Introduction to Shi'i Law: A Bibliographical Study

An Introduction to Shi'i Law a bibliographical study Hossein Modarressi Tabataba'i An Introduction to shr6rL ~ W a ...

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An Introduction to Shi'i Law a bibliographical study Hossein Modarressi Tabataba'i

An Introduction to

shr6rL

~ W

a bibliographical study

Ithaea Press London 1984

0 Hossein Modarressi Tabitabi'i

FOREWORD

ISBN 0 86372 015 3 First published in 1984 by Ithaca Press

13 Southwark Street

London SEl 1RQ

The Shi'i legal system, which is one of the two major divisions of Islamic law, is a developed integrated system with a long continuous tradition of

Typeset by Barbara Daykin

Gloucester

innovation.

As the system has always been open to new ideas, and as

criticism and original contributions were welcome and encouraged, it grew Printed

&

bound in Great Britain by

Biddles Ltd Guildford & King's Lynn

into and continues to grow as a developed, thriving body of legal thought. Many S h i ' i jurists in the past were at the same time outstanding philosophers, and through them many elements from Islamic logic and philosophy were introduced into, and discussed in, S h i ' i law and jurisprudence. This process resulted, on the one hand, in the appearance of new and highly meticulous legal analyses in S h i ' i law and jurisprudence, and contributed, on the other hand, to the development of Islamic logic and philosophy.

S h i ' i legal works, and in particular thosc of the last two

centuries a r e , therefore, of significant value not only for their legal analyses but also for thleir evaluation and criticism of certain traditional points of view in logic and philosophy as studied in thc Islamic world. The intention of this work is to give the general outlines of S h i ' i law. It is arranged in two parts.

In the first part a short description is given

of the contents of S h i c i law and jurisprudence, together with a brief discussion of its historical development.

In the second p a r t , a list of

some Shi'i comprehensive legal works and monographs is given to provide students of this legal system with essential information about references that should be consulted in any serious study of this subject. The author would like to thank Professor W . Madelung, Professor A . K . S. Lambton and Mr. Albert Hourani who read the first part of this

work and offered valuable suggestions for its improvement.

CONTENTS

Abbreviations Transliteration P A R T ONE

s ~ i 'LAW i

1

SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES

2

GENERAL S T R U C T U R E OF

s ~ i ' LEGAL i

Chrpter o n e

: THE

C h a p t e r Two

:

Chapter Three

: T H E OUTLINES O F

Chapter Four

:

GENERAL REMARKS ON SHf'f JURISPURDENCE

SHT-7

LAW

THE PERIODS O F S H i ' i LAW PART TWO MAIN WORKS ON S H ? " ~LAW

Chap'ter Five

:

SOME COMPREHENSIVE WORKS A S y s t e m a t i c Legal Works B Collections of FotwZs C Miscellaneous Works

Chapter Six

: SOME MONOGRAPHS

A General B On A c t s of Devotion

C On Contracts D On Unilateral Obligations E BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

On 'Rules1

7 13

23

ABBREVIATIONS

9

=

hijr? qomor7

sh

=

hijrT shams?

klK

=

kitCb

cat.

:

t h e catalogue of t h e l i b r a r y concerned

AB

=

AghZ B u z u r g , 01-DharT'a ilC ta~CnTf01-ShT'a

Fl

=

Encyclopoedio of Islam (second edition)

Nosh.

=

Nashriyya-yi KitCbkhCno-yi Morkazi-yi DCnishgCh-i Tehran nuskhohCy-i k h o t t 7 d a r bCra-yi

References in footnotes a r e given b y a u t h o r s a n d , if n e c e s s a r y , b y a s h o r t title of thc work.

The full titles a r e t o b e Sound in i h e bibliography

u n d e r t h e a u t h o r ' s name o r u n d e r t h e s h o r t title i l the work i s anonymous. Likewise t h e libraries a r c r e f e r r e d in t h e second p a r t b y a s h o r t title a n d t h e full names a n d details of their catalogues a r e l o be found in t h e bibliography.

TRANSLITERATION The system u s e d m t h e Encyclopaedia of Islam h a s been a d o p l c d , wlth t h e following exceptions:

c

1

19

9

E

ch

There a r e two more points t o bc noted h e r e : ( 1 ) For well-known geographical names t h e common spellings h a v e been preferred. (2)

The definite article h a s been omitted from t h e beginning of t h e names

in all references in t h e footnotes, except where i t i s followed b y an adjective with t h e article.

Part One General Structure of Shi'iLaw

THE

3

SHT'T LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES

prevalent Shi'i school, follow the opinions of their twelve Imams, especially the sixth, AbG 'Abd Allah Ja'far b . Mubarnmad al-sadiq, and for this their legal school is also known a s Ja'farT.

reason

***

Chapter One

The Q u r ' i n , Tradition (sunno), the consensus of the Shi'i jurists (ijmii') and reason ('oq1)l form the sources of Shi'i law. The Q u r ' i n , in its apparent literal sense, has shaped the spirit and THE S H ? ' ~LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES

foundation of S h i ' i law. The Tradition, i . e . the statements, deeds and tacit consent of the Prophet and the Imams, must be handed down be reliable narrators.

As a doctrinal system, Shi'ism represents a particular tendency of Islam shaped by a chain of theologico-historical analyses.

The YadTth al-

In

respect to this reliability, the doctrinal views of the transmitters are considered irrelevant. A tradition handed down by a reliable non-Shi'i is

Thaqaloyn, a tradition which was handed down by both Shi'is and Sunnis

viewed as sound and acceptable just as one transmitted by a veracious

from the Prophet, according to which the Prophet called on Muslims to

Sh i 'i .

follow the Qur'an and his own Family aftcr him,' was, along with a number of other traditions,

the root and original source of this tendency which

was later strengthened by further theologico-philosophical and historical reasonings.

of ijmii' has been explained in various ways, up to twelve.

In religious matters, Shi'ism has generally based its views on the instructions of prominent members (Imams) of the Prophet's family. The main difference between Sunni and Shi'i legal schools is the manner in which they received the Prophet's Tradition and in their legal sources. Whereas Sunnis received Tradition as transmitted by the Prophet's companions, Shi'is received it through his Family.

In another respect, whereas Sunni legal schools follow the juridical opinions of some juris-

consults of Medina and Iraq, Shi'is Follow the opinions of their Imams, who were descendants of the Prophet.

IjrnZ', i . e . the unanimity of the views of all S h i ' i jurists on a certain legal question, is not a source on its own, but it can become a means through which the opinions of the Imams may be discovered. This function The most

popular among these in contemporary Shi'i law holds that since ijrnii' is the unanimity of the views of 'all' S h i ' i scholars, it naturally includes the views of those scholars who lived in the time of the Imams or the period quite close to it.

Many of these were close companions of the The consensus of these

ImSms and knew their opinions quite thoroughly.

very early jurists, most of whom were absolute followers of the Imams, normally demonstrates the view of the Imams. By 'reason1 as a source"or

S h i ' i law is meant categorical judgments

The Twclver Shi'a which is now the

See Ibn Sa'd, 11, p . 194; Abmad, 111, pp. 14, 17, 59, I V , p . 371, V, p p . 181-2; Muslim, 11, pp. 237-8; Tirmidhi, 11, pp. 219-20; Nasa'i, p . 93; Darimi, 11, p 310; Bayhaqi, 11, p . 148, VII, p . 30, X , p . 113; Bakim, 111, pp. 109-10, 533; Khatib, 111, p p . 255, 258; TabZwi, 11, p . 307, I V , p . 368; Mundhiri, 11, p . 199; Tabarini, I , p p . 131, 135; aluakim alF'l'irmidhi, p p . 68-9; Baghawi, V , pp. 593, 600; Ibn al-Athir, I , p. 187; Ibn al-Turkumani, VII, p . 31; Qasjalini, VII, pp. 4-8; Haythami, I X , pp. 164-5; 'Asqalani, IV, p . 6 5 ; Ibn 'Asakir, I , p. 45; Maqrizi, p . 38; SuyGti, Ibya', pp. 11-30; Muttaqi, X V , p p . 91, 122-3. Independent works are written about this tradition, among them a treatise by Qawiim al-Din al-Wishnawi (YodTth 01-Thaqoloyn, Cairo, 1374q). Mir Barnid Fusayn al-Laknawi devoted a whole volume of his 'Aboqiil a/-anwiir to the chains of authority of this tradition (see the Arabic translation of this book, Vol. I , in which the tradition is quoted from approximately two hundred Sunni sources).

The common sources of the four Sunni legal schools are: the Qur'an, Tradition, ijmii' and qiyiis. Opinions differ about a number of other sources which have been added by some of the schools to those four. IjrnZ' is a source on its own in the Sunni legal system. Qiyiis is the application of the precept of a certain legal case to a similar one through analogical reasoning. The S h i ' i s maintain that such an application is possible only where there is a basic common denominator between the two cases inasmuch as one can be certain that the same reason which is behind the precept in the original case, covers the other case as well (see Karaki, Tor7q istinbiir a/-abkijm, p . 17). It should be noted that these are the sources of the predominant UzClT school of S h i ' i law. The A k h b S school resorted only to Tradition. The earliest legal work in which the four sources above are mentioned with the same order is Ibn I d r i s al-villi's 01-Sarii'ir, p . 3. The early S h i ' i u$Cl works did not usually mention reason as a source of law. See further Muvaffar, 11, p . 122.

See for instance Sharaf al-Din, pp. 42-51, 130-227.

See Muvaffar, 11, p . 107. 9

s will be explained later, reason, in S h i ' i law, is also employed as

4

AN INTRODUCTION TO

SHT'T

THE S I I ~ LEGAL '~ SYSTEM AND ITS SOURCES

LAW

drawn from both pure and practical reason.

A clear instance is the judgment of practical reason that justice i s good and injustice is evil. In S h i ' i u$Gl al-fiqh there i s a principle which states that whatever i s

a/-WrSfT, by Mubammad b . Murla(li al-Kishani , known a s Mubsin

5.

al-Fayg ( d . 109111680) 6.

WosF'il al-ShT'a, by Mubammad b . Basan al-Ijurr albST\mili ( d . 11041

7.

Bibtr ol-an wtr , by Muhammad B i q i r b . Mubarnmad Taqi al-Majlisi

1693)

ordered by reason, is also ordered by religion (kull mii bakam bih a l ' a q l , hakam bib 01-shar').

In accordance with this principle, which i s known a s the 'rule of correlation ' (qii'idat 01-muliiramo), religious rules may be

5

( d . 111011699) Mustodrok a/-Wosii'il, by Uusayn b . Mubarnmad Taqi a l - N t r i

inferred from the sole verdict of reason.

8.

damot 01-wiijib), or between prescribing something and prohibiting i t s

The f i r s t four of these books are collectively known a s 'the four books1 (01-kutub al-arbo'o). In S h i ' i legal literature these four hold the same

The correlation between the obligatoriness of an act and the obligatoriness of its prerequisites (muqadopposite (mas 'alat 01-(iidd), o r , the impossibility of combining command and prohibition in a single case from a single standpoint (ijtimii' al-amr wa'ln a h y ) , are all rational precepts in the methodology of S h i ' i law and

( d . 132011908)1

position that, the six famous collections of Sunni traditions (al-kutub 01s i t t a ) have among S u n n i s . The most popular legal work of reference i s

sources based on pure reason in the juridical efforts to discover legal

Wasii'il ai-5hT'a which gathers the legal traditions contained in the 'four

rules.

books' and in many other sources, and since it i s limited to traditions concerned with legal subjects, it is the most convenient reference handbook

*** Thc traditions handed down from the Prophet and ImZms, which constitute the most important source for S h i ' i law, collections.

are assembled in special

The most renowned of these, which a r e the usual reference

works for jurists, are the following: 1.

K. 01-Ko%, by A b t J a ' f a r Mubammad b . Ya'qtb al-Kulayni ( d . 3291941)

2.

3.

K . Man 1; Yabduruh al-faqTh, by Mubammad b . 'Ali b . BZbawayh

The acceptability of any of the traditions of these books is subject to certain conditions.

The reliability and honesty of all the narrators of a

chain of transmitters of a tradition must first be proved.

This is done by

a branch of scholarship known a s 'ilm a/-rijtl (='ilm rijbi aoibadi?h) which investigates the narrators of the traditions and their biographies. Traditions are graded and divided in accordance with the levels of their

' on the basis

of specific principles found in another branch of

al-Qummi, known a s al-Sadiiq ( d . 3811991-2)

reliability,

TahdhTb al-abkiim, by Mubarnmad b . JJasan al-TEsi, Shaykh al-

Some other major comprehensive collections of S h i ' i traditions a r e : Jawiimi' al-kalim by Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Jaz'a'iri , ' A w5lim 01-'ulGm wa'lmo'brif by 'Abd Allih b . N t r Allih a1-BabrZni, Jiimi' al-rna'iirif wa'lobktm by 'Abd Allih b . Mubammad Ri(li Shubbar al-ilusayni al-Kazimi and Jbmi' obbfith ol-sh7'a by u u s a y n b . 'Ali al-TabZtabi'i al-Burtjirdi. See Shahid I I , D i r t y o , p p . 62-81; Abu'l-Qisim b . JJasan Yazdi, I , p p . 44-61. The main S h i ' i works on this discipline a r e : K. Ma'rifat al-rijiii by al-Kashshi , K . a/-pu'afii' by al-Ghaai'iri , K . a/-Rijbl by al-Najishi , K . al-Fihrist and K . a/-Rijiil by Muhammad b . IJasan a l - T t s i . _Some important later works a r e : Ma'iilim a i ' u l o m 5 ' by Ibn ShahrZshGb, IQItb alishtibth and KhuiF$at 01-aqw8 by alk'AllZma, K. al-Rijiil by Ibn Diwkd, 01-TobrTr 01-TFwGsT by Sibib al-Ma'Zlim, Monhaj al-maqiil by Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Astaribzdi , Naqd 01-riitl by al-Tafrishi , Majmo' al-rijiil by alQ u h p a ' i , VFwT al-maqF1 by 'Abd al-Nabi al-Jaza'iri , Jiimi' a/-ruwtt by Mubammad al-Ardabili , Muntahb a/-maqiil by A b t 'Ali , al-Fawii'id alrijbiiyya by Babr alk'Ultm, TonqTb al-moqtl by 'Abd Allih al-Mimaqini, Qtmiis ol-rijiil by Mubammad Taqi a l - T u s t a r i , and Mu'jom_rijbl ol-bafith by al-Khu'i. For other S h i ' i works on this subject see AghZ Buzurg, Mugoffii ol-maqiil fT mu$anniF 'ilm al-rijtl ( T e h r a n , 1959).

Ti'ifa ( d . 46011067) 4.

for every jurist.

al-lstib$iir, by Mubammad b . @asan al-TGsi

the means for thinking, in which sense it simply means rational argument. This sense of reason i s described in the traditions of the Imams a s the only means to discovcr realities (see Karijaki, p . 70). See Mubaqqiq, Mu'tabar, p . 6; Shahid I , Dhikrt, p . 5; idem, Qawb'id, p . 25; Miqdid, TanqTb, fols. 2b-3a; Qibib al-Madirik, Hidiiyot al-liilibii? , fols. 2b-3a; Q a l i f i , Kashf ol-fawb'id, p . 130. Mubarnmad B'aqir al-Sadr maintains that 'reason' i s a potential rather than an actual source for S h i ' i law. He says that although, according to the methodology of S h i ' i law, reason can on i t s own discover an injuriction and guide toward a certain religious precept, this has never been actualized in practice and all religious commands which can be discovered through the categorical verdicts derived from reason are to be found in t h e Qur 'an and Tradition (Mubammad Biqir al-Sadr , Fatiiwii, I , p . 98). This i s because the traditions indicate duties in particular cascs with details, whereas the Qur'Zn usually has general rules.

'

See Shahid I , Dhikrb, p . 4; Ibn Fahd, Muhadhdhab, fol. 2b; MiqdSd, TanqTb, fol. 3a; Karaki , TorTq istinb5t a/-abkbm, p . 10;

scholarship known, in S h i ' i literature, a s 'ilm a/-diriiya , ( = 'iim diriiyol 01-bofith).'

On these bases, many traditions of the above sources are

n o t , in t h e view of the jurists, sound and reliable.

***

Chapter Two

The inference of legal precepts, from t h e four aforementioned sources of S h i ' i law (the Q u r ' i n , Tradition, ijmii' and rcason) is carried out through a kind of logical rcasoning which, in Islamic terminology,is called iitihzd.

According to S h i ' i teachings, it is always possible for scholars

GENERAL REMARKS ON

SHT'T JURISPRUDENCE

to practise this kind of rational argument in Islamic law, while S u n n i s restrict it to sornc scholars of the early centuries 01 Islam.

In confronting

any legal problem, every S h i ' i jurist must personally investigate these

The inference and discovery of legal norms (istinbiit) from the afore-

legal sourccs to take his own decision about i t . Imitation of the opinion of

mentioned sources, which a r e in some cases contradictory, follow particular

a muitohid, however great he i s , by another mujtohid in legal matters is

rules which are explained by a special branch of scholarship known a s

uniawiul.

ugiii oi-fiqh (principles of law).

This discipline i s a collection of gcneral

rules and regulations on how to deducc positive precepts from the sources. Some of these rules and principles have been borrowed from other disciplines such a s logic, philosophy, theology and philology. In the early periods of Islam, S h i ' i scholars wrote treatises on sornc topics of usGI 01-fiqh, a s i s mentioned in the sources.

But t h e oldest

extant work on usiil al-fiqh by a S h i ' i scholar i s o l T a d i ~ k i r ab i - u ~ i i lalfiqh by al-Shaykb al-MuEd, Mullammad b . MuQammad b . al-Nuemin al-Baghdidi ( d . 441311022), a summary of which i s included by al-Karajaki in h i s book Kanr al-fowz'id. Next, there i s a relatively voluminous work on this subject by al-Sharif al-MurtaGZ, 'Ali b . uusayn al-Miisawi ( d . 436110441, entitled Shahid 11, Diriiya, p p . 19-61; IJusayn b . 'Abd al-samad, Wu7Gl 01-akhyiir, p p . 20-56; $iQib al-Madirik, Hid5yol a/-tiilibTn, fol. 5a; Bahii' al-Din al-'Kmili, WafTra, p p . 4-5; idem, Mashriq 01-shomsayn, p . 269; DZmZd, Rowiishib, p p . 115-204; B i h b a h i n i , To'lTqiit, p p . 5-9; Abu '1-Qisim b . Hasall al-Yazdi , I , p p . 3-44; MimaqZni, Miqbiis, p p . 35-105.

a/-DharTCoilii ugZl a/-shor7'o.

The book of Shaykh al-Ti'ifn hlul~ammad

b . uasan al-Tiisi, 'Uddat 01-uiG14 is the most famous work on u ~ G 01-fiqh l of early periods.

It was a text-book in S h i ' i centres of learning for a

long time. Another r a t h e r old source i s t h e relevant chapter of a/-Chunya

Some main S h i ' i works on this subjcet a r e : 01-Diriiyo and Sharb Risiilat oi-diriiyo by al-Shahid al-ThXni, Wusiii_al-okhyiir by uusayn b . 'Abd al-Samad, ol-Wa[7ro by Bah2' &Din al-'Amili, a/-Rawiishib 01samiiwiyyo by al-Diimiid, Towfii, 01-moqiii by 'Ali al-Kani; MiqbCs 01-hidiiyo by 'Abd Allih al-Miimaqini, and Samb' a/-maqiil by Abu '1-Hudii al-Kalbisi. Also Fowii'id-i shiiriyo by a l - F a r i h i , Lubb 01-Lubiib by Muhammad Ja'far al-Astariibiidi , Qawii'id a/-bodTth by al-Ghariii , and Qiyii' a/-diriiyo by PiyZ' al-Din al-'Allarna.

See IJasan al-sadr, p p . 310-12. It will be seen later on in this work that a group oS early S h i ' i jurists, who were contemporaries of t h e Twelve Imams, used rational argument and t h r rules of u$El a/-fiqh in t h e inference of legal precepts.

411 the above-mentioned principles are according to the Usiili school of S h i ' i law. The Akhbiris rejected iitihiid and prohibited the practice of rational argument in law. There a r e some objections l o the practice of iftihiid in the traditions from the ImZms and in early S h i ' i works too. Most of t h e s e , however, r e f e r to the Sunni version of iitihiid which includes qiyiis and isLibs6n.

Edited Tehran, 1967-9. Al-Murtadi had written independent treatises on almost all the topics of ugiil 01-fiqh (see his introduction to 01-DharT'o, I , p . 2). He also discussed t h e ugGl topic of okhbiir 01-iibiid in his a/D h a k h p o , formally a work of koliim theology (see Shaykh, 'Udda, p p . 33-71,

K a r i j a k i , p p . 186-94 (see also Shaykh, 'Uddo, p . 2 ; shoykh-i TiisT, 111, p . 373; Brunschvig, p p . 201 f f ) .

Edited Tehran, 1313-14q and Bombay, 1312-18q.

Yiidniimo-yi

GENERAL REMARKS ON SHf'f JURISPRUDENCE by Ibn Zuhra al-Ejalibi ( d . 58511189-90). K . a/-Mogiidir

u j i i l 01-fiqh by

Sadid al-Din Mabmiid al-uimmasi, the Shi'i scholar of late 6thll2th century is not extant, but some paragraphs of it are quoted in Ibn Idris's olSarii'ir.

Next, the works of al-Muhaqqiq J a ' f a r b . Basan al-villi ( d . 6761

1277) such as Ma'Zrif a / - w u g i i i , and then those of ai'AllZma uasan b. Yiisuf b. al-Mutahhar al-villi ( d . 72611325) such as TahdhTb 01-usiil, Mobiidi' 01wu$Zl and NihZyat a / - w u s i i l contributed to the evolution of this discipline.

Following this period, many commentaries ( s h a r b ) and annotations ( b Z s h i y o ) appeared on the works of al-'Allima,

some of which are listed in Two of the

Aghi Buzurg al-Tihrini's a/-DhorT'a ilZ t a s i i n i f a/-ShT'a.

most famous of these are the commentaries known as a l - p i y i ' i and al'Amidi5 which had a notable influence on the development of S h i ' i u$Ci 01-fiqh. AI-Shahid al-Awwal Shams al-Din Muhammad b . Makki 31-'Amili ( d . 78611384) assembled these two commentaries, together with some useful notes by himself, in a volume entitled Jtimi' 01-boyn. vasan b . Zayn al-Din al-'Amili

( d . 101111602) paved the way for con-

centrated discussions on u $ Z l a / - f i q h by composing a systematic and well arranged text as an introduction to his legal work Ma'iilim 01-dTn Thereafter, numerous commentaries and annotations were composed on this t e x t , which has been a text-book in S h i ' i centres of learning since the I l t h l l 7 t h century.

development.

It was, however, revived with the appearance of a prominent

scholar in the last third of the 12thl17th century, Muhammad Biqir b . Muhammad Akmal al-Bihbahini , known as 31-Wahid ( d . 120511791), who strove vigorously to combat the influence of AkhbZrism and to propagate u j i i l a/-fiqh.

His students also devoted themselves to the same cause.

Works such as QawiinTn a / - u g i i l by Abu '1-QZsim b . yasan al-GilZni, known as al-Mubaqqiq al-Qummi ( d . 123111816), a/-FugCl by Muhammad uusayn b . Muhammad Rabim al-Igfahini ( d . 1250-411834-9), Hidiiyotal-mustarshicfTti by Muhammad Taqi b . Muhammad Rabim al-Ihfahini ( d . 124811833), MafiitTb 01-ugiil by Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Karbali'i a l - T a b i t a b i ' i , known

as al-Mujihid'(d. 124211827) and p a w i i b i t a / - u g Z l by Ibrihim b . Muhammad Biqir al-Qazwini ( d . 126211846), all of which were written by the pupils and followers of al-Bihbahini's school, were instrumental in the progress and the spread of ugijlT doctrine. Shaykh Murtaai 31-Angiri , the great scholar and legal theoretician ( d . 128111864), systematically revised and reconstructed the methodology of S h i ' i law, and extended the horizons and dimensions of this discipline. The collection of his treatises on u $ i i l a / - f i q h , entitled Rasii'il or F a r i i ' i d 01-ugZl is still used as a text-book in traditional academies of S h i ' i law.

In the school of al-Ansiri, which has continued up to the present date, the principles of ugiii 01-fiqh have been continuously subjected to scrup-

During the l l t h l l 7 t h century, the most significant u l i i T views were put forward by Yusayn b . Rafi' al-Din Muhammad al-Mar'ashi alIVlZzandarini ( d . 106411653-4), one of the authors of the commentaries to M a * i ; l ~ m . Zubdot 01-ugiil by Bahi' al-Din al-'Amili ( d . 1030.1621) and Wiifiyat 01-ugiil by 'Abd AllZh b . Muhammad al-Tun7 ( d . 107111660-1) are

among the best-known Shi'i u $ Z l texts of this century. In the 12thl17th century, the A k h b K school which repudiated the discipline of u j Z l a / - f i q h , became predominant and inhibited its further

ulous and minute examination by his disciples and followers. As a result of the emergence of great scholars such a s Muhammad Kizim al-Khurisini ( d . 132911911) author of Kifiiyayol 01-u$iil, Muhammad vusayn al-Ni'ini ( d . 135511936), PiyZ' al-Din alFsArZqi ( d . 136111948) author of MoqiilZt 01-ugCl, and Muhammad Ejusayn al-Igfahini al-Kumpini ( d . 136111942)

author of NihFyot a / - d i r i i y a , and through their incisive intellectual efforts, S h i ' i ugiil 01-fiqh is now the most elaborate in Islamic scholarship, and is still subject to discussions and open to further development, changes and perfection.

Edited Tehran, 1276q (in the collection of 01-Jowiim~' a / - f i q h i y y a , p p . 523-49). Idris, pp. 409-10.

AB, VI, pp. 54-5;

XIII, pp. 165-70; XIV, pp. 53-4.

That is Munyat a/-IabTb by p i y i ' al-Din 'Abd Allah b . Majd al-Din Muhammad al-A'raji al-gusayni, and S h a r b a/-TohdhTb by 'Amid 31-Din 'Abd al-Mutialib b . Majd al-Din Muhammad al-A'raji al-uusayni. These two brothers were the neqphew of alF'Allima, and both lived in the first half of the 8thll4th century (AB, XIII, p . 168). AB, V , p p . 43-4.

**

:x

As mentioned before, S h i ' i law has four basic sources: the Q u r ' i n ,

AB, XXI, p . 95. "bn

9

the Tradition, consensus and reason.

The discipline of u j c l 01-fiqh aims

to show how the legal norms can be deduced from those four sources. In some cases, however, the law cannot be directly discovered by resorting to these.

Special general principles have therefore been laid down for

such circumstances, and these are known in S h i ' i jurisprudence as ugZl ' a m o l i y y a (procedural principles).

Thus, S h i ' i u$Cl a / - f i q h is divided

into two parts; one part discusses the method of infercnce of legal norms

A N INTRODUCTION TO s ~ f ' fLAW

10

11

GENERAL REMARKS ON SHf'f JURISPRUDENCE

from the four original sources; the other part examines the manner of

ations of a jurisprudent who must exercise and follow his own decision in

reasoning with the above-mentioned principles.

legal matters and of those of a jurisconsult whose legal decisions should

In the first part of ugiil a / - f i q h , the rules of reasoning with the written At first there is some

code, the Qur'in and the Tradition, are discussed.

be followed by the ordinary people who are not able to discover their obligations directly from the sources.

***

semantic discussion relating to the nature of word-making, the use of words in their metaphorical sense, and similar subjects. Then there is general legal discussion about various implications of the imperative and

What follows is a selected bibliography of modern S h i ' i u$El 01-fiqh developed during the last one hundred years.

These are the most

the negative imperative, general law and exception, absolute and condit-

important works of the school of al-Angiri, given in chronological order:

ional laws, explicit and reverse implication, and ambiguous and clear

AL-ANSART:

designations.

Next, the validity of the four original sources of S h i ' i law

-

Motiirih ol-onziir (his lectures complied by Abu '1-Qisim al-Tihrini),

~ e h r a i1 , 308~

are investigated. Meanwhile the nature of law, legal judgments arrived at

-

through pure reason, and the valid means for arriving a t knowledge of legal obligations are discussed.

AL-ASHTIY~N~: Bobr 01-fowz'id ( a commentary on al-AnsZrils F a r i i ' i d a/-u$Gl), Tehran, 1300, 1314-15q

In the second part of S h i ' i u$El a / - f i q h , the legal basis and the scope of validity of the procedural principles are examined. These are the four

HADT AL-TIHRZNT:

principles of b o r i i ' o (exemption), i b t i y i i l or ishtighzl (prudence), tokhyTr

'ALT B. FATH ALLAH AL-NAHAWANDT:

(option) and istisbiib (continuance). obligation is not known.

Moboijot 01-'ulornii' , Tehran, 1318-20q ToshrTb 01-u$iil a/-kobTr, Tehran, 1316-20q

They cover all cases where the real

If the case has a precedence, the same law should

continue according to the last principle.

Otherwise the first principle

excludes any legal obligation where it is not known if there is such an

AL-KHURASANT -

principle if it is possible.

But one option should be chosen according to

the third principle if it is impossible to follow both or all. principles are very important in modern S h i ' i law.

These four

Al-Maqiiliit a / - C h o r i y y o , Tabriz

'ABD

-

antly during the last century.

Fawii'id a / - u ~ i i l(another collection of his lectures compiled by Muhammad 'Ali al-KizimT al-Khurisini), Tehran, 1368q (vols. 1-2) Najaf, 1349-51q (vols. 3-41

QIYA ' -

these principles. After the two parts mentioned above there is a chapter on conflict between laws, followed in most works by a chapter on the necessary qualific-

A L - D ~ N AL-'ARAQY : Moaiilo? 01-usiil. Naiaf. 13584 (vol. 1 ) . Tehran, 13694 (vol. 2) ~ i h i i ~ 01-ojkiii ot (his lectures compiled by ~ u ~ a m m a d - T a alqi Buriijirdi) , Najaf, 1371-7q

In earlier S h i ' i works on ugul a / - f i q h , up

to the l0thll6th century, only a few pages or even lines were devoted to

: A jwod 01-toqririii (hisleclurcs co~mpiledby Abu '1-Qisim al-Khu'i),

Tehran, 1348q

of their application. Many logical and philosophical concepts are used and This part of ugiil a/-fiqh expanded signific-

, 1317q

AL-~A'IR~:

Duror 01-fowii'id, Tehran, 1337-8q, 1344q, 1355q, 1361q, 1372q

efforts have been devoted to elaborating the methods and the conditions

through these discussions.

'AL-KARTM

AL-NA'TNT

Considerable scholarly

discussed to this e n d , and new logical and philosophical ideas are developed

:

Kifzyot 01-ugiil, Tehran, 1326-7q, 1341-2q, 1364q Duror ol-fawF'id, Tehran, 1315q, 1318q, 1343q.

$ADIQ AL-TABRTZT:

obligation. However, if there is a known obligation, but it is uncertain between two or more options, all must be followed according to the second

Farii'id 01-u$Gl = ol-Rosii'il, edited many times ( e . g . Tehran, 1296q)

MUUAMMAD IjUSAYN AL-I$FAHANTAL-KUMPANT: - Nihiiyot 01-diriiyo, Tehran, 1343-71q A/-UgZl 'ala 'I-nahj 01-bodi?h, Najaf, 1957 ABU 'L-MAJD AL-I$FAHANT: Wiqiiyoi a/-odhhiin , [ I r a n ] , 1337 q

AL-BURUJIRDT See Mufid, T o d h k i r o , pp. 192-3; Shaykh, ' U d d o , pp. 296-302, 303-4; Mubaqqia, M o ' i i r i j , pp. 14456; idem, M u ' t a b o r , p p . 6-7; ' Allima, Mobiidi', p . 56; idem, Nihiiyo, fols. 273a-277b; idem, TohdhTb, p . 105; Karaki, TarTq istinbiif 01-obkiirn, pp. 16-17; Uusayn b . 'Abd al-$amad, ' I q d , pp. 14-15, 23-5; $%bib al-Ma'ilim, pp. 227-31; BahZ' al-Din al'Amili, Zubdo, pp. 48, 72.

: Nihiiyot 01-u~Gl(his lectures compiled by lJusayn 'Ali al-Muntaziri)

,

Qum, 11377 q ? l AL-KHU 'f : -

Mubiidoriit fi u$Cl a/-fiqh (his lectures compiled by Mubarnmad Isbiq

-

M i ~ b i i b01-u$;l

al-Fayyid), Najaf, 1914(another collection of his lectures compiled by Mulpmmad

12

A N INTRODUCTION TO

SHT'T LAW

Sarwar al-Bihsfidi) , Najaf, 1377-86q AL-KHUMAYNT: - TahdhTb 0 1 - u ~ i l( h i s lectures compiled by Ja'far al-Subbani), Qum, 1373-82q A/-Rasii'il, Qum, 1385q

Chapter Three

MUVAMMAD RIQA AL-MUZAFFAR: UzGl a/-fiqh, Najaf, 1966 MUUAMMAD BAQIR AL-SADR: - DurEs F 'ilm a/-~$1, Beirut, 1978 - To'iiruCI a/-odillo a/-shar'iyya ( h i s lectures compiled by Mabmfid alHashimi 1 , Tehran, 1396q

THE OUTLINES OF S ~ i ' iLAW

The subjects of Islamic law (fiqh) have been classified in different forms. In Sunni law, they a r e usually divided into two categories:

'ibiid6t ( a c t s

of devotion) and mu'tmoltt (here meaning worldly a f f a i r s ) . Al-Ghazili , the S h i f i ' i scholar ( d . 50511111) in his I b y t ' 'uliim 01-fin1 divided all religious and moral injunctions into four groups, 'ibiidiit,'iidiii (ordinary a f f a i r s ) , munjiytt (what ensures salvation) and muhlikiit (what causes perdition). texts,

This classification had some influence on later S h i f i ' i legal

and inspired another procedure which divided legal subjects into

four groups: 'ibcddat, mu'rTmalZt, muncikabai (personal s t a t u s ) and jintytt or 'uqiibZt (penal law).

In o r d e r to justify this latter division, it

is said that the subjects of fiqh concern either life in this world o r life in the hereafter.

The subjects related to t h e former state of being are div-

ided into three p a r t s :

those which regulate human relationships

(mu'tmuliit), those which preserve human kind (muniikabCt) and those which protect both individuals and mankind (jiniiyiit). The subjects related to the latter state of being, i . e . the precepts which should bring happiness and welfare in the next life, a r e 'ibiid6t.

'

The oldest extant systematic codifications of S h i ' i law are found in some works of jurists of the 5 t h l l l t h c e n t u r y . Abu '1-BalZl) al-galabi ( d . 44711055-6) classified, in his K. a / - K c fi '1-fiqh , t h e legal subjects according to t h e religious precepts. of three kinds:

IIe considered all religious dues to be

' i b t d c t , by which he meant not only the common acts of

devotion but all obligations including p a r t of the category of mu'iimaliit, GhazZlT, /by;',

I , p . 3.

See also Fayd, Mabajja, I , p p . 4-5.

See for example Qaffal, 111, p . 382; Ghazzi, p . 598; BZjfiri, 11, p . 332. See JJaydar , I , p . 15/Mabmasini, p . 24 quoting al-Anqarawi a/-FatZwii 01-onqorawiyya (Cairo, 1281q1, I , p . 1.

'

MuQammad al-XmuE , NaE'fs 01-funiin , p . 146.

14

THE OUTLINES OF

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW

muburromot (prohibitions) and abkzm ( r u l e s ) . This latter term refers to all legal precepts which do not impose any religious duty (action or abstention) on Muslims, i.e. which cannot be included in the other two

SHT'ILAW

considered the basis for separating 'ibi;dzt from other subjects to be the intrinsic beauty and superiority of the act of devotion itself. Na$ir aalDin al-Tusi ( d . 67211274) followed a more philosophical approach and proposed a tripartite classification.

categories. Qiai 'Abd al-'Aziz b , al-Barrij ( d . 48111088) in his 01-Muhodhdhab

15

He argued that the

religious laws concern individuals eithcr as individual bearers of respon-

divided religious precepts into two categories, those which affect 011 the

sibility or as members of the family, or as people in society. The first

people and those which do not.

category is the section on 'ibodzt, the second is the rules included in

The former are 'ibiidot which are general duties and for this very reason precede the rest of fiqh. Another S h i ' i jurist of the samc period, Sall'ar b . 'Abd al-'Aziz alUaylami ( d . 44811056-7) first classified fiqh in two sections:

'ibijdat and mu'Zmol~t, then he divided the latter into 'uqcd (contracts) and

t , the third is the section on muniikobtt and other parts of m u C ~ m a / t and siyiiszt (penal law). Al-FiQil al-Miqdid (d. 82611423) proposed two other modes of division in the classification of the legal subjects.

Both approaches were inspired

One method is based on the belief

obk?im,

and then divided abkzm further into jinoyct and other types of

by 01-Qow?'id3 of al-shahid al-Awwal.

rules.'

A1-MuQaqqiq, inspired by this method, classified fiqh in his

that in the course of their moral development, human beings must acquire

ShorE'i' 01-1sli;m into four sections:

'ibiidzi, 'uqiid (here meaning

bilateral obligations), Tqo'ot (unilateral obligations) and obkiim.

This

the traits beneficial to human life and character, and reject those which are destructive.

Some of these beneficial traits may bring about instant

A1-Shahid al-Awwal justified this classification in his 01-QowF'id by arguing that rcligious

results, others more distant results, depending on the nature of these

precepts are concerned either with life on earth or life in the hereafter.

marriage, transactions, food and drink (a/-of'imo wo 'I-oshribo) and the

The former fall under mu'iimalot and the latter under 'ibFdCit. This first category, the mu'Fmo/5t, is in turn divided into two parts since these are

like belong to the former.

precepts which either concern thc undertakings of individuals themselves

metho?, thus, divides the subjects of fiqh into three categories.

method was accepted by jurists who succeeded him.

or those which are not related to the undertakings of individuals.

These

traits.

Acts of devotion belong to the latter category; rules relating to The precepts of penal law aim to combat those

destructive traits which inhibit the progress of human beings.

This

The other mode of classification proposed by Miqdid divides fiqh into

latter are known as obkEim and include all judicial, penal and inheritance

six sections.

rules, etc.

down for the protection of the five basic elements of human life, viz:

Undertakings too are of two kinds since some are bilateral

('uqiid) and others unilateral (TqZ'?it).

This approach is on the basis that religions have been laid

faith, life, property, lineage and reason.

Acts of devotion are the pillar

Al-Shahid offers the same explanation in his Dhikro with the exception that in this book, the basic

of faith; the criminal law which gives the right of retaliation to the

difference between 'ibCdtit and other categories is that acts of devotion

offended person is to create a guarantee for life; regulations concerning

must be practised in order to obey God and move closer to him, whereas

transactions regulate financial relations and protect property;

other categories do not carry this obligation.

'

Some other scholars

ualabi, K z r , fols. 1-2. See also his Toqrib a/-mo'iirif, fol. 96a, in which he classified all religious duties into actions and abstcntions. Ibn al-Barrij, Muhodhdhob, fol. 123b. Sallir, p . 28. I h i d . , p . 143. Mubaqqiq, Shorz'i', I , p p . 19, 163, 11, pp. 53, 135. See for example 'AllZma, TobrTr, I , p p . 1, 158, 11, p p . 52, 123. See also N i ' i n i , I , p . 33. Shahid I , Qowo'id, p . 4 . See also Miqdid, TonqTb, fols. 3b-4a; Shorb qorrot 01-bobroyn , fol. l b . Shahid 1, DhikrZ, pp. 6-7. See also Jaw'ad al-'Amili, IV, p. 2 ; KalbXsi fol. 2a.

'

.

marriage

regulations, related laws and some penal precepts are for the reproduction of the human race;

precepts related to the prohibition of alcohol and the

punishment of drinkers of alcohol and the like protect human reason. Moreover, legal precepts are laid down in order to protect the totality of the Islamic system and guarantee its correct application.

'

Kishif al-Ghiti' , Shorb a/-QowC'id, Pol. Za. N a ~ i ral-Din al-Tiisi , p . 41. Shahid 1, QowZ'id, p p . 4-6.

'

Miqdid, TonqTb, fol. 41; also Jawid al-'Arnili, IV, p . 2. The origin of the second approach can be found in al-Ghazili's 01-Mustozfi and alShitibi's 01-MuwCfoqiit, I , p. 38. See also Abu '1-'Abbis al-UarrinT,

16

AN INTRODUCTION TO

17

THE OUTLINES OF SHT'i LAW

S H T ' ~ LAW

Mubsin al-Faya followed a new approach in his works on law and Tradition such as 01-WX, Mu'tasam 01-Sh7a and MofiitTh 01-sharii'i'.

He merged

The chapters of S h i ' i law, which are called 'books kitdb),

are concerned with various legal subjects.

'

( k u t u b , sing.

Together they pro-

some chapters of fiqh and changed the locations of some legal headings,

vide a catalogue of the personal and social duties of a S h i ' i Muslim.

mostly for the purpose of ordering it according to the human life-cycle.

The arrangement of these chapters varies in different texts, but generally the chapters on devotions are located at the beginning, those

For instance, he put the chapters on death and the deceased, obkCm 01amwdt (which in previous texts were in the k. 01-tohiira, traditionally the

on transactions in tile middle and those on inheritance and the penal code,

first chapter of f i q h ) , at the end, followed by the chapter on inheritance.

at the end.

In this way, he tried to create a new codification for law and Tradition.

are given at the start of some of the chapters."

He divided fiqh into two sections: one on acts of devotion and the social

In some Sunni legal works, the reasons for this arrangement

Sunni5 and S h i ' i 6 authors have stated that the reason why they place

duties (a/-'ibdddt wo'l-siyCsCi) and the other on ordinary affairs and

some chapters before others is that not only are these intrinsically more

transactions (a/-'iidiit wo'l-mu'iimoliit).

important but that religion also endows them with an importance above

'

Another method, which is inspired by modern western approaches to the classification of legal subjects, divides topics of fiqh into the following

I1

Property.

B.

times and anywhere, have priority over transactions, executive rules, e t c . ,

This may be of two kinds:

which are restricted by certain conditions.

ated for use in the general interests of the community.

prayer, which is a daily duty for every Muslim and is, in fact, the most

Private property.

The regulations 01 this section are discussed

regular Islamic duty, together with its requisite ritual purity (fohiiro),

in two independent parts:

come before the other acts of devotion.' Ibn uamza, another S h i ' i jurist

1 . The lawful means of ownership

of the 6thll2th century, adopting the same view, evaluated the degree of

The rules concerning the disposal of property

the applicability of each of these acts to devotion, and included a discus-

'

Personal behaviour and practices, i . e . ordinary affairs which do not

sion of this in the preface of his work 01-WasTlo.

concern religious devotions or financial matters.

b . 'Ali b . 'Uthmin al-Karijaki ( d . 44911057-8) arranged the chapters of

These are of two

Abu '1-Fatb Mu4ammad He tried

kinds:

fiqh in his legal work called Bustiin like the branches of a tree.

A.

Family law

to connect the branches to each other so a s to create a natural arrangement

B.

The rules for social relations and behaviour of individuals in the society

IV

Amongst the acts of devotion,

Public property, which does not belong to a person but is alloc-

2. 111

According

to him, acts of devotion which have to be practised by all Muslims at all

'ibiiddt A.

Q i o i 'Abd alkQAzizb . al-Barrij holds that the arrangement of the chapters is related to the generality of the subjects they treat.

categories: I

others.

Political subjects in general.

See for the use in this context of this term FujGi, fols. 84b-85a, 87b-88a; Shahid 11, Rowdo, I , p . 26.

A s was noted before, al-galabi inserted all obligations in the section on devotions, including parts of the sections on Tqii'dt and obkcim. A1-Shahid al-Awwal followed al-Ijalabi in some of his legal works (see especially N i ' i n i , I , p. 33).

***

In al-FayO1s works the penal code comes before the section on transactions. See for instance his MofCtTh, I , p . 14. p . 455; Zarqa', I , pp. 64-7; Khallif, p . 57.

Zubayli, pp. 359-60;

M a b m a ~ i n i ,p. 2 5 ;

See Fayd, MofitTh, I , p. 1 4 ; idem, Wdfi, I , p. 16. See also Na'ini, I , p . 33. As one can guess from the titles of the sections, al-Fay0 was inspired to some extent in his proposal by the method of arrangement of alGhazilT's lbyC' 'ulL7m 01-fin, which was summarized and refined by al-Fay0 in a book named 01-Mobolio 01-boyq'C' fi ibyC' 01-lbyii'. Mubarnmad Biqir al-gadr, FotCwd, I , pp. 132-4.

'

See as an example Tabtiwi , 11, p . 2 . Mubamrnad al-xmuli , Nafd'is, p. 146; FugGl, fol. 89a-b.

6

See for example Mubaqqiq, ShorC'i', I , p . 19; 'AlTama, Tabg~ro, p . 1; Risdlo fi 'I-tahiira wo 'I-jalCt, fol. 34a. Ibn al-Barraj, Sharb Jumol, p. 54; idem, Muhodhdhob, fol. 124. See also Shaykh, Iqtigdd, p . 239; Fugiil, fol. 89. Ibn Jjamza, WosTlo, p. 662.

18

A N INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW

of the topics.

THE OUTLINES OF S ~ f ' fLAW

In his pattern, the first chapter of each section was a

2.

K . 01-$oliit = prayer.

19

This chapter includes in some works scientific

smaller branch growing from trunk of the tree itself.

Each later chapter in a section was a smaller branch growing from the main one. We do not

discussions of the two topics of the times of prayer (owqiit 01-$ala) and the direction of prayer (qiblo); there is also discussion on the social

know any further details of his pattern which was described by one of his

status of the S h i ' i jurist (foqSh) and the nature of Islamic government in

contemporaries as a novel plan.

the part devoted to Friday prayer. 3. K . al-zokiit = alms, the best known fiscal obligation of Muslims.

The different approaches adopted by the scholars with regard to the codification of legal subjects resulted in a variety of arrangements of the chapters in their hooks.

There was also much disagreement about the

subdivisions of sections.

For instance the number of acts of devotion is

five according to Shaykh al-r%'ifa3 and Ibn zuhra,%ix

,'

~ a l l i r ten according to al-galabi

,6

according to

Ibn gamza7 and a l - ~ u b a ~ ~ i ~ % n d

forty-five according to Yabyi b . Sa'id.

'

On the other hand, some authors, especially later ones, merged different chapters and reduced the number of general titles as mush as possihle. Thus there is considerable variation between legal texts in respect to their arrangement and the number of chapters.

4.

K . 01-khums, the one fifth tax which according to S h i ' i law covers

all kinds of revenue and not only the booty of war and treasure trove as Suuni law maintains. included.

A discussion about the authority of S h i ' i jurists is

Some laws relating to non-Muslim residents of Muslim territory

are to be found here, since one of the cases where khums is levied is land sold to a non-Muslim by a Muslim.

The chapter is followed by a discussion

of a n m , i.e. the property of the Isiamic state including all natural wealth and wastelands. 5. K . al-sowm = fasting. 6. K . 01-i'tikiif = seclusion, which is regarded a s a desirable act of

For instance, 01-Nihiiyo by Shaykh al-TZ'ifa has twenty-two chapters, his 01-Mobsiif seventy one,

devotion in Islamic law, and should be performed in the congregational

Shorii'i' 01-Isliim by al-Mu'paqqiq fifty-two, Qowd'id 01-obkdm by al-

mosque of the town.

'AllZma thirty-one, his Tabsirat 01-muto'ollim'in eighteen, 01-Lum'o 01-Dimoshqiyyo by al-Shahid al-Awwal fifty-two, his a/-Duriis al-Shar'iyyo forty-eight, Mofdt'ib a/-shord'i' by al-Faya twelve, and his 01-WiiF (which is a collection of traditions) ten.

*** What follows is a very brief description of the contents of S h i ' i law,

7. K . al-bojj = pilgrimage to Mecca during the last month of the Islamic lunar calendar, with its special laws and conditions.

8. K . ol-'umro = a simpler kind of pilgrimage to Mecca which can be performed at any time of the year. 9. K . 01-jihiid = 'holy war', offensive and defensive, and in the second case against either external or internal enemies.

This chapter includes

according to the classification and arrangment of al-Mu'paqqiq's Shorz'i'

discussion of the different categories of land within Muslim territory, on

01-lsliim:

the relation between the Islamic state and non-Muslim governments, on the

A.

ACTS OF DEVOTION ('ibiidiit):

1. K . 01-lahiiro = ritual purity. The chapter includes some laws relating to non-Muslims and the deceased.

status of non-Muslims in Muslim territory, and the like. 1 0 . K.ol-omr b i 'I-mo'rzf

wo 'I-nahy 'on ol-munkor = ordering what is

good and forbidding what is evil;

rules and regulations of these Islamic

social obligations. Niiri, 111, p . 498; AB, 111, p . 105 See Kalbisi, fol. 21. Shaykh, lqti$iid, p. 239. Ibn Zuhra, p . 549 SallZr, p. 28. galabi, KiiF, fol. 2b. Ibn Bamza, loc. cit. 8

Mubaqqiq, Shard'i', I , p . 19. Yabyi b . Sa'id, Nuzho, pp. 6 - 7 .

B.

CONTRACTS ( ' u q i d )

1. K . al-tijdro = transactions; discussion about valid and invalid ways of carrying out transactions, unlawful business, right of cancellation of business agreements, conditions connected with contracts and similar topics.

It also includes discussion on ownership and the fiscal system as

applied to the various categories of land in Muslim territory, the legal status of working for unjust rulers and their disposals of the properties of the Muslims' treasury, and, in the legal works of the last century up to now, a study of the authority of the S h i ' i jurist (wiliiyot ol-foq'ih).

AN INTRODUCTION TO

20

SHT'T

LAW

THE OUTLINES OF

Legal discussion about subjects such as music and interest on !oans is to be found in the same chapter. 2.

K a/-rohn = mortgage.

3.

K . a/-mufollos = bankruptcy, the responsibilities of the Islamic

state when somebody becomes bankrupt and his assets do not balance his

K . a/-bojr = interdiction, cases where the owner is legally forbidden

from disposing of his own property, a s is the case with minors and the

K . 01-p'amZn = suretyship for claims, transference of the liability

with regard to a claim. The suretyship for persons (01-kofZlo bi 'I-nofs) is also discussed in the same chapter. 6.

K . 01-gulb = conciliation, the mutual agreement of two persons on a

certain matter, the details of which are not clear; for example, the mutual agreement between the creditor and the debtor on a specified sum where the amount of the debt is not precisely known. 7.

K . 01-sharika = partnership.

8.

K . ol-MudZraba = sleeping partnership, i.e. one party invests the

capital and the other provides the labour. 9.

K.ol-muziiro'o wo 'I-musiiqZt = share cropping, i.e. the landlord

entrusts his land to a cultivator (muziiro'a) or the owner of an orchard gives it to someone to look after the trees (rnusiiqct), in return for a share

K . 01-wafl'a = deposit, the safe-keeping of someone else's property.

11. K . 01-'Zrlya = lending an object gratuitously to someone to make use

3.

K . a/-rib+, that is a husband's statement to his wife, saying she

is like his mother (this was a saying occasionally used in Arab commun4.

K . 01-Ti:'

= a husband's oath to abstain from marital intercourse

for a period of more than four months, in which case he must either give 5.

K. ol-li'iin, husband's affirmation, through a cursing oath and

before a court of law, that the wife has been unfaithful, and a similar affirmation by his wife that the husband is lying. After such a counteraffirmation and cursing the marriage is irrevocably dissolved. 6.

K . olk'itq = the manumission of slaves.

7.

K . 01-tadbTr wo 'I-mukiitobo wo 'I-istTlZd, these are three ways for

slaves to acquire their freedom.

TodbTr is a manumission which takes

effect from the time of the owner's death. MukZtaba is a contract between the owner and the slave by which the latter acquires his fredom against a future payment.

The third concept, istniid, refers to cases where a

female slave gives birth to a child for her owner, in which case she becomes free on her owner's death. 8.. K . 01-iqrZr = acknowledgement of debt, family relationship and the It is conclusive legal evidence for the creation of an obligation on

the part of the person who makes it. 9.

K . 01-ju'iilo, the undertaking by a person to pay a certain sum in

return for the performance of some specific t a s k , no matter who actually

of i t . 12. K . 01-ijZro = h i r e and lease, the sale of usufruct or the hire of 13. K. 01-wikZlo = procuration, power of disposal on another. 14.

K. 01-wuqiif wa'l-godoqiit = endowments and charity.

15.

K . 01-suknz wo 'I-tabbTs = temporary donation of usufruct.

16. K . 01-hibZt = donation of objects. 17. K. 01-sabq wo 'I-rimiiyo = horse and camel racing and marksmanship contests; the only two cases where betting is regarded as legal, for the actual participants only. 18. K. 01-wo$iiyZ = legacies. 19. K. al-nikZb

performs it.

For instance, someone offers a sum as a reward for the

return of some property of his which has been lost.

service.

C.

redeems herself from the marriage for a consideration.

like.

of the produce. 10.

K . a/-khul' wo 'I-mubZro'o, two kinds of divorce by which the wife

up his oath or divorce his wife.

insane. 5.

21

ities). This declaration requires a religious expiation (koffiro).

liabilities. 4.

2.

SHT'T LAW

marriage.

UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS (Tqz'Zt)

1. K . a/-jolZq = divorce

1 0 . K . a/-oymZn = oaths, undertakings stated in the name of God. 11. K . a/-nodhr = vow, an undertaking towards God to do or not to do something, unconditionally or provided a certain wish comes t r u e .

D.

RULES (obk?im)

1. K . 01-joyd wo 'I-dhobZbo = hunting and slaughtering. 2.

K . 01-ol 'imo wo 'I-oshriba = food and drinks.

3.

K . a/-ghazb = usurpation.

4.

K . ol-shuf'o = pre-emption, the co-owner's right to priority to buy

the other share of the property, so that he can dissolve the sale of that share and take it into his own possession if it is sold to an outsider without the co-owner's agreement. 5.

K . ibyZ' 01-mowZt = reclamation of wastelands.

This chapter

AN INTRODUCTION TO ~ ~ f LAW ' f

22

includes a survey of land law, and is normally followed by a s t u d y of the common property of t h e community (mushtorokiit), such as water and pasture. 6.

K . oi-iuqoto = trove p r o p e r t y . Chapter Four

K . olkfort7'id = inheritance. 8. K. 01-qadZ' = arbitration, legal procedure.

7.

9.

K . 01-shohCd6t

witnesses.

:

10. K . ol-budijd wo 'I-toCrTrFt = penal law. 11. K . o l - q i ~ t 7=~ retaliation, the right of the offended person or his hairs against the offender. 1 2 . K. oi-diyZt z blood-money and other financial compensations.

/

The present legal system of S h i ' i fiqh has developed through various

1 2 ji I

1

phases, a n d has been reformed and elaborated by many e m ~ n e n tscholars, among whom are Shaykh al-Ti'lfa Mubarnmad b . uasan al-Tusi, d l - ~ u b a q q i qJ a ' f a r b

. Basan

ai-I.I~lli, ai-'~11ima uasan b. ~ i i s u fb

.

ai-Mutahhar al-JJlili, al-Shahid al-Awwal Mubammad b . Makki al-'iimlli and G i b ~ bal-Madirlk Mubammad b . ' Ali a l - ' ~ I E( d . 100911600). In the legal sources, the hlstory of S h i ' i law is usually divided into two periods,' that of the ancient or early scholars (qudornC' or rnutoqodd~mijn)and that of the moderns or later scholars (muto'okhkhirCn). In works of the 6 t h 7 1 h i 12th- 13th centuries, t h e contemporaries of t h e twelve Imams were considered as the 'ancients' and those who came after this e r a (i.e from 2601874 onwards) a s the 'moderns'.

1 expression 'ancients' i s applied to Shaykh al-Ti'ifa (

A t times, the

and his predecessors3

and the expression 'moderns' given to his successors.'

Sometimes, how

e v e r , the expression 'moderns' 1s used by writers to mean scholars contemporary with themselves.

In later sourccs the term 'ancients' means

thosc who llved before al-Mubaqqiq or a1-'Allima, and the term 'moderns' refers to those who lived after them.

In t h e sources of the 13thll9th

I century, t h c expression muto'akhkhiru

/

the moderns)

IS

'I-muto'okhkhirTn

(the moderns 01

used to mean, in earller works, thosc who came after

This division is other than that of traditionists in which the S h i ' i traditionists have been divided into ten sections (Jobaqo). The bases and criteria for these two divisions are quite different a s well. (See A B , 111, p . 137, quoting Basan al-$adr in his Bughyot ol-wu'ot 7 'j JoboqZt mosho'ikh 01-ij?ilot). 'Abd 81-Jalil al-Qazwini , p . 209; Mubaqqiq, Mu'tobor, p . 7. Shaykh al-'rz'ifa himself i s considered to be one of 'the ancients' in Shahid 11, Rawda, 11, p . 73.

'

See for instance Mubaqqiq. Nukol, p.438; Yabyz b . Sa'id, Nuzho, p . 6. 1bn Idris, p . 265; Uurr al-'Amili, Amai, 11, p . 5.

AN INTRODUCTION TO

24

THE PERIODS OF SHT'T LAW

S H T ' ~ LAW

e s also explained when faced by questions from their followers that the

al-Shahid a l - ~ w w a l ' and in later works those who came a f t e r Sahib al-Madirik. This division does not adequately reflect t h e development of the law, What

which can more exactly be defined by a division into eight periods.

25

follows is a brief description of these periods, together with a mention of t h e most eminent scholars4 of each pcriod and their main legal works. 1. THE PERIOD OF THE PRESENCE OF THE i h l l i j ~ s

rect replies to their questions couid be graspcd and derived froin general mic legal principles.'

On some occasions, the lmams themselves fol-

ed what they advised as the correct method of reasoning and t h u s ructed their followers on the proper procedure for inference of legal The period of the presence of t h e I m a m s i s quite distinct from the ing periods of S h i ' i history in respect to the variety of koiiim

It is generally believed that S h i ' i law was undeveloped in this period which began with the Prophet and ended in 2601874. This is based on the

ogical doctrines held by S h i ' i scholars. Many of the Imams' companwere eminent kaliim theologians3 who held significant opinions on

assumption that since the Imams were present and accessible, there was no

ogical subjects, some of which have been quoted in the general koliim

great urge to develop t h e practice of independent judgment and that law was limited to the transmission of traditions. This idea is not c0rrCCt.

s , among them:

In order to have a better grasp of t h e situation, the circuinstances of

r y ) , and al-Bazanti and Fa61 b . Shadhin (of the 3rdl9th c e n t u r y ) ? other kaiiim SChOols of the time had followers among S h i ' i thologians

Shi'ism at t h e time have to be examined. (1) It can be clearly seen from religious traditions that S h i ' i Imams had persistently urged their followers to reason and use their minds.

In the

case of discussions on Koliirn theology they praised and encouraged S h i ' i In the case of legal problems, the 1mZms theologians of their times. stated explicitly that their own duties lay in explaining general ruies and principles; whereas inferences in details and minor precepts for actual cases were left to the learned followers of the ImZms.'

Mudarris, 111, p . 439. t h Rae? al-Din al-Qazwini's classification of t h e S h i ' i scholars up to the mid-10thllGth century into seven genreations. See his TiirTkh-i rnoshFhTr-7 imiimiyyo. By these scholars are meant those whose legal opinions have been considered and quoted in the sources of fiqh . In these sources, the views of different S h i ' i jurists and even sometimes of Sunni ones a r e usually quoted before examining each case. Obviously, only t h e views of those scholars who influenced the development of law, were quoted and taken note of. The names of these scholars and their famous reference works have been chronologically listed in t h e preface of Moqiibis oi-onwiir by a l - ~ a v i m i ( p p . 4-19). In t h e S h i ' i sources of law, there are special abbreviations for t h e names of t h e scholars and the legal sources, a s well a s some particular terms; many of these a r e explained in al-KhwinsZri's Rowp'zt, 11, p p . 114-15, and in t h e preface of al-KZgimils Moqiibis, p p . 19-22.

compare ~ i

'

'

See Kashshi, p p . 268, 278, 484-6, 489-90, 538, 542; ~ u l a y n i ,I , p p . 169-74; MuEd, TojbTb a/-i'tiqiid, p p . 171-2; ~ u h p a ' i ,VI, p p . 223-30, 293-307. "AiaynF ilqii' 01-uzZl iloykum wo 'oloykum a/-1afrT" (we must give Bazanti, p . 477; you the principles and you have to derive branches): Faye, al-uoqq 01-mubTn, p . 7; B u r r alb'lijmili, XVIII, p . 41.

'

e early centuries of Islam. ifferences of opnions on kaiiim theological subjects resulted in the gence of a variety of tendencies and groups among the companions of Many mims, causing intensive debates and arguments among then. e most prominent companions of the Imams had their own separate

The Imams some-

Khalkhali, 111, p . 174. 3

IIishim b . al-Uakam, HishZm b . Salim, Zurara b .

, Mu'min al-Tiq, Yiinus b . 'Abd al-Rabman (all of t h e 2ndl8th

ee for instance Kulayni, 111, p . 33; V , p . 357; Shaykh, TohdhTb, 3; VII, p . 297; idem, lstib$iir, I , pp.77-8; VII, p.297; 111, p . r r al-'Amili, I , p.327; Jiimi' obtd7th a/-ShT'o, 1, p p . 116-18. for instance Kulayni , 111, p p . 83-8; 542, 546, 547-8.

B u r r al-'Amili, 11, p p .

ee Iqbal, p p . 75-84. for instance $aduq, TowbTd, pp. 97-104; Mufid, FugGl, pp. 119-

, Awc'il a/-mOq6iiit, p . 116, and the whole text for the opinions of tis;

Kashshi, p p . 268, 275, 284-5, 490, 540-4; ~ u h p i ' i ,V I , al-Din al- Qazwini, QiyFfa, p p . 180-1; Majlisi 11, 111, , 300, 303, 305; Bihbahani, ToClTqFt,p . 8; ~ b i 'i ~ l i p, p . 45, a ~ i m i Kashf 01-qin~?', p p . 198-200; ~ a m a q i n,i TanqTb, the intron , p p . 208-9. See also $afZ'i, p p . 36-68. Asad Allah al-Kivimi, a s $%bib al-Maqabis ( d . 123411818-19) collected the different views mpanions of Imams from early sources in a book entitled 01(see his Kashf 01-qinii', p . 71).

6:

MuEd, Sorawiyyo, p . 2 2 1 ; idem, A wii'ii 01-moqiiliit, p . 77; ibis 0 l ' ~ m o lbi-okhbiir 01-iibiid, fol. 142b; Najishi, p . 289; , 'Udda, p p . 54-5; idem, Fihrist, p . 190; Ibn Shahrashfib, a P . 126; Q u h p a ' i , V, p . 177; Mubarnmad al-Ardabili, 11, p . 234; 11, 111, p . 304; Futiini, p . 4 . p . 100; a/-qinF' K a s,hps p h .i , 11-84. p p . 279-80; $aduq, 307: K aTawbTd, ~ i m i ,Koshf

Majlisi 11, 111,

26


THE PERIODS OF S H T ' ~LAW

27

groups of followers1 who sometimes branded each other a s 'infidel'

itionists of their town were hostile to them'.

(kiifir)' and many books were produced on these disputations and con-

he S h i ' i books on rijiii (biographies of the narrators of Tradition),

It i s interesting to note t h a t , sometimes, members of one

cially that of al-Kashshi, are full of reports on different theological

frontations.

encies and opinions found amongst S h i ' i s of the f i r s t centuries of

tendency or group would disagree even with their 'leader' on most aspects of ideological principles." On the other h a n d , many S h i ' i s who gathered around the Imams restricted themselves to the transmission of traditions and refrained from theological debates.

,

The works display the impact of intensive arguments and contro-

ies, a s well a s t h e impact of the support given by the Imams to the logians and their concerns f o r t h e prosperity and productivity of

They did not look favourably upon

The theologians who werc appreciated and favoured t h e S h i ' i theologians. by the Imams, strongly resented the reproaches directed against them by

'i thought. In his reply to the followers of Yiinus b . 'Abd al-Rabmin,

t h e traditionists, and the Imams consoled the accused6 by saying that they

ms, Imam 'Ali al-Ria2 would tell them:

were considered to be 'infidels' by t h e r e s t of the followers of ihe

should tolerate and act moderately towards their adversaries since t h e latters' capacity for understanding subtle points and minute nuances was extremely limited.

theologians,

ost S h i ' i jurists during t h e time of the Imams were among these o ogians, a s will be mentioned presently.

Some of the traditionists of Qum, too, squabbled with

' fabricated traditions

Certain tendencies could be found in the S h i ' i community of the

in condemnation of the latter and a t i r i

uted them to the authority of the Imams,

and wrote books in this vein.

lo

On the other h a n d , t h e Imams recommended their followers to refer to theologians and rcad their books.

They even encouraged the people of

Qum to honour and respect S h i ' i theologians 'in spite of the fact that the

'I see you moving in the path

#

a

period of the presence of the Imams whlch were opposed lo the tradlllonally predominant doctnne

concerning the nature of the Imams. Some of companions of t h e Imams did not accept that the Imams possessed

ne qualities such a s infallibility and impeccability ('igma) but believed they were pious learned men ('ulamii' abriir), who had merely a arly authority.

Durust b.Abi MangGr, p . 161. See Kulayni, VII, p . 285; Kashshi, p p . 279-80. 498-9; 'iimili, VI, p . 385.

B u r r al-

For instance Hisham b . al-Hakam's treatise in refutation to Mu'min al-Taq ( N a j i s h i , p . 338); Rislila f l m a ' n i i H i s h h wa YEnus by 'Ali b . IbrZhim b . Hishim al-Qummi ( i b i d . , p . 197); Risiilo fi 'I-radd 'alii 'A17 b . IbriihTm b. Hiishim fi mo'nii Hishiim wa YEnus by Sa'd b . 'Abd Allah al-Ash'ari ( i b i d . , p . 134). See for example Shaykh, Fihrist, p . 132, the biography of Abu J a ' f a r al-Sakkik. See Kashshi, e . g . p p . 279, 487-8, 496, 498-9. Sce also $adGq, TowbTd, p p . 458-60; Ibn TawGs, Kashf 01-mabajja, p p . 18-19; B u r r al-'Amili, XI, p p . 457-9. "ee '

'

This view was supported by some of the S h i ' i

ogians of later periods, amongst them Abu J a ' f a r Mubarnmad b . Qiba 5 5 , a S h i ' i scholar and theologian of the 4thilOth c e n t u r y , who was ding figure in the S h i ' i community of his time,' and whose views espected and r e f e r r e d to by later S h i ' i scholars.

He supported a that the Imams were merely pious scholars, who had a comprehenowledge of the Q u r ' a n and Tradition.

He also refuted the idea that

ams had knowledge of the unperceivable ( 'ilm 01-ghayb) .

Yet, in f these opinions, his doctrinal stand was appreciated by later S h i ' i s.'

At least some of the traditiouists of Qum, who were considered

a s h s h i , p . 489.

Kashshi , p p . 498-9. I b i d . , p . 488.

Ibid., p . 489, also p p . 483, 506; Mubammad al-Ardabili, I , p . 459, 11, p . 357; Abii 'Ali, p . 28. Kashshi , p . 497. For examples of those traditions see p p . 491-6, 540-4; R a r q i , Rljiil, p . 35; Bazanti, p . 478. l o

For example K . Mathiilib Hishiim wo YEnus by Sa'd b . 'Abd Allah al-Ash'ari ( N a j i s h i , p . 134) and K . a/-Ta'n 'a15 YCinus by Ya'qub b . Yazid b . UammXd al-KZtib al-Anbiri al-Sulami al-Qummi (ibid. , p . 350). Kashshi,

p p . 483-5, 506; NajZshi, p p . 346-8.

e $adiiq, Kh~$iil,p . 354; m, 111, p p . 219-20.

~ u r al-'Zmili, r X I , p p . 429-30;

Babr

'Allama, Khuliiga, p . 143. i d . , p . 200. Some other opinions of this scholar, which are differm S h i ' i traditional and popular views, are quoted in the works of if al-Murtadi (see a s an example his 01-ShiiF, p . 100). y k h , Fihrist, p . 132; Ibn Shahrashub, Mo'iilim, p . 85; 'Allama,

, p . 143. All stating that Ibn Qiba was gabTI, 01-madhhab o r basan

AN INTRODUCTION TO S ~ f ' fLAW

28

THE PERIODS OF SHf'T LAW g h t , those cases of dispute ought to have been taken to the

as the backbone of the S h i ' i school, also held similar opinions with regard to the Imims.

Bms for their judgment, a practice usually followed by most faithful

It seems that the Nawbakhtis, too, thought likewise to some

extent. Some of the companions of the Imims even believed that the Imams, just

) As mentioned already, the inference of legal precepts in S h i ' i law is ndamentally based on logical analysis and reasoning within the framework

like the jurists of those times, practised independent judgment ( r a ' y I 3 or analogical reasoning ( q i y i i s ) . the traditionists of Qum.

'

~ u r ' i i n i ctexts and Tradition.

This position was also accepted by some of

Abii Mubarnmad Layth b . al-Bakhtari al-Muradi ,

8

Rational argument is accepted on the

basis of Aristotelian deduct~on,whlch brlngs certainty according to the

known as Abii Basis, one of the most competent scholars among the com-

nciples of that logical system. The kind of analogical reasoning which

panions of Imim Ja'far al-gidiq6 who, according to many narratives was

entitled qiyiis in Islamic law was rejected by the Shi'a from the time it

praised by the Imams7 and was one of the four elite of the S h i ' i religion, a

me into Islamic law, in the 2ndl8th century,

did not accept the legal opinions of the seventh Imam, MZsi al-Kazim, and

obable cause for a precept, not to the certain one.

thought that the latter had not yet acquired an adequate knowledge of

which the real cause of a precept is found a r e , a s mentioned before,

law.

A number of other companions of the Imims are said to have held

similar views.

Some cases of qlyiis

cepted in S h i ' i law. In the first centuries, the traditionists who were opposed to any kind

lo

On this basis, some of the companions of the I~narnsopenly disagreed with them in scientific questions,"

because it leads only to a

and sometimes they even argued with

tional argument held that this mode of arriving at categorical judg-

s amounted to qiyiis and was therefore unlawful.

Some later scholars

them over points of disagreementl2 or asked them to present the reason for the positions they held in legal question^.'^ Such controversies bet-

d it permissible q i y i i s , ' while in fact this mode of analysis bears no

ween the companions of the Imims sometimes culminated in serious quarrels

ality of the Shi'a of the first centuries, all kinds of rational argument

breaking up friendships permanently, " while, according to customary

ection with the Sunni concept of q i y i i s . were considered a klnd of q l y i i s .

Thls was perhaps caused by some out

or terminological similarities. Mufid, To$bTb 0 1 - ! ' l i q i i d , pp. 218-19. See their views in similar cases in al-Mufld's A w o ' i l a/-moqiiliit , for example pp. 78, 79, 80, 84. Babr al-' UlZm, 111, p . 220. Also gaffar, B o ~ i i ' i r ,p. 301; Mufld, S o r o w i y y o , p . 2 2 4 ; idem, l k h t i $ i i $ , p . 2 7 4 ; Jiimi' o b c f l t h 01-ShT'o, I , p . 273.

'

Kashshi, p. 238; T u s t a r i , Qiimiis 01-rijiil, VII, p . 451. Kashshi , pp. 136-7, 170; QuhpZ'i , V , p . 83; Mubammad alArdabili, 11, p . 34. a Kashshi , pp. 238-9. The others are Zuriira b . A'yan, Muhammad b . Muslim and Burayd b . Mu'awiya al-'Ijli. Ibid., p. 173; Q u h p i ' i , V , pp. 84-5. Kashshi, pp. 147, 148, 158. K i ~ i m i ,pp. 71-2. l2

also applicable to any other mode of rational analysis. hese traditions also forbid practising independent judgment, which is d r a ' y in legal terminology.

In the legal usage of the early periods,

erm i j t i h i i d was used7 in the sense of personal judgments including r o ' y . 8

See for instance Kulayni , 111, p. 30; gadiiq, FoqTh, I , pp. 56-7; idem, ' I l o l , I , pp. 264-5; Shaykh, TahdhTb, I , pp. 61-2; idem, I s t i b g i i r , I , pp. 62-3; Burr al-'Amili, 1, p. 291, 11, p. 980. See Kulayni, I , pp. 409-11;

; AbZ Mangiir al-Tabrisi, 11, p . 284.

Ibn Bazm, I b k t m , VII, p . 177; idem, Mulokhkhos i b t i i l a o i r o ' y wo '1Karaki , TorTq i s t i n b i i t 01-obkiim, p. 17. Because of the same interation, later Akhbiris accused Ugiilis of following the practice of qiyiis heir legal judgments. See for instance Busayn al-Karaki, chapter 8. A/-Masii'il a / - M u h a n n i i ' i y y o , fol. 92a; Shahid 11, Rowp'o, 111, p. 65. fil ' I - q i y i i s , fol. 85a.

also Bihbahini , TobqTq

AI-Mosii'il 01-Muhonnii'iyyo, fol. 92a; Miqdid, TonqTb, fol. 3a; ahani, TobqTq f i ' I - q i y i i s , fol. 85b.

See Kashshi, p . 189; Mubaqqiq, M o ' i i r i j , p . 127.

Ibid., p . 72.

l 3

l4

Then, traditionists believed that the

ctions found in S h i ' i Tradition which forbade the practice of q i y z s

KZv,imi, p . 83. ~ u f i d ,To$bTI;I 0 1 - i ' t i q i i d , p. 219.

"

It seems that in the religious

NZri, I , p . 555.

See as examples Abu 'I-Ijusayn al-Bagri, pp. 689, 722, 761-6; Qadi i n , l k h t i l i i f u $ i l 01-Modhiihib, pp. 203-28; Mufid, F u $ C l , p . 68; , D h o r T ' a , pp. 672-3. ee further the article i d j t i h c d in E l , 111, p. 1026.

A N INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW

30

some chapters of f i q h such a s p r a y e r , alms t a x , marriage and inheritance,' u r i r a b . Aryan al-Kiifi, Jam3 b . D a r r i j , the most learned companion of

This explains why S h i ' i s refrained from t h e use of the term i j t i h i i d until the 6thIl2th century.

I

It also explains the objections raised in S h i ' i

theological works toward i j t i h o d ,

sixth Imim, Ja'far al-Sidiq,

and the refutation of its legitimacy in

ist of the 2ndl8th c e n t u r y b and a number of other famous companions,

'Abd Allih b .

works written by S h i ' i theologians like the Nawbakhtis,

o were accused of and blamed for their practice of q i y i i s .

'Abd al-Rabman al-Zubayri' and Abu '1-QZsim 'Ali b . Akjmad al-Kiifi. All these were against i j t i h i i d in the above sense.

'Abd Allah b . Bukayr, a great S h i ' i

tain that the above were supporters of the analytical mode of reasoning

Otherwise i j t i h i i d , a s a

Their judgments, many of which

rational mode of reasoning, was quite an acceptable phenomenon among

d not of the Sunni concept of q i y i i s .

many S h i ' i s from the 2ndl8th century onwards, and from late 4thll0th

ve been collected by Asad Allah al-Kizimi

confirm this point.

It i s evident from what has been said in the five sections above that in

century it emerged a s the only method by which legal subjects were approached.

It is almost

e period of the presence of the Imams, two legal tendencies existed in

these analytical and rational methods of S h i ' i scholars of

One of them adhered to an analytical, rational ap-

the early centuries of Islam appeared to amount to r a ' y and q i y i i s in the

e S h i ' i cotnmunity.

eyes of strict traditionists who objected to the rational analytical modes of

oach toward legal problems within the framework of t h e general

reasoning in law.

'

inciples of the Qur'Zn and Tradition.

( 5 ) In some traditions, it is reported that some companions of the Imams practised q i y i i s on occasions when instructions over a particular problem were not explicitly and clearly givenin the Q u r ' i n and Tradition, that some of them were practising the method of r o ' y .

and

Some of the most

8

o/-Tdiih ( d . 2601873-4) whose opinions on some legal subjects such a s

divorce and inheritance, and on some questions of u $ Z / 01-fiqh are quoted in the s o u r c e s , 1 0 Yiinus b . 'Abd al-Rakjman, whose opinions are cited in

ntial derivation of law. Many S h i ' i jurists of this period are mentioned in thc S h i ' i works on m 01-riji;19 and other sources.1° The names of some of thein are also

heir works in Ibn al-Nadim's K . a / - F i h r i s t . 161-2, 168; $adiiq, FoqTh, IV, p . 197; i b i d . , Mufid, F u g Z l , p p . 123-4; Murtapa, l n t i $ 5 r , 286; Ibn Shahrishiib, M a t h t l i b , fois. 233b-234a; Shahid I , D u r E s , 263; idem, QawC'id, p . 316; Najafi, XVI, p . 90.

q n i ' , p p . 170, 175-6;

See Kulayni, VII, p p . 83-4, 115-16, 121-5; $adiiq, M u q n i ' , p . 175; r t a p i , I n t i s Z i r , p p . 77-8; 'AIlima, M u k h t a l a f , 1, p . 136; Shahicl I , r i i s , p . 57; idem, Q o w i i ' i d , p.325; 'abd Allih al-Tiini, £01. 97. Kashshi, p . 156. See for some of his legal views Kulayni, VII, 97, 100-1.

See Mukjammad BZqir al-gads, D u r G s , I , p p . 55-64. See for instance Mufid, A w i i ' i i 01-moqiiiiit, p . 127; idem, F u g i i l , p p . 66-9. Also Nu'miini , TofsTr, pp. 95-6; Murtaai, D h o r T ' a , p p . 792-5; idem, / n t i $ i i r , p . 98. q q b i l , p p . 94, 117, 118, 120.

Kashshi, p . 375. Some of his legal opinions are quoted in the urces, e . g . Kulayni, VI, p . 141, VII, p . 256; Shaykh, TohdhTb, X , 137; idem, / s t i b $ C r , IV, p . 253. Kashshi, p . 345.

N a j i s h i , p . 163. I b i d . , p . 203. This i s according to the predominant Ugiili school of S h i ' i law. The Akhbiris rejected the validity of all kinds of rational argument in law, a s noted before. Books such a s 01-Rodd ' a l i i man r o d d Cthiir a/-RosCl wo i'tomad 'a15 n o t i i ' i j o l - ' u q i l by Hilil b . Ibrihim b . Abi '1-Fat12 al-Madani ( N a j i s h i , p . 344) are written with the same understanding. 7'

Durust b . Abi Mangiir, p . 165; B a r q i , Muhiisin, I , p p . 212-15; IJimyari, p . 157; Kashshi, p . 239; Mufid, l k h t i $ i i $ , p . 275; IJurr al'Amili, XVIII, p p . 33, 38; Niiri, 111, p p . 176-7; Jiimi- ohOd7th a/-ShT'a, I , p p . 274-6. B a r q i , MahZisin, I , pp. 212-15;

The other was a traditionalist

approach whlch relled on transmitting traditions wlthout any f u r t h e r infer

knowledgeable companions of the Imams whose opinions and judgments are cited in legal sources, have been accused of following the practice of qiyZis. Among them are Fa(i1 b . Shadhiln al-Naysibiiri, author of

'

K a s h s h i , p p . 156-7.

See Kulayni, VI, p p . 93-6, VII, p p . 88-90, 95-6, 98-9, 105-8, 116-18,

gadiiq, FoqTh, IV, p . 197; Murtapa, l b f i i i a/-'omoi b i - o k h b i i r oli i d , Sol. 142b; Futiini, p . 4 4 ; Bahr al-'Ulum, 111, p p . 215-19; i a i m i , p . 83. See also Shaykh, ' U d d o , p . 51. See his Kashf ~ l - ~ i n o p' p, . 82-3, 198, 244 a s some examples.

'

See K a s h s h i , p . 156. See also K h u m a ~ n i ,Risiila f i ' I - i j t i h i i d wo ' 1 - l o q r d , p p . 125-8. For instance Kashshi, p p . 238, 375, 556, also p . 484;

Shaykh,

r i s i , p . 52; Ibn Diwiid, p . 272.

A s an example Mufid, A / - R a d d '015 aghiib a o l ' a d o d , p . i28; Shaykh,

'

d h 7 b , VIII, p . 97.

See also Elasan al-$adr, pp. 298-302.

See Ibn al-Nadim, p p . 275-9.

32

THE PERIODS OF SHT'T LAW

AN INTRODUCTION TO S H ~ ' ?LAW

the opinions of the jurists of this period a r e quoted i n the legal works of

ct matter, and sometimes with the omission of the chain of transmitters

THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE OCCULTATION

In the period of the 'Minor Occultation' (2601874-3291941) and until the

niid).

latter part of the 4thIlOth century, three different legal schools existed )

in the S h i ' i community.

)

I.

The legal works of this group of

aditionists were collections of traditions compiled according to their sub-

later periods. 2.

hose mentioned in the traditions.

33

The School of the traditionists (Ah/ a/-baflth)

of the Presence, and likewise devoted its efforts to collecting, recording The adherents of this

school, like their predecessors in the time of the Imams, were not sympathetic to rational arguments in religious matters, and condemned even those efforts which applied rational argument toreligious questions in order to strengthen the S h i ' i point of view.

Mul2ammad b . Ya'qiib al-Kulayni Mubarnmad b . al-Uasan b . Ahmad b . al-WaIid ( d . 3431954-5) Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Babawayh al-Qummi , al-Sadiiq

11 into this group.

This was a continuation of the conservative legal tendency of the period and preserving the traditions from the Imams.

Traditionists such a s :

This school resembled in its out-

look the Sunni school of traditionists, where Armad b . uanbal "and

his

f o l l o w e r s ~ e j e c t e dkaliim even when used in defence of Islam. In their legal approach, there were two groups of traditionists who

T h e l e g a l choices4 of al-Kulayni and al-SadGq

ve been quoted in the legal sources. ) The other group followed traditions without compromise and completely nored the 'principles of u$G/ a/-fiqh and the rules by which a tradition uld be examined. They completely ignored the procedures of debate, asoning and modes of discourse .'6

The extreme tendencies of these

h i ' i traditionists were comparable to the tendency of the Vashwiyya in unnism which was the most extreme and inflexible Sunni traditionist However, in the works of S h i ' i theologians of the 4th-6thI hool. 0th-12th centuries, lerms such a s bashwiyya8 and muqo/lidag together ~ akhbiirisyol' were applied to all t h the terms a$biib o l - b ~ d T t h ' and

differed among themselves: ( a ) Those who only accepted traditions which were related by transmitters whose reliability had been thoroughly examined. Their knowledge of the traditions dealing with legal questions was extensive.

They recognized

and implemented those principles of u$G/ a/-fiqh which were contained in the traditions of the Imams.

'

Like Sunni traditionists,

' however,

they

were chary of writing about legal subjects with words other than exactly See for instance the introduction to al-Mubaqqiq's a/-Mu'tabar, p . 7 , in which he says that he will quote the views of five jurists of that period. Also 6ZQib al-MadZrik's Hidiiyat a/-fiilibin, £01. 4b. Also the Preface to al-Kazimi's Maqiibis a/-anwzr, p . 23, in which six such scholars are mentioned. See also Shaykh, TahdhTb, VIII, p . 97. SadUq, ICtiqiidiit, p . 74. 70; Shaykh, Ghayba, p . 3.

'

See also Mufid, Ta$bTb a/-i'tiqcd, p p . 169-

Ihn al-Jawzi, Moniiqib Abmad, p . 205. Ibn QudZma, T o b r h a/-naror fikutub ah/ a/-kaliim, p . 1 7 .

Later traditionists followed their predecessors in this case. Al-J.3urr alk'hnili, the renowned Akhbzri scholar of the late I l t h . 17th c e n t u r y , wrote a treatise against studying 'ilm a/-kaliim CAB, XXIV, p . 431). Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; Kizimi, Kashf a/-qinz', p p . 207-14; 'Abd Allah al-Tiini , p . 97; Amin al-AstarZbZdi , Jawiib rnasz'il a/-Shoykh Uusoyn, fol. 1Olb. See 'Abd al-Majid, p p . 288-9.

p . 2 ; Amin al-Astarabzdi, op. c i t . , fol. 101b. K. 01-MuqniC s y $adGq is an example of this sort of 'legal works'. e especially p . 2 of this book. "haykh, Fihrist, pp. 135, 156, 157; T u s t a r i , Sahw a/-Nab?, p . 9. e also A n g i r i , Rosii'il, p . 87.

'

Both al-Kulayni and al-SadUq in the introduction to their two main o r k s , viz. K . a/-KiifTand Man 1; yobQ'uruh a/-faq?h respectively, acknowdged the authenticity of what they transmilted in those books. Thus in e cases of conflict between traditions, the one they accepted and narted in their works, demonstrates their viewpoints in each specific case. Muraqqiq, Mu'tobar, p . 7; SZpib al-Madirik, Hidiiyot a/-JalibTn , 1. 46; K a ~ i m i ,Maqiibis, p . 23.

'

Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; Kazimi, Kashf 01-qinii', p . 202. See Mufid, lf$iib, p . 77; idem, A wii'il a/-maqii/zt, p . 65; Murtaoi 1-Razi, p . 46. Mufid, Ukbariyya, fol. 59a; idem, A wii'ii a/-rnaqiiliit, p . 86; idcm, wiib ah/ 01-Uii'ir, p.114; 'abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p p . 3 , 235, 272, 285, 9, see also Mubaqqiq, Mu'tabar, p . 6; FayQ, a/-U$ii/ 01-a$?la, p.61. MuEd, Jawiib ah/ a/-Uii'ir, p . 112; Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 54. and the like ( o ~ b i i ba/-okhbiir, ah1 a/-ba&th, ah1 a/-akhbiir etc. 1. See f i d , a/-Rodd 'a15 albiib a/-'odad,p. 124; idem, A wii'il ol-maqiiliit, p p . -1, 87, 88, 89, 92, 101, 108, 118; idem, Ta$bTb 01-i'tiqiid, p p . 186, 2; idem, Sarowiyya, p p . 222, 223; Murtaaa, Tobbiiniyyiit, fol. 2; idem, -Mow$i/iyya 01-thiiiitho, fol. 40a; idem, Tariibuiusiyyiit, fol. 1 1 0 ; idcm, Radd 'a15 o$biib aai'adad, fol. 130b; Shaykh, 'Udda, p . 248; idem, aybo, p . 3 ; Ibn Idris, p p . 5, 249. See also Shaykh, MabsiiJ, I , p . 2. Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, P O . , 3, 236, 2 7 2 , 282, 285, 458, 529, 568-9;

THE PERIODS OF

A N INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~LAW

34

escribed and criticized in the works of al-Mufid and al-MurtapZ.

the adherents of the traditionist tendency, even the former group. In the sources of ' i l m a / - r i j i i l the names of some jurists of this branch of the traditionists have been recorded, such as Abu '1-IJusayn al-Nashi', 'Ali b . 'Abd Allah b .

WugayI

( d . 3661976-7) who is said to have dis-

cussed law in the same way as oh1 al-&7hir.

'

S H T ' ~ LAW

Flowever, due to the school's

35

'

11. 'Qadimayn' While the traditionist school was predominant in S h i ' i academic circles the second half of the 3rdl9th and a greater part of the 4thllOth

refusal and failure to apply reason and rationality and also due to thc

turies, two important figures emerged among S h i ' i scholars, each of om had his own particular approach to law. Both practised rational

absence of any ideas and original thought of their own, the decisions of

soning in legal thought.

its adherents2 did not gain any legal validity and were totally ignored in the sources. 9

s noted, their judgments were nothing but references to

traditions.

Hence, their methods can be considered as a

tinuntion of the exercise of analytical and rational thought in law which isted in the period of the presence of the Imams. They are rcgarded2 constituting the first school of S h i ' i deductivc law, based not merely

The traditionist school which, in the period of the Presence, was one

collections of traditions but on speculative analysis and rational

of the two prevailing tendencies of S h i ' i scholarly circles, gradually gained control over the whole S h i ' i intellectual community, and totally

Although these two personalities represented two differcnt legal percep-

suppressed the rational theological and legal tendencies which were based

n s and approaches, in many cases, they arrived at the same conclusiolls

on reasoning. The school of Qum, which in those days was the most prom-

d issued similar opinions on legal problems.

inent religious centre of the S h i ' i s , was completely dominated by this

erefore, quoted jointly in the sources as the opinion 01 the Qadimayn,

current and the Qummi scholars were all traditionists4 objecting to any

e Two Ancient (scholars).

kind of reasoning and analytical thought in the S h i e i community.

The

1)

Their legal judgments a r c ,

They are:

Ibn Abi 'Aqil, Abii Mubarnmad wasan b . 'Ali b . Ahi 'AqZ al-

overwhelming majority of S h i ' i jurists during this period and up to the

'UminT al-Hadhdhi', of the first half of the 4thllOth century.'

late 4thllOth century were adherents of this school of thought.'

He is the author of a legal work entitled 01-Mulomossik bi-bob1

As will be explained later, in the last decades of the 4thllOth and early

01-Rosijl, which was onc of the most renowned legal sources during

5 t h l l l t h centuries, the school was swept away by the teaching of al-Shaykh al-Mufid and his disciple al-Sharif al-Rlurtada.

Although a small number of

its adherents survived, here and there, in later periods6 none of them gained prominence or influenced S h i ' i thought. The methodology and beliefs of the adherents of this school have been

'AllZma, NihCyat 01-wuscl, fol. 200b. See also Shahrastani, pp. 169, 178; Sharif al-JurjZni , p. 629; Fakhr al-Razi , MobsGI (quoted in K i ~ i m ,i p. 203). Shaykh, F i h r i s t , p . 89. It should be noted here that there were diffcrences of opinions among the adherents of this tranch of traditionists too, as the traditions of the Imams were sometimes contradictory, and each of those jurists was deciding legal problems according to those traditions he had received. Murtaai, 01-Rodd ' o l a asbFib 01-'odad, fol. 130b; idem, T a b b i i n i y y z t , fol. 2 ; idem, ol-Mow$i/iyya 01-thiilitha, fol. 40a. lbt??l 01-'omol b i - o k h b i i r a/-Cbiid, 101. 142b; Futiini, p . 4 . "urta&i, See also Shaykh, F i h r i s l , p . 157.

Shaykh, ' U d d o , p . 248;

'Allima, Nihiiyat 01-wu$G/, fol. 200b. 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini , p. 568.

Ti1

the 4th and 5thllOth and 11th centuries. )

Ibn al-Junayd, Ahii 'Ali Muhammad b . Abmad b . al-Junayd al-KStib al-Iskafi , of the middle of the 4thllOth century.

IIe is

-

See Mufid, S o r o w i y y a , p p . 222, 223; idem, TagbTb a / - i ' t i q z d , p.222; em, ' U k b o r i y y o , fol. 59a; idem, JowZib oh1 0 1 - v o ' i r , pp. 112, 116; idem, Rodd ' o l Z osbiib 01- ' o d o d , p. 24; Murtaoa, 01-Mawgiliyyo 01-thCIitho, 1.40a; idem, T o b b f i i y y z t , fol. 2 ; idem, a/-Rodd 'olC ogbzb 01-'odod, 1.130b: idem. IbtZI o l ' a r n a l bi-okhbCr aalZbiid, fol. 142b. See also haykh, C h o y b o , 6 . 3 ; idem, M o b s Z l , I , p . 2 ; idem, ' U d d a , pp. 54, 48; 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, pp. 529, 568. See Babra12Uliim, 11, p. 218. This name was invented by Ibn Fahd al-JJilli ( d . 84111437-8) in early thll5th century. See his 01-Muhadhdhob 0 1 - b i i r i ' , fol. 3a. See also his -Muqtagar, fol. 2a. In a letter to Ja'far b . Mubarnmad b . Qiilawayh ( d . 3691979-801, Ibn i 'Aqil permitted him to narrate his works (NajZshi , p. 3 8 ) . NajZshi, p. 38; AB, X I X , p. 69. He was in Naysahfir in 3401951-2 and enjoyed the respect of its people ufid, $ @ h F n i y y a , p. 17). One of his works is a book of answers he ve to the questions of the Buyid Mu'izz al-Dawld, who died in 3561967 a j i s h i , p . 301) .

36

THE PERIODS OF

A N INTRODUCTION TO SI-17'7 LAW

SHT'T

31

LAW

the author of Tohdhrb 01-ShT'o 1;-obkk 01-shorTca and aI-Afin~007

val~dltyof okhbiir ool6tlifd a s a source of law' and because of t h l s , al-Mufid

fi 'I-fiqh a/-Mufiommofi.

~ relied, however, on rational ranged him among the t r a d i t i ~ n i s t s . He

Ibn Abi 'Aqil, who slightly preceded Ibn al-Junayd, was a koliim theologian. He may well be considered a precursor of the legal method of the kaliim theologians

analysis when it came to comprehending, inferring and extracting legal

of Baghdad who formed the third era in the development of S h i ' i law to

eral legal interpretation of each tradition through comparison with other

These scholars were, t h u s , nearly contemporaries.

'

be discussed later.

principles from the sources and contrary to the traditionists who looked at the literal meaning of tradition alone, h e appears to have aimed at a gensimilar traditions.

Like other kolrm theologians, he did not consider

later S h i ' i law, he appears to have tried to discover the rationale ('illa) As mentioned, this method which establishes general

traditions transmitted by a single o r a few transmitters (okhbiTr 01-CbLTd) a s valid.

In accordance with a commonly accepted practice in

of a precept.'

It is cvident from his judgments that his legal approach was

firmly based on general Qur'iinic principles and widely transmitted trad-

principles in legal matters without the need to rely on the specific texts in

itions.

traditions in.every case, was held to be a kind of qiycs in the early

the general validity of the Qur'inic principle and ignore the traditions,

centuries and was rejected by S h i ' i jurists in the same way that they rejected the Sunni concept of q i y a . Like the adherents of rational

In cases where there was a general principle in the Qur'iin to which an exception was made in traditions, Ibn Abi 'Aqil would maintain

view of the proximity of his time to that of the Presence, however, the

reasoning in the time of the Presence, among whom was Fadl b . ShZdhin, As a result, Ibn al-Junayd was accused of employing qiyZs5 and r a ' y .

uncertainty with regard to the reliability of many traditions affecting

the works of Ibn al-Junayd were abandoned,

later discussions was not yet felt to be a serious problem and there was

Ibn Abi 'AqTI.

less disagreement concerning the opinions of the Imams on fundamental

during the third and fourth stages of S h i ' i law,' in which legal thought

unless the latter had been universally and unquestionably accepted.

legal principles arising from contradictory traditions.

'

In

Because of this,

method also was appreciated by later scholars,

Thus, his legal opinions did not receive much attention

was affected to a great extent by the school of the traditionists. In defence of his methodology, Ibn al-Junayd wrote a number of books,

the traditions which Ibn Abi 'Aqil attributes to the Imims in his hook have comc to be accepted entirely by S h i ' i scholars after him.

in contrast to the works of

the titles of some of which indicate his method in law, notably Kashf a/-

His legal

tamwTh wa'l-ilbcs "alZ oghmiir a/-ShT'a

and his legal opinions are

iT omr a/-qiyZs and If-hZr mZ

sataroh oh1 01-'iniid mmn i 01-riwiiya 'an o'immat a/-'lira

quoted in most S h i ' i sources.

F omr a/-ijtihiid.'

Ibn al-Junayd was not held in such high esteem and his legal method was criticized by both his contemporaries and by later scholars. was a kolzm theologian and produced many works on theology.

IIe, too,

Among prominent S h i ' i theologians, Abii Mubammad gasan b . Miis2 al-Nawbakhti (early 4thilOth c e n t u r y ) also maintained the same opinion (see NajZshi , p . 50). It i s already well-known that mush disagreement existed among the Mu'tazili theologians of the time, too, about the validity of akhbiir 01-ZbZd (see 'Abd al-Majid, p . 94).

Among

these was one written In defence of Faal b . S h i d h i n , reasoning in law and theology.

a supporter of In lcgal matters, Ibn al-Junayd held the

Mufid, Sarawiyya, p . 223.

'

Babr alh'Uliim, 11, p . 218.

'

Najishi, p.38;

4

Shaykh, Fihrist, pp.64, 194; Ibn Diiwiid, p . 111.

T u s t a r i , QiimGs, 111, p . 198. For similar legal appoaches in Sunni school sce 'Ahd a l - ~ a j i d ,p p . 219-24, 236. "

See for example gZQib al-MadZrik, p . 219,

5

r Aliima, Mukhtolof, 11, pp.157, 167; Miqdid, TonqTfi, fol. 88b. also ' ~ b dnl-Majid, p p . 267-8 for silililar cases in Sunni law.

NajZshi, p . 38; Ibn Idris, p p . 99, 192, 397, 398 Najiishi, p p . 301-2; Shaykh, F i h r ~ s l ,p . 134. NajZshi, p . 302.

See

Basan al-$adr, p . 302. Babr al-'Uliim, 111, p . 214; T u s t a r i , QZmGs, XI, p . 94.

Mufid.. Siiahiin~vvo. D . 19. idem, Soraw~vya,u p . 222-3, Nalishi . < ,, . . p . 302. Shaykh, Fihrist, p . 134; 1bn ~hahr~shiib-,-Mo'ii/im, p. 87; 'Alliima, Khuliiso, p . 145; Ibn Diwiid, p . 292; YabyZ al-Babriini, p . 306; Amin al-Astaribidi , p . 30; uusayn al-Karaki , chapter eight; Babr al'Uliim, 111, p . 207; Abii 'Ali, p . 346. MuEd, Sarowiyyo, p . 223; Murtaaii, I n t i ~ i i r ,p . 238. Mufid, SZghiiniyya, p . 19; Shaykh, Fihrist, p . 134; Ibn Diwiid, p . 292. MuEd, SZghiiniyyo, p . 19; KZ?imi, p p . 291-8. Najishi, p . 301.

A N INTRODUCTION TO

38

SHT'T

LAW

He also justified his approach in his book: a/-Mosz'il a/-Mijriyya.

'

Al-Mufid, the prominent S h i ' i scholar at the beginning of the 5 t h l l l t h century, who praised Ibn al-Junayd's intelligence2 came to disagree seriously with his legal method, subjecting it to criticism in a number of his works, including his 01-MasZ'il ol-SZghiiniyyc~,~01-MasZ'ii oiS a r a v i i y y a ~ n din two special treatises, one entiled: NoqQ' risiilat a/-Junoyd7 i/F ahi Mijr,

a refutation of 1bn al-Junayd's al-MasC'ii a/-

Mijriyya, and another called 01-NaqQ' 'alZ ibn a/-Junayd j 7 ijtihzd a/-ra'y. Al-MuEd's students too have cited and rejected some of Ibn al-Junayd's legal opinions in their works.

'

Ibn al-Junayd's legal method which, on the one hand (and in contrast to al-Muf'id and his followers), accepted Chiid traditions as valid and considered them as the principal source of law, and, on the other, gave formal recognition to reason as the means through which precepts could be ascertained, was closer to the more developed S h i ' i legal methodological practices of later periods than to those of his time.

'

It is evidently

because of this similarity of methodology thattwo centuries after him, his legal opinions were quoted for the first time with a degree of revercnce, by Ibn I d r i s , the S h i ' i scholar of the late 6thl12th century.

From the

second half of the 7thl13th century onwards, when rational analysis pentrated more deeply into S h i ' i law, the works of this scholar received much praisc and admiration.

Al-'AIlAma regarded him a s one of the out-

standing experts of jurisprudence, ments in his own works.''

'"and cited many of his legal judg-

The jurists of the fifth stage, especially

al-Shahid al-Awwal, al-Fidil al-Miqdiid and Ibn Fahd, paid careful attention to Ibn al-Junayd's opinions, and narrated his views on many

legal problems.

and his analysis was exceptional among classical S h i ' i jurists. Ibn Abi 'Aqii and Ibn al-Junayd t h u s must be considered as the founde r s of S h i ' i systematic law, as distinct from the Tradition. > 111. The Intermediate School In this same period, there existed in S h i ' i centres of scholarship a group of jurists who, while holding the validity of many Zhiid traditions and while not offering an analytical systematic law comparable to that of the Qadimayn, followed the practice of ijtihiid, t h u s differentiating themselves from the conservative and narrow approach of the traditionists. In short, they held an intermediary position between the two tendencies described above. The school formulated its juridical opinions through the process of extracting specific precepts from the general principles implied in tradtions, or through selection or reconciliation when traditions were contraictory.

ollowers of this school.

The case of "adad' ( i . e . the argument as to

hether the number of days of the month of RarnadZn likc the days of ther months, conform to the laws of astronomy or have a fixed and nalterable measure) was such a case about which the scholars of this chool were in disagreement among themselves, and produced many treatses in defence of their own, or in refutation of the opposing views.' The most important scholars of this tendency, whose views arc somemes mentioned in the legal sources, are: 'Ali b . Bibawayh al-Qummi ( d . 3291904-1)

Idem, Szghiiniyya, pp. 18-19.

'

Opinions formed on this basis were not always uniform, and

his somctimes caused intense arguments on certain issues among the

Muf'id, Sarawiyya, p. 224.

'

Al-Shahid al-ThAni, one of the later scholars of this same

,tage says of Ibn al-Junayd that the sharpness of his grasp of problems,

)

Abu '1-Fad1 Muhammad b . Abmad al-sibiini al-Ju'fi, author of

Ihid., p p . 17-22.

01-Fiikhir (first half of the 4thllOth century)

Idem, Sarawiyyo, pp. 222-4.

)

Ja'far b . Mu4ammad b . Qiilawayh al-Qummi ( d . 3691979-80)

ibirl., p . 2 2 4 ;

)

Abmad b . Mubarnmad b . DAwGd b . 'Ali al-Qummi ( d . 3681978-9)

Najiishi, p . 312.

Najishi, p . 315.

See Murtadi, IntijCr, pp. 77-8, 80-1, 83, 217, 227, 237-43, 244, 246; idem, al-Mawgiliyya ai-thzniya, £01. 34a; Ibn alkBarriij, Shorh Jumai, pp. 244, 251. T u s t a r i , Qiimiis, XI, p. 94.

BaQr al-'UlCrn, 11, p. 218.

See Ibn Idris, p. 99. See 'AlIZma, UZh, pp. 88-9. AB, IV, p. 510, XX, p . 177.

Sec also Babr al-'Uliim, 111, pp. 205-6;

See 'Allima, KhuiC$o, p . 145; idem, TQ'Cb, p. 89.

See also Mufid, Sorawiyyo, p . 2 2 2 .

Muhaqqlq, Mu'tabar, p. 7; S;Ztpb al-hAadirik, H~dCyotol-lZ/ilib7nn, 01. 4b. h e e especially Ihn Tiiwiis, lqbiii, p . 6. p . 236-8.

Also Kiizimi, p . 139; A B , V ,


40

THE PERIODS OF SIlf'f LAW

3. THE RATIONALISTS

most outstanding of the Qunimiyyiin1land 'the head of the t r a d i t i o n i ~ t s ' , ~

As has been seen, the school of the traditionists gained control over the

I-Mufid

S h i ' i centres of learning from the early years of the period of Minor

iyya3and Jawiib ah1 01-Uii'ir.

the last decades of that century, however, the emergence of a new school

by al-Mufid,

icisms which gradually weakened, and finally reduced them to silence.

Diwiid b .

al-Mufid,

AbE 'Abd Alli Mubunmad b . Mubarnmad al-Nu'min al-

al-SadEq, Ja'far b . Muhammad b . Qiilawayh, Ahmad b . Mul?ammad b . 'Ali al-Qummi and Abu '1-gusayn 'Ali b . Wugayf al-NZshi','

and was accordingly, very well acquainted with the three legal schools of the 4thllOth century. In order to pave the way for the return of rational analysis in S h i ' i doctrine, he attacked and criticized the conservative approach of the traditionists in an attempt to break their position of dominance. he was to be successful.

In this,

One factor which was instrumental in his suc-

while some suggested that it was written by al-Sharif

ai-Mutada6 or someone else.

The founder of this school was the theologian and jurist al-Shaykh

b . Muhammad b . al-Junayd al-Iskifi , Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Bibawayh

The words he used in Jowiib ah1 a/- uii'ir

ere so harsh' that some scholars doubted if it had indeed been written

placed the traditionists under pressure and exposed them to severe crit-

Baghdidi Ibn al-Mu'allim ( d . 41311022). He had studied under Ahmad

criticized him harshly in some of his works, among them TogbTb

01-i'tiqiid, a commentary on al-$adEqrs a/-l'tiqiidiit, ol-Mosii'il ai-soro-

Occultation (2601874) until the second half of the 4thllOth century. In

al-MuEd,

41

a

It is clear, however, that this treatise is by

since much of its content is similar to statements in his other

works, notably in To$bTh a/-i'tiqcd, These harsh words, and al-Mufid's other crltlclsm of the oplnlons of the traditionikts,

l o reflect

his great concern about the latters' domination

over the S h i ' i intellectual community, and his determination to revive the rational approach in law and theology.

His pupil, al-Sharif al-Murtadi

also played an important part in weakening the school of traditionists.

In

many of his works, notahly Jabiibiit 01-masc'il ai-Mowgiliyya a/-thr7litho,

l2

lbtiil 01-'omol bi-akhbiir a/-6biid13 and 01-Radd 'a15 a ~ h i i b~ / - ' a d a dhe ~~ was very critical of the traditionists, and even accused all 'Qummiyyiin' of being religious deviationists,"

with the only exception of al-$adEq,

toward whom he adopted a more moderate approach.

cess was that the traditionists of Qum, who spearheaded that school,

The attacks by al-MuEd, al-Murtaai and other S h i ' i theologians in the

maintained certain special views with regard to the Imims, and considered the attribution of any supernatural thing to them as a mark of extremism (ghuluww) and religious deviation.

Shaykh, Fihrist, p. 157.

Some even considered as

Babrini , uadii'iq, I , p . 170.

an extremist (ghiilr) anyone who believed that the Prophet was immune to inadvertence (sohw).'

In this matter, most later S h i ' i Akhbiris as well

as some Ugiili scholars sided with these early traditionists.

These views

presumably were not popular among the common people who preferred to elevate the spiritual status of their Imams, and al-Mufid took advantage

See p. 2 2 2 .

'

See pp. 112, 116, 118, 120. Also J a z i ' i r i , IV, pp. 34-5; KashkGl, I , pp. 218-19.

Bahrini

'Ali b . Muhammad al-'Amili , a/-Durr a/-ManthZr, I , p. 100. See also Macdermott, p. 41. J a z i ' i r i , IV, p. 34; B a b r i n i , KoshkZl, pp. 218-19.

of this unpopularity to break the power of his opponents.

AB, V, p . 176.

In spite of the fact that he had studied with al-$adiiq who was 'the

KSzimi, p . 211; Tustari , Sohw 01-NobT, p . 2 . XVII, p. 123, C X , pp. 165-7.

See also Majlisi 11,

See pp. 156, 160, 178, 182-3, 186, 211, 2 2 2 . See especially Amin al-Astaribidi, p . 30. Mufid, Lamb a/-burhiin (quoted in Ibn Tiwiis, Iqbiil, p. 5); Shaykh, Fihrist, pp. 89-90, 134, 136, 157.

'

See Mimaqini, the introduction, p . 212, V, pp. 84, 249. See SadEq, I , pp. 234-5;

lo

For instance 'Ukboriyya, fol. 59a. He also devoted a book to his criticisms to the traditionists, entitled MoqiibG 01-anwiir fi 'I-radd 'a15 oh1 01-okhbiir (Najishi, p. 315; AB, XXI, p. 375). 1 1 KSzimi, pp. 205, 211.

Majlisi I , Rawdo, 11, pp. 451-2.

J a z i ' i r i , 111, p . 131, IV, pp. 35-40. Among the ancient Ugiili S h i ' i scholars al-Tabrisi supported this view. See his Majrna' a/-bayiin , I , p . 181 (also IV, p. 317). See also Abii 'Ali, p . 45.

Fo1. 40a. l3

Fol. 142b.

1 9 0 1 . 130b. 15

MurtadZ, lbtiil a/-'omol bi-okhbiir a/-iihcd, fol. 142b.

42

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'i LAW

first half of the 5 t h I l l t h century, resulted in the decline and fall of the school of traditionists.

Aspects of this severe controversy are recorded

TI-IE PERIODS OF

SHT'ILAW

43

precepts from the appropriate sources was done through rational analysis, the procedures and rules of conduct of which were familiar to the theolog-

in some of the sourcesZ in which the traditionists are referred to as the Al-Mufid 'okhbiiriyya1, and the 'rationalists1 as 'mu'tozila' or 'koliimiyyo'.

n s because of the latters' daily involvemtns with hard theological debates.

and al-Sharif al-Murtaai too, speak of the approach of 'mutakallimiinl and 'rnuboqqiqiin' as against that of the 'traditionists'.' In later S h i ' i sources,

fluence on S h i ' i scholarship had left deep marks on the overall patterns

the adherents of this rationalist school are referred to by the term 'ugCliyyol.

Al-Mufid was taught law by Ja'far b . Mubarnmad b . QElawayh,

one of the jurists of the Intermediate tendency, other legal schools of his time.

and was familiar with the

vertheless it should be noted that Long years of entrenched traditionist

0

S h i ' i thought,

patterns.

theologians of the Period of the Presence and those of later periods, spring from this fact.

However, because of his rational and

analytical tendencies he was an admirer of Ibn Abi 'Aqil,' whose legal approach was similar to his own. The approach of the rationalists, as was described under the discussion

and had, over time, become an integral part of these

The different standpoints over certain problems between the

'

The characteristic of the rationalist school, according to the above account, is t h i i r refusal to relay on ZbZd traditions as a source of law. Al-Mufid, al-Murtaai and their studentshall emphasized this point. The three eminent scholars of the school, each of whom made his own original

of the legal methods of Ibn Abi 'Aqil, relied firmly on general Qur'anic

contribution to i t , were:

principles and on widely transmitted (mutowiitir) traditions, and excluded those traditions which did not provide certainty (Cbiid). Instead of the

(i)

01-Muqni'o, 01-lc1Zm bi-mci ittofaqot 'oloyh 01-ImFmiyyo min 01-Abkiim

latter, they conformed to thosc legal views which were accepted and continually practised among Shi'is (iifnZqZt).

The process of inferring

'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p . 568. For instance Shahrastzni , p. 178. It is strange that al-Babrini , who belonged to the later Akhbiris of the sixth stage of S h i ' i law, thought that 'nothing happened between the traditionists and muitahids (rationalist jurists) in the first centuries, although those ages were full of both types of scholars' (uodii'iq, I , p . 169).

and o l ' A wT$ fi '/-obkZm (ii) (iii)

Other scholars of this school and interpreters of its views, whose original contributions are less conspicuous, a r e :

Muiid, AwZ'il a/-moqClCt, p . 98; Murtaaa, TobbCniyyiiL, £01. 2 . See for instance 'Abd al-Jalil al-Qazwini, p p . 3, 178, 179, 190, 231, 235-7, 240, 272, 281, 282, 284, 415-16, 459, 481, 504, 506, 528, 569; 'Allama, NihCyot 01-wu$iil, fol. 200b.

(ii)

SallZr b . 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Daylami , author of 01-Moriisim al'Allawiyyo wo 'I-obkZm 01-Nobowiyya

'

Qadi

'Abd al-'Aziz b . al-Barrij al-Sham?, author of 01-Muhodhdhob,

01-JowZhir and Sharb Jumol olk'ilm wo '/-'om01 (iii)

Abu '1-Hasan Mubammad b . Mubarnmad al-Bugrawi, a student of al-Murtaai and author of 01-iMufTd fi '1-takiTf

Najishi, p. 95. Ibid., p . 38.

Abu '1-$alib Taqi al-Din b . Najm al-Din al-aalabi, author of

01-KZF fi 'I-fiqh and a pupil of al-Mufid

(i)

"ee works of al-MuEd and al-Murtaai. Also Riwandi, Fiqh alQur'iin, I , p . 4 . However, there were some dirferences between the approach of al-Muiid and alkMurtadi. See further Brunschvig, p p . 208-11. Thev had such a difference in theological matters as well. Al-Riwandi ( d . "57311178) collected the cases of d:lsagreements between al-Mufid and al-Sharif al-MurtaaX in their works, in an independent treatise. He gathered ninety-five theological cases upon which their opinions differed. Al-Riwandi thought it would need a large book to gather all the cases on which they had taken different standpoints (Ibn TZwiis, Koshf 01-mabajjo, p . 2 0 ) . Likewise, there were many cases of disagreement between alSharif al-Murtaai and Abu '1-Saliib al-galabi . Al-KarZjaki collected these cases in a book entitled GhCyot a/-in$Zf ;f masci'il 01-khilCf in which he tried to support al-Murtada's opinions (NEri , 111, p . 498/AB, XVI, p . 9 ) .

Al-Sharif al-MurtaQa, author of 01-lnti~iir, 01-Mosii'il 01-NZ$iriyyZt and many other treatises

Shahrastini, pp. 169, 178; Sharif al-JurjZni, p . 629; Fakhr alRZzT , Mob$Cl (quoted in Kazimi , p. 203). "

A1-Mufid, author of numerous legal treatises and texts such as

Thcse differences were, however, in theological matters. In legal discussions, they followed the samc approach. The invalidity of ZbZd traditions, which was the main characteristic of this school of law, was for instance supported by Fad1 b . Shadhan as well. See BaQr al-'UlEm, 111, p . 232; AB, XXIV, p . 2 8 7 . See his: To$bTb 01-irtiqZd, p p . 179, 212, 227-9; Todhkiro, p . 193; Sorawiyyo, pp. 223-5; JawZb ah1 a/-VZ'ir, pp. 112, 116. See also Ibn Idris, p. 409; Mubaqqiq, Ma'cirii, p . 127. In most of his works, as example: al-Mow$iliyya 01-thiiiitho, fol. 40a; DharT'o, pp. 528-55.

'

For instance al-ljalabi , Toqrib 01-MaCiir!f, fol. 91a; Karajaki , p . 296; bn al-Barraj, Shorb Jumol, pp. 170, 177, 256. See also Baha' al-Din 1-'Amili, Wa/Tzo, p. 6; K a ~ i m i ,p. 4 4 2 .

AN INTRODUCTION TO

44 (iv) 4.

SHT'T

LAW

THE PERIODS OF SHf'f LAW

Abu '1-Fath Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Karijaki

THE SCHOOL OF SHAYKH

legal scholarship for three centuries.

45

During this time, it passed through

three stages:

AL-TA'IFA

The rationalist school based its legal theories on the Q u r ' i n and on well-

( a ) The disciples of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa

known widely transmitted traditions.

The century after his death was the period of his pupils and imitators.

zb?d traditions on their own were

None of the S h i ' i jurists of this period produced any major novel ideas.

not considered to be a reliable source for law. Shaykh al-Tii'ifa, Muhammad b . Basan al-Tfisi ( d . 46011067), known simply a s 'al-Shaykh' in S h i ' i legal works, strove to retain the authority of FbFd traditions as a source of law, rational method of law;

' while preserving the

a method which has remained the characteristic

The method of Shaykh al-Tii'ifa, in effect, combined the method of the rationalists with that of the tradition-

century said that after al-Shaykh, the Shi'a had no m u f f ( meaning a jurisconsult with independent judgments) and that all S h i ' i jurists after him were merely narrators and expounders of his views. The most prominent scholars of this period, whose names and works are

The legal works of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa opened up much new ground in

S h i e i law.

His K . a/-Mobs$ treated many cases which S h i ' i jurists had

not dealt with previously. His K. 01-Khiliif was the first notable work in the field of comparative law among Shi'is.

mentioned in the legal sources, are: Abfi 'Ali Basan b . Muhammad h . Basan al-Tiisi , son of al-Shaykh

(i)

(d. after 515/1121), author of Sharb 01-Nihiiya and a/-Murshid ilF

These two books were modelled

sob2 ol-fa'abbud

upon Sunni works, and through them an important part of Sunni legal scholarship passed into S h i ' i law facilitating its further development.

'

Sadid al-Din Mahmiid al-Bimmasi in the latter part of the 6thIl2th

analytical and

of S h i ' i law up to the present time. ists.

They merely quoted and explained al-Shaykh's statements and therefore have been called 'muqallido' (imitators).

Ni~zm&Din Sulaymiin b . wasan al-Qahrashti, a student of al-

(ii)

Shaykh and author of l$bZb oolShTCabi-mi$biib 01-shot-7'0

S h i ' i law a t this stage benefited much from the heritage of Sunni legal (iii)

'Ali' al-Din 'Ali b . Basan al-Balabi, author of IshFrot ol-sobq

concepts, which were alien to traditional S h i ' i thought, also crept into

ilii mo'rifat 01-boqq

S h i ' i law and created some inconsistencies in i t .

(iv)

Abfi 'Ali Fag1 b . Basan Amin al-Islim al-Tabrisi ( d . 54811158),

thought of the early centuries of Islam.

At the same time, non-Shi'i In his two works,

author of 01-Muntokhab min Mosii'il 01-khiliif

Shaykh al-Tii'ifa cited the text of some Sunni legal works literally and then added his judgments on the basis of S h i ' i general principles o r S h i ' i traditions in the form of marginal notes.

(v)

'Imiid al-Din Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Bamza al-Tfisi ( d . after 5661

(vi)

Qutb al-Din Sa'id b . Hibat Allih al-Riwandi ( d . 57311178), author

1171), author of 01-WasTlo il? nay1 a/-fofila

His efforts to adjust non-

S h i ' i concepts to his own legal system were not always successful.

As a

of Fiqh a/-Qur'iin

consequence, some confusion and inconsistencies are apparent in his works, which were later refined by al-Mubaqqiq al-Villi.

Qutb al-Din Muhammad b . Qusayn al-Kaydari al-Bayhaqi ( d . after

(vii)

576/1181), author of 01-l$biib

More consonant with traditional S h i ' i legal thought, was Shaykh alTi'ifals K. ol-NihZya, which became the most authoritative S h i ' i text for two centuries.

Apart from this, his 01-Jumoi wo 'I-'uqijd and some other

(viii)

Rashid al-Din Muhammad b . 'Ali b . Shahrashfib al-Sarawi ( d . 5881 1192), author of Mutashiibih 01-Qur'Zn wa mukhtolifuh

legal treatises of his have also survived. His two collections of traditions

( b ) The period of criticism

TahdhTb 01-obk?m and 01-IstibgZr, became important sources of the law.

A century after the death of al-Shaykh, in the second half of the 6thl

His approach towards contradictory traditions in these two books, and his

12th century, a number of scholars arose in opposition to the fundamental

legal interpretation of them, deeply influenced S h i ' i law.

principles of his school.

The school of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa maintained i t predominance in S h i ' i See the chapter on okhbiir 01-*iid

in his 'Uddo, pp. 25-63.

For this second, he was accused by the Akhbaris of following the practice of qiycs. See Busayn al-Karaki, chapter 8.

Rejecting the validity of ?@Zd traditions as a

source of law, they revived the rational method of al-Sharif al-Murtaai. See Kiqimi , p. 4 4 2 . Ibn Tiiwiis, Koshf al-Mobajjo, p. 127; Busayn b . 'Abd al-Qamad, Wu$Cl 01-akhycr, p. 33; Sahib al-Ma'ilim, p. 179; Abu '1-Qisim b . Basan al-Yazdi, I , p . 2 0 ; KhwZns:ri, VII, p . 161.

AN INTRODUCTION TO S ~ f ' fLAW

46

THE PERIODS OF SHf'i LAW

The prominent representatives of this new tendency, which did not

(iii)

develop any further after them, are:

'

(iv)

Najib al-Din Muhammad b . Ja'far b . Hibat Allzh b . Nimi ( d . 6451

(v)

Sadid al-Din Yiisuf b . al-Mutahhar al-villi (alive in 66511267)

(vi)

Ahmad b . Miisi b . TXwiis al-tlilli ( d . 67311274-5), author of

'Izz al-Din Abu '1-Makirim vamza b . 'Ali b . Zuhra al-JJalabi ( d . 5851

1189-90), author of Ghunyat a i - n ~ z L i ' ~ Mubarnmad b . Mangiir b . Abmad b . Idris al-villi ( d . 59811202), author

3.

1248)

of a/-Sorb'ir

BushrZ 01-rnuboqqiqTn

To this list some other scholars of the same period could be added, who

(vii)

in their positive legal doctrlne followed al-Shaykh, and hence we mentioned them among his disciples, but in theory and under the influence of the Among them were Qutb al-Din al-~jlwandi' and Ibn

Yahyjl b . Sa'id al-villi ( d . 68911290), author of J h i ' a/-shorZ'1' and Nuzhot ol-nZ?ir

(viii)

works of al-Sharif al-Murta(ra, they maintained the invalidity of ZbZd traditions.

Zayn al-Din Mubamrnad b . Qisim al-Barzihi al-Naysjlbiiri (alive in 66111263)

1. Sadid al-Din Mabmiid b . 'Ali al-IJimmagi al-Rizi ( d . after 58311187) 2.

47

'Imid al-Din Uasan b . 'Ali al-Tabari (alive in 698112991, author of ol'Umdo, Nahi o l ' i r f i n and 01-Fog% a/-munhii

( c ) Al-Muhaqqiq and alk'Al1ima

Shahrishiib.

The legal heritage of alkShaykh, though fertile in new perspectives,

The most radical proponent of this tendency was Ibn Idris.

His critic-

was, nevertheless, as yet immature and inconsistent, and needed further

ism of the views and the legal approach of al-Shaykh was so strong that it

refinement and organization. Some of the elements which he adopted from

was considered by some later scholars to have exceeded proper bounds.

Sunni law remained tied to their original framework, and were not well

Although Ibn Idrisls critical views did not attract many supporters,

absorbed and adjusted to the new system. If S h i ' i law was to benefit

they did stimulate efforts to take S h i ' i law out of its static mould, and

fully from these elements, the whole system had to be adjusted and reorg-

t h u s furthered its evolution.

anized in order to accommodate them.

The main characteristics of Ibn Idrisls

approach were his critical eye and his independent thought, which are observable even in the preface and conclusion of his a/-SorZ'ir.

'

During the 7thl13th century, a number of jurists offered some new opinionss which are cited in the legal sources. (i) (ii)

They a r e :

This task was accomplished by al-Mubaqqiq, Najm al-Din Abu 'I-Qisim Ja'far, b . IJasan al-ljilli ( d . 67611277) author of Shorb'i' 01-IslZm, 01-Mukhtogor 01-niifi', a/-Mu'tobor , Nukot 01-Nihcyo and other legal works.

He refined the Shaykh al-Ti'ifa's legal heritage in detail, collected

Muhadhdhab al-Din vusayn b . Muhammad al-NiSi (early 7thl13th

and rearranged his opinions on various subjects, harmonized his legal

century)

doctrine and thus restored its authority which had been discredited by

Mu'in al-Din SXlim b . Badrin al-Migri (alive in 62611231), author

Ibn Idris's criticism.

of TobrTr 01-farZ'id and a/-Mo'Lino

defended al-Shaykh's legal doctrine.

He contested these criticisms vigorously and

A1-Mubaqqiq's main contribution to S h i ' i law, therefore, was his reconSee his opinions about ZbZd traditions in Ibn Idris, SorZ'ir, pp. 40911, quoting from al-JJimma~i's01-Mosbdir. See his view about akhbbr ool@xid in his Ghunyo, pp. 537-9. 4

See his view on okhbbr a/-Zbbd in his 01-5orZ'ir, p . 4 . See his view in that case in his Fiqh a/-Qur3%, I , p . 4 . See his opinion in his MutoshZbTbih 01-Qur'bn, 11, pp. 153-4 See as an example of those judgments NajaE, X I X , p . 37.

See i t , p p . 4, 404. It is to be notcd that this book is full of useful philological, genealogical and biographical information which demonstrates that Ibn Idris was well acquainted with different branches of Islamic scholarship. a

See 'AllZma, Muntohb, p . 4 . their general methodology.

These scholars followed al-Shaykh in

struction and refinement of al-Shaykhls legal system, which placed S h i ' i His student

law on a firmer bases enabled its further development. al-'Allima, course.

Basan b . Yiisuf b . al-Mutahhar al-villi followed this same

He strove to elaborate and expand the law on the basis of al-

Shaykh's legal doctrine and of al-Mubaqqiqts reorganization. He wrote many books on different branches of law, which all became important works of reference for later jurists.

Among them were Mukhtaiof 01-ShT'a,

Todhkirot oi-fuqahZ, MuntahZ a/-Motlob, TabrTr 01-obkZm 01-shor'iyyo, Tabzirot 01-muto'ollimTn, Qowo'id 01-obkiim, lrshiid oolodhhiin, NihCyot 01-ibkiirn and

TolkhT$ a/-morbrn.

Alk'Allima contributed to the development of S h i ' i law particularly in

A N INTRODUCTION TO S H T ' ~LAW

48 two areas.

THE PERIODS OF

He greatly enlarged the section on legal transactions on the

basis of relevant general rules mainly taken from Sunni law.

His efforts

in this area reflect his thorough knowledge of Sunni legal principles.

His

S H T ' ~ LAW

49

after this, and with the appearance of his a/-MobsGt and a/-KhilGf which incorporate Sunni legal methods and concepts, some fundamental changes appeared in the form and content of S h i ' i law.

second contribution was the introduction of mathematics, in which he was

With regard to form, the new expositions of the law turned into a mix-

well versed, into the law. He seems to be the first prominent scholar to

ture of the two legal systems.

use advanced mathematical rules in the relevant legal subjects such a s the

basis of Sunni legal texts, first citing the views of Sunni jurists, usually

law of inheritance,

the times of prayer (awqFt 01-galct) and the direction

They usually covered legal topics on the

those quoted in a/-KhilLif, and then presenting the opinions of S h i ' i

~l-KbT , a student o f al-Mubaqqiq and author of Kashf 01-rumiir ,

of prayer (qibla). He also made great contributions to the development of

scholars.

S h i ' i law through his criticism of the transmitters of the traditions, his

was one of the first S h i e i authors who did not follow the approach and

implementation of a novel classification for the S h i ' i traditions according

refrained from quoting the opinion of Sunnis in his own book.

to the degree of authority of their narrators2 and his refinement of

students of al-,'Allima, notably Fakhr al-Mubaqqiqin in his book

ugGl 01-fiqh through his numerous u$Gl works.

01-fowz'id, followed al-.&bitslead and omitted the analysesand opinions of

To sum u p , the legal doctrine of Shaykh al-Ti'ifa which had become

The

Tp'cb

Sunni scholars.

predominant in the S h i ' i community from the middle of the S t h l l l t h cen-

With regard to content, the additional subsidiary legal cases first dis-

tury onwards, reached its highest level of refinement in the latter half of

cussed in 01-Mabsiif and later in the works of al-'Allima in the section on

the 8thl14th century as a result of al-Mubaqqiq's clarification and

transactions, were borrowed from Sunni works and continued to be pres-

systemization, and al-'All&na1s elahoration and expansion.

ented on the basis of the principles of Sunni law.

Its definitive

formulation appeared in the works of these two scholars.

The pupils and followers of them all worked within this same legal framework. The most renowned of them, whose views have been cited in the legal works, are: (i) (ii)

foundations of Sunni law became crucial to the understanding and study of S h i ' i legal sources. Al-Shahid al-Awwal, Shams al-Din Mubarnmad b . Makki al-'Amili

Abu Mubarnmad Basan b . Abi Tilib al-Yiisufi al-iibi , Ibn Zaynab,

( d . 78611384) in his 01-Qawz'id wo 'I-fawLi'id reformulated the fundamental

author of Koshf a/-rurniiz (composed in 67211274)

rules and principles of S h i ' i law, and in applying them, changed the con-

'Amid al-Din 'Abd al-Muttalib b . Muhammad al-uusayni al-A'raji

tents of S h i ' i law and provided it with an independent identity,

( d . 154113531, author of Konz 01-fawc'id (iii)

Hence, a study of the

On the basis of the same principles, al-Shahid opened up new grounds

Fakhr al-Mubaqqiqin, Mubarnmad b . JJasan al-villi, son of al-

for S h i ' i law and introduced discussions of many new subsidiary cases.

'AllZma ( d . 77111370), author of Tp'c~,01-fawc'id 5. THE SCHOOL OF

AL-SI-IAHTD

Thus his legal system was quite distinct frorn those of his predecessors both in methods and contents.

AL-AWWAL

His legal works, such as 01-Qawz'id wo 'I-

It was in the second stage of i t s development that S h i ' i law emerged as an

fawii'id, a/-Duriis 01-shor'iyya, ChLiyat 01-murLid, a/-BayLin, a/-Alfiyyo and

independent and systematic legal structure.

ol-Lum'o 01-Dimashqiyya are among the most important works of Shi'i law.

style of S h i ' i law which Shaykh al-Ta'ifa followed in his a/-Nihcya.

adhere to his school a n d , though they offered c e r ~ a i nnovel opinions, they

The legal works which have survived from the second and the third stages, reflect the traditional But

Scholars after him for about one and a half centuries continued to mostly directed their efforts towards explaining his views.

He had been rules in this case AB , 111, p . 377), NogTriyya (ibid.,

preceded in the application of advanced mathematical by Mu'in al-Din al-Migri in his TabrTr 01-farii',p' (see followed by Nagir al-Din al-Tusi in his ol-Forc'iQ' alXVI, p . 150).

This novel classification was originally initjated by al-'Alliima's teacher JamXl al-Din Abmad b . Miisi b . TXwiis, author of Bushrii 01-iC:uboqqiqTn ( T u r a y b i , Jiimi' 01-moqiil, chapter 56) and gained popularity through its vast implementation by al-'Allzma in his works.

The most

renowned among them were: (i)

Ibn al-Khazin, Zayn al-Din, 'Ali b . ljasan b . al-Khizin al-JJa'iri (early 9thll5th century)

(ii)

Ibn al-Mutawwij, Abmad b . 'Abd Alliih al-Babrini ( d . 8201141718), author of 01-NihZya

(iii)

IT tofsTr

01-Khornsrni'ot cya

A1-FXGil al-Miqdiid, Miqdid b . 'Abd Allah al-Suyiiri al-Uilli ( d . 826114231, author of Konz a/-'irfin and a/-TanqTb 01-rz'i'

THE PERIODS OF (iv)

Ibn Fahd, Ahmad b . Mubammad b . Fahd al-Asadi al-LIilli ( d . 8411 1437-81, author of 01-Muhodhdhab 01-biiri' , 01-Miijaz al-bCwT and

3

separate treatises on some of them. Most of the S h i ' i jurists who succeeded al-Karaki up to the end of the The more well-known of

Shams al-Din Mubarnmad b . Shuji' al-Qattiin al-villi (first half of the 9thllSth c e n t u r y ) , author of Ma'zlim ol-din f7 fiqh

(vi)

A/

Safavids, were influenced by his legal approach.

YiisTn

these scholars whose names and views are cited in legal sources a r e :

Muflib b . uusayn al-Saymari ( d . after 87811473-41, author of Chiiyot 01-marzrn, Kashi a/-iltibiis and Jowiihir 01-kalimiit

(vii)

Ibn Nilil, 'Ali b . Muhammad b . HilZl al-Jazi'iri

(i)

IJusayn b . 'Abd al-samad alk'xmili ( d . 98411576)

(ii)

'Abd al-'Ali b . 'Ali b . 'Abd al-'Ali

( d . 909-9151 (iii)

IbrZhim b. Sulaymin al-Qatifi

( d . after 544511539), author of

T#zb

( d . 103011631), author

a/-lthn5'oshariyy~t

Al-Shahid al-Thini , Zayn al-Din, b . 'Ali b . Abmad al-'Amili

(iv)

( d . 96611559), author of ol-Rowp'a ul-bohiyyo, Masiilik 01-ofhh

Mubammad BZqir b . Shams al-Din Mubarnmad al-Astarabadi, al-DamZd ( d . 104011630-11, author of Shiiri' 01-najiit

and Rawp' a/-jiniin 6.

B a h i ' al-Din Mubammad b . uusayn al-'Amili

of Mashriq 01-sharnsayn, Jiimi0-i 'AbbijsT, a/-Fob1 01-motTn and

01-Niifi' (ix)

al-Karaki, his son ( d . 9931

15851, author of Sharb ol-lrshod

1504-10) (viii)

LAW

Jiirn~'01-rnaq?i$~d, 7o'ITq 01-lrshiid and Fowii'id 01-Sharii'~' and also wrote

a/-Muqta$or (v)

SHT'T

(v)

Sultan al-'Ulamii' , Ijusayn b . Rafi' al-Din Muhammad al-Mar'ashi ( d . 106411653-4)

THE LACY OF THE SAFAVID PERIOD

S h i ' i law during the period of the Safavids (907-113511502-1722) may be

(vi)

uusayn b . JamZl al-Din Mubammad al-KhwZnsZri ( d . 109811687), author of MoshFririq 01-shurniis

divided into three schools which although appearing one after another, (vii)

continued to exist and evolve side by side for a long time.

Jamil &Din Muhammad b . uusayn al-Khwinsiri ( d . 112511713), author of Hiishiyo 'ala 'I-Rowp'a 01-bohiyya

( a ) The school of al-Mubaqqiq al-Karaki (viii)

Al-Mubaqqiq 'Ali b . uusayn b . 'Abd ai-'iili al-Karaki ( d . 94011534)

Al-Fipil al-Hindi , Mubammad b . al-IJasan al-Igfahiini ( d . 11371 1725), author of Koshfol-lithiim and al-Maniihij 01-sawiyya

was a leading figure in S h i ' i scholarship in the early Safavid period and

( b ) The school of al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili A1-Mubaqqiq Abmad b . Mubarnmad al-Ardabili, known a s al-Muqaddas

made a major contribution to the development of S h i ' i law. Al-Karaki's law differed in two respects from earlier formulations. Firstly, he was able through stringent legal reasoning to place S h i e i law

( d . 543311585), author of Mojrno' a / - E ' i d a wa 'I-burhzn and Zubdot al-

on a more stable and solid footing by way of reconstructing and strength-

bayiin, developed his own special and independent legal method which gave

ening i t s principles.

rise to a distinct and significant school. His method was characterized by

He analysed legal problems thoroughly, paying

meticulous attention to the discussions and arguments previously advanced

f

systernatlc, Independent rational arguments based on his personal jnridlcal

about them, and used his power of reason and analysis to arrive at his own

analysis which entirely ignored the opinions and views of previous

judgment.

scholars. Although he did not bring about any fundamental changes in

inadequate.

Earlier analyses of legal questions were rather superficial and

the methodology and structure of the law, his extreme precision and

He based his judgments on a thorough investigation both in

favour of and against them.

exactitude, together with his independent method and juridical boldness

His legal doctrine, therefore, was much more

solidly argued than had been doctrines by earlier jurists. Secondly, he paid close attention to certain problems which had arisen

made his school quite distinctive.

1

Some of the best scholars of this period were followers of hls approdch.

a s a result of the change of the political situation with the adoption of

The most famous are:

Shi'ism a s the official religion of I r a n .

(i)

These problems included the limits of the legal power of the foqTh ( j u r i s t ) ; the legitimacy of Friday prayer in the absence of the Inlam, the land tax e t c . , which prior to the

1600), author of Modiirik al-obkiim and Hidiiyot 01-LiilibTn (ii)

yasan b . Zayn al-Din alEeAmili, sahib al-Ma'alim ( d . 101111602), author of Mo'iilim 01-din and Munlaqii 01-jurnzn

rise of the S h i ' i Safavid dynasty had not been in question.

Al-Karaki himself discussed these questions in detail in his legal works, such a s his

Mubammad b . 'Ali al-MGsawi al-'xmili, $%bib al-Madirik ( d . 10091

iii)

'Abd Allah b . IJusayn al-Tustari ( d . 102111621), author of Jiimi'

AN INTRODUCTION TO

52

S H T ' ~ LAW

01-fowii'id

ethod of legal reasoning which is based on rational argument, is not the In most of his other works, ly way to the discovery of legal norms.

Muhammad BZqir b . Muhammad Mu'min al-SabzawZri ( d . 109011679),

(iv)

author of DhakhTrat 01-mo'iid and KiEyat 01-abkiim

e cirticized the legal method of S h i ' i jurists and blamed them for being 'Abd al-Nabi b . Sa'd al-Jazi'iri, a slightly itators of the lancients'.

Muhsin al-Fayo, author of 01-Wiit7, MuCta$ama/-ShTco and MafiitTb a/shorii'i', may also be included in the above list.

Although an advocate of

later jurist, criticized the legal approach of the Ugiili school in his 01-lqti$iid ff,-sharb a/-lrshiid3 (written in 101511606-7). A $adr (the chief

the AkhbZri school of this period, he approved of al-Ardabili's independent approach and followed it in practice.

Like the followers of al-

religious dignitary) of the Safavid court in the first half of the l l t h I l 7 t h

Ardabili (especially sahib al-Madirik and al-SabaawZri), he preferred the

century is quoted as having said that no S h i ' i mujtohid remained in Iran or the Arab world in his time.' Al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili never hesitated,

opinions of al-Ardabili in many cases where the latter deviated from those of previous Shi'i scholars.'

Muhammad Biqir b . Mubarnmad Taqi

as noted before, to reject the opinions of all previous jurists wherever His stud-

al-Majlisi, author of Mir ' Z t 01-'uqiil and Bibiir a/-on wiir, too, was inter-

they excluded traditions on the basis of a rational argument.

ested in the views of al-Ardabili and $%bibal-MadZrik, and cited them

ents like Muhammad b . 'Ali al-'xmili, author of Modiirik 01-obkiim followed

frequently in his own works.

the same line.

( c ) Akhbirism

century made a great contribution to the rivival of the OodTth literature.

The school of the traditionists had been overcome by the Shi'i

Basan b . Zayn al-Din al-'Amili also made, at the same time, his contrib-

rationalists at the end of the 4thllOth century, though a limited number of its supporters survived here and there. threfore largely ignored by others.

They were not active and were

It was not until the beginning of the

l l t h l l l t h century that their school was revived by Muhammad Amin alA s t a r i b i d i ( d . 103611626-1) in his book a/-Fawii'id 01-Modoniyyo. A suitable ground for the revival of the traditionist school had gradually been provided from early lOthll6th century onwards.

Around the middle of the same century, a tendency calling for more freedom in S h i ' i law began to gain popularity.

a/-lsliim

His pupil Busayn b . 'Abd al-Samad al-'Amili, shoykh

of the Safavid court, followed the same line and wrote a similar

treatise on the same subject in which he held that ijtihiid, i.e. the normal See for instance Najafl , XVI , p . 71. This author (Muhammad Basan b . Muhammad BZqir al-Najafl, author of JowChir a/-koliim) did not favour the independent method of these scholars and their disregard of the opinions of the previous S h i ' i jurists. So he spoke of those three collectively as 'the followers (otbC') of al-Muqaddas'. For the story of this revival and its background, see especially Amin al-AstarZbZdi, Diinishniima-yi shiihT; KhwZnsiri , I , p . 121. It has been said that Ibn Abi Jumhiir al-AhsZ'i, a S h i ' i theologian with giifi tendencies of early lOthll6th century, was a follower of the traditionist school (see KhwZnsZri, VII, p . 331, but there is enough evidence in his works to deny this accusation. See Niiri, 111, p . 361 quoting Ibn Abi Jumhiir's Kiishifot 01-bcl; also AB , XVIII , p . 300.

'

AB, X, p . 42.

4

ution to the field through his works Muntoqii a/-jumiin and a/-TobrTr a/TawiisT. Many other works appeared m the flrst half of the same century on the bodTth literature, mostly inspired by the teachings of 'Abd Allih al-Tustari.'

Subjects such as the validity or invalidity of the traditions

as a source of law had again become points of debate among the jurists of early decades of the same century.

The value of logic and philosophy in Islamic scholarship had already come under question.' Elements such as

these contributed enormously to the appearance of a new traditionist

Al-Shahid al-Thini wrote a treatise against

following the legal judgments of the previous jurists without examining their bases.'

'Abd AllZh b . Busayn al-Tustari in early l l t h l l 7 t h

MS MI6913 Los Angeles ( c a t . , pp. 667-8).

vusayn b . 'Abd al--gainad, MaqCla IT wujiih 01-ifti' wo boyiin al--%oqq kull man 'olim bih. See also AB , XXI, p . 407.

a'!:

See his Risiilo fl bukm 01-bu$r wo 'I-bowiirT wa sahm 01-lmiim, p . 217; Tis' masi'il, p. 2 5 6 ; Risiilo IT tobqTq ba'p' a/-mosii'il a/-fiqhiyya, pp. 123-4. The MS 1836 of the Majlis Library, Tehran, contains a copy of the first treatise mentioned above alongside some other works on the UsiiliAkhbZri dispute, including Amin al-AstaribZdits 01-Fowii'id a/-Modaniyya (see the catalogue of the Majlis Library, IX, p . 493). This shows that uusayn b . 'Abd al-$amad's works were regarded as in the vanguard of that dispute. See pp. 18-136 of this work. KamaraSi, Risiilo dor ithbiit-i luriim-i wujijd-i mujtahid dor zamiin-i ghaybat, pp. 2-3.

'

See his Mojmo' 01-fii'ido wo 'I-burhiin, passim. See K h w i n s i r i , IV, p p . 235, 240, 243. Ibid; AD, X , p . 126, XV, p . 73. See KhwZusZri , IV, p . 238. Shahid 11, Risiilo fl t o q r d 01-mayyit (quoted in al-MZbiizi, 01-'Ashora kiimilo, p. 242. See also AB, IV, p. 392).

54

A N INTRODUCTION TO S ~ i ' L iAW

school and its rapid development and predominance.

THE PERIODS OF ~ H i ' fLAW During this century, the animosity between

from Iran to Bahrain.

The new traditionist school, which was now called by its other old name,

Sharper opposition bet

Akhbal-is and Ugiilis had not yet become strong.

A k h b i r i , was, like its predecessor, opposed to the rational, analytical

ween them, however, began to appear from the last decades of thc same

approach to the

century.

law and adhered strictly to the outward, literal meanings

of the traditions. In the ahove-mentioned work, Amin al-Astaribidi

The AkhbZri tendency gained supremacy in all S h i ' i centres of

argued against rational analysis and reasoning as a means of discovering

learning in the following century, and held S h i ' i law in its grasp for

legal norms, and utterly dismissed the principles of u$iriii a/-fiqh which had

several decades until the second half of that century, when it again declined in the face of Ugiili resurgence. Elahrain was the stronghold of

been evolved in order to define the rational method.

This approach basic-

ally resembled the more radical wing of the early traditionists which

this school during this period and has remained so up to the present,

considered all traditions transmitted from the Imims as authentic.

after the demise of Akhbirism in Iran and Iraq.

The focus in Amin al-AstarZbidils argument was on the invalidity and

There are f6w AkhbXrT jurists who held independent views on legal

peccability of the Aristotelian logic which had been the basis for the

matters.

S h i ' i jurists in their legal reasonings.

approach.

The main difference between the

Two prominent AkhbZri scholars stand out for their moderate They are:

two S h i ' i legal tendencies of Ugiili and Akhbiri was the validity or inval-

(i)

Mubsin al-Fay@

idity of reason in connection with religious matters, although many other

(ii)

Yiisuf b . Abmad al-Babrini, $%bib al-uadi'iq ( d . 118611772),

points of disagreement, mostly of the same type, existed at the same time.'

author of ol-UodZ'iq ol-nii(iira.

The Akhbiri school found its way to Iraq in the fourth decade of the l l t h l l 7 t h century and was followed by most of the jurisconsults of Najaf

Some other leading figures of this school were: (i)

KhalTl b . GhZzi al-Qazwini ( d . 108811677), author of two comment-

(ii) (iii)

Mubarnmad b . uasan al-uurr al-'Amili , author of Wosli'il ol-ShT'a

and other S h i ' i centres of learning in Mesopotamia.

In Iran, the majority of the jurists of the provinces in the second half of the same century supported this tendency.

'

The religious academy of Igfahin, which was

aries on al-Kulayni's K . ol-KliF

the largest centre of S h i ' i learning, was dominated by the U g i i T ~ ,although

Ni'mat Allih t). 'Abd AllZh al-JazZ'iri ( d . 111211700), author of ChZyat al-rnorlirn and Koshf 01-asrlir

the first Majlisi, Mubarnmad Taqi b . Maqgiid 'Ali ( d . 107011659-60),

(iv)

Sulaymin b . 'Abd Allih al-Babrini al-Mibiizi (d.112111709)

author of Rowp'at ol-rnuttoqii, and Lawiirni'-i $rSbibqorrSnT inclined to

(v)

'Abd Allih b . $Zlib al-SamZhiji al-BabrZni ( d . 113511723).

Akhbirism,

and his son Mubarnmad BZqir, al-Majlisi 11 supported a method

between Akhbirism and U g E l i ~ m . ~ Zayn al-Din 'A17 b . Sulaymin b . Darwish b . uitim al-Qadami al-Babrxni ( d . 106411653-4) took Akhbirism

55

7.

THE SCHOOL OF

A L - W A ~ T D AL-BIHBAHANT

A s mentioned above, the Akhbiri school which predominated in S h i ' i centres of scholarship from the first half of the 12thl18th century, rejec ted the traditional methodology of law upon which ijtihrSd had relied, and

See Bihbahini, Fowli'id, pp. 436-8;

Khwinsari, I , pp. 127-30.

See J a z i ' i r i , Manba', pp. 275-8; Samihiji, p p . 375-9 ialso quoted in KhwinsZri, I , pp. 127-20); 'Abd Allih al-Jazi'iri, pp. 381-2; Shubbar, Bughyo, the whole work; Dizfiili, Fliririiq a/-boqq, the whole work (86 points of disagreement are mentioned); KZshif al-Ghiti, al-(foqq a/-mubin, p p . 76-89; Ri@ al-Qazwini, 01-Farq buyn ol-AkhbZriyyTn wa 'I-Ugiriiliyyin, the whole work.

'

Majlisil, Lawfii', I , p . 16; KhwinsZri, I , p . 137. See Majlisi I , Rowp'a, I , p . 2 1 . Idem, Lawlirni', I , pp. 16, 30: Khwinsiri, I , pp. 136-7, 11, p . 119.

Majlisi 11, Soyr wa suliriik, fol. 53a. See also his ZrSd ol-rno'lid, pp. 557-8 (quoted in BabrZni , (fadli'iq, XII, p . 268).

forbad its study or usage. forgotten.

As a result, this discipline was abandoned and

There is no mention of any important rnujtahids in the history

of S h i ' i law during the middle of that century.

Only a very few continued

to teach a limited number of students in small schools, distant from urban religious and academic centres. In the second half of this same century, an outstanding Shi'i jurist BabrZni, Lu'lu'a, p. 13; Tunukibuni, p. 227; AB, X V , p. 76. The name 'Bahrain' is used here in its old meaning which included the mainland of al-Qatif and al-Absi' inhabited by Shi'is.

56

A N INTRODUCTlON TO SHf'f LAW

THE PERIODS OF

SHT'?

LAW

57

with a genius for rational argument and analysis, succeeded in dismantling

( d . 123111815), author of Riyiip' 01-mosii'il

the influence of the AkhbirT school and in establishing a new rational

Abu '1-Qisim b . Ijasan al-Gilini al-Qurnmi ( d . 123111816), author

school in S h i ' i law.

(v)

of Jiimi' 01-shotct, Chonii'im a/-ayyiim and Maniihij 01-ohkern

This scholar was Muhammad Biqir b . Mubammad

Akmal al-Bihbahini , known a s al-Wahid ( d . 120511791), who produced many legal works, among them:

Asad Allah b . Ismi'il al-Tustari al-Kizimi, $:bib

vi)

( d . 123411818-191, author of Maqiibis ol-anwiir

a/-Fowc'id a/-uii'iriyyo and Sharb MofijtTb

a/-shorz'i'.

vii)

Muhammad b . 'Ali al-Tabitabi'i al-Mujihid ( d . 124211827), author of 01-Monchil

viii)

Abmad b . MubammadMahdi al-NarZqi ( d . 124511829), author of

Conditions for such a change were, to some e x t e n t , facilitated by some A k h b i r i scholars in the mid-12thll8th ccntury.

Scholars such a s $adr

Mustanod 01-ShF'o and Moniihij 01-obkcm

al-Din Muhammad b . Muhammad Biqir al-Hamadini ( d . after 115111738-9) in his Shorb 01-WFfiya, YEsuf b . Abmad al-Babrini ( d . 118611772) in the

)

wasan b . Ja'far al-Najafi

)

the Ugiilis' arguments, rejected some A k h b i r i approaches and followed a more moderate line.

Treatises against the AkhbZri doctrine had already

begun to appear before the middle of t h e Century. Through severe continuous mental e f f o r t ,

' The

legal system of his school was the first to be constructed entirely in accord with t h e rules and principles of ugGl 01-fiqh.

He worked hard on the

elaboration of his method and on the rehabilitation of ugZl 01-fiqh.

His

legal work which i s representative of a logical law, woven into a solid and integrated legal system, cannot be easily compared with preceding systems Al-Bihbahini had prominent pupils and followers who carried on his school and spread his legal doctrine. The most renowned of them a r e : (i)

Mubammad Mahdi b . MurtaQi al-Tabitabi'i, Babr alCUlCim ( d . 121211797), author of al-MagiibTI.?

(ii) (iii) (iv)

Jawid b . Muhammad al-Ijusayni al-'Xmili

A1 Kishif al-Chit:'

( d . 126211846),

)

Muhammad Ijasan b . Muhammad Biqir al-Najafi ( d . 126611850), author of Jowiihir 01-koliim.

THE SCHOOL OF S H A Y K H A L - A N $ ~ R ~ last fundamental change which occurred in S h i ' i law and which led to

al-Bihbahini managed to

re-establish the authority of reason and rational argument in law.

Ijujjat

author of Anwcr 01-foqiiha

a/-okhbcr,' Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Maqibi al-Babrini ( d . after 116911756) in the introduction to his Nukhbot o l - ~ $ Z l ,and ~ o t h e r s 3 accepted some of

Mubammad B i q i r b . Muhammad Naqi al-Miisawi al-Shaft:, al-Islim ( d . 126011844), author of Maliili' 01-onwG

introduction to his a/-uodii'iq a/-niigiro, Mahdi b . Mubarnmad Silib alFutCini al-'xmili ( d . 118311769-70) in the introduction to his NatZi'ii

al-Maqibis

( d . 122611811), author

founding of a new school, was associated with the reconstruction of the and its methodology through t h e scholarly approach of al-Shaykh taQi b . Mubammad Amin al-AngZri ( d . 128111864).

This resulted in a

ical change in the system of S h i ' i law. 1-AngZri extended the section of u$GI 01-fiqh which dealt with the most era1 principles of law (01-ugiil ol-'omoliyyo) to a remarkable degree, rebuilt it with subtlety and precision on a firmly rational base.

He

t used this method to r e s t r u c t u r e t h e law, especially the section of sactions. His legal studies and his overall method were so refined and they superseded all previous methods.

Wherever he has dealt with a ain subject, his discussions have supplanted all previous works on i t . 1-Angiri's method i s still dominant in S h i ' i academic life. His works

of Miftiib a/-kariima

01-Makcsib on the law of sale and 01-Rasii'il on u$Zl a/-fiqh are text-

Ja'far b . KhiQr al-Najafi, Kishif al-GhitZ'(d. 122811813), author

s in S h i ' i academic c e n t r e s .

of Koshf a/-ghitii'

he most eminent of his students and followers who f u r t h e r elaborated

'Ali b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Tabitabii'i al-Karbali'i, Sahib al-Riyip

S h i ' i legal system on t h e basis of his methods were: Ijabib Allih b . Mubammad 'Ali al-Rashti ( d . 131211894), author

See AB, XXIV, p . 4 2 .

of 01-IltiqiitZit

I b i d . , XXIV, p . 93.

Mubammad Ijasan b . MabmGd al-Shirizi , al-Mujaddid ( d . 131211895)

See for instance ibid., XXI, p . 402. "or instance RisZilo f7 wujGb ittibii' ol-mujtohid li-~onnihb y Mubamma Ismi'il b . Mubammad ljusayn al-KhwijCi'i al-Isfahini ( d . 117311759-601, written in 113711724-5.

Ri&i b . Muhammad HZdi al-Hamadini ( d . 132211904), author of Migbiib 01-foqTh Mubarnmad Kizim b . Ijusayn a l - K h u r i s i n i , known a s al-xkhiind

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'f LAW

58

( d . 132911911), author of Hiishiyo 'ala 'I-Makcsib (v)

MuQarnmad KZzim b . 'Abd aI-'Azim al-TabitabG'i al-Yazdi ( d . 133711919), author of 01-'Urwa 01-wuthqc and ucshiya '010 '/-Makcsib

(vi)

Mubarnmad Taqi b . MuQibb 'A17 al-Shirizi ( d . 133811920), author

(vii)

Mubarnmad Ijusayn b . 'Abd al-Ra4im al-Ni'ini

(viii)

'Abd al-Karim b . Mubammad Ja'far al-Yazdi al-IJi'iri ( d . 13551

of Hiishiya 'a10 '/-Makcsib ( d . 135511936)

19371, author of K . a/-Salct and the founder of the religious and academic centre in Qum ( I r a n ) (ix)

p i y i ' al-Din b . Mu4ammad al-'Ariqi

( d . 136111942), author of

5hoi-(? Tobzirut 01-miito'allim71~ (x)

MuQamlnad LIusayn b. Mul?ammad @asan al-IgfahZni al-Kumpini ( d . 136111942), author of tliishiyot 01-Mokiisib

(xi)

Abu '1-uasan b . Mubarnmad al-Mtisawi a l - I ~ f a h i n i ( d . 136511946),

(xii)

uusayn b . 'Ali al-TabitabZ'i al-Buriijirdi ( d . 138011961)

(xiii)

Mubsin b . Mahdi al-TabilabZ'i al-Ijakim ( d . 139011971), author of

author of WasTlat 01-najzt

Nohi a/-foqchu and Mustamsak a/-'Urwa 01-wulhqc. The contemporary scholars of the S h i ' a , the most prominent of them being Kyat AllZh Abu '1-Qisim al-Khu'i a n d Ayat Allih Rii4 AllZh alKhumayni, a r e followers of al-AngZri's school.

Their legal opinions a r e

to be found in their works such a s Mabcn7 Takmilat 01-Minhiij b y al-Khu'i and K . 01-Makcsib 01-mubarromo, K. a/-Boy ', Tobrii- a/-WasTla a n d

K . al-Tohiira b y al-Khumayni, and in books composed and published by their students on the basis of their lessons.

Part Two Main Works on Sh?'?Law

MAIN WORKS ON SHT'T L A W Since law has always been, together with theology, the most widely dis-

der.

cussed subject in S h i ' i scholarship, a complete bibliographical study of

ailable, only the important or older copies are listed.

S h i ' i law would require several volumes.

As is usually the case with the

)

In the case of widely used books of which many manuscripts are

All dates in this part are according to the lunar hijrT calendar, and

S h i ' i intellectual heritage, most S h i ' i works written on this subject are

e language of all works listed is Arabic, except where stated otherwise.

lost. Many others have survived in manuscripts stored in inaccessible

The authors are fully identified in the first main entry of their works, cept those mentioned in Part One.

private collections.

However, among those books that have survived,

only a few are commonly referred to in traditional legal discussion which pays little attention to works written by less important and unoriginal authors.

The names of, and information currently available about, most

of these lost, unavailable or less common works can be obtained from iighi? Buzurg al-TihrZnils 01-DharT'o iiti taztinTf ol-ShT'a. What follows is a selected bibliography of some available works on S h i ' i law, arranged in two sections.

In the first section (chapter 5 ) ,

lists are given of some general legal works by the most important S h i ' i jurists.

This section is arranged in chronological order according to the

author's date of death.

In the second section (chapter 61, a list of some

extant monographs is given according to the most usual order of S h i ' i legal works as described in chapter three. There are five more points to be explained about this selected bibliography: (1) Only purely legal works are mentioned in these lists.

Scientific works

about topics such as the times of prayer (awqtit ol-galtit), determining the direction of Mecca (qibla), the quantity of water beyond which there cannot be contamination (the k u r r ) , figures for weights and measures mentioned in the legal sources (a/-awzk wo ' I - m a q X r ) , wills (wagtiyti) , the division of inheritance (farf'ip'), and the like, are not mentioned, nor are works on supererogation, religious supplication (du'ti') and the moral aspects of acts of devotion, which a r e , in f a c t , works of religious ethics rather than law; nor are those works related to the concept of ijtihtid which should more properly be regarded as a jurisprudential rather than a legal topic.

Some examples of the collections of legal opinions (fatwts)

compiled to be used by the ordinary people (rosti'il 'omaiiyya) are listed in a separate section. (2)

Only works which are published, or those preserved in manuscripts

belonging to accessible collections, are mentioned, as noted above. (3)

The manuscripts mentioned for each work are listed in chronological1

Chronological order is maintained for several manuscripts in the same library, and where several libraries have manuscripts, the libraries are arranged in the chronological order of the earliest manuscript in each library.

)

A/-lnti$iir

Tehran. -r~litions: --

1 2 7 6 (in the collection of 01-Jowiirni' 0 1 - f i q h i y y a ) Najaf, 1 3 9 2 Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 9 8 1 , 3 5 9 8 , 3649 ( c a t . , 111, p. 1 7 4 , I X , p . 3 7 8 , X , p . 4 6 ) ; Radawi 2 2 3 4 , 2 6 9 9 ( c a t . , 11, p . 8 ; V , p . 3 6 7 ) ; DinishgZh 3 2 4 4 , 5377 ( c a t . , XI, p . 2 2 0 3 , XV, p. 4 2 2 6 ) ; Waziri 6 5 6 ( c a t . , 11, p . 5 6 4 ) ; Ma'had 1 3 0 5 ( c a t . , p . 1 1 3 ) ; Princeton 1 2 7 9 1 2 New Series; IlihiyyZt 77d ( c a t . , I , p . 4 6 4 ) ; Los Angeles M I 1 9 5 (cat. p. 156) Abridgement: by NizZmal-Din al-$ahrashti , MS: Radawi 2849 ( c a t . , v . , p. 490) 1315;

Chapter Five

SOME COMPREHENSIVE WORKS

Al-Most'il ol-Nij$iriyyiit Edition: Tehran, 1 2 7 6 (in the collection of ol-Jowijrnimi' 0 1 - f i q h i y y a ) Selected MSS: Raaawi 2 6 4 5 , 2 6 4 6 ( c a t . , 11, p. 1 3 4 ) ; FayGiyya 1 8 0 6 ( c a t . , I , p. 2 4 2 ) ; Dinishgih 6 9 1 4 1 1 4 , 6 9 3 0 ( c a t . , XVI, pp. 3 9 8 , 4 0 4 ) ; Majlis 4 3 2 6 1 2 , 5 1 8 7 1 6 ( c a t . , XII, p. 2 0 , XVI, p. 8 ) ; Sipahsilir 253313 ( c a t . , V , p . 5 6 2 ) ; uuqiiq 2 1 6 1 4 j '(cat., pp. 4 5 9 - 6 0 ) ; Mar'ashi 2 2 1 9 1 5 ( c a t . , VI, p . 2 0 9 ) ; Waziri 2226 ( c a t . , IV, p. 1 2 0 8 ) ; Gulpiyigini 1 0 4 3 1 2 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 2 3 ) ; KZshZn, Radawi 7 3 1 1 ( c a t . , VII, p . 3 9 )

A SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS AL-$ADOQ: -

-

I r n l i j ' f7 w o $ f d7n o l - l r n i i r n i y y a , chapter 9 3 of his 01-ArniilT (see Sezgin, I, p. 545) Edition: Qum, 1 3 7 7 (together with his o l - M u q n i ' ) A/-Hidiiya

Editions: Tehran, 1276 (in the collection of a l - J o w i i r n i ' a l - f i q h i y y o ) ; Qum, 1 3 7 7 (together with his 0 1 - M u q n i ' ) Selected MSS: Burujiridi (AB, XXV, p. 1 7 5 ) ; Los Angeles 1 2 4 3 1 3 ( c a t . , p . 7 1 8 ) ; Faygiyya 1 7 0 2 1 2 ( c a t . , 111, p. 1 1 9 ) ; Gaivharshid 1 6 0 1 , 7 2 2 1 2 ( c a t . , p . 4 3 2 - 3 ) ; SipahsZlir 5 5 5 3 1 5 ( c a t . , V, p. 7 5 5 ) ; IlZhiyyZt, microfilm 93 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 3 0 ) ; Mar'ashi 2 2 1 9 1 2 ( c a t . , VI, p . 2 0 8 ) ; uuqiiq 2 1 G l 2 j ( c a t . , p . 2 0 6 ) ; Majlis 1 2 7 2 ( c a t . , IV, pp. 1 0 1 - 2 ) ; India Office 4 6 3 2 (Sezgin, I , p. 5 4 8 ) ; Berlin Q u . 1 7 7 9 (ibid. ) -

Al-Muqni'

Editions: Tehran, 1276 (in the above-mentioned collection); Qum, 1 3 7 7 Selected MSS: Radawi 2620 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 2 6 ) ; JJuqiiq 2 1 6 l l j ( c a t . , p. 4 6 8 ) ; Majlis 1 2 7 2 , 585212 ( c a t . , IV, p . 9 7 , XVII, p. 2 6 3 ) ; Mar'ashi 2 2 1 9 1 1 ( c a t . , VI, p. 2 0 8 ) ; DZr al-Kutub 2 0 0 3 4 ( c a t . , 111, p. 102) -

K . f i ' l - f i q h = A r k & s h a r o ' i ' al-lslijrn? MS: Mar'ashi 3694112 ( c a t . , X, p . 9 5 )

-

Al-lshriif

. .

,

Edition: Qum, 1 4 0 4 MSS: Milli 8 6 3 1 2 Arabic ( c a t . , VI11, PD. 3 6 7 - 8 ) ; Mailis 1 1 3 , 6 7 1 3 Khu'i, 3 5 4 4 , 4 3 2 5 1 1 ( c a t . , I V , p. 8 4 , V I I , pp. 2 2 6 - 8 , X, p . 1 5 0 6 , X I I , w . 1 9 1 , IlZhlyyZt 4 5 2 1 1 d ( c a t . , I , p . 3 0 2 ) ; Mahk 2647 ( c a t . , I , 1 0 3 ; Binish, p . 9 4 9 ) ; p . 58i); Radawi i i 4 0 , 7 8 5 7 ( c a t . , 11, Mar'ashi 4 4 1 1 1 , 3 8 9 4 ( c a t . , 11, p. 4 2 , X, p . 2 7 6 ) ; GulpZyigZni ( c a t . . 111. n o . 8 0 - 1 ) : Buruiiridi ( c a t . . o. 2 9 ) : Hakim 9 6 1 1 ( N o s h . ,

p.

Al-Moriisirn o l - ' A l a w i y y a w a ' I - o h k f i n a l - N o h o w i y y o Editions: Tehran, 1 2 7 6 (in the collection of 01-Jawcrni' 0 1 - f i q h i y y a ) ; Beirut, 1 4 0 0 Selected MSS: DZnishgZh 7 0 1 ( c a t . , V , p . 2 0 1 4 ) ; DZr al-Kutub (Fu'Zd Sayyid, I , p . 3 3 7 ) ; Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 7 9 2 1 2 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 8 4 ) ; Raaawi 2658 ( c a t . , p. 1 3 8 ) Abridgement: by al-Mubaqqiq, MS: uakim (AB, X X , pp. 2 0 7 - 8 )

IBN

AL-MUFID: -

L - ~ A L A S:~

AL-BARRAJ

:

J o w i j h i r 01-fiqh

fT

'Crnrnot f a r i j ' i p ' a h 1 o l - l s l i j r n MSS: Mar'ashi 2 4 3 1 4 , 7 8 1 4 ( c a t . , I , pp. 9 0 , 2 6 7 ) ; ( c a t . , VII, p . 1 4 ) ; KZshZni ( c a t . , p . 6 7 )

Majlis 8 1 1 3 Khu'i

Al-Muani'a

~ d i t i o i : Tabriz , 1 2 7 4 Selected MSS: Radawi 2 6 1 8 , 2 6 1 9 ( c a t . . 11. w . 1 2 5 ) : Malik 5883 (cat I , p . 7 2 7 ) ; ~ a ~ o i 1i2 7~2 a( c a t . , I , p . 2 6 9 ) ; ' Astina 6 0 0 4 ( c a t . , p . 1 9 3 ) ; SipahsilZr 2665 ( c a t . , I , p . 5 3 4 ) ; Radawiyya 28 ( c a t . , p p . 3 6 - 1 1 ; DZnishgih 6 6 9 6 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 3 3 5 ) ; Adabiyyit 2413 Kirmin ( c a t . , p . 2 5 ) ; Majlis 1 2 7 2 , 3 2 8 8 , 3 3 5 9 ( c a t . , IV, p. 9 6 , X, pp. 9 1 1 - 1 2 , 1 1 8 5 ) ; Mar'ashi 2 3 6 , 8 1 5 , 221913 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 6 1 , 111, p . 1 4 , VI, p. 208)

Edition: Tehran, 1 2 7 6 (in the collection of o l - J a w i i r n i ' a l - f i q h i y y a ) MSS: uakim 3 9 6 , 504 ( c a t . , I , p . 1 6 9 ) ; Radawi 6526 ( c a t . , V, p . 4 0 1 ) ; Majlis 8 8 5 4 ; Gulpiyigini 2 4 4 1 1 ( c a t . , I , p. 2 1 1 ) Al-Muhadhdhob

MSS: Radawi 2 5 9 8 , 7 8 5 8 , 8 0 3 1 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 1 1 9 - 2 0 ; Binish, p . 1 0 5 2 ) ; Gulpiyigini 1 8 8 7 ( c a t . , 11, pp. 9 6 - 7 1 ; Mar'ashi 4 4 1 1 2 ( c a t . , 11, p . 4 3 ) ; Majlis 322613 ( c a t . , X, p . 8 0 9 ) ; DZnishgZh 9 2 0 1 1 ( c a t . , V, p p . 2 0 7 7 - 8 ) L-SHAYKH: Al-Jurnal w o ' I - ' u q i i d

Editions: Tehran, n . d . (facsimile from a manuscript dated 7 8 9 ) ; Mashhad, 1 3 8 9

Selected MSS: Mashhad, Ilihiyyat 79211 ( c a t . , I , p.284); Majlis 4953110, 634216, 3082 ( c a t . , X, p.637, XIV, pp.229-30; WobTd, V, p . 299; c a t . of microfilms of Dinishgiih, I , p . 777) ; Princeton 1886110 New Series, 399214 Yahuda ( c a t . , p . 148); Amir al-Mu'minin 51211 (Nash., V , p . 412); Isfahiin, Diinishgiih 16929 ( c a t . , p.924); Gawharshid 112913 ( c a t . , p . 251); D i r al-Kutnb 1933813, 19908 ( c a t . , I , pp.221-2) -

-

SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS

AN INTRODUCTION TO ~ H i ' f LAW

64

N IJAMZA: A/-WasTlo iliS nay1 oi-fofllo Editions: T e h r a n , 1276 (in the collection of a/-Jawzmi' a/-fiqhiyyo); Najaf [1400?1 MSS: DZnishgZh 700, 693016 ( c a t . , V, pp.2102-3, XVI, p.404); Marcashi 291, 221913 ( c a t . , I , p.336, VI, p . 2 0 9 ) ; Milli, Arabic 197, 1799, 1945 ( c a t . , VIII, w. 171, X, pp.380, 623-4); Amir al-Mu'minin ~O a S ~ TV, , p.437); Sina 124 ( c a t . , I , ( c a t . , V, p.416); ~ a ' f a r i ~( N p.64); BakTm 3311 (Nosh., V, p . 422); Raaawi 8070 (Binish, p.1071); Nawwiib 232 law ( c a t . , p.481)

Al-Khiliif f= MosiS'il 01-khiliif Editions: Tehran, 1370, 1377; Qum, 1376, 1404 Selected MSS: Mahdawi 433 ( c a t . p . 170); Majlis 3093, 8785 ( c a t . , X, p.645; u u j j a t i , p . 664); Los Angeles MI63 ( c a t . , p.219); Tabriz, Qadi ( N o s h . , VII, p . 522); Kiishiin, AthXr-i Milli 199 ( N o s h . , IV, p . 357); Dinishgih 6283 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 234) Abridgement: b y Abu 'Ali Fadl b . Basan al-Tabrisi ( d . 5481, MSS: vakim 198 (Nowiidir, pp. 56-7); Malik 1308 ( c a t . , I , p.744); Majlis 5143 ( c a t . , XV, p.213)

N ZUHRA:

Editions: Tehran, 1270, 1387-93 Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 276. 398. 2562. 2613 ( c a t . . I . ~ 0 . 3 0 4 .414. V I I , ~ 147, ~ . 193-4); Malik i12o ( c a t . , I , p.632); 'vajtfin' 518 i ~ a w i d i r , pp.52-4); British Library Or. 3585 (Riew, p p . 211-12); Los Angeles M1199 ( c a t . , p . 3 3 8 ) ; Radawi 2601, 2602 ( c a t . , 11, pp.120-1); Sin5 426 ( c a t . , I , p . 254); uaydariyya 586 ( c a t . , p . 3 0 ) ; Bankipore 1401 ( c a t . Arabic, I , p.102)

N I D R ~ :S

Al-NihiSyo IT mujarrad 01-fiqh wo 'I-fatiiwii Editions: Tehran, 1276 (in the collection of ol-Jowiimi' ol-fiqhiyyo), 1383-4; Beirut, 1390 Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 2 4 1 , 1840, 3126 ( c a t . , I , p.265, V, p.226, VII, p.358); Mahdawi 487 ( c a t . , p . 546); D i n i s h g i h 5467, 6237 ( c a t . , XVI, pp.17, 348) a n d microfilms 2095, 1713 ( c a t . , I , p . 396); Ja'fariyya ( c a t . , V , p . 437; AB, XXIV, p . 404); Agafiyya 10 S h i ' i law ( c a t . , 11, p.253); Malik 3970 ( c a t . , I , p.784); Princeton, Yahuda 2382, 134 ( c a t . , p . 137); Tabriz, Milli (Nosh., IV, p . 315); Majlis 2728 ( c a t . , IX, p p . 58-61) Translations: ( 1 ) Persian, anonymous (belonging to 5th-6th c e n t u r y ) , edited Tehran, 1373-4, 1383-4, MSS: vuqiiq 328j ( c a t . , p p . 57-81: Majlis 838 ( c a t . , 111, pp.69-70); Diinishgiih 29212, 1228 ( c a t . , 111, p . 156, VI, pp.2449-50); Milli 1901f ( c a t . , IV, pp.355-6); ( 2 ) Perisan, the chapter on holy war, b y Mubammad 'Ali al-Sirkini ( d . after 10331, MS: Waziri (cat. of microfilms of Diinishgiih, I , p p . 702-3) Commentaries: ( 1 ) on the first c h a p t e r , b y al-Mubaqqiq, a s t h e f i r s t chapter of his 01-Masii'il 01-Misriyya - see below; ( 2 ) Nukot 01-Nihiiyo, by the same author - sec below

IBN ABI 'L-MAJD: Ishiirat ol-sabq iiii mo'rifat a/-baqq Edition: Tehran, 1 2 7 6 (jn the collectjon of ~I-Jaurirmi'al-fiqh.iy)/o) MSS: vakim 396 ( c a t . , I , p . 5 3 ) ; Majlis 127212 ( c a t . , IV, p . 6 4 ) ; DZnishg2h 92019 ( c a t . , V, p p . 1776-7); Mashhad, Iliihiyyit, microfilm 93 ( c a t . , I , p.230) AL-~AHRASHT~: Isbiib al-ShT'a bi-misbiib 01-shorTCa MSS: Dinishgih 7 1 4 1 ( c a t . , XVI, p.464); Mar'ashi 345711 ( c a t . , IX, pp.255-6); KiishZn, 'iilifi ( N o s h . , XI-XII, p . 954)

Ghunyat ol-nuzii' Edition: Tehran, 1276 (in t h e collection of al-Jawiimi' 01-fiqhiyya) Selected MSS: Majlis, 2 MSS (AB, 11, p p . 441-2; Mahfii~I , p . 34; cat. of microfilnls of Diinishgih, I , 1.729); Gawharshiid 697 ( c a t . , p . 356); Danishgih 6868, 693015 ( c a t . , XVI, p p . 380, 404); Mar'ashi 447, 43211, 2219110 ( c a t . , 11, pp.35, 59, VI, p.210); Sipahsilir 2668 ( c a t . , I , p.487)

A/-5oriS'ir ol-b5wT li-tobrTr al-fotiSwT Edition: Tehran, 1270 Selected MSS: Radawi 5713 ( c a t . , V , pp.451-2); Majlis 4554 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 237-8); Mar'ashi 2603 ( c a t . , VII, p.186); Dinishgiih 6651 ( c a t . , XVI, p.326); a s t i n a 6336 ( c a t . , p . I271

A/-Mukhtosor ol-niifi ' Editions: India. 1267; T e h r a n , 1326; Cairo. 1376; Naiaf, 1384 Selected MSS: MiIli 1788 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.371); Marcashi 506, 527, 1654, 1679 (Cat.. 11, D W . 112, 132, V , ~ v . 5 2 . 7 3 ) ; Radawi 8196 (Binish, p.995); 11ihiyyit xiid ( c a t . , 11, p.84j; ~ i n i s h g i his1711 ( c a t . , V I I I , p.206); Faydiyya 1378,1996 ( c a t . , I , pp. 235-6); Ann Arbor 99 (Nosh. X, p . 186); Leiden 96711 Warn. ( c a t . , IV, p.116); Princeton 153 New Series; British Library Or.4028 (Rieu, p.212); Agafiyya 178 S h i ' i law ( c a t . .. IV.. .u . 477) Translations: ( 1 ) Persian, anonymous (belonging to late 7thi13th cent u r y ) , edited Tehran, 1385, MS: Diinishgih 2407 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1027); (2) Persian, anonymous (belonging to 8th-9th c e n t u r i e s ) , MSS: Dihllhudii 252 ( c a t . , p . 390); Mashhad, I l i h i y y i t 190 ( c a t . , I , p . 43); ( 3 ) Persian, b y Mubammad Biiqir b . M . T a q i , MSS: Raaawi 2716 ( c a t . , V, p ,384) ; Bibliothsque Nationale 2234 ( c a t . IV, p . 189) ; ( 4 ) Persian, by 'Ali' al-Din b . Muhammad al-Qummi (early l l t h l l 7 t h c e n t u r y ) : MS: Gawharshad 1525 ( c a t . , p . 91); ( 5 ) Persian, b y Muhammad Siilih b . Sultan 'Ali a l - F a r i h i n i , MS: IsfahSn. ' U m E m i 3061 ( c a t . . I . u.66); MS: ~ e h r a n Parwina , ( c a t . of microfilms of (6) ~ e i s i a n anonymous, , Dinishgiih, 11, p . 209) Abridgement: ol-Muqtogar, by Ihn Diiwiid al-villi, MS: Majlis 404 Tabiitabii'i Commentaries: (.1 .) ol-mu etabar.. b "v the author - see below:. (.2 ). Kashf ~~. ol-rumCz, b y al-Abi - see below; ( 3 ) Tabs71 ol-moniifr', by Ibn Diwiid al-villi, MS: Rawdiiti (MaQfii3 I , p.16); ( 4 ) anonymous (written before 79011388); MS: Mar'ashi 2245 ( c a t . , VI, pp.230-1); ( 5 ) al-TanqTb ol-rii'i' , b y al-Miqdiid - see below; ( 6 ) 01-lv;uhodhdhob ol-biSri' , b y Ibn Fahd - see below; ( 7 ) b y al-Karaki, MSS: Adabiyyiit 6611d ( c a t . ,

66

AN INTRODUCTION TO SH?'? LAW p.200); Raaawi 2384, 2387, 6195 ( c a t . , 11, pp.52-4, V, p.413); IgfahZn, 'Umiimi 3090 ( c a t . , I , p.235); Bengal 623 ( c a t . , I , p.308); Masjid-i A'zam 979; Dinishgih 696313 ( c a t . , XVI, p.412); Princeton 234 New Series; I l i h i v d t 22514d ( c a t . .. I .. .0 . 2 6 2 ) ; Mailis 524012 ( c a t . . XVI, p . 251); guqiiq Bilzd, l l l b ( c a t . , pp.326, 443); KishZn, ~ a b a w i ( c a t . , p . 34); Fayaiyya 1 6 7 2 ( c a t . , I , p . 93); Leiden 96713 Warn. ( c a t . , IV, pp.116-17); Waziri 229016 ( c a t . , IV, p.1235); Raskt 4311 ( c a t . , p . 1193); Mashhad, ShZnachi (Nosh., V, p . 5 9 5 ) ; ( 8 ) IdEih a/-NEifi', by al-Qatif'i, MS: Malik 260412 (Diinishpizhiih,p. 4): ( 9 ) by al-Shahid a l - T h i n i , MSS: DinishgZh 1095 ( c a t . , V, p.1869); Majlis 534011 ( c a t . , XVI, p.251); (10) by 'Abd al-'Ali al-Karaki, MS: Yakim 211; (11) GhEiyal a/-marEim, by Sibib al-Madirik - see below; (12) Ghuror 01-mojiimi', by Niir al-Din 'Ali b . 'Ali b . IJusayn alMiisawi al-'Amili ( d . 1061-81, MS: IgfahZn, DinishgZh 16890 ( c a t . , p . 908; Nosh., V, p.300); (13) 01-Qiyii' 01-iEimiC, by Fakhr al-Din b . Mubarnmad 'A17 al-Turaybi al-Najafi ( d . 10851, MSS: Mar'ashi 1613 ( c a t . , V , p p . 15-16); Milli 22519f ( c a t . , I , pp.222-3); KishZni 94 ( c a t . , p . 193); (14) JEimi' a/-jowiimi', anonymous (belonging to late 12th-early 13th c e n t u r i e s ) , MS: Mar'ashi 2123 ( c a t . , VI, p . 135); (15) by Mubanmad 'Ali b . Mu'min ( d . a f t e r 12011, MS: F a r h i d Mu'tamid 147 ( c a t . . p . 189); (16) by 'Abd al-gamad al-Hamadini ( d . 1216), MS: Rasht 9812 ( c a t . , p p . 1203-4); (17) Riyc7Q'al-mosEi'i1, by SZbib al-Riyid - see below; (18) VadTqot 01-Mu'minTn, by the same author - see below; (19) Mojmo' al-maso'il, by 'Ali b . Muhammad al-Baraghiini (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: RawGZti (Mu'allim, V, p p . 17089 ) ; (20) by Mas% b . Mubammad S a ' i d al-TihrZni ( d . 12631, MS: Masjid-i Jimi' 1 6 1 ( c a t . , p . 327); (21) by iblnbammad b . IJusayn alRadawi ( d . 1266), MS: Radawi 6741 ( c a t . , V, p.459); (22) MashiTririq 01-onwEir, by Awrang ZTb b . Muhammad Taqi al-Qijir ( d . after 12691, MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XXI, p . 3 3 ) ; (23) a/-MonEifi', by Mubarnmad b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Kishini ( d . 12691, MS: Khiligi ( c a t . , pp.77, 124-5); (24) TawEili' a/-IowiTmi', by Muhammad Taqi b . 'Abd al-RiaZ al-Miisawi al-Khishti ( d . around 12751, MS: Tustariyya 800 ( c a t . , p . 806); (25) by Mubammad KZvim b . 'Ali Naqi al-Rashti alLangariidi ( d . artcr 1281), MS: Faydiyya 1117 ( c a t . , l , p.158); (26) 01-Bahr 01-IEimi' , by Muhammad Ibrihim b . Muhammad Mahdi alQ i s h l i q i ( d . 12881, MSS: Mar'ashi 3491 ( c a t . , IX, pp.288-9); Faydiyya 837, 893, 894 ( c a t . , 1, pp.30-1); (27) a/-BurhEin a/-qiiLiC, by 'Ali b . Ri* A1 Babr alh'U1iim ( d . 12981, edited Tehran, 1291-2, MS: Dinishgih 750 ( c a t . , V, p . 1791); (28) 01-AnwEir a/-Ro@owiyya, by Muhammad RiGZ b . Ismi'il al-Miisawi al-ShirZzi ( d . around 1302), edited Tehran, 1287; (29) by Jamil al-Din b . 'Ali al-Miisawi (13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi 292912 ( c a t . , VIII, p.120); (30) Muntoqod a/-moniifi*, by uabib Allah b . 'Alimadad al-Kishini ( d . 13401, edited T e h r a n , 1394; (31) JiTmi' 01-madEirik, by Abmad b . Yiisuf alKhwinsZri - see below; (32-6) five anonymous or unidentified commentaries: ( a ) MS: Majlis 505911 ( c a t . , XV, pp.23-1); ( b ) Persian, MS: Malik 2632 ( c a t . , 11, p.204); ( c ) MS: Astina 6386 ( c a t . , p.135); ( d ) MS: Majlis 9067; ( e l MS: Astina 6331 ( c a t . , p.135)

-

A I-mu stabor Edition: Tehran, 1318 MSS: Majlis 1322, 3294 ( c a t . , IV, p . 94, X , p p . 915-16); Radawi 2834 ( c a t . , V, p.508); Mar'ashi 1029, 1367, 1584 ( c a t . , IV, pp.35-6, 140-1, 390); Mahdawi 809 ( c a t . , p . 171); F a r h i d Mu'tamid 188 ( c a t . , p.243); DZnishgZh 6 4 1 1 ( c a t . , XVI, p.261); Waziri 1607 ( c a t . , 111, p.1001); Ustidi ( c a t . , p.58)

SYSTEMATIC LEGAL WORKS ~ u k o 01-NihEiyo t Edition: Tehran, 1276 (in the collection of 01-Jowcmi' 01-fiqhiyya) MSS: Dinishgih 6746 ( c a t . , XVI, p.352); Radawi 2665, 2666 (Cat., 11, p . 140); Malik 2102 ( c a t . , I , pp.776-7) ShorEi'i' 01-lslCm Editions: Najaf, 1389 and many others (see Mushir, cols. 537-8) Selected MSS: Majlis 466 TabitabZ'i; 9556, 7717; Yazd, 'Uliimi (Nosh., IV, p ,440) ; Bankipore 920-1 ( c a t . , Arabic, I , p . 91) ; Mar'ashi 202,3190, 3787 ( c a t . , I , p.232, VI1, p.411, X, p.172); Sin; 868 ( c a t . , 11, p . 7 9 ) ; Mashhad, IlZhiyyit 258 ( c a t . , 1, p p . 154-5); Buriijirdi ( c a t . , p.20); ljakim 431 (NowEidir, pp.45-7); 'Amira, Shakkira (Mabfiiz 11, p.207); Nawwib 40 law ( c a t . , p.450); Gawharshid 1029 ( c a t . , p.312) Translations: ( 1 ) JEimiS-i RodowT, Persian, by 'Abd al-Ghani b . Abii TZlib al-Kishmiri (mid-12th century), edited Locknow, 1307, MSS: Dacca Du 373 ( c a t . , I , p p . 269-70) ; Agafiyya 1186; Bankipore 1260 ( c a t . Persian, I , p . 201); ( 2 ) Persian, by Abu '1-Qisim b . Abmad alYazdi (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , edited T e h r a n , 1387-94, MSS: DinishgZh 6603 ( c a t . , XVI, p.306); uuqiiq, 85b ( c a t . , pp.53-4); ( 3 ) Nojiit olmu'minii?, Persian, by Muhammad Kizim, MS: Cawharshad 812 ( c a t . , 1 (.4 ), Persian. t h e c h a ~ t e ron endowment, by Mubarnmad Basan al-Adib al-Kirmani , MS: Adabiyyit 62 uikmat ( c a t . ,- p.8); ( 5 ) JiTmiLi Ja'forT, Urdu, by 'Abid uusayn b . Bakhshish Busayn al-Angiri ( d . 1330), edited Locknow, 1333; ( 6 ) Rawo'i' a/-ohkiim, Hindi, by Mubarnmad s i d i q al-Kishmiri , edited Locknow, 1315-17; ( 7 ) Persian, anonymous, MS: Los Angeles 111350 ( c a t . , p.1.8); ( 8 ) Droit musulmon, Recuil de lois concernant les Musulmans schyiles, French, by A . Q u e r r y , edited Paris, 1871-2 AD Commentaries: (1) by Najm al-Din Ja'far al-Zihdazi (early 8th cent u r y ) , MS: Majlis 5508 ( c a t . , XVI, p.409); ( 2 ) Chiiyat a/-mariim, by Muflib al-Qaymari - see below; ( 3 ) Fowii'id 01-Shorii'i', by al-Karaki - see below; (4) by Yusayn b . Muflih al-Saymari ( d . 933), MS: Dinishgih 262114 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1496); ( 5 ) by al-Shahid al-Thini - see below; ( 6 ) MosEilik 01-ofhiTm, by the same author - see below; ( 7 ) Madiirik 01-ohkiim, by sahib al-MadZrik, see below; ( 8 ) by alDZmid, MS: SipahsZlir 729712 ( c a t . , IV, p.203); ( 9 ) Sharh khutbol ol-Shora'i', by MuQammad Taqi b . Abu 'I-Yasan al-!Jusayni alAstarZbidi (mid-11th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Radawi 2487 ( c a t . , 11, p . 86); (10) by Mubarnmad b . JJasan alkShirwZni ( d . 1098), MS: DinishgZh 7095 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 4 5 5 ) ; (11) Safl~lo-yi tawflq, Persian, by 'Abd al-$amad b . 'Ashiir al-Tabrizi (late l l t h c e n t u r y ) , MS: Masjid-i A'vam 498; (12) Muelornod 01-onlim, by Mubarnmad gidiq b . Mul~ammad (late l l t h c e n t u r y ) , MSS: GawharshZd 438 ( c a t . , p.401); Mar'ashi 2811 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 1 3 ) ; (13) by 'Ali b . Mubamrnad al-'Amili ( d . 11031, MSS: India Office 1789 ( c a t . , 11, p . 306); SipahsZlir 260014 ( c a t . , IV, p.204); sahib al-Dhari'a (AB, VI, p.108); (14) by Muhammad gilib al-Astaribddi (early 12th century), MS: Mahdawi 592115 ( c a t . , p . 126); (15) FowEi'id 01-morEim, anonymous (written before 11071, MS: Najaf, Madrasat a l S a y y i d (AB, XVI, pp.358-9); (16) by Jawid b . 'A17 b . 'Abd al-'Lli al-Maysi ( d . after 1117), MS: Dinishgih 5252 ( c a t . , XV, pp.418-19); 1 1 7 ) Mo'iirij al-ohkiim, by Uusayn b . Mubarnmad IbrZhim al-JJusayni al-Qazwini ( d . 12081, MSS: Qazwin, JJajj Sayyid Jawidi (Nosh., VI, p.351); Fayaiyya 99, 389 (Cat., I , p p . 257-9); Radawi 7254 ( c a t . , V , p.507); SulaymZn Khin 7 ( c a t . , p.21); Nawwib 250 law ( c a t . , p . 477); Khiligi ( c a t . , p.116); Igfahin, DZnishgZh 16650 ( c a t . , p . 916); Mar'ashi 1916, 2410, 2434 ( c a t . , V, pp.287-8, VII, pp.10, 28); DinishgZh 997-9, 6600110 ( c a t . , V , p p . 2052-4, X V I , p . 306); Majlis 1 1 4 4 T a b i t a b i ' i ; SipahsZlZr 2697

68


AN INTRODUCTION TO SHT'T LAW

( c a t . , V, p . 5 9 4 ) ; Malik 3526 ( c a t . , 1, p.692); Waziri 178119 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1053); (18) Babr a l - b o q i i ' i q , by 'Abd al-samad al-Hamadini , MS: Majli? 5916 ( c a t . , XVII, pp.303-5); (19) Maniihij a/-obkiim, by 'Abd alFcA1i b . Umid 'Ali al-Rashti ( d . a f t e r 12251, MS: Mar'ashi 2008 ( c a t . , VI, p . 11): (20) by Muhammad Taqi b . Abmad al-Uusayni al-Tiliqani ( d . after 12261, MS: Amir al-Mu'minin 1698 CAB, XV, p.55); (21) Wodii'i' ol-obkiirn, by Zayn alFaLbidin b . g u s a y n alT a b i t a b i ' i , MS: g u q u q 142b ( c a t . , p . 502); (22) Mu'tomod a/-obkiim, by Khalaf b . gasan b . Mubammad '&al-tli'iri li ( d . after 12321, MS: Buriijirdi (AB, XXI, p.212); (23) Iq'iib al-koliim, by g u s a y n b . Muhammad 'Ali al-A'sam al-Najafi ( d . 12371, MSS: gakim 1152 ( c a t . , I, 8 D'anishgah 6892 ( c a t . , XVI, p.390); RarJawi 2 2 4 2 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 1 ) ; (24) Kashf o l - j o l i i m , by Mubsin b . MurtadZ al-A'sam al-Najafi ( d . 12381, MSS: Gharb 110012, 1107, 1222 ( c a t . , p p . 175, 289); Gawharshid 1438, 1448 ( c a t . , p.377); Mar'ashi ( N o s h . , VI, p.384); (25) Migbiib 01-ijtihiid, by Muhammad Ibrihim b . Bahrim Khalaj alKharaqZni ( d . aftcr 1243), MS: 'Abd al-'Avim 347-8 ( c a t . , p.477); (26) o l - D h o r i i ' i ' , by 'Abd al-gusayn b . Muhammad 'A17 al-A'sam al-Najafi ( d . 12471, MS: Radawi 7659 (Binish, p.772); (27) K h a g i i ' i ~ b . Muhammad $ilib al-Qazwini ( d . 1250), ol-o'liim, by 'Abd al-Ra4m.n MS: Majlis 180811 ( c a t . , IX, p.406); (28) b y 'A17 b . Ja'far al-Najfi A1 Kishif al-Ghiti' ( d . 12531, MS: Gharb 1101 ( c a t . , p.100); (29) Moyiili' o l - o n w i i r , by al-Shafti - see below, chapter 6 ; (30) Kashf 01-qinii' ' a n 01-obkfm, by Mubammad Kazirn al-HamadZnT ( d . a f t e r 12521, MS: Biqiriyya ( A B , XVIII, pp.52-3);(31) by Mustafa b . Mubammad al-Khu'i ( d . a f t e r 1252), MS: Waziri 2310 ( c a t . IV, p . 1244); (32) al-MorghGb, by Muhammad Mahdi b . 'Ali al-GiGni ( d . after 12541, MSS: Gawharshad 1233 ( c a t . , p.390); Mar'ashi 2116 ( c a t . , VI, p p . 128-9); Milli 1894 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 546); Malik 2737 ( c a t . , I , p.662); (33) Shawiiri' o l - S h a r i i ' i ' , by Basan b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Yazdi al-Mudarris ( d . after 12561, &lSS: Danishgih 1388, 6870 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 72, XVI, p.386); Waziri 208311 ( c a t . , IV, p.1154); (34) DhokhTrot a l - b a y ' z ' i ' , by Ni'mat Allah b . 'Abd Allih (written before 1255), MS: Malik 2084 ( c a t . , I , p.323); (35) by Abu 'l-fjasan b . Mubarnmad H i d i al-gusayni al-Tunukibuni ( d . after 1255), MS: Buriijirdi ( c a t . , p p . 8, 15); (36) 01-NGr 01-siiri', anonymous (written before 1256), MS: IJusayniyya Kashif al-Ghiti' (AB, XIII, p . 331, XXIV, p.369); (37) a l - F o w i i ' i d , by Ibrihim al-Lihiji ( d . after 1256), MS: ~ a r ' a s h i ( i b i d . , XVI, p.355); (38) by Dawiid b . Asad Allah alBuriijirdi (late 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi 1478 ( c a t . , IV, p . 269); (39) D o l f ' i l 01-obkzm, by Ibrahim b . Mubammad Baqir al-Miisawi al-Qazwini ( a . 12621, MSS: Majlis 4429-30 ( c a t . , XII, pp. 118-19); Hengal 620 ( c a t . , I , p . 306); Mathaf 3629 ( c a t . , 1, p . 237); Radawi 7652-4 (Binish, pp.754-5); Malik, 3025 ( c a t . , 1, p.312); Waziri 575 ( c a t . , 11, p.486); kIuqiiq 189-90j ( c a t . , pp.338-9); Masjid-i A'vam 11789-90 ; Fakim, 9 MSS; KarbalZ', Tu'ma, 4 MSS (Tu'ma 11, p p . 102-5); Zanjini 80 ( c a t . , p.226); (40) Koshf oi-ibhiim, b y Muhammad 'Ali b . Illaqsiid 'Ali al-MizandarZn7 al-KZzimi ( d . 1264-6), MS: s i b i b a l - ~ h a r i ' a CAB, XVII, pp.6-7); (41) Manhaj o l - i j t i h i i d , by Mubarnmad Taqi b . Mubammad al-Barghini ( d . 12631, MSS: Dinishgih 1829, 2791 ( c a t . , VIII, p.426, X, p . 1642); Gulpiyigzni 203, 207 ( c a t . , I , p p . 181,183); Mar'ashi 1233, 2406, 2720-1 ( c a t . , VII, pp.7-8, 246, 285-6); Faydiyya 81, 83, 9 6 , 102 ( c a t . , 1, p p . 281-2); gujjatiyya 513 ( c a t . , p . 92); Masjid-i A'vam 15346; KhayrZt Khan 64-5 ( c a t . , p . 1771); RaQawi 1597, 6664, 7054, 7252 ( c a t . , 11, p.119, V , pp.521-2; Binish, p . 1084); Malik 2744 ( c a t . , I , p . 755); Arni~. 21-Mu'minin (AB, XIII, p1).317-18); Tabriz, Q a d i ( N o s h . , VII, p . 523); RawQZti (Mu'allim, V, pp.1712-13); (42) Persian, by the same author, MSS:

69

Marcashi 2332 ( c a t . , VI, pp.311-12, 397); Gharb 4503 ( c a t . , p.49); (43) by Mubammad T i h i r al-RZnakCi'i al-ua'iri ( d . a f t e r 1265), MS: Mar'ashi 2323 ( c a t . , VI, p p . 302-3); (44) Jawiihir al-kolCm, by $:bib al-Jawzhir - see below; (45) by Mubammad b . uusayn al-Radawi, MS: RaQawi 6493 ( c a t . , V , p . 458); (46) Hiiw'iol-mariirn, by MuPammad Biqir al-Gulpiyigini ( d . after 12681, MSS: ljuqiiq l l 7 j ( c a t . , p.327); GulpiyigZni 6-7 ( c a t . , I , p p . 70-4); (47) NofabCt ol-ilhiim, by 'Abd al-vusayn al-Qazwini ( d . a f t e r 1270), MS: Mar'ashi 1517 ( c a t . , IV, p.318); (48) by 'Ali al-Khwinsiri al-Hamadini ( d . after 1270), MS: Gharb 4721 ( c a t . , p.146); (49) by Muhammad Biqir b . Ja'far alMarBghi ( d . a f t e r 1274), MS: Mar'ashi 3502 ( c a t . , IX, p p . 201-2); (50) by H i d i b . Muhammad s i l i h al-Kirminshihi ( d . after 1280), MS: Majlis 5418 ( c a t . , XVl, p.327); (51) Madiirik ol-obkiim, by Mahdi al-Qumsha'i a l - I ~ f a h a n i( d . 1281), MS: s i b i b al-Dhari'a (AB, XIII, p.330); (52) JCmi' al-jowiirni', by gasan b . Muhsin al-A'raji alKBgirni (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS : Khzlisi ( c a t . , p . 85) ; (53) by Muhammad 'Ali b . MuPammad BBqir al-Shafti ( d . 1282), MS: Mar'ashi 199513 ( c a t . , V , p.367); (54) by 'Ali b . 'Abd al-Ghaffar ( d . after 12881, MS: Mar'ashi 339312 (cat.., IX, p.180); (55) o l - D u r r o olu i i ' i r i y y o , by 'Ali Naqi b . Basan al-Tabitabi'i (d. 1289), edited I r a n , n . d . , MS: Majlis 5426 ( c a t . , XVI, p.331); (56) by Asad Allih b . Mubarnmad Biqir al-Miisawi al-Shafti ( d . 12901, MS: GulpiyigZni 126 ( c a t . , I , p . 126); (57) by Miis5 b . Fadl Allah al-ljusayni alHamadani ( d . after 1295), MS: Raaawiyya 36 ( c a t . , I , p p . 22-3); (58) by Mubammad b . Muhammad gasan al-Radawi al-Tiisi ( d . after 12911, MS: Radawi 7259 ( c a t . , V, p.384); (59) by Ja'far al-gusayni al-SabzawBri ( d . around 1292). MS: Biqirivya (AB, XIII, p.318); (60) by Mubarnmad b . 'Ashiir a l - ~ i r m 5 n s h i h ? (late 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi 3110 ( c a t . , VIII, KID. 333-4); (61) by 'Ali b . Khalil al-Tihrini ( d . 12961, MS: ~ a l i k - 1 4 4 9( c a t . , I , p.412); (62) Mowiihib o l - o f h t i n , by Mubarnmad Mahdi b . Basan al-Qazwini ( d . 13001, MS: uakim; (63) Mokhiizin 01-obkiim, by Mubarnmad B i q i r b . Zayn al'iibidin al-Yazdi ( d . around 1300), MS: klakim 33 ( N o s h . , V, p.433); (64) . . b v Muhammad Kizim b . 'Ali Naoi al-Langariidi (late 13th cent u r y ) , MS: ~ a y d i ~ ~ a ' l(lcla7t . , I , p.158); 765) ol-Risiilu al-Roq'owiyyo, by RiQi al-Tabrizi (late 13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: L3uqiiq 53j ( c a t . , p p . 355-6) ; (66) 0 1 - u a q z ' i q , by 'Ali b . Mubarnmad s i d i q alKhwitEnibidi (12th-13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: GulpiyigZni 76 ( c a t . , I , pp .82-3); (67) by Mubarnmad Mahdi al-Kujiiri ( d . 1293), MS: S h i r i z , Wisil ( N o s h . , V, p . 2 9 2 ) ; (68) by J a m 3 al-Din b . 'Ali al-Miisawi, MS: Mar'ashi 292918 ( c a t . , VII, p . 1 2 2 ) ; (69) Mojrno' 01-obkfm, by 'Ali Mubarnmad b . 'Ali al-klusayni, MS: Waziri 150 ( c a t . , 1, p p . 183 7 ) ; (70) by Mubarnmad Amin al-AhZri al-Mishkini, MS: Mar'ashi 2307 ( c a t . , VI , p . 290) ; (71) by Mubammad b . gasan al-Langarudi , MS: gakim 2057; (72) by 'Ali ul-Duzdari, MS: Mar'ashi 2574 ( c a t . , VII, p . 162); (73) by 'Abd al-WahhZb b . Ahmad al-Maballzti, MS: Ilahiyyit 61512d ( c a t . , I , p . 341); (74) Dold'il al-abkiim, by Mubarnmad gusayn b . Mubammad 'Ali al-Tabib al-TihrZni, MS: Malik 1740 ( c a t . , I , p . 3 (75) Kiishif a/-ibhiirn, by Qisim b . Mubarnmad al-Najafi, MS: Mar'ashi 2873 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 8 1 ) ; (76) 01-MawiihLb 01-Charowiyyo, by 'Abd al-Baqi b . 'Ali al-Miisawi, MSS: GulpiyigZni 391-2 ( c a t . , 1, p . 325); (77) D o q i i ' i q 01-ofhiim, anonymous, MS: Shirizi (AB, VIII, p ,234) ; (78) Jiimi' 01-abkiim, by Muhammad b . kIasan al-A'raji alKZvimi ( d . 13031, MS: Khilisi ( c a t . , p.55); (79) by ' A b b i s b . Mubammad g u s a y n al-JagZni ( d . 13061, MS: Khilisi ( c a t . , pp.83-5); (80) by 'Ali b . Zayn alb'iibidin (written before 13071, MS: Majlis 4 2 1 T a b i t a b i ' i ; (81) Lowiimi' o l - n i k i i t , a collection of the lectures of al-Ansari - see below; (82) H i d i i y o t ol-oniim, by Mubarnmad g u s a y n

"

~

.

70

A N INTRODUCTION TO

SHT'ILAW

b . Hashim a l - K i ~ i m i ( d . 13081, edited, Najaf, 1330-1, MSS: RaJawi 8099-8101 (Binish, p p . 1074-6) ; (83) Kashf a/-gin:' , by Muljammad Rabim b . Muhammad al-Buriijirdi ( d . 1309), MS: Malik 2695 ( c a t . , I , p . 596); (84) by Mubammad Busayn &'Arab al-Dimid ( d . after 1310), MSS:Majlis 9526-34; (85) DharC'i' al-onfm, by Abmad al-Mali'iri (written before 1310), MSS: Mar'ashi 3295 ( c a t . , IX, pp.77-8); Masjid-i A'vam 1084; (86) by Muhammad 'Ali b . Mubarnmad s i d i q al-Raaawi ( d . 13111, MS: Raaawi 6524 ( c a t . , V, p.490); (87) Ma'Crif ol-abkiim, by Mahdi b . gilibal-Tabitabi'i al-JJakim ( d . 13121, MS: JJakim (AB,XXI, p . 189); (88) ShawZri' 01-o'lfm, by Muhammad JJusayn b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Shahrastini ( d . 13151, MS: vuqiiq 2483' ( c a t . , p.394); (89) WodC'i' a / - n u b u w w o , by H i d i al-Tihrini - see below; (90) by Yiisuf b . Mubammad RiOZ al-GilZni ( d . after 13211, MSS: Mar'ashi 1235-6 ( c a t . , IV, pp.34-5); (91) MizbCb 01-foqTh, by Rioi al-HamadZni - see below; (92) D h o r C ' i C 01-obliim, by Muhammad JJasan al-Mimaqini - see below; (93) by JJasan b . Abmad al-JJusayni alK i s h i n i ( d . 13421, MS: RaJawi 7176 ( c a t . , V, p.411); (94) by Mahdi b . JJusayn al-KhZlisi ( d . 13431, edited Mashhad, 1342; (95) Muntohf maqCsid a/-oniim, by 'Abd AIlih b . Muhammad JJasan al-Mimaqini ( d . 13511, edited Najaf, 1348-9; (96) by Muzaffar b . Mu&mmad 'Ali al-uusayni al-Rashti, MS: Mar'ashi 124611 ( c a t . , IV, p . 4 4 ) ; (97) MiftCb al-koliim, by MuPammad IIishim b . 'Abd Allih al-Tasiiji al-Khu'i ( d . 1358) edited Tabriz,1345; (98) by Mubammad JJusayn b . Hibat Allah al-Raaawi al-KZshZni ( d . 13851, MS: Kashin, RaJawi ( c a t . , p . 36); (99-114) sixteen anonymous or unidentified commentarics: ( a ) Persion, MSS: AdabiyyZt 44b ( c a t . , p.335); Majlis (WobTd, IV, p.646); ( b ) MS: Fayoiyya 670 ( c a t . , I , p.150); ( c ) MS: Waziri 376712 ( c a t . , V, p.1788); ( d ) MS: Milli 119712 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, p . 186); ( e l MS: Majlis 81110 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p.90); ( f ) MS: RaJawi 55511 law ( c a t . , V, p.366); ( g ) MS: NawwZb 17012 jurisprudence ( c a t . , p.470); ( h ) MS: FayJiyya 14113 ( c a t . , 111, p . 5 ) ; ( i ) MS: Tustariyya 610 ( c a t . , p.803); ( j ) MS: Masjid-i A'vam 259; ( k ) SipahsZlir 668311 ( c a t . , IV, p . 204); (1) MS: GawharshZd 521 ( c a t . , p.324); (m) MS: Sulaymin Khin 52 ( c a t . , p . 1 3 ) ; ( n ) MSS: Gawharshad 472, 487 ( c a t . , p.324); ( 0 ) MS: U s t i d i ( c a t . , p.23); ( p ) MS: NawwZb 201 law ( c a t . , p.461) AL-AB~: Koshf 01-rumiiz

MSS: Mar'ashi 205, 1263 ( c a t . , I , p.235, IV, p.68); Gawharshad 1300 ( c a t . , p.377); Raoawi 2533 ( c a t . , 11, p . 101); SipahsZlZr 2268 ( c a t . , I , p.481); DinishgZh 721 ( c a t . , V, pp.1984-7)

YAJJYA

B. SA'TD

Jiimi' 01-sharii'i'

MSS: Tustariyya (AB, V, p . 6 1 ) ; Majlis 4775, 432512 ( c a t . , XII, p.19, XIII, pp.172-3); DinishgZh 147612, 100512 ( c a t . , V, p.1984, VIII, p.128); IlZhiyyit 45212d ( c a t . , I , p.302); JJuqiiq 21613j ( c a t . , pp ,419-20) ; Princcton 96012 New Series; SipahsilZr 2660 ( c a t . , I , p.387, IV, p p . 12-13); Masjid-i A'vam 4346 ANONYMOUS (written in 698): JCmi' 01-khilCf wo ' I - w i f i i q bayn a/-ImCmiyyo wa b'immot 01-UijCz wo ,I- ' l r i i q

MS: Danishgih 6702 ( c a t . , XVI, p.336)


-

71

IrshCd a/-adhhzn

Editions:

Tehran, 1272; Qurn, 1403-4 (both together with al-Ardabilils

Mojma* a / - f i ' i d o wo ' I - b u r h C n )

Selected MSS: Radawi 2222 ( c a t . , 11, p . 5 ) ; Mailis 4941, 287011, 464511 ( c a t . , X, pp.218-19, XIII, p.33; X I V , pp.170-1); ~ a r ' a s h i 2805, 961, 1487, 3363 ( c a t . , 111, p.153, IV, p.284, VIII, p . 7 , IX, p.138; N o s h . , VI, p.356); Dinishgih 3665, 722, 3560 ( c a t . , V, p p . 1771-4, XII, p p . 2580, 2675) ; Topkapi Sarayi 1082 Arabic ( c a t . , 11, n.764): . . Princeton. New Series 318. 826. 1329. 1444: Guluivitzini . . " 50 (cat., I, i ( c a t . , I , p.63); ~ a l i k2320 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 9 ) ; ~ e n g a 630 p p . 311-12); Leningrad 76 ( N o s h . , VIII, p . 103); Berlin S p r . 652 ( c a t . , IV, p . 133); Daca DU 392 ( c a t . , 11, p . 533); Ambrosiana C.134 ( c a t . , 11, p . 187); Dar al-Kutub 21262b, 23235b ( c a t . , I , p.34) Commentaries: ( 1 ) by Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin - see below; ( 2 ) D u r a r 01-niqCd, by 'Abd al-Rabmin b . Mubammad aIEcAti'iqi ( d . after 7791, MS: DZnishgZh 1280 ( c a t . , VII, p.2711); ( 3 ) GhCyot 01-murCd, by al-Shahid al-Awwal - see below; ( 4 ) K h u l f $ o t a/-tanqTb,by Ibn Fahd al-AbsZ'i - see below; ( 5 ) To'lTq a / - I r s h C d , by al-Karaki - see below; ( 6 ) by Niir al-Din 'A17 b . 'Abd al-'A17 al-Maysi ( d . 9381, MS: alImim al-Sadia (Mabfiiz 11. u.250); ( 7 ) 01-HCd7 ilo ' I - r o s h z d , bv al-Qatifi; MSS: ~ i l i k 2723 ' ( c a t . , I , p.801); RaJawi 2678, 8163 ( c a t . , 11, pp.143-4; Binish, p . 1074); Rawditi ( A B , X X V , p.150) ( 8 ) a second commentary by ihe same author, MS: RaJawi f5111 law ( c a t . , V, p.468, footnote 2 ) ; ( 9 ) b y al-Shahid a l - T h i n i , MSS: Mar'ashi 3354 ( c a t . , IX, p.131); RaJawi 6 law ( c a t . , 11, pp.3-4); Ustidi ( c a t . , p . 5 ) ; (10) Raw@ a / - j i n C n , by t h e same author - see below; (11) by JJusayn b . 'Abd al-$amad al-'Hmili, MS: JJakim 1 1 0 2 ; (12) Mojmo' a/-boyCn, by 'Ali b . JJusayn al-gi'igh al-'Amili (late 10th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Dinishgih 441212 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3375); (13) Majmo' 01-fC'ido wa ' I - b u r h C n , by al-Ardabili - see below; (14) Manhaj 01sodCd, by 'Abd al-'iili al-Karkai, MS: Sipahsilir 248611 ( c a t . , I , p.440, V, p.681); (15) a / - I q t i z C d , by 'Abd al-Nabi b . Sa'd al-Jazi'iri ( d . 1021), MSS: Majlis 5886 ( c a t . ,-XVII, p.281); Mar'ashi (AB, 11, p.268); (16) by B a h i ' al-Din alECAmili,MS: Dinishgih 1983 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 592); (17) by Jawid b . 'Alial-Karaki (mid-11th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Mar'ashi (AB, VI, p.22); (18) BurhCn ol-sadiid, by Mubarnmad b . Ahmad b . Khitiin alkCAmili ( d . after 10391, MS: Rawoiti ( c a t . , I , p p . 372 i f ) ; (19) Thomarat 01-jinCn , b y Mubarnmad b . Mabmiid alTabasi ( d . after 10581, MSS: IlihiyyZt l l j , 96b ( c a t . , I , pp.502-3); Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 106 ( c a t . , I , p p . 6 1 2 ) ; (20) DhokhTrat a / - m a ' i i d , by al-SabzawZri - see below; (21) by al-Mibilzi, MS: Najaf, J a z i ' i r i ( N o s h . , VII, p.716); (22) by al-FiJil al-Hindi, MS: Gulpiyigini 1613 ( c a t . , 11, p . 107) ; (23) MustaqgC a / - i j t i h t d , by JJusayn b . Mubammad IbrZhim al-Qazwini , MSS: Buriijirdi ( c a t . , p . 38) ; JJuquq 119 b ( c a t . , pp.462-3); (24) TanqTb 01-boyCn, by Nagr Allih b . JJasan al-JJusayni al-Astaribidi ( d . a f t e r 1236), MSS: Sipahsilir 2483-5 ( c a t . , I , p.438, 111, p p . 517-8); Majlis 433212 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 23-4); (25) Monhaj a/-sadiid, by Abmad b . 'Ali Mukhtar al-GulpZyigZni (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: GulpiyigZnT 190, 2 7 6 ( c a t . , I , pp.172, 241); Mar'ashi 2467, 2728 ( c a t . , VII, pp.60, 290-1) ; (26) Konz -a/-fawC'id, by Mu'min al-Ardabili (mid13th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: Nurbakhsh 125 ( c a t . , I , p p . 150-1); Rawaiti ( c a t . , I , p p . 244 f f ) ; (27) TorTq a/-roshCd, by Mubarnmad Kiqim b . Mubammad R i a i al-Tabari (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: Fayoiyya 318, 506, 1096 ( c a t . , 1, p . 181); (28) Nohj 01-sadiid, by Mubarnmad RiJi b . Mu'~ammadJa'far al-Tabrizi ( d . after 12581, MS: Mar'ashi 1252 ( c a t . , IV, pp.54-5); (29) by Mubarnmad HZdi b . Mubammad Biqir al-Sharif at-Khu'i ( d . after 1258), MS: Masjid-i A ' z n m 428; (30) GhanTmat a/-ma'Cd, by Mubarnmad $Zlib b . L~~

72

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHf'i LAW Mubarnmad al-Baraghini (d.1275), MSS: Milli 1939 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 419); Majlis 4438 ( c a t . , XII, p . 122); Sipahsilir 8196 ( c a t . , V, p.353); Nawwiib 214 law ( c a t . , p.463); Khayrit Khin 71 ( c a t . , p.1753); Ma'had 1165 ( c a t . , p.102); Mar'ashi 2449 ( c a t . , VII, p.47); Waziri 357 ( c a t . , I , p.331); Najaf, Madrasat al-Sayyid (AB., XVI, p . 7 1 ) ; (31) Moslok ol-riishid7n, by t h e same author, MSS: Ragawi 2831 ( C a t . , V, p.504); Mar'ashi 2436, 2668 ( c a t . , VII, p p . 30,247); Majlis 8464; gujjatiyya 514 ( c a t . , p . 8 4 ) ; Faydiyya 951 ( c a t . , I , p.136); (32) by 'Ali Akbar b . Ibriihim al-KhwinsZri ( d . 12711, MSS: Gulpiyigini 160-2 ( c a t . , I , pp.146, 148-50); (33) Monhoj 01-roshiid, by Mubarnmad J a ' f a r b . Muhammad Ibrihim al-Kalbisi ( d . 12921, MS: Rawgiti ( c a t . , pp ,227 f f ) ; (34) Muttadid al-Shi'a, anonymous (written in 1277), MS: Malik 1875 ( c a t . , I , p.697); (35) by Mubammad Mahdi b . Mubammad Ibrihim al-Kalbisi ( d . 1278), MS: Ma'had 1470 ( c a t . , p.123); (36) by al-Angiri - see below; (37) by Mubarnmad g a s a n b . Mubarnmad gilib al-Baraghini ( d . after 12881, MS: Mar'ashi 340411 ( c a t . , IX, p . 187); (38) by 'Abd al-gusayn b . 'Ali al-Baraghini ( d . around 12901, MS: Mar'ashi (AB., XIII, p . 7 7 ) ; (39) by Mubarnmad Biqir b . Murtaai al-Tabitabi'i al-Yazdi ( d . 12981, MS: Mar'ashi 76515 ( c a t . , 11, p.375); (40) at-Duror at-mon?Limo, by Mubammad b . Mubammad TZhir al-Tunukibuni (13th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Majlis 191518 ( c a t . , IX, pp.571-2); (41) Persian, by 'Abd al-Salim a l - A n s i r i , MS: Dinishgih 4408 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3368); (42) by Mubammad 'Ali b . Zayn al-'Abidin al-NClri, MS: Waziri 376812 ( c a t . , V, p . 1789); (43) DhokhTrat al-ma'iid, by 'Ali b . 'Ali R i a i al-Yazdi al-Mudarris ( d . 13161, MS: Majlis 4649 ( c a t . , XIII, pp.34-8); (44-8) five anonymous o r unidentified commentaries: ( a ) MS: Dinishgih 164313 ( c a t . , VIII, p.220); ( b ) MS: Sipahsilir 2487 ( c a t . , I , p.436); ( c ) MS: Fayaiyya 1090 ( c a t . , I , p.136); ( d l Persian, MS: Majlis 5743 ( c a t . , XVII, pp.183-4); ( e ) Persian, MS: Zanjin ( c a t . , pp.111-12)

-

-

Mukhtalaf 01-Shi'o Editions: Tehran, 1323-4, Qum, 1403 Selected MSS: Dinishgih 707. 5599. 5888 ( c a t . . V . D O . 2006-8. XVI. pp.335, 389); Majlis fill ( c a t . , I V ~p.91); M a r e a s i f 1052, 1545, 1'229 ( c a t . , 111, p.241, IV, pp.30, 347); Radawi 7923, 2563-4 ( c a t . , 11, p p . 109-10); al-Imim al-Siidiq (Mabfiiv 11, p.250); gakim (Nowiidir, p p . 54-51; Najaf, hladrasat al-Khalili (AB, XX, p . 219); Waziri 1596 ( c a t . , 111, p . 997); Gharb 4591 ( c a t . , p . 183); India Office 1790 ( c a t . , 11, pp.306-7); Bengal 636 ( c a t . , I , p.314); Bodleian, Arahic d.108 Commentaries: ( 1 ) by al-Karaki, MSS: Raaawi 2363 ( c a t . , 11, p.47); Majlis 679 TabZtabX'i; Waziri 2095 ( c a t . , IV, p . 1163); ( 2 ) anonymoui (written before 917), MS: Mar'ashi 256417 ( c a t . , VII, p.153); ( 3 ) b y al-Dimid, edited Tehran, 1401 (in the collection of lthnii'ashar risiilo li 'I-Diimiid), MSS: Radawi 5194 ( c a t . , V, p . 413); D i n i s h g i h , microfilm 3450 ( c a t . , 11, p . 146); ( 4 ) by R a E ' al-Din Mubammad b . g a y d a r al-gusayni al-Tabitabi'i al-Ni'ini ( d . 10821, MSS: Radawi 6647 ( c a t . , V , p.414); Mar'ashi 2875 ( c a t . , VIII, p.82); (5) anonymous (belonging to 11th c e n t u r y ) , MS: Ustidi ( c a t . , p . 16) Mun tab5 01-n:arlob Edition: Tabriz, 1316133 Selected MSS: JJakim (NowZdir, p p . 60-1) ; Gawharshid 554 ( c a t . , p.416); Khiligi ( c a t . , p . 125); Raoawi 2850 ( c a t . , 11, p.250); Fayoiyya 777 ( c a t . , 1, p.272); Malik 1012 ( c a t . , I , p.745); Biblioth2que Nationale 6658 ( c a t . , 11, p.330); Bstana 5990 ( c a t . , p.177); Wazki 523 ( c a t . , 11, p.455); Zanjin ( c a t . , p.165) Commentary: by Mubarnmad Mahdi b . Hidiyat Allah al-uusayni alMashhadi ( d . 1218); MS: Majlis 180415 ( c a t . , IX, p.321)


73

NihFyot ol-ibkiim MSS: Dinishzih 662 ( c a t . , XVI, u.328); KishZn, Athir-i Milli 433 j ~ o s h . ,IV, o fi 'I-ghinF' MS: Diinishgih 111113 ( c a t . , V, p.1896)

BD AL-$AMAD:

M A I J M ~ADL - K I R M A N S H A H ~:

Riscilo f7 billiyyot jowF'iz 01-sulfiin MS: Milli 194312 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.616);

Risiilo f7 burmot 01-ghinF' MS: Mar'ashi 153712 ( c a t . , IV, p.337) MUIJAMMAD RASOL AL-KASHANT

SULTAN A L - T A L I Q A N ~ ( d .

1306):

RisFlo fi 'I-ghinF' Edition: Tehran, 1304

Risrilo fi 'I-ghin5' Edition: an abridgement of it is edited Tehran, 1381 (in al-Khumay 01-Makzsib a/-mubarramo) MS: Zanjini 112 ( c a t . , p . 239) ON BACKBITING

H L D AL-TIHRANT ~

:

RisFlo f i 'I-ghaybo MS: Majlis 540212 ( c a t . , XVI, p.307) 4.

-

Risiilo fi 'I-khorSij

-

Riscilo mukhto$ora fi 'I-khoriij Editions: Tehran, 1313 (in t h e above-mentioned collection), 1318 (in the margin of a l - K h u r i s i n i ' s D u r a r 01-fow5'id) Selected MSS: Sipahsilir 144614-5 ( c a t . , IV, p.364); Milli 1889 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.533); Dinishgih 7387199 ( c a t . , XVI, p.534)

MAJID AL-SHAYBANT:

ABU 'L-MAJD:

3.

IJakim 1506m ( c a t . , I ,

(13th c e n t u r y ) :

RisZilo fT burmot 01-ghin?' MS: Sipahsilir 756415 ( c a t . , V, p.353) N A ~ A R*AL? B .

177

ON WORKING FOR THE GOVERNMENT

RisZilo fT bill a/-khoriij Edition: Tehran, 1313 (in the above-mentioned collection) MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XI, p . 179) 'ABD ALLAH B. 'iSA

A L - I Q F A H A N ~ A L - A F A N D ~ ( d . around 1130):

Al-KhorFjiyyo MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XI, p.179)

MULLA KITAB

- Muhammad Taqi b . Mubammad al-Najafi (mid-13th

A/-Mi$bFb 01-wohhSij MSS: Gharb 5316 ( c a t . , p.192);

S i p a h s i l i r 6113 ( c a t . , IV, p.365)

AL-MURTAPA: Mos'olo fi 'I'omol ma' 01-sultFn Edition: London, 1980 AD (in the Bulletin of the Schoolof Oriental a n d African Studies, XLIII, p p . 22-41 MSS: Sipahsilir 2524 ( c a t . , V, pp.557-9); Majlis 518713 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 6 ) ; Diinishgih 6914119 (cat., XVI, p.398); Princeton 2751 Yahuda ( c a t . , p . 137); Berlin Pet. 40 ( c a t . , IV, p p . 347-8); sahib al-Dhari'a (Cat. of microfilms of DZnishgih, I , p.575); Kishiin, 'Atifi (Nosh., XI-XII, p.953) 5. ON TAX REVENUE AND GOVERNMENT'S GIFTS

A L - K A R A K ~:

~ n o r o l ~ y yJa t Selected MSS: Radawi 2527-8, 2798 ( c a t . , 11, p.99); Dinishgih 87212 7202 ( c a t . , V, p . 1967, XVI, p.486); Majlks 5650 ( c a t . , XVII, p . 106); Milli 1006 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p.566); al-Imim al-Mahdi (Mabfiiz 11, p.212); Malik 597 ( c a t . , I , p.559); Los Angeles MI28314 ( c a t . , p.722)

(b) SALE 1. GENERAL MUVAMMAD MS: 'ABD

IBRAHTM

B.

QASIM

AL-KAZIMi AL-NAJAFT (13th c e n t u r y ) :

Majlis 4436 ( c a t . , XII, p p . 121-2)

AL-KARTM

A L - Q A Z W ~ NA~L - G ~ L A N T (late 13th century):

ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 13th c e n t u r y ) : K . 01-Boy' MSS: GulpiyigZini 697, 643 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 1 ) ;

Fayoiyya 1718

AN INTRODUCTION TO

178

SHT'T

LAW

MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS L BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M :

K . a/-Bay'

T u s t a r i y y a (AB, 111, p . 191); DZnishgih 726 ( c a t . , V, p.1938

MSS:

t7 bay' 01-mu'iitiit t7 talof 01-mob?' qabl

-

Risiilo

-

Risiilo

-

Risiilo f i ' I - w i l i i y i i t

K . al-Boy ' , h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y AbG Tilib al-Tajlil Edition: Qum, 1373

qobp'ih

All included in h i s B u l g h a t a/-faq7h ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

AL-KHUMAYNT:

(c)

K . 01-Bay*

Edition:

RIGHT OF CANCELLATION

Najaf, 1389-97

MUJJAMMAD R I Q ~A L - G U L P ~ Y I G ~ N ~ : K . a/-Bay ' , his l e c t u r e s compiled b y 'Afi al-ijusayni al-Milani Edition: Qum, 1400 2.

1. GENERAL

' A L ~AL

Edition: T e h r a n , 1319 MSS: Raaawi 2388 ( c a t . , 11, p . 54); Majlis 113 K h u ' i ( c a t . , VII, p p . 118-19)

MAJID AL-SHAYBANT: Risiilo

f7 w u j i i b

a / - i t t i j i i r bi-miil 01-$agh7r wo i s t i n m z ' i h /ah

Mar'ashi (AB, XXV, p . 2 9 )

AL-GHITA':

S h a r b 01-Lum'o, a s a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of al-Shahid al-Awwal's a / - L u m ' a 01-Dimoshqiyyo

SPECIFIC

MS:

KASHIF

HADT A L - T I H R ~ N: ~ D h a k h i i ' i r 01-nubuwwa

Al'Ayn

f7to'iirup'

MSS: Danishgih 185914 ( c a t . , VIII, p.459); IX, p.158)

AL-QUMMY

Edition: T a b r i z , 1325 MSS: Danishgah 799 ( c a t . , V, pp.1880-2); ( c a t . , IX, p p . 3 8 , 139)

baqqoy a/-mutobiiya'ayn

Mar'ashi 338211 ( c a t . ,

MURTAQA

:

-

Risiilo f i 'I-mu'iiciit

-

Risiila f i 'I-fup'iilT

Majlis 271711, 275313

B . AJJMAD AL-KHUSRAWSHAHT ( d . 1372):

N f t h i i r i i t 0 1 - k a w i i k ~ b , a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of a1 A n g a r i t s 01-Mokiisfb Editlon: T e h r a n , 1370

Risiila t 7 onnoh ha1 y a j i i z li-man bii' s i l ' a t o h mln g h a y r i h an yash t a r i y o h i i m i n h , ma' 01-short ow b i - d i i n i h

2.

SPECIFIC

All included in h i s 01-Rasii'il ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5) Risiila

MUWAMMAD R A S ~ LB. 'ABD AL-'AZ~Z (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) : A/-Tanbih

MS:

f7 wozii'if

-

ol-faq7h

G u l p i y i g i n i 1936

fT

tabq7q a / - b o y ' b i - s h o r t a / - k h i y i i r

MS: D i n i s h g a h 288812 ( c a t . , X, p.1733) Risiila

fT

t a ~ o r r u fal-mushtor7

firoman

01-khfyiir

MSS: Majlis 333316 ( c a t . , X, pp.1130-1;

see also AB, XI, pp.148-9)

ANONYMOUS:

f7 jaw&

Yaniib7' 01-wiliiya

Fii'ida

MS:

MS: Majlis 520212 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 33)

Radawi 7170 ( c a t . , V , p.531)

MUJJAMMAD R A J J ~ M AL-BUR~JIRD~: Risiila f i ' I - b a y ' 01-fuq'iir

MS:

Raaawi 5849 ( B i n i s h , p.790)

MUUAMMAD ' A L ~B. MUBAMMAD a l - l S F A ~ r \ ~ '(id . 1318): Risiilo f i ' I - w i l Z y i i t

Edition:

T e h r a n , 1312

BAQIR AL-MASJIDSHAHT

bay' a/-shart

MUJJAMMAD RIQA B . MUJJAMMAD 'ALT AL-ISFARJT\N~AL-GOI.PAYIGAN~ ( d . a f t e r 1258) Risiilo

IT jawiiz

a k h d h a / - o r s h min g h o y r a / - n o g d o y n

MS: DZnishgZh 195316 ( c a t . , VIII, p.568) MUJJAMMAD B .

'ALT AL-KHUSRAWSHAHT A L - T A B R ~ Z(~d . a r o u n d 1312):

A/-Risiila 01-Biiqiriyya

Edition:

T a b r i z , 1310 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s M i s h k i i t ol-ma$iibTb)

182


MONOGRAPHSON CONTRACTS

HIRE AND LEASE

PROCURATION

1. GENERAL

Translation: P e r s i a n , b y Muhammad $ i d i q a l - S i r k i n i , MS: ( c a t . of microfilms of D i n i s h g i h , I , p . 705)

K . 01-ljiiro

Racjawi 6640 ( c a t . , V , p.354)

ANONYMOUS:

Waziri

( i u k m 01-jolciq b l - d o ' w i i 01-wlkiilo ' o n 01-row1 ma' ~nkiirir,h(seebelow,

K . 01-ljiiro, a collection of l e c t u r e s on t h i s topic

monographs on divorce)

MS: Majlis 454612 ( c a t . , XII, p.219)

AL-RASHTT

( d . 1021):

R ~ s i i l of i wok71 a/-zowlo

AL-KIRMANSHAHT: MS:

ALLAH AL-TUSTART

'ABD

ANONYMOUS:

:

Risiila

K . 01-ljiiro

fi

taliiq muddo'7 01-wikiilo ' o n ol-zowj ma' i n k & 01-zawj ( s e e

below, monographs on divorce)

Edition: T e h r a n , 1298, 1316 MS: Masjid-i A'zam 11709

'ABD

K . 01-ljiiro, h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y h i s s o n , Muhammad b . Kigim al-Khurisini MS: Dznishgih 115112 ( c a t . , V , p.1832)

ALLAH

AL-KIRMZNSHAHT:

Ta'iirup' a/-wok71 wo 'I-muwakkil sharar li-nofsih a / - k h i y i i r

MS:

f i mii

low b5' r o j u l l i - - r o j u l shoy'on wo

I l i h i y y i t 81912d ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 0 )

AL-SHAFT1 : Risiilo

FAYYAQ AL-ZANJAN'~:

f i toliiq muddo'? a 1 wikiila ' o n a/-zawj ma' i n k i i r 01-row/ ( s e e

below, monographs on divorce)

K . 01-ljiiro Edition: T e h r a n , 1343

ENDOWMENT 1. GENERAL

K . 01-ljiiro

Edition: 2.

Najaf, 1375

SPECIFIC

K . 01-Woqf MS: Mar'ashi 349417 ( c a t . , 11, p.293)

'ABD ALLAH A L - T U S T A R ~ : Risiilo fT tomalluk 01-01% l i ' I - u j r o b i ' I k ' o q d , included in h i s 01-Rasii'il ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

MUBAMMAD

K A ~ M B . RIP% AL-TABART

fi

boyiin b o ' d mosii'il 01-woqf

Risiilo

MS:

AL-FAYQ : RisZilo

fT h u k m a k h d h

Majlis 3818110 ( c a t . , X,

ANONYMOUS (belonging t o e a r l y 14th c e n t u r y ) : Risr71o d o r ajal-i ijCra, Persian

MS: D i n i s h g i h 445711 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3414)

ZL BAIJR RisCla

AL-'UL~M:

fT o k h d h

D i n i s h g i h 335813 ( c a t . , XI, p.2359)

AL-ANSART

o l - u j r o ' o l a 'I-wCjibFt

MSS: Mar'ashi 140118 ( c a t . , I V , p.176); p.1843)

01-ujra ' o l a ' I - w C j i b i i t , included in h i s B u l g h o t a/-faq7h

-

:

:

K . 01-WuqCf wo 'I-zadoqiit MS: Ma'had 1295 ( c a t . p . 112) K . ol-Woqf, h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y Mubarnmad Ibrihim al-Rashti

MS: Mar'ashi 1066 ( c a t . , 111, p.251) ABMAD B . MUBAMMAD MUUSIN

AL-FAYPT

K . 01-Waqf

MS:

Gawharshid 38 ( c a t . , p . 361)

( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5) MUUAMMAD IjUSAYN A L - I $ F A H % N ~ : RisZilo

fi

h u k m o k h d h 01-ujro ' a l a 'I-wiijibiit Edition: T e h r a n , 1363 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s (iiishiyat a/-Mokiisib)

Sofwot a / - m o q 3

MS:

Mar'ashi 3132 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 361)

(late 13th c e n t u r y ) :

MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS

s ~ i ' LAW i

A N INTRODUCTION TO

184

AL-RASHTI : K . ol-Wo$ZiyZi MS: DinishgXh 671111 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 3 4 3 )

K . a/-Woqf MSS: Tustariyya 62211 ( c a t . , p . 8 6 9 ) ; Majlis 327512, 4312, 37 TabXtabi'i ( c a t . , X, pp.883-4, XII, p . 5 )

AL

RisZila fi 'I-waqf Edition: B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s ShadharZt) Commentary: b y Mahdi al-Khilisi, edited B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s 0 1 - D a r K 01-IZimiCZit) MUJJAMMAD ~ A L I J B J . FAQL

ANONYMOUS: Masii'il-i wo$ZiyZi, Persian MS: Milli 263313f ( c a t . , v I , p.191)

ALLAH A L - ~ ~ ' I R TA L - S I M N A N ~(d. 1391):

MUTAFFAR B . MUJJAMMAD 'ALT AL-JJUSAYNT AL-RASHTi (early 14th century) :

K . al-Woqf Edition: T e h r a n , 1377 2.

A/-MasZ'il a i - ~ a s h t i ~ ~ a MS: Mar'ashi 129612 ( c a t . , I V , pp.44-5)

SPECIFIC

AJJMAD B . ZAYN

AL-'ABID~N

AL-'AMIL~:

BayZin a/-boqq wo tibyZin aalsidq MS: Radawi 2259 ( c a t . , 11, pp.15-16); IJUSAYN

BAJJR A L - ' U L U M : RisZla fi 'I-wa$iyyo, includce in h i s Hulghat 01-faqTh ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

2.

SPECIFIC

JJASAN AL-GTLZNT (late 11th c e n t u r y ) :

Faydiyya 1961 ( c a t . , I , p.36:I

Mas 'latiin fi 'I-wa~iyya MS: Majlis 277313-4 ( c a t . , I X , p.209)

AL ' u ~ F ~ R :

BurhZin aolashrZif if man' b a y ' 01-awqzf MS: Radawi 6462 ( c a t . , V, pp.373-4)

AL-QUMMT

T rnunaijaziit a/-moriq', included in h i s a/-Rasii'il and h i s RisZla i JawZimi' a/-rasz'il ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

:

Risiila fi 'I-waqf wa bayiin bbiil madrasa 15 yu'lom wiiqifuhii, included in h i s 01-Rosii'il ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5) AL-SHAFTT : Risiilo fi 'adorn luzi7m a/-qabd idhii ja'al a/-wiiqif 01-tawliya li-nafsih MSS: Faydiyya 108913, 137312 ( c a t . , 111, p . 5 4 , 8 7 ) ; Mar'ashi 319211 ( c a t . , VIII, pp.412-13) ABU

'L-QASIM

B . M U ~ A M M A DMAHDI AL-NARAQT

'ASHUR AL-KIRMANSHAHT

4

MUBAMMAD JA'FAR B . MUFJAMMAD JJUSAYN A L - T I H R A N ~ ( d . a f t e r 1256) Risiila tT ta$arruf?it a/-marT@ MS: Fayoiyya 77113 ( c a t . , 111, p.20)

MASHKOR B . MUJJAMMAD A L - I ~ A W L A WA~ L - N A J A F ~( d . 1272): Risiila f7 munoijazbt a/-marig Edition: T e h r a n , 1323

( d . 1256):

Mulakhkho$ 01-maqol, i n refutation of al-Shafti's above-mentioned treatise MS: Mar'ashi 3136 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 365) MUJJAMMAD B.

59

:

Risiila f7boy' a/-waqf MS: Mar'ashi 2575/fols. 12-14 ( c a t . , VII, p.165) LEGACIES 1. GENERAL

RisZilo f7 rnunojjaziit 01-mar?@ MS: DinishgZh 695614 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 4 1 1 ) MUJJAMMAD 'ABBAS A L - M ~ S A WAL-LAKNAWT: ~ Al-Raw@ a/-or?# f7 munajjazZit 01-mar?q' MS: Mar'ashi 2030 ( c a t . , VI, p . 3 6 )

AL BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M : RisZiIa f7 rnunajjaziit 01-marid, included in h i s Bulghot 01-faq'ih ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5) MUJJAMMAD JJUSAYN AL-KHWLNSART:

K . 01-ll'osiivii. a s a commentarv on t h e relevant c h a o t e r of al-'Allima's Irshiid a;-ddhhiin Editions: T e h r a n . 1305. 1325 ( b o t h t o c e t h e r with h i s a/-Mokiislb) MS: Faygiyya 99311 (c'at., 111, p.47)Y


186

MONOGRAPHS ON CONTRACTS 3.

fT munojiozilt

Risiila

187

ON FORMULA

0i-mOrTd

Editions: Tehran, 1324, 1378 (together with his Hcshiyot a/-Makcsib) ABU

'L-QASIM

B. ZAYN

fT rnunaiiozct

Risiila

Edition:

Mos'ala fT i f t i q c r 01-nik& !lo ' I - q a b i j l al-garTb, a / - f a w c ' i d (see above, chapter 5)

AL-'ABIDIN A L - J $ U S A Y N ~ :

ooirnor7p'

Included in h ~ Shotiit s

IBN FAHD:

Tehran, 1323

Abkcrn ' a q d 01-nik~ib

MUUSIN B. 'ABD A L - K A R ~ M A L - A M ~ NAL-'AMILT Al-Rowp' 01-arTd

Edition:

fT

MS:

( d . 1373):

Majlis 275015 ( c a t . , IX, p . 126)

ta$arrufCt 01-rnarTd

[Sidon?], n . d . Ai-Nabdha a / - ' u q i j d ~ y y of l ' I - z i y a g h a / - n i k c b ~ y y o

MS:

MUUAMMAD $ALIW AL-SIMNT\NT: RisZ;la

fimunajjozct 01-rnorTp'

Edition:

Mallis 540516 ( c a t . , XVI, p.311)

M U ~ A M M A D" A L ~AL-ASTARABADT

Tehran. 1377

-


RisiiIo dor siyogh-i ' o q d - i n i k i i l , , Persian

MS: DZnishgZh 3514124 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2528) MARRIAGE

-

1 . GENERAL

Niki;i?iyyo = Siyogh-i nik* , Persian MSS: Milli 126112 Arabic ( c a t . , IX, p . 2 4 9 ) ; DinishgZh 406417 ( c a t . , XIII, pp.3047-8); Mar'ashi 18717 , 60213, 168312 ( c a t . , I , p.207, 11, p.196, V, p . 7 8 ) ; Waziri 131813 ( c a t . , 111, p.927); Faydiyya 91311 ( c a t . , 111, p . 3 7 ) ; Gulpxyigini 104611, 141612 ( c a t . , 11, pp.224, 258); Raaawi 5714 (Binish, p.907)

Nuzhat ai-orweb

MSS: Bengal 647 ( c a t . , I , p.320); Dinishgxh 6875, 88216, 498913 ( c a t . . V . ~ ~ . 2 0 8 5 - 7X.V , ~ . 4 0 7 7 .XVI, p.387); Radawi 2853 ( c a t .

A L - A M U L ~ (early 10th c e n t u r y ) :

Lum'a dar nikeb-i dC'irn wa m u t ' o , Persian MSS: Radawi 2552 ( c a t . , 11, p . 106); Faydiyya 161711 ( c a t . , 111, p . 109); Malik 5445 (AB, XVIII, p p . 353-4); Dinishgih 310619 ( c a t . , X I , p.2060); Majlis 843 ( c a t . , 111, p . 7 4 ) ; Mar'ashi 166715 ( c a t . , V, p.62)

ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 11th c e n t u r y ) : Risiilo

MS:

AL-BA'IRT

Fc'ida

AL-KHWATONABAD~

Faydiyya 2020 ( c a t . , 11, p.80)

f7 me 15 b u d d minh f7 TjCb 01-nikiib = ol-Qawl 01-sagd MSS: Mar'ashi 1675 ( c a t . , V, p.71); Majlis 196613 ( c a t . , IX, p.678); Niirbakhsh 10815 ( c a t . , I , p.131) Siyogh a / - n i k c b

MSS: Majlis 196611 ( c a t . , IX, pp.674-6); p . 132)

B. MASiFj AL-AMULi (10th century 1:

fT burrnot

AL-UUSAYNI

Al-Hoqq 01-$uriib

-

ON PROPRIETY BETWEEN THE SEXES

'ATA' ALLAH

ISMA'TL

MUUAMMAD B. MUUAMMAD Z A M ~ NAL-KASHANI:

:

K . 01-Nik* , his lectures compiled by MabrnCd al-Ashtiyini Edition : Tehran, n . d . 2.

' a q d 01-nik@

Siyagh-i N i k F b , Persian

MS:

D i r al-Kutub 19178 ( c a t . , I , p . 289)

'ABD AL-KARTM

f7 $iyagh

Majlis 8311 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, pp.183-4)

MUUAMMAD B ~ Q I RB. ( d . 1127):

Sharb k . 01-nikzb

MS:

DanishgZh 3514125 ( c a t . , XII, p.2528)

A L - M A J L I S ~ 11:

ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 9th c e n t u r y ) :

'IZZ AL-DTN

Siyagh-i n i k c b , Persian

MS:

Nurbakhsh 10816 ( c a t . , I

sirno' $owt a/-rnor'a l i ' I - r o j u l

MS: Majlis 433913 ( c a t . , XII, pp.38-9) Siyagh a / - n i k c h

MS: Majlis 532511 ( c a t . , XVI, p.236) RisZIo

fT bukm

MSS:

Princeton 1317 New Series (fols. 47b-64a);

01-nogar i / Z wojh al-ainobiyya

Waziri 374214 ( c a t . ,

MUUAMMAD JA'FAR AL-ASTARAB.%DT: Siyogh a / - n i k c b

MSS: DZinishg5h 406414 ( c a t . , XIII, p.3047); Rlar'ashi 154111 ( c a t . ,

A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO

188

SHT'T LAW

IV, p . 343); JJujjatiyya 70318 ( c a t . , p . 122); GulpZyigZni 141611 ( c a t . , 11, p . 258); Milli 1 6 2 2 Arabic ( c a t . , X, p . 175) 4.

ALLAH

AL-MAY

AL-BADA'IQ:

$?.BIB -

Risiilo f7 b u r m a t 01-umm b i ' I k ' o q d ' o l o ' I - b i n t

MS:

ON LEGAL GUARDIANS

LUTF


-

ST :

~ l - w ~ t h i i wo ' i ~' I - ' i q i i l = RisZilo 01-war lahe b a ' d k i b a r i h i i

f7

AL-BIHBAHAN? -

'ALf N A Q ~A L - K A M A R A ' ~ :

fi wilZyot ai-ob wo ' I - [ o d d f i '1-nikiib MS: Majlis 33314 ( c a t . , X, p.1129) Risiilo

Al-Sawiirim a/-qiisimo l i - z u h i i r ol-jZmi'Tn b a y n b i n t o y n min w u l d Fiifima

MSS: Mar'ashi 345018 ( c a t . , IX, p.244); pp. 132-3)

f o s k h ol-zawjo ol-saghTro n i k i i b

MS: Amir al-Mu'minin (AB, XXV, p.26)

Tustariyya ( c a t . , VI, p.395)

-

Niirbakhsh 43712 ( c a t . , 11,

:

RisZlo

fijowcz

MSS:

Radawi 8218 ( c a t . , V , p.431);

Risclo

f7

ol-jam'

b o y n FZ;timiyyotoyn

RawdZti (AB, XX, p.72)

b u t l i i n 01-'oqd ' o l o 'I-saghTro l i - o i l 01-mabramiyya

MSS: DinishgZh 5418111 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 5); 111, p . 9 1 ) ; Zanjini 7612 ( c a t . , p.222)

GulpZyigZni 1870.9 ( c a t . ,

AL-FAYO : Risiilo f i 'I-wilciya ' a l o ' I - b i k r f i 'I-tozwTi

MSS: Majlis 3818111 ( c a t . , X, p . 1844); Mar'ashi 140119 ( c a t . , IV p p . 176-7) MUJJAMMADJA'FAR B . 'ABD

ALLAH

BUSAYN A L - Q A Z W ~ N ~ : -

Ghiiyot o l - i k h t i y i i r

f7 obkZm

m u n ~ k o b o ta l - k u f f c r

MS: Majlis 3781 ( c a t . , X, p.1768) -

AL-BUWAY Zf :

RisZIa f7 b u k m n i k e b a/-soghTra l i - g h o r o d mobromiyyot ummihc

Raaawi 259518 ( c a t . , 11, p . 118); Zanjzni 7618 ( c a t . , pp.220-1)

MSS:

Risiilo f i ' I - w o $ i y y o b i ' I - n i k c b

MS: AdabiyyZt 27513 KirmZn ( c a t . , p.42)

AL-KIRMANSHAH~ : min ol-jam' b o y n F i i t i m i y y a t o y n , in refutation of SZQib a1-BadZ'iq's a b o v e - ~ e n t i o n e dtreatise MSS: IIZhiyyZt 9812 A1 AqZ, 82812d ( c a t . , I , p.714, 11, p.22) Man' ol-man'

KIlALAF B. 'ABD A L - ' A L ~ A L - B A B R ~ N ~ :

fi wilZyot

RisZilo

MS:

ol-mii$F iloyh b i 'l-tozwTj f i ' I - n i k i i b

Mar'ashi 345019 ( c a t . , IX, p . 245) AL-QUMMi :

A L - S I I A R ~ F AL-!JUSAYN~ (12th c e n t u r y ) :

-

MS: DZnishgZh 559012 ( c a t . , XVI, p.41)

-

f7 wiliiyot al-ab f i ' I - n i k Z b

MS: Majlis 180416 ( c a t . , IX, p.321)

Risiila

f7

01-mabromiyyo, included

d o ' w 5 ol-mar ' a k h u l u w w o h i i ' o n ol-mZni'

MSS: Gharb 646122 ( c a t . , p.257); BurEjirdi (AB, XI, p.184)

MUJJAMMAD MAHDf AL-BUSAYNT AL-MASHHADT: Risiilo

Risiila f i 'I-aqd ' o l o 'I-7aghTro li,mujarrod

in his al-Rasc'il (see above, chapter 5)

F i i ' i d o f i wiliiyot ol-ob wo ' I - j o d d ' o l o ' I - b i i k i r a

Majlis 4298 ( c a t . , XI, p.313);

' A L ~B . MUBAMMAD (early 13th c e n t u r y ) : QZifi'ot ol-mirii'

'ALT B . M U ~ A M M A DB U S A Y N AL-SHAHRASTANT:

t7 tobqTq

m u j o r r o d 01-iddisc'

MS: Mar'ashi 3133 ( c a t . , VIII, p.362)

RisZilo f i 'I-wiliiya ' o l o ' I - b i k r

Edition: 5.

Tehran, 1320

ON LEGAL OBSTACLES

A L - K A R A K ~:

AL-SHAFT1 : -

f7 jowiiz 01-ittikijl ' o l i i qowl ol-nisii' f7 i n t i F ' mawiini' ol-nikEb Risiilo f7 burmat 'umm ol-mowfii' wo b i n t i h wa u k h t i h ' o l o ' I - w i i f i ' Both included in his Su '3 wo jowcb (see above, chapter 5) Risiilo

S h u r i i f 01-nikiib

MS: Mar'ashi 68014 ( c a t . , 11, p.273) ANONYMOUS (belonging to 10th c e n t u r y ) : Risiilo f i ' I - w o f y b i 'I-shubho

'ABD

ALLAH

AL-KIRM~~NSH~~H~:

Mas'olo f7 imro'o i ' t o a a d o t onna zawiahiitolloaahZfo-tozowwoiat thumma t a b o y y n 'odom 01-foliib

MS:

IIZhiyyZt 81913d ( c a t . , 11, p.20)

MS: DZnishgZh 696311 ( c a t . , XVI, p.412)

A L - K H W A J O ' ~: Risiilo

MS:

f7

'odam jowcz tozwTj ol-mu'mino b i ' I - m u k h 3 i f

Mar'ashi 114213 ( c a t . , 111, p.316)

Al-TohrTm b i 'I-musiihoro, a s a commentarv on t h e relevant discussion in al-'All~ma's i r s h k d 01-odhhiin Editions: Tehran, 1305, 1326, Tabriz, 1375 (all together with his


190

MS: Faydiyya 99311 ( c a t . , 111, p.47) 'ABD A L - R A S ~ LA L - F ~ R ~ ~ Z K ~ H ~ : Risiila T b u k r n ' o q d 01-inqifZ'

Edition:

RABAT

' o l o 'I-gaghTr ow 01-2aghTro l i ' I - m o b r o m i y y

T e h r a n , 1321

~ I U S A Y NAL-GOPXLPORT:

A/-Wol7za a/-'6gimo m i n s h u b h o t b u r m a t 01-jam' b a y n t h i n t o y n m i n w u l d FCtimo

Edition: Locknow, 1372


AL-MAJLIS~ I : Rip'ZiCiyyo, Persian

MSS: D i n i s h g i h 944110 ( c a t . , V, pp.1901-2); Majlis 4903117, 516813 ( c a t . , XIV, p.125, XV, pp.305-6); Radawi 6703 ( c a t . , V, p.445); Malik 1752 ( c a t . , 11, p.411); Waziri 99014 ( c a t . , 11, p.809); Faydiyya 34613 ( c a t . , 111, p.9); G u l p i y i g i n i 68613, 104612 ( c a t . , 11, pp.203, 224); Mar'ashi 7014, 371913, 303414 ( c a t . , I , p.84, VIII,p.2225, X, p.119); Milli 159813 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.129) MUBAMMAD Mas ' o l a

AIJMAD

AL-ZANJAN~:

MuborromCt-i o b o d i y y o , Persian

Edition:

Qum, n . d .

6. ON FOSTER RELATIONSHlP

AL-KARAKI :

191

MS:

FAQIL B . MUIJAMMAD MANDf AL-MASHHADT

( d . a f t e r 1086):

'l-r!Q';'

f!

Radawi 278312 ( c a t . , V, p.456)

BUSAM AL-DfN 1094):

B . JAMXL AL-DiN A L - T U R A Y A ~ L~- N A J A F ~ ( d . a f t e r

'

A l - T o b z i r o a / - j a l i y y o f i ' I - m o s 6 ' i l 01-muhimmo 01-rip'?itiyyo

MSS: Milli 159812 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p. 129); IJakim ( s e e also AB, 111, p.317)

RisClo f i '/-rip';'

Edition: T e h r a n , 1313 (in the collection of 01-Rip'z'iyyct wo ' I - k h a r F j i y y a t ) Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 68017, 277312 ( c a t . , 11, p.274, VII, p.332); Majlis 4566113 ( c a t . , XII, p.264); T u s t a r i y y a ( A B , XI, p.192); S i p a h s i l i r 2533110 ( c a t . , V , p.54); Princeton 1399 New Series AL-QATiFf :

R i p ' c ' i y y o , Persian Edition: T e h r a n , 1313 ( i n t h e above-mentioned collection) MSS: Los Angeles M58712 ( c a t . , p.682); Masjid-i A'zam 3147

MUIJAMMAD HADf B . MUIJAMMAD

in refutation of al-Karaki's above-mentioned t r e a t i s e Edition: T e h r a n , 1313 ( i n t h e above-mentioned collection) MSS: D i n i s h g i h 704318 ( c a t . , XVI, p. 437) ; Radawi 7622 ( B i n i s h , p. 826) Risiilo f i ' / - r i p ' ; ' ,

ANONYMOUS(written in 931-74): RisClo f i '/-rip';'

MS: S i n i 28212 ( c a t . , 1 , p.141) IJUSAYN 5 . 'ABD AL-$AMAD: RisZila f i '/-rip'?

MSS: IJakTm, 2226 (AB, XX, pp.6-7); Majlis 516812, 613 TabZtabi'T ( c a t . , XV, p.305); Faydiyya 143012 ( c a t . , 111, p.91)

Risiila

f7m o ' r i f o t

~ H L I BA L - M A Z A N D A R A N ~ :

obkZim 01-rip'Z'

MSS: Mar'ashi 1409114, 371912 ( c a t . , I V , p. 190, X, p.119); Nawwib 27111 l a w ( c a t . , p.473) ABU 'L-IJASAN B . MUBAMMAD A L - ' A M I L ~ ( d . 1138):

TXHIR

A L - S H A R ~ FA L - F U T ~ N ~

RisZiio f i ' I - r i d 7

MSS: DZr al-Kutub 3326j ( c a t . , I , p.356); p.463); Mar'ashi 371911 ( c a t . , X, p.118)

DinishgZh 7135 ( c a t . , XVI,

ANONYMOUS (belonging t o mid-12th c e n t u r y ) : MosZ'il 01-rip'?

MS: Waziri 181912 ( c a t . , 111, p.1064)

MXJID AL-SHAYBXNT: RisZila f i 'I-rip'F'

= I t h b C t 01-burma n o s o b o n wa r i p ' c ' a n

MSS: DinishgZh 210514, 704317 ( c a t . , VIII, p.740, XVI, p.437)

MUVAMMAD B. 'ABD A L - K A R ~ MAL-TABATABA'? ( d . before 1168):

AL-BUR~JIRD~

Risiilo j7 r n o ' r i f o t obhiim a/-rip':'

MSS: D i n i s h g i h 110212, 1257137 ( c a t . , V , p.1902, VII, p.2677) Qo w i i b i l 01-rip';'

Edition: T e h r a n . 1313 ( i n t h e above-mentioned C ~ l l e c t i ~ n ) Selected MSS: Ridawi 2788 ( c a t . , V , p.467); Mashhad, l l Z h i y y i t 219 ( c a t . , I , p.130); Majlis 2724, 4900119 ( c a t . , IX, pp.53-4, XIV, p.61); D i n i s h g i h 681711 ( c a t . , XVI, p. 368); Mashhad, Adabiyyit 5912 F a "v-v i d. ( c a t . . D . 193) Translation: ~ e r s i a bi y ~ u l t i nBusayn al-WZ'iv al-AstarZbZdi ( d . a f t e r 1078), MS: DZnishgZh 5372 ( c a t . , XV, pp.4223-4) ~~

'ABD

AL-NABT

B . ABMAD

AL-BAJJRAN~

( d . a f t e r 1150):

~~

A / - R i p ' C C i y y o = 01-Rodd ' o l Z mZi u ' t u r i p ' b i h 'a15 QowZibit 01-rip';' MS: Baku MI40133 ( N o s h . , IX, p.241)

Rislila f i 'I-rip';'

MS:

Buriijirdi (AB, XI, p.192)

A/-RiQ'Z'iyyo

MSS: Masjid-i A'zam 3148; Mashhad, Adabiyyit 2513 F a y y i d ( c a t . , p.211)

AN INTRODUCTION TO

192

~ A W I BAL-BADA'IQ

SHT'T

LAW

MONOGRAPIIS ON CONTRACTS MUWAMMAD HASHIM A L - K H U R ~ S ; \ N ~ :

:

Koshf al-qin;', i n refutation of al-Dimid's l)awZbic 01-rip';' MSS: D i n i s h g i h 89111 ( c a t . , V , p . 1988): Majlis 5434122 ( c a t . , XVI, p.339); Los Angeles MI0612 ( c a t . , p.664)

RisZlo-yi rip'Z'iyyo, Persian Edition: Mashhad, 1340; T e h r a n , 1352 'ABD AL-HADi B .

AL-QUMMT

ISMA'TL

AL-vUSAYNf

A L - S H T R A Z ~:

Al-Rig';' , h i s lectures compiled b y Mubarnmad T a q i al-Tabrizi Edition: Najaf, 1372

Risiila f7 ip'rii' 01-ukht ukhtohZ a/-gughrZ, included in h i s Jowiirni' 01-rosii'il ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)

AUMAD AL-ZANJAN~: MUBAMMAD ' A L ~A L - H A Z A R J A R ~ Bf :

Rip'z'iyyo, Persian Edition: Qum, 1368

Al-Rip'Z'iyyo MS: Malik 2137 ( c a t . , I , p.337)

ANONYMOUS: $ADR AL-D? N MUUAMMAD B . $ ~ L I AL-'AMILT I ~ AL-I$FAI-ILN~( d . 1263): S h a r b 01-Urjiizo 01-rip'ZSiyyo MSS: FaycJiyya 1105 ( C a t . , I , p.135); Majlis 545912, 642 T a b i t a b i ' i ( c a t . , XVI, p . 3 6 4 ) ; Mar'ashi 3724 ( c a t . , X, p.122)

R i s 3 o d a r rig';', Persian MS: Gawharshid 118711 ( c a t . , p . 123) 7. ON TEMPORARY MARRIAGE

AL-MUFTD: Riscilo d a r rip'ii' , Persian MS: Rurlljirdi (AB, XI, p.190)

Al-Miijoz fi '!-miit'o MSS: RaJawi 242'1 ( c a t . , 11, 11.6'1); Vatican 72012 Arabic ( c a t . , I

RisZIo fi 'I-rip'?' Edition: T a b r i a . 1375 ( t o z e t h e r with h i s a/-Makcsib) MS: FaycJiyya 99311 (cat., I I I , p . 4 7 )

kbridgement: p.1733)

b y al-Karaki ( d . 9401, MS: DinishgZh 288814 ( c a t . , X ,

AL-MURTAQL : Mos'alo fi nikiib

a/-mut'a, included in h i s S h o t 2 01-fowii'id

(see above,

c h a p t e r 5) RisCla fi 'I-rip'Z' MS: Gawharshid 38 ( c a t . , p . 361) ZAYN A L - ' ~ B I D ~ N B . MUBAMMAD ( d . a f t e r 1312): -

-

'ALT

FZ'ida fi 'I-mut'o MSS: D i n i s h z i h 2144 ( c a t . , IX, 11.806); Leiden 96713 Warn. ( c a t . . IV, p.117)

AL-SABZAWAR~A L - I ~ F A H A N ~

D u r r a t 01-durroyn MS: Mar'ashi 240412 ( c a t . , VII, p . 6 )

AL-KHwAJU'T: RisCla fT jaw& barn1 01-zawjo a/-munqofi'o min bolad ilii iikhir MS: Mashhad, Adabiyyit 2515 F a y y i a ( c a t . , pp.211-12)

Tubfat a/-olbiin MS: GulpZyigini 1627 ( c a t . , 11, p.155)

AL-KMUR~SANT: Risiila fi 'I-rip'ZC MSS: Majlis 271412 ( c a t . , IX, p p . 19-20); p p . 853-4)

AL BAIjR

Mos'alo fi 'I-ikhliil bi-dhikr a/-ojal fi "I-mul'o Edition: T e h r a n , 1318 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s D u r a r ol-fawii'id)

T u s t a r i y y a 34412 ( c a t .

AL-'UL~M:

Risiilo fi 'I-rip'ii' , included in h i s Bulghot 01-faqTh ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

AL-KHURASANT: Risiila fi 'I-rip'Z' Edition: B a g h d a d , 1331 (in h i s ShodhorZt) Commentary: b y Mahdi 81-Khiligi, edited Baghdad, 1331 ( i n h i s 01-DarZrT al-IEmi'iit)

8.

ON NUPTIAL GIFT

AL-MUFTD: RisZlo fi 'I-mahr MS: T u s t a r i y y a 7812 ( c a t . , p.831)

BAHA' AL-DfN AL-'T\MILT: Risiilo f7 jowiir man' 01-zowjo nafsohz 'an 01-zowj b a t t o taqbig' a/-mahr MSS: Majlis 1805155, 4900151 ( c a t . , IX, pp.357-8, XIV, pp.75-6); Diinishgih 91815 ( c a t . , V , p.1784); G u l p i y i g i n i 16 ( c a t . , I , p.136)

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHfCf LAW

194

Risiilo

MS:

f7

t o m o l l u k a / - m o h r ajmo' b i - r n u j a r r a d 01-'oqd

ON UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS

Princeton 22919 Yahuda ( c a t . , p . 138)

AHMAD 8 . I B R ~ H ~BM . ' i S k B . DARWTSH AL-BAJJRiiNf ( d . a f t e r 1171): Risiila

MS:

f7

DIVORCE

i s t i b q i i q 01-rnahr i d h i i miit a h a d a / - z a w j o y n q a b l a / - d u k h i l

Princeton 22918 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.138)

AL-MURTAQA:

AL-QUMMT

:

Mas'aia f i 'I-talL7q aoithalZith b i - l a f z w i i b i d , included in h i s S h o t c t a / - f o w o ' i d ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

R ~ s i i l of7 mas ' o l a t 01-shii-bahii, included in h i s ol-RosZi'il a n d h i s Jawiimi' 0 1 - r o s i i ' i l ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)

'ABD

AL-KARAKT

ALLAH AL-MAMAQANT:

Edition:

Qiyii' a/-'uqiil ol-dukhiil

9.

taicq aolyho'ib

. ~inishgih

AL-SHAI-ITDAL-THANT : Risiilo f7 t a i i i q aolbo'ig' wo ' I - y h i i ' i b , included in his M o j m i i ' o t 01i f i i d i i t ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5)

f7 b u k m 01-mahr o d h i i mot o b o d o i - z a w j a y n q a b i

Sidon, 1332

'ABD

ALLAH AL-TUSTART:

R i s i i l a f i ' I - t o / @ o l - r a j C T , included in h i s a / - R o s i i ' i l ( s e e above,

ON CHILDREN

c h a p t e r 5)

UUSAYN AL-QAZWTN~: R i s i i l a f7 b u k m mowt 01-wolad f7 b o f n u m ~ n i hwo b a y i i t i h ma' m a w t 01-umm

MSS:

f7

M S : S i p a h s i l i r 2919121 ( c a t . , V , p ,306); Shiraz

Najaf, 1344 (in h i s a / - l t h n i i ' a s h o r i y y o )

MUUSIN AL-AMTN A L - ' A M I L ~ :

Edition:

Risiiia

f7 i n t i ~ i i foolmahr b i ' I - m a w t q o b l 0 1 - d u k h i l

GhZiyot a / - s u ' i l

:

RarJawi 259517 ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 1 8 ) ;

ABMAD A L - B A I ~ R ~( dN. ~1131): Risiiio fT o n n o 'I-yalqo wo ' I - t a l q o t a y n ha1 t a b q o b i 'I-tablTI ow ton 'adim

Zanjini 7617 ( c a t . , pp.220-1)

10. ON MAINTENANCE

MS: Princeton 229118 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.139)

AL-KHWAJO '1 : -

M u ~ h i r01-rnukhtiir

f7

MSS: Mailis 532512 ( c a t . , XVI, p.2347); IlXhivvit 9813 A1 ( c a t . , I ; p.114, 11, p . 2 3 ) ; z a n j i n ( c a t . , p . i 4 3 )

La%. 82813d

-

f7 talZiq 01-war Princeton 1317 New Series (fols. 45b-46a)

FZi'ida

MS:

b u k r n 01-nikL7b ma' 01-i'siir

A l - F a r q b a y n 01-taliiq 01-raj'T wa ' I - b i i ' i n

MS: Mar'ashi 311212 ( c a t . , VIII, p.337) A L - Q U M M ~:

Mas ' a l o f7 n a f a q a t a / - z a w j a a/-mufg'ayo

MS:

-

I l i h i y y i t 81914d ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 0 )

MUWAMMAD B . Riszia

'LSHOR AL-KIRMANSHAHT

f7 n o f o q a t

:

a/-zawja

MS: Mar'ashi 257513 ( c a t . , VII, p . 164) MUWAMMAD Risiilo

MS:

BAQIR

B. MUJJAMMAD JJASAN A L - B ~ R J A N D ' ~( d . 1352):

f7 i ' s i i r aalzowj

Mar'ashi 341011 ( c a t . , IX, p.193)

-

R i s i i l a f7 i n f i r i i d o i - f o l t q bi-'iwag' 'on a / - k h u l ' , included in h i s a / - R a s i i ' i l a n d JawFmi' a i - r a s o ' i l ( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5 ) . u u k m a/-taliiq bi-da'w;

MS: -

a / - w i k i i l a ' a n a i - z a w j ma' i n k i i r i h

Mar'ashi 125919 ( c a t . , IV, p . 6 3 ) ;

Risiila

Zanjin ( c a t . , p.142)

f7 d a ' w i i a/-taiL7q ma' i n k i i r 01-zawja, included i n his a / - R a s i i ' i l

( s e e above, c h a p t e r 5) -

Risiilo

f7 i q r i i r 01-rajul b i - l a / @ z o w j a t i h

M : Mar'ashi 125918 ( c a t . , IV, p . 6 2 ) ANONYMOUS (mid-13th c e n t u r y ) : RisEiio

ti b u k m

t a i i i q m u d d a C T 0 1 - w i k a o ' a n 01-zawj ma' i n k i i r a l - z a w j ,

a s a commentary on al-Qumrni's second t r e a t i s e above MS: Faygiyya 137311 ( c a t . , 111, p . 8 7 )

AN INTRODUCTION TO

196

SAHIB

MONOGRAPHS ON UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS

S H T ' ~ LAW

MANUMISSION

AL-MAQLBIS:

Moblogh 01-nozor wa notTjot a / - f i k o r = R i s i i l o f7 i q r o r a / - z o w j bi-yoir7q zawjotih MSS: D i n i s h g i h 182712 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 4 2 4 ) ; Princeton 373711 New Series; Faydiyya 1713 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1 ) ; Buriijirdi (AB, XIX, p . 5 7 )

f7 joi?iq

-

Risiila

MS: -

AL-QUMMi :

:

f7 lo1i;q

m u d d o 'T 01-wikiiio ' a n 01-zowj ma' i n k o r 01-zowj Fayaiyya 108915 ( c a t . , 111, p . 5 4 )

R i s l j l a /7 b u k m ~ u / b a q q 0 1 - r u j i ' f i '1-tolCq 01-roj'T MS: Mar'ashi 339311 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 7 9 )

f7 $ u i b b o q q a / - r u j i i ' f i 'I-JalCq

MS: -

f7 ta1i;q

a l ' o b d , included in h i s o l - R a s 5 ' 1 l ( s e e above,

fT

t a m a l l u k a/-mamliik

MS: Mar'ashi 3401 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 8 5 )

Risiilo

MS:

MUUAMIMAD T A Q ~AL-EIARAWi: RisZia

f7 m Z l i k i y y a t

chapter 5 )

MUIJAMMAD ' A L ~AL-SHAFTi:

MS: Mar'ashi 179812 ( c a t . , V, p . 1 8 4 )

-

RisZla

Ircihot a / - s h u k i k

MUUAMMAD S I ~ A F ' ~B. ' 'ABD A L - M A J ~ DA L - M ~ Z A N D A R ~ N ~ : RisZlo

Rawditi (cat., I , pp.72 f f )

RisZila d a r t a d b T r - I ' a b d , Persian MS: Diinishgiih 589414 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 1 3 6 )

01-bz'iq',

MS: Mar'ushi 2538115 ( c a t . , VI, p . 3 3 9 )

AL-SHAFTT

MS:

MUJJAMMAD ASHRAF B . 'ABD AL-JJASTB A L - ~ U S A Y N ~ :

IBN TAWQ AL-BAIJRA1i'i: Mos'oio

A d o b - i s a n i y y a , Persian

f7 i t l 5 f

a l ' o b d m51 01-mow15 wo j i n 5 y o t i h ' a l o y h

Mar'ashi 199511 ( c a t . , V , p . 3 6 6 )

a i - r o w j o bik'iwoq' m i n h a

CONFESSION

Diinishgih 371311 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2712)

U Z s h i y o ' a i i ; RisCirit ro1i;q o a i r o w j o b i - ' i w o q '

m i n h z , a commentary on

al-Qummils f i r s t treatise above MS: Dinishgiih 371312 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2 7 1 3 )

IJUSAYN B . 'ABD AL-SAMAD :

'ABD AL-UUSAYN B . ' A L ~AL-TIHRANT, SHAYKH A L - ' I R ~ Q A Y N ( d . 1286): M o s ' o l a f7 tawkT1 01-zowja f i ' I - & ~ l i i q q'imn ' o q d 1i;rim MS: Dinishgiih 77011 ( c a t . , V , p . 1 7 9 8 )

AL-QUMMT

AL-KHURASANT:

RisZila

:

f7 i q r c a / - r a j u l b i - f a l ~ i q z o w j o t i h ( s e e a b o v e , monographs on

divorce)

MaqClo f i "ito1i;q

Edition:

Risiila f i ' I - i a r z r , a s a commentary on t h e relevant c h a p t e r of al' A l l i i m ~ '~~o h ? i ' i d01-abki;m MSS: Diinishgih 91816 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1 8 6 5 - 6 ) ; Majlis 4900149 ( c a t . XIV, p . 7 4 )

B a g h d a d , 1331 ( i n h i s S h o d h a r o t )

~ A J ~ AL-MAQABIS: IB

MUHAMMAD BAQIR AL-DfRJANDf :

M o b l a g h 01-nocar ( s e e above, monographs on divorce)

RisFio f i ' I - r u j i i ' f i 'I-Ta1i;q Mar'ashi 341012 ( c a t . , IX, p . 1 9 4 )

A L - A N $ ~ :R ~

MS:

RisZia

f7 q c ' i d a t

man maiok s h o y ' o n molak 0 1 - i q r i i r b i b

Editions: T a b r i z , 1303 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s K . 0 1 - T a h Z r o ) , 1375 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s a / - M o k i i s i b ) Commentary: b y 'Abd Alliih al-Miimaqiini , edited Najaf, 1345 ( i n h i s

EXPIATION

a / - Q a l F ' i d 01-tham7na)

A L - M A J L I S ~ 11: RisClo d o r k o f t E r C t , Persian MSS: Mar'ashi 18714, 168313 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 0 6 , V, p . 7 8 ) ; 122315 ( c a t . , 11, p . 2 3 6 )

ABD A L L ~ HA L - M A M A Q ~ N: ~ Gulpiyigani

Risiila

f7

Edition:

i q r Z r ba'p' 01-worotha b i - d a y n wa i n k o r o o l b i i q i Najaf, 1344 ( i n h i s 0 1 - I t h n Z ' a s h a r i y y o )

197


198

OATHS AND VOWS

E

1. GENERAL

ON 'RULES'

ANONYMOUS (belonging to l o t h c e n t u r y ) : HUNTING AND SLAUGHTERING

Abkzm-i yamTn wa nadhr wo ' o h d , Persian

MS: Mar'ashi 304816 ( c a t . , VIII, p.267)

AL-MAJLIST

11:

RisZilo dor nadhr

MS:

, Persian

1.

FJUSAYN B . ROFJ

ZanjXn ( c a t . , p ,130)

AL-TABASi (late 10th c e n t u r y ) :

MS: Asafiyya 155 S h i ' i law ( c a t , , 11, p p ,254-5); XV, p.105)

RAP? AL-DTN B . MUBAMMAD NAB1 AL-QAZWiNi: MS:

ALLAH A L - F J U S A Y N ~

Shikiiynzmo = Sayd wo dhobzba, Persian

Gawharehid 1169 ( c a t . , p . 192)

Risiila f i 'I-nodhr

GENERAL

Wlalik 1644 (AB,

AL-SHTRWAN?; Risiilo dor $oyd wa dhabzba, Persian MS: FayrJiyya 166515 ( c a t . , 111, p.113); V, p.304)

JAMXL A L - D ~ NAL-KHCVXNSARY:

I g f a h i n , Adabiyyst ( N o s h . ,

RisZila f i 'I-nodhr

MS: 2.

Majlis 8412 K h u ' i ( c a t . , VII, p.388)

MUWAMMAD B. MUBAMMAD MS:

ALLAH AL-TUSTART:

RIQA A L - M H Z A N D A R X N ~( e a r l y 12th c e n t u r y ) :

Abkzm-i soyd wa d h o b z ' i b , Persian

MS: Mar'ashi (AB, XV, p.106) 'ABD AL-KARiM B. MUIJAMMAD HBDT AL-TABASi ( e a r l y 12th c e n t u r y ) :

Risiila dar nodhr-i mu'alloq b i - b a e d or marg, Persian

Tabsirat 01-ShT'a j7 abkzm a/-dhob7b0, Persian Tiflis 44012 ( N a s h . , VIII, p.221)

MS: Mar'ashi 331212 ( c a t . , IX, p . 9 3 ) A L - M U K H T A R:~ -

'Umdat 0 1 - n z ~ i rf7 'uqdot 01-nzdhir - Riscila j7 bullFn 01-nadhr 01mu'alloq bi-mi7 mo'd 01-mowt

MS: D i n i s h g s h 4002 -

MS:

MS:

MUIJAMMAD TAQT AL-NURf: RisEila f i "I-$ayd wa 'I-dhabzbo, Persian

MS:

( c a t . , XII, p.2991)

Inzrat 01-yurGs, a commentary on a sentence of t h e c h a p t e r on vow of al-Shahid al-Awwal's a/-DurCs 01-shar'iyyo

:

IJujjatiyya 612 ( c a t . , p.25)

'ALIAL-QLRPCIZABAD~: K . 01-Sayd wa 'I-dhabz'ih, Persian

Mar'ashi 338213 ( c a t . , IX, pp.159-60)

AL-SARAB

Masjid-i A'qam 3134

' A L ~B . BUSAYN A L - K A R B A L ~ ' ~ :

Risiila j7 anno 'I-nodhr hol yota'allaq b i 'I-mubcb, included in h i s 01-Rasz'il (see above, c h a p t e r 5)

MUIJAMMAD


K . 01-Sayd wa ' I - d h a b z ' i b

SPECIFIC

'ABD

RIPA AL-QUMMT

Edition: T e h r a n , 1288 2.

SPECIFIC

Risiila dar nadhr-i ta$adduq, Persian

MS: DZnishgSh 209119 ( c a t . , VIII, p . 716)

AL-MUFTD: Riszla

IT tabrTm dhabc'ib

Ah1 a/-Kitzb

MSS: S i p a h s i l i r 253317 ( c a t . , IV, p . 546); D i n i s h g i h 6914121 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 398) : Berlin 10276lfols. 43b-47 ( S e z g i n , I , p . 550); Mar'ashi 369411 ( c a t . , X , p.92) R~ L - B A I J R ~ ~( dN. ~a f t e r 952): MUWAMMAD B . ~ A R I T HA L - M A N $ ~ A Mas'ala j7 i s h t i r z t i s t i q r z r a/-boyzt f i 'I-dhabTbo

MS: Majlis 276117 ( c a t . , IX, p . 159) A L - A R D A B ~ L ?: Mas'alo f i 'I-dhibb = Riszla f7 k i E y a t basmolat a/-dhzbib 01-junub wa

A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO

200

s ~ i ' LAW i

i n qogod qirci'ot i b d c 01-suwar o l ' o z c ' i m MS: T a b r i z , Q a d i ( N o s h . , V I I , p . 5 2 2 )

MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES'

AL-KHwAJU'I: RisClo ji jowiiz 01-todiiwT b i ' I - k h o m r

AL-MUJTAHID:

MS:

R isiilo f7 bukm d h o b c ' i b A h l 01-Kltiib

MS:

A L - Q U M M ~:

Majlis 398817 ( C a t . , X , p . 2 1 6 5 )

RisClo f7 b u k m ol-anfibo a l - m o ' k h c d h a min 01-moyto, i n c l u d e d i n h i s Jowlirni' 01-rosii'il ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5)

BAHA' AL-DTN A L - ' A M I L ~ : Risiilo 7 j d h a b c ' i b Ah1 a / - K i t c b

E d i t i o n : T e h r a n , 1315 ( i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n of KalirnZt 01-mubaqqiqTn) S e l e c t e d MSS: GulpZyigXni 14616, 24513, 24313 ( c a t . , I , p p . 1 3 6 , 228, 2 2 9 ) ; DZnishgZh 94418, 311915, 444811, 587315 ( c a t . , V , p p . 1 8 7 9 - 8 0 , X I , p . 2073, X I I I , p . 3 4 0 6 , X V I , p . 1 1 7 ) ; ~ a r ' a s h i100316, 366712 ( c a t . , 111, p . 1 9 5 , X , p . 5 9 ) ; Milli 1391 A r a b i c ( c a t . , I X , p . 4 0 1 ) ; P r i n c e t o n 15114 New S e r i e s ; B a k u M140.25 ( N o s h . , I X , p . 2 4 0 ) MUJjAMMAD TAQT B . BUSAYN AL-NAQAWI A L - N A S ~ R A B A D ~( d . 1 2 8 9 ) : Risclo

Risiilo ji b u k m 01-safarjol 01-mughlc f i " I C o ~ Torl ' i n o b T qobl dhihCb 01-thuli~thayn

MS: 3.

f7

Edition:

fiburmot

XIV, p p . 104-5);

AL-AKHBARY :

f7 burrnot a / - g h a l y o n , P e r s i a n W a z i r i 13517 ( c a t . , I , p . 1 7 6 )

Risiila

ABU ' L - Q ~ S I MA L - R A P A W ~ AL-LAHURT Al-Jowiib b i 'I-gowiib

AL- MIL^ :

MSS: Majlis 18051110, 4 9 0 0 l i 0 9 ( c a t . , I X , p p . 3 8 3 - 4 , D i n i s h g Z h 169914 ( c a t . , V I I I , p . 2 5 1 )

Locknow ( A B , XX, p . 3 8 7 )

Edition:

ON T O B A C C O

RisCla fT burmot s h u r b 01-tutun wa ' I - q a h w o , i n c l u d e d i n h i s ol-FawC'id 01-TGsiyya ( e d i t e d Q u m , 1404)

A L - N A ~ ~ R A B A D T( d . 1295

d h o b z ' i b Ah1 a / - K i t Z b , U r d u

IlZhiyyZt 81911d ( c a t . , 11, p . 1 9 )

AL-BURR

Ah1 01-Kitzb, P e r s i a n Locknow ( A B , XX, p.387)

BANDA JjUSAYN B . MUUAMMAD AL-NAQAbVi Risiilo

'ABD ALLAH A L - K I R M A N S H ~ H ~ :

fT d h o b z ' i b

Edition:

M a r ' a s h i 114214 ( c a t . , 111, p . 3 1 6 )

MS:

(early 14th c e n t u r y ) :

d h o b t ' i b Ah1 01-Kitcb

ANONYMOUS ( w r i t t e n b e f o r e 1 2 5 7 ) :

L a h o r e , 1316

Risi;lo

MS: FOOD AND DRINK

f7 burmot

01-tonblik

M a r ' a s h i 7 5 0 . 8 ( c a t . , 11, p . 3 5 5 )

MUVAMMAD B . 'ABD

1. GENERAL

D u r r o t 01-oslcik

MS:

AL-WAHHAB A L - K A Z I M ~:

tib u k m

d u k h i i n 01-tonbiik

Uakim 386111

ANONYMOUS ( b e l o n g i n g t o 8 t h - 9 t h c e n t u r i e s ) : Khulcgot 01-bayen, P e r s i a n

MS:

4.

M a r ' a s h i 3008116 ( c a t . , V I I I , p . 1 9 2 )

RAPT

A L - D ~ N MUUAMMAD B . UUSAYN century):

AL-KHWANSAR~ ( e a r l y 12th

2.

NI'MAT ALLAH AL-JAZA'IRT: Musokkin 01-shujcn

MSS:

MZ'ida-yi somiiwiyyo, P e r s i a n

MSS: M a r ' a s h i 204 ( c a t . , I , p . 2 3 4 ) ; T a b r i z , Milli ( i b i d . )

ON EPIDEMICS

Majlis 1048 ( A B , X I X , p . 1 0 ) ;

SPECIFIC

f7 b u k m 01-firiir min a/-wabo' wa ' I - t o ' i i n

D i n i s h g Z h 587 ( c a t . , V , p p . 2 0 4 2 - 3 ) ;

p.566); 228-9)

Malik 1868 ( c a t . , I , p . 6 7 4 ) ;

S i p a h s i l i r 5551 ( c a t . , V ,

M a r ' a s h i 3442 ( c a t . , I X , p p .

BAIjR A L - ' U L ~ M : Risclo

MS:

iT

b u k m 01-firZr min 01-lC'iin

T e h r a n , Mu471 ( A B , X I , p . 2 0 8 )

AL-SHAYKH Mas ' a l n

fT

t o b r i i n 01-fuqqo' B o d l e i a n A r a b . f . 6 4 l f o l s . 92b-97b;

MSS: p.850);

Hakim 364;

T u s t a r i y y a 30018 ( c a t . , R a w a i t i ( g u j j a t i , p.627)

M ~ ~ J IAL-SHAYBANT: D RisZlo ji b i l l i y y o t 01-'inob wa 'I-zobTb a/-rnulqoyoyn f i ' I - k h i l l li-kasb 01-bumiiq'o

MS:

Mar'ashi ( A B , XI, p.177)

MUUAMMAD J A ' F A R A L - A S T A R A B X D ~ : S o j i n o t 01-nojlit

MS:

f7 b u k m 01-firzr rnin 01-wobz' wa ' I - t Z ' i i n

M a r ' a s h i 243712 ( c a t . , V I I , p . 3 1 )

AN INTRODUCTION TO

SHT'T

LAW


AL-RASHTT

USURPATION

:

K . / b y ; ' at-mowZit MS: T u s t a r i y y a 62212 ( c a t . , p.869)

1. GENERAL

A L - A N ~ A R T:

2.

SPECIFIC

K . a/-Gho$b

MS:

T u s t a r i y y a (AB, XVI, p.57)

MUUAMMAD JA'FAR B . MUBAMMAD BUSAYN AL-TIHRANi (late 13th century) : K . a/-Gho$b

MS:

FayrJiyya ( c a t . , 111, p . 2 0 )

MSS: karJawi'2443, 7618 ( c a t . , 11, p.69; B i n i s h , pp.784, 798); DZnishgih 695811 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 411); S i p a h s i l a r 339212 ( c a t . , 111, p l l ; Majlis 314718 ( c a t . , X , p.725); Mar'ashi 140913 ( c a t . , IV, p.186); G u l p i y i g i n i 146 ( c a t . , I , p . 136); FayrJiyya 1290113 ( c a t . , 111, p . 7 5 )

K . 01-Gho$b

MS:

K Z i r i z i y y o , Persian

T u s t a r i y y a ( A B . , XVI, p . 5 6 )

MS:

GawharshXd 1094 ( c a t . , p . 131)

MUJJAMMAD B ~ Q I RB . ZAYN A L - ' A B I D ~ N Edition: t e h r a n , 1322 MSS: Malik 2398 ( c a t . , I , ~ . 5 2 7 ) ; Majlis 335211 ( c a t . , X , p p . 1175T u s t a r i y y a (AB, XIII, p . 3i9)

AL-KHWANST\R?

( d . 1313):

Al-Nohriyyo

Edition: IgfahZn, 1377 MS: DinishgZh 183612 ( c a t . , VIII, p.431)

MUJJAMMAD TAQT B . MUJJAMMAD BAQIR AL-MASJIDSHAHT ( d . 1332): FOUND PROPERTY

RisZilo f i ' I - g h o j b

Edition: 2.

T e h r a n , 1327 K . 01-Luqoyo

SPECIFIC

MS: Ma'had 1295 ( c a t . , p . 112) ANONYMOUS: RisZila ,T a n n o h h a / yap'min g h e i b 01-khamr MS: DZnishgih 111812 ( c a t . , V, p p . 1899-900)

K . a/-Luqato

,

MSS: Majlis 37 TabZtabZ'T;

Masjid-i A'cam 11793

PRE-EMPTION INHERITANCE

AL-KHwAJU'I: 1. GENERAL

A/-Fusiil ti/-khomsa f i 'I-shuf'a

MS:

D i n i s h g i h 79111 ( c a t . , V , p.1961)

AL-SHAY KH: ~ 1 - f i i ; zf i " I f a r Z i ' i d

RECLAMATION

~ d i t i o n : ~ a j a f ,13'83 MSS: Milli 194319 Arabic ( c a t . . X , D. 920); Radawi 6039 ( c a t . . V p.372); JJakim 364 ( c a t . , I , p . 79); - ~ u s t a r i y y a ' 3 0 0 1 1 0 ( c a t . , p ,850); Mar'ashi ( U u j j a t i , p . 624); BurCjirdi 21813, 646 ( i b i d . )

1. GENERAL MUUAMMAD SA'TD B . Q ~ S I MA L - J J U S A Y NAL-TABATABA"~ ~ ( d . 1092):

AL-QUHPT\'T

RawQ' 01-jinZin

MS:

Faydiyya 2037 ( c a t . , I , pp.120-1)

MUBSIN AL-KHANFAR: K . /by:'

MS:

a / - m o w i i t , h i s lectures compiled b y Abii Tilib al-QZ'inT

Mar'ashi 1520 ( c a t . , IV, p.322)

MU'?N

A L - D ~ NA L - M I S R ~ :

A/-Mo'Cna 7 'j rnosZi'i1 01-m>i;th

MS: Masjid-i A'zam 308512 ANONYMOUS: RisZIo f i 'I-mowZir7th

MS:

Masjid-i A'cam 308514


204

NA$TR AL-DIN AL-TOST ( d . 672): -

-

AbE Ja'far Mubarnmad b . Mubarnmad b . Ijasan

MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES' ANONYMOUS (written before 924): RisZla f i 'I-mTrZith

A / - B o y y i n Z t ,T t a b r T r 01-mowlirFth

MS:

MS: DinishgZh 768914 ( c a t . , XVI, p.672) -

J o w i i h i r 01-baqli'iq = 01-Farii'ip' 0 1 - N a ~ T r i y y a

Selected MSS: Mar'ashi 4 9 1 1 , 226412, 345712 ( c a t . , I , p p . 60-1, VI, p.248, IX, p.256); Milli 124712 Arabic, 79512f ( c a t . , 11, p.322, IX, p.232); Raaawi 2749, 5711 ( c a t . , V, p.470); Masjid-i A'cam 308515; Adabiyyit 7014d ( c a t . , p . 191); Dinishgih 768413 ( c a t . , XV p.670) Commentaries: ( 1 ) 01-Mas'ola a/-ni;fi'o l i ' I - m o b Z b i t h 01-jZmi'o li-aqsa a / - w Z r i t h , by al-Sayyid 'Amid al-Din, edited T e h r a n , 1315 (in t h e col lection of KolimZt 0 1 - m u b a q q i q i n ) , 1318 (together with a l - K h u r i s i n i ' s D u r a r 0 1 - f a r Z ' i d ) , MSS: Milli 79512f ( c a t . , 11, p.323); Majlis 271917 ( c a t . , IX, pp.42-3); Gulpiyigini 239712 ( c a t . , 111, p.245); Mar'ash 236213 ( c a t . , VI, p.345); ( 2 ) 01-Durra a / - d u r r i y y a , by Fakhr al-Din Ahmad b . Muhammad a l - S a b i ' i , MSS: Milli 79515f ( c a t . , 11, p.324); D i r a l - ~ u t u b20039 ( c a t . , I , p . 310); ( 3 ) by 'Abd al-vayy al-Ashra a l - J u r j i n i , MS: Milli 79517f ( c a t . , 11, p . 326); ( 4 ) by Abu '1-Was b . Abmad al-Abiwardi (mid-10th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: Milli 79518 ( c a t . , pp.326-7); Waziri 126413, 124312 ( c a t . , 111, p p . 904, 910); Tustari 85719 ( c a t . , p.877); Mar'ashi 226413, 9912, 236214, 47815 ( c a t . , I1 pp.83, 117, VI, p.248, 345); Dinishgih 781, 6262, 7176111, 717113 ( c a t . , V, pp.1936-8, XVI, pp.225, 474); Agafiyya 119 S h i ' i law (ca 11, pp.247-8); Sini 225 ( c a t . , I , p.105); Mashhad, Adabiyyit 5914 Fayyia ( c a t . , p . 193); Raaawi 6513 ( c a t . , V, p.458); ( 5 ) Persian, anonymous, MSS: Sin5 22516 ( c a t . , I , p . 106); Ilihiyyit 29311 ( c a t . , I , p.275); ( 6 ) by B a h i ' al-Din al-'Amili, MS: Raaay~i2359 ( c a t . , 11, pp.45-6); ( 7 ) b y 'Abd Allih b . Khalil ( d . after 1006), MS: S i n i 22518 ( c a t . , I , p.106)

Al-ForZi'ip'

MS:

T e h r a n , F a r h i d Mu'tamid ( c a t . , p . 223)

ANONYMOUS (written before 1039): RisZlo m u k h t o $ a r o f i 'I-mawZrTth

MS:

Masjid-i A'zam 308513

, Pe~sian Milli 196614f (Cat., IV, pp.453-4)

MowZrTth

MS:

ANONYMOUS (belonging to 10th c e n t u r y ) S h o r b k . 01-forz'ip' m i n a / - M u k t a g o r 01-nZfii'

MSS: Majlis 534014 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 252); Gawharshid 94011, 180811 ( c a t . , p.280); Buriijirdi, 2 MSS (AB, XIII, p.379, XIV, p.97)

RisZIo f i 'I-mowZrTth

MSS: Masjid-i A'zam 308516; Radawi 2757 ( c a t . , V, p.445); DinishgZh 7684 ( c a t . , XVI, p.670); S i n i 22517 ( c a t . , I , p.106)

'ALT B. M u J J Y ~ AL-DTN

AL-JAMI'T AL-'AMILT ( d . a f t e r 1008):

RisZla f i 'I-mii-Cth

MSS: Adabivvit 24318 Kirmin ( c a t . , u . 3 8 ) ; p.1258); ~ & c i ~148415 ~ a ( c a t . , 111, p . 9 4 )

R i s l i l a f i 'I-mawiirTth

Wazi1.i 234412 ( c a t . , IV,

BAHH' AL-DTN AL-'AMILi: -

IBN AL-MUTAWWIJ: Al-FarZ'iq'

'ALT B . WASAN A L - K H A T T ~ (early 9th c e n t u r y ) : A I-FarZ'iq'

MSS: Mar'ashi 345713, 2005, 236212 ( c a t . , IV, p . 8 , VI,-pp.343-4, IX, p.256); Gulpiyigini 199311 ( c a t . , 111, p.130); Igfahin, Danishgih 1705811 ( c a t . , p . 928)

AL-KARAKI : (see AB, VI, p 193-4) MSS: Dinishgih 164314 ( c a t . , VIII, p.220, see also XVI, p p . 369, 62 for MSS 681712, 756412); Majlis 505911 ( c a t . , XV, pp.20-1)

S h o r b m a b b a t h 01-mTrZth mln 01-Mukhto$ar 01-nZfi'

Al-ForZ'lq' a / - b o h Z ' i y y o , the chapter on inheritance of his 01-Hob1 01-matTn (see above, chapter 5)

Commentary: by Mubyi al-Din b . 'Abd al-Laiif al-Tami'i (11th c e n t u r y ) , MSS: Mar'ashi 111814, 2362110 ( c a t . , 111, pp.289-90, VI, p.346)

MS: Igfahin, Adabiyyit ( N o s h . , V, p . 302) -

R i s z l o f i 'I-mawo%Tth

MSS: ~ u l ~ i ~ i g111412 i n i ( c a t . , 11, p.227); p . 5 5 ) ; Waziri 106013 ( c a t . , 111, p.839) MUIjAMMAD

min a / - M u k h t o g o r a/-nZfiifi'

MS: Majlis 534011 ( c a t . , XVI, p.251)

Ragawiyya 8714 ( c a t . ,

QASIM AL-SAWIJi, KHUDABAKHSH( d . after 1033):

T u b a f a - y i RofT'T, Persian Selected MSS: Dinishgih 5822 ( c a t . , XVI, p p . 98-9) ; Milli 93912f ( c a t . , 11, p.479); Majlis 7455, 9396; Faydiyya 935 ( c a t . , 11, p.11); Gulpiyigini 95 ( c a t . , I , p . 95); Mar'ashi 99, 3100 ( c a t . , I , p . 117, VIII, p . 323); Masjid-i A'cam 340, 16543

MU'IZZ

AL-DTN AL-MOSAWT:

A l ' A s h o r a a/-kZmila

A L - S H A H ~ D AL-THANT : A l - H i i s h i y o '015 k . 01-forc'ip'

Majlis 271916 ( c a t . , IX, p.42)

~ (9th-10th c e n t u r y ) : MUJJAMMAD B. AUMAD B. A B TALIB

AL-'ALLAMA: MS: Masjid-i A'cam 308517

205

MS:

Mar'ashi 363011 ( c a t . , X, p.30)

208


A N INTRODUCTION TO SHi'f LAW MUUAMMAD

TAHA NAJAF ( d . 1323):

K . a/-lrth

Riscla f i 'I-babwa

MS: Diinishgzh 671113 ( c a t . , XVI, p.343)

Edition:

MUJJAMMAD JA'FAR AL-BUSAYNi AL-KASHANT:

Najaf, 1324 (together with his 01-lnziif)

'ABD ALLAH AL-MAMAQANT:

Risiila f i 'I-farii'ip'

Tubfat a/-gafwa

Edition:

Edition:

Tehran, 1315

Tabriz , 1320

3. ON WIFE'S SHARE Risiila dar i r t h , Persian

MS: Mar'ashi 326511 ( c a t . , IX, pp.53-4)

A L - S H A B ~ D AL-THANY : Risiila

HADT AL-TIHRANT: Riscla f i ' I - i r t h

MUJJAMMAD

MS: Majlis 275511 ( c a t . , IX, p . 142)

mTrcth 01-zawja, included in his Majmii'at a/-ifcdiit (see above,

'ALT A L - R A Q A W ~(late 11th c e n t u r y ) :

Risiila dar i r t h a/-zawja = Risiila f7 birmcn aolzawja ' a n ba'p' matriikiit a/-zawj, Persian

AL BABR AL-'ULUM:

MS: DinishgZh 3514126 ( c a t . , XII, p.2528)

Risiila f i 'I-mawiTrTth, included in his Bulghat a/-faqTh (see above,

chapter 5)

AL-KHWAJO 'i :

MUJJAMMAD HASHIM AL-KHURASANT : Risiila-yi i r t h , Persian Editions: Mashhad, 1340; Tehran, 1352, 1381 (with al-Khumaynits footnotes) 2.

ii

chapter 5)

RisZla

f7

i r t h 01-zawja

MSS: Mar'ashi 114211 ( c a t . , 111, p.315); Diinishgzh 710313 ( c a t . , XVI, p.455) MUBAMMAD T A Q ~A L - N U R ~ :

ON RIGHT OF PRIMOGENITURE

Risiila dar ~ r t h01-zawja, Persian (see AB, XI, p.55)

MS: RisTila f i 'I-babwa wa abkiimihz, included in his Majmii'at 01-ifcdiit (see

AL

above, chapter 5)

JJujjatiyya 612 ( c a t . , p.25)

BAJJR A L - ' U L ~ M : Risiila

f7

~rth 01-zawja, included in his Bulghat a/-faqTh (see above,

chapter 5)

AL-SHTRWANT:

SHAYKH A L - S H A R ~ ' A :

Risiila dar bob wa, Persian

MS: Faydiyya 1665121 ( c a t . , 111, p . 113); IgfahZn, Adabiyyiit ( N o s h . , V, p.304); Diinishgiih 7008120 ( c a t . , XVI, p.427)

-

lbiinat 01-mukhtiir bi 'I-khiyiir

f7

i r t h 01-zawja min thaman a l ' i q i i r b a ' d 01-akhdh

MSS: DiinishgZh 262711 ( c a t . , IX, p.1502); pp.843-4) Riscla f i 'I-babwa

Siycnat a/-lbcna ' o n wagmat 01-rifeno

MSS: Mar'ashi 114212 ( c a t . , 111, p . 315); Diinishgiih 710314 ( c a t . , XVI, p.455)

MSS: Diinishgiih 262713 ( c a t . , IX, p.1503); p p . 844-5)

IBN TAWQ AL-BAURANT :

'ABD

Mar'ashi 2358114 ( c a t . , VI, pp.338-9)

MUJJAMMAD B.

'ASHOR AL-KIRMANSHAHT

Majlis 325513 ( c a t . , X ,

ALLAH A L - M A M A Q ~ N T:

A/-Mubiikama bayn 01-'alamayn t T far' 'adam i r t h a/-zawja min 01-ariifl Edition: Najaf, 1344 (in his a / - l t h n i i ' a s h a r i y y a )

Jawiib mas 'ala ' a n 01-babwa

MS:

Majlis 325511 ( c a t . , X,

:

Risiila f i 'I-babwa

4.

MISCELLANY

MS: Mar'ashi 257512 ( c a t . , VII, p . 164)

'ALT

B.

RIQA ZL

BABR A L - ' U L ~ M :

Rislila f i 'I-babwo

Edition:

Tehran, 1290-1 (together with his 01-Burhen 01-qiiti')

Sharb 01-mas'ala a/-nahbiyya, a commentary on a question of the chapter on inheritance of al-'Alliima's Qawii'id 01-abkiim (see above, chapter 5)

A N INTRODUCTION TO

210

/

SHI'TLAW


ANONYMOUS (written befor 1040):

211

MUUAMMAD BASAN B. MUJJAMMADT A Q ~( d . a f t e r 1267):

S h a r b mos'olo min rnasZ'il m i r Z t h 01-QowZ'id, a commentary on anothe

K . 01-QodZ' wo 'I-shohZdZt

question of al-'Allima's above-mentioned work (see above, chapter 5)

MS:

Los Angeles M904 ( c a t . , p.321)

AL-QUMM~: RisZlo f7 onnoh idhZ mZt obad wo ' o l o y h doyn ow w a ~ i y y ofa-ha1 yantaqil 01-toroko ilo 'I-warotho om I F , included in his a/-RosZ'il and JowZrn;' 01-rasZ'il (see above, chapter 5)

'ABD

-

ALLAH AL-KIRMXNSHAHT:

Mas'ola

MS:

f7

-

i r t h man qatal wolodoh k h a f o ' o n

-

Ilihiyyzt 81915d ( c a t . , 11, p.21) ARBITRATION

K . 01-QodZ', his lectures compiled by

Muhammad Taqi al-Tunukibuni MS: Mar'ashi 1992 ( c a t . ,V, p.363) K . 01-QodZ', another collection of his lectures compiled by JJusayn b . Muhammad Basan al-Musawi al-Dsrb Imimi MSS: Radawi 2526 ( c a t . , 11, p . 9 6 ) ; Majlis 169 Khu'i ( c a t . , VII, p.217)

AUMAD AL-FAYPT:

1. GENERAL

AL-QUMMT

K . 01-QodZ' MSS: Ma'had 1352 ( c a t . , p.116); Faygiyya 99311 ( c a t . , 111, p.47); Majlis 403 Tabitabz'i ; Gawharshid 78511 ( c a t . , p ,369)

A/-QodZ' wo 'I-shohZdZt :

MS:

RisZlo f i ' I - q o d Z ' , included in his ol-RosZ'il and JowZmi' 01-rosZ'il

Gawharshid 38 ( c a t . , 361)

ANONYMOUS (belonging to late 13th c e n t u r y )

(see above, chapter 5)

K . 01-QodZ'

AJJMAD AL-KIRMANSHAHT :

MS: Fayaiyya 99312 ( c a t . , 111, p.47)

MonZhij 01-obkZm (see AB, XXII, p.340) MSS: Ilihiyyit 112-13 A1 Aqi (cat., I , p.804)

'ALT AKBAR A L - Q A Z W ~ N ~ : Risiilo

f7 boyZn abkZm oolqodZ'

MS: Milli 1783117 Arabic ( c a t . , X , p.368) QoniidTl 01-'osjadZt

'ALT AL-KANT

MSS: Mar'ashi 2355, 2600 ( c a t . , VI, p . 330, VII, p . 185); Radawi 7038 ( c a t . , V, p.475);

K , 01-QadZ' = TobqTq a / - d o l Z ' i l

Editions: Tehran, 1304, 1317 MS: Gharb 110311 ( c a t . , p.289)

AL-MUJ~HID: K . 01-QodZ' MS: Gawharshzd 594 ((Cat., c a t . , p.370)

A L - R A S H T ~: K . al-Qod6'

AJJMAD AL-NARAQT:

I

K . 01-QodZ' wo 'I-shohZdZt

MS: Biqiriyya (AB, XVII, p.140) MUJJAMMAD Q U L ~B. MUBAMMAD

AL-KANTURT

( d . 1260):

AbkZrn 01-'idZlo 01-'Alowiyyo, Persian

Edited (AB, I , pp.299-300) BASAN

:

AL KXSHIF AC-GHITA':

Al-SilZb 01-mZq7

MSS: Dinishgih 700111 ( c a t . , XVI, p.424); fradawi 8218 (Binish, p . 846); Adabiyyit 13911 Kirmin ( c a t . , p ,401; Mahdawi 81012 ( c a t . , p . 128) ANONYMOUS (belonging to mid-13th c e n t u r y ) : Al-YonZbbT'

MS: DZnishgZh 3054 ( c a t . , X , p . 1996)

Edition: Qum, 1401 .MSS: Mailis Majiis 3275. 3275, 335212. 335212, 5309, MSS. 5309. 37 Tabztabz'i, 45 ~ T a bbiittaabbi 'ii ' i ( c a t . , ( c a t . , p.469); 'Abd al-'A~im 328 (cat., pp.883-4, 1175-6, XVI, p.225); .'Abd xX ,, pp.88i-4, cat., DXnlshgZh 671112 ( c a t . , XVI, p . 343); Mashhad, Ilihiyyit 800 ((Cat., DXnishrZh . 29) 1s Angeles M645 ( c a t . , p.321); p . 321); Ustadi ( c a t . , p p.29) I , pp.221-2); Los IJUSAYN

QULT

AL-HAMADANY:

K . a/-QodZ' wo 'I-shohZdZt, his lectures compiled by one of his pupils MS: Tustariyya (AB, IV, p.372)

AL-XSHTIYANT

:

K . 01-Qap'Z' Edition: Tehran, 1327 MS: Faydiyya 1608 (Cat., I , p.203)

AL-KHURASANT

:

K . 01-QodZ', his lectures compiled by his son, Muhammad b . Mubarnmad Kizim al-Khurisini

212

AN INTRODUCTION TO

SHT'T

LAW


MSS: DZnishgZh 151111 ( c a t . , V, p . 1 8 3 2 ) ; JJuquq 273j ( c a t . , p . 1 6 0 ) ; Malik 6270 ( c a t . , I , p . 1 6 1 ) ; Radawi 8533 ( B i n i s h , p . 9 5 3 )

AL

213

AL-'ULUM:

BAUR

Risiilo f7abkiim ol-da'cw7, included in h i s B u l g h a t ol-faq7h ( s e e above,

Q I Y A ' AL-DTN

chapter 5)

AL-'ARAQT:

K . a/-Qap'ii'

Editions: Najaf, 1357, 1361 -

MobcnT Tokmilot 01-Minhiij Edition: Najaf, 1395-6

K . 01-Qap'c', h i s l e c t u r e s compiled b y 'Ali a l - u u s a y n i al-NlilZni Edition: Qum, 1401-3

ON JUDICIAL PROCEDURE

AL-SHAHID AL-AWWAL: Mosc'il tozi7bum a / - b u q i i q

MS:

tto'cqub 01-ayiiu7

Moqclo

fi

Edition: 3.

2.

f7

Risiila

Editions: Najaf, 1357, 1361 ( t o g e t h e r wlth h i s K . 0 1 - ~ a p ' c ' )

'1 :

AL-KHU

T e h r a n , Mudarris Radawi (AB, XX, p . 3 4 0 )

'I-doCcwT

Najaf, 1345 ( t o g e t h e r with h i s S h a r b T a b s i r a t 0 1 - m u t o ' o l l i m ~ n )

ON WITNESS

Risclo f i ' / - : i d c / o = Risiilo f i m o ' r i f a t 01-kobc'ir MSS: DZnishgih 539713, 2144139, 696312, 288815, 101513 ( c a t . , V , pp.1496-7, IX, p.828, X, p.1733, XV, p.4239, XVI, p . 4 1 2 ) ; Majlis 433917 ( c a t . . XII. D. 4 0 ) ; Radawi 3538, 7615 ( c a t . , 11, p . 9 0 , V, p . 4 4 2 ) ; ~ a r ' a s h ii40914 (cat.., IV, p . 1 8 6 ) ; Adabiyyiit 28212 KirmZn ( c a t . , p . 4 3 ) ; Los Angeles M451 ( c a t . , p.241)

BUSAYN B . 'ABD AL-QAMAD: Risiila f i ' I - ' i d c l a

Risi7lo f i ' I - s h i y c '

MSS:

T u s t a r i y y a 300115 ( c a t . , p . 8 5 1 ) ; $;bib

al-Dhari'a

(AB, XI,

p . 153)

MSS: SipahsZliir 746112 ( c a t . , V, p . 3 1 4 ) ; Mar'ashi 44414, 144514 ( c a t . , 11, p . 4 8 , IV, p . 2 3 2 ) ; Diinishgiih 701912 ( c a t . , XVI, p.431) ; Ilihiyyiit 56115d ( c a t . , I , p.329)

AL-MUJTAHID: Risiila

MS:

f7

tan&ue a/-rawjoyn

fimote'

01-bayt

Mar'ashi 278513 ( c a t . , VII, p.348)

RisZila f i ' I - k a b c ' i r SipahsiilZr 2919120 ( c a t . , V , p . 4 2 3 )

MS:

BAHA' AL-Df N A L - ' X M I L ~:

fT toni7zu'

ol-zawjayn t i q a d r 01-mohr MSS: Mar'ashi 251912 ( c a t . , VII, p p . 1 0 4 - 5 ) ; Radawi 2438, 7211 ( c a t . , 11, p . 7 0 , V, p . 4 2 6 ) ; Majlis 455314 ( c a t . , XII, p . 2 3 6 ) ; Baku MI40169 ( N o s h . , IX, p . 2 4 4 ) ; Astiina 835313 ( c a t . , p p . 2 0 3 - 4 ) ; DZr al-Kutub 33263' ( c a t . , I , p.401) Commentary: b y t h e a u t h o r , MS: Raoawi 229 law ( c a t . , 11, p . 7 1 ) Risiila

AL-BAURANT

AUMAD

:

Risclo f i ' I - d o ' w c ' o l o 'I-mayyit MS: Princeton 229110 Yahuda ( c a t . , p.138)

Risiilo f i ' / - ' i d c / o

MS: Diir al-Kutub 21230 ( c a t . , I , p.376) MUVAMMAD

IBRAI-ITM B . MUBAMMAD M A ' S ~ MA L - Q A Z W ~ N ~ :

RisZila f i ' I - f a r q b o y n a / - g a g h c ' i r wa ' I - k o b c ' i r MS: Majlis 1803112 ( c a t . , IX, p.302)

$AVIB

A L - ~ A D A ' I Q:

Ris?ila f i ' I ' i d ~ l o MS: Los Angeles MI0613 ( c a t . , p.664)

AL-KHwAJO'T: Risclo

MS:

f7

jaw% muqcs$at ol-munkir low bolof ~ a r ' a s h i198712 ( c a t . , V , p.358)

A L - Q U M M ~: RisZila

MS: AL-QUMMT : Risela fT taniizu' 01-zawjayn f i mote' a l - b a y t , included in h i s 01-Rasc'il and Jowiimi' o l - r a s c ' i l ( s e e a b o v e , c h a p t e r 5 )

'ALT

Riscla

fi

Edition:

B.

SULTAN

d a ' w c 01-'ayn T e h r a n , 1304

AL-TALIQANT:

me y u ' t a b o r f i 'I-shahiSdo

MUUAMMAD M A H D ~B . MUUAMMAD SHAFT' A/-Mu'todil

MS: NAZAR

fT tobqTq

~ a r ' a s h i125917 ( c a t . , I V , p . 6 2 )

fT boy%

AL-ASTARABADT:

baqTqata1-'idi7la 01-shor'iyya

Ustiidi ( c a t . , p . 5 1 )

214

Editions: Tabriz, 1303 (together with his K . a/-Tahiiro), 1375 (together with his a/-Mokiisib) MSS: Dznishgih 695613 ( c a t . , XVI, p.411): Milli 194518 Arabic ( c a t . X

- - 2

MONOGRAPHS ON 'RULES1


n fi27) r-.--.,

Commentaries: ( 1 ) by 'Abd Allih al-Mimaqini, edited Najaf, 1345 ( i n his al-Qoiii'id 01-tham7no); (2) b y F a t t i b al-Shahidi, edited Tabriz, 1375 (together with his Hidiiyot a/-tiilib)

AL-KHU

'i :

Mahiin? Tokmiloi 01-Minhiij ((see above, general works on arbitration)

K . 01-vudi7d

Edition:

ANONYMOUS: Risiilo d a r 'idclot, Persian MS: Gawharshid 168514 ( c a t . , p . 152) NACAR ' A L ~AL-TALIQANT: Risiila f7 ishtiriil busn a/-riihir Edition: Tehran, 1304 MUUAMMAD BUSAYN

t 7 qobiii 01-shahiido

AL-KHWANSAR~:

Risiila fi 'I-'idiilo MS: Mar'ashi 3041121 ( c a t . , VIII, p.250)

AL-KHURASANT

MS: ~ a r ' a s h i310012 ( c a t . , VIII, p.323)

:

Maqiilo fi 'i- 'idiila Edition: Baghdad, 1331 (in his Shodhoriit) PENAL LAW AL-ABTWARD~: RisFla dar diyiit wa qi$ii$, Persian MS: Dinishgih 724215 ( c a t . , XV, p.497) AL-MAJLIS~ 11: Risiilo dor budiid wa diyiit, Persian Edition: Tehran, 1262 MSS: Mar'ashi 2831, 496, 251313, 652 ( c a t . , 11, pp.105, 249, VII, p.99, VIII, p . 3 6 ) ; Faydiyya 21012 ( c a t . , I l l , p . 8 ) ; GulpiyigZni, 3 MSS ( c a t . , 11, p.63); Milli 185419 ( c a t . , IV, p.317)

fatTm wa zawio wo 15 y a r f l a/Risiilo f7 man qutil 'on umm wa ~ a b T wzlida ill5 bi 'I-qigiig , included in his Jowiimi' a/-rasii'il <see above, chapter 5)

YDSUF B . 'ABD AL-FATTAU AL-TABATAB.X'~A L - T A B R ~ Z (d. ~ 1242): Musawwid a/-khudiid f7mosii'il a/-budiid MS: Mar'ashi 251311 ( c a t . , VII, pp.98-9) MUUAMMAD JA'FAR

AL-ASTAREBADI:

Risiilo d a r budiid wo qisii$ wa diyiit, Persian MS: S i n i 618 ( c a t . , I , p . 399)

Qurn, 1399

215

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY An a s t e r i s k beside t h e name of a book in i h c list below means t h a t wherec v e r the name of i t s a u t h o r i s given in a reference without lnentioning a specific work b y him, it r e f e r s to t h i s particular work marked with t h e asterisk.

ADABIYYAT

(ABBASIYYA

-

al-Maktaba ai-'Abbasiyya, B a s r a Catalogue: MokhtEliit a/-Maktaba oi-'Abbiisiyya fi '1-Bogra, b y 'Ali al-Khaqini , in Mojallat a/-Majmo' o i ' i l m T a/-'lriiqT, VIII-X (1961-3)

-

:

-

'ABBAS -

-

AL-QUMIMi ( d . 135911941): A/-Fawii'id oi-Rop'awiyyo, T e h r a n , 1367 q A/-Kunii wa 'I-oiqiib, Sidon, 1357-8 q Sof7nat 01-bibcr, Najai, 1352-5 q

= Kitibkhzna-yi Danishliada-yi Adabiyyit wa 'Ulum-i l n s i n i y i Danishgih-i T e h r a n , Tehran Catalogues: Fihrist-i nuskhohiiy-i khaflT-yi Kitiibkhiino-yi Diinishkodo-yi Adabiyyiil, b y M.T. Dinishpazhiih, T e h r a n , 1960 Fihrist-i nuskhahzy-i khatf7-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Diinishkoda-yi Adobiyyiit, majmE'a-yi imiim Jum'o-yi Kirmiin, b y M.T. Diilishpazhiih, T e h r n a , 1965 Fihrist-i nuskhohiiy-i khallT-yi KitiibkhCno-yi Diinishkodo-yi Adobiyyzi, mojmii'a-yi waqf7-yi 'AT A j g h a r uikmat, T e h r a n , 1341 s h

A F A N D ~= 'Abd Allah b . 'Tsi al-Igfahani ( d . around 113011718): Riyiid 01-'uiomii' , Qum, 1401 q -

'ABD ALLAH A L - J A Z A ' I R ~( d . 117311759-60): Ai-DhokhTro 01-bCqiya, lMS 1916129, Majlis L i b r a r y , T e h r a n 'ABD ALLLH AL- TUN^ ( d . 107111660-1): Risiiio /7 joiiit 01-jum'a, MS 128 K h u ' i , Majlis L i b r a r y , T e h r a n ( p p 12-97)

'ABD AL-'AziM :KitZbkhina-yi Astana-yi Wadrat-i 'Abd al-IAvim, Rayy Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhohiiy-i khatiT-yi KitZibkhZino-yi Asliina-yi imiimziido 'Abd oi'Agjin-i HosonT d o r shahr-i Royy, b y M . T . Danishpazhiih, i n Noshriyyo-yi Kitiibkhiino-yi Markor?-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran d a r bCrroyi nuskhohiiy-i khaffT, 111 ( T e h r a n , 19641, p p . 61-83, 427-80

BUZURG AL-TIIIRAN~ ( d . 138911970): A/-DharT'o ilZi iosiinTf 01-ShT'o, Tehran a n d Najaf, 1353-98 q

AGHA

ABMAD = A l p a d b . Mubamrnad b . u a n b a l ( d . 2411855): Al-Musnad, Cairo, 1313 q

' A L ~B . MUBAMMAD AL-'.&MIL~ ( d . 110311691-2): A/-Durr 01-manthcr, e d . A. a l - u u s a y n i , Qum, 1398 q A/-SihZim a/-miiriqo, MS 1576, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum

-

' A I ~ L A M A = Jam51 al-Din u a s a n b . YCisuf b . al-Mutahhar al-uilli ( d . 7261 -

'ABD A L - J A L ~ L AL-QAzwTNT ( 6 t h I l 2 t h c e n t u r y ) : A/-Noqp', e d . J . Mubaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1358 s h

-

1325): Tp'5b'o/-ishtibiih, T e h r a n , 1319 q Khuiiijat a/-oqwiil = RijCi ooi'Ail5ma 01-UiiT, Najaf, 1961 Mobiidi' a/-wugiil iiZi 'iim oi-USE/, e d . 'A.M.'A. al-Baqqil, NajaS, 1970 Mukhlolof ol-ShT'o, T e h r a n , 1324 Q Muntahii a/-mofiob, T e h r a n , 1333 q Nihiiyot 01-wujEi ilii 'ilni 01-ujEi, MS 1908 MarcashT L i b r a r y , Qum Tobgirot 01-muto'oiiimTn, e d . A. a l - u u s a y n i a n d H . al-Yusufi, Qum, n.d. TohdhTb 01-ugiil, T e h r a n , 1308 q TabrTr a/-abkiim ai-shor'iyyo, T e h r a n , 1314 q

~ D AL-MAJ~D: 'ABD AL-MAJTD M A I ~ M 'ABD Ai-IttijChiit oi-fiqhiyyo 'ind Agbiib oi-uodTlh fi 'I-qarn oi-thiilith oi hijrT, Cairo, 1979

-

'ABD AL- NAB^ AL-JAZA'IRT ( d . 102111709-10): A/-iqtijiid f7 s h o r b ai-lrshiid, MS 588612, Majlis L i b r a r y , T e h r a n

-

ABU 'L-'ABBAS AL-WARRANT ( d . 74511344-5): A/-Musawwada f7 ugEi oi-fiqh, e d . M . M . 'Abd al-yamid, Cairo, 1964

AMBROSIANA = Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano Catalogue: Cotoiogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Bibiiateca Ambrosiono, b y Oscar Lofg'ren a n d Renato T r a i n i , Vicenza, 1975-81

ABU

AMTN AL-ASTARABAD~

'ALi = Mubammad b . I s m i ' i l al-Mizandarini al-8i'ii.i 1800-1) : Muntahii a/-maqiii f7 'iim 01-rijiii, T e h r a n , 1300 q

2 10

( d . 12151

ABU 'L-UUSAYN A L - B A ~ R ? ( d . 43611044): A/-Mu'tamod f7 ugiji 01-fiqh, e d . M. Hamid Allah, Damascus, 1964-5

ABO M A N ~ U RA L - T A B R I S ~ ( c a r l y 6thl121h c e n t u r y ) : A 1 Ibtijiij '015 oh1 oi-iojiij, e d . M.B. a l - K h a r s i n , Najaf, 1966 ABU 'L-QASIM B . WASAN A L - Y A Z D ~ ( m i d - l 3 t h l l 9 t h c e n t u r y ) : Torjomo-yi fiirsT-yi SharZi'i' a/-lsiiim, e d . M.T. Dinishpazhiih, Tehran 1346-53 s h

-

-

-

-

* -

= Mubammad Amin b . Mubarnmad Sharif ( d . 10361 1626-7): Diinishniirna-yi shiihT, MS 4668111, Central L i b r a r y , University of Tehran A/-Fowii'id a/-Modoniyya, Tabriz , 1321 q JowZib masii'il oi-shaykh v u s a y n oi-ZohTrT a i ' x m i T , MS 106714, Central L i b r a r y , University of T e h r a n

A M ~ RAL-MU'MIN~N = Maktabat al-lmim Amir al-Mu'minin alk'iimma, Najaf Catalogue: ( C h a n d nuskho-yi kholti o r ) Moklaboi 01-lmiim AmTr a/Mu'minTn olk'xmrno d a r Nojof, b y M.T. D i n i s h p a z h u h , in Nashriyya-yi KitiibkhZin'no-yi MorkazT-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran d o r bZiro-yi nuskhohiiy-i khaftT, V ( T e h r a n , 19681, pp.409-19 ANJUMAN-I TARAQQT-YI URDU, Karachi Catalogue: MokhfEfZit-i Anjuman-i ToroqqT-yi U r d i i , b y S . F . ' A . Radawi , Karachi, 1967

220

AN INTRODUCTION TO

~ ~ 7 LAW ' 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A N S ; ~ R= ~Murt:,$R b . Muhammi?d .bin 31-Tustari ( d , 128111864): AI-Rosii'il = Farii'id 01-u$lil, T e h r a n , 1296 q

889-94):

-

A R D A B L? ~ = Ahmad b . Mubammad, al-Muqaddas ( d . 99311585) : Mojmo' 01-fii'ido wo 'I-burhiin , T e h r a n , 1272 q

bi? c h a n d nuskha-yi kholiT, b y 1.1. Mudarrisi Tabmtabi'i a n d R . Ust;?di , Qum, 1396 q

BENGAL = T h e Royal Asiatic Society, Bengal Catalogue: Colalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Collection of the Royal Asiatic Sociely of Bengol, b y W.1vanow a n d o t h e r s , Calcutta, 1939-51

'ASQALANT

= Shihab al-Din Abmad b . 'Ali b . Ijajar ( d . 85211449): A/-Motiilib 01-'iiliyo, e d . E l . al-A'zami, Kuwait, 1971 -

ASTANA

= Kitibkhzna-yi AstZna-yi Muqaddasa-yi Qum, Qum Catalogue: Fihrist-i nusokh-i khoffT-yi Kitiibkhi?no-yi xsti?no-yi Muqoddoso-yi Qum, b y M . T . Danishpazhuh, Qum, 1355 s h

BERLIN = Staat Bibliothek, Berlin Catalogue: Verzeichniss d e r Arobischen Handschriften d e r Koniglichen Dibliotliek zLi Berlin, b y W. Ahlwardt, Berlin, 1887-99

( d . 51011117):

B I B L I O T H ~ Q U ENATIONALE ( P a r i s ) : Catalogue: ( I ) Catalogues des manuscrits Arobes, b y M . Le Baron d e Slane, P a r i s , 1883-95 (11) Catologue d e s monuscrits Arabes d e s novelles acquisitions, by E . Blochet, P a r i s , 1924

BAGHDADT

= t h e private collection of Sayyid Mubarnmad al-Baghdsdi, Najaf Catalogue: Makhfliyiit maktobat . . . a/-sayyid Mubammod o1kBoghdi;dT a/-HasonT, b y M.H. al-Amini, Najaf, 1964

B I H B A H A N ~ = Mu~ammadBZqir

B A H A ' AL-DIN AL-'AMILi ( d . 103011621): -

Mashriq a/-shomsoyn, T e h r a n , 1321 q ( t o g e t h e r with t h e a u t h o r ' s 01-Hob1 a/-matTn) Al-Wo/7zo, Qum, 1396 q Zubdot 01-uslil. . . T e h r a n , 1319 4

-

-

-

BAJJRANT -

-

= Yiisuf b . Abmad b . I b r i h i m , S i h i b al-IjadZ'iq ( d . 118611772) A/-uodii'iq 01-niiCiira, e d . M . T . a l - i r a w i n i , Najaf, 1377 q Al-Koshkiil = AnTs 01-musiifir wo j a r s aalbiiQ'ir, Bombay, 1291-2 q Lu'lu'ot a/-bahrovn. . , , Bombav. " . n.d.

~~~

BODLEIAN = The Bodleian L i b r a r y , Oxford Catalogues: - ( I ) Bibliothecoe Bodleionoe Codicum Monuscriptorum Orientolum . . . Cotalogus, b y J . Uri, O x f o r d , 1787; (11) Cotologi Codicum Monuscriptorum Orientalium Bibliothecose Bodleianoe, P a r s Secundo, Arobicos Complectcns, b y Alexander Nicoll, Oxford, 1835 (111) Catologue of the Persion,Turkish,HindDstiin?, o n d Pushtii Monu s c r i ~ t sin the Bodleion L i b r a r y , b y E d . Sacllau a n d Hermaiin Eth6, p a r t I ( t h e Persian ~ a n u s c r i p t s,) O x f o r d , 1889

= I b r i h i m b . Mubarnmad ( d . 127711860-1):

Hiishiyat Fotb 01-qorTb = Hiishiyo 'a15 s h o r b a/-'olliimo l b n Qiisim 01GhazzT 'alii moln ol-shoykh AbT Shujii', Cairo, 1285 q BANKIPORE = Oriental Public L i b r a r y , Bengal Catalogues: - Arabic: Miff?% 01-kuniiz a/-khofiyyo,by Mawlawi 'Abd al-Ijamid, Patna 1918-22 - Persian: Mir'tt 01-'uiGm,by Mawlawi 'Abd al-Khalliq S a h i b , P a t n a , 1925

BAQIRIYYA

= Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yl B i q i r l y y a , Mashhad

B A R Q ~= Abu Ja'far Ahmad b . Muhammad b . KhZIid al-Qummi ( d . 274-801

b . Mubarnmad Akmal, al-WaQid ( d . 12051 1791): A/-Fowii'id o l C o t T q o , T e h r a n , 1279 q ( t o g e t h e r with Mulpmmad Ijusayn al-Igfahini's a/-Fugiil a/-Chorowiyyo, p p . 431-66) TobqTq f i 'I-qiyiis, MS 45813, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum To'lTaiit monhoi a/-maoiil, . . T e h r a n . 1307 a. ( t o -g e t h e r with Muhammad b . 'Ali ; I - ~ s t a r i b ~ d i 'Manhoj s 01-moqiil)

B ~ N I S HT, : Fihristi-i olifbii'T-yi nuskhohiiy-i khorfT-yi Kitiibkhtno-yi iTstiino-yi Mnchhnrl. T - e h r a n . 1351 s h ( i n Fihrist-i nuskhahiiv-i khattT-vi d u kitiibkhiino-yi ~ o s h h o d ,t h e second volume of ~ o j m i i ' o l ~fihr;;t-j i nuskhahiiv-i khotlT-vi .. kittbkhZnohiiv-i shohrostiinhiiv-i I r a n , p p . 563-f080)

BAHR A L - ' U L ~ M= Muhammad Mahdi b . Murtad;? al-Tab;?tab;?'i ( d . 12121 1797): A/-Fowii'id 01-rijiiliyyo = Rijiil 01-soyyid B a h r a l ' U l i i m , Najaf, 1965-7

BAJURT

e d . J . Muhaddith U r m a w , T e h r a n , 1370 q A/-Rij3, e d . J . Mubaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1342 s h ( t o g e t h e r with Ibn D;?wiid1s K . 01-Riji?l

B A Z A N T ~= Abu J a ' f a r Abmad b . Mubarnmad b . Abi Nagr ( d . 2211836): Jiimi' 01-bozanjT, a p a r t of it which i s i n s e r t e d in I b n I d r i s ' s 01-Sorii'ir, p p . 477-8 ( T e h r a n , 1270 q )

ZSHNA 'j = AshnF'T

-

* A/-Mahiisin,

BAYHAQ? = Abii Bakr AQmad b . v u s a y n al-Naysibiiri ( d . 45811065): A/-Sunan , H y d e r a b a d , 1354-6 q

~~AFIYY = Agafiyya A L i b r a r y , H y d e r a b a d , Deccan Catalogue: Fihrist-i Kutub-i 'Arab7 wo FiirsT wa Urdli makhzlino-yi Agafiyyn, b y Tagadduq Uusayn al-Miisawi al-Naysabiiri al-Kantiiri, H y d e r a b a d , 1347-57 q

BAGHAWi = Abii Mubammad ljusayn b . Mas'iid al-Farr;?' MogiibTI) a / - s u n n o , Cairo, 1318 q

221

1I

BRITISH LIBRARY (London): Catalogues : (Rieu) Supplement to the Cotologue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the B r ~ t i s hMuseum, b y Charles Rieu, London, 1894

BIBLIOGRAPHY -

(11) A D i s c r i p l i v e L i s t of t h e A r a b i c Manuscripts A c q u i r e d b y t h e T r u s t e e s of t h e B r i t i s h Museum since 7895, b y A . G . Elliss a n d E . E d w a r d s , London, 1912

DIZFULT

= Mubarnmad b. Faraj Al&h al-QiQi ( 1 3 t h l l 9 t h c e n t u r y ) : FiirEq 01-boqq, T e h r a n , 1316 q ( t o g e t h e r with Kishif al-Ghiti'ls 01-Uaqq a / - m u b i n )

BRUNSCHVIG, R . : 'Les u s i j l 01-fiqh Imamites a Leur stade ancien (Xc e l XIe s i s c l e s ) ' , in Le ShTCis,nelmomafe ( P a r i s , 19701, pp.201-13

DURUST B. ABT MANSOR

BUHAR

FARHLDMU'TAMID

= t h e B u h i r L i b r a r y , Imperial L i b r a r y , Calcutta Catalogue: Calologuc of t h e A r o b i c Manuscripts i n l h e BEhiir L i b r o r y , b y Shams alE'Ulami' M . HidZyat v u s a y n KhZn B a h i d u r , Calcutta, 1923

CAMBRIDGE = t h e University L i b r a r y , Cambridge A D c s c r i p l i v e Cotologue of t h c O r i e n t a l Manuscripts b e l o n g i n g t o t h e Late E . G . B r o w n e , b y Edwa1.d G. Browlle a n d Reynold A . Nicholson,

Cambridge, 1932 CONGRESS = t h e Library of C o n g r e s s , Washington Catalogue: F i h r i s 01-mokhrijJiit 0 1 - ' A r o b i y y o t7 Moktobol 0 1 - k u n g h r e s s , b y 5 . al-Munajjid, B e i r u t , 1969 DACCA = t h e Dacca University L i b r a r y , Dacca Catalogue: T h e Persian, U r d u a n d A r o b i c M a n u s c r i p t s i n t h e Docco U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y , b y A.B.M. Habihullah, Dacca, 1966-8

DAMAD

:Mubarnmad B i q i r b . Shams al-Din Mubarnmad a l - u u s a y n i a l - A s t a r i b i d i ( d . 104011630-1): A/-Row&hib 01-samFwiyyo, T e h r a n , 1311 q

DANISHGAH -

KitZbkhina-yi Markazai wa Markaz-i Asnid-i D i n i s h g i h - i T e h r a n , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i khottT-yi K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i MarkazT-yi D i i n i s h ~ i i h - i T e h r o n , b y M.T. DZnishpazhiih and 'A.N. Munzawi, T e h r a n , 1330-57 s h Microfilms: F i h r , s t - i mTkruf7lmhiiy-i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i MorkozT-yi Diinishgiih-i T e h r o n , b y M . T . Dinishpazhiih, T e h r a n , 1348 s h

(2nd18th c e n t u r y ) :

= t h e private collection of F a r h i d Muetamid, Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i t F b k h E n o - y i F o r h i i d M u ' t o m i d , b y M . T . Dinishpazhiih a n d Gh. R . Farziinapiir, in N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i MorkazT-yi Diinishgiih-i T e h r o n d a r b i i r o - y i n u s k h o h F y - i k h a l J T , I11 ( T e h r a n , 1964), p p . 141276

FARHANG = KitZbkhZna-yi 'Umiimi-yi F a r h a n g wa I ~ I u n a r ,Mashhad Catalogue: ' F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i khalJT-yi K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Farhong wa H u n o r , b y R . S h i k i r i , Mashhad, 1348 s h FAYQ = Mubammad b . M u r t a a i a l - ~ Z s h a n i ,known a s Mubsin al-FayP ( d . 109111680): A / - u o q q 01-mubTn, e d . J . Muhaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1390 q ( t o g e t h e r with t h e a u t h o r ' s a/-Ugijl a/-os'ila) MofiitTb 0 1 - s h o r i i ' i ' , e d . ' I . al-Musawi a l - B a h r i n i , Vol.1, B e i r u t , 1969 Al-Mahoiio a / - b a v d i i ' , e d . 'A.A. al-GhaffZri , T e h r a n , 1339-42 s h - A I - U ~ ~o/-aSTlo; I i d . J . Mubaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1390 q A/-Wiif7, T e h r a n , 1323 q FAYQIYYA = KitZbkhZna-yi Madrasa-yi FayQiyya, Qum Catalogue: F i h r i s l - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khatfT-yi K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Modaroso-yi Fayp'iyyo, b y R . U s t i d i , Qum, 1396q FU'AD SAYYID: F i h r i s ol-mokhfij&it 01-mu$owwaro, Mo'hod I b y i i ' 01-Mokhfijfiit ol' A r o b i y y o , Cairo, 1954 -

:

DANISHPAZHOH,M . T . : His introduction t o t h e 4th volume of Abu '1-Qisim b . Basan al-Yazdi's Torjarno-yi S h o r i i ' i ' a/-lsliin7, T e h r a n , 1353 s h

AL-WAS IT^

K i t & D u r u s t b . AbT M o n z i j r , T e h r a n , 1371 q ( i n t h e collection of a/-U$El 01-sittot ' o s h o r , p p . 158-69)

BURUJIRD~

= Maktabal Madrasat al-sayyid alkBuriijirdi, Najaf Catalogue: M o k h t i j t i i t Moktabot Modrasot a / - s o y y i d 0 1 - B u r G j i r d i , b y A . al-uusayni , in h i s DoiTl 01-MakhJZliit (Qum, 1397 q ) , pp.4-43

223

F U S ~ L= FugEl k h a l a r b i ' I - b i i l bTn rnufiilo'at k i t i i b 01-tohzro, ills 2647,

M a r e a s h i L i b r a r y , Qum

F U T ~ N T = Abu

'1-uasan b . Muhammad T i h i r al-Sharif al-Nabiti alk'Amili ( d . 113811725-6): TonzTh 01-QummiyyTn min 01-matii'in, Qum, 1328 s h

GAWHARSHAD = Kitibkhina-yi Masjid-i G a w h a r s h i d , Mashhad Catalogue: F i h r i s t i - i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Jiimi'-i G a w h o r s h i i d , b y 'A. N i i r i n i a n d K . M . S h i n a c h i , in F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h o J t T - y i chahiir k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i Moshhad, t h e f i r s t volume of Mojmij'o-yi f i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h o l t i - y i kitiibkhiinohiiy-i shahrastiinhiiy-i Iran (Tehran, 1351 s h ) , pp.57-435

D ~ AL-KUTUB R (Cairo): - Catalogue: F i h r i s t a/-makhtijyFt, b y P u ' i d S a y y i d , Cairo, 1 9 6 1 2 General catalogue: F i h r i s 01-kutub a / - ' A r o b i y y o , Cairo, 1924-59

D i i ~ l M i= AbG Murammad 'Abd AllZh b . 'Abd al-RaQmZn al-Tamimi alSamarqandi ( d . 2551869): S u n o n , Damascus, 1349 q

GHARR = KitZbkhZna-yi Gharb , Hamadin Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a t t T - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i G h a r b , b y J . Maqgiid, T e h r a n , 1.397 q

DIHIiHUDA = SZzmin-i Lughatnima-yi D i h k h u d i , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i l i i b k h i i n o - y i Siizrniin-i Lughotniima-yi D i h k h u d i i , b y M . T . Danishpazhiih, in N o s h r i y y o - y i K i t i i b k h i i n i i - y i MarkozT-yi Diinishgiih-i T e h r o n d a r b i i r o - y i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a t t T , 111 ( T e h r a n , 1964 p p . 1-59, 387-426

GHAZALT -

-

= Abii kIZmid Mubarnmad b . Mubammad al-TGsi ( d . 50511111): I b y i i ' ' u l E m 01-dTn, Cairo, 1312 q A / - M u s t a g f i , Cairo, 1356 q

AN INTRODUCTION TO

224

s ~ i ' LAW i

GHAZZi = Shams al-Din Mubarnmad b . Qisim, I b n al-Gharabili ( d . 9181 1512): F a t b a/-QarTb ol-Mu/7b 7 j s h a r b a l f i z 0 1 - T a q r r b , e d . L.W.C. Van D e n b e r g , Leiden, 1894

GULPAYIGANT = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Gnlpiyigani , Qum Catalogue:

. .

.

F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khagLT-yi K i t i b k h i i n a - y i 'UmijmT-yi GulpiiyiyigiinT, b y A . B u s a y n i and R . U s t i d i , Qum, 1357-61 s h

BAKiM = Maktabat al-Imim al-Bakim alheAmma, Najaf Catalogues: -

F i h r i s t makhgijliit Maklabat a/-lmiim 01-uak%

a l C ~ m m ab,y M . M . Najaf,

BIBLIOGRAPHY BURR -

-

F i h r i s t m a k h r i i f i i t 01-shoykh Mu_hammod a/-RashtT a/-muhdiit 115 Maktabat 01-lmiim a / - p a k i i n a l ' A m m a , b y A. a l - g u s a y n i , Najaf, 1971

~ A K I MA L - N A Y S ~ B ~ =R Abii ~

'Abd Allih Mubarnmad b . 'Abd AllZh

( d . 40511014-15) Al-Mustadrak

'Abd Allih Mubarnmad b . 'Ali b . JJasan ( d . a r o u n d 3201932): Nowijdir o l - U S E / , B e i r u t , n . d .

JJALABi = Abu '1-galib T a q i al-Din b . Najm al-Din ( d . 44711055-6): A/-Kiir'T, MS 44111, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum - Taqril6 01-ma'iirif, MS 2263, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum JJASAN AL-SADR ( d . 135411935): To '57s al-ShT'a l i - f u n i j n a / - l s l i i m , B a g h d a d , 1951

JJAYDAR, ' A L ~ : D u r a r 01-Dukkijm, s h a r h 01-ohkiim, translated from T u r k i s h into . Maiallat .

Arabic b y Fahmi al-Jjusayni , ~ a ~ h d aandd B e i r u t , n . d .

, Tehran,

JJUSAYN B . 'ABD AL-$AMAD AL- MIL^ ( d . 98411576): - A l - ' I q d a / - V u s o y n T , e d . J . al-Mudarrisi, Yazd, n . d . -

fl

Maqiila

w u j i j b a / - i f t i j ' wa bayiin a / - b a q q ' o l i i k u l l man ' a l i m b i h ,

MS 168613, FayGiyya L i b r a r y , Qum Risiila

iT

bukm 01-bugr wa ' I -bawiirT, MS 1836112, Majlis L i b r a r y ,

Tehran Risiilo

IT tabqTq

ba'p' 01-mas~?'il 01-fiqhiyya, MS 596013, Majlis L i b r a r y ,

Tehran -

-

T i s ' a masij'il, MS 1805153, Majlis L i b r a r y , T e h r a n Wugiil a / - a k h y i i r i l i i ugiil 01-akhbiir, T e h r a n , 1309 q

JJUSAYN A L - K A R A K ~( d . 107611665-6): Hidiiyat 01-abriir i l i i larTq 01-A 'im,ma a / - a y h i i r , MS 327811, Mar'ashi

' a i a 'I-SabTboyn, H y d e r a b a d , 1340 q

~ A K T MA L - T I R M I D H ~ = Abii

( d . 110411693):

1376-89 q

Najaf, 1969 -

*

AL-'AMIL~

Amal a l - h i / , e d . A . a ? - g u s a y n i , B a g h d a d , 1965 Wosii'il a!-ShT'a, e d . A . R . a l - R a b b i n i a n d M . al-RZzi

L i b r a r y , Qum BUSAYNIYYAT

KASHIF AL-GHITA', Najaf

IBN 'ASAKIR = Abu '1-Qisim 'Ali b . JJasan b . Hibat Allah al-Dirnashqi ( d . 57311177-8): Torjimat a/-lmiim 'AIT b . AbT T i j l i b ' a l o y h 01-saliim min T o ' r T k h maaTnot Dimashq, e d . M.B. al-Mabmiidi , B e i r u t , 1975

IBN A L - A T H ~ R= Majd al-Din Mubarak b . Mubarnmad al-Jazari al-Shaybani ( d . 60611210): Jiimi' a/-uzE1, Cairo, 1368 q

AL-BARRAJ = QZGi 'Abd al-'Aziz b . Nibrir al-Shimi ( d . 48111088): AI-Muhadhdhab, MS 44112, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum S h a r b Jumol 01-'Ilm wa ' I ' o m a l , e d . K . M . S h a n a c h i , Mashhad, 1974

IBN -

-

BAYDARIYYA = Khizinat al-Rawaa al-JJaydariyya, Najaf Catalogue: F i h r i s t mokhgEg5t KhizZinot 01-Rawp'o a / - u a y d o r i y y a , b y A. a l - u u s a y n i , Najaf, 1971

IBN DAWUD = T a a i al-Din Hasan b . 'Ali b . Diwiid al-Billi ( d . a f t e r 70711307): K . 01-Rijiil, e d . J. Mubaddith Urmawi, T e h r a n , 1342 s h

HAYTI-IAM~ = Niir al-Din 'A17 b . Abi Bakr ( d . 80711404-5): Majma' a / - z a w i i ' i d , Cairo, 1352-3 q

IBN FAHD = Abu '1-'Abbas ( d . 84111437-8): -

IJIMYARi = Abu 'I-Qisim 'Abd Allih b . J a ' f a r al-Qummi ( 3 r d l 9 t h c e n t u r y ) Qurb a/-isniid, Tehran, n . d . JJUJJATi, M.B.: BarrasT-yi i i t h i i r - i S h o y k h - i TEST wo g u z i j r i s h - i n u s k h o h i i y - i khagfi-yi i j n h i i , in YiidnZima-yi S h a y k h - i TZsT, 111 (Mashhad, 19761, pp.590-676

BUJJATIYYA = KitibkhZna-yi Madrasa-yi JJujjatiyya, Qum F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i j y - i khotfT-yi KitZibkhiina-yi Madroso-yi u u j j a t i y y o ,

b y R . U s t i d i , Qum, 1354 s h

.

A

A

i q t ~ & i d i - y ~~ i n I s h & h - l T e h r a n , T e h r a n Catalopue: F i h r s i t - i n u s k h o h i j v - I khattT-VI K i t i i b k h i i n o - v i Diinishkado-vi ~ u q i i d .. . , b y M.T. ~ Z n i s h & z h i i h , - T e h r a n , 1961

-

Abmad b . MuPammad b . Fahd al-Asadi al-Villi

Al-Muhadhdhab a l - b i i r i ' , MS 275, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum AI-Muqtozar min s h a r b a l - M u k h t o z a r , MS 2524, Mar'ashi L i b r a r y , Qum

IBN kIAZM = Abii Mubarnmad 'Ali b . Abmad al-Qurtubi ( d . 45611064): A l - l b k i i m f7 u ~ i i al / - a b k i i m , e d . A.M. S h i k ~ r ,Calro, 1345-8 q

-

wa ' I - r a ' y wo ' I - i s t i b s i i n wa 'I-LaqlTd wa Mulakhkhog ibJZil ol-qiyiis ' I - t a ' l T I , e d . S . a l - A f g h i n i , Damascus, 1960

IBN I D R ~ S= Abii 'Abd Allih Muhammad h . Mansiir b . Ahmad b . I d r i s al-'Ijli al-JJilli ( d . 59811202):' A / - S o r i j ' i r 01-b5wT 11-tabrTr a/-fatow?, T e h r a n , 1270 q IBN A L - J A W Z ~ = Abu '1-Farai 'Abd al-Rabmin b . 'Ali al-Qurashi a1 BaghdZdi ( d . 59711201) : Maniiqib 01-lmiim Abmad b . u a n b a l , Cairo, 1979

AN INTRODUCTION TO

226

SHT'T

IBN AL-NADiM = Abu '1-Faraj MuPammad b . IsbZq al-Warrzq al-BaghdZdi (late 4thllOth c e n t u r y ) : A / - F i h r i s t , e d . R. Tajaddud, T e h r a n , [ 19711 IBN Q U D ~ M A= Muwaffaq al-Din 'Abd Allih b . Abmad al-Maqdisi ( d . 6201 1223-4) : TabrTm 0 1 - n o ~ o r ,G k u t u b ah1 a/-kaliim, e d . G . Makdisi, London, 1962 IBN SA'D = A b i 'Abd Allih Mu~ammadb . Sa'd KZtib al-WZqidi ( d . 2301844-5): K . 01-Toboqzt al-kobii-, e d . E. Sachau and others, Leiden, 1904-15 IBN SHAHRASHDB = Rashid al-Din Muhammad ( d . 58811192): Mo'iilim 01-'ulomii', e d . ' A . Iqbzl, Tehran, Mothiiliib a / - N o w i i ~ i b ,MS Nigiriyya Library, Mutoshiibih 01-Qur'iin, e d . &al-Mugtafawi , IBN

TAWUS

(d.

-

b . 'Ali 31-Sarawi 1353 q Lucknow Tehran, 1369 q

.

= Radi al-Din 'a17 b . Miisi al-Hasani al-Husavni al-Hill? "

66411265-6'):

IBN ZUHRA = Abu '1-MakZrim Bamza b . 'Ali b . Zuhra al-Balabi ( d . 5851 1189-90) : C h u n y a t o l - n u z u ' , Tehran, 1276 q (in t h e collection of a/-Jowimi' a / - f i q h i y y a , p p . 523-626)

ILAHIYYAT

A L - I M ~ MA L - M A H D ~ = Maktabat al-Imim al-Mahdi, S i m a r r i ' ( I r a q ) INDIA OFFICE, London: Catalogues: -

JA'FARIYYA = at-Maktaba al-Ja'fariyya, Madrasat &Hindi, KarbalZ' Catalogue: [ C h a n d nusho-yi khattT a z ) K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i J o ' f a r i y y o , h y M . T . DZnishpazhih, in N o s h r i y y o - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i MorkozT-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran dor b&o-yi n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a t t T , V (Tehran, 19681, p p . 434-7

!AM/' A U ~ D T T H

A L - S H T ' A , Qum, 1399 q (Vol. I )

JAWAD AL-%MILT

( d . 122611811):

Miftiib 01-koriimo, e d . M . al-Amin

JAWADAYN

JAZA'IRT -

al-'Amili , Cairo-Sidon-Tehran, 1324 q

= Maktabat al-Jawiclayn, KZgimiyya ( I r a q )

= Ni'mat Allzh b . 'Abd AllZh al-Miisawi ( d . 111211710): 01-Nu'mzniyyo, e d . M. :A. al-Qadi al-Tabitabi'i , Tabriz,

* Al-An wiir 1382 q

-

Monba' a / - b a y i i t

f7 b u j j i y y o t qowl 01-mujtohidii7 min a/-omwiit, MS 276114,

Majlis Library, Tehran

KALBAST

= Muhammad Ibrihim b . Muhammad Basan al-IgfahZni ( d . 12621

1846) :

Shawtriri' a / - h i d i i y o , MS

i?1 7 4

(temporary), Mar'ashi Library, Qum

K A M A R A ' i = 'AIi NaqT b . MuPammad Hishim al-Igfahini ( m i d - l l t h i l l t h century) : Risiila dor i t h b i i t - i luziim-i w u j i i d - i mujtahid d o r ram%-i

ghaybat-i

KARAJAKT

= Abu '1-Fatb Mubarnmad b . 'Uthmin ( d . 44911057-8): Konz o l - f o w i i ' i d , Tabriz, 1322 q

K A R A K ~= Niir al-Din 'AIi b . 'Abd al-'AW al-'Amili ( d . 94011534): TorTq i s t i n b 3 ol-obkiim, e d . ' A . al-Fadli, Najaf, 1971 KASHAN, R A Q A W ~= Kitibkhina-yi Ayat Allih Radawi, K i s h i n Catalogue: Nuskhohzy-i khattT-yi K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i A y o t Alliih Rop'owT dor s h o h r - i K c s h i n , by M.T. D i n i s h p a z h i h , in N a s h r i y y o - y i K i t ? b k h z n o y i MarkazT-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran dar b z r a - y i nuskhahiiy-i k h o t t T , VII ( T e h r a n , 1353 s h ) , p p . 29-94

A Cotologue of t h e Arobic M o n u s c r i p i s i n t h e L i b r a r y of t h e l n d i o O f f i c e , by 0. Loth and R . Levy, London, 1937 (Ashburner) Cotalogue of Two Calleciions of Persian a n d Arobic Manus c r i p t s Preserved in t h e l n d i o Office L l b r o r y , by E .D. Ross and E . G .

K X S H Z N =~ Maktabat al-savvid ' A b b i s al-Kishini, Karbali' Catalogue: M o k h t i i t i i t ~ d k t o b o t. . . 01-sayyid ' A b b i i s 0 1 - ~ u s a y n T a/-KCshiinT f7 K a r b o l ? ' , by B . M . Haddii, Karbali' , 1966

Browne, London, 1902

KASHIF AL-GHITA'

IQBAL,

*A.:

K h i i n i d z n - i NowbokhtT, Tehran, 1345 s h

ISFAHAN, DANISHGAH = Kitibkhina-yi Dinishgih-i Igfahin, Igfahin Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i khottT-yi KitCbkhTjna-yl Diinishgiih-i l g f o h z n , by I . Afshir and M . T . Danishpazhiih, in h'oshriyyo-yi K i i z b k h z n a - y i M o r k o z r - y i Dznishgzh-i Tehran dar b i i r o - y i n u s k h a h i i y - i khoft?, XI-XI1 ( T e h r a n , 1362 s h ) , pp.880-950

lmiim,

MS 3813, Majlis Library, Tehran

= Kitabkhina-yi Dinishkada-yi l l i h i y y i i wa ma'ZrifFi Islimi-

y i DZnishgZh-i Tehran, Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i kharlT-yi K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Diinishkodoy i ll?hiyyiit wa M a ' c r i f - i IsliimT, by M.T. DZnishpazhCih and M.B. Bujjati , Tehran, 1345-8 sh

227

I ~ F A I I A N'UMUMT , = KitZhkhina-yi 'Umiimi-yi IgfahZn, I$fahZn Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h o t t 7 - y i K i t z b k h i i n a - y i 'UmurnT-yi I z f o h i i n , by J . Maqgiid, Tehran, 1349 sh

A l - l o b i i l bi-siilih 01-a'1nii1. Tehran. 1320 a K ~ s h f01-mobojjo, Najaf, 1950

IBN AL-TURKUMANT = 'AlZ' al-Din 'Ali b . 'Uthmin 31-Mirdini ( d . 7501 1349-50): Al-Jowhor 01-noqT f~ ' I - r a d d ' o l a 'I-BayhoqT, Hyderabad, 1354-6 q (together with al-Bayhaqils a/-Sunon 01-kubrii)

-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAW

-

= Ja'far b . Khidr al-Najfi ( d . 122811813): Al-Yoqq a/-mubi'n, Tehran, 1316 q S h o r b o l - Q o w z ' i d , MS, private collection of R. UstZdi , Qum (now in

Mar'ashi Library, Qum) KASHSH~= Abii 'Amr Muhammad b . 'Umar b . 'Abd al-'Aziz ( e a r t h 4thi 10th century ) : Rijiil aolKoshshT, abridged by al-Shaykh al-Tiisi as l k h t i y i i r mo'rifot o l - r i j z l , e d . 8 . al-Mugtaiawi, Mashhad, 1348 s h

AN INTRODUCTION TO

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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KXZIMT = Asad AllZh b . Ismi'il al-Tustari ( d . 123411818-19): - * Koshf 01-qinii', Tehran, 1317 q Moqiibis 01-anwiir, Tehran, 1322 q

MA'HAD = Ma'had al-DirZsit al-lslimiyya al-'Ulyi', Baghdad Catalogue' 01-MokhJiitiit a l - ' A r a b i y y a fT Mo'hod 01-Diriisiit 01-lsliimiyya o l ' u l y i i ' , by g .A. al-'Ali , Baghdad, 1968

K H A L I S ~= Maktabat

M A H D A W ' ~= the private collection of A. Mahdawi, Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khoJf7-yi k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i k h u $ i i $ T - y i D r . A $ g h a r Mohdaw7, b y M.T. Diinishpazhiih, in N a s h r i y y a - y i Kitiib-

Madrasat Madinat al-'Ilm, Kiizimiyya ( I r a q ) Catalogue: M o k h r i i l a t khiziinat Jiimi'at ModTnat a l ' i l m , by Y . M . Haddii Baghdad, 1972

KhZina-yi MarkozT-yi DZnishgiih-I Tehran dar b i i r a - y i nuskhahiiy-i k h a f f 7 , I1 ( T e h r a n , 1962), p p . 59-181

KHALKHALT,M . M . : F i q h ol-ShT'o, T e h r a n , 1393 q (Vol. 3) KHALLAF, 'Abd al-WahhZb: ' l l m u $ i j l 01-fiqh, Kuwait, 1968

KHATTB

= Abii Bakr Abmad b . 'Ali b . ThZbit al-BaghdZdi ( d . 46311072): Mishkiit 01-ma$Zib7b, e d . M . N al-AlbZni , Damascus, 1962

.

K H U M A Y N ~= RiiQ AllZh b . Mugtafa al-Miisawi : RisZla f i ' I - i j t i h i i d wo 'I-taqlTd, Qum, 1385 q (in a collection of his treatises entitled 01-RasZ'il)

K H W A J ~ '=~MuQammad Ismi'il i7

MAJJMAQANT, $. : Folsafat 01-tashr7' f i ' I - l s l i i m , Beirut, 1961

MAEjUzi

= SulaymZn b . 'Abd AllZh a i - ~ a ~ r Z n( di . 112111709-10): A l - ' A s h a r a a/-kljmila, MS 3866, Majlis Library, Tehran

b . MuQammad Ejusayn al-IgfahZni ( d . 11731

1759-60): Risiila

M A ~ F U GE ,~ . * A . : (1) N o E ' i s 01-makhtGriit o l ' A r a b i y y o F l r a n , in Majollot Mo'had ol-Makhtiiyiit o l k ' i l r a b i y y a , 111 (1957), p p . 3-78 - (11) A/-MokhfGtiit a / - ' A r a b i y y o f i ' I ' l r i i q , in the above-mentioned periodical, IV (19581, p p . 195-258

w u j i i b i t t i b i i ' 01-mujtahid l i - { a n n i h , M S 131715 New Series,

Princeton University Library K H W A N S A R=~MuPammad Biqir b . Zayn al-Abidin al-Miisawi ( d . 13131 1395) : Rawp'Zit aaljanniit, e d . M . T . al-Kashfi and A. Ismi'iliyZn, Tehran-Qum, 1390-2 q

KHAYRAT KHAN

= Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi KhayrZt KhZn, Mashhad Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i nuskhahciy-i k h a j t 7 - y i Modrasa-yi K h a y r i i t K h i i n , b y M . F i a i l , in the t h i r d volume of MajmG'o-yi f i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khottT-yi kitiibkhonahiiy-i shahrastcinhiiy-i l r a n ( T e h r a n , 1353 s h ) ,

p p . 1717-97 K U L A Y N ~= Abii Ja'far MuPammad b . Ya'qiib al-RZzi ( d . 3291941): A / - K C F , e d . 'A. A. a l - G h a f c r i , T e h r a n , 1377-9 q LEIDEN = Biblioteek Rijkauniversitat , Leiden Cotologus codicum O r i e n t a l i u m , b y R . P.A. Dozy and o t h e r s , Leiden, 1851-77

MAJLIS = Kitibkhina-yi Majlis, Tehran Cataloaue: F i h r i s l - i K i t i i b k h i i n o - v i Mailis-i ShGriiv-i MiIlT. b v 'A. Fii'iri-and o t h e r s , Tehran, 1305-57 sh MAJLISi I = MuPammad T a q i b . Maqgiid 'Ali al-lgfahini ( d . 107011659-60): - LawZimit-i SiibibqorZinT, Tehran, 1331 q - Rawq'at a/-muttoqk , Tehran, 1393-9 q M A J L I S ~I1 = MuPammad Baqir b . MuPammad T a q i al-IgfahZni ( d . 11101 1 fi Q-Q).., -

-

-

MA'ARIF

= KitZbkhZna-yi 'Umiimi-yi Ma'Zrif ( - KitZbkhina-yi Milli) , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u - i khatt7-yi Kitiibkhiiana-yi 'Umiim7-yi M o ' i i r i f , b y 'A. JawZhir Kalim, Tehran, 1934-5

01-anwZir, Tehran. 1376 a ~ i F ' i i tol-'uqGl; T e h r a n ; 1321-i q Soyr wa s u l G k , MS 880, Mar'ashi Library, Qum (fols. 52a-56a) ZFd 01-ma'Zid, Igfahin, 1311 q

MALIK = KitZbkhZna-yi Milli-yi Malik, Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i k h o t t 7 - y i KitZibkhiina-yi MillT-yi M o l i k , b y A. A f s h i r and M.T. Dinishpazhiih, Tehran, 1352-61 sh

M A M A Q A N ~= 'Abd Allih b . MuPammad @asan ( d . 135111932-3); -

-

LOS ANGELES = University Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i khortT-yi Diinishgiih-i Los Angeles, b y M.T. DZnishpazhiih, in N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i Markaz7-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran dor bZiro-yi n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a f t 7 , XI-XI1 ( T e h r a n , 1362 s h ) , p p . 1-772

* Bibiir

Miqbiis a / - h i d Z y o , Tehran, 1345 q TonqTb a/-moqiil, Najaf, 1350-2 q

MANCHESTER = the John Rylands Library, Manchester Catalogue: Catalogue of t h e A r a b i c Manuscripts i n t h e John Rylands L i b r a r y , b y A. Mingana, Manchester, 1934

MAQR~ZT =

T a q i al-Din-Abmad b . 'Ali ( d . 84511441-2):

M a ' r i f o t m b y o j i b li-A1 01-Boyt a/-Nobow7 min a/-baqq ' o l i i man ' o d i i h u m ,

e d . M.A. 'Ashiir, Cairo, 1392 q MAR'ASHT = KitZbkhina-yi 'Umiimi-yi . . . Mar'ashi, Qum Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i khoft7-yi K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i 'UmGmT-yi . . . Mar'ashT, b y A. l$usayni, Qum, 1395 q -

McDERMOTT, Mil.J . : T h e Theology of 01-Shaykh a / - M u F d , Beirut, 1978

A L M A S A ' I L A L - M U H A N N ~' I Y Y A

= A i w i b o t ol-masZi'i1 allot7 sa'olohii

230

A N INTRODUCTION TO

S H I L' A ~W

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Muhannii b . Siniin "on 01-'Alliima wa Fokhr a/-Mubaqqiq7n, MS 1474 Central Library, University of Tehran (fols. 79b-103b)

231

Roybiinat a/-odab, Tehran, Vol. 1, 1335 s h ; Vols. 2-6, 1328-33 sh

MASHHAD, ILAHIYYAT = Kitibkhina-yi Danishkada-yi IlZhiyyZt wa Ma'arif-i Isliimi , Mashhad Catalogues: Fihrist-i nuskhahiiy-i khailT-yi Kitzbkhiina-yi Danishkada-yi Iliihiyyiit . . . , by M . FZdil, Mashhad, 1976 (Microfilms) Fihrist-i mTkrufilmhiiy-i Kitiibkhiino-yi Diinishkado-yi lliihiyyiit . . . , by M . FZdil, in Nashriyyo-yi Diinishkado-yi IliihiyyCit wo ma'iirif-i 1sli;mT-yi Mashhad, XI1 (1974), p p . 193-234, XV (1975), pp.157-201

MUFiD = Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b . Muhammad b . Nu'min al-Ba~hdiidi. - - Ibn al-Mu'allim ( d . 41311i22): - A wii'll 01-moqiiloi, e d . 'A.W. C h a r a n d i b i and F. al-Zanjini, Tabriz, 1364 q - A/-Fusiil al-mukhtiiro rnin a/-'Uviin wa '/-mahiisin. Naiaf, n . d . (2nd edition) - 11-lfsiih fi 'I-irniirna, Naiaf, 1950 - A / - l l t h i i j i i ~ ,e d . M . M . i l - ~ h a r s i n ,Najaf, 1971 - Jawiib ah1 01-Ub'ir tT mii sa'olii 'onh min sohw a/-NabT, Qum, 1398 q (in 'Ali b . Muhammad al-'Amilils a/-Durr a/-hlonthGr.. 1.. ~ 0 . 1 1 1 - 2 0 ) A/-Masii'il a/-Siighiiniyya, Nsjaf, n . d . - Al-Masii'il a/-Sarawivvo. n . d . ( i n t h e collection of 'Iddot rasii'il ,, . Qum.. . li 'I-Shaykh 01-MuFd, p p . 207-232) a/-Masii'il or-'Ukborivva, ., . MS 2313. Central Librarv. " . Universitv of Tehran (fols. 58b-69b) Al-Radd 'olo o ~ b i i ba/-'odad, Qum, 1398 q (in 'Ali b . Mupammad al-'Amili's 01-Durr 01-Manthiir, I , p p . 122-34) Al-Tadhkira bi-ujiil a/-fiqh, Tabriz, 1322 q (in al-Karijaki's Konz a/-fawii'id, p p . 186-94) TajbTb 01-i'tiqiid, e d . 'A.W. Charanddab:, Tabriz, 1364 q (together with t h e author's A wii'il 01-maqiiliit)

MATIJAF = Maktabat al-Matpaf al-'Iraqi, Baghdad Catalogue: Makhtiitiit Moktabat al-Matbaf a/-'IriiqT, by U . N . a1 Naqshbandi and'A.A. al-Qashtini, Baghdad, 1975 (Voi. 1)

MUBAMMAD AL-LMUL~ = Shams al-Din Mupammad b . Mapmiid (8thl14th century) : Nafci'is a/-funiin , Tehran, 1377-9 q

MIFTAB

MUBAMMAD A L - A R D A B ~ L( ~ d . 110111689-90): Jiimi' 01-ruwiit, Tehran, 1331 s h

MASJID-I A'ZAM = Kitibkhina-yi Masjid-i A'gam, Qum MASJID-I JAMI' = Kitibkhana-yi Masjid-i &mi', Tehran Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhohCiy-i khattT-yi Kitiibkhiina-yj Modrasa-yi Chihilsutiin-i Masjid-i Jiirnie-i Tehran, by R. U s t i d i , in Ashnii'T bii chand nuskha-yi khatJT (Qum, 1396q), pp.305-88 MASHHAD, ADABIYYAT = Kitibkhina-yi Dinishkada-yi Adabiyyit wa 'Uliim-i Insini-yi Dinishgih-i Firdawsi, Mashhad Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhahiiy-i khajfT-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Diinishkaday i Adobiyyiit. . . , by M . Faail, Mashhad, 1976 -

= the private collection of IJ. Miftap, Tehran Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhohiiy-i khottT-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Dr. uusoyn Mift*, by M.T. Dinishpazhiih, in Nahriyya-yi Kitiibkhiinnoyi Markaziyi Diinishgiih-i Tehran d a r biira-yi nuskhohiiy-i khattT, VII ( T e h r a n , 1353 s h ) , pp.95-511

MILL^

= KitZhkhZna-yi Milli , Tehran Catalogue: Fihrist-i nusakh-i khatiT-yi Kitiibkhiino-yi MIIF, by 'A. Anwir, Tehran, 1344-58 s h

MIQDAD= Jam51 al-Din MiqdZd b . 'Abd Allah al-Suyiiri al-rilli ( d . 8261 1423): A/-TanqTb 01-rii'i', MS 1725, Mar'ashi Library, Qum

M ~ JRJ A M ~ DBUSAYN B. MUIJAMMAD QULf AL-LAKNAWT ( d . 130611888-9): 'AbaqFt a/-anwiir, translated into Arabic by 'Ali al-JJusayni al-MilZni, Qum, 1398 q (Vol. I) M ~ R JA'FAR Z ~ = Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Mirza J a ' f a r , Mashhad Catalogue: Fihrist-i nuskhohoy-i khatt7-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Modraso-yi Mii-zii Ja'for, by 'A. Niirani and K.M. Shinachi , in Fihrist-i nuskhahiiy-i khotfi-yi chahiir kitiibkhiina-yi Mashhad, t h e f i r s t volume of Majmii'o-yi fihrist-i nuskhahiiy-i khacfT-yi kitiibkhiinahiiy-i shohrastiinhiiy-i Iron ( T e h r a n , 1351 s h ) , pp.25-43 MU'ALLIM = Mubamrnad 'Ali Mu'allim JJabibZbidi: Makiirim 01-iithiir , IgfahZn , 1337 s h MUDARRIS = Mupammad 'Ali b . Mupammad T i h i r al-Tabrizi ( d . 137311954):

A.

MUBAMMAD BAQIR AL-$ADR: - Duriis tT 'ilm a/-uj5l , Beirut, 1978 - Al-Fatiiwii a/-wiidiw, Najaf, 1396 q MUBAQQIQ = Najm al-Din Abu 'I-QZsim Ja'far b . Basan al-uilli (d. 67611277): - Mo'iirij 01-uziil, Tehran, 1310 q - a/-Mu'tabar, Tehran, 1318 q - Nukat 01-Nihiiya, Tehran, 1276 q (in t h e collection of 01-JowCrni' olfiqhiyyo, p p . 373-4101 Sharii'i' 01-lsliim, Beirut, n . d .

M U N D H I R ~= Zaki al-Din 'Abd al-'Acim b . 'Abd al-Qawi ( d . 65611258): Mukhtasor sob70 Muslim, e d . M.N. al-Albini, Kuwait, 1969

MURTAPA -

-

= Abu 'I-Qasim 'Ali b . Busayn al-Miisawi , 'Alarn al-Hudi ( d . 43611044): Al-DharT'z ilF ujiil 01-sharTCa, e d . A . G u r j i , Tehran, 1346-8 s h Ibtiil a l ' a m o l bi-okhbiir 01-ZbCd, microfilm 1162, Central Library, University of Tehran (fols. 142b-143a) Al-IntijCr, Najaf, 1971 Jowiibiit a/-rnasii'il a/-rnawsilivvo . ,, a/-thiilitha. t h e above-mentioned microfilm (fols. 36-56a) Jawiibzt al-rnosii'il 01-rnowgiliyyo 01-thCniyo, t h e above-mentioned microfilm (fols. 31-5) Jawiibzt 01-rnosii'il a/-Tabbiiniyyiit, microfilm 1255, Central Library, University of Tehran

AN INTRODUCTION TO

232 -

-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SHT'T LAW

( T e h r a n , 1351 s h ) , pp.437-562

Jawiibiit 01-masii'il 0 1 - T a r i i b u l u s i y y i i t , microfilm 1162, Central Library,

University of Tehran A l - S h i i f l , Tehran, 1302 q

N U J U M ~ = the

private collection of M . Nujiimi, Kirminshzh ( I r a n ) Catalogue: MokhJEtiil moktabot 01-soyyid Murtog'z 01-NujLimT, by A . al-L<usayni, in his Do171 a / - m o k l ? l i i f i i t ( Q u m , 1397 q ) , pp. 214-97

MURTAPA A L - R A Z ~ = Jamil

al-Din Abii 'Abd Allah Muhammad b . a u s a y n b . uasan ( 6 t h l l 2 t h c e n t u r y ) : T a b g i r a t 01-'owiimm, e d . ' A . J J i ' i r i , Tehran, n . d .

MUSHAR,Khinbiba: F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i chiipT-yi ' A r a b ? , Tehran, 1344 q

MUSLIM = Abu '1-JJusayn Muslim b . JJajjij al-Qushayri al-Naysabiiri ( d . 2611875): SohTI, Muslim, Cairo, 1290 q MUTTAQf = 'Ali' al-Din 'Ali b . UusXm al-Din al-Burhinpiiri ( d . 9751 1567): Konz a / - ' u m m i i l , tlyderabad, 1945-75

NURBAKI~SH

= Kitibkhina-yi Niirbakhsh, Khiniqah-i Ni'mal Allihi , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h o f l T - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i N i i r b o k h s h . . . , by I . D i b i j i , Tehran, 1970-3

NOR^

= JJusayn b . Muhammad Taqi ( d . 132011902): Mustadrok a/-Wasii'il, Tehran, 1382 q = Abii JJanifa Nu'min b . Muhammad al-Tamimi al-Maghribi ( d . 3631974): I k h t i l i i f u $ Z l a / - m o d h z h i b , e d . M . Ghilib, Beirut, 1973

MUZA

= Miiza-yi Iran-i B i s t i n , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i k h o f r r - y i k i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Miiza-yi I r o n - i B i i s t i i n , by M.T. Dinishpazhiih, in N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o y i MorkozT-yi Diinishgiih-i T e h r a n d o r b i i r o - y i n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a f l T , I1 ( T e h r a n , 1962), pp.199-218

N H ' T N ~= Mubarnmad Ijusayn

b . 'Abd al-Rahim ( d . 135511936): Munyat a / - f i i l i b , a collection of al-Ni'ini's lectures compiled by Miis: al-Najafi al-Khwansiri , Tehran, 1373 q

NAJAFi :Muhammad JJasan b . Mubarnmad B i q i r , Sahib al-Jawihir ( d . 126611850): Jawiihir 01-kaliim, e d . 'A. al-Qiichini and others, Najaf-Tehran, 1377-1401 q

-

N U ' M A N ~ = Abii 'Abd Allih Mubammad b . Ibrihim al-Kitib, Ibn A b i Zaynab ( d . around 3501961): TofsTr 01-Nu'miinT, Tehran, 1387 q (in al-Majlisi 11's B i b i i r 01-onwiir, XCIII, pp.1-97)

~ H p Ni U ' M A N

MUZAFFAR , Muhammad Riai : U$Zl a / - f i q h , Najaf, 1967

N A J A S H ~ Abu '1-'Abbis Ahmad b . 'A17 nl-Asadi

al-gayrafi ( d . 4501

QADIRIYYA = al-Maktabat al-Qidiriyya, Gmi' al-Shaykh 'Abd al-Qidir al-Gilini , Bagkdad Catalogue: a / - A l h i i r 01-khorfiyya f i 'I-Moktobot a / - Q i i d i r i y y o . . . , by ' I . ' A . Ra'iif, Baghdad, 1974-7 QAFFAL :Sayf al-Din Muhammad b . Ahmad al-Shishi ( d . 50711113-14): f l i l y a t a / - ' u l o m i i ' = 01-MustozhorT, e d . Y . A . I . Daridka, Beirut, 1980 Q A S T A L L N =~ Shihib al-Din A l p a d b . Mubarnmad al-Khatib ( d . 92311517): A/-Mawiihib 01-lodunniyyo, Cairo , 1325-8 q

QAWAM A L - D ~ N A L - W I S H N A W ~ : flodTth a / - Thaqolayn , Cairo, 1374 q

Q U H P A ' ~=

RijCl 01-NojiishT, T e h r a n , 1337 s h

NASA'I = AbG 'Abd al-RaQmZn Ahmad b . 'Ali b . Shu'ayb ( d . 3031915): S u n o n , Cairo, 1312 q NASHRIYYA = N o s h r i y y o - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i MarkorT-yi Diinishgiih-i T e h r o n d o r b i i r o - y i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a t j T , Tehran, 1340 sh -

AL-DIN AL-TUST

( d . 67211274):

A k h l i i q - i Niisir?, e d . M . Minuwi and 'A.R. u a y d a r i , T e h r a n , 1356 s h

NAWADIR

= Min nowiidir mokhfLiJiit Moktabat z y o t A l l i i h 01-flok?m 01-'zrnmo,

Najaf, 1962

NAWWAB = Kitzbkhina-yi

Madrasa-yi Nawwib , Mashhad Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h a f f r - y i k i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Modrosa-yi Nawwiib, by 'A. Niirini and K . M . S h i n a c h i , in F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i kholJT-yi d u k i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Moshhad, the second volume of Mojm;'a-yi

f i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h o f t 7 - y i k i t i i b k h i i n o h i i y i shahrostiinhiiy-i I r o n

'Inayat Al1;lh b . 'Ali ( d . after 101611607-8):

Majma' 01-rijiil, e d . p . al-'Allima, Igfahin, 1387 q

1058-9):

NASTR

233

RApAWi = Kitibkhiina-yi Astin-i Quds-i Ragawi, Mashhad Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i mubiiroko-yi j s t i i n - i Quds-i Rog'owT, Mashhad, 1305 sh RAQAWlYYA = Kitiibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Raaawiyya, Qum Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i k h o f t T - y i Kitiibkhiinino-yi Madrosa-yi RaQ'owiyya, by 8. Mudarrisi T a b i t a b i ' i , Qum, 1355 s h

RAPT AL-DTN -

-

A L - Q A Z W ? N ~ ( d . 109611685):

Qiyiifat a / - i k h w i i n , ed. A . al-JJusayni, Qum, 1397 q TiirFkh-i mashZhTr-i l m i i m i y y a , MS 351411, Central Library, University

of Tehran ( p p . 327-8) R~HNIM~YK - II T A T , Persian periodical, Tehran, 1337-57 s h

RASHT = Kitabkhina-yi 'Umiimi-yi, Rasht Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h o h i i y - i k h o f f T - y i k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i J o m e i y y a t - i Noshr-i F o r h a n g - i s h o h r - i R a s h t , by M . Rawshan, in t h e thrid volume

AN INTRODUCTION TO

234

SHT'T

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAW

of Majmij'a-yi f i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i khoRT-yi kitiibkhiinahiiy-i shahrostiinhiiy-i l r a n ( T e h r a n , 1351), p p . 1081-238

RAW AND^

= Qutb al-Din Sa'id b . Hibat Allih ( d . 57311178): F i q h 01-Qur '?in , e d . A . al-gusayni , Qum , 1397-9 q

RAWPATI= the

private collection of M . ' A . R a w o i t i , IgfahZn Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i khaftT-yi kitiibkhiinohiiy-i l g f a h i i n , b y M.'A. Rawaxti, IgfahZn, 1377 q

R I Q A ~ L - Q A Z W ~ N=~ Rigi b . Mubarnmad 'Ali al-Fiusayni (mid-l3thll9th century) : Al-Farq bayn 01-AkhbiiriyyTn wo 'I-UgijliyyTn, MS 3720, Mar'ashi Library, Qum RlSALA FI ' L - T A H ~ R AWA ' L - S A L ~ T (belonging to the 12thl18th cen-

t u r y ) , MS 30711, Gulpiyigini Library, Qum $AD~= Q Abii Ja'far Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Qummi, Ibn Bibawayh ( d . 3811 991-2) : ' I l o l 01-sharii'i', e d . F . al-Tabitabi'i al-Yazdi, Qum, 1377-8 q - A l - l ' t i q i i d i i t , Tehran, 1379 q (together with al-Miqdid's a/-No%'' yawm a/-bashr IT sharb 01-biib ooibiidTeashr, p p . 66-115) - * M a n 15 yab(iuruh a/-faqTh, e d . V . M . al-Kharsin, Najaf, 1957 A l - M u q n i ' , e d . M . Wi'ivzida, Tehran, 1377 q - Al-TowbTd, e d . H.U. al-'fihrini, Tehran, 1387 q Hishiim b . a/-Vakom, T e h r a n , 1342 sh = Abii Ja'far Murammad b . Jjasan b . Farrukh alkQummi ( d . 2901

902-3):

~ A ~ AI LB- D H A R ~'A

= Maktabat gibib al-Dhari 'a al-'Amma,

~ A ~ AL-MA'ALIM I B

= uasan b . Zayn al-Din al-'Amili

-

Najaf

( d . 101111602):

, Tehran, n . d .

Q A ~ I BAL-MADARIK -

S H A H ~ DI = Shams al-Din Mubammad b . Makki al-'mili - D h i k r i i a/-ShT'o, Tehran, 1271 q A l - D u r i j s 01-shar'iyya, Tehran, 1269 q - Al-Qawii'id wa 'lFfaw5'id. T e h r a n , 1308 q

SHAH~D I1 = Zayn al-Dig b . 'AIi b . Ahmad al-'Amili A / - D i r i i y a , e d . M.J. A1 IbrZhim, Najaf, n . d . - Maslilik a/-afhiim, Tehran, 1273 q Al-Rawg'a a / - b a h i y y o , Najaf, 1386-90 q

( d . 78611384):

( d . 96611559):

-

S H A H R A S T ~ N H=~Majmij'a-yi f i h r i s t - i nuskhohiiy-i k h a j t 7 - y i k i t i i b k h k a hiiy-i shahrostiinhiiy-i l r a n , Tehran, 1351-3 sh

S H A H R A S T ~ N =~ Abu '1-Fatb Mubammad b . 'Abd al-Karim ( d . 54811153); Al-Milo1 wa ' I - n i b a l , e d . A . M . a l b ' i d , Cairo, 1977 SHARAF AL- in, 'Abd al-Jjusayn: A/-Muriijajo'iit, Beirut, n . d . SHARU QATRA T AL-BAVRAYN (early l l t h l l 7 t h c e n t u r y ) , MS 1843,

Mar'ashi Library, Qum S H A R ~ FA L - J U R J ~ N T ( d 81611413): S h a r b 01-Mawiiqif, Constantinople, 1286 q

SHAYKH = AbG J a ' f a r Mgbammad b . uasan al-Tiisi ( d . 46011067): A l - F i h r i s t . e d . M.S. A1 Bahr alk'uliirn.. Naiaf. , . 1937 A / - ~ h a ~ b a~' ,a b r i i ,1323 q' - A l - l s t i b s i i r , e d . B . M . al-Kharsin, Najaf, 1375-6 q - TahdhTb a/-abkiim, e d . H M . al-KharsZn, Najaf, 1958-62 - ' U d d a t 01-usiil, Tehran, 1314 q -

Bogii'ir a / - d o r a j i i l , e d . M . Kiichabighi, Tabriz, 1381 q

Ma'iilim a/-dTn

pp. 417-32

S H ~ T I B= ~Abii IsbZq Ibrihim b . Miisi al-Gharniti ( d . 79011388): A/-Muwiifoqiit, Cairo, 1344 q

~AFA'~ A ., :

QAFFAR

235

S H ~ R A Z= ~Maktabat

Madrasat al-Shirizi , SZmarri' ( I r a q )

1600):

SHUBBAR = 'Abd Allih b . Mubammad R i a i 31-Jjusayni ( d . 124211826): B u g h y a t a/-&ilibTn, MS 3972, Majlis Library, Tehran

Hidiiyot a / - f i i l i b i n , MS 4641, Majlis Library, Tehran 01-abkiim, Tehran, 1322 q

SINK

= Mubammad b . 'Ali al-Miisawi ai-'Zmili

( d . 10091

* Madiirik

SALLAR = AbG Ya'lZ Jjamza b . 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Daylami ( d . 44811056-7): Al-Mariisim, e d . M . al-BustZni , Beirut, 1980

SALT AN AT^

= Kitibkhina-yi Saltanati , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k u t u b - i cfnT wa madhhob7-yi khattT-yi K i t i i b khiino-yi S a l ~ a n a t T ,by Badri AtZbiy, Tehran, 1352 s h

SAMAHTJT

= 'Abd AllXh b . QZlil) al-Babrini ( d . 113511723): Munyot a/-mumiirisii,, MS 1916127, Majlis Library, Tehran

SARYAZDT = KitZbkhina-yi Saryazdi, Madrasa-yi K h i n , Yazd Catalogue: [ F i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h a l t T - y i ] Kitiibkhiina-yi SoryordT, by M.T. Danishpazhiih, i n N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i MorkazT-yi Diinishgiih-i Tehran dar biira-yi nuskhahiiy-i kharr7, IV ( T e h r a n , 19661,

= KitibkhZna-yi Majlis-i S i n i , Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i k i t i i b h i i y - i k h a j j i - y i K i t i i b k h i i n o - y i Majlis-i S i n g , by M.T. Dinishpazhiih and B. 'Ilmi AnwZri, Tehran, 1356-9 sh

SIPAHSALAR

= Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi Sipahsilir, Tehran Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i KitZibkhiina-yi Madraso-yi ' A T - y i Sipohsiiliir, by Ibn Yiisuf S h i r i z i and o t h e r s , Tehran, 1315-56 sh

= Kitibkhina-yi Madrasa-yi SulaymZn Khan, Mashhad S U L A Y M ~KHAN N Catalogue: F h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i khottT-yi Kitiibkhiina-yi Madrasa-yi Suloyrniin K h i i n , by 'A. NiirZni and K . M . ShZnachi, in F i h r i s t - i nuskhahciy-i khattT-yi chahiir k i t i i b k h i i n a - y i Mashhad, the first volume of Majmir'a-yi f i h r i s t - i nuskhahiiy-i k h a j j T - y i kitiibkhiinahiiy-i shohrostiinhiiy-i I r o n (Tehran, 1351 s h ) , p p . 1-24

AN INTRODUCTION TO

236

SHT'T

LAW

S U Y ~ T= Jalil ~ al-Din 'Abd al-Rabmin b . Abi Bakr ( d . 91111505): /by?' a i - m a y t , Najaf, n . d .

TABARANT

= Abu '1-QZsim Sulaymin b . AQmad b . AyyZb ( d . 3601970-1): Al-Mu'jam ai-gaghTr, e d . ' A . M . 'Uthmin, Madina, 1968

T A B R I S ~= AbE 'Ali Fadl b . ljasan, Amin al-IslXm ( d . 54811154): Majma' a / - b a y i i n , Tehran, 1379-82 q T A B R ~ ZMILL^ , = KitZbkhana-yi Milli, Tabriz Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i MiilT-yi TabrTz, by W . Sayyid YZnusi , Tabriz, 1345 sh

T A ~ T \ w =~ AbE

Ja'far Ahmad b . Muhammad al-Azdi ( d . 3211933):

M u s h k i l a / - i i t h i i r , Hyderabad, 1333 q

TAVTAWT

= Abmad b . Mubarnmad b . Ismi'il ( d . 123111816): t l z s h i y a t 01-Durr ai-mukhtiir, Cairo, 1254 q

TARBIYAT = KitZbkhina-yi Tarbiyat , Tabriz Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i K i t a b k h i i n a - y i DawlatT-yi T a r b i y a t , by M . Nakhjawani , Tabriz, 1329 s h

TIRMIDHT

= A ~ 'Zi s i Muhammad b .

'Tsi

al-sulami ( d . 2791892-3):

S u n a n , Beirut, 1394 q

TOPKAPl SERAYI = Topkapi Serayi Miizesi Kiitiiphanesi, Istanbul Catalogue: Arapca yazmalar kataioGu, by F . E . Karatay, Istanbul, 1964

BIBLIOGRAPHY WAJ~TD, Perisan periodical,Tehran, 1342-59 sh

W A ZRT~ = Kitibkhina-yi Waziri, Yazd Catalobue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h a - i k h a t f r - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i WarTrT, by M . ShirwZni , Tehran, 1350 sh Y ~ D N ~ M A - SHAYKH-I Yi

T%T,

e d . M . WZeizzida, Mashhad, 1972-6

YAVYT\

AL-BAIJRANT = Sharaf al-Din YaQyi b . ljusayn b . 'Ashira al-Mufti ( d . after 96711553-60): Risiila t T m a ' r ~ f a tmashci'ikh 01-ShT'a, e d . M .T . Danishpazhiih, in Majalla-yi Diinishkada-yi A d a b i y y i i t - i T a b r T z , X I X (1345 s h ) , pp.306-19

Y A U Y A B. SA'TD

= Najib al-DTn YabyZ b . Ahmad b . Sa'id al-Hudhali al-Villi ( d . '68911290) : ~ u i h a 01-niizir, t e d . A . al-ljusayni and N . a l - W i ' i ~ i , Najaf, 1386 q

ZANJAN

= the private collection of 'Izz al-Din al-ljusayni, ZanjZn Catalogue: MakhtiiJcit maktabat imiim 01-Jum'a, by A . al-ljusayni, in his DalTl a / - m a k h t i i f i i t (Qum, 1397 q ) , p p . 88-170

Z A N J L N ~= the

private collection of A . Zanjini, Qum

Catalogue:

F i h r i s t - i nuskhahciy-i k h a f t r - y i k l t i i b k h i i n a - y i s h a k h ~ T - y i , ZanjcinT, by R. UstZdi and l j . Mudarisi TabZJabi'i, in l s h n i i ' i b i i chand n u s k h a - y i k h a j f T (Qum, 1396 q ) , p p . 155-304

. .

ZARQA',M.A.: A/-Madkhal a/-fiqhT a l ' i i m m , Damascus, 1959

TU'MA. S . H . :

I -

M a k h t ~ j 5 tK a r b a l i i ' , Najaf, 1973 Khazci'in k u t u b Karbalii' a/-biip'ira, Najaf, 1977

TUNUKABUNT

= Mubammad b . Sulaymin ( d . 130211884-5): Qigag a l ' u l a m i i ' , Tehran, n . d .

T U R A Y ~ ~ T= Fakhr

al-Din b . Muhammad 'Ali

( d . 108511674-5)

Jiimi' ai-maqiil, Tehran, 1374 q

T U S T A R ~Mubammad , Taqi - QiimEs 01-rijiil, Tahran, 1379 q Risiilo ,iT sahw 01-NabT, Tehran, 1349 s h (together with Vol. 11 of the author's Qiimimus a / - r i j i i l ) TUSTARIYYA = Maktabat al-Ijusayniyya al-Tustariyya, Najaf Catalogue: F i h r i s t - i n u s k h a h i i y - i k h a t t T - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i u u s a y n i y y a y i S h i i s h t a r T h i i , by A . IsmZ'iliyZn and R. U s t i d i , in N a s h r i y y a - y i K i t i i b k h i i n a - y i M a r k a z i - y i Diinishgiih-i T e h r a n d a r b i i r a - y i n u s k h a h i i y i khaLyT, XI-XI1 ( T e h r a n , 1362 s h ) , p p . 787-879

USTADT

= the ~ r i v a t ecollection of R. UstZdi, Qum (now in Mara'ashi Library, Q&) Catalogue: $ad wa s h a j t n u s k h a - y i k h a t f i a z y a k kitcibkhiina-yi s h a k h g i , by R. U s t i d i , Qum, 1354 sh

VATICAN = Biblioteca Vaticana Catalogue: Elenco m u n s c r i t t a r a b i lslamici della Biblioteca Vaticana, by G . Levi della vida, Rome, 1935-65

237

ZU~~AY W.: L~, A/-WasTf , Damascus, 1969

Index

INDEX O F A U T H O R S A b u '1FMakZrim al-ZanjZni 1 3 1 A b u '1-QZsim b . ' A b b i s 87 A b u '1-QZsim a l - G u l p i y i g i n i 114

Special abbreviation : M.

= Muhammad

136 . ..

1 - AUTHORS

' A b b i s A b i i T u r i b i 158 ' A b b i s ' A l i al-KazzZzi 170 ' A b b i s a l - J a g i n i 69 ' A b b i s a l - Q a z w i n i 75 ' A b b a s a l - T i i n i 135 ' A b d al-'Ali a l - H a r a n d i 173, 207 ' A b d a l - ' A l i a l - f i p a l a q i 123, 1 3 3 , 146 ' A b d a l - ' i l i a l - K a r a k i 51. 66. 7 1 , 1 2 0 , 1 3 5 , 213 ' A b d a l k q A 1 i a l - R a s h t i 68 ' A b d Allah a l - A f a n d i 177 ' A b d AllZh b . ' A l i b i b i 88 ' A b d A l l i h a l - H a z i r j a r i b i 82 'Abd Allih al-Jazi'iri 86, 87, 109 ' A b d Allah b . K h a l i l 204, 205 'A b d A l l i h a l - K i r m i n s h Z h i 8 2 . 1 2 7 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 9 , 194, 201, 210 ' A b d AllZh a l - M a m a o i n i 70. 112-13, 1 1 8 , 121,- 128, i 5 4 , 159, 169, 173, 174, 194, 197, 209, 214 ' A b d A l l a h a l - M Z z a n d a r i n i 156 ' A b d A l l a h a l - s a y m a r i 162 ' A b d A l l i h S h u b b a r 8 7 , 98 ' A b d A l l i h a l - T i i n i 8 , 147 ' A b d Allah a l - T u s t a r i 51, 8 5 , 96, 1 0 6 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 3 , 143, 145, 146, 1 5 4 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 3 , 166, 182, 1 8 3 , 1 9 5 , 198 ' A b d al-'Aqim b . M. Ma'sGm 206 ' A b d al-'Aziz b . a l - B a r r i j 43, 63, 1 2 1 ' A b d a l - G h a n i 83 ' A b d a l - G h a n i a l - K i s h m i r i 67 ' A b d a l - H i d i al-DilijZni 1 3 5 ' A b d a l - H i i d i a l - S h i r i z i 157, 193 ' A b d a l - H a s i b al-'Xmili 122. 206 ' A b d al-6ayy a l - J u r j i n i 133, 1 3 5 , 204 ' A b d a l - H u s a y n al-A'sam 68 ' A b d a l - g u s a y n a l - A g b a g h i 88 ' A b d a l - g u s a y n al-'Agi 81 'Abd al-gusayn al-Baraghini 72. 74

' A b d al-JJusayn a l - g i l l i 122 ' A b d al-gusayn al-Kiqimi 135 ' A b d a l - g u s a y n a l - Q a z w i n i 69 ' A b d a l - a u s a y n a l - T i h r i n i 196 ' A b d al-Karim a l - g i ' i r i 1 1 , 5 8 , 1 3 8 , 186 ' A b d al-Karim a l - i r a w i n i 9 1 'A b d al-Karim a l - J u r j i n i 77 ' A b d al-Karim a l - Q a z w i n i 177 ' A b d al-Karim a l - T a b a s i 199 ' A b d al-Malik b . F a t h a n 7 2 , 209 ' A b d a l - N a b i al-BaQrZni 1 9 1 ' A b d al-Nabi al-Jazi'iri 53, 71 'Abd al-Nabi al-Qazwini 151 ' A b d a l - Q i d i r a l - M i z a n d a r i n i 82 'Abd al-Rabmin al-'Ati'iqi 71 ' A b d al-RaQmin a l - Q a z w i n i 68 ' A b d a l - R a p i m b . Ma'riif 95 ' A b d al-Rabim a l - Q a z w i n i 68 ' A b d a l - R a s h i d a l - T u s t a r i 89 ' A b d al-Rasiil a l - F i r i i z k i i h i 1 2 0 , 1 3 1 , 169, 190 ' A b d a l - S a h i b a l - N a r Z q i 118 ' A b d al-Salim a l - A n g i r i 72, 206 ' A b d al-Samad a l - H a m a d i n i 6 6 , 6 8 , 97, 1 7 5 ' A b d al-$amad a l - T a b r i z i 67 ' A b d a l - W a h h i b a l - B a r a g h i n i 87 ' A b d al-WahhZb a l - M a b a l l i t i 69 ' A b d al-Wihid a l - D a r i r 1 5 5 Al-Abi 58, 7 0 ' A b i d B u s a v n a l - A n s a r i 67 AbG ' ~ b dAllah a l - i n g i r i 1 3 1 A b i i ' A l i a l - g i ' i r i 98 A b u 'I-Fat4 a l - S h a r i f i 1 1 5 A b u '1-gasan a l - A b i w a r d i 204, 214 A b u '1-Hasan a l - A n g a j i 142 A b u '1-gasan a l - F u t i i n i 8 6 , 1 9 1 A b u ' 1 - g a s a n a l - I g f a n i n i 5 8 , 94, i+n" "n A b u '1-Flasan b M. Kiqim 168 A b u ' I - a a s a n al-Miisawi 100 A b u '1-JJasan a l - S h a h r a s t i n i 90 A b u '1-IJasan a l - T u n u k i b u n i 68 A b u '1-Ma'ali a l - A s t a r a b i d i 134 A b u '1-Majd a i - I g f a h a n i 1 1 , 9 3 , 1 3 1 , 176

A b u '1-Qisim a l - g u s a y n i 1 7 4 , 186 A b u '1-QZsim a l - I s h k a w a r i 176 A b u 'I-Qisim a l - K a l i n t a r i al~ i h r g n i1 1 , 207 A b u '1-Qisim a l F K h w i n s 5 r i 155, 156 A b u '1-Qisim a l - K u j i i r i 1 7 1 A b u 'I-Qisim al-LZhiiri 200 A b u '1-Qisim al-Miisawi 1 6 1 A b u '1-Qisim a l - N a r Z a i 184 A b u ' 1 - ~ i s i m a l - ~ a z d i f 67 A b i l TZlib a l - F i n d i r i s k i 8 1 A b b T i l i b a l - H a m a d i n i 99 AbG TZlib a l - Q i ' i n i 1 5 6 , 1 7 8 ,

18j A b i i TZlib al-Qummi 137 Abii T i l i b a l - T a j l i l 178 A b i i TZlib a l - Z a n j i n i 166 A b i i T u r i b a l - K h w Z n s i r i 93 A b i i T u r Z b a l - Q a z w i n i 90 Abii Ya'lZ 102 AQnird a l - A h s i ' i 75 A h m a d b . ' A l i M u k h t i r alG u l p i y i g i n i 71, 157, 171, 183, 197 A h m a d a l k e A m i l i 129. 184

A h m a d b . I b r i h i m b . ' i s i alB a h r Z n i 194

A i - A k h b Z r i l i 3 , 157, '160, ' 1 6 5 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 , 174, 201 ' A l i ' B u r h i n a l - T a b r i z i 96 'AlZ' al-Mulk F i d i l K h a n 139 Al B a h r al-'Uliim 112, 118, 168, 1 7 1 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 182, 1 8 5 , 192,

241

208, 209, 213 ' A l i b . ' A b d al-GhaffZr 69 ' A l i b . ' A b d al-$amad al-'Amili 132 ' A l i b . A h m a d b . A b i &mi' 74 'A17 A k b a r b . ' A l i 82 ' A l i A k b a r a l - K h w Z n s i r i 7 2 , 135 'Ali A k b a r al-Qazwini 92, 114, 1 2 7 , 211 ' A l i Al B a b r alkeUliim 6 6 , 1 4 0 , 208 ' A l i b . ' A l i b . J J u s a y n alhC.%mili 6 6' A l i A1 K i s h i f al-Ghifa' 6 8 , 111, 1 6 8 , 179 A a l - ' A l v i r i 8 3 . 140. 162 ' A l i al-Ang;ri 133 ' A l i a l - A ' r a i i 83 ' A l i a l - B a b r i n i 186 ' A l i a l - B a r a e h Z n i 66 ' A l i al-Huriiyini 93 ' A l i a l - D u z d a r i 69 ' A l i a l - G h a r a w i 124 ' A l i b . Hilal a l - J a z i ' i r i 50, 73 'Ali al-Husayni al-AstaribZdi 135 ' A l i a l - H u s a v n i a l - M i l i n i 178. 212 ' A l i a l - K a n i 1 7 4 , 211 ' A l i a l - K a r b a l i ' i 1 1 4 , 199 ' A l i a l - K h a t t i 204 ' A l i a l - ~ h w i n s i r i69 ' A l i al-KhwZtiinZbZdi 69 ' A l i a l - M a q i b i 144 ' A l i a l - M a y s i 134 ' A l i al-MZzra'i 104 ' A l i a l - M i u s h i r 172 ' A l i b . Muhammad 189 ' A l i b . M. al-'Amili 6 7 , 7 4 , 8 1 , 1 3 3 , 175 ' A l i Mubammad a l - H u s a y n i 69 ' A l i al-Muhammadi 157 'Ali b . M . ' ~ a ' f a r al-Astaribidi 75, 7 7 , 90 ' A l i b . Mu'pyi & D i n al-Tami'i ' A l i a l - N a k w a n d i 11 ' A l i N a q i a l - K a m a r a ' i 1 4 2 , 188 ' A l i N a q i a l - T a b i t a b Z ' i 6 9 , 78 ' A l i Nacti a l - T a b r i z i 207 ' A l i a l - Q i r p i i z i b a d i 7 4 , 173, 199 ' A l i Ria: a l - T a j a l l i 147 'Ali a l - S i ' i z h 71 'Ali al-iiw{i 99 ' A l i a l - S h a h r a s t i n i 1 3 8 , 141, 1 7 1 , 188

242

INDEX

AN INTRODUCTION TO SHi'i LAW

'Ali al-Shiilastini 138 'Ali al-Tihrini 6 9 , 76 'Ali al-Tustari 99 'Ali al-'UsfGr? 151 'A17 al-Yazdi al-Mudarris 72 'Ali al-Zawiri 134 'Ali b . Zayn alF'Abidin 69 A1-'Allima 8 , 23, 47-9, 70-6, 1 0 3 , 152, 204 Amin al-Astaribidi 52, 5 4 , 129 Amin al-Islim al-Tabrisi 45, 114 Amin al-TunT 149 Amjad Jjusayn A l l i h i b i d i 83 A1-Ansiri 9 , 1 1 , 5 7 , 9 9 , 112, 1 1 8 , 124, 1 3 7 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 4 , 185, 1 8 9 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 7 , 202, 203, 207.

Aqi

al-Darbandi 90 Al-Ardabili 51-3. 83.. 95.. 115. 1 6 4 , 1 7 7 , 199 Asad Allah al-Shafti 69, 130 Al-iishtiyini 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 118, 131, 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 , 153, 211 'At;' Allih al-Amuli 186 AwEang Zib al-QijZr 66 'Aziz Allih al-Khalkhili 132

Badr al-Din al-Naysibiiri 150 B a h i ' al-Din al-'Amili 5 1 , 71, 7 4 , 8 5 , 9 6 , 106. 117. 122.

Dhu '1-Majdayn 75 QiyZ' al-Din al-A'ralT 73 p i y i ' al-Din a l b C A r i q i 9 , 1 1 , 58, 9 4 , 1 2 1 , 1 4 1 , 212, 213 Qiyi' al-Din al-gusayni 133 Qiyi' al-Din al-Jurjini 95 Q i y i ' al-Din al-Mareashi 84 F Al-Faail al-Hindi 51, 71, 8 8 , 109, 1 4 9 , 165 A1-Fioil al-Jawid 1 1 6 , 135 A1-Fieil al-Miqdid = al-Miqdid Fadl Allah al-Astaribidi 104 Fakhr &Din al-Musawi 81Fakhr al-Din al-Nariqi 7 4 , 92 Fakhr &Din ai-Sabi'i 1 3 2 , 204 Fakhr al-Din al-Turaybi 66, 123 Fakhr alkMu4aqqiqin 4 8 , 49, 7 6 , 1 0 3 , 119, 1 5 2 , 163 F a t t i b ai-Shahidi 118, 1 7 4 , 214 Al-Fay@ 5 , 1 6 , 1 8 , 5 2 , 5 5 , 86-7, 1 2 8 , 148, 153, 1 8 2 , 188 Fay@ Allah al-Tafrishi 136 Fays k3usayn 75 FayyZQ al-Zanlini 1 5 8 , 182 G

GhulZm JJusayn al-Darbandi 92 H

B a h i ' al-Din al-Mashriqi 147 Babr al-'Uliim 56, 89-96, 1 5 6 , 165, 201 Al-Balighi 1 2 1 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 141, 1 7 0 , 1 7 1 , 174 Banda tiusavn al-Naaawi 200 Biyazid a l - T h ~ n i 125, 1 3 8 , 1 4 5 Al-Bihbahini 9 , 55, 5 6 , 8 1 , 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 7 , 110, 1 2 0 , 1 2 4 , 130, 1 5 1 , 161, 169, 1 7 0 , 180. 189

JJasan al-JJi'iri al-Yazdi 98 Jjasan b . al-Jjusim 77 Basan al-TJusayni 208 Basan al-Jjusayni al-Gilini 8 3 JJasan al-JJusayni al-KZshini 70 83 Jjasan Isfandiyiri 73 Basan b . I s m i e i l al-Qummi 118 Jjasan al-Karaki 1 4 6 , 170 JJasan b . M . al-Astaribidi 1 1 5 Basan al-Najmibidi 1 5 3 , 1 6 0 , 178 JJasan b . Rishid al-Villi 132 Basan al-$adr 1 3 1 Flasan al-Yazdi al-Mudarris 68 &shim 167 Hishim al-LIusayni 128 JJaydar 'Ali al-Shirwini 8 1 , 1 5 3 , 155, 1 6 5 , 1 6 7 , 169 Hidayat Allih al-Qummi 110 Al-Burr al-'Amili 5 , 55, 8 7 , 156. 170. 201. 206 Busayn b . 'Abd al-$amad 5 1 , 5 2 , 71, 7 5 , 106, 120, 1 2 2 , 133, 1 3 9 , 1 4 6 , 1 7 7 , 1 9 7 , 212 JJusayn al-Ardabili 95 Jjusayn al-A'sam 68 Busayn b . Abi '1-Qisim al-Khwinsiri 8 2 , 130 Busayn 'Ali al-Muntagiri 1 1 , 152. 158. 215

I.1abib Allih al-KishZni 6 6 , 9 2 , 118 H i d i al-Kirminshihi 69 Hid7 al-Tihrini 1 1 , 9 3 , 1 1 2 , 118, 1 5 7 , 1 7 6 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 192, 208 Ijifig al-Kishini 172 A1-Bakim 5 8 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 174 Al-JJalabi 1 3 , 43, 63 Bimid al-Budali' 107 IIZrin al-Jazi'iri 122 JJasan b . 'Abd al-GhaffZr 134 Basan b . 'Ali al-JJusayni 100 Ijasan 'Ali al-Tihrini 157 Basan 'Ali al-'l'ustari 8 5 , 147 JJasan iil Kashif al-Ghiti' 57, 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 8 , 1 7 1 , 207, 210 JJasan al-A'raji 69 JJasan al-BujnGrdi 119 JJasan b . Ghiyith alkAstaribidi 134-5 Basan al-Gilini 185

JJusayn al-Dimghini 1 3 5 Jjusayn al-Darb Imimi 211 JJusayu al-Hamadini 75 Jjusayn b . JJaydar al-Karaki 162 JJusayn al-Villi 113 JJusayn al-Karaki 1 8 1 Husavn a l - ~ h w i n s i r i51. 8 7 , 1;7, 158, 169 JJusayn b . M . al-JJusayni 166 JJusayn al-Naqawi 137 JJusayn al-Qazwini 6 7 , 7 1 , 8 2 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 141, 142 1 7 5 , 1 8 9 , 195 Husavn Quli al-Hamadini 1 5 3 , I;,, i 8 1 , 211 Jjusayn al-$aymari 6 7 , 1 6 6 , 172 JJusayn al-Tabasi 199 Husavn al-Uwili 1 3 5

.

I Ibn Abi Jumhiir 117,119, 132, 134

AUTHORS

243

Ibn Ibn Ibn Ibn

Abi '1-Majd 45, 64 al-Barrii 43. 63. 121 Diwiid ai-villi 6'5, 7 6 , 1 0 3 Fahd 50, 78-9, 1 0 4 , 119, 1 2 8 , 133, 1 5 2 , 1 6 2 , 163, 187 Ibn Fahd al-Absi'i 79 Ibn Hamza 4 5 . - 6 5 Ibn k i l i l 50, i 3 Ibn I d r i s 38. 46. 6 5 . 102 Ibn a l - ~ u t a w w i j4 9 , '73, 7 8 , 204 Ibn al-Naiiir 7 3 Ibn Najm al- in 1 0 3 Ibn S h a h r i s h u b 45, 46, 102 Ibn Tawq al-Babrini 111, 117, 1 2 0 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 8 , 144, 145, 167, 1 9 6 , 208 Ibn Tayy 7 9 , 172 Ibn Zuhra 8 , 46, 6 5 Ibrihim al-Dizfiili 89 IbrZhim al-Kaf'ami 159 l b r i h i m Khalifa Sultan 8 1 , 84 Ibriihim al-Lihiji 68 IbrZhim b . Layth al-LIusayni 134 lbriihim al-Qazwini 9 , 68 IbrZhim al-Shirszi 82 Ibriihim al-Warriq 114 'Imad al-Tabari 45, 95 'ImZd al-Din Yiisuf 146 'Iniyat Allih b . Abi '1kFatb 207 ' I n i y a t Allah al-Liirijini 90 ~ 1 - T r a w i n i1 2 1 , 1 4 1 , 171, 174 Ismi'il al-Hazirjaribi 82 Ismi'il al-Marandi 92 Ismi'il al-Niiri 93 Isma'il al-Urmawi 75 'Izz &Din al-Amuli 186 'Izz &Din Babr alb'Uliim 113 J Ja'far al-JJuwayzi 8 1 , 86 J a c k al-Khwinsiri 1 5 5 Ja'far al-Sabzawiri 69 Ja'far al-Subbani 12 J a ' f a r Quli b . 'Abd al-'Ali 1 7 3 Ja'far al-Zahdazi 67 J a m 3 al-Din al-Khwinsiri 5 1 , 1 0 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 6 9 , 198 Jamil al-Din al-Musawi 6 6 , 6 9 , 90 Jamil al-Din b . al-Najjar 73 Jamil al-Din al-Natanzi 206 Jawid al-'Amili 5 6 , 90 Jawid al-Karaki 7 1 Jawid al-Maysi 67, 1 3 3 Jawld al-NaiaE 8 3

244

INDEX OF A U T H O R S

AN INTRODUCTION T O SHi'T LAW K

Kamil al-Din a l - A s t a r i b i d i 115

1 7 6 , 179, 188, 190, 193, 1 9 5 , 203, 204, 213 K i s h i f a l - G h i t i ' 56. 91. 97. 117. 124, 1 2 7 , i z 8 , 130, i 4 2 , ' 1 6 0 , ' 1 6 7 , 173 K h a l a f a l - B a h r Z n i 188 Khalaf a l - J J i i i r i 68 K h i l i d - S a y y i d M i r z i 115 K h a l i l a l - Q a z w i n i 55, 147 K h i d r a l k e A f k Z w i 77. 99 A I - ~ h u ' i 11, 58, 142, 174, 212, Al-Khumayni 12, 1 1 9 , 125, 1 5 4 , A l - K h u r i s i n i 9.

Mabmiid al-Naiafi a l - K i s h i n i 11 2 --Ma4miid a l - ~ h i h r i i d i 166 Mabmiid a l - S h i i l a s t i n i 139 A l - M l b i i z i 55, 71, 125, 1 2 9 , 1 3 6 , 138, 144 Mijid a l - B a b r i n i 1 2 3 Kajid a l - J J u s a y n i a l - B a b r Z n i 1 7 5 Mijis a l - S h a y b i n i 168, 177, 178, 190, 200 Al-Majlisi 1 54, 9 6 , 1 0 7 , 164, 1 9 1 Al-Majlisi I1 5 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 9 7 , 107-8, 124, 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 8 , 153, 164, 1 6 9 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 6 , 198, 214 Malik M. a l - T i i n i 116 A l - M a r i g h i 117, 173 M a s h k i i r al-IJawliwi 185 M a s i p a l - T i h r Z n i 6 6 , 74, 7 8 , 82 Mas'iid a l - B i h b a h i n i 125 Al-Maysi 7 1 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 A1-Miqdid 1 5 , 3 8 , 49, 7 8 , 1 1 5 , 116 .-.

M i r a k ~ 6 s ;a l - T i i n i 124 M i r F a t t i b 1 1 7 , 173 M i r L n w h i 175 M u h a d h d h a b a l - D i n al- N i l i 46,

M. b . ' A l i b . KhwZtiin al-'Amili 9 6 , 133 1M. ' A l i a l - M a r ' a s h i 180 M. 'Ali a l - M a s j i d s h i h i 178 M. ' A l i al-MZzandarZni 68 M. h . ' A l i b . Mu'min 66 M. ' A l i a l - N i i r i 72 M. ' A l i a l - Q a r i c h a d i g h i 8 3 M. ' A l i a l - ~ a d a w i 70; 8 2 , 209 M. b . 'Ali a l - R a d a w i 78 M. ' A l i a l - S h a f t i 6 9 , 7 8 , 1 4 2 , 197 M. ' A l i a l - S i r k i n i 64 M. 'Ali a l - T a b r i z i a l - M u d a r r i s

."

75

M. ' A l i a l - T a w h i d i 174 M. ' A l i a l - ~ a z d i 99 M. ' A l i al-YiizbZshi 112

M. M. M. M.

M. a t - A ' r a j i 69 M. A s h r a f a l - l j u s a y n i 153, 197 M. a l - A s h r a f i 100 M. b . 'Ashiir a l - K i r m i n s h i h i 6 9 , 151. 1 8 7 . 1 9 4 , 208 M. b . ahr ram 76 M. B i q i r a l - B i r j a n d i 1 9 4 , 196 M. BZqir a l - G u l p Z y i g i n i 6 9 , 8 2 ,

M. M. M. M. M. M.

YY( ""

L L u t f ' A l i a l - T a b r i z i 91 L u J f A l l a h a l - M a y s i 8 0 , 1 6 3 , 188

M a h d i a l - F u t i i n i 56 M a h d i al-JJakim 70 M a h d i al-KhZlisi 70, 125, 1 2 8 , 171 M a h d i a l - N a r i q i 8 9 , 97 M a h d i a l - Q u m s h a ' i 69 M a h d i a l - T a b i i a b i ' i 87 Malpmiid a l - A s h t i y i n i 1 3 8 , 186 Mapmiid a 1 - B u r i i j i r d i 90 Mapmiid a l - H i s h i m i 1 2 Mapmiid a l - K i v i m i 158 Mabmiid a l - K h w i n s i r i 180 Mailmiid a l - K h u ' i 92 Mabmiid a l - K i r m n s h i h i 1 1 1 , 165,

Mu'izz a l - D i n a l - l f u s a y n i 114 Mu'izz a l - D i n al-Miisawai 8 5 , 1 1 6 , 136, 205 Al-Mufid 7 , 34, 37-43, 62, 100-1, 114, 161, 193, 199 Muflip a l - Y a y m a r i 5 0 , 7 9 , 104, 1 5 2 , 1 7 2 , 187 M. ' A b b i s a l - L a k n a w i 8 3 , 127, 1 8. 5 ..

M. b . ' A b d a l - K a r i m a l - B u r i i j i r d i 191 M. b . ' A b d al-WahhZb al-KZzimT ,-1 2 4 , 201 M . b . Abi T i l i b a l - A s t a r i b Z d i 1 3 5 M. b . A b m a d b . A b i TZlib 205 M. b . A p m a d a l - B a b r i n i 1 4 4 , 1 5 5 M. A b m a d b . K h w i t i i n alAmili 7 1 M. A m i n a l - A h 5 r i 69 MI. b . ' A l i a l - A r d a k Z n i 90 M. b . ' A l i 2 1 - A s t a r i b i d i 115 M. 'Ali a l - A s t a r i b i d i 115 M. 'A17 a l - G i l i n i 83, 140 M. b . 'A17 b . b a y d a r al-'Amili 1 1 6 , 165 M. ' A l i a l - H a z g r j a r i b i 7 4 , 8 2 , 192 M. ' A l i a l - K l z i m i 11 M. ' A l i a l - K h u s r a w s h i h i 179 M . ' A l i a l - K h w i n s Z r i 174

p,

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

B Z q i r al-KazzZzi 168 B i q i r a l - K h w i n s i r i 203 BZqir a l - K h w i t u n i b i d i B i q i r al-LZhiji 9 1 B i q i r al-Maraghi 69 B i q i r b . M. T a q i 65 B i q i r al-Miisawi 177 B i a i r al-Sadr 12 B Z q l r a l - S h a r i f al-QummT 8 8 B i q i r al-Tabitabi'i a l - Y a z d i 77 7n7 -, -B i u l r a l - T a b r i z i 160 ~ Z q i ar l - Y a z d i 69 Figil a l - M a s h h a d i 1 9 1 al-FiriiaZbZdi 1 4 1 a l - F i s h Z r a k i 153 H Z d i a l - A s t a r Z b i d i 213 HidT a l - I J u s a y n i 132 H i d i a l - M H z a n d a r i n i 7 4 , 142, 161, 191 H Z d i a l - M i l i n i 158 H i d i a l - S a b z a w Z r i 175 HZdi al-Khu'i 71 a l - H a r a w i 210 al-JJarfiishi 117 b . JJirith a l - A s t a r i b i d i 121 b . H i r i t h a l - B a b r i n i 135, 199 JJasan A d i b 62 b . H a s a n al-'Amili 8 1 , 1 3 6 , 168

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

245

a a s a n a l - B a r a g h i n i 72 IJasan a l - B i r f u r i i s h i 8 3 JJasan a l - H a r a w i 88 l j a s a n a l - K h u r i s Z n i 110 JJasan al-NTamaqini 9 4 , 174 l j a s a n b . M. T a q i 211 JJasan al-Mugaffar 74 a a s a n a l - N i i r b a k h s h i 110 JJasan a l - Q a z w i n i 88 JJasan al-Qummi 123 f i a s a n a l - S h i r i z i 5 7 , 118 b . L*asan a l - T a b r i z i 1 3 1 Hiishim a l - K h u r Z s i n i 1 4 0 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 0 , 193, 208 IIZshim a l - K h w i n s i r i 1 3 0 , 160 H i s h i m a l - T a s i i j i 70 al-IJujja a l - K i i h k a m a r i 178 J J u s a y n i i l K i s h i f al-Ghifa' 113 U u s a y n a l k e A r a b al-DZmid 70 I j u s a y n a l - B a s t i m i 133 a l - k l u s a y n i 136 a l - H u s a y n i al-LZhiji 108 a l - l j u s a y n i al-Qummi 110 f i u s a y n a l - l p f a h i n i 9 , 1 1 , 58, 1 7 4 , 182 J J u s a y n al-Kigimi 69-70 I J u s a y n a l - K h w i n s Z r i 7 5 , 118, 1 2 6 , 1 4 3 , 1 5 4 , 159, 166, 1 6 7 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 , 214 B u s a y n a l - K h w i t i i n l b Z d i 97, 17.Q ---

f i u s a y n al-Qumsha':

83, 93

b . J J u s a y n a l - R a o a w i 66

f i u s a y n a l - R a d a w i 6 9 , 74, 78 l j u s a y n al-Ragawi a l - K i s h i n i 70 J J u s a y n a l - S h a h r a s t Z n i 70 B u s a y n a l - T a b i b a l - T l h r Z n i 69 i b r i h i m al-IJZ'lri a l - Q a z w i n i 77 I b r i h i m a l - H. u s a v" n i a l - Q a z w i n i 8 1 , 8 4 , 1 1 5 , 213 I b r i h i m a l - K a l b i s i 8 6 , 93, 99 I b r i h i m al-KZvimi 177 I b r i h i m a l - K h a r a q i n i 68 I b r Z h i m al-Miisawi 111 I b r i h i m al-QishlZqi 66, 8 3 I b r i h i m a l - R a s h t i 183 I s p i q a l F F a y y Z 0 11 I s m i ' i l a l - F a d i ' i 7 5 , 135 I s m i ' i l a l - K h w i t i i n i b i d i 148 b . IsmZ'il al-MZzandarZni 98 J a ' f a r a l - X b Z d a ' i 8 3 , 99 Ja'far a l - A r d a s t i n i 151 J a ' f a r al-AstarZbidi 74, 75,

246

A N INTRODUC

M . Ja'far al-FarShi 88 M . Ja'far al-Hamadini 82, 84, 86 M . Ja'far al-Hussyni al-KishZni . 171, 208 M . J a e f a r al-guwayzi 188 M . Ja'far al-~alb%3i 72 M . Ja'far al-Khabiishzni 107 M . Ja'far al-Kirnlinshihi 75, 87, 111 M . J a ' f a r b . M . T i h i r 83 M . Ja'far al-SabbawZri 133, 144, ~

lfil A"A

M. Ja'far al-Sharastini 176 M . J a ' f a r al-ShirZzi 142 M . Ja'far al-Tihrini 185, 202

M . Mahdi >l-Gilini 68 M . Mahdi al-gusayni al-Mashhadi 72, 86, 180, 188 M . Mahdi al-Kalbisi 72, 78, 93, 111 M . Mahdi al-Khwinsiri 132 M . Mahdi al-KujTiri 69 M . Mahdi al-MapallZti 99 M . Mahdi al-Miisawi 82 M . Mahdi al-Qazwini 69 M . Mahdi al-Ragawi 135 M . al-Maaibi 89 M. M. M. M.

b . ka'siim al-Radawi 77 b . M . b . 'Abd Allih 73 b . M . 'Ali al-Kishini 66 b . M . Kizim al-Khurisini 182, 2 1 1 M. b . M . Ma'giim al-Mashhadi 86 M . b . M . Muhsin al-Kishini 86

156, 187 M . Mubsin al-KishZni 86 M . Mu'min al-gusayni 143 M . Muaim al-BZrfurtishi 82

N TO SHi'T LAW

M. M. M. M. M. M.

al-Muwabbidi 138 al-Ni'ini 82 al-Naraqi 151 Na$ir al-Birfuriishi 142, 152 b . NagsZr al-guwayzi 133 b . Niqim al-Din al-AstarZbZdi 133 --"

M . b . QZsim 147 M . b . Qisim al-Igfahini 81 M . QZsim al-Mizandarini 165 M . ~ i s i mal-SZwiji 205 M . Quli al-Kantiiri 210 M . al-Radawi al-Tiisi 69 M. Rafi' b . Faraj al-Gilini 82, 115, 150 M . Rafi' al-Gilini al-Igfahini 84 M . Rauirn al-Buriijirdi 70, 74, 159, 178 M . Rapim al-Sabzawiri 161 M . Rasiil b. 'Abd alb0Aziz 178 M . Rasiil a l - K i s h i n i 176 M . Rid: XI Bapr al-'Uliim 77, 82 M . Rid$ al-Astaribidi 87, 130 M . R i d i b . 'Ali Sharif al-

M. M. M. M.

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

R ~ G Za l - ~ h f r i z i66 Ridi al-Tabrizi 71 a]-kupafzi'i 151 s i d i q 82 Sidiq al-gilli al-ShirZzi 1 4 4 Sidiq al-Kishmiri 67 Sidia b . Muhammad 67 8Zdiq a l - ~ i i c i n i75 Sidia al-SirkZni 104. 139. 183 ~ a ' i c i 85 Sa'id al-QuhuZ'i 115. 202 s i l i b a l - A i t a i i b i d i 67, 86,207 QZlip al-BaraghZni 71, 72 Silih al-DimZd 83. 92 8iliIj a l - F a r i h i n i 65 s i l i b al-Khalkhili 82, 140 s i l i p al-KhwitiinibZdi 142, 161, 197 s i l i b al-Simnini 184, 186 Sarwar al-BihsCidi 11-12 Shail' al-Irawini 207 Shafi' al-FEmani 124 Shafi' al-Mizandarini 181, 196 Shafic b . M . Husavn 77 a l - ~ h a h s h a h i i ig i T i h i Najaf 93, 125, 209

INDEX

AUTHORS

247

Muntajab al-Din al-Rizi 154 Murid al-Tafrishi 125 Al-Murtabi 7. 34. 41-3. 45. 46.

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

M. M. M.

%ir al-RZnakii'i 69 Taqi al-iimuli 94, 138, 174 Taqi al-ArdakZni 168, 181 Taqi al-Astaribidi 67, 107 T a a i al-BarehZni 68 ~ a i ail - ~ u r t u j i r d i 11 T a a i al-Harawi 83.. 92.. 99.. 130; 171, 196 T a a i al-Isfahini al-Mudarris 118Taqi al-Kashini 169 T a a i al-Kishmiri 148 ~ a i al-Khishti i 66 T a a i al-Masiidshihi 202

9, 124 M . Taqi Mu15 KitZb 177 M . Taqi al-Naqawi 200, 207 M . Taoi al-Niiri 160. 162. 192 199: 207, 209 M . T a a i al-QZ'ini 149

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

~ a i al-Tabasi i 71 Taqi al-Tabrizi 193 Taqi al-TZliqini 68 Taqi al-Tunukibuni 211 al-TunukZbuni 72 a l - T u r k i b i d i 110 al-TEsi al-Mashhadi 90 Yabyi al-SZwiji 140 YGsuf al-Astaribidi 129 Yiisuf al-GilZni 133 M . YCsuf al-LZhiji 86 Al-Mubaqqiq 8, 14, 18, 23, 47, 48, 64, 65-70, 102, 139 Mubsin al-Amin 75, 186, 194 Mubsin al-A'raji 86, 89, 91, 151 Muusin al-Ardabili 158 Mubsin al-A'sam 68 MuQsin al-Khanfar 174, 202 MuQsin al-Rashti 127, 207 Al-Mujihid 9, 57, 87, 92, 98, 111. 210 A I - ~ u j t a h i d120, 128, 131, 139, 146, 168, 200, 212 Mu'in al-Din al-Migri 46, 126, 203 Al-Mukhtiri 77, 127, 138, 138, 145, 172, 178, 198, 206 Mull: Mu'min 131 Mu'min al-Ardabili 71 Munir al-Din al-Buriijirdi 121

MurtaGZ al-khusrawshihi 179 Murtadi al-Sirawi 146 M u r t a i i al-Sidihi 83 Miisi A1 Kishif al-Ghiti' 82. 123 MiisZ b . Fadl AllZh al-.Hamadin? 69, 175 M i i s i al-Khwinsiri 174 Miisi al-Kirminshihi 75 Mustafa al-Khu'i 68

Nagir &Din al-NarZqi 82-3 Nagir al-Din a1-Tiisi 204 Nagr Algh al-Astaribidi 71, 154 Naqar 'Ali al-Tiliqini 176, 212, 214 -- Ni'rnat AllZh b . ' ~ b dA I ~ Z 68~ Ni'mat Allih al-Jazi'iri 55, 123, 7nl -"-

Nizim &Din al-Siwiji 96 Niir AllZh al-Tustari 84, 125, 141, 146 Niir al-Din al-Akhbiri 86

&aw%m.al-~inal-Qazwini 67 Querry, A. 67

Radi al-Din b . M . Nabi al-Qazwini 120, 198

248

AN INTRODUCTION

R a a i al-Din M . b . gasan alQazwini 1 6 2 Raf'i' al-Din al-NZ'ini 72, 84, 96, 107 Ripat g u s a y n al-Giipalpiiri 159,190 Al-Rashti 57,125,156,157,174,182, 184,185,202,203,208,211 Al-Riwandi 45, 46, 102, 115 Riga al-HamadZni 57, 94, 174 Ridi al-Lutfi 121 Ridi al-Tabrizi 69 R

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Introduction to Middle Eastern law

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Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

Introduction to Business Law, 3rd Edition

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law

Introduction to Shi'i Law: A Bibliographical Study

Bibliographical Analysis: A Historical Introduction

C.K. Ogden - A Bio-bibliographical Study

Introduction to Work Study

Introduction to Islamic Law

Introduction To Administrative Law

Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution

Introduction to Middle Eastern law

Introduction to South Pacific Law

An Introduction to Islamic Law

Introduction to Information Technology Law

An Introduction to Islamic Law

Introduction to Middle Eastern Law

Medieval Warfare: A Bibliographical Guide

Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide

Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide

OCP: Introduction to Oracle9i SQL Study Guide

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