greek edition ended with that event and appeared as early as AD. 71. He acutely suggests that Josephus strove to complete his work by the day of the triumph and to present a copy to the two emperors on that memorable occasion. The sequel, including the penultimate chapter about the destruction of the other Jewish temple, that of Onias in Egypt, in a d. 73 (B. vii. 420-436), was, in Dr. Eisler's opinion, added after that event, the opportunity being taken at the same time to prefix to the whole work a corresponding chapter about its foundation (5. i. 33) and contemporary Hasmonaean history.

A and (i.

brief preface includes a

19-29)

primarily

;

somewhat inadequate

summary

of the whole work the topics mentioned are probably selected to catch the imperial eye and also to

unsystematic

zii

I

INTRODUCTION Then follows an inattract the general reader. ordinately long introduction, occupying the whole of the first and nearly half the second Book, containing a sketch of Jewish history from the previous capture of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes down to the outbreak of the war with Rome, nearly 250 years later. When in later life the author undertook a complete history of his nation, this portion of the narrative was expanded in the Antiquities, where it fills seven and a half books {^A. xiii-xx). A comparison of these two narratives forms an instructive study the parallel passages in the Antiquities are indicated at the head of the pages of the present translation. Book i extends from the time of Antiochus Epiphanes (c. 170 b.c.) to the death of Herod ii continues the history down to the outbreak of war in A.D. Q>Q, the rout of Cestius, and the preparations of Josephus for a campaign in Galilee. Book iii narrates Vespasian's Galilaean campaign of a.d. 67, including the siege of Jotapata and the capture of Josephus iv the conclusion of the Galilaean campaign, the isolation of Jerusalem, and the interruption of operations by the acclamation of Vespasian as Emperor (68-69) ; v and vi describe the siege and capture of Jerusalem by Titus in a.d. 70 ; vii the return of the conquerors to Rome, the triumphal procession, the extermination of the last strongholds of the rebels and some later events. Considered as a literary work the Jewish War as Greek a whole possesses great merits. The style is an excellent specimen of the Atticistic Greek fashionable in the first century, introduced by the school which sought to stem the development of the language that set in with the Alexandrian age and to revive the ;

;

;

s

INTRODUCTION A choice vocabulary, Attic of the age of Pericles. well-knit sentences and paragraphs, niceties in the use of particles and in the order of words, a uniformly classical style but without slavish imitation of classical models, these and other excellences tax and often defy the powers of a translator Vocabulary.

inJosephuS: iUoilos

following: words, among others, are \yar, and do not occur elsewhere

d5idXfi7rTos (a;?), d^fSTj^, d-rocos i-wj

dr]LU)Tris, ^if/cTratfif,

,

/SaatXftdi',

5iex(iv [distare, in preference to dTre'xf"'),

(ws), f^aTrifTjs (in preference to

ei,ai(pvr)). have dared to compare his Jewish War to a schoolboy's prize composition {ioa-n-ep eV ct^oA?/ jxiipaKLwi' yv/j.i'oa-fjLa TrpoKdcrBai vo/jLi(ovTi^), the author writes " Surely, then, one cannot but regard as audacious the attempt of these critics to challenge my veracity. Even if, as they assert, they have read the Commentaries of the imperial commanders, they at any rate had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp" (Ap. 1.53-56). These two last passages, in which Josephus is contrasting his own qualifications with those of others, clearly imply that the Commentaries were before him when he wrote the War. Indeed, as has been suggested by a recent writer (VV Weber, Josephus und Vespasian, 1921), there is reason to think that our author has made extensive :

:

use of these documents.

The

may be supposed, were Latin, made on the field of

it

Commentariiprincipales, the notes, presumably in action by the Roman com-

manders and their staff, which might sometimes be put out in a more literary shape as the official record of the campaign, like the Commentarii de Bello Gallico of Julius Caesar. From this or from some other official

las of

iSCU«.

INTRODUCTION source must come the information with regard to the disposition of the Roman legions in a.d. 66, which is strikingly confirmed by other evidence and is here worked up into the great speech of King Agrippa Another passage which looks Hke a {B. ii. 3i5 tf.) direct extract from the Commeritaries of Titus is the concise itinerary of the march of that general from Egypt to Caesarea, with its bare enumeration of the various stages, though it must be remembered that Josephus accompanied him (B iv.658-end). Whether Weber is right in referring to this source the geographical sketches of Palestine interspersed throughout the narrative may perhaps be questioned, but the description of the Dead Sea with the mention of Vespasian's visit of inspection (B iv. 477) lends support to his view {cf. the rather similar account in Tacitus, Hist. v. 6).

Weber goes so far as to maintain that the backbone of the whole history is a *' Flavian work." of which the theme was the rise to power of the Flavian dynasty. In his opinion, this work opened with a sketch of the disposition of the legions in a.d. Q& (utilized in Agrippa's speech), included much of the material of B. iii-vi. and ended with the passage which stands in Josephus at In vii. 157 : it was used by Pliny the Elder and Tacitus. his review of Weber, Laqueur denies the existence of any such literary work, on the ground that Josephus severely criticizes all previous publications on the war (B. i. ad

init.).

For the pre-war period (Books i-ii) we can confiname one writer, frequently mentioned in the Antiquities, as having furnished material also for the JVar Nicolas of Damascus (c. 61- B.C. to the end of the century), the intimate friend of Herod the Great and of Augustus, and author of a universal history in 144 books and other works, including probably a dently

—

xxii

INTRODUCTION separate life of Herod. From Nicolas undoubtedly derived the detailed history of Herod's house, which fills two-thirds of Book i, and of the accession of Archelaus (opening of Book ii), in which he himself played an important part. Here again Josephus had the advantage of a first-rate, if somewhat biased, After Archelaus the narcontemporary authority rative unfortunately becomes meagre, expanding into rather greater fullness when the reign of Agrippa I With regard to him the historian would is reached. obtain information from his son, Agrippa II, and for the events leading up to the war he might draw on For the slight sketch of the his own recollections. Hasmonaean house the history of Nicolas is perhaps the historian shows no acquaintagain the authority ance in the War with the first book of Maccabees, of which he afterwards made large use in the Antiquities. As historian of the Jewish War Josephus thus comes before us with apparently high credentials at any rate few war historians in ancient or modern times can have enjoyed so rare a combination of opportunities for presenting a veracious narrative of How does his work appear when tested by events. the highest of standards, the Historic of ike PeloponIt is natural to compare the Jew and nesian War ? the Athenian because, widely different as were the characters of the two, there were points of similarity is

;

;

Like Thucydides, Josephus combined the functions of general and historian like him he failed as a commander and was consequently brought into close contact with the enemy and enabled to view the war from the standpoint of both belligerents (Thuc. iv. 104 ff., V. 26 " associating with both sides, with the Peloponnesians quite as much as with

in their careers.

;

xxiii

credibi

— INTRODUCTION the Athenians, becau-e of my exile," cf. Jos. B \. 3); the Jewish historian, unlike the Greek, had the further advantage of the use of the official record of the campaign compiled by, or under the supervision of, the enemy's generals. With access to these first-hand sources, with the weighty authority both of his imperial patrons and of King Agrippa behind him, and with the possibly more questionable benefit of good literary assistants, the historian's narrative as a yihole cannot but be accepted as trustworthy. Unfortunately reservations must be made. Josephus lacks the sober impartiality of Thucydides and, with all his boasted zeal ^vhile

shows on occasions, when his statements are subject to control, a lax sense of the meaning of that word. The Comme?itaries themselves were written from the Roman standpoint, and the proRoman bias of this client of the conquerors, who from the first had recognized the hopelessness of resistance to imperial Rome, is frequently evident. His repeated references to the clemency of the Roman generals, his hero Titus in particular, and his representation of them as the saviours of an oppressed people, are specially open to suspicion. In one crucial instance, a statement of Josephus that Titus desired to spare the temple is directly contradicted by a later historian. The fourthcentury Christian writer, Sulpicius Severus, who has been thought to be here dependent on the lost work of Tacitus, states, like Josephus, that a council of war was held on the subject, at which different opinions were expressed, but here the roles are reversed and Titus who sanctions the destruction of the it is building. The passages are as follows : for truth,

—

xxiv

INTRODUCTION Josephus, B.

Sulpicius, Chron.

vi.

Trepl tov 238 ^ovXrjv To'i.% ixiu 239 irpovTldei.

vaoii

ovv

ii.

prius deliberasse, an

templum

tanti operis euerteret.

nonnullis TTOTf 'lovbaiovi

wavaacdai

f fajTeptfoi/Tas

tov

fxivovro%, 24-0

(0'

5p

vaou vau-

oi

raxddev crvWeyovTai. d(

iraprjuovv,

ii

fxev

tlu(s

Kara-

XivoLeu avTou '\ohbaioi Kai fi-qbels f7r' avrov to. oirXa a Cj^eiv.

Oiiri,

d

de iroXeuLoleu

(7n^6.i'T(s.KaTa(p\€y€Lu

241

.

.

.

6 5( Tiros Qv8' av €Tnl3(xpT6

eV

avTou TroXffxCjaiu

']ov-

5aloi 0rj<jo.% avTLrCjvapbpCov dfjivpeladai. to.

xara^Xe^eiP

Trore ttjXikoij-

TOV ?p-yov ^ofadai T7]v

Vw/jLaiup

Kal

Koap-OP

yap

uidebatur,

Etenim

aedem

sacratam ultra omnia mortalia illustrem non oportere deleri,

quae seruata modestiae Romanae testimonium, diruta perennem

crudeJitatis

notam

praeberet. At contra alii et Titus ipse euertendum in pnmis templujn censebant, quo plen\us

ludaeorum

et

Christianorum

religio tolleretur: quippe has religiones, licet contranas sibi,

tamen ab auctoribus profectas; Christ ianos ex

isdem

ludaeis extitisse: lata stirpem facile

radice subperituram.

I3\d(3rip. Cbatrep Tr}%

avTOv pJpopTo^

The evidence the

d\pvxo- ovbe

30.

Fertur Titus adhibito consilio

r]y(/j.opias .

of Sulpicius

is

somewhat

vitiated

by

which can hardly be correct ^ but the known partiality of Josephus leaves him under the suspicion of having misrepresented final allusion to Christianity ;

the attitude of Titus, in order to clear him of the imputation of cruelty. Weber (Josephus u?id Vespasian 72 f.) wMth others upholds Sulpicius against Josephus Schiirer {Gesch. des jild. Folkes, ed. 3, i. 631 f.) inclines to the middle view of Valeton that Josephus, without actual mendacity, has by the suppression of important facts created a false ;

impression. " Dr. Eisler suggests that " Christian! " may be a general designation for Jewish " Messianist " rebels; but here I hesitate to follow him.

XXV

INTRODUCTION For the earlier pre-war history Josephus has himcheck upon his statements and enabled us to form some estimate of his treatment of his sources by the double narrative which he has left us. The precise relation between the two narratives cannot here be considered. The fuller account in the Antiquities was based partly on the same sources which he had used in the JVar, partly on new information since obtained. The subject matter has sometimes been re-arranged, notably in the latter part of Herod's reign, where the JVar separates the external history from the domestic tragedies, while the Antiquities keep the self provided us ^vith a certain

There are, as is natural, chronological order. inconsistencies between the two accounts but, generally speaking, it may be said that the author faithfully follows his written authorities. It is otherwise with the passages in which the War overlaps with the Life. Here there are unaccountable discrepancies, and the autobiographical notices of the historian must be pronounced the least trustworthy portion of his writings. The numerous inconsistencies, of a minor or a graver character, between the two accounts of his command in Galilee, to which attention is called in the footnotes to B. ii. 569-64:6, betray either gross carelessness or actual Laqueur, who holds the Life, or certain fraud.'' portions of it, to be the earlier and more faithful record, suspects the author of deliberate misrepresentation of some details in the War in order ;

The

alternative. Dr. Eisler informs me, is certainty through his critical comparison of the third, and again quite distinct, account in the Slavonic Halosis. "

latter

rendered a

xxvi

;

INTRODUCTION to ingratiate himself with another patron, King Agrippa. Nothing, unfortunately, has survived of the earliest, probably Roman, histories of the war criticized by Josephus in his proem, nor yet of the Jewish history of Justus of Tiberias produced soon after a.d. ]o6, in which his own work was criticized. We possess, however, from the pen of Tacitus early in the second century a brief sketch of the campaign up to the preparations for the siege of Jerusalem {Hist. v. 1-13) the sequel is lost. We have also the hves of Vespasian and Titus written at about the same time by Suetonius, and an epitome of this portion (Book Ixvi) of the great Roman history of Dion Cassius (early third century) made in the eleventh century by Xiphilinus. The account of Tacitus presents some interesting parallels not only with the War, but also, on the origin of the Jewish nation, with the Contra Apionem of our author. Though the Histories were written at Rome almost within the hfetime of Josephus, the Roman's antipathy to the Jews makes it improbable that he ever consulted his works. But both writers may be dependent on a common source, such as the Flavian Commentaries.

other

narrative of

the wa

The Greek text here printed is based on that of Greek tej Niese, but is the outcome of a careful and independent ^"^ "^^' investigation of the ms evidence collected in his great edition. The mss and other ancient authorities the text, in so far as they have been used by Niese, are quoted in the present work M'ith his abbreviations as follows ^

for

:

"

For particulars with regard to the versions

to Dr. Eisler.

I

am

indebted

P Codex

Parisinus Graecus 14-25, cent. x. or

A Codex Ambrosianus

xi.

(Mediolanensis) D. 50 sup.,

cent. x. or xi. ^J

Codex xi.

L Codex or

V R

Marcianus

or

(Venetus)

Gr.

383,

Laurentianus, plut. Ixix. 19, cent.

xi.

xii.

Codex Vaticanus Gr iS, about cent. Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Gr. 28i, 1

or

cent,

xii.

xi.

cent. xi.

xii.

C Codex

Urbinas (\'aticanus) Gr. 84, cent. xi. made in the tenth century by order of Constantine \'II Porphyrogenitus. Lat. A Latin version known to Cassiodorus in the fifth century and commonly ascribed to Rufinus in the preceding century. Pleg. Hegesippus, a corruption of Josepus or Josippus another Latin version, wrongly ascribed to S. Ambrose, written about 370 A.D. by a converted Jew, Isaac, as a Christian called Hilarius or Gaudentius, the so-called Ambrosiaster, a contemporary of Pope Damasus (see Jos. Wittig in Max Kirchengesch. Ahhandlungen Sdralek's iv ed. Keber-Caesar, Marburg, 1864). A new edition by Vine. Ussani for the \'ienna Corpus is forthcoming. Exc." Excerpts

:

;

Syr.

A

Syriac translation of Book vi in Translatio \'et. Test, ex cod Ambrosiano phololith. edita cura et adsec. fere vi notationibus Antonii Maria Ceriani, Milan, 1876-1883.

Syra Pescitto

To

these

xxviii

may be added

:

Yos. =Josephus Gorionides or Yosippon, a Hebrew paraphrase, derived from Heg., ed. Breithaupt, Gotha, 1727. Slav. A critical edition of the Old Russian Version by Vladimir Istrin is nearing completion. The first four books are published in a German version by Konrad Grass (see above, p. xi).

Among are

other mss occasionally quoted by Niese

:

N

Codex cent.

T Codex

Laurentianus,

plut.

Ixix.

17,

about

xii.

Philippicus, formerly belonging to the

of

library

the

late

Sir

Cheltenham, about cent.

Thomas

Phillips,

xii.

The MSS fall into two main groups, PA(ML) and VR(C) M, L, and, to a less extent, G are inconstant members, siding now with one group, now with the other. The first group is decidedly superior to the second. The two types of text go much further back ;

than the date of Niese's oldest mss, since traces of the " inferior " type appear already in Porphyry (3rd century) the diversity of readings must therefore have begun very early. Indeed some variants appear to preserve corrections gradually incorporated by the author himself in later editions of his work." Mixture of the two types also began early, a few instances of " conflation " occurring ;

" A striking instance occurs in B. vi. 369, where, beside ttSj Xi/ulou viKpbu etx^" v (Trdafcj?, a more the neater tovoi prolix and apparently older phrase Kal wevXrjpcoTo veKpCju >) 5ta .

.

.

been left undeleted. See Historiker Fl. Josephus, p. 239, whose theory is confirmed, 1 am told, by Dr. Eisier's analysis of the did Russian.

(jTaaiv

i)

8ia Xiiubu dTroXwXora-i/ lias

Laqueur, Der

jitd.

j.>

1

n-WJ^L.

\^ 1

iw->

already in the fourth-century Latin version. P and A, on which Niese mainly relies, appear to have been copied from an exemplar in which the terminations of words were abbreviated, and are to that extent untrustworthy. The true text seems to have been not seldom preserved in one of the mss of mixed type, L in particular. The mixture in that ms is peculiar throughout Book and down to about \'RC, from that point onwards ii. 24-2 it sides with more often with the other group or with the Latin version. In the later books L becomes an authority of the first rank and seems often to have preserved alone, or in combination with the Latin version, the :

i

original text.

The translator must finally express his grateful acknowledgement for the assistance which he has received from the labours of many previous workers, of various nationalities, in the same field notably Dr. Robert Eisler, of whose forthcoming work on the Slavonic version an English version is expected from Messrs. Methuen, Benedict Niese (on whose edition the Greek text is based), the Rev. Robert Traill, D.D., who fell a victim to his devoted exertions for his parishioners during the Irish famine of 1 84-6—t? (for his excellent translation), the Rev. William Whiston (for his pioneering version, produced nearly two centuries ago, as revised by the Rev. A R. Shilleto, 1889-90), :

and last, but not least, Dr Theodore Reinach and his collaborators (for his French translation and invaluable notes, (Euvres completes de Flavins Josephe^

tome

V, Guerre des Juifs, livres i-iii, Paris, 1912). Dr. Reinach has graciously permitted me to make use of this work with its admirable commentary, and

XXX

;

my

constant indebtedness to this brilliant scholar be evident to the reader from the references in the footnotes throughout this volume. The works of will

R.

Laqueur and W. Weber must

also

be mentioned.

The Map of Jerusalem is based partly on that contained in the article Jerusalem in the Encyclopaedia Biblica (vol. ii), partly on one published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. The translator gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Messrs. A. & C. Black and of Dr. E. W. G. Masterman, the Hon. Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, in permitting him to make use of their respective publications. He is further indebted to Dr. Masterman for much helpful advice in the matter, as well as to Mr. C. E. Mott, the Hon. Secretary of the but the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem responsibility for the form in which the map is here presented rests solely with himself. The invaluable Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land by Sir George Adam Smith and Dr. J. G. Bartholomew (Hodder & Stoughton, 1915) has been in constant ;

use.

Abbreviations

A = Antiquitates .

Judaicae. Contra Apionem. Bellum Judaicum.

Ap.=

= V.=

B.

Vita.

= conjectural emendation. ed. pr. = editio pri?iceps (Basel, 1544.). Eus. {HE. ; jP.£.) = Eusebius {Historia

cow;'.

Praeparatw Evangelica). ins.

= inserted

by.

om.

= omit.

Ecclesiastica

Conjectural insertions in the Greek text are indicated by angular brackets, > doubtful ms readings and apparent glosses by square brackets, [ J. The smaller sections introduced by Niese are sliown in the left margin of the Greek text. References throughout are to these sections. The chapterdivision of earlier editions is indicated on both pages (Greek and English). i.

8e

7Tapay€p6fjL€voi

ol

ij

rep

rrpog

KaraipevSourai tojp TTpayp-drojv,

nept'

rfi

Trpog

'Pajfiaiovs

rj

p-ioei

§e airroh ottov p,kv Kar-qyopiav ottov 8e iyKUJ-

rd GvyypdfjLfxara, to

rjyefjLOPLav,

'EAAaSt

S'

^ap^dpoiv

d/cpt/Seta?

/Ltcr'

rd

eTraipovGL

rd

dvrixjiiXoveiKcov av^ecv

SLeyva)v,

dfi(j)orepajv

St-

Xoyovs dua-

TrpdyfxaGi

SLadeaet, Kal rotg efiavrov Trddecn StSous" erroXoSvpeod at rat? rrjs TrarplSos Gvp,opals. on ydp avrr]v GraGL? OLKela KadeiXev, Kal ra? 'Pcopiaiojv -x^elpas d/coJaa? Kal ro rrvp inl rov [dytov]' vadv elXKVoav ol ^Xovhaicov rvpavvoi, pudprvs avros 6 TTopdrjGas KaLGap TtVo?, eV Travrl roj TToXepLCx) rov iiev SrjpLov eXerjOas vtto row crracrtacrrajv ^povrtO-qpLL rfj^

10

povpLevoVy TToXecjs 11

TToXXaKLS

he

V7Tepridep.evos

Ikojv

Kal

oXcoglv

r-qv

SiSou?

rfj

rrjs

TToXiopKia

Xpouov els pLerdvotav rojv alritov. el he ti? oaa 77po9 rovs rvpdvvovs rj rd XrjGrpLKOV avrdjp KariqyopLKOJS Xeyotfiev eTTLGrevovres ^

6

Holwerda

rj

rolg hvGrvxrjiiaGL rrjs rrarpihos

GVKO(j>avroirj, inserts

,

hthoroj

irapd rov -

oni.

PM*.

rfjs

JEWISH WAR,

I.

7-11

(3) Though the writers in question presume to Erroneou give their works the title of histories, yet throughout menroP them, apart from the utter lack of sound information, -^ews by they seem, in my opinion, to miss their own mark. SstodaL They desire to represent the Romans as a great nation, and yet they continually depreciate and disparage the actions of the Jews. But I fail to see how the conquerors of a puny people deserve to be accounted great. Again, these writers have respect neither for the long duration of the war, nor for the vast numbers of the Roman army that it engaged, nor for the prestige of the generals, who, after such herculean labours under the walls of Jerusalem, are, I suppose, of no repute in these writers' eyes, if

achievement is to be underestimated. have no intention of rivalling those who extol the Roman power by exaggerating the deeds of my their

(4) I

compatriots. I shall faithfully recount the actions of both combatants but in my reflections on the events I cannot conceal my private sentiments, nor refuse to give my personal sympathies scope to bewail my country's misfortunes. For, that it owed its ruin to civil strife, and that it was the Jewish tyrants who drew down upon the holy temple the unwilling hands of the Romans and the conflagration, is attested by Titus Caesar himself, who sacked the city throughout the war he commiserated the populace who were at the mercy of the revolutionaries, and often of his own accord deferred the capture of the city and by protracting the siege gave the culprits time for repentance. Should, however, ;

;

any

critic

tyrants

or

censure their

lamentations over

me

for

my

strictures

upon the

bands of marauders or

my

for

country's misfortunes,

I

my ask

7

Theautno flfehugs!

JOSEPHUS icTTopta?

yap €771

817

I'Ofjbov

Toju

GvyyvJjjx-qv ro) Trddei' ttoXlv 'Poj/i.atot?

VTTO

TrX^iorov re evSaifjiovLa? crvve^-q rrpoeXSeZv kol

12 Trpo?

yovv

eoxarou TrdvTOJv

^lovhaiojv

avdc?

oviJL(f)op6jv

alojvo?

(ztt'

Sokw

rjTT-qadai

KaraTreaelv

Kara

eTTiKparelv.

oSvpfxojv

€l

8e

GvyKpcoLV,

wore

.

Trpos

aTV^i^P'O-'^O-

rovTcov OLTLOs ovhelLXorLp,ovpLevois cTT-qpedKal rcij Xoyw ttXcovcktovgl, AetTTovrai rfj TrpoaipeGCf avrol 8e rd AGGvplojv Kal M-t]Sa)V Gvyypd(f>ovGLV cjGTrep rjrrov KaXcos vtto rojp dp)(ai(jjv Gvyypa(j)eojv dTnqyyeXfjLeva. Kairoi roGOvrco rij? iKeivcov rjrrdjuraL Svvdfji€w? eV rco ypd(f)€Lv, OGCp Kal rrjg yvajfir]?- rd ydp Kad^ ainovs €G7TovSail,ou €KaGroL ypd(f)€LV, OTTOV Kal rd vaparv)(eLV TotS" rrpayfiaGiv €7tol€l rrju arrayyeXiav ivapyij Kal rd ifjevheadaL Trap* €lS6glv aLG\pdv tjv. rd y€ p.T)v /xi^-qixr] rd [lJ.r}Y TrpoiGropijOevra 8i8ovat Kal rd rdjv ldia>i> xpdvojv rols p-ed^ lavrdv gvvLGrdv€iv irraivov Kal fiaprvpiag d^Loi^' (jyiXoTTovos Se ov^ d (lerarroLcou OLKOx^op^iav Kal rd^tv dXXorpiaVy

/lev KddrjvraL

C,ovr€?,

ojv

€L

^

14

15

'

PAM

:

on), the

rest

solam). "

Literallv cf. B. V. 20/

8

:

Destinon conj. ulav (after Lat. 2

*'

which

is

A'^^'^"^

Lat,

:

om. the

rest.

contrary to the law of history "

:

^

JEWISH WAR,

I.

11-15

indulgence for a compassion which falls outside For of all the cities under Roman rule it was the lot of ours to attain to the highest felicity and to fall to the lowest depths of calamity. Indeed, in my opinion, the misfortunes of all nations since the world began fall short of those of the Jews and, since the blame lay with no foreign nation, it was impossible to restrain one's grief. Should, however, any critic be too austere for pity, let him credit the history with the facts, the historian with the lamentations. (5) Yet I, on my side, might justly censure those historian c erudite Greeks who, living in times of such stirrinff contempoi C5 ary events actions as by comparison reduce to insigmricance the is superior wars of antiquity, yet sit in judgement on these ^^^^^^^'j^^j. current events and revile those who make them their ancient "^^^ ^^^' special study authors whose principles they lack, even if they have the advantage of them in literary skill. For their own themes they take the Assyrian and Median empires, as if the narratives of the ancient historians were not fine enough. Yet, the truth is, these modern writers are their inferiors no less in hterary power than in judgement. The ancient historians set themselves severally to write the history of their own times, a task in which their connexion with the events added lucidity to their record while mendacity brought an author into disgrace with readers who knew the facts. In fact, the work of committing to writing events which have not previously been recorded and of commending to posterity the history of one's own time is one which merits praise and acknowledgement. The industrious writer is not one who merely remodels the scheme and arrangement of another's work, but one his

an

historian's province.^

;

.

.

f,

,

—

;

VOL.

II

B 2

O

JOSEPHUS IG

dAA' o /Ltera rod Kaiva \iyeiv koX to atu/xa tt^? LOTopLag KaraGKevd^ojv lSlov. Kayoj fxev duaXcvfiacn /cat 7701^01? fJLeyLCTTOL? dXXochvXo? a)u "EAXrjGL T€ Kal 'Pco^taioi? tt7i^ ^vrj^rjv tojv Karopdoj' Tolg Se yvr]GLOig Trpo? fjikv rd Kal rag St/ca? Ke^-qvev evdeojs ro orojia Kal r) yXdJaaa XeXurat, 7Tp6avrjg

hL€(f)€p€TO

pLOLOv TOP

TTcpl

eKTOv

oXtj?

Hvpla? TTpog UroXe-

S' -qv avroig Trepl hvvaoTeia?, eKdcrrov row eV d^LcofJiaTL purj (})epovTog Tols op-OiOLS V7Tor€TdxOo.L) ^OvLa? pikv els tojv dpxiepeojv eTTLKparrjoa? e^e^aXe rrjg 7t6X€Cjv avdt? Kara ;;^c6pav SrjXojoopiev 34 (2) 'AvTid^w ye p-rjv ovre ro Trap* eXrriha KparrjooL rrjs TToXews ovd^ at dpTrayal Kal 6 rooovrog drrovro he ol boKLpLOjraroL. Kal HaKXthr]? 6 7re/x^

Trapd

Naber, Niese:

irepl

mss.

" " The refrular course," literally " continuity," i.e. the Tdwui or continutus (standing) burnt offering. "Sacrifices";

18

JEWISH WAR,

I.

31-35

Epiphanes, was disputing with Ptolemy VI. the Antiochn suzerainty of Syria, dissension arose among the EpiphaiK Jewish nobles. There were rival claims to supreme t^^'^'^ power, as no individual of rank could tolerate sub- and inter jection to his peers. Onias, one of the chief priests, ™m^pie^*^ gaining the upper hand, expelled the sons of Tobias worship. from the city. The latter took refuge with Antiochus and besought him to use their services as guides for an invasion of Judaea. The king, having long c. 170 b.c cherished this design, consented, and setting out at the head of a huge army took the city by assault, slew a large number of Ptolemy's followers, gave his soldiers unrestricted licence to pillage, and himself plundered the temple and interrupted, for a period of three years and six months, the regular course of the daily sacrifices." The high priest Onias made his escape to Ptolemy and, obtaining from him a site in the nome of Heliopolis, built a small town on the model of Jerusalem and a temple resembling ours. We shall revert to these matters in due course.^ (2) Not content with his unlooked for success in Religious capturing the city and with the plunder and whole- P^^secuti sale carnage, Antiochus, carried away by his ungovernable passions and with the rankling memory of what he had suffered in the siege, put pressure upon the Jews to violate the code of their country by leaving their infants uncircumcised and sacrificing swine upon the altar. These orders were disobeyed by all, and the most eminent defaulters were massacred. Bacchides,^ who was sent by Antiochus to command the Greek word is that elsewhere used for the Lat. parentatio or offering to the manes of the dead. B. vii. 421 ff. " The mention of Bacchides is, as Pteinach notes, an anachronism ; he did not appear on the scene till some years later, A. xii. 393, 1 Mace. vii. 8. **

19

JOSEPHUS ^^et? VTT^ ^ AvTioxov (f)povpapxo?, rfj (f)uaLKi^ irpoGXa^ojv (hfioT-qri to. doe^rj TrapayyeXfjLara napavop.ia

ovhepLiav

KareXiTrev

vrrep^oXrjV,

avhpa rovs d^toAdyou? atVt^d/xevo? Kal Tj/jiepav

ivSeLKvvfjLcvo^

oiJjlv

dAojcreaj?

/cat

/car

KOLvfj KaO^ rfj

ttoXcl,

rat? VTTep^oXalg tojv dhiKrjpbdrojv tovs tto.oxovras ch djivvrfs roXpiav rjpediGC. 36 (3) Mar^ta? yovu vlo? WcraficovaLOV tojv Upeojv ef? aTTo Kcofjirjg McoSeelv 6Vo/xa, ovvauTrioas fJLerd X^^pos OLK€Lag, rrevre yap vUls rjaav avrcp, kottLoiv dvaipeL rov BaKxi^^^]^- Kal Trapaxp^P'd jjlcv Setaas fJi^xpi-

ro TrXijdog tojv (f)povpwv els to, oprj KaTa(f)€vy€L, dno rod hrjpuov ttoXXcov dvadapOTjoas KdreiGi Kal GVjji^aXdw p^dx'O vlko. re rovs ^AvTLOxov Grpar-qyovs Kal rrjg 'louSata? e^eXavvei. TTapeXddw he dno rrjs evrrpaytag els hvvaGreiav Kal hid rrjv dTraXXayqv rwv dXXo(l)vXa)V dp^ag rcjv au eTTLrriheicov dTTavicrraraL, KaraXiTTow p.kv v rrpayfidrajv aipet fiev Tdi^apd^ re /cat 'Iottt^v /cat 'la/x.vetay rcDv TTpoaoiKcov, KareaKaipe 8e /cat tt^i/ a/cpav TcrJv <j)povpojv Kpartjo-a?. au^t? 8e ytVerat cr/xeVo? Kr€LU€L

50

St/xoiv Se

(2)

Gvixpbaxo? Kara Tpv(f)OJVos, ou iv eVt MtJSous" arparela? eVoAtop-

'AvTto;^6fj

/cat

A(jL}poLg

TTpo

rrjg

i^ehvuojTTTjuev rrjv rod /SacrtAea)? Tpvchowa avve^eXcov fxer^ ov ttoXv yap 'Avrioxo? Kevhe^alov rov avrod Grpariqyov

aAA'

51 /cet.

ou/c

TrXeove^iav /jL€rd

52 /cat

SuvajLteojs"

Srjcocrovra rrjv

/caraSouAajao/xet'ov St^a>va,

'louSatav eTre/jufjev c) Se /catrot yi^-

patog OJV veavLKOjrepov dcfirjyrjo-aro rod TroXe/jLov rov? p.€v roL ye utet? avrod^ pier a rujv eppojpLeveardr OJV TTpoeKTrepLTreL, avro? 8e fjiotpav rrj? Svvd-

di'aAa^wy eTTrjei /car' aAAo pLepog. ttoXXovs Kdv rot? opeui TrpoXoxicro.? Traaats KpareZ rals eTTi^oXaZs, /cat viK-qoas XajjiTrpcos

53 /xcco?

Be

7ToXXa)(od

dpxi'^p^vg 1

dTTohe'iKvvrai

Bernard 2

"

26

C/.

1

{cf.

A.

M Lat. Mace.

/cat

rry?

Ma/ceSop'cov

215): Fai-af or Zapd mss. iw avrbv the rest.

xiii. :

xii.

39

flF. ;

A.

xiii.

187

fiF.

€7rt

JEWISH WAR,

I.

48-53 (51-53 = ant.

225-227)

xiii.

None, however, of these precautions proved a suffiFor the tyrant Trypho, guardian cient protection. of the young Antiochus, who was ah-eady conspiring against his ward and attempting to make away with his friends, treacherously arrested and imprisoned Jonathan, when on a mission with a small retinue to Antiochus at Ptolemais, and started on a campaign Repulsed by Simon, Jonathan's against Judaea. brother, and indignant at his defeat he then put his captive to death. '^

Simon's administration of afftiirs was excellent. of Gazara, Joppa, and Jamnia, in the vicinity of the capital, and, after overpowering the garrison at Jerusalem, razed the citadel ^ to the ground. Subsequently, he made alliance with Antiochus ^ against Trypho, whom the king, before (lis expedition against the Medes, was besieging at Dora. Yet Simon's contribution to the fall of Trypho failed to shame the king out of his cupidity for not long after Antiochus sent his general Cendebaeus at the head of an army to ravage Judaea and make a The latter, though advanced in vassal of Simon. j^ears, took command of the war with juvenile energy and, sending his sons ahead with the most ablebodied of his troops, proceeded himself, with a division of his army, to the attack on another front. Having, further, posted numerous ambuscades in different parts of the hills, he was successful in all the engagements, and after a brilliant victory was appointed high-priest and liberated the Jews from (2)

He captured the towns

;

;

''

is

Greek " Acra "

;

A.

xiii.

215 shows that Jerusalem

referred to.

Antiochus VII Sidetes, A. xiii. 223. From this point the two narratives in B. and A. are closely parallel. "

27

Simon's 1*4^2*^131^8^0

JOSEPHUS Kpar€La? fiera eVarov Kal il^SofJu^KOvra

err]

rous"

'louSatou? dTTaXXdrrei. 8e /cat avrog im^ovXevOel? ev 54 (3) GvqGK€L TlToXcfiaLOV Tov yafj^^pov, og V7t6 uvfjiTTOolu) avTov rijv re yvvatKa Kal rovs ^vo TralSag iyKadeip^as eVt rov rpirov ^Iwduvrju, o? Kal 'YpKavog 55 eVaAetTO,

rovs

dvaip-qGOvras

eTreiJUpev.

npoyvovs

8e rrjw e(f)oSov 6 veavioKOS rrapayeveodai ets" rr]v TToXiv rjuetyero, TrXeiGrov ro) Xaoj 7T€7ToiBa>s Kara

re

{Jivqfxr)u

row

Trarpojcov

Karopdoj/Jidrajv

Kal

a)ppLr]Ge 8e ploos rrjs TiroXefJiaLOV Trapavopiias Kal YlroXefiaLog eloeXdelv Ka9^ erepav -nvX-qv, e^eKpovoOrj ye pLTjv vtto rod htjp^ov ra^eajs heheyKal 6 p.ev TTapaxprjP^o. 56 p.evojv rjhrj rov 'YpKavov. .

duexojp'^^cr^v et? ri rcov virep 'lepixovvro? epvpidrow, o Saydjv KaXelrar Kopnadpievos he rrjv irarpojav dpxtepujuvvqv 'Tp/cavo? Kal Bvaas rep dew pLerd rd^ovg irrl TiroXeixalov wppbTjuev BorjO-quojv rfj pLTjrpl Kal rols dheX(j)ols. (4)

57

Kat rrpoo^aXojv

Kpeirrojv

rju,

rjrrdro

rqj

8e

(Jipovptoj

St/cat'ou

rd

f-tev

nddov?.

dXXa 6 yap

YlroXepLalos dnore Kararrovolro, r-qv re p.-qrepa Kal roug dBeXc^ovg avrov Trpodyojv IttI rov reL)(ovg*, el? evGVVOTTrov r^Kil^ero Kal KaraKp-qpivielv el p,rj\ Trpos a rov /x€IA 58 ddrrov dnavaGraLr], Str^Tret'Aei. 'YpKauov opyrjs TrXeitov olKrog elorjet Kal Seog, r^ be pLTjrrjp ovdev ovre Trpos rds alKuig ovre npo^ rov dTTeiXovpLevov avrfj ddvarov cVStSoucra )(elpas (jopeye Kal Karr^vrL^oXei rov Tralba /xryrt 77p6s" rrji ,

Reckoning from 312

"

era

28

;

b.c, the first year of the Seleucid according to this reckoning Simon's high priesthood

JEWISH WAR,

I.

53-58 (=ant.

xiii.

228-232)

the Macedonian supremacy which had lasted for 170 years." (3) He too, however, fell a victim to treachery, john being murdered at a banquet by his son-in-law /^35'1^J5 Ptolemy. The latter, after incarcerating Simon's B.c.)opp wife and two of his sons, sent a body of men to kill in^ia\v° the third, John, also called Hyrcanus. This youth, Ptolemy forewarned of their approach, hastened to reach the city, fully confident of the people's support, both from their recollection of his father's achievements and their hatred of Ptolemy's enormities. Ptolemy also rushed to gain entrance by another gate, but was repelled by the populace, who had with alacrity already admitted Hyrcanus. Ptolemy forthwith withdrew to one of the fortresses above Jericho, called Dagon while Hyrcanus, having gained the high priestly office held by his father before him, offered sacrifice to God and then started in haste after Ptolemy to bring aid to his mother and brethren. (4) Attacking the fort, he proved superior in other ways, but was overcome by his righteous feelings. For Ptolemy, as often as he was hard pressed, brought forward his mother and brothers upon the ramparts and tortured them within full view of Hyrcanus, threatening to hurl them over the battlements, if he did not instantly retire. At this spectacle indignation in the breast of Hyrcanus gave way to pity and terror. His mother, unshaken by her torments or the menace of death, with outstretched hands implored her son not to be moved ;

dates from

c. 142 b.c, i.e. from the beginning of his leaderwhere it is placed in the parallel account in A. xiii. 213. " In the hundred and seventieth year Cf. 1 Mace. xiii. 41 f., was the yoke of the heathen taken away from Israel," and Jerusalem started a new era of its own.

ship,

29

JOSEPHUS eVi/cAaa^eVra

v^ptu

avrrjg

rod

(fyeioaodat

Svcr-

ye Kpeirrova rov eV ^ToA€^tatou Odvarov aOavaaias elvai hovros StVa? €' ols €ls 50 Tou oIkov airrojv TraprjvofjLrjGev 6 8e ^Icodwrj^ ae^ovg,

OLvrfj

cl>?

.

oTTore p,kv ivdvfjLrjdecr) to Trapdarr-qiia rij? f.Lrjrp6^

KaraKovaete

Koi

rfj?

cKealag,

TrpoojjdX-

(Zpijurjro

Xeiu, eVeiSav 8e^ KariBoL rvTTTOfJLevrjv t€

id-qXvvero

paTrofJL6vrji> ,

Kal rov

Kal arra-

ndOovs oXos

'qv.

8e Sid ravra rrjs TToAtop/cta? iTrearr]

CO rpi^o/jLev-qg

ro dpyov erog, o Kara eVraertav dpyelrac napd *Iou8atot? ofiOLOJS roL? e^Oofidcnv rjpLepaLg. Kav rovToj YlroXefiaLOS dvedelg rrjs TToXiopKias dvaLpel

rov? dS€X6i^

y

dyaTTcou

/cat

73 XoyoTTOLOVjJiivcxjv

StSou? S'

ojs

.

(f)d6va)

o

^

to,

ttoAAo,

Avriyovo?

diTO Grparelag "^XOev etV ttju ioprrjv, iu

TTarpLOV

TTOtetCT^at

ro)

eVetVab ra? rjpLepas voocp

deep,

;!^p7^(7aCT^at

Avriyovov eVt dva^dvTa perd raJv irepl avrov

^ovXoVy TOV he lidXiara 74 vrrep

^

KCKoap-qpevov,

rdBeX(f)oO.

kolv

avve^rj

tcou

Xapurpos fj

gkyjuo-

piev

/car'

tov 'AptCTTO-

re'Aet

ttjs

OTrXircoVy

ioprrj? cb? ivrjv

TrpooKwrjoai ro rrXeov npooLOvreg ol ttovt]-

rovrco

pol ro) /SaatAet r-qu re TToprr-qv

rwu

ottXltcvu iS-q-

Xovu /cat TO Trapdor-qpLa rou Wuriyovou pLei^ov rj Kar^ ISicorrju, on re Trapelr]^ perd p-eyiorov ovvrdypiaro? duaip-qacov avrov ov yap dvexeodai npLT^v pLouou €K /SacTtAet'a? ^X^^> irapov avr-qu Karaax^LU 75 (3) Tovroi? Kard piKpov aKiov intGrevorev 6 ^ApLGro^ovXo?, /cat irpovoaJv rov pi'qO* V7to7TT€Voju yeveodat Kal 7Tpor)G(f)aXLGdaL npo? to (f>av€p6? dBrjXou KadLGTrjGL^ p,kv rov^ oojp.aro(f)vXaKas €i TLVL Ta)V VTTOyaLOJV dXapL77€L, KaT€K€LTO S' cV T7^ AvTOJvia pLerovopia Bapet rrporepov aO^t? S' odeLGT], TTpoord^a? di-OTrXou pL€u aTrexeodaL, kt€l veiu 8e rou WuTLyovov, ei /xerd rcov ottXojv npoGLOL Kal Tjpos avTOv enepLipev rov6vov

Gvyyevovs.

dXXd

fie

rax^la

P-^XP^ tou^

fJLOi,

fiereiGu

Gcofia

orrarov, rrjv dSeXcfxx) Kal pLifrpl KaraKpirov

Kade^eis; fjLepos

Kal

P^XP^ rov^

rovjiov

Xa^erojGav dOpoov rovro, eK rwv ifxdjv GrrXdyx^ojv x*^^^^

^ Niese ttoO mss. Destinon (with Lat.): ai'ros mss. :

'

0

^v^^v

avrol?^ eiTLGTreLGOj Kara

af/xa;

raTs"

iJLr]Keri

8'

Slktj

duathe-

JEWISH WAR, little

later

I.

80-84

(

= ant.

xiii.

313-317)

came the news that Antigonus had been

slain in the

underground quarter,

also called, like

the maritime Caesarea, Strato's Tower." It was this identity of names which had disconcerted the seer. (6) Remorse for his foul deed had the instant effect The of aggravating the malady of Aristobulus. His mind ever distracted with thoughts of the murder, he fell into a decline until, sheer grief rending his entrails, he threw up a quantity of blood. While removing this, one of the pages in attendance slipped, so divine providence willed, on the very spot where Antigonus had been assassinated, and spilt on the yet visible stains of the murder the blood of the murderer. An instantaneous cry broke from the spectators, believing that the lad had intentionally poured the bloody libation on that spot. The king, hearing the cry, inquired what was its cause, and, when no one ventured to tell him, became more insistent in his desire to be informed. At length, under pressure of threats, they told him the truth. W^ith tears filling his eyes and a groan such as his " My lawremaining strength permitted, he said less deeds, then, were not destined to escape God's mighty eye ; swift retribution pursues me for my kinsman's blood. How long, most shameless body, wilt thou detain the soul that is sentenced to a brother's and a mother's vengeance ? How long shall I make them these drop-by-drop libations of my blood ? Let them take it all at once, and let heaven cease to mock them with these dribbling ;

:

" For Strato's Tower on the coast, afterwards rebuilt by Herod the Great and renamed Caesarea, see B. \. 408 The quarter in Jerusalem so called is not mentioned elseff".

where except VOL.

II

in the parallel

passage c 2

in

A.

xiii.

41

enc

JOSEPHUS ro haifiovLOV." raur' etTTOju ev^aoiXevoas ov ttX^lov eVtaurou. Avoaoa 8' 77 yvvr] tov? dSeA^oi)? avrov

eTTeipajpeveadoj deoj? reXevra (iv.

85

l)

KadioT-qaiv 'AAe^avSpoi^, rov koI Kad^ Koi iieTpiOTrjTL npovxeiv SoKOVura. 6 8e TTapeXOcjv els ttjv i^ovoiav rov erepov pceu tojv kt€lv€l, tov 3e /caraAi/xdSeXcfxjji' ^aoiXeLcjjvra dyarrcovTa to l^rjv hi\a Trpay/jLarcov 77ai'6p.€Pou

PaoiXea rjXLKLav

86

FtWrat

{'2)

iTTLKXrjdcvTa

8'

kol

avTco

Trpo?

avpL^oXi]

YlToXefxatop

Addovpop

top ttoXlv

^Aooj)(lp

TjprjKOTa, Kal ttoAAoi)? fi€P dpelXep tcop rroXefiLcop,

be

T)

PLKT]

UToXe/jLOLOP

77/30C

€pp€ip€P.

inel

8'

KXeoTTaTpas SLOJxdel? els AiyvrrTOP dv€)(d)prjoep, 'AAe^ai'Spo? Vahdpcup T€ ttoXlopklo. KpaT€L Kal WfxadovPTOs, o 8r} fieyLcrTOP fjikv 'i)p epvfjLa tcop vnep ^lopSdprjp, to. ri/xtaSrara 8e Tojp OeoScopou tov 7jT]pcdvos KTiqpidTtop rip ip eTTeXdojp 8' e^aL(j)Piqs 6 0eo8topos" ra T€ 87 avTOj. o(f>€Tepa Kal ttjp tov ^acrtAecas" drrooKevi^p alpei, oiiTos

VTTO

8*

TCOP

eTrdpcj

T-fjs

fjii-jTpos

^lovbalajp els fivplovs KTeipei. TTjS

WXe^avbpos Kal

TrXrjyijs

els TTjP TTapdXiOP alpel

WpOqhopa

T-rjP

avdis

yipeTai 8' TpaTTOfiepos

Tdt^ap Te Kal 'Pd(f)Lap Kal

vcf)^

'HpcoBou tov ^aoiXecjJS

^AypiTTTndSa e7n KXrjde to ap. 88

(3)

to *

'E^av8pa77o8to-a/xeVcu Se raura? enapiaTaTak

^lovhaiKOP iv

Ti/jLT]

om.

.Mss.

ep :

eopTrj'

inserted

fidXiOTa

yap

by Hudson from A.

ep xiii.

rats 323.

" Salina (t\/. Salome) or Alexandra, ^. xiii. 330. Though Josephus never expressly says so, it appears certain that besides the throne, she gave Alexander Jannaeus her banc in marriage. For her sub'sequent reign see ^ 107.

4t>

JEWISH WAR,

I.

84-88

(

= ant

xiii.

318-372)

from my entrails." With these words on hps he expired, after a reign of no more than a

offerings his

year.

(iv. 1) The widow of Aristobulus " released his alexan: imprisoned brothers and placed on the throne 104^^3^^^ Alexander, who had the double advantage over the others of seniority and apparent moderation of character. However, on coming into power, he put to death one brother, who had aspirations to the throne the survivor, who was content with ^ a quiet Hfe, he held in honour. (2) He also had an encounter with Ptolemy, sur- His eaiij named Lathyrus, who had taken the town of Asochis ^^^^^" although he killed many of the enemy, victory inchned to his opponent. But when Ptolemy, pursued by his mother Cleopatra, retired to Egypt,^ Alexander besieged and took Gadara and Amathus, the latter being the most important of the fortresses beyond Jordan and containing the most precious possessions of Theodorus, son of Zeno. Theodorus, however, suddenly appearing, captured both his own treasures and the king's baggage and put some ten thousand Jews to the sword. Alexander, nevertheless, recovering from this blow, turned towards the coast and captured Gaza, Raphia, and Anthedon, a town which subsequently received from King Herod the ;

;

name

of Agrippias.'^

After his reduction of these places to servitude, the Jewish populace rose in revolt against him at (3)

^

Or " loved." More correctly

to Cyprus, where he reigned after his expulsion by Cleopatra from the throne of Egypt A» xiii. 328, 358. See B. i. 416 (where the name is givefl as Agrippeion).

cf)dpayya KaXovfiiv-qv , 77-pd? ot? Fd/xaAav (jypovpLOV KapT€.p6v iXojv, TOV dpxovTa ^ruirjTpLov iv avTcp

TTapaXvGas* e'/c ttoXXcov iyKXrjfjLdTOJv, eTrdveiGLV els \ovhaiav, rpla rrX-qpcoGas eTiq Trjs GTpaTelasdo/Jievoj? 3' 1^770 TOV edvovg iSexOr] 8td ttjv €V^

Bekker;

'

From

(

KKXlvovaiiv) mss.

./. xiii.

391

:

'Avav or

Destinon: 5id mss.: rf. A. phrase 5ia fidxv^ B. iv. 372. ^

* -y hoKovv evGe^eGTepov elvai rcov dXXojv Kal tovs vopLovs aKpt^earepov d€LoaodaL p-kv

eK-ep.ipaL

8'

avrov?,

8ta,

ro

el

p.r)

eK ri]? TToXecu?. ol p.ev ovv eoKebdodrjoaw di^d rrji/ )(copaw. 115 WXe^dvSpa de eKTrepupaoa e-rrl Sap-aoKov orpartdi^, 7Tp6(f>aoL^ 8' -qv n-oAe/Ltaios" aei dXi^ow rrju ttoXlu, ravrrju p.ev v-ebe^aro prjdeu d^LoXoyov ipyaoaTiypdu-qu 8e rou Wpp.evi(jjv ^aaiXea npoo\\Q pLevrfV Kade^opievov nToA€/Ltai8t Kat TToXiopKOvira KAeo*

54

o^T&i

Destinon,

JEWISH WAR, became

I.

111-116

(

= ANT.

xiii.

409-419)

at length the real administrators of the state,

at Hberty to banish

and

to recall, to loose

and to

whom

they would. In short, the enjoyments of royal authority were theirs its expenses and burthens fell to Alexandra. She proved, however, to be a wonderful administrator in larger affairs, and, by continual recruiting doubled her army, besides bind,

;

body of foreign troops so that she not only strengthened her own nation, but became a formidable foe to foreign potentates. But if she ruled the nation, the Pharisees ruled her. collecting a considerable

;

(3) Thus they put to death Diogenes, a distinguished man who had been a friend of Alexander, accusing him of having advised the king to crucify They further urged his eight hundred victims." Alexandra to make away with the others who had and as instigated Alexander to punish those men she from superstitious motives always gave way, they proceeded to kill whomsoever they would. The most eminent of the citizens thus imperilled sought refuge with Aristobulus, who persuaded his mother to spare their lives in consideration of their rank, but, if she was not satisfied of their innocence, to expel them from the city. Their security being thus guaranteed, they dispersed about the country. Alexandra sent an army to Damascus, on the Aiexand pretext of the constant pressure put upon that city p^o'^iicy? by Ptolemy the troops, however, returned to her without having achieved anything remarkable. On the other hand, by means of treaties and presents, she won over Tigranes, king of Armenia, who was c 70-69 ;

;

«

§97.

55

JOSEPHUS Ttdrpav ovvdrjKais koI hojpoLS v7n]ydy€ro (f)ddu€L 5' cKelwos OLTTavaaTds Slol rd? oIkol rapa^ds c/jl^e^X-qKOTog etV rrjv WpfievLav A^vkoXXov. 117 Kdv rovrcp vooovarjs WXe^dvhpa? 6 veco(4') T€pos Tojv Traihojv ^ Apioro^ouXog top Katpov .

dpTtdoas pLerd rdjv OLKeicvv,^ ^'^X^^ ^^ TroAAou? Kal Trdvrag €vvovs Sta Tr]v deppLonqra, Kparei pikv rdjv cpvpLdroju drrdi'Tajv, tols 8' eV tovtcuv xPVI^^^^^

ddpoLoas eavrov dTToh^LKWOi jSacriAea. obvpopLeuou rou *YpKav6u tj pL-qr-qp OLKTelpaoa riqv re yvvaiKa Kal rovg TratSa? 'Aptaro^ovXov KaQeipyvvoLV ei? rriv Avrcoviav (fjpovpuov S' rjv TO) ^opetcp KXipcari rod Upov 7TpooKeipi€vov, TrdXai pL€u, CO? ((fy-qv, Bapt? 6uop,ai,6pL€i^oi', avdig be ravTYj? rv^dv Trjg TTpooiqyoplag iiriKpaTqaavros WvTOJVLOV, KadaTTep drro re rod He^aorov Kal WyptTTTTa ^e^aoTTj Kal XypnrTnds TToAet? eV-

pLLodo(f)6povg \\% rrpos

ravra

^

^

119 ojvopidod-qGav

irplv he

.

WpLGTO^ovXov hiOLK-qaaaa 120

rrj?

rrfv

eTre^eXBelv

^

AXe^dvhpa rov

rd8eX(f)OV KaraXvuecos

reXevra

dpx'qv ereotv evvea.

Kat

KXrjpoi^opLog p.ev tjv tojv dXojv 'YpKal tojoa r-qu ^aoiXeiav evexeipioev, hvvdpieL he Kal (l)pou-qpLaTi rrpoelxev 6 Wpiaro povXos yevopLevqs he avrolg nepl tcov dXcov ovpL ^oXrjg TTepl 'lepLXOvura KaTaXiTrovre? ol ttoXXoI rdi 'YpKai'OP p-era^aivovaLV Trpo? rou ^ Apioro^ovXov o he p.erd rujv avpLpLeii'dvrojv ^Sdvet ovpi(j>vy(jJi irrl r-qv Avrojviav Kal Kvptevaag tow rrpds oojriq (vi.

1)

Kavog,

d)

.

121

^

^

olKeiwv

Herwerden

:

oIk€tC}v mss.

and Niese.

" Cleopatra or Selene (A. xiii. 430), daughter of Ptolemy Physcon, and married to several of the Seleucid kings. Wi

56

JEWISH WAR,

I.

116-121

(

= ANT.

xiii.

419-xiv.

5)

seated before Ptolemais, besieging Cleopatra." He, however, had to beat a hasty retreat, recalled by domestic troubles in Armenia, which Lucullus had invaded. (4) Alexandra now falling ill, her younger son Aristobulus seized his opportunity and with the aid oi his lollowers a numerous body, every one or whom was devoted to him because of his fiery nature took possession of all the fortresses and, with the money which he found there, recruited a mercenary force and proclaimed himself king. The complaints of Hyrcanus at these proceedings moved the compassion of his mother, who shut up the wife and children of Aristobulus in Antonia. This was a fortress adjoining the north side of the temple, which, as I said,'' was formerly called Baris, but afterwards took this new name under Antony's

Revolt of '^^^

—

1°^

,

—

supremacy

Augustus and Agrippa gave ^ and Agrippias.** But before Alexandra could take action against

their

;

names

just as

to the cities of Sebaste

Aristobulus for his deposition of his brother, she Her expired, after a reign of nine years.

death

1) Hyrcanus, to whom even in her lifetime hyrcanu: " abdicai mother had entrusted the kingdom, was sole heir '" favour to the throne, but m capacity and courage was aristosurpassed by Aristobulus. A battle for the crown JjJ.'^^gV.c. took place near Jericho, when most of the troops of Hyrcanus deserted him and went over to Aristobulus. Hyrcanus, with those who remained with him, hastily :ook refuge in Antonia and secured hostages for his (vi.

-1

his

.

earn from Strabo. xvi. 749, that Tigranes on his retreat carried off Cleopatra as a prisoner and sublequently put her to death.

Vom Syria §

*

75.

Formerly Anthedon,

§

Samaria.

87.

57

,

JOSEPHUS ptav oyiiqpow ravra fjiera rojv 7€KV(x>v.

ht€Xvdr)oau

,

ojore

8'

r)

WpLoropovXov

rrplv

^aaiXeveiv

'YpKavov be eKordvra 122

-^v

d/xe'Aet

fj,ev

^

Apioro^ovXov

aAAr]? d7ToXav€LU

Trj€vyevai rov WpiGTO^ovXov el? ^AXe^dpSpeiou, rovro 8' ecrrlv (5)

Kal

ripos"

rcjjv

TTepl

,

.

TU)v TTavv <j>LXorip.ojs e^iiGKTjpievojv vrrep

(f)povpLov

6pov£ vip-qXov KeLpLevov, Trepupas Kara^aiveiv avrov 135 eKeXevGev raJ 8' tjv pLev oppLTj KaXovpLevcp SeGTTO.

TLKcorepov

hiaKivhvveveiv

pidXXov

-q

VTraKOVGat,

KaOecopa 8e ro TrXrjdo? dppojhovv, Kal TTaprjVovv ol 4)lXol GKenreGdat r-qv 'PojpLaLOJV lgxvv ovGav dvvTTOGrarov ols -neiGdel? KdreLGiv Trpos Yiop,TTrjLOv Kal TToXXd TTepl rod St/catco? dpx^LW ciTro136 Xoy-qdels VTreGrpeipev elg ro epvpLa. irdXiv re rdSeXchov TTpoKaXovpLevov Kara^ds Kal SiaXexOels .

* At'oc TToXews Spanheira Atos i?\{oi' 7r6\ea;s (probably arising from a glossed text Ato? ^ Aiov tt.) or AioaTroXewj >iss. :

62

s

JEWISH WAR,

I.

131-136

(

= ant.

xiv. 47-50)

Damascus, took refuge with him. Coming without presents and resorting to the same pleas which they had used with Aretas, they implored him to show his detestation of the violence of Aristobulus, and to restore to the throne the man whose character and seniority entitled him to it. Nor was Aristobulus behindhand relying on the fact that Scaurus was open to bribery, he too appeared, arrayed in the most regal style imaginable. But feeling it beneath his dignity to play the courtier, and scorning to further his ends by a servility that humiliated his magnificence, he, on reaching the city of Dium, took himself off, ^ (5) Indignant at this behaviour, and yielding to Aristobui the urgent entreaties of Hyrcanus and his friends, prepared Pompey started in pursuit of Aristobulus, with the war with Roman forces and a large contingent of Syrian auxiliaries. Passing Pella and Scy thopolis, he reached Coreae, at which point a traveller ascending through the interior enters the territory of Judaea. There he heard that Aristobulus had taken refuge in Alexandreion, one of the most lavishly equipped of fortresses, situated on a high mountain, and sent orders to him to come down. At this imperious mmmons Aristobulus felt disposed to brave the risk •ather than obey but he saw that the people were ;errified, and his friends urged him to reflect on the rresistible power of the Romans. He gave way, 'ame down to Pompey, and after making a long lefence in support of his claims to the throne, reurned to his stronghold. He descended again on lis brother's invitation, discussed the rights of his ;

;

" A. has " he went off (from Damascus) to hence to Judaea."

Dium and 63

JOSEPHUS rujv

7T€pi

ScKalcDV

YloijL7Tr)LOV.

fjLeao?

Karrj€L

cL?

Tpe7T€LV

fiev

aVTO),

a7T€iGLV S'

rjv

/jLrj

iXTTtdo?

kojXvovtos rov Kal Seovs, ko.

SvacuTT-qacov YlofjLTT-qLov ttolvt* imTTaXlU 8' dv€^aLV€U et? TTjU O-Kpav

TTpoKaraXveiv ho^ei^v avrov. iiTei jjievroL i^icrraodai re rwv (f)povpiOjv eKeXevev aura) /cat, TrapdyyeXfia raju (f)povpdp)(Oji' i-)(ovTOj\

137 a*?

IJ-T]

UofiTTTJio?

fjLovaLS

7T€L6apx€Lv

avT oyp6.(f)OLS

Tttt?

eTTiaroAat?

rjvdyKa^ev avTOv iKdcrroLg ypdcpeiv cV;(coperi^, Trote p.ev rd TTpooraxOeura, dyavaKTT]oa^ Se dvexd>priae\ els 'lepocToAu/xa /cat TTapeoKeud^ero noXe^ielv 7Tp6pLa)

etV

deparreta

/cat

rrjV

ovhe

Kara

/car'

rrju

rdjw

/ca^'jf

(fyoi'euop.evoL

dpi-jcrKeLav

rd/cpt^es"

avrrjv

dTreor-qGav.y

eva rfjji^ ro lepoi 6 he Trpoj-os v—ep^rji.'aL roXfMijoas ro rel^o? SuAAc Trat? Tjv Oaucrros" KopvrjXLOS /cat yLter* avrou e/carovrdpxoiL hvo Ooupio?^ /cat (^d^ios. etnero 8« eKaarcp ro lSlou orL(f)os, /cat Trepioxovres rravra^^ ro lepov eKreivov ovs pi€u rep vacp Tipoocfievyovras ovg he djxvvopievovs rrpos oXlyou.

149 rpiro)

TTijpyojv

p.i]vl

rrjg

TToXiopKLas

Karapptipavre?

/xdAi?

eloeTTLTrrov

^

+Kai

V'RNC

2

Lat.,

Heg.

:

els

Lat. (eliani). 4>pot'ptos

mss.

Military engines for flinging stones and other missiles A. xiv. 66 gives tiie precise year (Olympiad 179 an< the Roman consuls of 63 b.c.) and adds "on the day of th fast," i.e. probably the Day of Atonement (10th Tishr September-October). Dio Cassius, xxxvii. 16, says " on th "

**

68

•

JEWISH WAR,

I.

146-149

(

= ant.

xiv.

64-70)

his troops to engage in hostilities for on the sabbaths the Jews fight only in self-defence. The ravine once filled up, he erected lofty towers on the earthworks, brought up the battering engines which had been conveyed from Tyre, and tried their effect upon the walls the ballistae," meanwhile, beating off However, the towers, which resistance from above. in this sector were extraordinarily massive and beautiful, long resisted the blows. (4) While the Romans were undergoing these severe hardships, Pompey was filled with admiration for the invariable fortitude of the Jews, and in particular for the way in which they carried on their religious services uncurtailed, though enveloped in a Just as if the city had been wrapt hail of missiles. in profound peace, the daily sacrifices, the expiations and all the ceremonies of worship were scrupulously performed to the honour of God. At the very hour when the temple was taken, when they were being capture o massacred about the altar, they never desisted from '^'iQTemp the religious rites for the day. It was the third month of the siege ^ when, having with difficulty succeeded in overthrowing one of the towers, the Romans burst into the temple. The first to venture across the wall was Faustus Cornelius, son of Sulla fter him came two centurions, Furius and Fabius. Followed by their respective companies, they formed 1 ring round the court of the temple and slew their victims, some flying to the sanctuary, others offering ;

;

;

i

brief resistance.

labbath " {^v rrj tov Kpouov n/j.^pa) ; and it has been held )y some that " the fast " named in Josephus's non-Jewish •ource meant the sabbath, according to a mistaken and widepread idea in the Graeco-Roman world that the Jews fasted )n the sabbath (Schiirer).

69

JOSEPHUS 150

(5)

"Kpda

77oAAot

TcJou

lepeoju

^t^r^pet?

TToXefJLLOV?

IvLovras ^Xenovrc? aOopv^oj?

6pr]GK€La?

efieivau,

a7T€.vhovreju,ata>P'

aTparrjyu)

avrovg rot? Se

tSiots"

FctSapat'

/cat

TaSo-ptrr]

tlvl

156 X'^P'-^^H'^^^^

KaTarerayixivaj

opoL]9

V7togx^G€l

TTepl

toju

dpLGrevet ttjv pLdxrjv 6 fieu

rjye}.Ld>v

del

yevvalo'^

/jLT^Seu

TToXXovg Tovg

Se jjLeTpLOv (f)pouovuTOJU aTTOKTeiua? 165 AotTTou? aTTeKXeiGev et? to epvfia.

navTaxov

rjpLapTr)-

avrov? TrpoGayayeGdaf

Kara Tavrrjv Wvtwvlo?,

Md/DACO?

ovSapiov

(f>aveL<s,

8'

FgISlvlo^ Se tov? e^aiprjGOVTa? to (f>povpLOV

ovrcog.

KaTaXirrdjv avTO^

eTTijei Tag p.ev dTTopdrjTOV^ TToXei? KaOiGTaixevo^, ra? he KaTeGTpa}.ip.evas dvaKrit^ojv 166 ovverroXiGdiiGav yovv tovtov KeXevGaPTO£ TtKvdottoXls Te Kal Hafidpeia Kal ^Avdrjhdjv Kal 'A770AXojiia Kal ^Idfiveta Kal 'Pd(f)€La Ma/3tcra re Kal

Whwpeog TToXXai,

Kal Tojv

Kal

Fd/jLaXa^

OLKrjTopojw

"A^coto?

dofxei'Lo?

icf)^

Kal d'AAai CKdoT-qu

GVvdeOVTQJV 167

(5)

^

76

Mera TO

77/30S"

VC

^

he ttjv tovtcov eTTLfxeXetav erraveXdayv

AXe^dvhpeLov eTTeppojoev :

1

d/iaXa the

ifcst

.

ti)u TToXtopKiau,

Gadara Lat.

:

Gaza

^.[j

JEWISH WAR,

I.

162-167

(

= ant.

xiv. 84-89)

body. Antipater's picked troops and the rest of the Jewish contingent under the command of Mahchus and Peitholaus joined forces with Antony's generals and proceeded against Alexander. Gabinius appeared before long with the heavy infantry. Alexander, unable to withstand the combined forces of the enemy, retired, but wlien approaching Jerusalem was forced into an engagement. In this battle he lost six thousand of his men, three thousand killed, and as many prisoners. With the remnant of his army he fled to Alexandreion. (4) Gabinius, following him thither, found many of his

men camping outside

Before attacking

the walls.

them, he endeavoured, by promise of pardon for past offences, to bring them over to his side but, on their proudly refusing all terms, he killed a large number of them and confined the remainder in the The honours of this combat went to the fortress. ;

commanding

officer,

Mark Antony

;

his valour, dis-

played on every battlefield, was never so conspicuous Leaving the reduction of the fort to his as here. troops, Gabinius made a parade of the country, restoring order in the cities which had escaped devastation, and rebuilding those which he found in ruins.

It

was,

for

instance,

by

his

orders

that

Scythopolis, Samaria, Anthedon, Apollonia, Jamnia,

Raphia, Marisa, Adoreus, Gamala, Azotus, and many other towns were repeopled, colonists gladly flocking to each of them. (5) After supervising these arrangements, Gabinius returned to Alexandreion and pressed the siege so 77

and

rest

country.

JOSEPHUS 'AAe'^aiSpo? aTToyvov? rrepl rojv oXojv im-pog avrou, ovyyvajodrjuat t€ tow r)iiaprr]fi€vajv S€6pL€vo? Koi ra ovfXfxivovTa^ (jypovpia TrapadLSov? 'TpKaviau Kal Maxatpovvra- avOis he 168 Kal TO WXe^6.vbp€LOv ivex^^pi-oeu. a rravra TajSato? €vayovar)g -rjg WAe^di^hpou p.r]Tp6? Kar<jj(jre

KripvK€V€rai

€(jrpei/j€v,

wg

p.r]

ttolXlv oppLTjTTjpLou

yivoiro devrepov

TToXe/jLOV TTaprjV he iieiXiGGOfxevri rou Faf^LULOU heo

^AvriTTarpov TrpoTrepufjag pLeri-eiaev ovvepi^vov hk AXe^dvhpoj rpelg p-vpid^es, KdK€LPO£ wppc-qro ,

^

TToXepelv.

ovrojs

e^doiv

rrpog

pidxriv.

virrjvrojv

8' ol 'JofSatOi,

Kal GvpL^aXovrojv nepl ro ^Ira^vpiov opog pLvpLOL p-kv dvaipovvraL, ro bk Xolttov ttXyjOos 17S cGK^hdodrj (f>vyi]. Kal Fa/ScVio? iX6d>i' eh '\epoo6Xvpia rrpos ro WvriTidrpov ^ovXrip.a KareGrrjaaro rrjv TToXireLav. evdev oppLT^oa^ ^a^araLOju re p-axf) Kparel Kal Midpthdrr^v Kal ^OpGavrjV (f)vyovra? eV YldpOajv Kpv(j)a p,kv d7T€7T€pnp€V, vapd hk roLS GrpariojraL? eXeyev dTTohpavai. 179 (8) \\dv rovr oj KpdGGOS avroj 8ia8o;^o? iXddjv napaXapL^dvei ^vpiav. ovros el? rrjv inl T\dp6ov9 Grpareiav rov re dXXov rod ev 'XepoGoXvpoiq vaov )(Pvg6v Trdvra irepielXev Kal rd SiGXiXta rdXavra rjpev, (hv d7ieG\ero Flo/x 777)10?. hia^ds " Or " river-mouths." entrusted to the Jews cf.

For the charge of the

Ap.

ii.

river Nile

Q^.

'As Reinach remarks, this detail, which has no relevance tc Jewish history, shows that Josephus is abridging a genera history. The language, both here {Kpvcpa dw^TTfu-^ei') and 82

JEWISH WAR, For

this

I.

175-179

(

= axt.

xiv. 99-105)

campaign Hyrcanus and Antipater put

services entirely at his disposal.

their In addition to pro-

viding money, arms, corn, and auxiliaries, Antipater further induced the local Jewish guardians of the frontiers ° at Pelusium to let Gabinius through. His departure, however, was the occasion for a general commotion in Syria and Alexander, son of Aristobulus, heading a new Jewish revolt, collected a vast army and proceeded to massacre all Romans in the country. Gabinius was alarmed. He was already on the spot, news of the local disturbances having hastened his return from Egypt. Sending Antipater in advance to address some of the rebels he brought them over to reason. Alexander, however, had still ;

thirty thousand left

and was burning

for

action.

Gabinius, accordingly, took the field, the Jews met him, and a battle was fought near Mount Tabor, in which they lost ten thousand men the remainder fled and dispersed. Gabinius then proceeded to Jerusalem, where he reorganized the government in accordance with Antipater 's wishes. From there he marched against the Nabataeans, whom he fought and defeated. Two fugitives from Parthia, Mithridates and Orsanes, he privily dismissed, giving out to his soldiers that they had made their escape.** (8) The government of Syria now passed into the Crassus hands of Crassus, who came to succeed Gabinius. thelemp To provide for his expedition against the Parthians, -^^-^s b.c Crassus stripped the temple at Jerusalem of all its ^old, his plunder including the two thousand talents left untouched by Pompey.'' He then crossed the ;

the parallel A. xiv. 103 (ry 8e \6yui d-rredpaaau avrou), ' §§ 152 f. oased on Thuc. i. 128. in

'

is

'

83

i

JOSEPHUS

J

5^ Tov Kv(f)pdTrju av76v ov vvv Kacpos Xeyetv. Se fieTO. tov Kpdooov eVtSia80 (9) riap^ous"

^alvELV

eiV

Si'piar

ojpfi-qiievovs

du€K07TT€V

Kaa-

0109

TrepLTToirjoari)v i-rxp-)^iav €L9 SLa(f)vyci)v. fiei'o? §' avTTjV eTTL 'louSata? rj-elyero, /cat Tapi/lev eXdjv €ls rpels

Xaia^

TTohiC^eTai, KTeivei 8e kol

^ovXov

pivpidhas ^lovhaicov dvhpaVieiOoXaov rovs 'A/jictto-

iTTLGUULardvra' rod (^owov Avrlrrarpo?. rovrio yrjfiavri yvvaiKa row i.7noriiX(x>v e^ Wpa^la?, KL'Trpoi^^ rovfOfjLa, reaaape? fiev vUls yivowrai, Oaactr^ Ao? Kal 6 ^aaiXev? avdis 'Wpo'jhiqs, Ttpos oig ''Xo'jarjTTOs Kal ^epojpas kol 'LaXojfJLr] 6vydrr]p

181 8e

oraaiaa-ds

uvfj-^ouXog

Tjv

^

Se tous" Travraxov Sui^arou?

e^a)K€LajfJievos

T€ Kal ^eviaig ^idXiora rrpoG-qydyero rov