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INTERNATIONAL COLLATION OF TRADITIONAL AND FOLK MEDICINE

NORTHEAST ASIA Part IV

International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine Managing Board: (Chairman) Byung Hoon Han, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea Norio Aimi, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan Kin Fai Cheng, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Guo-Wei Qin, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Fumin Zhang, UNESCO Office, Jakarta, Indonesia

Vol. 1: Northeast Asia Part I eds. Takeatsu Kimura (Editor-in-Chief), Paul P. H. But, Ji-Xian Guo, Chung Ki Sung Vol. 2: Northeast Asia Part II eds. Paul B. H. But (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Ji-Xian Guo, Chung Ki Sung Vol. 3: Northeast Asia Part III eds. Chung Ki Sung (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Ji-Xian Guo Vol. 4: Northeast Asia Part IV eds. Ji-Xian Guo (Editor-in-Chief), Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Chung Ki Sung

A project

of

UNESCO

INTERNATIONAL COLLATION OF I Editor-in-Chief

TRADITIONAL

Ji-Xian Guo Shanghai Medical University

AND

Editors

Takeatsu Kimura

FOLK MEDICINE

Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Paul P. H. But The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Chung Ki Sung Chonnam National University

NORTHEAST ASIA Part IV

V | § J World Scientific wb

Sinaapore'New London' Singapore'New Jersey London'Hong Kong

Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Fairer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Northeast Asia / editor-in-chief, Ji-Xian Guo; editors, Takeatsu Kimura, Paul P. H. But, Chung Ki Sung, p. cm. — (International collation of traditional and folk medicine ; vol. 4) "A project of UNESCO." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9810245033 1. Materia medica, Vegetable - East Asia. 2. Medicinal plants — East Asia. 3. Traditional medicine — East Asia. I. Kimura, Takeatsu. II. UNESCO. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Medicine, Herbal. 2. Plants, Medicinal - chemistry. 3. Plant Extracts - therapeutic use. 4. Drug Design. 5. International Cooperation. WB 925 N874 1996] RS180.E18N67 1997 615'.321'095-dc20 96-4659 DNLM/DLC CIP for Library of Congress

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FOREWORD The plant floras and animal faunas in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea-located nearly in the same temperature zone - share much similarity with the result that traditional folk medical experiences in this region are comparable in nature. Nonetheless, since folk medical experience in different countries have been developed rather independently each with a long history, both similarities and differences coexist in traditional folk medical knowledge from different countries. Folk medical knowledge may be regarded as clinical experience obtained naturally. However, part of the experience might be mythical reflecting regional differences in culture. The task of separating fact from myth and isolating placebo-effects from objective bio-activity in folk and traditional medicine is a difficult one. We believe that when folk medical experiences derived from the same source are collated comparatively the real medical effects associated with bio-activity of the drug will emerge. From this perspective, an international collation of folk medical knowledge should help in establishing objective and reliable medical experience. The search for bio-active components from natural materials as a source of lead compounds in drug development, is a major endeavor in natural product chemical research. This book is aimed at assisting natural product chemists to identify the natural products which mostly likely contain bioactivity components of interest and which may warrant further investigation. The folk medical knowledge of each entry in the book includes the scientific and local names of the drug, special processing involved, method used for administration, apparent folk medical efficacy in each country, contraindications and side effects. Also included is the information concerning modern scientific data relating to the associated chemistry and pharmacology as well as references to the available literature. This fourth volume continues to cover the outcome generated by the "international collation project" propelled by the Regional Network for the Chemistry of Natural Products in Southeast Asia, operated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO). The Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea has kindly provided financial support for this ongoing project. On behalf of the Managing Board, I am most grateful to Professor Ji-Xian Guo, the Editor-inChief of volume IV, and other members of the editorial board who undertook the painstaking job of making a literature survey, as well as writing and editing this volume. My sincere gratitude is also extended to the UNESCO Office, Jakarta(ROSTSEA) and the Korea National Commission for UNESCO for their valuable help in the planning and organizing this project. The authors are grateful to Dr. Cynthia Sims Parr for the arrangement of animal families.

Byung Hoon Han, Prof, PhD. Chairman, Managing Board

v

This page is intentionally left blank

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

v

EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

xiii

PLANT 601

Sargassaceae

Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag.

1

602

Polypodiaceae

Drynaha fortune/ (Kunze) J. Sm.

2

603

Pinaceae

Plnus koraiensis S. et Z.

2

604

Gnetaceae

Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun

3

605

Betulaceae

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steudel

4

606

Moraceae

607

Cudrania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kud. & Masam.

5

Flcus religiosa L.

5

608

Loranthaceae

Viscum coloratum (Komar.) Nakai

7

609

Polygonaceae

Fagopyrum cymosum Meisn.

8

Rumex acetosa L.

8

610

Drymaria diandra Blume

10

612

Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam .

10

613

Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke

11

611

Caryophyllaceae

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

12

Spinacia oleracea L.

12

Amarantaceae

Gomphrena globosa L

15

617

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC.

16

618

Annonaceae

Desmos chinensis Lour.

17

619

Lauraceae

Laurus nobilis L.

17

620

Ranunculaceae

Adonis amurensis Reg. et. Radd.

18

621

Lardizabalaceae

Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.

19

Stauntonia chinensis DC.

20

Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume)Diels

21

614

Chenopodiaceae

615 616

622 623

Menispermaceae

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

21

625

Saururaceae

Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill.

22

626

Dipterocarpaceae

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.

23

627

Cruciferae

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss

24

628

Hamamelidaceae

Loropetalum chinensis (R. Brown) Oliv.

25

629

Rosaceae

Fragaria chiloensis Duchartre var. ananassa Bailey

26

624

vu

630

Prunus tomentosa Thunb.

26

631

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai

27

632

Acacia catechu (L.) Willd.

28

633

Cassia angustifolia Vahl

28

634

Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen

29

635

Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr.

30

636

Dolichos lablab L

31

637

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.

33

638

Mucuna birdwoodiana Tutch.

34

639

Trifolium repense L.

34

640

Robinia pseudo-acacia L.

36

Leguminosae

641

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata L.

37

642

Geraniaceae

Erodium stephanianum Willd.

37

643

Tropaeolaceae

Tropaeolum majus L.

38

644

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris L.

39

645

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.

40

Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr. et Decne.

41

Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.

42

Citrus junos Sieb.

43

649

Ruta graveolens L.

43

650

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. et Zucc.

45

651

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc.

46

Boswellia carterii Birdwood

47

Canarium album Raeusch.

47

646 647 648

652

Rutaceae

Burseraceae

653

Commiphora molmol Engl.

48

655

Meliaceae

Cedrela sinensis Tuss

48

656

Aceraceae

Acer ginnala Max.

49

657

Sapindaceae

Dimocarpus longan Lour.

50

658

Celastraceae

Euonymus japonica Thunb.

51

659

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume

52

660

Cayratia japonica Gagn.

53

Vitis amurensis Rupr.

53

654

Vitaceae

661

Vitis vinifera L.

54

663

Tiliaceae

Corchorus acutangulus Lam.

58

664

Malvaceae

Hibiscus manihot L.

58

665

Sterculiaceae

Firmiana platanifolia Schott. et Endl.

59

Sterculia lychnophora Ha nee

59

662

666 Thymelaeaceae

Aquillaria agallocha Roxb.

60

668

Violaceae

Viola yedoensis Makino

61

669

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L.

61

667

Vlll

670

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix chinensis Lour.

62

671

Cucurbitaceae

Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet

63

672

Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino

64

673

Cucumis sativus L.

65

Trichosanthes anguina L.

66

675

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica L.

67

676

Myrtaceae

Baeckea frutescens L.

68

674

677

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

69

678

Psidium guajava L.

70

Araliaceae

Panax quinquefolius L.

72

Umbelliferae

Bupleurum falcatum L.

73

681

Cnidlum monnieri (L.) Cuss.

75

682

Daucus carota L.

76

683

Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) DC.

679 680

684 685

78

Ericaceae

Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.

Primulaceae

Anagallis arvensis L.

79

Primula sieboldii E. Morr.

80

686

78

687

Ebenaceae

Diospyros lotus L.

80

688

Styracaceae

Styrax japonica S. et Z.

81

689

Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hart.

82

690

Oleaceae

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.

82

Ligustrum purpurascens Y.C. Yang

83

692

Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume

84

693

Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino

84

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.

85

691

694

Gentianaceae

Menyanthus trifoliata L.

86

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

86

697

Cerbera manghas L.

89

698

Rauwolfia serpentina Benth.

90

699

Trachelospermum asiaticum Nakai var. intermedium Nakai

695 696

Apocynaceae

91

700

Ascelpiadaceae

Asclepias curassavica L.

92

701

Convolvulaceae

Erycike obtusfolia Benth.

93

702

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet

94

703

Callicarpa pedunculata R. Brown

95

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.

95

Duranta repens L.

96

Glechoma hederacea L.

97

707

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

99

708

Salvia officinalis L.

100

709

Scutellaria barbata D.Don

103

Verbenaceae

704 705 706

Labiatae

IX

710

Solanaceae

711

Atropa belladonna L.

104

Solanum tuberosum L.

104

Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.

108

712

Scrophulariaceae

713

Bignoniaceae

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

109

Orobanchaceae

Aeginetia indica L.

109

Boschniakia rossica Fedtsch. et Flerov

110

714 715 716

Valerianaceae

Valeriana officinalis L.

111

717

Campanulaceae

Lobelia chinensis Lour.

112

718

Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A.Br, et Aschers.

112

719

Compositae

Artemisia argyi Levi, et Vant.

113

720

Aster scaber Thunb.

115

721

Aucklandia lappa Decne

116

722

Bidens tripartita L.

117

723

Blumea balsamifera DC.

118

724

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Bocc.

119

725

Dahlia variabilis Desfontaines

120

726

Erigeron canadensis L.

121

727

Gnaphalium affine DC.

122

728

Inula linariifolia Turcz.

123

729

Lactuca sativa L.

123

730

Vladimiria soulieri (Franch.) Ling

124

Allium cepa L.

125

731

Liliaceae

732

Aspidistra elatior Blume

129

733

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don

130

734

Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute ex Redoute

130

Zephyranthus Candida (Lindl.) Herb.

131

735

Amaryllidaceae

736

Iridaceae

Gladiolus gandavensis Van Houtt.

131

Gramineae

Bambusa tuldoides Munro

132

738

Setaria viridis Beauv.

133

739

Araceae

Acorus calamus L.

133

740

Acorus tatarinowii Schott.

135

741

Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) Schott.

135

742

Colocasia antiquorum Schott et Endl.

136

743

Typhonium giganteum Engl.

137

744

Musaceae

Musa basjoo Sieb. et Zucc.

138

Zingiberaceae

Amomum villosum Lour.

139

746

Curcuma zedoaria(Christm.) Rose.

139

747

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium moniliforme Thunb.

142

737

745

ANIMAL

748

Haliotidae

Haliotis diversicolor Reeve

142

749

Arcidae

Area subcrenata Lischke

143

750

Osteridae

Ostrea gigas Thunb.

144

751

Sepiidae

Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune, Sepia esculenta Hoyle

144

752

Megascolecidae

Pheretima aspergillum (Perrier)

145

753

Hirudinidae

Hirudo nipponia Whitman, Whitmania pigra Whitman,

146

754

Buthidae

Buthus martensii Karsch

147

755

Scolopendridae

Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L.Koch

148

756

Bombycidae

Bombyx mori L.

149

757

Cicadidae

Cryptotympana strata Fabricius

150

Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius

150

W. acranulata Whitman

758 759

Corydiidae

Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker

151

760

Mantidae

Tenodera sinensis Saussure

152

761

Stichopodidae

Stichopus japonicus Selenka

152

762

Rhincodotidae

Rhincodon typus (Smith), Mustelus griseus (Pietschmann)

154

(Triakidae),Carcharhinus menisorrah (Muller et Henle) (Carcharhinidae) 763

Anguillidae

Anguilla japonica Temm. et Schl.

155

764

Cobitidae

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cantor

156

765

Cyprinidae

Carassius auratus L.

157

Cyprinus carpio L.

158

Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan et Snyder, H. histrix Kaup,

159

766 767

Syngnathidae

H. kuda Bleeker, H. trimaculatus Leach, H. japonicus Kaup 768

Solenognathus hardwick (Gray,), Syngnathoides

biaculeatus

159

(Bloch), Syngnathus acus L. 769

Ophicephalidae

Ophicephalus argus Cantor

160

770

Bufonidae

Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor

161

771

Testudinidae

Chinemys reevesii (Gray)

162

772

Trionychidae

Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann

163

773

Gekkonidae

Gekko gecko L.

164

Gekko swinhonis Guenther

164

774 775

Colubridae

Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor)

165

776

Elapidae

Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus Blyth

165

777

Viperidae

Agkistrodon acutus (Guenther)

167

778

Anatidae

Anas domestica L.

168

779

Phasianidae

Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson

169

780

Collocalidae

Collocalia esculenta L.

170

781

Physeteridae

Physeter catodon L.

171

782

Phocidae

Phoca groenlandica Erxleben, P. vitulina L.

171

XI

783

Equidae

Equus asinus L.

172

784

Rhinocerotidae

Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, R. sondaicus Desmarest,

172

Ceratotherium simum Burchell, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis G. Fischer, Diceros bicornis Linnaeus 785

Bovidae

Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin

173

786

Bubalus bubalis L.

175

787

Saiga tatarica L.

175

Census nippon Temminck, C. elaphus L.

176

Moschus moschiferus L.

179

Sus scrofa domesica L.

180

791

Alum

181

792

Epsomite

788

Cervidae

789 790

Suidae

MINERAL

(Kieserite)

181

793

Gypsum Fibrosum

182

794

Haematite

183

795

Mirabilite

183

796

Realgar

184

797

Smithsonite with Dolomite

184

798

Stalactite

185

799

Sulfur

185

800

Talc

186

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

187

INDEX TO CHINESE NAMES

190

INDEX TO LOCAL HEB NAMES

195

INDEX TO DISEASES AND BIOACTIVITIES

203

xn

EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Plant, Animal and Mineral Names 147 important medicinal plants, 43 animals and 10 minerals are presented in this volume. The sequence of the plant families follows the classification and arrangement of plant families of Engler's system. The animal families are arranged according to "Animal Diversity" ( Ed: Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A., 2nd edition, 2000, McGraw-Hill , Boston). The sequence of the individual species in a family follows the alphabetical order of their scientific names. The minerals are arranged in alphabetical order. Synonyms are shown as (=). Each representative vernacular name is shown in Roman or Chinese phonetic alphabet followed by an abbreviation of a country/region name. Chinese characters of the drug and plant/animal/mineral names are shown in the "Chinese Character Index". Related plants/animals are shown in similar manner. Part Pharmacopoeias which adopt a particular drug are shown in abbreviations. Local drug names are the standard or representative vernacular names for that particular drug.

Processing Procedures for processing the crude drug. Method of Administration Routes of administration and preparation methods. Folk Medicinal Uses Names of diseases or symptoms treated with the drug, followed by an abbreviation of the country/region which uses the drug for that purpose. Contra-indications and Side Effects Warnings for conditions to be avoided in the application of a particular drug and adverse reactions that may be induced by the drug.

Scientific Research Chemical components and pharmacological effects of the drug are summarized with literature.

Literature Format of the literature citation is as follows: First author, journal title or book title{ in italics), year(boldface), volume, and first page.

xni

601

Sargassum pallidum (Turn.) C. Ag.

(Sargassaceae)

Hai-hao-zi(C),Hoi-joh(H),Kaiso(J),Hae-ho-ja(K) Related plant: S. fusiforme (Harv.) Setch.:Yang-xi-cai(C);Hondawara(J);Yang-seo-chae(K). Alga(CP) Local Drug Name: Hai-zao(C),Hoi-joh(H),Kaiso(J),Hae-jo(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, dry in the air briefly, cut into sections, and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Goiter,scrofula,swelling and pain of the testis(C,H,K). 2)Edema(C,H,J,K). 3)Chronic bronchitis(K). Contraindication: Incompatible with Radix Glycyrrhizae (C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sugars: mannitol,alginic acid,sargassan[ 1 ]. 2)Proteins[l]. 3)Vitamins:vitamin C[2]. 4)Peptides[3]. 5)Phospholipids:phosphatidylethanolamine[4], 6) Sulfate groups [5], 7)Traceelements:K,I[l],Fe,Ca,S[6],Cd,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Zn[7], 8)Others:laurellene,laureepoxide[8], Pharmacology l)Antigoitrogenic effect[9]. 2)Antineoplastic effect[10]. 3)Antibotulism effect[10,ll]. 4)Inhibitory effect on blood coagulation[12]. 5)Antifungal effect[13,14], 6)Effect on cardiovascular system [14]. Literature: [l]"ZhongguoJingjiHaizao Zhi" 1962,81,85,89. [2]Li,J.Z. et al.:Haiyang Yaowu 1984,(3),17. [3]Usov,A.I. et al.-.Bioorg. Khim. 1985,11(6),830. [4]Khotimchenko,S.V.:/ft/w. Prir. Soedin. 1985,(3),404. [5]Pavlenko,A.F. etal: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1976,(5),573. [6]Read,B.E. etaV.Chin. J. Physiol. 1927,1(2),99. [7]Tropin,I.V. et al.:Fiziol. Past. 1994,41(2),305. [%]Y\i,J.G.JJaiyang Yaowu 1983,2(3),166;(4),207. [9]"Zhongyao Zhi" 1994,Vol 5,804. [10]Zhang,H.L. et al.Zhongguo Haiyang Yaowu 1988,(4),18. [ll]Miao,W.Y. et al.Haiyang Yaowu 1985,4(3),24. [\2]Liu,S.S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao(1820~196])1963A$9. [13]Cao,R.L. etal.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [14]Zhang,J.D. et al.Haiyang Yaowu 1984,3(4),33. [J.X.Guo]

1

602

Drynaria fortunei

(Kunze) J. Sm. (Polypodiaceae)

Hu-jue(C),Gwut-shui-boh(H),Hokama-uraboshi(J) Related plants: D. baronii (Christ) Diels:Zhong-hua-hu-jue(C); D. mariesii Moore:Neok-jul-go-sa-ri(K). Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name: Gu-sui-bu(C),Gwut-shui-boh(H),Kossaiho(J),Gol-soe-bo(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry(C,K). 2)Scald the clean Rhizoma Drynariae or its slices with sand until inflated, and strike to remove hairs(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction of dried or fresh rhizome: C,H,K);Topical(decoction of fresh rhizome: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Deficiency syndrome of the kidney marked by back pain, tinnitus, impairment of hearing and looseness of teeth(C,H,J,K). 2) Traumatic injury,bone fracture(C,H,J,K). 3) External use for alopecia areata,vitiligo(C,H). Scienific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoid glycosides:naringin[l]. 2) Triterpenoids:tetracyclictriterpenoids [2]. 3) Steroids:diploptene,hop-21-ene,diplopterol,fern-9(ll)-ene,cyclolaudenol,cyclomargenol, cyclolaudenone,n-dotriacontanoic acid,P-sitosterol,25-en-cycloartenol,25-en-cycloartenone, 24-en-cycloartenol,24-en-cycloartenone,5 -stigmasten-3 -ol,5 -stigmasten-3 -one [3 ]. Pharmacology 1) Enhance the effect of cosmetics on the skin[4]. 2) Effect on fracture[5] and arthritis[6]. 3) Antiatherosclerosis[7]. 4) Effect on cardiovascular system [8]. Literature: [l]Yang,T.H. et al.-.Taiwan Yaoxue Zazhi 1966,18(1),38. [2]Tanaka,Y. et ai.Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1978,32(4),260. [3]Zhou,T.S. etal.:Zhongcaoyao 1994,25(4),175. [4]Oonishi,N.:Jp«. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 07,309,713[95,309,713](C1. A61 K7/00),28 Nov 1995, Appl.94/131,059,20 May 1994;5pp. [5]Wang,Z.R. et al:Beijing ZhongyiXueyuanXuebao 1980,(3),13. [6]Zhao,X.H. et al.-.Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12,617. [7]Wang,W.X. etal.Yaoxue Tongbao 1981,16(5),60. [8]Wang,W.X. et al. .Yaoxue Tongbao 1984,1(2),55. [J.X.Guo]

603

Pinus koraiensis

S. et Z. (Pinaceae)

Hong-song(C), Chosen-matsu(J), Jat-na-mu (K) Related plants: P. massoniana Lamb.:Ma-wei-song(C). P. armandii Franch.: Hua-shan-song(C). Seed Local Drug Name: Song-zi(C), Hae-song-ja(K).

2

Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatoid arthritis due to cold and wind(K). 2)Weakness(J, K). 3)Constipation(C,J, K). 4)Dizziness(K). 5)Earache(K). 6)Galactagogue(K). 7)Tooth caries(K). 8)Epistaxis(K). 9)Lung-fever, cough(C,K). 10)New-born infant eczema(K) Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes:a-,(3-pinene,camphene,3-carene,sabinene, myrcene, dipentene, p-phellandrene, y-terpinene, /»-cymene[ 1 ]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: ylangene, longifolene[2], koraiol[3], 3) Stilbenes: 3,5-dimethoxystilbene[4]. 4)Diterpenes:cembrene,isoembrol, agathodienediol, lambertianic acid, lambertianic acid methyl ester[4],epiisocembrol, isocembrol[5], neoabienol, isoagatholal, 18-nordehydroabietan-4a-ol, 19-nordehydroabiet-4(18)-ene, methyl dehydro-15-hydroxyabitan-18-oate[6], a-, P-, ypinacene[7], 5) Fatty acids[8]: oleoyl dilinoleoylglycerol, dilinoleoyl pinolenoylglycerol, palmitoyl oleoyl linoleoylglycerol, trioein, dioleoyl linoleoylglycerol[9], pinolenic acid[10]. Phamacology 1) Hypocholesterolaemic activity[10]. 2) Hypolipidemic activityfll]. Literature: [l]Chudnyi, A. V. et al: Sin. Prod. Kanifoli Skipidara 1970, 94. [2]Dubovenko, Zh. et al.: Aktual. Probl. Izuch. Efirnomaslich. Rast. Eflrn. Masel 1970, 156. [3]Khan, V. A.: Khim. Prir. Soedin 1979, 5, 652. [4]Kashtanova, N. K. et al: Aktual. Probl. Izuch. Efirnomaslich. Rast. Efir. Masel 1970, 157. [5]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971, (5), 669. [6]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971. (5), 595. [7]Raldugin, V. A. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971. (5), 604. [8]Tanaka, T. et al: J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed Sci. Appl. 1997, 700(1-2), 1. [9]Imbs, A. B. et al: J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 1998, 75(7), 865. [10]Sugano, M. et al: Br. J. Nutr. 1994, 72(5), 775. [ll]Asset, G. et al: Lipids 1999, 34(1), 39. [C. K. Sung]

604

Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun (Gnetaceae) Xiao-ye-mai-ma-teng (C), My-ma-teng (H)

Root or leaf Local Drug Name: Xiao-ye-mai-ma-teng (C), My-ma-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2)Low back strain (C, H).

3

3)Acute respiratory infection (C, H). 4)Bronchitis (C, H). 5)Pancreatitis (C, H). 6)Ulcer bleeding (C, H). 7)Snake bites (C, H). 8)Flaccidity of extemities (C). 9)Traumatic injury (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkaloid: (//-demethylcoclaurine [1]. 2)Gnetifolin A-F, isorhapontigenin, resveratrol, P-sitosterol [2-4], Pharmacology 1)Cardiotonic effect [1]. 2)Antiasthmatic effect [1]. Literature: [l]Anonymous: Yaoxue Xuebcto 1980, 15, 434. [2]Li, J.B. et al.: Yaoxue Xuebao 1991, 26, 437. [3]Lin, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1991,30, 4201. [4]Lin, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 633. [P.P.H. But]

605

Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steudel (Betulaceae) [ =Betula japonica Thunb. ] Chi-yang(C), Hannoki(J), O-ri-na-mu(K)

Young twig, leaf and bark Local Drug Name: Chi-yang(C), Jeok-yang(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste, powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(C, K). 2)Traumatic injury(C, K). 3)Epistaxis(C). 4)Toothache(K). 5 )Hematochezia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Diarylheptanoid glycosides: hirsutanonol, hirsutenone, hirsutanonol 5-O-P-Dglucopyranoside, hirsutanonol 5-0-(6-0-galloyl)-P-D-glucopyranoside, 3-deoxyhirsutanonol 5-O-P-D-glucopyranoside, 3-deoxohirsutanonol5-0-(6-0-P-D-apiosyl)-P-Dglucopyranoside, hirsutoside[l]. 2) Triterpenes: 3-O-acetyl-P-amyrin, 3-O-acetyltaraxerol, glutinone, glutinol, glutinone, lupenone, taraxerone[l], P-amyrin, lupenone[l-2], a-amyrin[2], taraxerol, betulinic acid[3]. 3) Flavonoids:quercitrin[l], cyanidin[4], 4) Steroids: P-sitosterol[2]. 5) Hydrocarbons:heptacosane[2], 6)Tannins: dimeric ellagitannin[5], catechol tannin[6], alnusjaponins A, B[7]. Pharmacology l)FcgRI receptor-binding activity(cyanidin)[4]. 2) Anti-skin aging activity[8].

4

Literature: [1] Wada, H. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46(6), 1054. [2] Uvarova,N. I. et al.: Phytochemistry 1972, 11(2), 741. [3] Matyukhina, L. G. et al:. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1968, 4(6), 387. [4] Van de Winkel et al: PCTInt. Appl. WO9809647A2 12Mar. 1998, 36 pp. [5] Lee, M.-W. etal: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(8), 2835. [6] Sato, M. et al:. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1943,19,778. [7] Lee, M.-W. et al: Phytochemistry, 1992, 31(8), 2835. [8] Hirano, A. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10130138 A2 19 May 1998, 4 pp. [C. K. Sung]

606

Cudrania

cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kud. & Masam. (Moraceae) [= Madura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner] Gou-ji (C), Chuan-por-sack (H)

Root Local Drug Name: Chuan-po-shi (C), Chuan-por-sack (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pulmonary tuberculosis (C, H). 2) Hemoptysis (H). 3) Icteric hepatitis (C, H). 4) Hepatosplenomegaly (C, H). 5) Gastric and duodenal ulcer (C, H). 6) Rheumatic pains (C, H). 7) Traumatic injury (C, H). 8) Boils, abscesses (H). 9) Fracture (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Xanthones: l,3,5-trihydroxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-9-one, isocudraniaxanthones A B, isoalvaxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone, deprenylated rheediaxanthone, alvaxanthone, cudraxanthone I, l,3,7-trihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2- enyl)-xanthone [1-2]. 2)Erythrinin B, lancerin, rf-aromadendrin [1-2], Pharmacology l)Inhibitory effect onNa + /H + exchange system [1]. 2) Inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation [2]. 3) Anti-inflammatory effect [3]. 4)Hepatoprotective effect [3]. Literature: [l]Kobayashi, M. etal:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1615. [2] Chang, C.H. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1994,44, 79. [3]Lin, C.C. et al.: Am. J. Chin. Med. 1999, 27, 227. [P.P.H. But]

607

Ficus religiosa L.

(Moraceae)

Pu-ti-shu(C),Indo-bodai-ju(J), In-do-bo-ri-su(K)

5

Bark Local Drug Name: Yin-do-pu-ti-shu-pi(C),Bo-je-su-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K);Topical (juice :C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diabetes(J,K). 2) Dysentery(K). 3) Asthma(K). 4) Cardiac edema(K). 5) Acute gastritis(K). 6) Hemorrhage(K). 7) Toothache(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: a-amyrin, P-amyrin, lupeol[l], lanosterol, lupen-3-one, oleanolic acid methyl ester[2], 2)Alkanes: hentriacontane, hexacosan-1-ol, nonacosane[l], octacosan-l-ol[l-2], 3)Steroids: campesterol, 28-isofucosterol, stigmasterolfl], (3-sitosterol[l-4], 4)Coumarins: bergapten, bergaptol[5], 5)Flavonoids: pelargonidin-5,7-dimethyl ether 3-0-a-L-rhamnoside[6], 6)Polyprenoids: solanesol[7]. Phamacology l)Antibacterial activity[8-9]. 2)Anticrustacean activity[8-9], 3)Protease(HIV) inhibition activityflO]. 4)Cytotoxic activity[ll]. 5)Antiviral activity[ll-12]. 6)Antiamebic activity[12]. 7)Plaque formation suppressant activity[13]. 8)Estrogenic activity[14], 9)Antifungal activity[15]. 10)Neuroleptic activity[16]. ll)Antihyperglycemic activity[17-18](glycoside of pelargonidin)[6]. Literature: [I] Behara, M. era/.: Curr. Agr. 1984, 8(1/2), 73. [2] Swami, K. D. et at. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1989, 66(4), 288. [3] Varshney, I. P. et al:. Indian J. Pharmacy, 1965, 27, 232. [4] Varshney, I. P. et al.: Indian J. Pharmacy, 1965,27, 231. [5] Swami, K. D.et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1996, 73,11. [6] Cherian, S. et al: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1992,29(4), 380. [7] Sasak, W. et al.: ActaBiochim. Pol. 1973,20,343. [8] Mousa, 0. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994,41(1/2), 71. [9] Mousa, 0. etal: PlantaMed. Suppl. 1992, 58(1), A632. [10] Kusumoto, I. T. etal.: Phytother. Res. 1995, 9(3), 180. [II] Hattori, M. etal.: Phytother. Res. 1995, 9(4), 270. [12] Dhar, M. L. et al.: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968, 6,232. [13] Namba, T. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1985,39(2), 146. [14] Ray, B. N. et al: Indian J. Physiol. AlliedSci. 1967, 20, 6. [15] Pandey, D. K. etal: Phytopathol. Z. 1982, 105, 175. [16] Gupta, S. S.: Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol. 1962, 6, P25. [17] Brahmachari, H. D. etal: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962, 14, 617. [18] Brahmachari, H. D. et al: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1962, 14, 254. [C. K. Sung]

6

608

Viscum coloratum (Komar.) Nakai

(Loranthaceae)

Hu-ji-sheng(C),Huk-gay-sunk(H),Yadorigi(J),Gyeo-u-sal-i(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Hu-ji-sheng(C),Huk-gay-sunk(H),Sokisei(J),Sang-gi-saeng(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter,wash briefly, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dry (C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia,aching and weakness of the loins and knees(C,H,J,K). 2) Threatened abortion(C). 3) Beriberi(K). 4) Galactostasis(K). 5) Dysmenorrhea(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alcohols: mesoinositol[l], 2)Steroids: (3-sitosterol,daucosterol[2]. 3)Triterpenoids: oleanolic acid,(3-amyrin,lupeol[l],betulinic acid,P-acetylamyrin[2],(3-amyrin palmitate,erythrodiol [3 ]. 4)Organic acids: myristic acid[l],lignoceric acid,cerotic acid,actacosanoic acid,palmitic acid, succinic aid,ferulic acid,caffeic acid[3]. 5)Tannins: protocatechuic acid[3]. 6)Flavonoids: homoeriodictyol-7-0-P-D-glucoside[4],flavoyadorininA,B,homoflavoyadorimn B [5] ,rhamnazin,homoeriodictyol, viscumneoside 1,11 [6] ,III,V, VI [7] ,1 V[8,9], viscoside A[10],eleutheroside E[ll]. 7)Coumarins: syringin[ 11]. 8)Glycosides: springenin-4'-0-D-apiosylglucoside,3-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy-butanol-2[ll]. 9)Alkaloids[12]. 10)Sugars: galacturonic acid,galactose,arabinose,xylose,glucose,rhamnose[ 13]. ll)Others:lectin[14,15]. Pharmacology 1) Antileukemia activity[12]. 2) Antihypertensive effect[16,17]. 3) Effect on circulatory system[18]. 4) Effect on cardiac function[18-22]. 5) Antiarrhythmic efifect[23,24]. 6) Inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelet[21,25]. 7) Antitumor activity[26]. Literature: [l]Zeng,G.E et al.:YaoxueXuebao 1957,5(3),169. [2]Kong,D.Y. etal.Yiyao Gongye 1987,18(10),445. [3]Kong,D.Y. et al.:Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi 1989,20(3),108. [4]U,Mn.:Zhongcaoyao 1985,16(2),1. [5]Nangjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,134. [6]Kong,D.Y. etal.Yiyao Gongye 1987,18(3), 123. [7]Kong,D.Y etal.YaoxueXuebao 1988,23(8),593. [8]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1988,23(9),707. [9]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1990,25(5),349. [10]Li,M.H. .Zhongcaoyao 1985,16(2),49. [ll]Kong,D.Y. etal.-.Yaoxue Xuebao 1992,27(10),792. [12]Khwaja,T.A. et al.:Experientia 1980,36(5),599. [13]Zheng,Y.L. et al.Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1989,24(6),334.

7

[14]Park,W.B. et al.:YakhakHoechi 1994,38(6),687. [15]Li,G etal.-.ShengwuHuawue YuShengwu WuliJinzhan 7995,22(4),349. [\6]"Zhongyao Zhi" 1994,Vol 5,711. [17]Zhang,W.Z. et al.-.Zhongcaoyao 1986,17,363. [18]Gu,D.G. etal.-.Yiyao Gongye 1981,(12),9. [19]Zhu,S.H. et al.:ZhongxiyiJiehe Zazhi 1984,4(9),548. [20]Cheng,B.H. et al.:Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi 1985,5(9),565. [21]Chen,S.X. et al.Zhongguo YaoliXuebao 1994,15(2),169. [22]Gu,T.H. et al.-.Yiyao Gongye 1983,(5),9. [23]Wu,J.X. et al.:Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi 1993,24(10),460. [24]Zhu,W.M. et al.-.Yiyao Gongye 1985,16(6),257. [25]Yoon,T.J. et al:Cancer Lett.(ShannonJrel) 1995,97(1),83. [J. X. Guo]

609

Fagopyrum

cymosum Meisn. (Polygonaceae)

Tian-giao-mai(C),Shakuchiri-soba(J) Root and Rhizome Local Drug Name: Ye-giao-mai (C), Shakuchiri (J) Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J); Topical (paste of fresh rhizome: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea (C, J). 2) Leukorrhea (C, J). 3) Abscess (C, J). 4) Sore-throat (C). 5) Stomachache (C). 6) Hepatitis (C). 7) Night sweat (C). 8) Dysmenorrhea (C). 9) Lymphoid tuberculosis (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: rutin, quercetin [1]. 2) Phenolics: shakuchirin [2]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor (HT-1080) activity (extract) [3] 2) Anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antitumor, antitussive activities [4]. Literature: [l]Imai, K. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1951,71, 266. [2]Takahashi, K.e?al: KanazawaDaigaku Yakugakubu Kiyo 1961,11, 1. [3]Liu, Ket al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Togbao 1998,14, 36. [4]Han, P. etal: PCT Int. Appl. WO 9916319 Al 8 Apr 1999. [T. Kimura]

610

Rumex acetosaL*

(Polygonaceae)

Shuan-mo(C), Suiba(J), Su-young(K)

8

Root Local Drug Name: Suan-mo(C), Suiba(J), San-mo(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K);Topical(paste: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dermatopathy(C, J, K). 2) Dysentery(C, K). 3) Difficult urination(K). 4) Hematemesis(K). 5) Scabies(C, K). 6) Meteorism(K). 7) Gonorrhea(K). 8) Frost-bite(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Suan-mo(C), San-mo-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Scabies(C, K). 2) Ringworm(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Qinoids: chrysazin[l], aloe emodin[l-2], chrysophanic acid[l-5], co-acetoxy aloe emodin, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl anthraquinone, chrysophanic acid-8-O-P-D-glucoside, emodin-8-0-P-D-glucoside[2],emodin[2-6], chrysophanol-8-O-p-D-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-P-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-l-0-P-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-p-Dglucopyranoside[3], physcion[3-5], chrysophanic acid anthrone, emodin anthrone, physcion anthrone[4]. 2) Steroids: P-sitosterol[2]. 3) Flavonoids: avicularin, orientin, 2",6"-di-0-acetyl orientin, 2"-0-acetyl orientin, isoorientin, 2",6"-di-0-acetyl isoorientin, 2"-0-acetyl isoorientin [7], hyperoside[7-8], quercetinrhamnose, quercetin-rhamno-glucoside[8], vitexin[9]. 4) Polycyclics: nepodin, neposide[5,10]. 5) Alkanes: oxalic acidfll]. 6) Carbohydrates:rumex acetosa polysaccharide RA-P[12],rumex acetosa polysaccharide (MW10,000)[13]. Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[14]. 2) Antiinflammatory activity[15]. 3) Hypoglycemic activity[16]. 4) Antifungal activity[17]. Literature: [1] Varma, P. N. et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1984, 61(2), 171. [2] Sharma, M. etal: Indian J. Chem. 1977, 15B, 884. [3] Kato, Let al:. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1987, 41(1), 67. [4] Tamano, M. et aLAgr. Biol. Chem. 1982, 46,1913. [5] He, L. Y. et al:. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1981, 16, 289. [6] Krivoshchekova, 0. E. et al: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 193. [7] Kato, T. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(8), 2277. [8] Horhammer, L. et al: Arch. Pharm.(Weinheim) 1955, 288, 58. [9] Aritomi, M. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1965, 13, 1470. [10] Bagrii, O. K. et al: FenolNye Soedin Ikh Biol. FunktsMater Vses Simp. 1st 1968, 89. [11] Kojima, K. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38(2), 138.

9

[12] Ito, H.: Jap. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 40(3), 435. [13] Ito, H. etal: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1980, 80 157,516, 6pp. [14] Arisawa, M : Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [15] Neubauer, N. et at. Phytomedicine 1994, 1(3), 177. [16] Kumagai, T. et al:. Proc. Jap. Acad. 1945, 21, 448. [17] Ito, K. et al:. Bull. Pharm. Research Inst. Japan 1951, 2, 23. [C. K. Sung]

611

Drymaria

diandra Blume [=D. cordata

(Caryophyllaceae) (h.)Wi\ld.]

He-lian-dou-cao (C), Hor-lin-dou-cho (H), Yanbaru-hakobe (J) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: He-lian-dou-cao (C), Hor-lin-dou-cho (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acute hepatitis (C, H). 2) Jaundice (C, H). 3) Pterygium (C, H). 4) Epigastric pain (C, H). 5) Nephritis (C, H). 6) Ascites (C, H). 7) Malaria (C, H). 8) Constipation (C). 9) Fracture (C). 10) Carbuncle (C). 11) Snake bite (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Fatty acids: palmitic acid, succinic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, caproric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid [1-2]. 2)Sterol: cc-spinasterol [1-2]. 3)Others: potassium nitrate [1], cordacin [3-4], Pharmacology 1) Antileukemic effect [3-4]. 2) Renal toxic effect [5]. 3) Antitussive effect [6]. Literature: [1] Yuan, A.X.: Zhongyao Tongbao 1987,12, 36. [2] Hu, Y. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1982, 13, 343. [3] Lin, YC. et at. Chin. J. Microbiol. 1974, 7, 47. [4] Lin, YC. etal: Chin. J. Microbiol. 19Tr4, 7, 64. [5] Chen, S.D. et al: K 'o Hsueh Fa Chan Yueh K 'an 1983, 11, 206. [6] Mukherjee, P.K. et at. J. Ethnopharm. 1997, 56, 77. [P.P.H. But]

612

Polycarpaea

coiymbosa

Lam .

(Caryophyllaceae)

Bai-gu-ding (C), Bark-goo-ding (H)

10

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Xin-se-cao (C), Bark-tou-yung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dysentery (C, H). 2) Enteritis (C, H). 3) Indigestion (C, H). 4) Carbuncle (H). 5) Snake bite, insect bite (H). 6) Ascites (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Camelliagenin A, Ai-barrigenol, stigmasterol [1]. 2) Carboxylic acids, coumarins, hydroxtcoumarins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids [2]. 3) Heavy metals: copper, zinc [3]. Literature: [1] Chiang, H.C. et al.: Taiwan Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih 1978,30, 114. [2] Tsotsoriya, G.G. et al: Khromataogr. Metody Farm. 1911, 172. [3] Brooks, R.R. et at:. Proc. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall. 1978, 268,33. [P.P.H. But]

613

Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) Mai-lan-cai(C),Ohfurugyo(J),Mal-maeng-I-na-mul(K)

Seed(CP) Local Drug Name:Wang-bu-liu-xing(C), Ohfurugyo(J),Wang-bul-ryu-haeng(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter(C,K). 2) Stir-fry the clean Semen Vaccariae until the most of the seeds burst(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Galactostasis(C,J,K). 2) Amenorrhea(C,J,K). 3) Dysmenorrhea(C,K). 4) Mastitis with swelling and pain of the breast(C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids[l]. 2) Coumarins [1,2], 3) Saponins:vacsegoside[l], 4) Flavonoids: vacarin[3], 5) Triterpenoids:segetoside,vaccegoside A,B,C,D[4]. 6) Peptides:vaccarin A[5],segetalin A,B,C,D[6],E[7]. Pharmacology l)Uterotoniceffect[2]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,204. [2] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: Yaoxue Xuebao 1966,13,95. [3] Baeva,R.T. etal.:Khim. Prir. Soedin 1974,10(2),171.

11

[4] [5] [6] [7]

Baeva,RT. et al.Khim. Prir. Soedin 1974,10(2),258. Zhang,R.R. etaL.Chin. Chem. Lett. 1995,6(8),681. Morita,H. et al.Tetrahedron 1995,51,6003. Morita,H. et aV.Phytochemistry 1996,42(2),439. [JXGuo]

614

Chenopodium

ambrosioides

L. (Chenopodiaceae)

Tu-jin-jie(C),Toh-ging-gie(H),Ke-aritaso(J) Herb Local Drug Name: Tu-jin-jie(C),Toh-ging-gie(H),Dokeigai(J). Processing: Dry in the shade(C,H,J). Method of Administration: Oral(powder, pills or volatile oil: C,J);Topical(decoction: C,H)Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ascariasis(C,H,J). 2) Ancylostomiasis(C,H). 3) Oxyuriasis(C,H). 4) Eczema(C,H). 5) Itching(C,H). 6) Myiasis(C). 7) Gastoroenteritis(J). Side effect: Volatile oil: drastic irritation(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Terpenes:ascaridole[l],pittobrevigenin,oleanolic acid,hederagenin,theasapogenin D,R r barrigenol[2],limonene,iso-limonene,/-pinocarvone,aritasone,rf-a-pinene,sylvestren[3]. 2) Glycosides :kaempferol-7-rhamnoside[3], 3) Others: cymene [3 ]. Pharmacology 1) Antimalarial effectfl]. 2) Anthelmintic effect[3]. 3) Inhibitory effect on dermatomyces[3]. Literature: [1] Gu,GM. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(10),15. [2] Yang,H.T. et al.:Huaxue Xuebao 1986,44(9),946. [3] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian" 1996,Vol.l,45. [J.X.Guo]

615

Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae) Bo-sai(C), Bor-choi (H), Houren-so(J), Si-geum-chi(K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bo-sai(C), Bor-choi (H), Houren-cho(J), Pa-chae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K), or use in fresh(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: J, K; fresh: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Anemia(C,H,J,K). 2)Constipation(C, J, K) 3)Diabetes(C, K).

12

4)Hematochezia(J, K). 5)Hypertension(C) 6)Acute conjunctivitis(C). 7)Hemorrhoid(J). 8)Weakness(J). 9)Epistaxis(K). lO)Scorbutus(K). ll)Scabies(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Pa-chae-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastropathy(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Indole alkaloids: betanin[l-2], isobetanin, celosianin, isocelosianin[2], indole-3-acetic acid[3], 2)Isoquinoline alkaloids: phenetylamine[4], N-methyl P-phenethylamine[5], tyramine[6], 3)Flavonoids:astragalin,hyperoside[7], 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavone-4' -glucuronide,4' ,5 '-dihydroxy-3,3' -dimethoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone-4' glucuronide,jaceidin-4'-glucuronide,patuletin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruloyl-glucopyranosyl)-(l-6)[P-D-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside,patuletin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[PD-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside,spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruloylglucopyranosyl)-(l-6)-P-D-glucopyranoside,spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-feruroylglucospyranosyl)-(l-6)-[P-D-apio-furanosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-P-D-gluco-pyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-(2"-/?coumaroyl-glucopyranosyl)-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]-P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]-P-Dglucopyranoside[8], 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-6-methoxy flavone, 4',5-dihydroxy-3,3'dimethoxy-6,7-dimethylenedioxy-flavone,spinacetin[9],kaempferol, quercetin[10], patuletin[ll], quercitrin[12],rutin[7,13-14], spinatoside[15], 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy6,7-methylene-dioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide, 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7methylenedioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide-methyl ester, 4',5-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy6,7-methylenedioxy flavone-4'-P-D-glucuronide jaceidin-4'-P-D-glucuronide[ 16],patuletin3-O-P-D-gentiobioside, patuletin-3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-6)-[P-D-apiofuranosyl(l-2)]P-D-glucopyranoside, spinacetin-3-P-D-gentiobioside, spinatoside[17]. 4)Phenylpropanoids: chlorogenic acid, neo-chlorogenic acid[7], caffeic acid[7, 18], /?-coumaric acid[18],ferulicacid[18-19]. 5)Triterpenes: spinasaponin A[20], 6)Carotenoids: a-carotene, P-cryptoxanthin[21], P-carotene[21-23], P-neocarotene[22], lutein, zeaxanthin[23], 7)Steroids: ecdysone, 24(28)-dehydro makisterone A[24], P-ecdysone, polypodine B[24-26], 20-hydroxy-P-ecdysone[25], spinasterol[27], a-spinasterol-3-O-P-D-glucoside, stigmast-7en-3-P-ol-P-D-glucoside[28]. 8)Coumarins: coumestrol[29-30]. 9)Proteids: tryptophan[3, 31], arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine[31], calmodulin[32], calsequestrin[33], carbonic anhydrase[34], cystathionine[35], APS-sulfotransferase[36]. 10)Lipids: hexadecatrienoic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid[37], linoleic acid, oleic acid[37-38], a-linolenic acid[38], co-3-linolenic acid[39]. ll)Carbohydrates: maltose[40], phytic acid[41], xylitol[42]. 12)Oxygen heterocycles: phytylplastoquinol, 6-phytyltoluquinol[43]. 13)Vitamins: vitamin K[12], a-tocopherol[43], P-, 8-tocopherol[44], y-tocopherol[43-44],

13

ascorbic acid[45-47], dehydro-ascorbic acid[45, 48], vitamin K-l[49]. 14)Alkanes: citric acid, malic acid[50], oxalix acid[50-53]. Phamacology l)Antimutagenic activity[47, 54-56], 2)Hypoglycemic activity[57-59]. 3)Glucose metabolism stimulation activity[60]. 4)Insulin receptor binding effect[60]. 5)Antiedema activity[61]. 6)Gonadotropin release stimulation activity[62], 7)Antitumor activity[63]. 8)Antioxidant activity[63-64]. 9)Antitumor-promoting activity[64]. 10)Pancreatic secretion stimulation activity[65]. ll)Amylase release stimulation activity[66]. 12)Lipase release stimulation activity[66]. 13)Proteolytic activity[66]. 14)Quinone recuctase induction activity[67]. 15)Protein synthesis inhibition activity[68]. 16)a-Naphthyl butyrate esterase stimulation activity[69], 17)Amine tetrazolium reductase inhibition activity[69]. 18)Intraocular pressure reduction activity[70]. 19)Allergenic acitivity[71]. 20)Catalase stimulation activity[72]. 21)Hemagglutinin activity[73]. 22)Antimalarial activity[74]. 23)Elastase inhibition activity[75], Literature: [I] Misawa, M.: Plant Tissue Culture its Bio-Technol.Aappl. Int. Congr. 1st 1976, 17. [2] Piattelli, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1964,3(5), 547. [3] Culafic, L. et al:. Biol. Plant. 1974, 16, 359. [4] Neurath, G. B. et al:. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977, 15, 275. [5] Marquardt, P. et al: Arzneim-Forsch. 1976, 26,2001. [6] William, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970, 33S, 1. [7] Boguslavskaya, L. I. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(5), 635. [8] Ferreres, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1997, 45(8), 1701. [9] Fang, N. et al: Rev. Latinoamer. Quim. 1989, 20(1), 42. [10] Hertog, M. G. L. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40(12), 2379. [II] Tissut, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 2077. [12] Ganju, K. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1959, 47, 563. [13] Lukovnikova, G. A.: Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 1965, 1, 504. [14] Lucovnikova, G A.: Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 1965, 1, 594. [15] Wagner, H. et al: Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 1405. [16] Aritomi, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1984, 23(9), 2043. [17] Aritomi, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1986, 25(1), 231. [18] Huang, H. M. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1986,34(1), 48. [19] Massart, L. et al: Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 1957, 65,163. [20] Shoji, J.: Adv. Nat. Prod. Chem.-Extraction & isolation of biologically active compounds 1981, 275. [21] Bureau, J. L. et al: J. Food Sci. 1986, 51(1), 128. [22] Rao, C. N.: J. Nutr. Diet. 1967, 4, 10. [23] Granado, F. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992, 40(11), 2135. [24] Bathory, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 236. [25] Modlin, R. F. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 668(1), 229. [26] Grebenok, R. J. et al: Lipids 1991, 26(8), 666. [27] Itoh, T. et al: Phytochemistry 1981, 20, 761. [28] Woo, W. S. et al: Seoul Univ. J. 1975, 25(10), 59.

14

Knuckles, B. E. etal.: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1976,24, 1177. Hoelscher, M.: Feedstuffs 1979, 51, 54. Vasi, I. G. et al: J. Inst. Chem.(India) 1980, 52, 13. Lukas, T. J. etal: Plant Physiol. 1984, 75(3), 788. Krause, K. H. et at J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264(8), 4269. Henkens, R. W.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1979, 40, 213. Datko, A. H. et at Anal. Biochem. 1974, 62(2), 531. Schmidt, A.: Plant Sci. Lett. 1975, 5, 407. dome, A. J. et at. Phytochemistry 1986, 25(1), 65. Cherif, A. et at. Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 703. Simopoulos, A. P. etal: N. Engl. J. Med. 1987, 315(13), 833. Schilling, N. et at Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1975, 3, 985. Lehrfeld, J.: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1994,42(12), 2726. Counsell, J. N. etal: Food Process. Ind. 1976, 45(54), 24. Soil. J. etal: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 215. Murcia, M. A. et at J. Sci. Food Agr. 1992, 60(1), 81. Marchesini, A. et at J. Food Sci. 1974,39, 568. Yao, S. etal: YingyangXuebao 1983, 5(4), 373. Barale, R. et at. Mutat. Res. 1983, 120(2/3), 145. Tipson, R. S.: J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. 1945, 34, 190. Booth, S. L. et at J. Agr. Food Chem. 1994, 42(2), 295. Soldatenkov, S. V. et al: Trudy Petergof Biol. Inst, Leningarad Gosudarst Univ. IM AA Zhdanova 1960, 18,55. Nakhara, K.: Eiyo To shokuryo 1974, 27(1), 33. Kojima, K. etal: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38(2), 138. Yeh, H. L. etal: Chung-Kuo ShengDHsueh Tsa Chih 1938, 13, 209. Negishi, T. et at. Mutat. Res. 1997, 376(1/2), 97. Osawa, T. et at Agr. Biol. Chem. 1986, 50(8), 1971. Shinohara, K. et at Agr. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52(6), 1369. Sammartino, U.: Arch. Farmacol. Sper. Sci. Affini. 1928, 45, 7. Kumagai, T. et at. Proc. Jap. Acad. 1945, 21, 448. Roman-Ramos, R. et at. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995, 48(1), 25. Collier, E. et al: Abstr. Endocrine Society 68th Annual Meeting, June 25-27, 1986, Anaheim, CA 1986,38. Yasukawa, K. et al: Phytother. Res. 1993, 7(2), 185. Negus, N. C.et al: J. Mammalogy 1966, 47, 596. Albeck, M.etat Patent-Eur. Pat. Appl. 1988, 271,133, 45pp. Maeda, H. et at. Jap. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 1992, 83(9), 923. Samochowiec, L. et al: Herba Pol. 1981, 28(1), 45. Wojcicki, J. et at Berba Pol. 1981, 27(2), 133. Prochaska, H. J. etal: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.fUSA) 1992, 89, 2394. Gasperi-Campani, A. etal: J. Nat. Prod. 1985, 48(3), 446. Kobori, M. etal: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1993, 57(11), 1951. Deutsch, H. M. et at Curr. Eye Res. 1987, 6(7), 949. De La Hoz, B. et al: Ann. Allergy 1991, 67(5), 487. Yamaguchi, T. et al: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1980, 44(4), 959. Gorbridge, M. H. et al.: Univ. Wyoming Agr. Exp. Sta.(Laramie) Sci. Monograph 1971 24 11. Misra, P. et al: Int. J. Pharmacog. 1991, 29(1), 19. Bojima, Y. etal: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32(6), 985. [C. K. Sung]

616

Gomphrena globosa L. (Amarantaceae) Qian-ri-hong (C), Chin-yut-hung (H), Cheon-il-hong (K)

15

Capitulum Local Drug Name: Qian-ri-hong (C), Chin-yut-hung (H), Cheon-il-hong (K) Processing: Dry in the sun (C,K). Method of Administration: Oral ( decoction: C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Bronchial asthma (C,H,K). 2) Acute and chronic bronchitis (C,H,K). 3) Chin cough (C,K). 4) Haemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis (C). 5) Dizziness (C). 6) Blurring of vision (C,K). 7).Dysentery (C,H,K). 8) Infantile fever, and night screaming (H). 9) Whooping cough (H). 10) Headache (K). Scientific Research: Chemstry l)Glucosides: gomphrenin I,II,III [1], IV,V,VI [2], 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy flavanol 3-0-0-D-glucoside[3]. 2)Others: amaranthin, isoamaranthin [2], Pharmacology 1) Expectorant activity [3], Literature: [1] Heuer,S. etal. : Phytochem. 1992,31(5), 1801. [2] Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian 1996,119. [3] Liu, H.K. etal. : Yaoxue Tongbao 1981,16(1),55. [J.X.Guo]

617

Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. (Magnoliaceae) Ye-he-hua (C), Yair-hup-far (H)

Flower Local Drug Name: Ye-he-hua (C), Hup-foon-far (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Costal pain (C, H). 2) Leucorrhea (C, H). 3) Cough with profuse sputum (C, H). 4) Insomnia (C, H). 5) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Essential oil: (3-myrcene, ot-phellandrene, p-cymene, P-phellandrene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, coumaran, geraniol, bornyl acetate, a-copaene, vanillin, P-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, a-caryophyllene, y-muurolene, a-cedrene, y-elemene, y-cadinene, 5-cadinene, dihydrocalamenene, nerolidol, spathulenol, globulol, himachalol, T-cadinol, a-cadinol, fames ol [1]. Literature: [1] Zhu, L.F. et al.: Aromatic Plants and Essential Constituents (Supplement I). South China

16

institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 1995, p. 12. [P.P.H. But]

618

Desmos chinensis Lour.

(Annonaceae)

Jia-ying-zhao (C), Gar-ying-jao (H) Root or leaf Local Drug Name: Ji-zhao-feng (C), Gar-ying-jao (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2) Gastric pain (C, H). 3) Indigestion (C, H). 4) Abdominal distention (C, H). 5) Postpartum abdominal pain and hemorrhage (C, H). 6) Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 7) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavanone: desmal [1]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on tyrosine kinase [1], 2) Inhibitory effect on EGF-induced inositol phosphate formation [1]. Literature: [l]Kakeya, H. et at. FEBSLett. 1993, 320, 169. [P.P.H. But]

619

Laurus nobilis L.

(Lauraceae)

Yue-gui(C),Gekkei-ju(J),Weol-gye-su(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Yue-gui-zi(C),Weol-gye-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K);Topical(powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatism(J, K). 2) Paralysis(K). 3) Eczema(K). 4) Swellfish poisoning(C,K). 5) Scabies(C,K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Weol-gye-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatism(J, K).

17

2) Scabies(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry ^Sesquiterpenes: santamarine[l], costunolide, dehydrocostuslactone[l-2], eremanthin, zaluzanin D[2], germacranolide[3]. 2)Lignan glycosides: (i-secoisolariciresinol 9-O-P-D-xylopyranoside, d-5'methoxyisolariciresinol 9'-0-P-D-xylopyranoside, schizandraside[4]. 3) Alcohol glucoside: Z-3-hexenyl-0-glucoside[4]. 4) Essential oils: eucalyptol, terpineol, geraniol, eugenol, acetyleugenol, methyleugenol, phellandrene, P-pinene[5], 5)Flavonoids: rutin[6]. 6) Fatty acids: lauric acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid[7]. 7)Proteins(seed): globulins, glutelins[8]. Phamacology 1) Ethanol absorption inhibition activity(sesquiterpenes)[l]. 2) Antiulcerogenic activity[9]. 3) Snail malformation activity[10]. 4) Allergenic activity(a-methylene Y-butyrolactone)[ll]. 5) Antibacterial activity(essential oil)[12]. Literature: [I] Matsuda, H. etal:. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 9(18), 2647. [2] Appendino, G. et al.: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(7), 2537. [3] Tada, H. et al: J. Chem. Soc. D 1971, (21), 1391. [4] Yahara, S. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshik 1992,46(2), 184. [5] Morani, V: Ann. Chim. Applicata, 1926, 16, 21. [6] Makarov, V. A.: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1971, 7(2), 203. [7] Krajcinovic, M. et al: Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 1958, 60, 445. [8] Blagoveshchenskii, A. V.: Tr. Most ObshchestvaIspytatelei Prirody, Otd. Biol. 1965,13, 7. [9] Afifi, F. U. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 58(1), 9. [10] Re, L. etal:Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1987, 82(S4), 315. [II] Cheminat, A. etal: Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1984, 276(3), 178. [12] Syed, M. et al: Pakstan J. Set Ind. Res. 1991, 34(11), 456. [C. K. Sung]

620

Adonis amurensis

Reg. et. Radd.

(Ranunculaceae)

Bing-liang-hua(C), Fukuju-so(J), Bok-su-cho(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bing-liang-hua(C), Bok-su-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cardiac disease(C, J, K). 2)Edema by heart failure(C, J, K). 3)Congestive heart failure(C, K). 4)Palpitation(J, K). 5)Epilepsy(K). Contraindications: Extrasystole on overdoese(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Cardenolides: somalin, strophanthoside K[l], convallatoxin[l-2], strophanthin K[2],

18

cymarin[2-3], digitoxigenin[2, 4], strophanthidin[4], adonis compound AAR[5], 2)Steroids: adonilide, fukujusone, fukujusonorone, lineolone, benzoyl lineolone, ;so-lineolone, nicotinoyl zso-lineolone[4]. 3)Carbohydrates: adoniton[6], Phamacology 1) Antiarrhythmic activity[7]. Literature: [1] Gu, X. L. etal: Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1990, 10(1), 5. [2] Ro, J. S. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1990, 21(2), 130. [3] Li, C. P.: Chiese herbal medicine. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Publ. No. 75732, Washington, D.C. 1974. [4] Shimizu, Y. et al:. Lloydia, 1978, 41,1. [5] Chi, L. G. et al: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1988. 23(2), 91. [6] Komissarenko, N. F. etal: Rast. Resur. 1982, 18, 273. [7] Yanxi, B. etal: Chin. J. Meg. Trad. West. Med. 1987, 7(9), 541. [C. K. Sung]

621

Sargentodoxa

cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.

(Lardizabalaceae)

Da-xue-teng(C),Dai-huet-teng(H) Stem(CP) Local Drag Name: Da-xue-teng(C),Daiketsuto(J). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thick slices and dry (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Acute appendicitis(C). 2)Amenorrhea,dysmenorrhea(C,H,J). 3)Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H,J). 4)Traumatic swelling and pain(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phytosterols: daucosterol,P-sitosterol[ 1 ]. 2) Anthraquinones :emodin,physcion[ 1 ] ,chrysophanol [2]. 3)Coumarins:p-hydroxyphenylethanolp-coumarate[2]. 4) Organic acids:stearic acid[l],vanillic acid,protocatechuric acid[2],madasiatic acid[3], 5) 01igosaccharides:sucrose[3], 6)Glycosides:acanthosideD,sargencuneside[3],salidroside,liriodendrin[4]. 7) Tannins:catechin[5], 8) Triterpenoidal saponins:rosamultin,kajiichigoside Fl[5]. 9) Polysaccharides [6]. 10) Phenolic compounds [7]. Pharmacology 1) Effect on isopoterenolinduced myocardial ischemia[6]. 2) Vasodilative effect[7]. 3) Hypoxia tolerant effect[8]. 4)Effectonheart[8]. 5) Effect on aorta[8]. 6) Effect on smooth muscle of gastrointestinal tract[8]. 7) Effect on blood pressure[8]. 8) Effect on cycloribotide in plasma[8], 9) Effect on coronary artery[8,9].

19

10) Effect on cardiac infarctionflO]. 11) Antiinflammatory effectfll]. 12) Toxicity[8]. Literature: [1] Wang,Z.J. etaL.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(3),7. [2] Li,Z.L. et al Shanghai Yike DaxueXuebao 1988,15(1),68. [3] Miao,K. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1995,26(4),171. [4] Li,Z.L. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(7),297. [5] Ruecker,G. et al.PlantaMed. 1991,57(5),468. [6] Zhang,P. et al.-.Shanghai Yike Daxue Xuebao 1988,15(3),191. [7] Sakakibara,I. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 07,149,630[95,149,630](C1. A61 K31/05),13 Jun.l995,Appl. 92/340,964,30 Nov. 1992;6pp. [8] Shao,Y.D. etaL.Zhongcaoyao 1983,14(1),23. [9] Wang,J.Y. et al.Zhongguo Yaoxuehui Disijie QuanguoXuishu Huiyi Ziliao 1979. [10] Chen,H.X. et al..Shanghai Diyi Yixueyuan Xuebao 1984,11(3),201;1984,11(5),383. [ll]Sakakibara,I. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 06,199,885[94,199,885](C1. C07 H15/203),19 Jul,1994,Appl. 92/340,963,30 Nov. 1992;7pp. [J.X.Guo]

622

Stauntonia

chinensis DC.

(Lardizabalaceae)

Ye-mu-gua (C), Yair-muk-gwar (H), Tou-mube (J), Meol-ggul (K) Related plant: S. hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne.:Niu-teng(C). Root Local Drug Name: Ye-mu-gua (C), Yair-muk-gwar (H), Yamokka (J), Ya-mok-gwa (K) Processing: Cut into slices and dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Trigeminal neuralgia (C, H). 2)Sciatica (C, H). 3)Neural headache (C, H). 4)Gastric ulcer (C, H). 5)Duodenal ulcer (C, H). 6)Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 7)Traumatic injury (C, H). 8)Postoperative pain (C, H, K). 9)Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 10)Irregular menstruation (C, H). ll)Edema(C,H,J,K). 12)Dysuria (C, H, K). 13)Axillary abscess (C, H). 14)Swollen testes (C, H). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Saponins: yemuosides, prosaponin, saponarin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-P-D-glucoside [1-7]. Literature: [1] Wang, H.B. et al.: PlantaMed. 1989, 55, 303. [2] Wang, H.B. et al: YaoxueXuebao 1989,24, 444. [3] Wang, H.B. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1989, 52, 342.

20

[4] Wang, H.B. et al.: J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53, 313. [5] Wang, H.B. etal.-.J. Nat. Prod. 1991, 54, 1097. [6] Wang, H.B. etal.-.J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 214. [7] Wang, H.B. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1992, 23, 567. [P.P.H. But]

623

Diploclisia

glaucescens

(Blume)Diels (Menispermaceae)

Cang-bai-cheng-gou-feng (C), Ching-ngau-fung (H) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Cheng-gou-feng (C), Ching-ngau-fung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Urethritis (C, H). 3) Snake bites (C, H). 4) Cholecystitis(C). Adverse effects: Toxic; not for use in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Ecdysterone [1-2]. Literature: [1] Shah, V.C. et al.: Steroids 1989, 53, 559. [2] Miller, R.W. et al.: PlantaMed. 1985, (1), 40. [P.P.H. But]

624

Stephaniajaponica

(Thunb.) Miers (Menispermaceae)

Qian-jin-teng (C), Hasunohakazura (J) ,Ham-bak-i (K) Stem and Root Local Drug Name: Qian-jin-teng (C), Senkinto (J), Cheon-geum-deung (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction : C, J, K);Topical(paste of fresh root or herb:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Abdominal pain (J, K). 2)Common cold (J, K). 3)Diarrhea (J, K). 4)Feebleness caused by pulmonary tuberclosis (J). 5)Sore-throat (C). 6)Tooth ache (C). 7)Stomach-ache (C). 8)Edema(C). 9)Beriberi (C). 10)Urine difficulty (C). 1 l)Eczema of vulva (C). 12)Rheumatic arthritis (C, J). 13)Snake bite (C). 14)Carbuncle (C).

21

15)Traumatic injury (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids:s tephanine (=obamegine)[l],protostephanine,hasbanonine[2, 3],epistephanine, hypostephanine,hasbanoline[2, 4],homostephanine[5],metaphanine[6, 7],prometaphanine [6] ,cyclonoline[8],stebisimine[9],dehydrostephanine[10],steponine[ll], homostephanoline [ 12],prometaphanine[ 13 ],stepionine[ 14] ,stephamiersine,epistephamiersine,oxostephamiersine,stepha-sunoline[15],16-oxoprometaphanine[16, 17],oxostephasunoline[18], oxoepistephamiersine[19],oxostephabemne[20],prostephanaberrine,stephanaberrine[21], stephabenine[22],stephadiamine[23],oxostephanine,lanuginosine[24],16-oxohasubanonine [17]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor multidrug resistance (trilobine, isotrilobine) [25], Literature: [l]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1924,44, 1034; Tomita, U.et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1959,79, 322 ; Tomita, U.et at. ibid. 1963,83, 940; 1967,85, 557. [2]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1927,47,177,930; 1938,58,268; Tomita, M. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,538. [3]Tomita, M. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,538; Ibuka, T. et at. ibid. 1967,15,1809. [4]Kondo, H. et at. Ann. Rep. Ituu Lab. 1951,2,35. [5]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1928,48,1141; Tomita, U.et at. ibid. 1956,76,856; Watanabe, T. et al, ibid. 1965,85,584. [6]Kondo, H. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1924,45,5,1304; ibid. 1938,58,268; Tomita, M. et at Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,695,704; idem: Tetrahedron Lett. 1964, 3605. [7]Takeda, K.: C. A. 1961,55,26005; Ann. Repts. ITSUULab. 1960,11, 61. [8]Tomita, M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,776. [9]Barton, D. H. R. et at. J. Chem. Soc. (C), 1966, 2313; Chem. Comm. 1966, 266. [10] Watanabe, Y. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1966,86, 257. [11]Tomita, M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1957,77, 73, 79,274; Watanabe, Y.: ibid. 1957,77,278. [12] Ibuka, T. et at. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1967,15, 1935,1939. [13]Tomita,M. et at. Yakugaku Zasshi 1967',87',381. [14] Ibuka, T.et at. Tetrahedron Letters, 1972, 4001. [15] Matsui, M. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1973, 4263; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1975,23,1323. [16] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1982,45, 497. [17] Watanabe, Y. et al:. Phytochem. 1975,14,2695. [18] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984,47,465. [19] Matsui, M. et at. J Nat. Prod. 1984,47, 858. [20] Matsui, M. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1985,48,746. [21] Matsui, M. et at. J Nat. Prod. 1986,49,588. [22]Kondo, S. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1983,31,2574. [23]Taga, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1984,32,4221. [24] Watanabe, Y. et at. Phytochem. 1975,14,2522. [25] Hall, A. U.et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1997,60,1193. [T. Kimura]

625

Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. (Saururaceae) San-bai-cao(C),Sarm-bark-cho(H),Hangesho(J),Sam-back-cho(K)

Rhizome or herb(CP) Local Drug Name: San-bai-cao(C),Sarm-bark-cho(H),Sanpakuso(J),Sam-back-cho(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, cut into sections, dry in the sun(C,J,K).

22

Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J,K);Topical(paste: C,H,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysuria with painful difficult urination,urinary infection,nephritic edema (C,H,J,K). 2)Morbid leukorrhea(C,H,K). 3)External use for boils,sores and eczema(C,H,K). 4)Beriberi(J,K). 5)Jaundice(K). 6)Ascites(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Tannins[l]. 2) Flavonoids :quercetin,quercitrin,isoquercitrin,hyperin,avicularin,rutin[ 1 ]. 3) Volatile oils:methyl-n-nonylketone,myristicin[l],a-pinene,camphene,linalool,safrol, P-caryophyllene,humulene,l-ally-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene,l,2,3,4-tetrahydro -1,6-dimethyl-r-( 1-methylethyl)naphthalene,decahydro-3 a-methyl-6-methylene-1-(1methylethyl)cyclo dicyclobutene[2]. 4) Organic acids:palmitic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid.linoleic acid[3]. 5) Amino acids:alanine,valine,serine,threonine,asparic acid,tryptopham[3],glutamic acid[4]. 6) Lignans:sauchinone[5], 7) Anthroquinones [5 ]. 8)Alkaloids[5]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[5]. 2) Bacteriostasis[6], Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,156. [2] Choe,K.H. et al.:Punsok Kwahak 198S,1(2),259. [3] Choe,K.H. et aL.Punsok Kwahak 1989,2(2),285. [4] Jung,D.S.:Nonmunjip-Cheju Taehakkyo,Chayon 1992,(35),111. [5] Wang,E.C. et al. .Heterocycles 1996,43(5),969. [6] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,92. [J. X. Guo]

626

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae) [=D. Camphora Colebr.] Long-lao-xiang(C),Ryuunouju(J),Yong-noe-hyang-na-mu(K)

Essential oil secreted from the wood Local Drug Name: Bing-pian(C),Bing-pin(H),Ryuunou(J),Bing-pyun(K). Processing: Steam distillation of wood(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral (pills or powder: C,H,K);Topical(powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye diseases(C,H,J,K). 2) Tooth ache(J). 3) Febrile diseases(C,H,K). 4) Syncope(C). 5) Ulcer(QH). 6) Sore throat(C). 7) Apoplexy(C,K). 8) Tympanitis(C,K). 9) Epilepsy(H).

23

Contraindications: Used with caution in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Terpenoids:d-bomeol(above99%),cineole,humulene,caryophyllene,elemene[l,2]. 2)Triterpenoids:oleanolic acid,dipterocarpol,dryobalanone[l],oleanolic acid acetate, hederagenic acid,dryobalanoloic acid,methyl ll-oxoasiatate,dryobalanolide[3]. Pharmacology 1) Stimulation of central nervous system. 2) Antibacterial effect. Literature: [1] Cheung,H.T.efal.Jetrahedron Letters 1967,2807;1968,4363^/.C.5'Yg,1968,1047,2686. [2] Bisset,N.Ge/al.:Phytochem.l967,6,1395. [3] Cheung,H.T. et al.Phytochem. 1972,11,1771. [T. Kimura]

627

Brassica alba (L.) Boiss

(Cruciferae)

[= Sinapis alba L ] Bai-jie (C), Bark-gie-jee (H), Seiyo-shirokarashi (J), Baek-gae-ja (K). Related plant: Brassicajuncea (L.) Czrn. et Cross.: Jie (C), Karashina (J). Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Jie-zi (C), Bark-gie-jee (H), Haku-gaishi (J), Baek-gae-ja (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,H, J, K). Break to pieces before use (C). Stir-fry until become deep yellow and pungent scanted. Break to pieces before use (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder: C, H, J, K);Topical (paste or powder: C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sputum (H, J). 2) Lumbago (H, J). 3) Vomiting (H). 4) Pyodermas (H). 5) Cough, asthma and distending pain of the chest caused by cold-phlegm (C). 6) Arthralgia acoompanied by numbness (C). 7) Deep abscess (C). 8) Neuralgia (K). 9) Bronchitis (K). 10) Pneumonia (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Glycosides: sinalbin, glucosinalbin [1, 2, 3],sinalexin [4],sinapine, sinamine [5], 2)Bitter principles: sinapin rhodanide [6], 3)Polysaccharides: 4-O-methyl-P-D-glucuronic acid containing rhamnogalacturonan [7].

Literature: [1] Salkowski, H.: Ber. 1899,22,2137. [2] Kjaer, K. et al:. Acta Chem. Scand. 1954,8,598. [3] Barothy, J. et al:. Chem. & lnd. 1965,308.

24

[4] Pedras, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1997,46,833. [5] Steffens, H.: C. A. 1972,77,52311; Ger. Offen. 1972,2046756, Appl.1970. [6] Kobayashi, A. et al: Nogeikagaku Zasshi 1966,40,236. [7] Cui, W. et al: Carbohydr. Res. 1996,292,173. [T. Kimura]

628

Loropetalum

chinensis (R. Brown) Oliv.

(Hamamelidaceae)

Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H) Leaf Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H); Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Endometrorrhagia (C,H). 2) Diarrhea (C). 3) Burn (C,H). 4) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). 5) Colds (H). 6) Gastric and duodenal ulcer (H). Flower Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C,H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H); Topical(paste: C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epistaxis (C,H). 2) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). Root Local Drug Name: Ji-mu (C), Gight-muk(H). Processing: Use in fresh, or dry in the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C); Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Amenorrhea due to blood stasis (C,H). 2) Traumatic injury (C,H). 3) Chronic arthritis (C,H). 4) Traumatic hemorrhage (C). 5) Melena (H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: quercetin,isoquercitrin[l],luteolin[2]. 2) Tannins and related polyphenols: octagalloyl-glucose, hexagalloyl-glucose, heptagalloylglucose, astragalin-2"-0-gallate, astragalin-6"-0-gallate, astragalin-2",6"-di-0-gallate (loropetalin D)[2], prostratin B, rugosins D and E[3], loropetalins A-C, camelliin B, rugosin G and related polyphenols [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antibacterial effect [5]. 2)Hemostasis [5]. 3) Effect on uterus [5]. 4) Cardiovascular effect [6], Literature:

25

[1] Nakabayashi, T. : J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1952,26,331. [2] Liu, Y.Z. et al. : Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa 1997, 9(3), 12. [3] Yoshida, T. et al. : Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(12),3296. [4] Yoshida, T. etal. : Phytochem. 1993, 32(5),1287. [5] Chen, Q.Q. et al. : Shiyong Linchuang Caoyao 1991, 418. [6] Dept. of Pharmacology at Jiangsu New Medical College: Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1977,8(2),29. [J.X.Guo]

629

Fragaria chiloensis Duchartre van ananassa Bailey (Rosaceae) Oranda-ichigo(J), Yang-ddal-gi(K)

Fruit Local Drug Name: Ichigo(J), Ddal-gi(K). Processing: Fresh (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (fresh: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anemia(J, K). 2) Weakness(J). 3) Acute gastritis(K). 4) Vomiting(K). 5) Diarrhea(K). 6) Ophthalmia(K). 7) Pleurisy(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ichigo-no-ha(J), Ddal-gi-yeop(K). Processing: Fresh(K). Method of Administration: Topical (soften with salt: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Corn(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alicyclics: quinic acid, shikimic acid[l]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity[2]. Literature: [1] Yoshida, S. etal: Phytochemisty 1975, 14,195. [2] McCutcheon, A. R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol 1994, 44(3), 157. [C. K. Sung]

630

Prunus tomentosa

Thunb. (Rosaceae)

Shan-ying-tao(C), Yusura-ume(J), Aeng-do-na-mu(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Shan-ying-tao(C), Ikuri-nin(J), Uk-ri-in(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C).

26

Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema(J, K). 2) Frost-bite(K). 3) Difficult urination(J, K). 4) Beriberi(K). 5) Measles(C). Root Local Drug Name: Uk-ri-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake bite(K). 2) Ascariasis(K). 3) Burn(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Coumarins: tomenin(5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin-5-0-glucoside)[l]. 2)Flavonoids: af-catechin[l], quercitrin[2]. 3) Sugars: sorbitol[3]. 4) Polyphenols [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antioxidative activity(polyphenols)[4]. Literature: [1] Hasegawa, M.: Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1969, 82(978), 458. [2] Wada, E.: J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 1952, 26, 108. [3] Salvatierra, M. A. et al:.J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1998, 67(4), 475. [4] Takeyama, C. et at. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 1997, 44(4), 290. [C. K. Sung]

631

Spiraea prunifolia

Sieb. et Zucc. van simpliciflora Jo-pap-na-mu(K)

Related plant: S. prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc.:Li-ye-xiu-xian-ju(C). Root Local Drug Name: Xiao-ye-hua(C),So-yeop-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sore throat(C,K). 2) Malaria(K). 3) Neuralgia(K). 4) Fever(K). 5) Common cold(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Triterpenes:3-0-acetyl pomolic acid methyl ester[l]. 2) Steroids:campesterol,P-sitosterol[2]. 3) Phenylpropanoids:p-coumaric acid methyl ester[l].

27

Nakai (Rosaceae)

Pharmacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[3]. Literature: [1] Youn,H.S. etal:Korean J. Pharmacog. 1987,18(2),107. [2] RoJ.S..Korean J. Pharmacog. 1982,31(1),39. [3] Park,S.Y. etal..Seoul Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 1992,17,1. [C.K.Sung]

632

Acacia catechu (L.) WHld.

(Leguminosae)

Er-cha (C), Asenyakunoki (J), A-seon-yak (K) Related plants: Uncaria gambir Roxb.(Rubiaceae):Asenyaku,Ganbiru (J)Gambir(E),A-seon-yak (K); Pentace burmanica Kurz (Tiliaceae):Syamu-asenyaku (J), Siam catechu (E). Heart wood extract(CP), peeled branch and stem Local Drug Name: Er-cha (C), Pegu-asenyaku (J), A-seon-yak (K), Catechu (E). Processing: Break into pieces before use (C). Imported (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction, pills or powder: C, J, K);Topical (decoction: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Stomatitis (J, K). 2)Bad breath (J, K). 3)Diarrhea (J, K). 4)Sore throat, pharyngitis (J, K). 5)Festering wound difficult to heal up (C). 6)Eczema(C). 7)Ulcers in the mouth (C). 8)Traumatic injury with pain and bleeding (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: rf-catechin, epicatechin [l],poriferasterol-|3-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-Oarabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside [2]. 2)Sugars: gum [3]. Pharmacology l)Antioxidant effect [4]. Literature: [1] Wang, G. et al: Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1999,19, 88. [2] Sharma, P. et al: J. Indian Chem.Soc. 1997,74,60. [3] Hulyalkar, R. K. etal: J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 1959,36,31. [4] Zhang, S. etal.: Yaubian YixueyuanXuebao 1995,18,175. [T. Kimura]

633

Cassia angustifolia

Vahl

(Leguminosae)

Xia-ye-fan-xie(C),Farn-sair-yip(H),Senna(J) Related plant: C. acutifolia Delile:Jian-ye-fan-xie(C). Leaf(CP,JP)

28

Local Drug Name: Fan-xie-ye(C),Farn-sair-yip(H),Senna(J). Processing: Dry(C,J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Accumulation of heat marked by constipation and abdominal pain(C,H,J). 2)Edema(C,H,J). 3)Chronic constipation(J). Contraindication: Used with caution in pregnancy(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Anthraquinones[l]:sennosideA,B,C,D[2],G[3],rhein-8-glucoside,rhein-8-diglucoside,rhein anthrone-8-glucoside,primary glucoside,aloe-emodin glucoside[4],tinnevellin glucoside, 6-hydroxymusizin[5],aloe-emodindianthronediglucosides[6],aloe-emodin[7],emodin-8-0sophoroside[8]. 2)Flavonoids:kaempferol[7,9]. 3)Sugars:glucose,fructose,sucrose,pinitol,galactose,arabinose,rhamnose,galacturonicacid[9]. 4)Dianthrones[10]. Pharmacology 1) Lapactic effect[ll], 2) Antibacterial effect[12,13]. 3) Styptic effect[13], 4) Laxative effect[14], 5) Antitumor activity[15]. 6) Antiviral activity[16]. Literature: [l]Habib,A. A. etal.J. Nat. Prod. 1980,43(4),452. [2]Wagner,H. et al. :Drogen-analyse 1983,99,Springer-Verlag. [3]Tanaka,H. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982,30(5),1550. [4]Crellin,J. K.etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1961,13(10),639. [5]Lemli,J. et al.:PlantaMed. 1981,43(1),11. [6]Nakajima,K. etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1985,37(10),703. [7]Kinjo,J. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1994,37(6),1685. [8]Wassel,GM. et al. .Plant. Med. Phytother 1979,13(1),34. [9]Lemli,J. et al: Plant. Med. Phytother 1976,10(3), 175. [10]Stuppner,H. et al.Chromatographia 1996,42(11/12),697. [ll]Sollmann,T.A. Manual of Pharmacology 1957,210. [12]Cao,R.L. et al.-.ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,5(4),286. [13]Jin,Y.C. et ai.Zhongyi Zazhi 1986,27,857. [14]Mascolo,N. etal.J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1988,40(12),882. [15]Mueller,B.M. et al.: Planta Med. 1989,55(6),536. [16]Sydiskis,R.J. et al.:Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1991,35(12),2463. [J.X.Guo]

634

Dalbergia

odorifera T.Chen

(Leguminosae)

Jiang-xiang-tan(C),Gong-heung(H),Gang-hyang-dan(K) Heart wood(CP) Local Drug Name: Jiang-xiang (C),Gong-heung(H),Gang-jiu-hyang (K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, split to small pieces and then pulverize or slice(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H,K);Topical(fine powder : C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epigastric pain(C,H,K).

29

2) Costal and hypochndriac pains due to stagnancy of qi of the liver(C,H). 3) Angina pectoris(C). 4) Traumatic injuries and bleeding(C,H,K). 5) Hematemesis(K). 6) Lumbago due to rheumatism(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oils:P-bisabolene,/rara-p-farnesene,?ran.s'-nerolidol,P-angelia lacton,4-methyl-4hydroxy-cyclohexanone, 1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane,geranylaceton,a-santalol, 1,8-dihydrolinalool[ 1,2]. 2) Flavonoids:formononetin,3'-methoxydaidzein,(3R)-2',3',7-trihydroxy-4'methoxyisoflavanone,liquiritigenin,(3R)-claussequinone,bowdlichione,isoliquiriligenin[3],2'0-methoxylisoliquiritigenin,odoriflavene[4],c//-mucronulatol,c//-vestitol,^/-isoduartin,rfduartin,rf/-medicarpin,/-methylnissolin,/-melilotocarpanC,D,/-odoricarpan[5], bi-isoflavonoids I,II,III,IV,V,VI[3,6] andDO-18,19,20[7], 3) Cinnamylphenols:obtustyrene,isomucronustyrene,hydroxyobtustyrene,2-hydroxy-3,4dimethoxybenzoate[4]. 4) Arylbenzofuran:DO-22[7]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on CNS [8], 2) Inhibitory effct on prostaglandin biosynthesis [4]. 3) Antitumor effect[9]. Literature: [1] Guo,J.X. etal.YaowuFenxiZazhi 1983,3(1),4. [2] Liu,G.S. et al.:Zhiwnxue Tongbao 1985,3,25. [3] Yahara,S. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,979. [4] Goda,Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33,5606. [5] Goda,Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992,40,2452. [6] Yahara,S. etal..Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33,5130. [7] Ogata,T. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990,38,2750. [8] Chang,L. et al. .Shanghai Zhongyiyao Zazhi 1987,(12),39. [9] ParkJ.D. et al.SaengyakHakhoechi 1995,26,323. [J.X.Guo]

635

Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr. (Leguminosae) Guang-jin-qian-cao(C),Gum-chin-cho(H),Kinsenso(J)

Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Guang-jin-qian-cao(C),Gum-chin-cho(H),Kinsenso(J). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter, wash clean, cut into sections, and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Urination disturbance caused by damp-heat or urolithiasis accompanied by difficult painful urination(C,H,J). 2) Edema with oliguria(C,H,J). 3) Jaundice with dark urine(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Phenols[l]. 2)Tannins[l]. 3) Alkaloids [1,2] :desmodimine[3 ].

30

4) Organic acids:stearic acid{3]. 5) Lactones:desmodilactone[3], 6) Esters:eicosanoic acid eicosyl ester[3]. 7) Phytosterols:P-sitosterol[3]. 8)Flavonoids[l,2,4]:luteolin[5],3-di-C-glycosylflavonoids,vicenin-l,vicenin-3[6],isovitexin, vicenin glycosides,isoorientin[7]. 9) Triterpenoidal saponins[8]:lupeol,lupenone[3],soyasaponin I,3-0-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 -»2)-(3-D-galactopyranosyl-( 1 -»2)-(3-D-glucuronopyranosyl)]soyasapogenol E[9]. 10) Polysaccharides[10,ll]. 11) Alkane:tritriacontane[3], Pharmacology 1) Cholagogue effect[5], 2) Effect on cardiovascular system[2,12], 3) Inhibitory effect on the formation and growth of calcium oxalate renal stones[4,8,11,13], Literature: [I] Guangzhou Institute for Drug Control.Nongcun Zhongcaoyao Zhiji Jishu 1971,250. [2] Qu,C.B. et al-.Zhongcaoyao 1980,11,300. [3] YangJ.S.et al.:Yaoxue Xuebao 1993,28(3),197. [4]Kubo,T. et al: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 01,305,080[89,305,080](Cl.C07D311/60)08 Dec.l989,Appl.88/132,874,01 Jun.1988. [5] "Zhongyao Z/z;"1988,Vol.4,102. [6] Yasukawa,K. etal.-.YakugakuZasshi 1986,106(6),517. [7] Su,Y.L. etal..Zhongcaoyao 1993,24(7),343. [8]Kubo,T. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 01,301,688[89,301,688](Cl.C07H15/256)05 Dec.l984,Appl.88/131,390,31May.l988. [9] Kubo,T. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37(8),2229. [10] Li,H.Z. et al .Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1988,5(3),208. [II] Li,H.Z. et al: Shenyang Yaoxueyuan Xuebao 1992,9(3),194;234. [12] Xu,S.B. etal .Zhongcaoyao 1980,11,265. [13] Hirayama,H. etal.-.Br. J. Vrol. 1993,71(2),143. [J.X.Guo]

636

Dolichos lablab L. (Leguminosae) Bian-dou(C),Bin-dau(H),Fujimame(J),Gag-chi-kong(K)

Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Bai-bian-dou(C),Bark-bin-dau(H),Hakuhenzu(J),Pyun-du(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter.Break to pieces before use(C,K). 2)Stie-fry the clean Semen Lablab Album until it becomes yellowish,with charred spots.Break to piedes before use(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Weakness of the spleen and stomach with loss of appetite and loose bowels(C,H,J,K). 2) Excessive leukorrhea(C,H,K). 3) Vomiting,diarrhea,distress in the chest and distension in the abdomen caused by summer-damp(C,H,K). 4) Chronic nephritis(H). 5) Chronic dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Vitamins:vitaminA[l],B[2].

31

2) Phytochromes[2]. 3) Alkaloids[3]: trigonelline[4]. 4) Cytokinins: ?rans-zeatin,9-(3-D-ribofuranosyl-/ra«5-zeatin,9-P-D-ribofuranosyl-c/5--zeatin [5] 5) Sugars:sucrose,raffmose,stachyose,glucose,galactose,fructose,starch[6]. 6) Glycosides xynogenic glycosides[6],3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl-gibberellin Al [7],lablab saponin I[8]. 7) Organic acids:palmitic acid,linoleic acid,elaidic acid,oleic acid,stearic acid,arachadic acid, behenic acid[9],phytin,pantothenic acid[10] jasmonic acid[ll],phytate phosphorus[12], D-a-amino-n-butyric acid[13]. 8) Trace elements:Ca,P,Fe,Zn[10]. 9) Lipidsll 0. ,14] .phospholipid^]. 10) Steroids: stigmasterol[6] ,dolichosterone,homodolichosterone [ 15] ,dolicholide,homodolicholide,brassinolide,castasterone,6-deoxocastasterone,6-deoxodolichosterone[16]. 11) Amino acids:lysine,valine,threonine,leucine[ 17],methionine[ 18]. 12) Polyamines: diaminopropane,putrescine,spermidine,spermine,thermospermine,aminopropylh omospermidine[19]. 13)Proteins[10]:albumin[20]. 14)Nucleic acids[20]. 15)Others:trypsin inhibitor,amylase inhibitor,agglutinin A,B,tyrosinase[6],lectins[21,22]. Pharmacology 1) Antiviral effect[23], 2) Antibacterial effect[24]. 3) Effect on cellular immunity[25]. 4) Thiamin-binding activity[26]. 5) Superoxide dismutase-like activity[27]. 6) Antitrypsin and hemagglutinating activities[28]. Literature: [I] Mar,P.G. etal.-.Chin. J. Physiol. 1936,10(2),273. [2] Chen,T.D.: Chin. J. Physiol. 1930,4(1),73. [3] Tang.T.H. et al.:Zhonghua Yaoxue Zazhi 1936,1(4),307. [4] Kaushik,P. et al.:Indian Drugs 1990,28(2),67. [5] Yokota,T. et al.Phytochemistry 1981,20(4),683. [6] JiangsuNew Medical College:"Zhongyao Da Cidian" 1977,Vol 3,1742. [7] Yokota,T. etal: Agric. Biol. Chem. 1976,42(9),1811. [8] Yoshiki,Y. et al.:Phytochemistry 1995,38(1),229. [9] Kashmiri,M.A. etal.Sci. Int. Lahore 1989,1(5),296. [10] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,298. [II] Yamaine.H. et al:Plant Cell Physiol. 1981,22(4),689. [12] Laurena,A.C. etal.J. Food Compos. Anal. 1994,7(3),194. [13] Ogawa,T. etal.:Agric. Biol. Chem. 1976,40(8), 1661. [14] Mahadevappa,V.G. etal.J. Agric Food Chem. 1978,26(5),1241. [15] Baba,J. et al:Agric. Biol. Chem. 1983,47(3),659. [16] Yokota,T. etal-.Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984,48(10),2529. [17] Bartaria,A. et al.Acta Cienc. Indica 1978,4(4),329. [18] Laurena,A.C. etal.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 1991,41(1),59. [19] Hamana,K. et ai.Phytochemistry 1992,31(3),893. [20] Sayan-ova,V.V. etal.Izv. Akad. NaukMold. SSR.Ser. Biol. Khim. Nauk 1971,(5),45. [21] Guran,A. etal.Biochem. J. 1983,209(3),653. [22] Agrawal,P. et al.ActaPhytopathol Acad. Sci. Hung. 1984,19(3-4),219. [23] Cheu,S.C. etal.Med. Pharmacol. Exp. 1967,16(5),407. [24] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,470. [25] Ma,Z.Y. et al.ShanxiZhongyiXueyuanXuebao 1979,(2),1. [26] Shimizu,M. et al. :Kinki Daigaku Nogakubu Kiyo 1992,(25),55. [27] Ookubo.K. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 08 03,184[96 03,184](Cl.C07H15/24)9 Jan 1996,Appl.94/156,480,16 Jun 1994;4pp.

32

[28] Alves de Souza,P. et al:Aliment. Nutr. 1992,(4),99. [J.X.Guo]

637

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. (Leguminosae) Ke-teng-zi (C), Gwor-gong-lung (H), Modama (J)

Stem or seed Local Drug Name: Guo-gang-rong (C), Gwor-gong-lung (H). Processing: Stem dry under the sun; seeds remove seed coat, fry or steam, dry and pulverize(C). Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Numbness of extremities (C, H). 3) Traumatic injury (C, H). 4) Gastric pain (C, H). 5) Hernial pain (C, H). 6) Hemorrhoidal pain (C, H). 7) Jaundice (C, H). 8) Edema (C, H). 9) Beriberi (C). Adverse effects: Toxic, overdosage would cause dizziness, vomiting, hypotension, bradypnea, or death. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Amides: entadamides A-C [1-4]. 2)Fatty acids: myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids [5], 3)Entada saponins 1-IV, entagenic acid [6-8], phaseoloidin [9], 2-hydroxy-5butoxyphenylacetic acid, 2-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid, entadamide A (3-D-glucopyranoside, 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid methylester [10], 4) Starch [11]. 5)Proteins and amino acids [12-13]. Pharmacology l)Anti-inflammatory effect (inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase activity of RBL-1 cells) [1]. 2)Molluscicidal effect [14]. Literature: [l]Ikegami, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,1932. [2]Ikegami, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 1525. [3]Ikegami, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 5153. [4]Ikegami, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 881. [5]Sengupta, A. et al.: J. Sci. Food, Agric. 1978, 29, 677. [6]Okada, Y. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 1264. [7]Okada, Y. et al.: Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2789. [8]Okada, Y et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 5028. [9]Barua, A.K. et al: Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 3259. [10] Dai, J. et al.: Phytochemistry 1991, 30,3749. [11] Fujimoto, S. et al.: Denpun Kagaku 1988, 35, 37. [12]Varughese, S. etal: Orient. J. Chem. 1992, 8, 178. [13] Mohan, V.R. et al.: Food Sci. Nutr. 1993, 44, 47. [14] Yasuraoka, K. et al.: Jap. J. Exp. Med. 1977, 47, 483. [P.P.H. But]

33

638

Mucuna birdwoodiana

Tutch. (Leguminosae)

Bai-hua-you-ma-teng (C), Bark-far-yau-mar-teng (H), Keiketsutou (J). Seed Local Drag Name: Bai-hua-you-ma-teng (C), Bark-far-yau-mar-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anemia (C, H). 2) Leucopenia (C, H). 3) Lumbago (C, H). 4) Irregular menstruation(C, H). 5) Amenorrhea (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Syringic acid, N-(/ra«.y-feruloyl)tyramine, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, vanillic acid [1], 2)Glycosides: methyl asiatate, methyl maslinate, mucunagenins a and b [2]. Pharmacology 1) Inhibitory effect on prostaglandin biosynthesis [1]. 2) Anti-platelet aggregation effect [1], Literature: [1] Goda, Y. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35,2675. [2] Ding, Y. et at. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 3703. [P.P.H. But]

639

Trifolium repense L. (Leguminosae) Bai-che-zhou-cao(C), Shiro-tsume-kusa(J), To-ggi-pul (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Bai-che-zhou-cao(C), Sam-so-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hemorrhoid^, K). 2) Epilepsy(C). 3) Psychataxia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Triterpenes: P-amyrin[l], cloversaponin I~V, soyasaponin I—II, P-D-glucuronopyranosyl soyasapogenol B, azukisaponin II[2]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-caryophyllene, P-sesquiphellandrene[3]. 3) Monoterpenes: camphene,/>-cymene, geraniol, limonene, linalool, linalool acetate, cislinalool oxide, ?ra«s-linalool oxide,/>-menthene, a-, P-pinene, a-terpinene, a-terpineol[3]. 4) Flavonoids: kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin[l], pseudo-baptigenin, inermin, inermin glucoside, medicarpin, medicarpin glucoside, 4-methoxy medicarpin, homopterocarpin, trifolian[4], genistein[4-7], formononetin[4-9], biochanin A[5-7], daidzein[6-7], biochanin A 7-0-P-D-glucoside-6"-malonate, formononetin-7-O-P-D-glucoside-6"-malonate[10], delphinidin[ll], 4',7-dihydroxy flavone[12], 5,7,2',4',5'-pentahydroxy flavone[13],

34

formononetin-7-0-(2"-/>-hydroxybenzoyl)-P-D-glucoside[14],genistein-7-(2"-p-coumaroylglucoside) [ 15] ,prodelphinidin [16]. 5) Coumarins: coumestrol[12, 17-20], 7-hydroxy 3,4-benzocoumarin[21]. 6) Benzenoids: 2',4'-dimethoxy biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 4'-methoxy bipheyl2-carboxylic acid methyl ester[21]. 7) Steroids: y-sitosterol, stigmasterol[l], (3-sitosterol[l, 22]. 8) Carotenoids: a-, y-carotene, lycopene, rubixanthin[23], 9) Lipids: linoleic acid, linolenic acidfl, 24], arachidic acid, erucic acid, heneicosanoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[24], 10) Alkaloids: histamine[25], ll)Chromones: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl 4-pyrone[l]. 12) Alicyclics: 2,3-dihydroxy cyclopenta-2,4-dien-l-one[l], quinic acid[26]. 13) Alkanes: (2R,3R)-butanediol, succinic acid[l], glyceric acid[27], linamarin[28-29], lotaustralin[30], methyl glucoside[31], 14) Carbohydrates: fructose, glucose, sucrose[32], pinitol[33], Phamacology l)Estrogenic activity[19, 21, 34-40](coumestrol, formononetin)[12](coumestrol)[18]. 2)Ovulation inhibition activity[37], 3)Embryotoxic effect [3 7], 4)Antifertility activity[39]. 5)Cytotoxic activity[41]. 6)Antiinflammatory activity[42]. 7) Antiulcer activity [42]. 8)Gastric antisecretory activity[42]. Literature: [I] Nakatani, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(9), 2499. [2] Sakamoto, S. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(5), 1773. [3] Kameoka, H. et al: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1977,41,1785. [4] Fraishtat, P. D. et al: Bioorg. Khim. 1981, 7,927. [5] Shutt, D. A.: Endeavour 1976,9, 110. [6] Goryachev. V. S. et al: Byull. Vses. Nauchno. Issled. Inst. Fiziol. Biochim. Pitan. Skh. Zhivotn. 1975, 9(1), 69. [7] Vetter, J.: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995,43(1), 697. [8] Saba, N. et al:J. Agr. Sci. 1974, 83, 505. [9] Medina Blanco, M. et al:. Separatum De Archivos De Zootecnia 1982, 31(121), 269. [10] Koster, J. et al: PlantaMed. 1983, 48(3), 131. [II] Ferguson, L. R. et al: Mutat. Res. 1985, 158, 89. [12] Bickoff, E. M. et al: Phytochemisty 1965, 4,523. [13] Suzuki, K. et al: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 1987, 62 63,581, 4 pp. [14] Saxena, V. K. et al: Fitoterapia 1989, 60(1), 85. [15] Saxena, V. K. et al: Phytochemisty 1986, 25(11), 2687. [16] Bate-Smith, E. C : Phytochemisty 1975, 14(4), 1107. [17] Lyman, R. L. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 80, 61. [18] Tizuka, M. et al: Kachiku Hanshokugaku Zasshi 1977, 23, 7. [19] Agaev, F. N. et al: S-Kh Biol. 1984, 2, 31. [20] Bickoff, E. M. et al: Science 1957, 126, 969. [21] Ghosal, S. et al: J. Chem. Res.(S) 1988, 6,196. [22] Mitsunashi, T. et al: Tokyo Gakugei Taigaku Kiyo 1972, 4(24), 71. [23] Sergeeva, N. V et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1984, 20(5), 665. [24] Sachse, J.: J. Chromatogr. 1986, 370(3), 520. [25] Fowler, H. D.: Nature 1962, 193,582. [26] Yoshida, S. et al: Phytochemisty 1975, 14, 195. [27] Boland, R. L. et al: PhytonfBuenos Aires) 1976, 34, 89. [28] Hughes, M. A. et al: Phytochemisty 1976, 15, 697. [29] Butler, G. W.: Phytochemistry 1965, 4(1), 127.

35

[30] Lewis W. H.: Plant Biosystematics 1984, 561. [31] Smith, A. E. etat J. Agr. FoodChem. 1981, 29(4), 850. [32] Kucherov. E. V. et at Rast. Resur. 1980, 16, 523. [33] Smith, A. E. et al.: Crop Sci. 1980, 20(1), 75. [34] Pieterse, P. J. S. et at. J. Anim. Sci. 1956, 15, 25. [35] Cheng, E. W. etat Publ. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1959, 53,195. [36] Youngman, V. E.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 1963, 23, [37] Wright, P. A.: Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1960, 105,428. [38] Noshino, S.:Mie Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku 1963, 27, 7. [39] Gil, L. A. et at Turrialba 1984, 24(2), 147. [40] Leavitt, W. W. et al.: J. Reprod. Fertil. 1963, 6, 115. [41] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [42] Goel, R. K. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990, 29(1), 95. [C. K. Sung]

640

Robinia pseudo-acacia L. (Leguminosae) [ = Pseudo-acacia odorata Moench ] Ci-huai(C), hari-enju(J), A-gga-si-na-mu(K)

Flower Local Drug Name: Ci-huai(C), Ja-goe-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hemoptysis(C, K). 2) Large intestine bleeding(C). 3) Hematemesis(C). 4) Colistaxis(K). 5) Gonorrhoea(K). 6) Cough(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: robinetin, dehydrorobinetin, acacetin[l]. 2) Quinones: 2,6-dimethoxy-benzoquinone[2]. 3) Lectins: robinia pseudoacacia lectin[3-5]. 4) Fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, arachidic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid[6], 5) Amino acids: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, lysine, ornithine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tyrosine, proline, alanine, threonine[7]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity(dehydrorobinetin)[l]. 2) Hemagglutination activity[3-5], Literature: [1] Freudenberg, K. et al.: Naturwissenschaften 1953, 40, 413. [2] Farkas R. T. et at. Acta BiologicaHungarica 1998,49(1), 79. [3] Cavada, B. S. etat Phytochem. 1998, 49(3), 675. [4] Tazaki, K.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997,1334(1), 19. [5] Van Damme E. J. et at. Plant Physiol. 1995,107(3), 833. [6] Akramova, A. S. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1968, 4(5), 314. [7] Mostowska, I.: Zeszyty Nauk. Wyzszej Szkoly Rolniczej Olsztynie 1965, 20(3), 417. [C. K. Sung]

36

641

Oxalis corniculata

L. (Oxalidaceae)

Zha-jiang-cao(C), Jah-cheung-cho (H), Katabami(J), Gwaeng-i-bap(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Zha-jiang-cao(C), Jah-cheung-cho (H), Jak-jang-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Scabies(C, J, K). 2)Enteritis(C, H). 3)Jaundice(K). 4)Boil, suppuration(C, K). 5)Traumatic injury(C, K). 6)Hemorrhoid(J, K). 7)Dysentery(J, K). 8)Rectal prolapsus(J, K). 9)Neurosism(C,H). lO)Lithargiuria(C). ll)Burn(J). 12)Colds(C,H). 13)Fever(C,H). 14)Hepatitis (C,H). 15)Urethritis (H). 16)Hypertension (H). 17) Insect bite(J). 18)Gonorrhea(K). 19)Leukorrhea(K). 20) Hematemesis(K). 21)Epistaxis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Organic acids: tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid[l]. 2) Proteins: ferritin[2]. Phamacology 1) Relaxant activity on isolated rabbit ileum[3]. 2) Cardiorelaxant activity[3]. 3) Antibacterial activity[4-5]. Literature: [1] Govindarajan, V. S. et al: Current Sci.(India) 1951, 20, 43. [2] Gori, P.: J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1977, 60(1), 95. [3] Achola, K. J. et al: Int. J. Pharmacog. 1995,33(3), 247. [4] Satish, S. et al: Letters in Applied Microbiology 1999, 28(2), 145. [5] Watt, J. M.: Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed. 1962, 812. [C. K. Sung]

642

Erodium stephanianum

Willd.

(Geraniaceae)

Mang-niu-er-miao (C), Kikuba-fuuro (J), Guk-hwa-jwi-son-I (K).

37

Related plant: Geranium wilfordii Maxim.:Lao-guan-cao (C), Mitsuba-fuuro (J). G. thunbergii Sieb. etZucc: Genno-shouko (J). Whole herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Lao-guan cao (C), Roukanso (J), No-gwan-cho (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (juice, bath: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic or rheumatoid arthralgia numbness and limitation of motion (C,K). 2) Diarrhea (C, J). 3) Dysentery (C, J, K). 4) Constipation (J). 5) Spastic paralysis (K). 6) Contusion (K). 7) Enteritis (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Tannin: chebulagic acid,corilagin[l,2]. Pharmacology 2) Topoisomerase I inhibition activity(tannin)[l,2]. Literature: [1] Hecht,S.M. et al.:J. Nat.Prod. 1992,55(4),401. [2] Berry.D.E. et al.:J. Org.Chem. 1992,57(2),420. [T. Kimura&C.K.Sung]

643

Tropaeolum majus L.

(Tropaeolaceae)

Han-jin-lian (C), Gum-lin-far (H), Nozenharen (J), Han-ryun (K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Han-jin-lian (C), Gum-lin-far (H), Han-ryun-hwa (K). Processing: Dry under the sun or used when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Conjunctivits (C, H, K). 2) Carbuncle (C, H, K). 3) Traumatic injury (H, K). 4) Hematemesis (H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glucotropaeolin, isoquercitroside, quercetol-3-triglucoside, chlorogenic acid, kaempherol glucoside, benzyl glucosinolate [1-3, 5]. P-D-glucosidase [4]. 2) Fatty acids: cis-15-tetracosenoic acid, cis-17-hexacosenoic acid, erucic acid [6, 10]. 3) Carotenoid [7]. 4) Oligosaccharide [8]. 5) Phenolic acids [16]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [5]. 2) Inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme [9]. 3) Antibiotic effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [11],

38

4) Antiviral effect (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [12]. 5) Protective effect against mutagenesis induced UV radiation (benzyl isothiocyanate from benzyl glucosinolate) [13]. 6) Antifeedant effect on larvae of cabbage butterfly [14-15]. Literature: [l]Kjaer, A. et al.: Acta Chem. Scand. 1953, 7, 1276. [2]Schultz, 0. et al.: Arch. Pharm. 1954, 287, 342. [3]Delavean, P.: Physiol. Veg. 1967, 5,357. [4]Crombie, H.J. et al.: Plant Journal 1998, 15, 27. [5]Pintao, A.M. et al.: Planta Med. 1995, 61, 233. [6]Litchfield, C: Lipids 1970, 5,144. [7]Sykut, A.: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. - Serie des Sciences Biologiques 1965, 13, 257. [8]McDougall, G.J. et al.: Carbohydr. Res. 1991, 219, 123. [9]Kayahara, H. et al.: Shinshu DaigakuNogakubu Kiyo 1991, 28,15. [10]Carlson, K.D.et al.: J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1993, 70,1145. [ll]Boyd, J.C. et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1982, 34,158. [12]Greve, R. et al.: Ger. Offen. D.E. 1985, 3, 415. [13]Kawazoe, Y. et al.: Gann 1982, 73, 255. [14]Renwick, J.A.A. et al.: J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 21, 465. [15]Huang, X.P. et al.: J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 21, 1601. [16]Grabias, B. et al.: HerbaPol. 1995, 41, 111. [PPH. But]

644

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) Ji-li(C),Jut-light(H),Hamabishi(J),Nap-ga-sae(K)

Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name: Ji-li(C),Jut-light(H),Shitsurishi(J),Baek-jil-ryeo(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter(C,K). 2)Stir-fry the clean Fructus Tribuli until a pale yellow colour is produced(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Headache and dizziness(C,H,K). 2) Distending pain in the chest and costal regions(C,H,K). 3) Cessation of milk secretion,mastitis(C,H,J,K). 4) Redness of the eye with formation of nebula(C,H,K). 5) Urticaria with itching(C,H,K). 6) Weakness(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroidal saponins and sapogenins:|3-sitosterol,stigmasterol,neotigogenin[l],ruscogenin, gitogenin,25 D-spirosta-3,5 -diene[2] ,diosgenin[3 ] ,chlorogenin[4] ,hecogenin[5 ] ,furostanol bisglycoside[6] ,trigogenin,trigogenin-3 -diglucothamnoside,diosgenin glycosides [7] ,trillin, diosgenin-D-glucoside-D-glycoside,gracillin,dioscin[8],protodioscin,protogracillin, terrestrosideF[9],neohecogeninglucoside,tribulosin[10],3-deoxy-A3-diosgenin[ll], terrestrosin A-E[12],hecogenin 3-0-P-D-glucopyranosyl(1^4)-(3-D-galactopyranoside,260-p-D-glucopyranosyl-3-0-[{P-D-xylopyranosyl(l->3)}{(3-D-galactopyranosyl(1^2)}-PD-glucopyranosyl(l->4)-P-D-glucopyranosyl]-5a-furost-2(22)-en-12-one-3P,26-diol,26-0P-glucopyranosyl-3-O-glucopyranosyl (1—>4)-P4>glucopyranosyl]-5a-furostan-12-one3p,22,26-triol[13]. 2) Phenols[7]. 3) Flavonoids:astragalin [7] ,kaempferol,kaempferol-3-glucoside,kaempferol-3-rutinoside,

39

tribuloside[14],quercetin[15],isorhamnetin[16]. 4) Alkaloids:harmine[ 17],harmane[ 18],harmaline,harmalol[19]. 5) Amino acids:aspartic acid,glutamic acid[20]. 6) Cinnamic amides:terrestriamide[21]. 7) Ketones: 7-methylhydroindanone-1 [21 ]. 8) Organic acids:linoleic acid,linolenic acid[22], 9) Carbohydrates[20,23]. 10) Lipids:fats[20],fatty oils[24], 11) Volatile oils[24]. 12)Resins[24]. 13)Traceelements:K[24]. Pharmacology l)Ureticeffect[24]. 2) Effect on smooth muscle[25]. 3) Antihypertensive effect[25,26], 4) Antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic effect[27]. 5) Effect on sexual function[9,28]. 6) Cardiotonic activity[29], 7) Effect on urinary crystal[30,31]. Literature: [1] Mahato,S.B. etal.J. Inst. Chem. 1978,50(1),49. [2] Kock,W.T. etal.J.S. African Chem. Inst. 1958,11,33. [3] Abrosimov,S.P. et al.:Fiziol. Aktiv. Soedin. Rast. Kirg. 1970,59. [4] Gheorghiu,A. etal.-.Stud. Cercet. Biochem. 1968,11(3),269. [5] Tomowa,M.P. etal.:PlantaMedica 1977,32(3),223. [6] Tomowa,M.P. et al.:PlantaMedica 1978,34(2),188. [7] Tomowa,M.P. et al.:PlantaMedica 1974,25(3),231. [8] Perepelitsa,E.D. etal.-.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1975,11(2),260. [9] Tomova,M. etal.:Int. Conf. Chem. Biotechnol. Biol. Act. Nat. Prod.JProc.J 1981,3(1),298. [10] Mahato,S.B. etal.J. Chem. Soc.,Perkin Trans. 11981,(9),2405. [ll]Tombesi,O.L. An. Asoc. Quim. Argent. 1983,71(4),501. [12] Yan,W. et al.:Phytochemistry 1996,42(5),1417. [13] Wu,G. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1996,42(6),1677. [14] Bhutani,S.P et al.-.Phytochemistry 1969,8,299. [15] Zafar,R. et al:Indian J. Nat. Prod. 1987,3(2),17. [16] Saleh,N.A.M. et al.-.Phytochemistry 1982,21(8),1995. [17] Lutomski,J. et al.:HerbaPol. 1968,14(4),235. [18] Jerzy,L. et al: HerbaPol. 1967,13(l-2),44. [19] Tosun,F. etal.-.FABAD Farm. Bilimler Derg. 1994,19(4), 149. [20] Vasi,I.G. etal.-.Comp. Physicol. Ecol. 1982,7(2),68. [21] Ren,Y.J. et al. :Yaoxue Xuebao 1994,29(3),204. [22] Kittur,M.H. etal.J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India. 1983,15 (3),43. [23] Liu,Q.F. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1995,20(7),427. [24] Bose,B.C. et al: Indian J. Med. Sci. 1963,17(4),291. [25] "Guowai Yixuejaoxue Fence " 1979,4,256. [26] Chakraborty,B. et al. .Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1978,40(2),50. [27] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian" 1996,Vol 2,365. [28] Zhang,X.Q.-.Zhongchengyao Yanjiu 1985,(9),28. [29] Turova,A.D. et al.-.Vestn. Akad. Nauk. Kaz. SSR 1974,(11),68. [30] Sangeeta,D. et al.Med. Sci. Res. 1994,22(9),627. [31] Satish,S. etal.:Pharm. Sci. 1996,2(9),437. [J.X.Guo]

645

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)

40

Shi-li (C), Sack-luet (H), Kukuinoki (J) Leaf or fruit Local Drug Name: Shi-li (C), Sack-luet (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf or powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Amenorrhea (H). 2) Traumatic hemorrhage(C). Adverse effects: Toxic; not for use in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycoside flavonoids: swertisin, 2"-0-rhamnosylswertisin [1-3]. 2) Triterpene: acetylaleutitolic acid [1]. 3) H-Hentriacontane, oc-amyrin, (3-amyrin, stigmasterol, P-sitosterol, campesterol [2]. 4) Thiamin [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antinociceptive effect [1-3]. 2) Protease or elastase inhibitor effects [5]. 3) Antibacterial effect [6], Literature: [1] Meyre-Silva, C. et al.: Acta Farm. Bonaerense 1997, 16, 169. [2] Meyre-Silva, C. et at. Phytomed. 1998, 5, 109. [3] Meyre-Silva, C. et al.: PlantaMed. 1999, 65, 293, [4] James, K.W.: Food Technol. Aust. 1983, 35, 342. [5] Inomata, S. et al.: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP1997, 87136. [6] Locher, C.P. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1995, 49, 23. [P.P.H. But]

646

Euphorbia

sieboldiana

Morr. et Decne.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Gou-xian-da-ji(C), Natsutodai (J), Gae-gam-su (K) Related plaat.Euphorbia kansui Liou: Gam-su (K) Root Local Drug Name:Niu-nai-jiang-cao(C), Rodoku (J), Gam-su (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: External or oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acariasis of the skin (J). 2) Ascites(C). 3) Edema (K). 4) Abdominal distension (K). Contraindications: Toxic causing vomit, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkanes:citric acid,oxalic acid[l]. 2)Diterpenes: 13 (R)-3 P-Dihydroxy-14-oxo-ent-atis-16-ene, 13 (S)-hydroxy-ent-atis-16-ene3,4-dione[2], ent-atis-16-ene-13a-hydroxy-3,14-dione[3], 3 P-O-acetyl-ent-atisane-16a, 17-

41

diol,ent-atisane-3p,16a,17-triol, helioscopinolide A, ingenol, ingenol-2-palmitate[4], entatisane-16a-hydroxy-18-oic acid, ent-atisane-16P-hydroxy-18-oic acid, 3-oxo-ent-kaurane16a,17-diol[5]. Pharmacology ^Antiinflammatory activity[6]. Literature: [1] Li,C. ?.:Chinese Herbal Medicine^. S. Dept. Health,Education and Welfare,publ. No.(NIH) 75-732,Washington,D. C. [2] Jia,Z.J. et atPhytochemistry 1990,29(7),2343. [3] Ding,Y. etat.HuaHsuehHsuehPao 1991,9(2), 131. [4] Jia,Z. J. etat.PlantaMedica 1991,57(6),569. [5] Ding,Y. L. etal: Phytochemistry 1991,30(7),2413. [6] Han,B. H. etal..Korean J. Pharmacog. 1972,4(3),205. [T. Kimura & C.K.Sung]

647

Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehd.

(Eiiphorbiaceae)

Ye-di-zhu (C), Hitotsuba-hagi (J), Il-yeop-chu (K) Leaf and flower Local Drug Name: Ye-di-zhu (C), Hitotsuba-hagi (J), Il-yeop-chu (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ataxia caused by infantile paralysis (C, J, K). 2) Lumbago (K). 3) Acroparalysis (K). 4) Hemipelgia (K). 5) Facial paralysis (K). 6) Vertigo (C). 7) Deafness (C). 8) Neurasthenia(C). 9) Impotence (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: securinine [1,2,3], allosecurinine, dihydrosecurinine [2,3],securinol A, B and C [4], securitinine [5]. Literature: [1] Muraveva, V. I. et at. C. A. 1961,55,17678; Trudy Vsesoyuz. Nauch.-Issledovatel. Inst. Lekarstv. i Aromat. Rast. 1959 (11), 16. [2] Saito, S. et at Chem. & Ind. 1962, 1652; 1963, 689; Tetrahedron 1963,19,2085; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1963,11,1219. [3] Horii, Z. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1963,11, 817, 1964,12,1118; Tetrahedron 1965,13, 1311; 1963,19,2011; Satoda, I. et at Tetrahedron Lett. 1962, 1199; Chatterjee, A. et at. J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 1964,41,163; Borkowskii, B. et at. C A. 1965,63,7349; Poznan. Towarz. PrzyjaciolNauk, WydzialLekarsk., Prace Komisii Farm 1965,3,115 . [4] Horii, Z. etal:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1965,13,1307. [5] Horii, Z. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1967,15,1633. [T. Kimura]

42

648

Citrus junos Sieb.

(Rutaceae)

Yuzu(J), Yu-ja (K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Deung-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anorexia(J). 2) Abdominal pain(K). 3) Acute gastritis(K). 4) Ancylostomiasis(K). 5) Anemia(K). 6) Cold(K). 7) Alcohol poisoning(K). Fruit peel Local Drug Name: Deung-ja-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K);Topical(bathing:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Poisoning(J, K). 2) Abdominal pain(J). 3) Neuralgia(J). 4) Rheumatism(J). 5) Lumbago(J). 6) Emesis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Limonoids: ichangensin 17-P-D-glucopyranoside[l], 2)Flavonoids: naringin, hesperidin[2]. 3) Organic acids: citric acid[2]. 4) Vitamin: vitamin C[2], 5)Lignin[2], 6)Pectin[2], 7)Monoterpenes: D-limonene[2-3] 8)Aldehyde[4]. Phamacology 1) Antimutagenic activity( dietary fiber lignin and pectin) [2]. 2) Allergenic activity[5]. Literature: [1] Ozaki, Y. et at. Phytochemistry 1991, 30(8), 2659. [2] Higashimoto, M. et at.Mutat. Res. 1998, 415(3), 219. [3] Nioroge, S. M. et at. J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996, 44(2), 550. [4] Tajima, S. et at. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1990, 38(7), 1544. [5] Ashida, T. et at. Arerugi 1995, 44(11), 1290. [C. K. Sung]

649

Ruta graveolens

L.

(Rutaceae)

Yun-xiang (C), Henruuda (J), Un-hyang-na-mu (K).

43

Whole Herb Local Drug Name: Yun-xiang(C), Unkou (J), Chui-cho (K). Processing: Dry in the shade (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Indigestion as antiflatulent (J, K). 2) Menoxenia (C, J, K). 3) Convulsion (J, K). 4) Hysteria (J). 5) Common cold with fever (C). 6) Toothache(C). 7) Eczema (C). 8) Reumatalgia (K). 9) Menolipsis (K). 10) Diarrhea (K). 11) Traumatic injury (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Essential oil: methyl-n-nonylketone [1], sabinin, hibalactone [2], a-, (3-pinene, limonene, cineole, p-cymene, nonan-2-one, 2-nonylacetate, nonan-2-ol, undecan-2-one, 2undecylacetate, undecan-2-ol, camphene, linalool, camphor [3],geijerene [4]. 2)Coumarins: bergapten [1, 5],xanthotoxin, psoralen [5, 6],3-(l,l-dimethylallyl)-scopoletin 7O-P-D-glucopyranoside [7],gravolenic acid [8],rutamarin [9],rutaretin [10],isopimpinellin [5], chalepensin, gravelliferone methyl ether, 3-(l,l-dimethylallyl)herniarin [11], daphnoretin, daphnoretin methylether [12],isopropyldihydroxyfuroquinone [13],xanthyletin, byakangelicin [14], rutacretin [15],rutaculin, rutamarin alcohol [16],suberenon [17], marmesin, marmesinin, rutaculetin, rutamarin alcohol [18]. 3)Limonoids: 6-hydroxy-7-acetoxylimonin [7]. 4)Flavonoid: rutin [1]. 5)Phenolic compounds: protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid,/> hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid [19]. 6) Alkaloids: kokusaginine, skimmianine [20, 21], graveoline [22], graveolinine, [23], rutamine [24], dictamnine, y-fagarine [5, 25],rutacridone [26],isopropyldihydroxyfuroquinoline[13], ribali-nium, rutalinium, N-methylplatydesmine [27], 1-hydroxy-Nmethylacridone [28], 6-methoxydictam-nine, edulinine [15], gravacridonchlorine, gravacridonolchlorine [29],rutalinium, rutalinidine [30]. Pharmacology 1) Spasmolytic activity (bergaptene, xanthotoxin, psoralen) [31, 32]. 2) Inhibition of hemolytic activities of snake and scorpion venoms (extract) [33]. 3) Cytotoxic effect [34]. 4) Fungicide activity (extract) [35], Literature: [1] Weiss, A.: Chem. Zentr. 1842, 305; Hlasewitz, H.: Ann. 1855,96,123; Perkin, A. G.: J. Chem. Soc. 1896,69,206; Sayed, M. D. et al: C. A. 1960,54,22879; Egyptian Pharm. Bull. 40, 203. [2] Reisch, J. et al: Pharmazie 1967,22,220. [3] Kubeczka, K. H.: Flora, Abt. A. 1967,158,519. [4] Tattje, D. H. E. et al: C. A. 1972,77,24761; Pharm. Weekbl. 1972,107,261. [5] Novak, I. et al: Acta Pharm. Hung. 1967,37, 225. [6] Novak, I. etal: Pharmazie 1965,20,738. [7] Srivastava, S. D. etal: C. A. 1998,129,38780; Fitoterapia 1998,69,80. [8] Reish, J. et al: Acta Pharm. Suecica 1966,3,423.

44

[9] Reisch, J. et al:. Acta Pharm. Suecica 1967,4,179. [10] Schneider, G. etal: Arch, d. Pharm. 1967,300,73. [11] Reisch, et al: Tetrahedron Letters, 1968, 4395; Experiential96%,2A,992. [12] Reisch, J. et al.: PlantaMedica 1968,16,372. [13] Szendei, K. et al: Acta Pharm. Hung. 1969,39,60; C. A. 1969,71,64052. [14] Reisch, J. et al: PlantaMedica 1969,17,116. [15] Steck, W. etal: Phytochem. 1971,10,191. [16] Reisch, J. etal: Phytochem. 1972,11,1529. [17] Reisch, J. etal: C. A. 1972,76,138149;Mjgy. Kern. Foly. 1972,78,6. [18] Novak, I. etal: C. A. 1973,79,\02M2; Herba Hung. 1972,11,13. [19] Smolarz, H. D. etal: Acta Pol. Pharm. 1997,54,161. [20] Ohta, Let al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1958,78,538; Ohta, T.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1955,75,1040; Ohta, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1960,8,377; Schneider, G: Arzneimittel Forsch. 1964,14,435. [21] Kuzovkina, I. V. et al: C. A. 1973,78,156641: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 1973,275. [22] Arther, H. R. et al: Australian J. Chem. 1960,13,510. [23] Chatterjee, A.et al: Chem. &Ind. 1962, 1982. [24] Borkowski, B. etal: PlantaMedical965,13,4%. [25] Schneider, G.: PlantaMedica 1965,13,425; Ibid.: Naturwiss. 1965,52,347. [26] Reisch, J. et al: Acta Pharm. Suecica 1967,4,265. [27] Kalman, S. etal: C. A. 1970,72,129396;HerbaHung. 1969,8,133. [28] Reisch, J. et al: Experiential971,27,l005. [29] Reisch, J. etal: Phytochem. 1972,11,2359. [30] Szendrei, K. etal: C. A. 1973,79,15853; Herba Hung. 1973,10,131. [31] Novak, I. et al: PlantaMedical96S,l3,226. [32] Novak, I. et al: PlantaMedica 1966,13,57; 1966,14,151. [33] Sallal, A.-K. J. et al: Biomed. Lett. 1996,53,211. [34] Trovato, A. etal: Boll. Chim. Farm. 1996,135,263. [35] Oliva, A. et al: J. Chem. Ecol 1999,25,519. [T. Kimura]

650

Zanthoxylum

ailanthoides

Sieb. et Zucc.

(Rutaceae)

Chu-ye-hua-jiao (C), Die-yip-tsau-jiu (H), Karasu-zanshou (J), Meo-gyi-na-mu (K) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Chu-ye-hua-jiao (C), Die-yip-tsau-jiu (H), Shoku-shuyu (J), Jeo-yeop-hwacho (K) Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H, K). 2) Colds (C, H, J ). 3) Sequela of poliomyelitis (C, H). 4) Traumatic fractures (C, H). 5) Burns (C, H). 6) Scalds (C, H). 7) Snake bites (C, H, K). 8) Abscesses (C, H). 9) Scabies (C). 10) Ascariasis (C, J). 11) Traumatic injury (K). Scientific Research:

45

Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: skimmianine, magnoflorine, laurifoline, ailanthoidine [1-2]. 2) Coumarin: xanthyletin, hesperidin, isopimpinellin [1], 3) Neolignan: ailanthoidol [3]. 4) Phenylpropanoid: ailanthoidiol [3], Literature: [1] Morita, N. et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1966, 86, 732. [2] Ishii, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39, 1340. [3] Sheen, W.S. et al.: Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 213. [P.P.H. But]

651

Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. (Rutaceae) Qing-jiao(C),Shokusho(J),San-cho-na-mu(K)

Related plant: Z. piperitum DC: Shan-jiao(C); Sansho(J) Pericarp(CRJP) Local Drug Name:Hua-jiao(C),Shokusho,Sansho(J),Hwa-cho(K). Processing:Dry in the sun,eliminate seeds and foreign matter(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,J,K);Topical(decoction:C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Epigastric pain accompanied by cold sensation,vomiting and diarrhea(C,K). 2) Abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitosis(C,K). 3) Ascariasis(C,J,K). 4) Itching in eczema(C,J,K). 5) Dyspepsia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:estragloen,bergapten,benezoic acid[l], 2)Coumarins:umbelliferone[2],aurapten,collinin,schinilenol,schininallylol,epoxyaurapten, hydrangetin,umbelliferone,acetoxycollinin,aesculetindi-Meether,schinicoumarin, acetoxyaurapten,epoxycollinin,schinindiol[3]. 3) Triterpenoids: P - amyrin,friedelin [3 ]. 4)Alkaloids:norchelerythrine,dictaminine[3],skimmianine,schinifoline[2,4]. 5)Lignans:dimethoxylariciresinol,dimethoxysecoisolaricivesinol[5]. Pharmacology 1) Local anesthetic effect[l]. 2) Bacteriostasis[l]. 3) Antiscolic effect[l]. 4) Inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation[3]. 5) Antioxidant activity[6]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,365. [2] Liu,S.L. et al.Yaoxue Xuebao 1991,26(11),836. [3] Chen,I.S. et al.:Phytochemistry 1995,39(5), 1091. [4] Wang,D. etaL.Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 1991,7(2),124. [5] Katayama,T. et al.:Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku 1994,46(2), 117. [6] Mun,S.I. et al.:Han'guk Yongyang SiklyongHakhoechi 1994,23(3),466. [J. X. Guo]

46

Boswellia carterii Birdwood (Burseraceae)

652

Ru-xiang-shu(C), Nyuukouju (J), Yu-hyang-na-mu (K). Resin Local Drug Name: Ru-xiang (C), Nyuukou (J), Yu-hyang (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (K). Imported (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (paste: C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Perfume (J). 2) Pain caused by menopause (J, K). 3) Abdominal pain (C,J, K). 4) Bruise (J, K). 5) Carbuncle (C,J, K). 6) Traumatic injury(C). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Diterpenoids: incensole [1], incensole oxide [2],isoincensole-oxide [3]. 2) Triterpenoids: a- and P-boswellic acid [4]. Pharmacology 1) Contracture and inhibitionof the twitch response to nerve stimulation (essential oil) [5], Literature: [1] Corsano, S. etal:. Tetrahedron 1967,23,1977. [2] Nicoletti, R. etal: Tetrahedronl968,24,65l9. [3] Forcellese, M. L. etal.: Tetrahedron 1972,28,325; Tetrahedron Letters, 1973, 3783. [4] Allan, G. G.: Phytochem. 1969,8,2083. [5] Lis-Balchin, M. etal.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997,58,183. [T. Kimura]

653

Canarium album Raeusch. (Bruseraceae) Gan-lan(C),Garm-larm(H),Kanran(J),Gam-ram-na-mu(K)

Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name: Qing-guo(C),Garm-larm(H),Kanran(J),Gam-ram(K). Processing: Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,and dry in the sun.Break to pieces before use (QK). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pain and swelling of the throat(C,J,K). 2) Cough(C,H,K). 3) Dire thirst(C,K). 4) Fish or crab poisoning(C,H). 5) Enteritis,dysentery(H,K). 6) Stomachache(J). 7) Pharyngitis,tonsillitis(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Proteins[l]. 2)Fats[l],

47

3) Carbohydrates[l]. 4) Trace elements:Ca,P,Fe[l]. 5) Vitamin C[l]. 6) Triterpenes:urs-12-ene-3a, 16P-diol,olean-12-ene-3a, 16p-diol[2]. 7)Tannins:ellagic acid,3,3'-di-0-methyleliagic acid[3]. 8) Flavonoids:hyperin[3]. 9)Others:brevifolin[2]. Pharmacology l)Hepatoprotective effect[2,3]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,437. [2] Tamai,M. et al.:PlantaMed. 1989,55(1),44. [3] Ito,M. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990,38(8),2201. [J.X.Guo]

654

Commiphora molmol Engl. (Burseraceae) [=C. myrrha Engl.] Mo-yao-shu(C), Motsuyakuju (J), Mol-yak-na-mu (K).

Resin Local Drug Name: Mo-yao (C), Motsuyaku (J), Mol-yak (K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Imported (C,J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K);Topical (paste:C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Blood stasis (C, J, K). 2) Gastroenteritis (J, K). 3) Menoxenia (J, K). 4) Traumatic injury (C,K). 5) Abdominal pain(C). 6) Carbuncle(C). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Pharmacology 1) Antimicrobial activity against human immunodeficiency virus [1].

[1] Squires, M.: C. A. 1998,129,298375; PCT Int. Appl. WO 9842188 Al 1 Oct 1998. [T. Kimura]

655

Cedrela sinensis Tuss (Meliaceae) [= Toona sinensis A. Juss.] Xiang-chun(C), Chan-chin(J), Cham-juk-na-mu (K)

Bark Local Drug Name: Xiang-chun(C), Chan-chin(J), Chun-back-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(decoction:K).

48

Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Uterine bleeding(C, J, K). 2)Chronic diarrhea(C,K). 3)Morbid leukorrhea(C,K). 4)Enteritis(C). 5)Urinary infection(C). 6)Hemafecia(C). 7)Bleeding(J). 8)Pollution(K). 9)Emaciation, dyspepsia by malnutrition of child(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Xiang-chun(C), Chun-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Dysentery(C, K). 2) Subcutaneous ulcer(K). 3) Scabies(K). 4) Enteritis(K). 5) Deep-rooted boil(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: afzelin[l], quercetin[l-2], /so-quercitrin, rutin, (/-catechin, /-epicatechin[2]. 2) Alkaloids: adenosine[2]. 3)Benzenoids: bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-ether, gallic acid methyl ester[2]. 4) Carbohydrates: sucrose[3]. Phamacology 1) Analgesic activity[4]. Literature: [1] Park, J. C.et al.\ Hanguk Yongyang Siklyong Hakhoe 1995, 24(4), 578. [2] Park, J. C. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1996, 27(3), 219. [3] Plouvier, V: C. R. Acad. Sci. 1949, 228,1886. [4] Park, J. C. etal;. Hanguk Yongyang Siklyong Hakhoe 1994, 23(1), 116. [C. K. Sung]

656

Acer ginnala Max. (Aceraceae) Cha-tiao-qi(C), Karakogi-kaede(J), Sin-na-mu(K)

Related plants: Acer nikoense Maxim.: Megusurinoki(J). Leaf and Bud Local Drug Name: Cha-tiao-qi(C), Sin-na-mu-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eye disease(J, K). 2) Wind-dampness syndrome(C). 3) Traumatic injury(C). 4) Eye convulsion(K). Scientific Research:

49

Chemistry l)Benzenoids: acerin I~III[1], ginnalin A[2], B, C[3], gallic acid[l, 3-5], gallic acid ethyl ester[l,3, 5]. 2)Tannins: aceritannin[4], acertannin[5-7], l,5-anhydro-2,6-bis-0-digalloyl D-glucitol, 1,5anhydro-2-0-digalloyl-6-0-galloyl D-glucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-galloyl-6-0-trigalloyl Dglucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-galloyl-6-O-digalloyl D-glucitol, l,5-anhydro-2-0-trigalloyl-6-0galloyl D-glucitol[7]. 3) Coumarins: ellagic acid[3]. 4)Flavonoids: quercetin[l, 3, 5], quercitrin, /so-quercitrin, rutin, quercetin-3-O-a-Lrhamnopyranosyl-2 "-gallate[5 ]. 5) Steroids: (3-sitosterol[l, 3]. 6) Carbohydrates:quebrachitol[3], polygalitol[8]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial action(ginnalin B, C)[3]. 2) Bacteriostatic action(aceritannin)[4]. 3) Antiinflammatory activity(extract)[9]. 4)Pheromone action(extract)[10]. 5) Antimicobacterial activity[ll]. Literature: [I] Song, C. Q. etal:. YaoHsueh T'ungPao 1981, 16(12), 52. [2] Hong, S. H. et al: Chem. Nat. Prod. Proc. Sino-Am Symp. 1982, 244. [3] Song, C. Q. etal.HuaHsuehHsuehPao 1982,40(12), 1142. [4] Sun, J. Y. etal: Chung Ts'ao Yao 1981,12, 481. [5] Park, W. Y: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1996, 27(3), 212. [6] Bock, K. etal.: Phytochemistry 1980,19, 2033. [7] Hatano, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(7), 1902. [8] Kim, J. H.: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1983, 14(1), 4. [9] Otsuka, H. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi, 1981, 101,1108. [10] Keiser, I. etal: Lloydia 1975,38(2), 141. [II] Frisbey, A. et al.: Mich. State Univ. Agr. Appl. Sci. Quart. Bull 1953, 35, 392. [C. K. Sung]

657

Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae) [=Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud.] Long-yan(C),Lung-ngarn(H),Ryugan(J),Yong-an-yuk(K)

Aril(CP) Local Drug Name: Long-yan-rou(C),Lung-ngarn-yuk(H),Ryugan-niku(J),Yong-an-yuk(K). Processing:Eliminate shell and nutlet,dry in the sun until it becomes unsticky(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cardiac palpitation,forgetfulness and insomnia due to deficiency of qi and blood(C,J,K). 2) Anemia(C,H,J,K). 3) Sedative(H). 4) Neurasthenia(H). 5) Menorrhagia(H). Root Local Drug Name:Long-yan-gen(C), Lung-Ngarn(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chyluria(C,H). 2) Leucorrhea(C,H).

50

3) Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H). Leaf Local Drug Name:Long-yan-ye(C),Lung-Ngarn(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Prevention of influenza(C,H). 2) Enteritis(C,H). 3) Scrotal eczema(C,H). Seed Local Drug Name:Long-yan-he(C),Lung-Ngarn-Wut(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Gastric pain(C,H). 2)Hernial pain(C,H). 3)Insomnia(H). 4)Menorrhagia(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sugars:glucose,sucrose[l]. 2) Organic acids:tartaric acid[l], 3) Vitamins:Vitamin B1,B2,P,C[1]. Literature: [1] Nanjing College ofPharmacy/'ZhongcaoyaoXue"

1976,Vol2,629. [IX.Guo]

658

Euonymus japonica Thunb. (Celastraceae) [ = Masakia japonica Nakai ] Masaki(J), Sa-cheol-na-mu(K)

Root Local Drug Name: Jo-gyung-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Menorrhalgia(J, K). 2) Substitute for Eucommia ulmoidesQ). 3) Dysmenorrhea(K). 4) Jaundice(K). Seed Local Drug Name: Masaki(J). Processing: Dry under the sun(J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction, powder: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Arteriosclerosis(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: friedelin, epifriedelanol, friedelanolfl]. 2) Sesquiterpene alkaloids: euojaponines C[2], euojaponines D, F, J. and K[3-5], euojaponine N, ebenifoline W-I[6]. 3)Flavonoids:quercetol,kaempferol[7],kaempferol-3-0-P-D-gluco-7-0-p-L-

51

rhamnoside,quercetin-3-0-p-D-gluco-7-0-P-L-rhamnoside[8]. Literature: [1] Yakugaku Zasshi 1959, 79, 980. [2] Ryu, J.-H. et at. Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1997, 20(1), 76. [3] Tu, T. Q.: J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53(4), 915. [4] Han, B. H. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 53(4), 909. [5] Han, B. H. etat. Phytochemistry 1990, 29(7), 2303. [6] Ryu, J.-H. et at. YakhakHoechi 1997, 41(5), 554. [7] Delaveau, P. et at. C. R. Acad. Set, Paris, Ser. D 1968, 267(3), 317. [8] Sergeeva, N. V. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1972, 8(1), 118. [C. K. Sung]

659

Euonymus sieboldianus Blume (Celastraceae) Mayumi(J), Cham-bit-sal-na-mu(K)

Related plant: E. bungeanus Maxim. :Bai-du(C), Jom-cham-bit-sal-na-mu(K). Root, bark and Fruit Local Drug Name: Sa-myun-mok(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumarthritis(K). 2) Lumbago(K). 3) Vasculitis(K). 4) Epistaxis(K). 5) Hemorrhoids(K). 6) Cancer(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Sesquiterpenes: euonydin A-1~A-5[1], 2) Sesquiterpene alkaloids: neoevonine[l-3], euonymine, neoeuonymine[2-3], evonine[2-4], evonimine, wilformine[4]. 3) Flavonoids: chrysanthemin, kaempherol, quercetin[5]. 4) Proteids: euonymus sieboldiana lectin A~G[6], anti-B agglutinin[7]. 5) Cardenolides: euonymoside A[8]. Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity(euonymoside)[8]. Literature: [1] Ujita, K. et at. Phytochemistry 1992, 31(4), 1289. [2] Wada, H. et at. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 3131. [3] Yamada, K. et at. Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 1725. [4] Sugiura, A. etat. Tetrahedron Lett. 1973, 113. [5] Ishikura, N.: Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 743. [6] Yamamoto, S. etal:. Immunol. Commun. 1981, 10, 215. [7] Yamamoto, S.: Kagaku Keisatsu Kenkyusho Hokoku 1976, 29, 7. [8] Baek, N. I. et at. PlantaMed. 1994, 60(1), 26. [C. K. Sung]

52

660

Cayratiajaponica Gagn. (Vitaceae) [= Cissus japonica Willd.] Wu-lian-mei(C),Yabugarashi(J), Geo-ji-deong-gul (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Wu-lian-mei(C),Yabugarashi(J), O-ryum-mae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,J, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction or fresh juice:C,J, K);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Jaundice(J, K). 2) Rheumatalgia(J, K). 3) Erysipelas(C,J, K). 4) Diarrheal, K). 5) Edema(J). 6) Hematuria(C,J). 7) Mumps(C,K). 8) Furuncle(C,K). 9) Sore throat(C). 10) Conjunctivitis(C). 11) Haemoptysis(C). 12) Dysentery(C). 13) Traumatic injury(C). 14) Snake bit(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Anthocyanins: cayratinin[l], Phamacology 1) Diuretic activity[2]. Literature: [1] Ishikura, N. et at Shokubutsugaku Zasshi 1970, 83(984), 179. [2] Han, D. S. el al:. Proc. Fifth Asian Symp. on Medicinal Plants and Spices, Seoul, Korea, August 20-24, 1984 1984,125. [C. K. Sung]

661

Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae) Hei-shui-pu-tao(C), Wang-meo-ru(K)

Root and vine Local Drug Name: Shan-teng-teng-yang(C), San-deung-deung-ang(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Abdominal pain(C, K). 2) Stomach ache(C). 3) Lumbago(K). 4) Obstipation(K). 5) Sciatica(K). 6) Traumatic pain(C).

53

7) Rheumatalgia(C). 8) Nervous headache(C). 9) Postoperative pain(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenylpropanoids: c/'s-caftaric acid, tosw-caftaric acid[l]. Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity[2]. Literature: [1] Singleton, V. L. et al: Phytochemisty 1986, 25(9), 2127. [2] Kim, S. Y. et al: J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1994, 71(6), 633. [C. K. Sung]

662

Vitis vinifera L.

(Vitaceae)

Pu-tao(C), Poe-toe (H), Budou(J), Po-do (K) Related plants: V. brevipedunculata Trautv.: Nobudou(J). Fruit Local Drug Name: Pu-tao(C), Poe-toe (H), Po-do(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Lumbago(K). 2) Edema(K). 3) Measles(C, K). 4) Palpitation(J, K). 5) Difficulty in urination(C). 6) Threatened abortion(C). 7) Insomnia(J). 8) Abscess suppuration(J). 9) Constipation(J). 10) Night sweating(K). 11) Tussis(K). 12) Deficient milk after child-birth(K). 13) Anaemia(K). 14) Rheumatalgia(K). 15) Giddiness(K). Root Local Drug Name:Pu-tao-gen(C),Po-do-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(paste of fresh root:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Difficulty in urination(K). 2) Rheumatalgia(C,K). 3)Edema(C). 4) Fracture(C). Vine and Leaf Local Drug Name: Pu-tao-teng(C),Po-do-deung-yeop(K).

54

Processing: Dry under the sun(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Difficulty in urination(K). 2) Acute conjunctivitis(K). 3) Edema(C,K). 4) Bloodshot eye(K). 5) Rheumatalgia(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Benzenoids: 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde, genistic acid, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, syringaldehyde, syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillic aldehyde[l], 4hydroxy benzoic acid[l-2], gallic acid[l-3], salicyclic acid[2], brevilagin 1, vitilagin, isovitilagin[4], enotannin[5], hopeaphenol, /so-hopeaphenol[6], pallidol, vitis resveratrol tetramer[7], e-viniferin[7-9], pterostilbene[8], resveratrol[8, 10-11], a-viniferin[8, 12], piceid[13], c/s-piceid, /ran.s'-piceid[14], c/s-resveratrol[14-15], ?raw-resveratrol[14-16], cisresveratrol 3 -0-|3-D-glucoside[ 17]. 2) Phenylpropanoids: ferulic acid, sinapic acid[2], caffeic acid[2, 18-19], chlorogenic acid[2, 19-20], caffeoyl tartrate,/»-coumaroyl tartrate, feruloyl tartrate[21], cw-caftaric acid, transcaftaric acid, c/'s-coutaric acid, ?raH.?-coutaric acid[22]. 3) Coumarins: ellagic acid[23], 4) Monoterpenes: hydroxy citronellol[24], geraniol, linalool, a-terpineol, elemol acetate[25], 3,7-dimethylocta-l,5,7-trien-3-ol[26], 5) Sesquiterpenes:damascenone, 3-oxo-a-damascone, 3-hydroxy-(3-damascone, 3-oxo-Pdamascone, grasshopper ketone, megastigma-5-en-7-yne-3,9-diol, 9-hydroxy megastigma4,6,7-trien-3-one[27], jasmonic acid[28], dihydrophaseic acid 4'P-glucoside[29]. 6) Triterpenes: a-amyrin, P-amyrin, citrostadienol, cycloartenol, 24-methyl cycloartenol, germanicol, obtusifoliol, oleanolic acid methyl ester, oleanolic aldehyde, taraxasterol, taraxerol, ursolic aldehyde[30], lupeol[30-31], 30-norlupan-3-p-ol-20-one, betulinic acid[31], 16P-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-l,12-dien-28-oic acid, 3P-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28aldehyde, 16P-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3P,29-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid[32], oleanolic acid[32-33]. 7) Steroids:stigmasterol[31], cholesterol, ergosterol, p-sitosterol[34]. 8) Carotenoids: antheraxanthin, a-carotene, hydroxy a-carotene, P-carotene, y-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, lutein-5,6-epoxide, lutein-5,8-epoxide, luteoxanthin, lycopene, mutatoxanthin, neoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin[35]. 9) Alkaloids: A^(6)-isopentenyl adenine, N(6)-isopentenyl adenine riboside[36], zeatin, zeatin riboside, dihydro zeatin[36-37], indole-3-acetic acid[37], 2-phenyl-ethyl amine, a-amyl amine, dimethyl amine, ethyl amine, /so-amyl amine, iso-butyl amine, methyl amine, Npropyl amine, pyrrolidine[38]. 10)Flavonoids: /-epicatechin-3-gallate, /-epigallocatechin, hyperoside, luteolin, myricetin-3-OP-D-glucoside, populnin, procyanidin B-2 3"-gallate, quercimeritrinfl], -hydroxycinnamic acid, butanedioic acid[2], 5) Amides:violyedoenamide[2]. 6) Polysaccharides[3]:phlegm[l], Pharmacology 1) Bacteriostasis[4,5]. 2) Anti-HIV activity [6]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,31. [2] Xiao,Y.Q. etal.:ZhiwuXuebao 1987,29(5),532. [3] Gao,H.:Dm. Abstr. Int. B 1996,57(2),1009. [4] Cao,R.L. et al.:Zhonghua Pifuke Zazhi 1957,4,286. [5] Xuzhou Medical CollegeXin Yiyao Ziliao 1971,2,27. [6] Ngan,F. et al. .Antiviral Res. 1988,10(1-3), 107. [J.X.Guo]

669

Passiflorafoetida

L.

(Passifloraceae)

Long-zhu-guo (C), Lung-chu-gwor (H) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Long-zhu-guo (C), Lung-chu-gwor (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cough (C, H). 2) Edema (H). 3) Carbuncle (H). 4) Analgesic (H).

61

5) Scabies (H). 6) Traumatic keratitis or conjunctivitis (C). 7) Lymphnoditis (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: apigenin, apigenin 7-(3-D-glucoside, apigenin 8-C-diglucoside, vitexin, isovitexin, 2"-xylosylvitexin, 2"-xylosylisovitexin, saponarin, orientin, isoorientin, luteolin 7-(3-Dglucoside, kaempferol, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, vicenin-2, pachypodol, 7,4'dimethoxyapigenin, ermanin [1-3]. Literature: [l]Loekdefink, J.: Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg. 1976,116, 557. [2]Ulubelen, A. et al.: J. Nat. Prof. 1982,45,103. [3]Echeverri, L. et al.: Actual. Biol. 1985,14, 58. [P.P.H. But]

670

Tamarix ckinensis Lour. (Tamaricaceae) Sheng-liu (C), Sight-hor-lau (H), Gyoryuu (J), Wi-seong-ryu (K)

Twig(CP) Local Drug Name: Xi-he-liu (C), Sing-lau (H), Seong-ryu (K). Processing: Dry in the shade(C). Method of Administration: Oral or topical (decoction: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Measles (C, H, K). 2) Colds (C, H, K). 3) Chronic bronchitis (H). 4) Dysuria (C, H). 5) Urticaria, pruritus (C, H, K). 6) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Tamarixinol, tamarixone, tamarixol, [1]. 2) Steroids: daucosterol, P-sitosterol [1]. 3) Lipid: stearic acid [1]. 4) Flavonoids: kaempferol-4'-methyl ether, kaempferol-7,4'-dimethyl ether, quercetin, quercetin-3',4'-dimethyl ether, isorhamnetin [2-3], 5) Tannins: gallic acid, gallic acid methylester-3-methylether [2-3], 6) Acid: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid [3], Pharmacology 1) Hepatoprotective effect [5]. 2) Anti-inflammatory effect [6]. 3) Analgesic effect [6]. Literature: [1] Jiang, Y.Q. et al.: YaoxueXuebao 1988, 23, 749. [2] Zhang, X.Y. et al: Ihongcaoyao 1989, 20, 100. [3] Zhang, X.Y. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1991, 22,299. [4] Chen, F.K. et al: Zhongcaoyao 1995, 26, 467. [5] Yang, L.L. et al: J. Ethnopharm. 1987, 19, 103.

62

[6] Zhao, Y.Z. et al.: Zhongcaoyao 1995, 26, 85. [P.P.H. But]

671

Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae) Tu-bei-mu(C),Dobainio(J)

Rhizome(CP) Local Drug Name:Tu-bei-mu(C),Dobainio(J). Processing: Wash clean,break off,boil until no white core observed,take out,and dry in the sun (Q. Method of Administration:Oral (decoction:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Mastitis(C). 2) Chronic lymphadenitis(C). 3) Tuberculosis of cervical lymph nodes(C). 4) Hypertrophic rhinitis(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins[l,2]:bolbostemmosaponins[3],bolbostemmosaponin A,D[4],tubeimoside I[5-8],II, III[9],IV[10]. 2)Flavonoids:maltol[2,ll]. 3)Phytosterols:A7,16'25-stigmastatrien-3-ol[ll],stigmastatrien-3-0-glucoside[12]. 4) Organic acids:palmitic acid[12]. 5) Sugars:maltose[12]. Pharmacology 1) Antagonistic effect on skin wart[3], 2) Spermicidal effect[4]. 3) Immunosuppressant effect[12], 4) Therapeutic effect on mouse cervical carcinoma[13]. 5) Antiviral effect[14]. 6) Induced differentiation effect on HL-60[15]. 7) Potent inhibitory effect on inflammatory ear edema[16]. 8) Antineoplastic activity[ 16-20]. Literature: [I] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,310. [2] He,F. X. et al.:Shandong ZhongyiXueyucmXuebao 1987,11(1),64. [3] Fu,Z. C. et al. .Zhongcaoyao 1983,14(10),15. [4] Su,H. etal.Xi'an YikeDawueXuebao 1986,7(3),225. [5] Tanaka,0. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho Jp 62,135,488[87,135,488](cl.C07H15/256),18 Jun 1987,Jp Appl.85/184,584,22 Aug 1985. [6] Kasai,R. et al.:Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 1985,27th,749. [7] Kong,F.H. et al..Tetrahedron Lett. 1986,27,5765. [8] Kasai,R. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986,34(9),3974. [9] Kasai,R. et al.:Phytochemistry 1988,27(5), 1439. [10] Kong,F.H. etal.:Huaxue Xuebao 1988,46(4),409. [II] Fu,Z. C. et al..Zhongcaoyao 1987,18,150. [12] Xu,G. -.Shizhen Guoyao Yanjiu 1992,3(4),183. [13] Shanxi Medical Collegedf/w Yiyaoxue Zazhi 1976,12,36. [14] Fu,Z. C. et al.-.ShanxiXin Yixue Zazhi 1985,(4),49. [15] Bai,Y.U- et aL.Disi Junyi DaxueXuebao 1992,13(4),304. [16] Ma,R. etal.-.Chin. Sci. Bull. 1992,37(7),602. [17] Wang,Y. Q. et al.: Shanxi Xin Yiyao 1981,10(8),55.

63

[18] Wang,Y. Q. et al.:ShamciXin Yiyao 1984,13(6),52. [19] Ma,R.D. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongliu Linchucmg 1994,21(6),446. [20] Yu,L.etal.:PlantaMed 1994,60(3),204. [J.X.Guo]

672

Cucumis melo L. van makuwa Makino

(Cucurbitaceae)

Makuwa-uri(J), Cham-woe(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa(K). Processing: Use fresh fruit(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Acute gastritis by hen meat(K). 2) Fever(K). 3) Mental disease(K). 4) Dysuria(K). 5) Jaundice(K). 6) Alcoholism(K). 7) Acroesthesia and paralysis due to wind dampness(K). 8) Food(J). Apex Local Drug Name: Katei(J), Gwa-che(K). Processing: Dry apex from unripe fruit in the shadow(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Emetic(J, K). 2) Hepatitis(K). 3) Constipation(J). 4) Syphilis(K). 5) Jaundice(K). 6) Edema(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun or use fresh(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K);Topical(paste of fresh juice: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Vesication(K). 2) Alopecia(K). Seed Local Drug Name: Cheom-gwa-ja(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Maldigestion(K). 2) Tussis(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alcohols:benzyl acetate, «-nonanol, c/s-3-nonenol, c/.y-6-nonenol, c/s:c«-3,6-nonadienol[l].

64

2) Proteins: ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase[2]. Literature: [1] Kim, S. K. et al.: Han 'guk Wonye Hakhoechi 1997, 38(1), 33. [2] Park, S.-W. et al.: J. Plant Res. 1998, 111(1101), 59. [C. K. Sung]

673

Cucumis sativus L.

(Cucurbitaceae)

Huang-gua(C), Wong-gwah (H), Ki-uri(J), O-i(K) Fruit Local Drug Name: Huang-gua(C), Wong-gwah (H), Ki-uri(J), Hwang-gwa(K). Processing: Use fresh(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: H, K);Topical(C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Burn(C, H, J, K). 2)Indigestion due to hot weather(C, J, K). 3) Hypertension(H). 4)Urine difficulty(C). 5)Nephritis(J). 6)Edema(J). 7)Beriberi(J). 8)Alcoholism(K). 9) Poisoning with alcohol(K). lO)Pricklyheat(K). ll)Sinusitis(K). 12)Mastitis(K). 13)Skin-palsy often accompanying pruritus(K) . Creeper and tendril Local Drug Name: Huang-gua-teng(C), Hwang-gwa-deung(K). Processing: dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Hypertension(C,H). 2) Apoplexy(K). 3) Jaundice(K). 4) Dysentery(C). 5) Epilepsy(C). 6) Tonsillitis(C). Bud Local Drug Name: Hwang-gwa-hwa-roe(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea(K). Leaf Local Drug Name: Huang-gua-ye(C),Hwang-gwa-yeop(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrheal, K). 2)Maldigestion(K).

65

3) Abdominal pain(K). 4)Vbmiting(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: rutin[l], isoquercetin[2]. 2) Organic acids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid[3]. 3)Pectins[4], 4) Amino acids: aspartic acid, histidine, valine, leucine[5]. 5) Proteins: cusativin[6]. 6) Vitamins: vitamin G[7], vitamin C[8], 7) Sugars: glucose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fructose[l]. Phamacology 1) Lipid lowering activity(pectins)[4]. 2) Anti-hyperglycemic activity[9]. 3) Anti-cancer activity[10]. 4) Anti-hepatitis activity[10]. Literature: [1] Maki, M : Kaseigaku Zasshi 1965, 16(4), 193. [2] Maki, M.: Kaseigaku Zasshi 1965, 16(4), 196. [3] Herrmann, K.: Naturwissenschaften 1956, 43, 109. [4] Sudheesh, S. et at FoodChem. 1999, 67(3), 281. [5] Matsushita, A.: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1965,17(6), 446. [6] Rojo, M. A. etat Planta 1994,194(3), 328. [7] Lo, T.-Y.: Nutrition Bull. B 1935, 2, 34. [8] Godbey, J. C. et at Texas J. Sci. 1957, 9,176. [9] Roman-Ramos, R. et at. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995, 48(1), 25. [10] Watt, J. M.: Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nded. 1962, 338. [C. K. Sung]

674

Trichosanthes anguina L. (Cucurbitaceae) [= T. cucumerina var. anguina] She-gua (C), Sair-gwar (H)

Fruit Local Drug Name: She-gua (C), Sair-gwar (H). Processing: Dry under the sun. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cough with sputum (C, H). 2) Constipation (C, H). 3) Cough (C, H). 4) Boils, abscesses (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Glucosides:5,6,6'-trimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavone7-0-P-D-(2"-0-p-coumaroyl -glucopyranoside), 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone-5-0-a-L-rhamnopyranoside [1-2]. 2)Lectin [3-4, 11]. 3) Fatty acid: punicic acid [5,10]. 4)Protein: trichoanguin, trichoanguina [6-7].

66

5)Kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol 3-0-|3-D-glucoside [8]. 6) Fiber [9]. Pharmacology l)Ribosome-inactivating effect [6-7]. Literature: [l]Yadava, R.N. et al: Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 1519. [2]Yadava, R.N. et al.: Fitoterapia 1994, 65, 554. [3]Komath, S.S. et al.: Btochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 1996, 39, 243. [4]Komath, S.S. et al.: Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 1998, 44, 107. [5]Datta, S.K.: J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India (Bombay) 1995, 27, 221. [6]Chow, L.P. etal.:J. Biochem. Set 1996, 3, 178. [7]Chow, L.P. et al: Biochem. J. 1999, 338, 211. [8]Yadav., R.N. et al: Asian J. Chem. 1994, 6,182. [9]Kurasawa, S. et al: Nippon Eiyo, Shokuryo Gakkaishi 1992, 45, 461. [10] Sharma, P.B. et al.: Asian J. Chem. 1995, 7, 837. [11] Shanavas, K.R. et al.: Biol. Plant. 1995, 37,417. [P.P.H. But]

675

Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae) Zi-wei(C), Jee-may (H), Sarusuberi(J), Bae-rong-na-mu(K)

Related plants: Kadsura longepedunculate Fin. Et Gagnep.: Nan-wu-wei-zi(C). Cercis chinensis Bunge: Zi-jing(C). Bark Local Drug Name: Zi-jing-pi(C). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C);Topical(decoction or powder:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Irregular menstruation(C). 2) Dysmenorrhea(C). 3) Amenorrhea(C). 4) Rheumatic arthritis(C). 5) Traumatic injury(C). 6) Sore-throat(C). 7) Hemorrhoid(C). 8) Snake bite or insect bite(C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-yeop(K), Jee-may-yip (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: H, K); Topical (H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Eczema(H). 2) Bois, pyodermas(H). 3) Hemoptysis, hematemesis, melena(H). 4) Infant cough, whooping cough(K). 5) Irregular mense(K). 6) Leucorrhea(K). 7) Dysentery(K). 8) Scabies(K). 9) Wound hemorrhage(K).

67

Flower Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Whooping cough(K). 2) Flooding(K). 3) Uterine bleeding(K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Root Local Drug Name: Ja-mi-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K) Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Toothache(K). 2) Dysentery(K). Contraindications: Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Alkaloids[l]. Literature: [1] Ferris, J. P. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93(12), 2958. [C. K. Sung]

676

Baeckeafrutescens L.

(Myrtaceae)

Gang-song (C), Gong-tsung (H) Whole plant, leaf, or root Local Drug Name: Gang-song (C), Gong-tsung (H). Processing: Dry under the sun,or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C); Topical (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tinea pedis (C, H). 2) Pruritus (C, H). 3) Rheumatism (C, H). 4) Stomachache (C, H). 5) Enteritis (C, H). 6) Fever (C). 7) Icterohepatitis (C). 8) Urination difficulty (C). 9) Eczema (C). 10) Snake bite (C). 11) Scald (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phloroglucinols: BF-1 and BF-2 [1]. 2) Monoterpenes and diterpenes [2]. Pharmacology 1) Cytotoxic effect [1].

68

2) Antibacterial effect [2]. 3) Hepatoprotective effect [3], 4) Anti-inflammatory effect [3]. Literature: [1] Fujimoto, Y. et al.: Phytochemistry 1996, 41, 923. [2] Ji, X.D. etal: YaoxueXuebao 1980,15, 766. [3] Xiang,Z.X. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1983, 18,654. [P.P.H.But]

677

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

(Myrtaceae)

Lan-an (C), Yukarinoki (J), Yu-ka-ri-na-mu (K) Leaf Local Drug Name: Lan-an (C), Yukariyo (J). Processing: Fresh (J), or dry under the sun (C, J). Steam distillation (J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J);Topical (essential oil: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Common cold (J). 2) Enteritis and diarrhea (J). 3) Articular pain (J). 4) Burn and suppuration (J). 5) Insect bite (J). 6) Nerval pain (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oil: 1,8-cineole (70%), p-cymene, a-terpineol, cuminal, pinene, phellandrene, phellandral [1], pinocamphone, isopinocamphone [2], aromadendrene, alloaromadendrene, globulol [3], guaienes, gurjunenes, epiglobulol, ledol, diepipalustrol [4], : macrocarpal H, I andJ[5], 2) Phenolic compounds: gallic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, vanillic acid, ellagitannin [6]. 3) Flavonoids: quercetin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, naringenin [6],rhamnazin, rhamnetin, dihydrokaempferol-3-rhamnoside[7],rutin,quercetin-3-arabinoside,quercetin-3,7dirhamnoside, quercitrin, kaempferol-3-arabinoside, kaempferol, naringenin, luteolin, apigenin [8]. 4) Euglobal-Gl, -G2, -G3 [9]. 5) Triterpenoids: 11,12-dehydroursolic lactone acetate [10], fi-amyrin, erythrodiol, uvaol,acetyloleanolic acid, acetylbetulinic acid, acetylursolic acid, betulinic acid, ursolic acid,23-hydroxyursolic acid, ?ra«s-^-methoxycinnamoyloxy-ursolic acid, methyl cis-pmethoxyolean-olate, methyl cw-p-methoxycinnamoyloxyursolate, methyl lla-methoxy-3acetoxyursolate [11]. Pharmacology 1) Antitussive (oil) [12]. 2) Mouse isolated intestine contraction (Oil) [13]. 3) Anti-tumor-promotor activity (eugrobal-Gl, -G2, -G3) [9]. 4) Antiallergic interleukin 4 formation inhibitor [14], 5) Antibacterial activity (sesquiterpenes) [15], (chalcone, flavone derivatives) [16]. Antimicrobial activity on gram-negative bacteria and fungi (1,8-cineol, citronellal, cryptone) [17]. 6) Antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition (flavonoids) [7], 7) Antihyperglycemic actions, antidiabetic agents [18].

69

8) Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity (seeds) [19]. Literature: [I] Sagara, K. et at. Iyakuhin Kenkyu 1990,21,689. [2] Bhatt, M. V.: Chem. &lnd. 1959,1452. [3] Dolejs, L. et at. Collection Czech. Chem. Comm. 1960,25,1483,1837; Laurent, P. A. et at. C. A. 1967,67,29866; Omagiu Raima Ripan 1966,327. [4] Zhao, Z-D. et al.: Linchan Huaxue Yu Gongye 1997,17,37. [5] Osawa K. et al. : J. Nat. Prod. 1996,89(9),823; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1997,45(7),1216. [6]Coude,E. et al.: Holz Roh-Werkst. 1996,54,175; Wood Fiber Sci. 1995,27,379; Cadahia, E. et al.: Holzforschung 1997,51,119. [7] Lee, I-K. et at. Saengyak Hakhoechi 1998,29,163; Zygadlo, J. A. et al:. Grassas Aceites (Seville) 1995,46,285. [8] Conde, E. et at. Phytochem. Anal. 1997,8,186. [9] Takasaki, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1990,38,1444. [10] Horn, D. H. S. et at. Australian J. Chem. 1964,17,477. [II] Santos, G. G. et al: Phytochem. 1997,44,1309. [12] Misawa, Y.etal.: Ouyou Yakuri 1990,39,81. [13] Boyd, E. et at. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1946,211,602. [14] Kusuoku, H. et al: C. A. 1998,129, 335757; Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (Japan) JP 10279491 A2 20 Oct 1998. [15] Osawa, K. et at. Nat. Med. (Tokyo) 1998,52,32. [16] Sakaino, M. et at. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo KohoJP 11080012 A2 23 Mar 1999. [17] Saeed, M. A. etal:. J. Fac. Pharm. Gazi Univ. 1995,12,129. [18] Gray, A. M. et at. J. Nutr. 1998,128,2319. [19] Jiao, S. et at. Zhongcaoyao 1996,27,223. [T. Kimura]

678

Psidium guajava L.

(Myrtaceae)

Fan-shi-liu (C), Farn-sack-lou (H), Banjiro (J), Kwa-ba (K) Leaf and fruit Local Drug Name: Fan-shi-liu (C), Farn-sack-lou (H), Bansekiryu (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J);Topical(decoction:J;paste of fresh leaf:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Chronic enteritis (C, J). 2) Diarrhea and dysentery (C, J). 3) Bruise (C, J). 4) Infantile indigestion (C). 5) Ecthyma (C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Farnsacklou-yip (H). Processing: Dry under the sun (H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: H) Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Enteritis (H). 2) Diarrhea (H). 3) Diabetes (H). Fruit Local Drug Name: Farn-sack-lou (H).

70

Processing: Dry under the sun (H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (fresh: H), (decoction: H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(H). Contraindication: Constipation. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenolic compounds: maslinic acid (crategolic acid), guaijavolic acid [1], ellagic acid [2,3], luteic acid(hexahydroxydiphenic acid),amritoside, leucocyanidin [3],l-0-?ra«.y-cinnamoyl ctL-arabinosyl-(l-6)-(5-D-glucoside[4], arjunolic acid[5], arabinose hexahydroxydiphenic acid ester [6]. 2) Flavonoids: quercetin, avicularin, guaijaverin [7],quercetin 4'-glucuronide, quercetin 3sulfate, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-sulfate, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid [8]. 3) Steroids: (3-sitisterol [1]. 4) An araban [9], 5) Carotenoids:P-carotene, y-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, cryptoflavin, lutein, neochrome [10]. 6) Essential oil [11]. 7) Saponins: fruit saponin [12]. 8) Gibberellins: Gibberellin Al, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9 [13]. Pharmacology 1) Antibacterial activity (alcoholic and aqueous extract [7], quaternary alkaloids [14]). 2) Lipid peroxide antioxidant (leaf extract) [15]. 3) Antidiabetic activity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy (leaf tea) [16]. 4) Antiinflammatory activity (leaf volatile oil) [17]. 5) Antinociceptive effect (leaf essential oil, caryophyllene, pinene) [18]. 6) Antihistaminic activity (leaf) [19], 7) Hypoglycemic activity [20], 8) Central nervous system depressants, calcium channel blockers (sesquiterpenes, caryophyllene oxide, P-selinene) [21]. Literature: [l]Varshney, L. P. et al: C. A. 1964,61,16439; Indian J. Chem. 1964,2,377. [2]Nair, A. G. R. et al:. Indian J. Pharm. 1964,26,140. [3]Seshadri, T. R.et al: Phytochem. 1965,4,317. [4]Latza, S. et al: Phytochem. 1996,43, 481. [5]Sasaki, S. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1966,86,869. [6]Misra, K. et al: Phytochem. 1968,7,641. [7]ElKhadem, R.et al: J. Chem. Soc. 1958,3320. [8]Kandil, F. E. et al: Asian J. Chem. 1997,9, 871. [9]Sengupta, U. K. et al: Aust. J. Chem. 1965,18, 851. [10]Mercadante, A. Z. et al: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999,47,145. [ll]Fonseca, L. R.: C. A. 1962,57,11325; Rev. Ing. Quim. Univ. Nad. Litorol, Santa Fe Arg. 1960,29, 69. [12]Varshney, I. P. et al: Indian J. Appl. Chem. 1971,34,214. [13]Rao, T. R. et al: C. A. 1973,79, 2763; J. Exp. Bot. 1973,24,418. [14] Ali, Md. A. etal: Bangladesh J. Sci. lnd. Res. 1996,31,133. [15] Ishihara, T. et al: Jpn. Kolcai Tokkyo Koho JP 11075770 A2, 23 Mar 1999 [16]Deguchi, Y. et al: Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 1998,72,923. [17]Kavimani, S. etal: Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1997,59,142. [18]Santos, F. A. etal: Phytother. Res. 1998,12,24. [19] Ishihara, T. etal: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10236970 A2 8 SEp. 1998. [20]Basnet, P. etal: WakanIyakugaku Zasshi 1995,12,109. [21]Meckes, M. etal: Phytother. Res. 1996,10,600. [T. Kimura]

71

679

Panax quinquefolius

L.

(Araliaceae)

Xi-yang-shen(C),Fah-kay-sum (H), Amerika-ninjin (J), Gwang-dong-in-sam (K) Root(CP)* Local Drug Name: Xi-yang-shen(C),Fah-kay-sum (H), Kanton-ninjin (J), Gwang-dong-in-sam (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C,H, J, K),or at a low temperature(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction or powder:C,H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Weakness (C,H,J, K). 2) Gastroatony (J, K). 3) Cardiac weakness (J, K). 4) Hypertension (J, K). 5) Febrile disease (C,H). 6) Cough with dyspnea(C). 7) Diabetes(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins: ginsenoside Rb ]; Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rd, Re, Rgi, Rg2, Ro, gypenoside XVII, pseudoginsenoside-Fll, malonyl-ginsenoside Rbi, Rb2, Re, Rd [1, 2],quinquenoside LI, L2, L3,vinaginsenoside R3 [3],quinquenoside I, II, III, IV, V, chikusetsusaponin IVa, pseudoginsenoside Rci, notoginsenoside A, C, K, 6'-0-acetylginsenoside Rgi [4],majoroside Fl, gypenoside IX, X, VII [3]. 2)Polyacetylenes: (6fl,7S)-6,7-epoxytetradeca-l,3-diyne (=PQ-8) [5], 3)Essential oil: 23 compounds [6],isocaryophyllene, p-bisabolene, P-sesquiphellandrene, allomadendrene, germacrene B, a-humulene [7],linarioside A, ionol glucoside [8]. 4)Polysaccharides: PPQ1 [9], PPQ5-2 [10]. Pharmacology 1) Protective effect on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (extracts) [4], 2) Lymphocyte stimulation and interleukin induction activities (PPQ5-2) [10]. 3) Rabbit sinoatrial node electrophysiological activity and myocardial contraction in guinea pig (saponins) [11]. 4) Stimulation of cytokine production from spleen lymphocyte of mice (PPQ1) [9], 5) Significantly decreasing platelet aggregation rate and increasing superoxide dismutase activity in hyperlipidemia rats (saponins) [12]. 6) Aorta calcium antagonist activity ( saponins from stems and leaves) [13]. Hemodynamics and single calcium channel blocking activities in rats (ginsenoside Rb3) [14]. 7) Cardiovascular activities. Anti-myocardial, anti-arrhythmia, anti-hypertension, anti-shock, anti-oxidation and regulation of blood lipids (saponins) [15]. 8) Significantly facilitates male copulatory behaviors (extract) [16]. 9) Modulation of brainstem GABAergic effects [17]. 10)Immunostimulant activity (polysaccharide) [18]. ll)Protection of low density lipoproteins from oxidation (saponins) [19]. Literature: [1] Court, W. A. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1996,^,755,11; Li, T. S. C. et al: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1996,44, 717; Ko, S.-R. et al: Koryo Insam Hakhoechi 1995,19,254. [2] Zhou, Y. et al: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1998,23,551. [3] Wang, J. et al: Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1997,14,135; 1999,16,28; J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1998,1,93; Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi 1997,7,130. [4] Yoshikawa, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1998,46,647.

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[5] Satoh, M. etal:. Heterocycles 1997,45,177,321. [6] Zhou, Y. etal.: FenxiHuaxue 1997,25, 412. [7] Wee, J. J. et al: Koryo Insam Hakhoechil997,21,209. [8] Wang, J-H. et al: Zhongguo Yaowu Huaxue Zazhi 1998,8,201. [9] Zhu, W. et al.: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1997,13,76. [10] Ma, X-L. et al: Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 1998,14,143; Bao, W et al: Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 199S,15,U9. [11] Ma.X. et al: Xi 'an Yike Daxue Xuebaol998,19,47,77. [12] Li, G-P. et al: Baiqiuen Yike DaxueXuebaol996,22,342. [13] Guan, L-X. etal: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1996,21,431; Wu, J. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi 1995,9,155. [14] Yang, S-J. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1995,11,39. [15] Lu, Z-Z. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1996,12,395; Kwan, C-Y: Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1995,22 (Suppl. 1) S297. [16] Murphy, L. L. et al: Physiol. Behav. 1998,64,445. [17] Yuan, C.-S. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998,62,215. [18] Ma, X. et al: Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing) 1998,33,494. [19] Li, J. et al: Life Sci. 1998,64,53. *Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2000). [T. Kimura]

680

Bupleurumfalcatum

L. (Umbelliferae)

Mishimasaiko(J), Si-ho(K) Root(JP, KP) Local Drug Name: Saiko(J), Si-ho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Fever(J, K). 2) Hepatitis(J, K). 3) Nephritis(J, K). 4) Apoplexy(J, K). 5) Headache(J, K). 6) Malarial disease(J, K). 7) Chest distention(J, K). 8) Menstual disorder(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Saponins:saikosaponins a-d[l,2-6],saikosaponin bi,b2,b3b4[7],saikosaponin e,6"-0acetylsaiko-saponin a, 3"-0-acetylsaikosaponin d, 6"-0-acetylsaikosaponins-d, 23-0acetylsaikosaponins-a, 6"-0-acetylsaikosaponin-b4[8, 9], saikosaponin f[10], malonylsaikosaponin a, d[ll], 4"-6)-P-D-glucopyranoside,phenethyl alcohol 8-0-p-D-glucopyranosyl(1—>2)-D-gluco-pyranoside, isopentenol l-0-P-D-apiofuranosyl-(l->6)-P-Dglucopyranoside, icariside Dl, icariside F2[21]. Phamacology 1) Anti-complementary acitivity(polysaccharide)[18, 19]. 2) Anti-inflammatory activity(saikosaponins a, d)[22]. 3)Hepatic protein synthesis stimulating activity(saikosaponins a, d)[23], 4) Plama cholesterol-lowering activity(saikosaponins a, d)[23], 5) Antiviral activity(saikosaponin a)[24]. 6) Central depressant activity(saponins)[25]. 7) Sedative activity[25]. 8) Analgesic activity[25]. 9) Hypothermic activity[25]. 10) Antipyretic activity[25]. 11) Membrane fluidity decreasing activity(saponins)[26, 27]. 12) Pituitary-adrenocortical axis stimulating activity(saponins)[28, 29]. 13) Corticotropin and corticosterone secretion-inducing activity(saikosaponins)[30, 31], 14) Aminonucleoside nephrosis prevention activity[32], 15) Inactivation activity of Measles and Herpes Siplex virus(saikosaponin d)[33], 16) Hepatic protective activity(saikosaponin d)[34]. 17) Anti-platelet agglegation activity(saikosaponin a)[35], 18) Anti-ulcer activity(pectic polysaccharide)[36, 37, 38]. 19) Immunoregulatory activity(saikosaponin d)[39]. 20) B-cell proliferation activity(pectic polysaccharide)[40]. Literature: [I] Kubota, T. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 303. [2] Shibata, S. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1966, 14, 1023. [3] Aimi, N. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1968,16, 641. [4] Kubota, T. etal: Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 3333. [5] Kubota, T. etal: Tetrahedron 1967, 23,3353. [6] Kubota, T. etal: Terahedron 1968, 24, 675. [7] Shimaoka, A. etal: J. Chem. Soc. PerkinI1915, 2043. [8] Ishii, H. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1977, (14), 1227. [9] Ishii, H. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980,28(8), 2367. [10] Tori, K. et al: Tetrahedron Letters 1976, (46), 4167. [II] Ebata,N. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38(5), 1432. [12] Ebata, N. et al: Phytochemistry 1996,41(3), 895. [13] Shibata, S. etal: Yakugaku Zassht 1966, 86(12), 1132. [14] Tomimatsu, T. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1972, 26(1), 64. [15] Ito, M. etal: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1964,18,16. [16] Suzuki, A. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 1982, 36(30), 190. [17] Nagoshi, K. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1969, 23(2), 96. [18] Yamada, H. et al: Phytochemistry 1988,27(10), 3163. [19] Yamads, H. etal: Carbohydrate Research 1989,189, 209. [20] Yamada, H.: Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1995,106(3), 229. [21] Ono, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1999, 51(6), 819. [22] Yamamoto, M. et al: Arzneim.-Forsch.(DrugRes.) 1975, 25(7), 1021. [23] Yamamoto, M. et al: Arzneim.-Forsch.{Drug Res.) 1975, 25(8), 1240. [24] Rao, G. S. etal: J. Pharmaceu. Sci. 1974,63(3), 471. [25] Takagi, K. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1969, 89(5), 712. [26] Abe, H. et al: PlantaMedica 1978,34,160. [27] Abe, H. et al: PlantaMedica 1978,34, 287. [28] Hiai, S. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29(2), 495. [29] Hiai, S. et al: Proc. Symp. Wakan-Yaku 1981, 14,163. [30] Yokoyama, H. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1982, 102(6), 555.

74

[31] Yokoyama, H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32(3), 1224. [32] Abe, H. etal:. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 120, 171. [33] Ushio, Y.et al: PlantaMedica 1992, 58, 171. [34] Abe, H. et al: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1982, 320(3), 266. [35] Chang, W. C. et al: Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1991, 44(1), 51. [36] Yamada, H. et al: Carbohydrate Res. 1991, 219, 173. [37] Yamada, H. etal: PlantaMedica 1991, 57(6), 555. [38] Hirano, M. etal: Carbohydrate Res. 1994, 251, 145. [39] Kato, M. etal: Cellular Immunology 1994, 159(1), 15. [40] Sakurai, M. H. et al: Immunology 1999, 97(3), 540. [C. K. Sung]

681

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss.

(Umbelliferae)

She-chuang(C),Sair-chuang-gee(H),Jashoshi(J),Beol-sa-sang-ja(K) Related plant: Torilisjaponica (Houtt.) A.P.DC.:Yabujirami(J). Fruit(CP) Local Drag Name: She-chuang-zi(C),Sair-chuang-gee(H),Jashoshi(J),Sa-sang-ja(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K);Topical(decoction or powder mixed with liquid:C,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Impotence(C,J,K). 2) Frigidity(C,K). 3) Excessive leukorrhea caused by cold-damp(C,H,K). 4) Lumbago due to attack of damp(C,H,K). 5) External use for eczema of external genitalia,vulval itching,trichomonas vaginitis(C,J,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:/-pinene,/-camphene,bornyl isovalerate[l],osthol,(3-eudesmol,bornyl acetate[2]. 2) Coumarins: columbianadin,archangelicin,angelicin,bergapten,isopimpinellin,0acetylcolumbianetin,dihydrooreseloe,0-isovalerylcolumbianetin,3'-isobutryloxy-0acetylcolumbianetin,0-isobutrylcolumbianetin [3],xanthotoxol[4],edultin[5],cniforin A[6], B[7],imperatorin,xanthotoxin[8],2'-acetylangelicin,oroselon[9],columbianetin[10]. 3) Organic acids;palmitic acid[4]. 4) Sterols:P-sitosterol[4], 5) Chromones:rf/-umtatin,cnidimol A,B[7],C,D,E,F[11], 6) Benzofuransxnidioside A,B,cnidiol B[12], 7)Terpenes: cnidioside C, cnidiol C[12],3,7-dimethyl-l,2,6,7-tetrahydroxyoct-3(10)-ene,3methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-butane[13]. Pharmacology 1) Antimycotic effect[14], 2) Viricidal effect[15]. 3) Antitrichomonal effect[ 16]. 4) Estrogen like effect[16]. 5) Bacteriostasis[16]. 6) Anti-allergic activity[17,18]. 7) Protective effect against bronchospasm[18]. 8) Antitussive effect[18].

75

9) Antiasthmatic effect[19], 10) Preventive effect on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis(total coumarins)[20]. 11) Cytotoxic activity [21 ]. Literature: [I] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,765. [2] Xiang,R.D. et al.-.Zhongguo YaokeDaxueXuebao 1989,20(2),92. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,595. [4] Xiang,R.D. etal: Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(9),14. [5] Liu,G.Q. et aLYaowu Fenxi Zazhi 1985,5(5),308. [6] Cai,J.N. etal: Zhongguo Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 1991,22(6),345. [7] Baba,K. et al:Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1985,39(4),282. [8] Cheng,D.D. et al.-.Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi 1990,25(3),164. [9] Cai,J.N. etal..YaoxueXuebao 1996,31(4),267. [10] Shi,G.D. etal: Zhiwu YanjiuZazhi 1972,47(11),326. [II] Baba,K. et al.Phytochemistry 1992,31(4)1367. [12] Yahara,S. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1993,47(1),74. [13] Kitajima,J. etal.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(9),1667. [14] Zheng,W.F.:Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1952,38(4),315. [15] Vichkanova,S.A. etal.-.Tr. Vses. Nauch.-Issled. Inst.Lek.Rast. 1971,14,217. [16] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,597. [17] Yamahara,J. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,33(4),1676. [18] Chen,Z.C. et al .Zhongyao Tongbao 1986,11(2),114. [19] Chen,Z.C. et al.-.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1990,15(5),304. [20] Xie,H. et al.-.Zhongguo Yaoli Xuebao 1994,15(4),371. [21] Hitotsuyanagi,Y etal.-.Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996,6(15),1791. [J.X.Guo]

682

Daucus carota L.

(Umbelliferae)

Ye-hu-luo-bo(C),Ninjin(J),Dang-geun(K) Related plant: Carpesium abrotanoides L.(Compositae):Yabutabako(J). Fruit(CP) Local Drug Name:Nan-he-shi(C),Kakushitsu(J),Ho-ra-bok(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,and dry under the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Ascariasis,oxyuriasis,taeniasis,abdominal pain caused by intestinal parasitosis(C,J). 2) Malnutrition and retention of undigested food due to improper feeding (C,K). 3) Cough(K). 4) Chronic dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:asarone,asaraldehyde,bisabolene[l],daucol,carotol,oc-pinene[2],tiglic acid[3], geraniol,linalool,daucene,limonene,bergamotene,elemicin,a-curcumene,camphene, a-terpinene,terpinene-4-ol,a-terpineol,a-gurjunene,bornylacetate,Y-decanolactone, P-selinene[4],geranyl acetate[5],petroselinic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid,linolenic acid, myristicacid,palmiticacid[6],(3-bisabolene[7],a-thujene,P-pinene,(3-phellandrene, P-caryophyllene,sesquiterpene,geranyl acetate,terpinyl acetate,bornyl acetate[8],myriene,

76

A3-carene[9]. 2) Anthraquinones[2]. 3)Sugars[4]. 4)Alkaloids[4], 5)Steroids:daucusine,daucosterol[4]. 6)Furanocoumarins:psoralen[10],5-methoxypsoralen,8-methoxypsoralen,isopimpinellin, isoimperatorin,imperatorin,oxypecucedanin,sphondin[ 11], 7)Flavonoids:apigenin-4'-0-P-D-glucoside,kaempferol-3-0-(3-D-glucoside,apigenin-7-0-P-Dgalactopyranosyl-( 1 —>4)-0-|3-D-mannopyranoside[ 12]. 8)Proteins:EIP18[13],oleosins[14],|3-fructofuranosidase[15],lectin[16]. 9)Phospholipids:phosphatidylcholines,phosphatidylethanolamines[17],phosphatidylinositol [18]. 10) Inorganic substances:Ce,In[ 19],Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd[20],Se[21 ]. 11) Others:difenoconazole[22]. Pharmacology 1) Antidysenteric effect[2]. 2) Killing hookworm effect[4]. 3) Dilating coronary artery effect[4]. 4) Antifertility e£fect[4]. 5) Agglutinating effect[16]. 6) Sedative effect[23,24], 7) Anticulsive effect[23], 8) Spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle[25]. 9) Antibacterial effect[25-27]. 10) Inhibitory effect on uterine contraction[28]. 11) Papaverine effect[29]. 12) Carboxylesterase effect[30]. 13) Estrogenic effect[31-32]. Literature: [I] Zhu,K.U.:YaoxueXuebao 1953,1,73. [2] Song,YR:YaoxueXuebao 1957,5,159. [3] Zhu,Y.R. etal: Yaoxue Xuebao 1957,5(2), 157. [4] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol3,98. [5] Pinilla,M.G. etal.J. Essent. Oil Res. 1995,7(4),433. [6] Zaka,S. etal.:Sci. Int.(Lahore) 1990,2(4),313. [7] Tung,C.Y. et al.Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),13. [8] Ashraf,M. etal.:Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1979,22(5),258. [9] Ashraf,M. etal.Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1977,20(2),103. [10] Zobel,A. et al.:Can. J. Bot. 1991,69(3),485. [II] Ceska,0. et al.:Phytochemistry 1986,26(1), 165. [12] Gunta K.R. et al.PlantaMed. 1982,46(4),240. [13] Satoh et al.-.Plant Cell Physiol 1995,36(2),313. [14] Murphy,D.J.e? al.Plant Lipid Biochem.,Struct. Util.,Proc. Int. Symp. Plant Lipids,9th 1990,477. [15] Unger,C. etal:Eur. J. Biochem. 1992,204(2),915. [16] Liu,Y. et al..Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 1991,7(6),679. [17] Rao,Y.N. etal.Fett. Wiss. Technol. 1989,91(12),482. [18] Prasad,RB.N. et al: J. Am.Oil Chem. Soc. 1987,64(10),1424. [19] Ajupov,R.M. etal.Dokl. Akad. NaukResp. Uzb. 1993,(2),34. [20] Zalewski,W. etal.Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 1994,45(1-2),19. [21] Diaz-Alarcon. etal.J.Agric. FoodChem. 1994,42(12),2848. [22] Englert,K.et al.:GITFachz Lab. 1996,40(1),6. [23] Dandiya,P.C. etal.Brit. J. Pharmacol. 1963,20,436. [24] Dandiya,P.C. etal.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1964,145,42. [25] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1976,Vol 2,770. [26] Kilibarda,V. et al.:Pharmazie 1996,51(10),777-778.

77

[27] Grover,G.S. et al..Indian Drugs Pharm. Ind. 1978,13(1),39. [28] Dhar,V.J.:P/ontoMeJ.1975,28,Hept 1,12. [29] GamBHiR,S.S. etal.Ind. J. Med. Res. 1966,54(2),178;54(1),1053. [30] Melati,M.R. etal: Eur. J. Histochem. 1996,40(2), 159. [31] Kant,A. et al.J. Adv. Zoo! 1986,7(1),36. [32] Sharma,M.M. etal. .Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1976,14(4),506. [J.X.Guo] 683

Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) D C . (Umbelliferae) [ = O. javanica (Bl.) DC. ] Shui-qin(C), Seri(J), Mi-na-ri (K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Shui-qin(C), Su-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, Kjuice:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Diarrhea(C,J,K). 2)Jaundice(J, K). 3)Rheumatic arthlargia (J, K). 4)Urinary tract infection(C). 5) Metrorrhagia(C). 6)Gastrospasm(J). 7)Common cold(J). 8)Edema(K). 9)Carbuncle(K). lO)Gonorrhea(K). ll)Scrofula(K). Flower Local Drug Name: Geun-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema(K). 2) Hemorrhage(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phthalates: diethylphthalate, n-butyl 2-ethylbutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylbutyl) phthalate[l]. 2) Amino acids: serine, asparagine, threonine, alanine, glutamine, valine, leucine, proline, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, P-aminobutyric acid, phenylalanine[2]. Phamacology 1) Arrythmias prevention activity[3]. Literature: [1] Asakawa, Y. et al: Experientia 1969, 25(9), 907. [2] Matsushita, A.: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1957,10, 138. [3] Zhang, H. etal: ChungKuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1995, 20(1), 44. [C. K. Sung]

684

Rhododendron

mucronulatum

78

Turcz.

(Ericaceae)

Ying-hong-du-juan(C), Ryukyu-tsutsuji(J), Jin-dal-rae(K) Flower, root, stem, leaf Local Drug Name: Ying-hong-du-juan(C), Baek-hwa-young-san-hong(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough(C, K). 2)Cold and headache(C). 3)Asthma(C). 4)Bronchitis(C). 5)Hematemesis(K). 6)Dysentery(K). 7)Coritusion(K). 8)Scabies(K). 9)Favus(K). lO)Arthritis(K). ll)Erysipelas(K). 12)Neuralgia(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: limonene, 1,8-cineol, borneol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, bisabolene, allo-aromadendrene[l], oc-humulene, caryophyllene[2]. 2)Triterpenes: taraxerol, campanulin, taraxerone, friedelin, simiarenol, betulin, uvaol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid[3]. 3)Flavonoids: afzelin, ampelopsin, catechin, myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, quercitrin[4], cyanidin, delphinidin[5]. 4)Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid, 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-0-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic aicd, />-coumaric acid[6], Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity(flavonoids, phenolic acids) [4, 6], Literature: [1] Belousov, M. V. et al: Rastit. Resur. 1995,31(4), 41. [2] Belousov, M. V. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1995, (6), 908. [3] Belova, N. V. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1970, 6(1), 137. [4] Chung, T. Y. et al: Han 'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi 1996, 39(4), 320. [5] Kim, K. W. et al:Han 'guk Wonye Hakhoechi 1996, 37(4), 582. [6] Chung, T. Y. et al: Han 'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi 1996, 39(6), 506. [C. K. Sung]

685

Anagallis

arvensis L.

(Primulaceae)

Hai-lu (C), Rurihakobe (J), Byeol-bom-I-ggot (K) Whole herb Local Drug Name: Si-nian-huang (C), Rurihakobe (J). Processing: Fresh (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (juice ordecoction: C, J);Topical (leaf juice: C, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Snake bite (C, J). 2) Mad dog bite (C, J).

79

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1)Saponins: a triterpene glycoside: anagalline [1]. 2)Triterpenoids: anagalligenone B [2], 3)Phenolics: 1-caffeoyl glucose [3]. 4)Flavonoids: 14 glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin [4]. Pharmacology 1) Antifungus. Literature: [1] Staron, T. etal:. C. A. 1971,75,59769; Phytiat.-Phytopharm. 1969,18,161; Bajaj, Y. P. S.: Biotechnol. Agric. For. 1999,43,1. [2] Heiyz, S. et al.: Bull. Sol. Cheim. France 1971, 2320. [3] Harbone, J. B. etal: Biochem. J. 1961,81,242. [4] Kawashty, S. A. etal: Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1998,26,663. [T. Kimura]

686

Primula sieboldii E. Morn

(Primulaceae)

Ying-cao(C), Sakuraso (J), Aeng-cho (K) Root and rhizome Local Drug Name: Cui-lan-cao (C), Osokon (J), Aeng-ch-geun (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Edema (J). 2) Wound (J). 3) Cough (C, J, K). 4) Bronchitis (C). 5) Pharyngitis (C)„ Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Saponins: protoprimulagenin A, aegicerin and primulagenin A as the aglycones of sakurasosaponin [l],sakuraso-saponin [2], Literature: [1] Kitagawa, Let al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1972,20,2226; Tetrahedron Letters 1968,5377. [2] Kitagawa, I. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1976,24,2470; Idem: ibid 1967,15,1435. [T. Kimura]

687

Diospyros lotus L. (Ebenaceae) Jun-qian-zi(C), Shinano-gaki(J), Go-yom-na-mu(K)

Related plants: D. kaki Thunb.:Shi(C), Kaki(J), Gam-na-mu(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Jun-qian-zi(C), Gun-cheon-ja(K).

80

Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diabetes(C, K). 2) Leucorrhea(K). 3) Female's gonorrhea(K). 4) Ascariasis(K). 5) Fever(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: P-amyrin, ursolic acid acetate[l], taraxerone[l-2], betulinic acid, taraxerol[l-5], betulin, oleanolic acid-3-O-acetate, uvaol[2], lupeol[2, 4], ursolic acid[2, 4, 6], allooxybetulin[3-5], maslinic acid[6]. 2)Alkanes: hentriacontan-l-ol[3]. 3) Steroids: P-sitosterol[3]. 4) Sesquiterpenes:abscisic acid[6]. 5)Quinoids: isodiospyrin[2, 7-8], /-isodiospyrin, bis-isodiospyrin[4-5], 7-methyl juglone[4-5, 8-9], mamegakinone[4, 8-9]diospyrin, neodiospyrin, shinanolone[9]. 6)Flavonoids: myricitrinflO]. Phamacology 1) Antiviral activity[ll]. Literature: [I] Khasan, T. etal:. Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975, 11(1), 118. [2] Zakaria, M. etal.: Phytochemistry 1984, 23(7), 1481. [3] Bhakuni, D. S. et al: Phytochemistry 1971, 10, 2829. [4] yoshihira, K. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1971, 19, 2308. [5] Yoshihira, K. etal: Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 7. [6] Kakinuma, J. et al: Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 20278. [7] Marston, A. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1984, 295(2), 526. [8] Tikkanen, L. etal/.Mutat. Res. 1983, 124(1), 25. [9] Tezuka, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1973, 12, 175. [10] Nakaoki, T. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1960, 80, 1298. [II] Van Den Berghe, D. A. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1978, 41, 463. [C. K. Sung]

688

Styraxjaponica S. et Z. (Styracaceae) Ye-mo-li(C), Egonoki(J), Ddae-juk-na-mu(K)

Fruit and fruit peel Local Drug Name: Ye-mo-li(C), Je-don-gwa-pi(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Sore throat(C). 2) Toothache(C). 3) Intractable phlegm(J). 4) Syphilis(K). 5) Weakness(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry

81

1) Lignans: egonol, demethoxy egonol, demethoxy homoegonol[l], Phamacology 1) Uterine stimulant effect[2], 2) Cytotoxic activity[3], 3) Spasmolytic activity[4]. Literature: [1] Takanashi, M. et al:. Yukagaku 1988, 37(12), 1162. [2] Goto, M. etal: Takeda Kenkyusho Nempo 1957, 16, 21. [3] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994,48(4), 338. [4] Lee, E. B. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1991, 22(4), 246. [C. K. Sung]

689

Styrax tonkinensis

(Pierre) Craib ex Hart.

(Stytacaceae)

Bai-hua-shu(C),On-sick-heung(H),Weol-nam-an-sik-hyang-na-mu(K) Related plant: S. benzoin Dryand.: An-xi-xiang-shu (C). Resin(CP) Local Drug Name:An-xi-xiang(C), On-sick-heung(H),Ansokuko(J),An-sik-hyang(K). Processing:Dry in the shade(C,K). Method of Adminisration:Oral(pills or powder:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Loss of consciousness in stroke and attack of noxious factors,syncope due to violent excitement or postpartem anemia(C,H,J,K). 2) Pain in the chest and epigastrium(C,H,K). 3) Infantile convulsion(C,H,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Resins[l]:siaresinolic acid,coniferyl benzoate[2], 2) Oranic acids :benzoic acid,cinnamyl benzoate[2]. 3) Aldehydes:vanillin[2]. Pharmacology 1) Expectorant effect [3]. 2) Anti-inflammatory effect[3], 3) Analgesic effect[3]. 4) Antiseptic effect[4]. Literature: [1] Lian,W.Y. et al.Yaoxue Xuebao 1964,11(10),700. [2] Jiangsu New College of Medicine: "Zhongyao Da Cidian" 1977,955. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 5,744. [4] Zhang,C.S.:Yaolixue 1965,189. [J.X.Guo]

690

Jasminum

sambac (L.) Ait.

(Oleaceae)

Mo-li (C), Mood-lay (H),Matsurika (J)

82

Flower Local Drug Name: Mo-li-hua (C), Mood-lay (H), Matsurika (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, H, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J), topical (decoction or paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diarrhea (C, H, J). 2) Abdominal pain (J). 3) Conjunctivitis (C, J). 4) .Cold and fever (C, H). Root Local Drug Name: Mo-li-gun (C), Mood-lay-gun (H), Matsurikon (J). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Headache (J). 2) Insomnia (C, H, J). 3) Traumatic injury (C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Essential oil: benzoic acid, linalool, 2-butanone, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, geraniol, 2-pentanone, phenol, ethyl formate, ethyl salicylate, methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, benzyl benzoate, methyl 2-aminobenzoate, benzyl acetate, geranial, ethyl acetate, 5-cadinene, hexadecane, a-patchoulene, dimethyl disulfide, tetradecane, heptadecane, phytane, pristane, a-muurolene [1]. Literature: [1] Guo, Y. et al: Fujian Fenxi Ceshi 1998,7,785. [T. Kimura]

691

Ligustrum purpurascens

Y.C. Yang

(Oleaceae)

Zi-jing-nu-zhen (C), Foo-ding-cha (H) Related Plant: Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume:Cu-zhuang-nu-zhen(C) Leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-ding-cha (C), Foo-ding-cha (H). Processing: Steam and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (infusion: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases (C, H). 2) Infection (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: ligupurpurosides A-B, osmanthuside B, acteoside, cosmosiin, rhoifolin [1],

luteolin-7-glucoside,

Literature: [1] He, Z.D. et al.: Acta Botanica Yunnanica 1992, 14, 328. [P.P.H. But]

83

692

Ligustrum

robustum

(Roxb.) Blume

(Oleaceae)

Cu-zhuang-nu-zhen (C), Foo-ding-cha (H) Related Plant: Ligustrum purpurascens Y.C. Yang:Zi-jing-nu-zhen(C). Leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-ding-cha (C), Foo-ding-cha (H). Processing: Steam and dry. Method of Administration: Oral (infusion: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases (C, H). 2) Infection (C, H). Fruit Local Drug Name: Zang-nu-jing (C). Processing: Dry. Method of Adminitration: Oral (powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Grey hair (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: ligurobustosides [1-2]. Literature: [1] Tian, J. et al: Chin. Chem. Lett. 1996, 7, 341. [2] Tian, J. et al: Phytochemistry 1998,48, 1013. [P.P.H. But]

693

Osmanthus fragrans

Lour, van aurantiacus Gui-hua (C), Kinmokusei (J)

Related plants: O. fragrans Lour.: Usugi-mokusei (J) Flower, fruit, root Local Drug Name: Gui-hua (C), Kinmokusei (J). Processing: Dry in the shade (J),or under the sun (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J; liquor: J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastritis (J). 2) Hypotonia (J). 3) Insomnia (J). 4) Toothache (C). 5) Lumbago (C). 6) Amenorrhea (C). 7) Cough (C). 8) Rheumatism(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenoids: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, uvaol [1].

84

Makino

(Oleaceae)

2)Steroids: P-sitosterol [1]. 3)Carotenoids: all-frara-P-carotene, neo-P-carotene, all-?ra«s-a-carotene [2]. 4) Essential oil [3]. Pharmacology l)Insect repellent effect for cockroach and ant (essential oil) [4]. Literature: [1] Ishigura, T. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1958,78,287. [2] Suzuki, N.ef al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1959,7,133. [3] Wu, H.-M. et al:. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1997,19,213. [4] Sugiyama, T. et al:. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo KohoJP 10130114 A2 19 May 1998. [T. Kimura]

694

Gentiana macrophylla

Pall.

(Gentianaceae)

Qin-jiao (C), Chun-gou (H), Dae-yeop-yong-dam (K). Related plant: Gentiana straminea Maxim.: Ma-hua-qin-jiao (C). G. crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.: Cu-jing qin-jiao (C). G. dahurica Fisch.: Xiao-qin-jiao (C). Root(CP) Local Drug Name: Qin-jiao (C), Chun-gou (H), Jingyo (J), Jin-gyo (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: H, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Jaundice (H, J, K). 2) Headache (K). 3) Arthritis (K). 4) Neuralgia (K). 5) Rheumatic arthritis with muscular confracture and severe joint pain (C). 6) Fever recurring in the afternoon (C). 7) Fever in infants with malnutrition (C). 8) Hemorrhoid (J). 9) Dysuria (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Iridoids: gentiopicroside, sweroside, 6'-0-P-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, 6'-0-P-Dglucosyl-sweroside, trifolioside, rindoside, kurarionine, kushenol [1]. 2)Alkaloids: gentianine (artefact) [2]. 3)Steroids and tripterpenes: P-sitosterol, stigmasterol, daucosterol, P-sitosterol-3-O-gentiobioside, a-amyrin, oleanolic acid [1]. Pharmacology 1) Fungicide. Inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans (kurarinone methyl ester) [1], 2) Antipyretic effect (decoction) [3], Literature: [1] Tan, R. X. et al: Phytochem. 1996,42,1305. [2] Fu, F.-Y.etal: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1958,6,198. [3] Hutchins, L. G. et al: Chin. J. Physiol. 1937,11, 35.

85

695

Menyanthus

trifoliata L.

(Gentianaceae)

Shui-cai (C), Mitsugashiwa (J), Jo-reum-na-mul (K) Leaf or whole herb Local Drug Name: Shui-cai (C), Suisaiyo (J), Su-chae (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Gastritis, indigestion (C, J, K). 2) Stomachache (J). 3)Anxiety (J). 4) Hypertension (C). 5) Jaundice (C). 6) Cholecystitis (C). 7) Cardiopalmus (C). 8) Insomnia (C,K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: trifolin (=trifolioside) [l],gentianine, gentianidine, gentialutine, gentiatibetine [2]. 2) Steroids: a-spinasterol [3], Literature: [1] Krebs, K. G. et al.Arch. D. Pharm. 1958,291/63 Bd.,163. [2] Rulko, F.: C. A. 1970,72,67158;Rocz. Chem. 1969,43,1831. [3] Popov, St.: C. A. 1969,71,67921;Dokl. Bolg. Akad. Nauk 1969,22,293. [T. Kimura]

696

Catharanthus

roseus (L.) G. Don.

(Apocynaceae)

Chang-chun-hua(C), Cheung-chun-fah (H), Nichi-nichi-ka(J), Il-il-cho(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Chang-chun-hua(C), Cheung-chun-fah (H), Nichi-nichi-so(J), Il-il-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, J, K);Raw material(for extraction of vincristine sulfate and vinblastine sulfate(J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Leukemia (C, H, J, K). 2) Hypertension (C, H, J). 3) Lymphosarcoma (C). 4) Giant follicular lymphoma (C). 5) Malignant lymphatic tumors (J). 6) Diabetes (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Indole alkaloids: ajmalicine[l-6], alstonine[l, 7-8], ajmaline[9], cavincidine, cavincine[10], akuammicine[10-13], carosidine[10, 13-15], ammocalline, ammorosine[10, 14], akummine, carosine, leurosidine, leurosivine, lochnericine, lochneridine, lochnerine, lochnerinine, lochnerivine, lochrovicine, lochrovidine, lochrovine, maandrosine, mitraphylline,

86

pericalline, perimivine, perividine, perivine, perosine, pleurosine, reserpine, rovidine, serpentine, sitsirikine, dihydro-sitsirikine, /so-sitsirikine, vinaphamine, vinaspine, vincamicine, vincarodine, cincathicine, vincokidine, vincoline, vindolicine, vindolidine, vindolinine, vindorosine, vinosidine, vinsedicine, vinsedine, virosine[13], catharicine[13, 16], catharine[13,16-17], vindoline[15], cantharanthine[15,18], catharosine[16, 19], deacetyl aduammiline[20], aparicine[21], bannucine[22], catharanthamine[23], catharanthine[24-27], catharanthus roseus alkaloid B, C, D[28], coronaridine[29], fluorocarpamine, fluorocarpamine-N-oxide[30], gomaline[31-32], rosamine[32], norharman[33], horhammericine[34], indole-3-acetic acid[35], leucolombine, vinamidine[36], leurocristine[37], leurosine[38], roseadine[39], rosicine[40], strictosidine[41], tabersonine[42], vincadioline[43], vincaleukoblastine[44], vincaline I, II[45]. 2)Triterpenoids: a-amyrin acetate[46], oleanolic acid[47], ursolic acid[48]. 3)Steroids: |3-sitosterol[48]. 4) Sesquiterpenoids: roseoside[49]. 5)Monoterpenoids: dehydro-loganin, sweroside[49], Catharanthus roseus iridoid glucoside, deoxy-loganin[50], loganic acid, seco-loganic acid, loganin, seco-loganin, secologanoside[51]. 6)Benzenoids: 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid[52]. 7)Phenylpropanoids: p-coumaric acid[52]. 8)Flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin[52], hirsutidin, malvidin, petunidin[53], 9)Alkanes: myricyl alcohol[54], 10) Lipids: oleic acid[55], ricinoleic acid[56]. Phamacology l)Antibacterial activity(aparicine)[20] (alkaloids)[57]. 2)Antitumor activity[58](vincaleukoblastine, leurosine)[59](vinblastine)[60]. 3)Cytotoxic activity[58, 61-62]. 4) Antiviral activity[63-64]. 5)Antimutagenic activity[65], 6)Antihyperglycemic activity[66-68]. 7)Antifungal activity[69-70]. 8)Antidiuretic activity[71], 9)Larvicidal activity[72]. 10) Protease inhibition activity[73], 11) Leukopenic activity(alkaloidfraction)[74]. 12) Antimitotic activity(alkaloid fraction)[75], 13) Antispermatogenic activity(total alkaloids)[76]. 14) Antihypercholesterolemic activity[77]. 15) Antiinflammatory activity[78], 16) Antihyperlipemic activity[79]. Literature: [l]Ciulei, I. etal:. Farmacia 1965,13(6), 321. [2]Ky, P. T. etal.: Tap ChiDuocHoc 1995, 5(2/3), 256. [3]Ali, I.: Gomal Univ. J. Res. 1990,10(1), 27. [4]Sevestre-Rigouzzo, M. etal.: Euphytica 1993, 55(1), 151. [5]Saenz, L. etal: J. Plant Physiol. 1993, 142, 244. [6]Lastra, H. et al: Rev. CubanaFarm 1992, 26(1), 56. [7]Pillay, P. P. er al. :J.Sci. [8]Shimizu,M.e? al:Chem.Pharm.Bull. 1958,6,324. [9]Kamata, H.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1986, 61 274,694: 6PP [10]Svoboda, G. H. et al: Lloydia 1963, 26,141. [1 l]Mukhopadhyay, S. et al:. J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 44, 335. [12]Weiss, S. G.: Diss. Abstr. Int. B. 1974, 35, 2669. [13]Svoboda, G. A.: Current Topics in Plant Science. J. E. Gunckel(Ed.), Academic Press, New York 1969, 303. [14]Svoboda, G. H.: J. Pharm. Sci. 1963, 52-407.

87

;i5]Leete, E. et al:.J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4168. 16]William, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970,33S, 1. [17]Svoboda, G. H. et at. J. Pharm. Sci. 1961, 50, 409. [18]Verzele, M. et at. J. Chromatogr. 1981, 214, 95. 19]Moza, B. K. et at. Chem. Ind.(London) 1965, 1260. 20]Rahman, A.-U. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(2), 388. ;21]Rqjas, M. C. N. et at. Rev. Cub ana Farm 1981, 15(2), 131. 22]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 11986, 6, 923. 23]E1-Sayed, A. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1981,44, 289. 24]Cuellar Cuellar, A. et at. Rev. Cubana Fram 1974, 8,229. 25]Hara, Y.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1991, 03 224,480, 5 pp. 26]Tam, M. N. et at J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1995, 18(5), 849. "27]Lastra Valdes, H. etat.Rev. Cubana Farm 1978,12,185. [28]Madati, P. J. et at. J. Afr. Med. PI. 1979, 2 , 1 . i29]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 554. 30]Rahman, A. U. et at. PlantaMed. 1983, 49(2), 124. ;31]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Heterocycles, 1984, 22(1), 85. 32]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Fitoterapia 1986, 57(6), 438. "33]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. PlantaMed. 1985, 3, 287. ;34]Balsevich, J. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1988, 51(6), 1173. 35]Bandyopadhyay, M. N. etal:. Physiol. SexReprod. Flowering Plants Int. Symp. IST1976, 102. 36]Smith, S. L. et at Lloydia 1974, 37(4), 645D. 37]Volkov, S. K.: Khim. Farm. Zh. 1996, 30(6), 36. 38]Svoboda, G. H.: Patent-US 1968, 3,370,057. ;39]E1-Sayed, A. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1983, 46(4), 517. 40]Atta-Ur-Rahman et at. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25(52), 6051. 41]Luijendijk, T. J. C. et at. J. Chem. Ecol. 1995, 22(8), 1355. 42]DeLuca, V. etal.: Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures II V)%9, 154. : 43]Jones, W. E. et at. Patent-US 1975, 3,887,565. 44]Masoud, A. N. et at. Lloydia 1968, 3192), 202. 45]Ramiah, N.: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1964,41, 552. 46]Khan, N. et at. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1981, 58, 628. 47]Ali, M. E. etal: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1979, 14, 354. 48]Nguyen Ngoc Suoun et al.: Tap Chi Hoa Hoc 1984, 22( 1), 5. 49]Bhakuni, D. S. et at Phytochemistry 1974,13, 2541. 50]Bhakuni, D. S. etal.: Indian J. Chem. 1972, 10, 454. 51]Guarnaccia, R. et al.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1974,96, 7079. 52]Daniel, M. etal: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1978, 16(4), 512. 53]Milo, J.: Thesis-MS-Hebrew University 1981, 74pp. ~54]Tangkongchitr, U.: Master Thesis-Chulalongkorn Univ. 1973, 43pp. 55]Dokya, V. S. etal: Farm Zh.(Kiev) 1985,2, 76. 56]Garg, S. P. et at J. Oil Technol. Ass. IndiafBombay) 1987, 19(3), 63. 57]Rqjas, N. M. et al: First Latinamerican and Caribbean Symposium on Pharmacologically Active Natural Products, Havana, Cuba, June 21-28 1980 1982,194. 58]El-merzanani, M. M. etal: PlantaMed. 1979, 36, 150. 59]Johnson, I. S. etal: CacerRes. 1960, 20, 1016. 60]Gomez, G. A. et al: Cancer Treat Rep. 1979, 63, 1385. 61]Petiard, V.: J. Med. 1981, 447. 62] Anon, S.: Abstr Seminar on the Development of Drugs from Medicinal Plants, Bangkok, Thailand 1982, 129. 63]Misawa, M.: Plant Tissue Culture its Bio-Technol. Appl. Int. Congr. 1st 1977, pp. 17-26. 64]Zaidi, Z. B. etal: Curr. Sci. 1988, 57(3), 151. 65]Lim-Sylianco, C. Y. et at Bull. Philipp. Boochem. Soc. 1981, 4(1), 1. 66]Shrotri, D. S. et at J. Amer. Pharm. Ass. Sci. Ed 1959, 48, 659. 67]Benjamin, B. D. etal: Phytother. Res. 1994, 8(3), 185. 68]Chattopadhyay, R. R. etal: Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1991, 35(3), 145.

88

[69]Kubas, J.: Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Bot. 1972, 15, 87. [70]Rai, M. K. etal: Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1988, 30(1/2), 33. [71]Neogi, N. C. et al: Indian J. Pharmacy 1956,18, 73. [72]Kalyanasundaram, M. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1985, 82(1), 19. [73]Chile, S. K. etal.: Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1984, 26(3/4), 114. [74]Chang, S. Y. et al.: Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1965,12, 772. [75]E1-Merzabani, M. M. et al: PlantaMed. 1979, 36, 87. [76]Joshi, M. S. et al: Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1968, 6, 256. [77]Asthana, R. B. et al: Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 1979, 16, 30. [78]Chattopadhyay, R. R et al: Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1992,36(4), 291. [79]Muchyerjee, B. etal: Fitoterapia 1995, 66(6), 483. [C. K. Sung]

697

Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae) [= C. odollam Gaertn.] Hai-mang-guo (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H)

Bark and Leaf Local Drug Name: Hai-mang-guo (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H). Processing: Collect all year round. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Constipation (C, H) Seed Local Drug Name: Hai-mang-guo-zi (C), Hoi-mong-gwor (H). Processing: Collect ripe fruits and take out seeds. Method of Administration: Topical (H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Surgical ointment as topical anesthetic (H). Contraindications: Very toxic, external uses only. Poisoning symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, respiratory distress, finally death from cardiac arrest [14-15]. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: cerberin, neriifolin, thevetin B, 2'-0-acetyl thevetin B, gentiobiosyl thevetoside, glucosyl thevetoside, tanghinigenin thevetoside, 17(3H-tanghinigenin thevetoside, 17pHdeacetyltanghinin, 17(3H-neriifolin, deacetyltanghinin, 17a-neriifolin, 17adeacetyltanghinin, cerleaside A, cerdollaside, 17oc-cerdollaside, solanoside, 17a-solanoside, tanghinigenin ct-L-acofrioside, cerleaside B, 17oc-digitoxigenin p-D-glucos-3-ulosyl-(l-»4)a-L-thevetoside, 17a-tanghinigenin P-D-glucos-3-ulosyl-(l—>4)-ot-L-thevetoside, digitoxigenin P-D-gentiotriosyl-(l—»4)-oc-L-thevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-D-apiosyl(1 —»6)-P-D-glucosyl-( 1 —»4)-a-L-thevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-cellobiosyl-( 1 ->4)-a-Lthevetoside, 17a-digitoxigenin P-gentiobiosyl-(l—»4)-a-L-thevetoside [1-3]. 2) Iridoids: cerbinal, cerberic acid, cerberinic acid, theveside, theviridoside [4, 13]. 3) Flavonoids: nicotiflorin, rutin, manghaslin, clitorin [5, 11]. 4) Lignans: cerberalignan A-N [6-7], olivil, /-carinol, and d-cycloolivil [16]. 5) Normonoterpenoids: cerberidol, epoxycerberidol, cyclocerberidol, and their P-Dallopyranosides [8], Pharmacology 1) Positive inotropic effect [9-10].

89

2) Sedative effect [12]. 3) Inhibitory effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in a mouse mammary organ culture [16]. Literature: [lJMatsubara, T.: Nippon Kagakukaishi 1930, 58,1104,1195,1201, 1230. [2]Abe, F. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25,2744, 3422. [3]Yamauchi, T. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 2744, 4813,4993. [4]Abe, F. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25,3422. [5]Sakushima, A. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1980,28,1219. [6]Abe, F. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 795. [7]Abe, F. et al: Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 3627; 1989, 28, 3473. [8]Abe, F. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37,2639. [9]Chen, K.K. etal: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1942, 76, 167 [10] Yen, Y.C.: Chung HuaIHsueh Tsa Chih 1974, (10), 642. [lljSakushima, A. etal: Yakugaku Zasshi 1976, 96, 1046. [12]Hien, T.T. etal: J. Ethnopharm. 1991,34, 201. [13]Inouye, H. et al: Phytochemistry 1972, 11,1852. [14]Narendranathan, M. et al. Ind. Heart J. 1975, 27, 283. [15]Narendranathan, M. etal. J. Ass. Phys. India 1975, 23, 757. [16]Lee, S.K. etal.: Comb. Chem. High Thro. Screen. 1998; 1, 35. [P.P.H. But]

698

Rauwolfia

serpentina

Benth.

(Apocynaceae)

She-gen-mu (C), Indo-jaboku (J), In-do-sa-mok (K) Root, stem, bark and leaf Local Drug Name: She-gen-mu(C), Rauwolfia (J), In-do-sa-mok (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (J, K). Method of Administration:Oral (decoction: C),isolated medicine(Reserpine and ajmaline:J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: Reserpine 1) Hypertension (C,J, K). 2) Schizophrenia (J, K). 3) Cerebral apoplexy (J, K). Ajmaline 1) Extrasystole (J, K). 2) Trachycardia (J, K) 3) Atrial fibrillation (J, K). Decoction 1) Hypertension (C). 2) Epilepsy (C). 3) Fever (C). 4) Snake bite (C). Contraindications: Toxic, dangerous drug. Carefully on nervous system, liver and cardiac reaction. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: reserpine [1], ajmaline, isoajmaline [2], serpentinine [3, 4], desrpidine [5], raunatine [6], ajmalicine [7], 2) Essential oil: serpoterpine [8]. 3) Steroids: stigmasterol [9], |3-sitosterol, a2-sitosterol [10],

90

Pharmacology 1) Somnic, blood pressure depression (reserpine) [11]. 2) Antiarrhythmia (ajmaline) [11]. Literature: [l]Van Itallie, L. et al: Arch. Pharm. 1932,270,313; Steinhauer, A. J.: Pharm. Weekbl. 1974,89,874, 876; Mueller, J. M., et al: Experientia 1952,8,338; Yamazaki, E: Nippon KagakuKaishi 1961,82,72; Ban, Y.et al.: Chem. &Ind. 1961,948. [2] Siddiqui, S. et al: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1931,8,667; 1939,16,421; Woodward, R. B.: Angew. Chem. 1956,68,13; Robinson, R. Angew. Chem. 1957,69,40. [3] Chatterjee, A.et al.: C. A. 1960,54,11065; Sci. Cult. 1959,25,84; Kaneko, H.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1960, 80,1357,1362,1365,1370,1374,1493; Tsarenko, N. Ya. et al.: Apotechn. £>e/o,1965,14,49. [4] Irie, H. et al: Chem. Comm. 1972, 871. [5] Aldrich, P. E. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959,81,2481. [6] Kolesnikov, D. G. et al.: C A. 1962,57,954;M Prom. S S. S. R. 1961,15(12), 25. [7]Wenkert, E. et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961,83,5037; Shamma, M. Moss, J. B.: ibid. 1961,83,5038. [8] Pillay, P. P. et al: C. A. 1960,54,16746; Bull. Research Inst, Univa Kerala. Trivandrum Ser. A 1959,6(1),14. [9] Hampel, B. et al: Naturwissenschaften 1962,49,395. [10] Khaleque, A. et al: C. A. 1970,72,129421; Sci. Res. 1969,6,162. [lljPetter, A.: Artzneimittel-Forsch. 1974,24,874,876; Robinson, R.: "Festschrift Arthur Stoll"1957, 457, Birkhauser-Verlag; Koskinen, A. et al: Progress in the Chem. Natur. Prod. 1983,43 .Springer-Verlag. [T. Kimura]

699

Trachelospermum

asiaticum Nakai van intermedium

Nakai

(Apocynaceae)

Ya-zhou-ruo-shi(C), Ma-sak-jul(K) Related plants: T. Ja«n/Ho;Je,s(Lindl.)Lem.:Ruo-shi(C,H); T. asiaticum Nakai: Ri-ben-ruoshi(C),Teika-kazura(J). Stem and Leaf Local Drug Name: Ruo-shi-teng(C), Nak-seok-deung(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K), use when fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste, powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Rheumatalgia(C,H,J,K). 2)Contusion(C,H,K). 3) Tonsillitis(J). 4) Pharyngitis(J). 5) Articular pain(J). 6) Hemorrhage(K). 7) Hematemesis(K). Fruit Local Drug Name: Nak-seok-gwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Myalgia and ostalgia(K).

91

Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lignans: secolauriciresinol diferulate[l], wo-secolauriciresinol diferulate[2]. 2) Benzenoids: l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-heptan-3,5-diol, l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-heptan3-ol-5-one, l,7-di-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-hex-4-ene-3-one[l], alnusdiol, vanillic acid, vanillin[l-2], alnusone, slnusonol, alnusoxide, hannolinin, hannolinol, l,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hept-3-en-5-one, syringic acid[2], 1,4-di-O-galloyl-P-D-glucoside, 4,6-di-O-galloylp-D-glucoside[3], 3) Quinoids: 2,6-dimethoxy l,4-benzoquinone[2]. 4) Alicyclics: 5-O-galloyl shikimic acid[3]. 5) Tannins: alnusjaponin A, B, casuarinin, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxy diphenoyl-D-glucose, flosin A, gemin D, pedunculagin, praecoxin A, stachyurin, strictinin4,6-(S)-valoneoyl-D-glucose[3]. 6) Flavonoids: acacetin, acacetin-7-methyl ether, ayanin, 3-methyl betuletol5,7-dihydroxy-4',6dimethoxy flavone, kaempferide, pectolinarigenin, rhamnazin, wo-rhamnetin[4]. 7) Lipids: prostaglandin F2a[5], Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity[6-7]. Literature: [1] Nomura, M. et al: Chem. Commun. 1975,316. [2] Nomura, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1981, 20,1097. [3] Lee, M. W. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(8), 2835. [4] Wollenweber, E.: Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 1975, 3,47. [5] Tamai, I. et al: IgakuNo Ayumi 1982,121,179. [6] Rhan, L. I. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1992, 23(1), 62. [7] Lee, I. R. et al: Korean J. Pharmacog. 1992, 23(2), 132. [C. K. Sung]

700

Asclepias curassavica L.

(Ascelpiadaceae)

Ma-li-jin (C), Lin-sunk-gwai-jee (H), Touwata (J), Geum-bong-hwa (K) Stem and leaf Local Drug Name: Lian-sheng-gui-zi-hua (C), Lin-sunk-gwai-jee (H), Yeon-saeng-gye-ja-hwa (K) Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tonsillitis (H, K). 2) Pneumonia (H, K). 3) Mastitis (C, H). 4) Bronchitis (H, K). 5) Urethritis (H, K). 6) Eczema (C, H). 7) Irregular menstruation( K) 8) Carbuncle (C). 9) Fracture (C). Adverse effects: Toxic. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: asclepiadin [1], curassavicin [2], calotropin [3], quercetin 3-0-(2",6"-a-Ldirhamnopyranosyl)-p-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-p-D-glucopyranosyl-(l->6)-PD-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-(2"-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-P-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(l->6)-P-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-0-P-D-

92

galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-p-D-glucopyranoside [4], asclepin [8], 2) Aglycones: asclepogenin, clepogenin, curassavogenin, ascurogenin [5], calotropagenin [6], Pharmacology 1) Cardiotonic effect [1-2]. 2) Cytotoxic effect [3]. 3) Oviposition stimulating effect in monarch butterfly [4]. 4) Antifungal effect [7], 5) Positive inotropic effect [8]. Literature: [1] Hassan, W.E. et al.: J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 1952, 41, 30. [2] Yeau, K.L. et al: Yaoxue Xuebao 1964, 11, 80. [3] Kupchan, M.S. et al: Science 1964, 146, 1685. [4] Haribal, M et al.: Phytochemistry 1996, 41,139. [5] Tschesche, R. et al: Chem. Ber. 1958, 91, 1204. [6] Tschesche, R. et al.: Naturwissenschaften 1959,46, 263. [7] Moulin-Traffort, J. et al: Mycoses 1990, 33, 383. [8] Patnaik, G.K. et al.: Arzneimittel-Forschung 1978,28,1368. [P.P.H. But]

701

Erycike obtusfolia Benth.

(Convolvulaceae)

Ding-gong-teng(C),Ding-gung-teng(H),Horutokazura(J) Stem(CP)* Local Drug Name: Ding-gong-teng(C),Ding-gung-teng(H),Teikoto(J). Procesing:Eliminate Foreign matter,wash clean,soften thoroughly,cut into slices,and dry(C). Method of Administration:Oral(medicinal wine:C,H);Topical(medicinal wine:C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia(C,H). 2) Hemiplegia(C,H). 3) Traumatic swelling and pain(C,H). ContraindicationTt exhibits a strong diaphoretic activity.Used with caution in weak patients. Contraindicated in pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Coumarins: scopoletin[ 1 ] ,scopolin[2]. 2) Alkaloids:baogongteng A[3,4],C,erycibelline[5]. 3) Trace elements :Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Sr[6]. Pharmacology 1) Analgesic effect[2], 2) Anti-inflammatory effect[2,7], 3) Miosis and decrease the intraocular pressure[8-ll], 4) Effect on cardiovascular system[12,13]. 5) Central M-cholinergic effect[14]. 6) Effect on rabbit electrocorticogram[15]. 7) Parasympathomimetic effect[16]. 8)Toxicity[17]. Literature: [1] Chen,Z.N. et al.:Zhongcaoyao 1986,17,386. [2] Ye,H.Z. etal.Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(5),5. [3] Yao,T.R. etal.:YaoxueXuebao 1979,14(12),731.

93

[4] Fang,Y.W. etal.:Huaxue Tongbao 1981 ,(4), 17. [5] Chen,Z.N. et al:Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Workshop Soc. Chinese Bioscientists in America, Abstr.G-3 1986;San Francisco. [6] Qin,J.F.JTejishu 1984,2,19. [7] Zhu,H.L. etal.Zhongcaoyao 1984,15(10),30. [8] Wang,X.T. etal.Xin Yixue 1978,9(6),279. [9] "Dinggongteng" Clinical Research Group.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(4),20. [10] Zhou,W.B. et al.Zhonghua Yanke Zazhi 1981,4(12),24. [11] Zhang,M.H. etal:Shanghai Yixue 1981,4(12),24. [12] Department of Pharmacology,Shanghai Second Medicinal College: Yaoxue Tongbao 1981, 16(4),51. [13] Cheng,B.H. et al:Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1986,130. [14] Yu,A.Y. etal: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1985,189. [15] Xie,G.B. etal: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1987,91. [16] Sun,C: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1987,1,100. [17] Sun,C. et al.: Shanghai Dier Yike Daxue Xuebao 1986,294. ""Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1995). [J.X.Guo]

702

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae) [= I. brasiliensis (L.) Sweet] Er-ye-hong-shu (C), Mar-on-teng (H), Gunbai-hirugao (J)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Ma-an-teng (C), Mar-on-teng (H). Processing: Dry under the sun or use when fresh. Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic arthralgia (C, H). 2) Boils, pyodermas (C, H). 3) Hemorrhoidal bleeding (C, H). 4) Lumbar muscle strain (C). 5) Common cold due to wind-cold (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) 2-hydroxy-4,4,7-trimethyl-l(4H)-naphthalenone, /-mellein, eugenol, 4-vinyl-guaiacol [4], (3damascenone, £-phytol [5], glochidone, betulinic acid, a- amyrin acetate, p-amyrin acetate, isoquercitrin [6]. Pharmacology 1) Protective effect against dermatitis caused by jellyfish [1-3]. 2) Antagonistic effect against histamine, acetylcholine, bradykinin and barium chloride [2], 3) Neutralizing effect on jellyfish venom [3], 4) Antispasmodic effect [2, 5], 5) Inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis [4]. 6) Anti-inflammatory effect [5]. 7) antinociceptive effect [6]. Literature: [l]Wasuwat, S.: Nature 1970, 225, 758. [2]Pongprayoon, U. et al: ActaPharmaceuticaNordica 1989, 1(1):41. [3]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: J. Ethnopharm. 1997, 35, 65.

94

[4]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: PlantaMed. 1991, 57, 515. [5]Pongprayoon, U. et al.: PlantaMed. 1992, 58,19. [6]Krogh, R. et al.: Pharmazie 1999, 54, 464. [P.P.H. But]

703

Callicarpa pedunculata

R. Brown

(Verbenaceae)

Du-hong-hua(C), Duh-hung-fah(H) Related plant: C. dichotoma (Lour.) K.Koch.: Bai-tang-zi-shu(C). Stem,leaf and root Local Drug Name: Zi-zhu(C), Duh-hung-fah(H). Processing: Leaf and tender stem: use in fresh, or dry in the sun; Root: cut into slices, and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H); Topical(powder: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Epistaxis (C,H). 2) Haemoptysis (C,H). 3)Hmorrhage of gastrointestinal tract (C,H). 4)Endometrorrhagia (C,H). 5)Upper respiratory tract infection (C,H). 6) Tonsillitis (C,H). 7) Pneumonia (C,H). 8) Bronchitis (C,H). 9) Traumatic hemorrhage (C,H). 10) Burn (C). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Tannins[l]. 2)Resins[l]. 3)Inorganic salts: Mg,Ca,Fe et al.[l]. Pharmacology l)Hemostasis[l], 2) Cardiovascular effect[l]. Literature: [1] "Quanguo Zhongcaoyao Huibian. "1996, Vol. 1,870. [J.X.Guo]

704

Clerodendrum

inerme (L.) Gaertn.

(Verbenaceae)

Ku-lang-shu (C), Foo-long-shu (H), Ibota-kusagi (J) Root and leaf Local Drug Name: Ku-lang-shu (C), Gar-muet-lay (H) Processing: Scrape off the bark from root, steam and dry under the sun. Leaf is dry in the sun or use when fresh (C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H); Topical (paste of fresh leaf: C). Folk Medicinal Uses:

95

1) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 2) Lumbago (C, H). 3) Sciatica (C, H). 4) Gastritis secondary to fish and shrimp poisoning (C, H). 5) Colds, fever (C, H). 6) Malaria (C, H). 7) Hepatitis (C, H). 8) Hepatosplenomegaly (C, H). 9) Eczema (C, H). 10) Ringworm infection (C, H). 11) Traumatic injury (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Glycosides: inerminosides A, Al, B, C, D [1-2], 3-0-|3-D-galactopyranosyl-(24P)ethylcholesta-5,22-25-triene [7]. 2) Proteins: CIP-29 and CIP-34 [3-4]. 3) Alkaloids, steroids, glucose, frutctose, sucrose [6], 4) Diterpenoid: cleroinermin, clerodendrins B-C, 15-methoxy-14,15-dihydro-3-epicaryoptin, [9-11]. 5) Amino acids [12]. 6) Sugars [12]. Pharmacology 1) Ribosome-inactivating effect [3]. 2) Antiviral effect in plants [4]. 3) Anti-inflammatory effect [5]. 4) Toxic effect to house fly [8]. 5) Insect growth inhibitory and antifeedant effect [11]. Literature: [1] Calis, I. etat.J. Nat. Prod. 1994, 57, 494 [2] Calis, I. etal: Phytochemistry 1994, 37, 1083. [3] Olivieri, F. et al: FEBSLett. 1996, 396, 132. [4] Prasad, V. et al.: Plant Sci. 1995, 110, 73. [5] Somasundaram, S. et al.: Biochem. Med. Metabolic Bio. 1986, 36, 220. [6] Abdul-Alim, M.A.: PlantaMed. 1971,19, 318. [7] Atta-Ur-Rehman et at. Phytochemistry 1997, 45,1721. [8] Shoukry, I.F.: J. Egyptian Soc. Parasit. 1997, 27, 893. [9] Raha, P. et al: Phytochemistry 1991, 30,3812. [10] Achari, B. et al: Phytochemistry 1992, 31,338. [11]Rao, L.J.M. et al: Phytochemistry 1993, 34, 572. [12] Desai, K. et al.: Indian Drugs 1992, 29, 246. [P.P.H. But]

705

Duranta repens L.

(Verbenaceae)

Jia-lian-qiao (C), Gar-lin-kiu (H) Root, flower or leaf Local Drug Name: Jia-lian-qiao (C), Gar-lin-kiu (H). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H);Topical(paste of fresh leaf:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Malaria (C, H).

96

2) Traumatic chest pain (C, H). 3) Traumatic ecchymosis (C, H). 4) Boils, pyodermas (C, H). 5) Calcaneal abscess (C, H). Contraindication: Pregnancy. Fruit Local Drug Name: Jia-lian-qiao (C). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Malaria (C, H). Contraindication:Pregnancy. Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloid [1]. 2) Glycosides: duranterectosides A-D, durantosides I-V, lamiide, lamiidoside, verbascoside, repenoside [2-5]. Pharmacology 1) Insecticidal effect [6]. 2) Anti-malarial effect [7]. Literature: [1]Yousef, F. et al.: PlantaMed. 1973,23, 173. [2]Rimpler, H. et al.: Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C - Biosciences 1974, 29,111. [3]Salama, O.M. et al; Mcmsoura J. Pharm. Set 1992, 8, 212. [4]Takeda, Y. et al: Phytochemistry 1995, 39, 829. [5]Kuo, Y.H. etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996, 44, 429. [6]el-Naggar, M.E. et al.:J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 1987, 17, 243. [7]Castro, 0. et at. Revista Biol. Trop. 1996, 44(2A), 361. [P.P.H.But]

706

Glechoma hederacea L. (Labiatae) [ = G hederacea L. var. grandis (A. Gray) Kudo ] Lian-qian-cao(C), Kakidoushi(J), Byung-ggot-pul(K)

Related plant: G.longituba (Nakai) Kupr.:Huo-xue-dan(C); G. hederacea L. var. longituba Nakai: Gin-byung-ggot-pul(K). Whole plant Local Drug Name: Lian-qian-cao(C), Geum-jeon-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K), or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Cystolithiasis(C, J, K). 2) Rheumatic arthritis(C, H). 3) Irregular menstruation(C, H). 4) Tussis(C, K). 5) Diabetes(J, K). 6) Edema(J, K). 7) Hematemesis(J, K). 8) Gastroduodenal ulcer(C). 9) Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning(C).

97

10) Traumatic injury(C). 11) Icteric hepatitis(H). 12) Gall stone(H). 13) Influenza(H). 14) Cough(H). 15) Dysmennorrhea(H). 16) Urethritis(H). 17) Hysterorrhea(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Triterpenes: a-, P-amja"in[l], oleanolic acid[l-3], ursolic acid[l-4], 2a-, 2P-hydroxy ursolic acid, uvaol[4], 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-bourbonene, B-bulgarene, a-cadinol, P-elemene, y-elemene, germacrene B, D, s-muurolene[5], glechomafuran, glechomanolide[6], 3)Monoterpenes: borneol, m-ocimene, a-, p-pinene, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol, 1,8cineol, limonene, myrcene[5]. 4)Flavonoids: salvigenin[4], apigenin, luteolin, quercetagetin, quercetagetin glucoside[7], cosmosiin, cynaroside, hyperoside, luteolin-7-di-O-P-D-glucoside, «o-quercetagetin[8], 5)Phenypropanoids: caffeic acid[4, 9-10], ferulic acid, sinapic acid[9-10], rosmarinic acid[ll12]. 6) Steroids: P-sitosterol[l]. 7) Alkanes: «-nonacosane[l], oct-l-en-3-ol, octan-3-one[5], 8) Lipids: 9-hydroxy octadeca-10-/ra«s-12-c;'.s'-dienoic acid[13]. Phamacology 1) Antioxidant activity[ 11-12], 2) Platelet activiation factor inhibition activity[14]. 3) Antiviral activity[15]. 4) Antiinflammatory activity[16]. 5) Antiulcer activity[17](ursolic acid related compounds)[4], 6) Cytotoxic activity[18]. 7) Antispasmodic activity[19]. 8) Anaphylaxis antagonist activity[20]. 9) Aldose reductase inhibition activity[21]. Literature: [I] Zieba, J.: Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 1973, 25, 587. [2] Ohigashi, H. etal: Cancer Lett. 1986, 30(2), 143. [3] Tokuda, H. etal: Cancer Lett. 1986,33(3), 279. [4] Okuyama, E. et ah: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(1), 52. [5] Lawrence, B. M. etal:. Phytochemistry, 1972, 11, 2636. [6] Stahl, E. etal:. JustusLiebigsAnn. Chem. 1972, 23. [7] Milovanovic, N. et al:.J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 1995, 60(6), 467. [8] Zieba, J.: Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 1973, 25, 593. [9] Vavilova, N. K. et at. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1988, 2, 293. [10] Vavilova,N. K. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1988, 24(2), 251. [II] Lamaison, J. L. et at. Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1990, 48(2), 103. [12] Lamaison, J. L. et at Fitoterapia 1991, 62(2), 166. [13] Henry, D. Y. et at Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1987,170(1/2), 389. [14] tunon, H. etal: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995,48(2), 61. [15] Minshi, Z.: J. Trad. Chinese Med. 1989, 26(1), 65. [16] Mascolo.N. etal: Phytother. Res. 1987, 1(1), 28. [17] Yamazaki, M. et at. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981, 35, 96. [18] Arisawa, M.: Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [19] Itokawa, H. et at Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1983, 37(3), 223. [20] Racz-Kotilla, E. et at Note Botanice 1978,14, 3. [21] Okada, Y. et at. Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 324.

98

[C. K. Sung]

707

Pogostemon

cablin (Blanco) Benth.

(Labiatae)

Guang-huo-xiang(C),Gwong-fock-heung(H),Pachuri(J),Gwang-gwak-hyang(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Guang-huo-xiang(C),Gwong-fock-heung(H),Kakko(J),Gwak-hyang(K). Processing: Remove the remains of roots and foreign matter,collect the leaves,sift and set aside. Wash clean the stems, soften thoroughly, cut into sections and dry under the sun, then mix with the leaves(C,J,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Lingering of turbid damp in the spleen and stomach manifested by stuffiness in the epigastrium and vomiting(C,H,K). 2) Summer-damp affection marked by lassitude and stuffiness in the chest(C,H,J,K). 3) Cold-damp affection in summer time marked by abdominal pain,vomiting and diarrhea(C,H,K). 4) Sinusitis with headache(C,H,J). 5) Fever(J). 6) Malaria(K). 7) Dysentery(K) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Trace elements[l]. 2)Volatileoils[l]:patchoulialcohol,a-patchoulene,P-patchoulene,Y-patchoulene,a-guaiene, a-bulnesene[2],pogostol[3],pogostone[4],patchoulenol,patchoulan-l,12-diol[5],seychellene, patchoulipyridine[6],caryophylene[7],cycloseychellene[8],p-elemene,a-gualen,S-gualen, 8-patchonlene,8-cardinene[9],8-guaiene[10], 3) Saponins :friedelin,epifriedelin[ll]. 4)Organic acids:cleanolic acid[ll]. 5)Phytosterols:P-sitosterol,daucosterol[ll]. 6)Flavonoids:retusine[ll],pachypodol,ombuin,apigenin,rhamnetin,apigetrin,apigenin7-0P-D-(6"-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside[12],ternatin,4',5-dihydroxy-3,3',6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone [13]. 7)Others:patchoulol synthase[14]. Pharmacology 1) Bacteriostasis[4]. 2) Inhibitory effect on aggregation of platelets[13]. 3) Antifungal effect (pogostone)[15]. 4) Calcium antagonist activity[ 16]. Literature: [1] Fei,W. et al..Guangdong Weiliang Yuansu Kexue 1995,2(8),58. [2] Henderson,W. et al.:Phytochemistry 1970,9,1219. [3] Heikino,H. etal.:Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1968,16,968. [4] Yang,Z.X. et al. .Kexue Tongbao 1977,22(7),318. [5] TrimieK,E.:Phytochemistry 1980,19(11),2467. [6] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,128. [7] Francis,M.J.O.:P/a«toAfec/. 1972,22(2),201. [8] Terhune,S.J. et al.-.Tetrahedron Lett. 1973,(47),4705.

99

[9] Nguyen,X.D. et al.:Proc.-Int. Congr. Essent. Oils,Frances Flavours 1989,11(2),99. [10] Guan,L. et al.Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu YuKaifa 1992,4(2),34. [11] Guan,L. etal.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1994,19(6),355. [12] Itokawa,H. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981,29(1),254. [13] Tsai,W.J. etal.-.Chin. Pharm. J.(Taipei) 1995,47(5),431. [14] Munck,S.L. etal.Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1990,282(1),58. [15] Kwangtung Institute of Analysis et al. :K'o Hsueh Tung Pao 1977,22(7),318. [16] Ichidawa,K. etal.-.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989,37(2),345. [J.X.Guo]

708

Salvia officinalis L.

(Labiatae)

Seiji(J), Sal-bi-a(K) Flower Local Drug Name: Seiji(J), Sa-gu-hwa(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Laryngitis(J, K). 2) Gastroenteritis(J, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: borneol[l-15], l,8-cineol[l-2, 4-5, 7-16, 18, 20, 22, 24-25], a-thujone[l, 3-4, 8-9, 10-16, 22, 24, 30], (3-thujone[l, 3-4, 8, 10-16,22, 24, 30], camphor[l, 4-5, 7-24], a-, (3pinene[l, 4, 7-8, 10-16], thujone[2, 5, 7, 19, 28], borneol acetate[3-4, 7-9, 11-13, 15-17], terpinen-4-ol[3- 4, 12, 15], 2-methyl-3-methylene hept-cw-S-ene, 2-methyl-3-methylene hepWra/w-5-ene, p-phellandrene, cis-, /raws-sabinene hydrate, trans-sttiomol, cis-, transsalvene, cis-fi-, 8-terpineol, tricyclene[4], linalool[4, 7, 9, 11-13, 15-16], limonene[4, 7, 1017], p-cymene[4, 7, 11-13, 15-16], myrcene[4, 8, 11-16], a-phellandrene[4, 10], camphene[4, 10-18], Y-terpinene[4, 11, 15], a-thujene[4, 12-13, 15], sabinene[4, 12, 15], octerpineol[4, 14], terpinelene[4, 15], a-terpinene[4, 16], camphane, P-myrcene[7], terpineol[8, 10], linalool acetate[8, 11, 13, 15-17], thymol[8, 26], thujol acetate[12], isoborneol[13, 16], myrtenol, c/s-P-ocimene, trans-fi-ocimene, a-terpineal, transpinocarveol[15], isoborneol acetate[16], phellandrene, pinene, a,P-thujone[17], 3isothujone[18], menthol[26-27], neomenthol P-glucoside[27], /-thujone[29]. 2) Sesquiterpenes: P-caryophyllene[7, 11-12, 15, 28, 31], oc-humulene[7, 12, 15], caryophyllene[10, 14], humulene[ll, 14, 31], allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide[12], P-bourbonene, 8-, y-cadinene, a-, 8-cadinol, a-cedrene, a-copaene, ^raM^-P-farnesene, ledol, a-muurolene, selin-ll-en-4-ol, spathulenol, valeranone[15], viridiflorol[28, 32]. 3)Diterpenes: salviol[6], manool[28, 35, 39], carnosic acid[33-37], carnosol[33, 35-37], salvin monomethyl ether[34], O-methyl carnosic acid, 6,7-dimethoxy rosmanol, 7-methoxy rosmanol, z'50-rosmanol, sagequinone methide A[35], carnosic acid methyl ester, rosmanol, epi-rosmanol[35, 37], safficinolide, sageone[35, 37], rosmadial[37], carnosic acid 12methyl ether[38], carnosic acid 12-methyl ether y-lactone, rosmanol-7-ethyl ether[39], carnosilic acid[40], horminone, 7-O-acetyl horminone[41], royleanone[41, 43], rosmanol-9ethyl ether[42], acetohydroxy royleanone, hydroxy royleanone[44]. 4)Triterpenes: olean-12-en-28-oic acid[39], a-, p-amyrin, betulin, maslinic acid, 2a,3adihydroxy olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2a-hydroxy-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, epioleanolic acid, pomolic acid, urs-12-ene-28-oic acid[40], oleanolic acid[40, 46], ursolic acid[40, 46-48].

100

5)Carotenoids: pristane[40]. 6)Steroids: P-sitosterol[40, 46, 48-49], stigmasterol[40, 49], avenasterol, campesterol, cholesterol [49], 7)Flavonoids: 5-methoxy salvigenin[47], cynaroside, luteolin-7-glucoside[48], apigenin-7-0-(3D-glucuronylpyranoside magnesium salt, luteolin-7-O-P-D-glucuronylpyranoside magnesium salt, salvigenin[50], apigenin[50-51], luteolin[50-52], cinaroside[51], nepetin[53], 8)Phenypropanoids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid[48, 50], rosmarinic acid[48, 54-58]. 9)Lipids: linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[49]. 10) Proteids: 1,8-cineol synthetase[25], 2-amino adipic acid, saccharopine[59]. 11) Carbohydrates: planteose[60]. Phamacology 1) Smooth muscle relaxant activity[17, 61-63]. 2) Antioxidant activity[42, 57-58, 64-67](tannin fraction)[56], 3) Antimutagenic activity[52, 68], 4) Antiinflammatory activity[63]. 5) Antibacterial activity[63, 69-72](essential oil)[7,16, 73-75]. 6) Antiyeast activity[70](essential oil)[7, 16, 75-76], 7) Antimycobacterial activity[70-71]. 8) Antifungal activity[77-78](essential oil)[7, 73]. 9) Estrogenic activity[79]. 10) Sebaceous secretion stimulation activity[80]. 11) Antiamebic activity[81]. 12) CNS depressant activity[82]. 13) Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist activity[83]. 14) Antiedema activity[84]. 15) Antiviral activity[85]. 16) Nematocidal activity[86]. 17) Antipyretic acitivity[87-88]. 18) Insecticide activity[89]. 19) Diuretic activity[90]. 20) Hypotensive activity[91]. Literature: [I] Oitievsky, E. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1986, 49(2), 326. [2] Ceylan, A.: Ege. Univ. Ziraat. Fat Derg. Ser. A 1976, 13, 283. [3] Devetak, Z.: Rad. Poljopr. Fat Univ. Sarajevu 1982, 30, 83. [4] Koedam, A.: Fitoterapia 1982, 53,125. [5] Xhamo, L.: Bui. ShtencaveNat. 1985, 39(4), 65. [6] Gurgen, A.: Antara Yutset Ziraat Enstitusu Dergisi 1948, 9, 332. [7] Kedzia, B. et at. Herba Pol. 1990, 36(4), 155. [8] Petri Verzar, Get at. Herba Hung 1974, 13(3), 51. [9] Steinmetz, M. D. et at. Plant Med. Phytoiher. 1985, 19(1), 35. [10] Holeman, M. et at. Fitoterapia 1984, 55(3), 143. [II] Pitarevic, I. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 409. [12] Piccaglia, R. etal: J. Essent. Oil Res. 1989, 2(2), 73. [13] Kuftinec, J. et at. J. Nat. Prod. 1984, 47(3), 520. [14] Zani, F. et at. PlantaMed. 1991, 57(3), 237. [15] Tsankova, E. T. et at. J. Essent. Oil Res. 1994, 6(4), 375. [16] Jalsenjak, V. etal:. Pharmazie 1987, 42(6), 419. [17] Taddei, I. et at. Fitoterapia 1988, 59(6), 463. [18] Venkatachalam, K. V. et at. Plant Physiol. 1984, 76(1), 148. [19] Karawya, M. S. et at. Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 1980,19,301. [20] Sur, S. V: Khim. Farm. Zh. 1991, 25(4), 58. [21] Croteau, R. et at. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1984, 228(2), 667. [22] Raic, D. et at Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 1985, 35(2), 121. [23] Millet, Y. et at. Med. Leg. Toxicol. 1980, 23(1), 9.

101

4] Langer, R. etal:. PlantaMed. Suppl. 1992, 58(S-1), A677. 5] Croteau, R. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1977, 179,257. 6] Grzunov, K. e?«/.: Acta Pharm. Jugosl. 1985, 35(3), 175. 7] Mastelic, J. ef al: Farm. Glas. 1984, 40(2), 19. 8] Perry, N. B. etal:. Flavour Fragrance J. 1996, 11(4), 231. 9] Huxtable, J. D. et al: Perfum. Essent. Oil Res. 1966, 57,492. 3] Pinto-Scognamiglio, W.: Boll. Chim. Farm. 1967,106, 292. 1] Grzunov, K. etal: Riv. Ital. Eppos. 1981, 63(2), 89. 2] Karl, C. et al: PlantaMed 1982,44, 188. 3] Rutherford, D. M. etal: Neurosci. Lett. 1992, 135(2), 224. 4] Dobrynin, V. N. etal: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1976, 12, 686. 5] Tada, M. etal: Phytochemistry 1997, 45(7), 1475. 6] Okamura, N. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 679(2), 381. 7] Cuvelier, M. E. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1994,42(3), 665. 8] Djarmati, Z. et al: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1993, 58(8), 1919. 9] Diarmati, Z. etal: Phytochemistry 1992, 31(4), 1307. 3] Brieskorn, C. H. etal: PlantaMed. 1980, 38, 86. 1 ] Masterova, I. et al.: Ceska Slav Farm. 1996,45(5), 242. 2] Djarmati, Z. etal:J. Amer. OilChem.Soc. 1991,68(10), 731. 3] Patudin, A. V. etal: Pharm. Chem. 1976, 11(1), 90. 4] Romanova, A. S. et al: Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1972, 8(2), 237. 5] Tada, M. et al: Phytochemistry 1994, 35(2), 539. 6] Nicholas, H. J.: J. Pharm. Sci. 1961, 50, 645. 7] Brieskorn, C. H. et al: PlantaMed. 1979, 35, 376. 8] Alimkhodzhaeva, N. Z. et al.: Mater. Yubileinoi Resp. Nauchn. Konf. Farm, PosvyashchSOLetiyu Obraz.SSSR 1972, 37. 9] Savin, K. et al.Arh. Farm. 1984, 34(6), 293. 0] Prokopenko, S. A. etal: Farm. Zh.(Kiev) 1982, (3), 75. 1] Sagdullaeva,N. Z. etal:Med. Zh. Uzb. 1972,11,17. 2] Samejima, K. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995, 43(2), 410. 3] Brieskorn, C. H. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, (31), 2603. 4] Hippolyte, I. et al: C R. Acad. Sci. Ser. Ill 1991, 313(8), 365. 5] Reschke, A.: Z. Lebensm-UntersForsch. 1983,176(2), 116. 5] Lamaison, J. L. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1991, 66(7), 185. 7] Lamaison, J. L. et al:Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1990,48(2), 103. 8] Lamaison, J. L. et al: Fitoterapia 1991, 62(2), 166. 9] Nawaz, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1977,16, 599. 3] French, D. et al: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1959, 85, 471. 1] Reiter, M. etal: Arzneim.-Forsch. 1985,35(1), 408. 2] Giachetti, D. etal: PlantaMed. 1986, (6), 543. 3] Leslie, G. B.: Medita 1978, 8(10), 3. 4] Saito, Y. et al: Eiyo To Shokuryo 1976, 29, 505. 5] Basaki, H. etal: Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995,18(1), 162. 6] Wong, J. W. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1995, 43(10), 2707. 7] Lee, C. Y. et al: Chung-Kuo Nung Yeh HuaHsueh Hui Chih 1982, 20(1/2), 61. 8] Natake, M. etal: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1989, 53(5), 1423. 9] Derbentseva, N. A. et al: Mikrobiol. Zhur. 1959,21(6), 43. 3] Recio, M. C. et al: Phytother. Res. 1989, 3(3), 77. 1] Gottshall, R. Y et al: J. Clin. Invest. 1949, 28, 920. 2] Branitner, A. et al:.J. Ethnopharmacol. 1994, 44(1), 35. 3] El-Keltawi, N.E.M. etal: HerbaPol. 1980, 26(4), 245. 4] Ross, S. A. etal: Fitoterpia 1980, 51, 201. 5] Janssen, A. M. et al: Pharm. Weekbl.fSci. Ed.) 1986, 8(6), 289. 6] Viollon, C. etal-.Mycopathol. 1994,128(3), 151. 7] Maruzzella, J. C. et al: Plant Dis. Rept. 1959,43, 1143. 8] Guerin, J. C. et al.Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1985,43(1), 77. 9] Kroszczynski, S. etal: C. R. SeancesSoc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1939, 130, 570.

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[80] Yamamura, T.: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1992,04 18,017, 3pp. [81] De Blasi, V etal: J. Toxicol. Clin. Exp. 1990,10(6), 361. [82] Wesley-Hadzija, B. et al: Ann. Pharma. Fr. 1956,14,283. [83] Racz-Kotilla, E. et al: Note Botanice 1978,14, 3. [84] Yasaukawa, K. et at. Phytoiher. Res. 1993, 7(2), 185. [85] May, G etal: Arzneim.-Forsch. 1978, 28(1), 1. [86] Kiuchi, F: Nat. Med. 1995,49(4), 364. [87] Delphaut, J. et al: C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Ses. Fil. 1941, 135, 1458. [88] Delphaut, J. et al: Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1941, 135,1458. [89] Hartzell, A. etal: Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 1941, 12, 127. [90] De A. Ribeiro, R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988,24(1), 19. [91] De A. Ribeiro, R. et al: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986,15(3), 261. [C. K. Sung]

709

Scutellaria

barbata D.Don

(Labiatae)

Ban-zhi-lian(C),Boon-gee-lin(H),Hanshiren(J) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name:Ban-zhi-lian(C),Boon-gee-lin(H),Hanshiren(J). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,and cut into sections(C). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J);Tropical(paste:C,H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Boils,sore(C,H,J). 2) Swelling and pain of the throat(C,J). 3) Snake-bite(C,H). 4) Traumatic injuries(C,H). 5) Edema(C,J). 6) Jaundice(C,J). 7) Lung abscess(H). 8) Neoplasm(H). 9) Appendicitis(H). 10) Hepatitis,cirrhosis,ascites(H). ll)Mastitis(H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroids:P-sitosterol[l]. 2) Organic acids:stearic acid[l]. 3)Flavonoids:scutellarein,scutellarin,carthamidin,isocarthamidin[l],wogonin,5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone,rivularin[2]. 4)Alkaloids[l,3]. 5) Polysaccharides [4]. 6) Others: E-1 -(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-but-1 -en-3 -one[5]. Pharmacology 1) Antihistaminic effect[l,3], 2) Expectorant effect[l,3]. 3) Inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma 180 and ascites hepatoma cells[4]. 4) Cytotoxic activity[5]. 5) Bacteriostasis[6]. 6) Inhibitory effect on leukemic hemocyte[7]. Literature:

103

[1] Xiang,R.D. etal.:Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(8),9. [2] Chou,C.J.:7a/wa« Yaoxue Zazhi 1978,30(1),36. [3] Wang,Z.Q.:Zhongcaoyao 1981,12(2),19. [4] Meng,Y.F. et al:LanzhouDaxueXuebao,ZiranKexueban 1992,28(4),112. [5] Ducki,S. etal.PlantaMed. 1996,62(2),185. [6] Suzhou College of Medicine:Hubei Keji Ziliao Yiyao Fence 1971,(2),21. [7] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,302. [J.X.Guo]

710

Atropa belladonna

L.

(Solanaceae)

Dian-qie (C), Beradonna (J), Bel-ra-don-na (K). Root (JP),herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Dian-qie-cao (C), Beradonna-kon (J), Bel-ra-don-na (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Decoction (C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anticholinergics(C). 2) Dolor (K). 3) Trembles caused by alcoholism (K). 4) Traumatic bleeding (K). 5) Material of atropine sulfate (J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Alkaloids: /-hyoscyamine, scopolamine, apoatropine, belladonine, chlorphenylamine, phenylpropanolamine!!, 2],hyoscyamine N-oxide, [3]. 2) Cumarins: scopoletin, scopolin [4]. 3) Flavonoids: belladonna flavonoid A and B [5],quercetin 7-monoglucoside, kaempferol 7monoglucoside [6],quercetin 7-glucosyl-3-0-rhamnosylgalactoside, quercetin 7-glucosyl3-0-rhamnosylglucoside, kaempferol 7-glucosyl-3-0-rhamnosylgalactoside, kaempferol 7glucosyl-3-O-rhamnosylglucoside [7],quercetin 3-rhamnosylglucoside, kaempferol 3rhamnosyl-galactoside [8]. 4) Steroid glycosides: atroposides A-H [9]. Literature: [1] Sabar, A.H. et al: C. A. 1962,57,14184; Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 1961,4,246; Suminokura,H. et al.: C. A. 1963,58,3269; Tokyo YakkaDaigaku Kenkyu Nempo 1961,No.ll,81;Santoro, R. S. et al:J. Pharm. Sci. 1962,51,984; Ivanov, V. et al.: Farmatsiya 1968,18,47. [2] Haginiwa, T.et al.: Yakugaku Zasshi 1959,79,1094. [3] Phillipson, J. D. et al: J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1973,25 (supple.), 116. [4] Kala, H.: Planta. Med. 1958,6,186. [5] List, P. H. era/.: Arch. d. Pharm. 1965,298,107. [6] Steinegger, E. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1964,39,450. [7] Steinegger, E. et al: Deut. Apotheker-ztg. 1965,105,1685. [8] Sonanini, D. et al: Pharm. ActaHelv. 1966,41,670. [9] Shvets, S. A. et al: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 1996,404, 475. [T. Kimura]

711

Solanum

tuberosum

L.

104

(Solanaceae)

Jagaimo(J), Gam-ja (K) Tuber Local Drug Name: Bareisho(J), Yang-u(K). Processing: Dry under the sun or use in fresh(J, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K);Topical(mash: J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Suppuration(J, K). 2) Burn(external, J, K). 3) Toothache(external, J). 4) Poisoning by meat(J). 5) Gastric ulcer(K). 6) Boil(K). 7) Parotiditis(K). 8) Contusion(external, K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Steroid alkaloids: chaconine[l-2], solanidine[l, 3-7], solanine[2, 8], P-chaconine, demissine, tomatine[3], a-chaconine[3, 9-25], a-solanine[3, 9-10, 12-14, 16-27], demissidine, solanthrene, solasodiene, solasodine, tomatidine[4], (3-2-chaconine[16, 26], y-chaconine[24]. 2)Alkaloids-misc: solamine[l], nor-epinephrin[7], nicotine[7, 28-29], nicotinic acid[13], calystegine A-3, B-l, B-2[30], lormetazepam[31], 5-hydroxy tryptamine[32], choline[33]. 3)N-Heterocycles: diazepam[34-35], 2'-chloro diazepam, N-demethyl diazepam, iV-demethyl 2'-chloro diazepam, N-demethyl 3-hydroxy-2'-chloro diazepam[35]. 4)Phenylpropanoids: caffeic acid[3, 36-37], chlorogenic acid[3, 37-40], 3,5-di-Ocaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid[38]. 5) Sesquiterpenes: lubimin[41-42], rishitin[41-43], solavetivone[41, 43], isolubimin[42], deacetyl phytuberin, rishitinol, anhydro (3-rotunol, 11-hydroxy-11-methyl-ethyl spiro-(4,5)dec-6-en-8-one, 2-(12-0-(3-glucosyl-11 -hydroxy-11 -methyl-ethyl)-6,10-dimethyl spiro-(4,5)dec-6-en-8-one[43], 2-(r,2'-dihydroxy-r-methyl-ethyl)-6,10-dimethyl-9-hydroxy spiro(4,5)-dec-6-en-8-one, 6,10-dimethyl spiro-(4,5)-dec-6-ene-2,8-dione[44], spirovetival(10),ll-dien-2-one, spirovetiva-l(10),3,ll-trien-2-one[45], tuberonic acid glucoside, tuberonic acid glucoside methyl ester[46], tuberonic acid-5'-0-P-D-glucoside[47], tuberonone[48]. 6)Triterpenes: cycloartenol[49], tuberoside C, D[50], tuberoside F[51]. 7) Steroids: 5oc-cholestane[4], 25S-barogenin[52], 8)Carotenoids: a-,P-carotene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin[53]. 9) Coumarins:scopoletin[36], eleutheroside Bl, scopolin, umbelliferone[43]. 10)Flavonoids:pelargonidin-3-O-[(4"-O-(?raw-feruloyl-a-L-6"-rhamnopyranosyl)-p-D-gluco pyranoside)-5-p-D-glucopyranoside, pelargonidin-3-0-[(4"-0-(fra«5'-p-coumaroyl)-a-L-6"rhamnopyranosyl)-P-D-glucopyranoside)-5-P-D-glucopyranoside[54],petanin[55], rutin[56-57], 1 l)Benzenoids:gallic acid, protocatechuic acid[37]. 12)Lipids: caproic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid[58], suberin[59]. 13)Proteids-. a-glucosidase[60}, lectm[61}, patatm[62}, potato \ectinf63], potato lectin STA[64], solanum tuberosum lectin[65]. 14)Alkanes: citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid[66], mevalonic acid[67]. 15)Vitamins:vitamin Bl[7], ascorbic acid[66, 68], vitamin B2[69], 16)Carbohydrates: glucinol[70], starch[71-72]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial activity[73-74], 2) Antiyeast activity[73-74]. 3) Insect attractant activity[75]. 4) Trypsin inhibition activity[76].

105

5) Antiviral activity[77]. 6) Sperm agglutination activity[78]. 7) Teratogenic activity[79-81]. 8) Antifungal activity[82]. 9) Estrogenic activity[83-84]. 10) Hemagglutinin activity[85], 11) Hypoglycemic activity[86-87]. 12) Cytotoxic activity[88]. 13) Elastase inhibition activity[89]. 14) Hageman factor inhibition activity[89]. 15) Kallikrein inhibition activity[89]. 16) Antimutagenic activity[90]. 17) Antihepatotoxicactivity[91]. 18) Antioxidant activity[92-93]. Literature: [1] Komissarchuk, A. A.: Zdravookhr. Beloruss. 1976, (8), 61. [2] Zacharius, R. M. et al: Plant Sci. Lett. 1977, 10, 283. [3] Herb, S. F. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1975,23, 520. [4] Van Gelder, W. M. J.: J. Chromatogr. 1985, 331, 285. [5] Canonica, L. et al:. Chem. Commun. 1977, 286. [6] Ripperger, H.: PlantaMed. 1995, 61(2), 292. [7] Willaman, J. J. et al: Lloydia 1970, 33 S, 1. [8] Khanna, P. et al: Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 1988, 50(1), 38. [9] Chaube, S. et al: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1976, 36, 227. [10 Houben, R. J. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 661(1/2), 169. [11 Sanabria-Galindo, A. et al: Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Quim-Farm. 1991, 19, 63. [12 Dao, L. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996,44(8), 2287. [13 Bushway, A. A. et al: Amer. Potato J. 1985, 62(6), 301. [14; Bushway, R J. et al: J. Food Sci. 1980, 45, 1088. [15 Alozie, S. O. et al: Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1979, 11(6), 483. [16; Filadelfi, M.A.S. et al: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1980, 41,1187. [17 Kozukue, N. et al: Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi 1986, 33(4), 232. [18 Abell, D. C. etal: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1996, 44(8), 2292. [19 Plhak, L. C. et al: J. Agr. FoodChem. 1992, 40(12), 2533. [20 Ferreira, F. et al: J. Chromatogr. A 1993, 653(2), 380. [21 Hellenas, K. E. et al: J. AOACInt. 1997, 80(3), 549. [22 Kobayashi, K. etal: J. Chromatogr. 1989, 462(1), 357. [23 Phillips, B. J. etal: FoodChem. Toxicol. 1996, 34(5), 439. [24 Nabiev, A. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1974,10(1), 132. [25 Bushway, R. J. et al:.J. Agr. FoodChem. 1986, 34(2), 277. [26 Morris, S. C.etal: FoodChem. 1985, 18(4), 271. [27 Savchenko, V. F. et al: Dokl. Vses. Akad. Skh. Nauk. 1974, (10), 24. [28 Domino, E. F. et al: N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329(6), 437. [29 Davis, R A. etal: FoodChem. Toxicol. 1991, 29(12), 821. [30 Drager, B. etal: PlantaMed. 1995, 61(6), 577. [31 Wildmann, J.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988, 157(3), 1436. [32 Engstrom, K. et al: Acta Pharm. Nordica 1992, 4(2), 91. [33 Dakshinamurti, K.: Curr. Sci. 1955, 24, 194. [34 Unseld, E. etal: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989, 38(15), 2473. [35 Wildmann, J. et al: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1988, 37(19), 3549. [36 Morozova, E. V. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975,11(1), 91. [37 De Sotillo, D. R. et al: J. Food Sci. 1994, 59(3), 649. [38 Brandl, W. et al: Z. Lebensm-Unters. Forsch. 1984, 178(3), 192. [39 Choi, H. M.: Han 'guk Sikp 'urn Kwahakhoe Chi 1976, 8, 80. [40 Dao, L. et al:J. Agr. FoodChem. 1992,40(11), 2152. [41 Desjardins, A. E. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1995, 43(8), 2267.

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[42] Kalan, E. B. et al: Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 775. [43] Malmberg, A. G. et al: Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 1739. [44] Malmeberg, A. G: Phytochemistry 1982, 21, 1818. [45] Coxon, D. T. et al: Tetrahedron Lett. 1974, 2921. [46] Simko, I. et al: Phytochemistry 1996, 43(4), 727. [47] Yoshihara, T. et al: Bioorg. Chem. 1989, 53(10), 2835. [48] Matsuura, H. et al: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 1992, 56(11), 1890. [49] Hartmann, M. A. etal: Phytochemistry 191 A, 13, 2667. [50] Kintya, P. K.etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(4), 515. [51] Kintya, P. K. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1992, 27(5), 646. [52] Kaneko, K. etal: Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 791. [53] Granado, F. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1992,40(11), 2135. [54] Naito, K. et al: Phytochemistry 1998, 47(1), 109. [55] Andersen, O. M. etal: Phytochem. Anal. 1991, 2(5), 230. [56] Bandyukova, V. A. etal: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1974, 10(4), 535. [57] Charaux, C : Bull. Soc. Chim. 1924, 6, 641. [58] Kuznetsov, D. Let al: Konservn Ovoshchesush Prom. St. 1974, (10), 25. [59] Kolattukudy, P. E. et al: Lipids 1974, 9, 682. [60] Killilea, S. D. etal: Phytochemistry 1978,17. 1429. [61] Van Driessche, E. et al.Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 1975, 83, 414. [62] Racusen, D.: Can. J. Bot. 1988, 66(4), 727. [63] Matsumoto, I. et al: J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258(5), 2886. [64] Gozia, O. et al: C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 1993, 316(8), 788. [65] Namjuntra, P. et al: Abstr. 3rd Congress of the Federation of Asian And Oceanian Biochemists Bangkok Thailand 1983,97. [66] Bushway, R. J. et al: J. Food Sci. 1984,49(1), 77. [67] Wilis, R.B.H. etal: Phytochemistry 1975, 14,1643. [68] Yao, G. etal: YingyangXuebao 1983, 5(4),373. [69] Saleh, N. et al: Z. Ernaehrungswiss 1977,16(3), 158. [70] Hopf, H. et al: Z. Pflanzenphysiol 1980, 100, 189. [71] Lavintman,N. etal: Eur. J. Biochem. 1974, 50,145. [72] Downton, W.J.S. et al: Phytochemistry 1975, 14, 1259. [73] Saber, M. S. M.: Zentralbl. BakteriolParasitenkd. Infectionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1976, 2(131), 113. [74] Desta, B.: J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 39(2), 129. [75] Schearer, W. R.: J. Nat. Prod. 1984,47(6), 964. [76] Rudyuk, V. F. et al: Rast. Resur. 1975, 11(2), 234. [77] Roychoudhury, R.: Acta Bot. lndica 1980, 8(1), 91. [78] Uhlenbruck, G. et al: Vox Sang 1912, 23, 444. [79] Keeler, R. E. etal: Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1976,15, 522. [80] Keeler, R. F: Lipids 1978,13, 708. [81] Renwick, J.: New Scientist 1972, 56, 277. [82] Celayeta, F. D.: FarmacognosiafMadrid) 1960, 20,91. [83] Bradbury, R. B. et al: Vitamins and Hormones 1954, 207. [84] Madoyan, O. O. etal: Izv. Sel'SkohozNauk. 1971, 14, 127. [85] Downing, H. J. et al: Nature (London) 1968, 217, 654. [86] Best, C. H. et al: J. Methabolic Research 1923, 3, 177. [87] Kamath, P. S. et al: Indian J. Med. Res. 1982, 76, 583. [88] Gee, J. M. et al: Toxicology 1996, 10(2), 117. [89] Hojima, Y. et al: Biochem. Pharmacol. 1983, 32(6), 985. [90] Shinohara, K. etal: Agr. Biol. Chem. 1988, 52(6), 1369. [91] Kim, T. H. et al: Anticancer Res. 1994, 14(5A), 1979. [92] Pratt, D. E. et al: J. Food Sci. 1964, 29, 27. 93] Al-Saikhan, M. S. etal: J. Food Sci. 1995, 60(2), 341. [C. K. Sung]

107

712

Scrophularia

ningpoensis

Hemsl.

(Scrophulariaceae)

Xuan-shen(C),Yuan-sum(H),Genjin(J),Hyun-sam(K) Related plant: S. buergeriana Miq.:Hyun-sam(K). Root(CP) Local Drug Name:Xuan-shen(C),Yuan-sum(H),Genjin(J),Hyun-sam(K). Processing: Eliminate remains of rhizomes and foreign matter, wash clean, soften thoroughly, cut into thin slices and dry; or soak briefly in water, steam thoroughly, air-dry briefly, then cut into thin slices and dry completely(C,K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction :C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Febrile diseases with impairment of yin manifested by deep red tongue and dire thirst,or with eruptions(C,H,K). 2) Constipation due to impairment of body fluid(C,H,K). 3) Phthisis with cough(C,H,J,K). 4) Conjunctivitis(C,H,K). 5) Sore throat(C,H,J,K). 6) Scrofula(C,H,J). 7) Diphtheria(C,H). 8) Boils and sores(C,H). Contraindication:Incompatible with Rhizoma et Radix Veratri(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils[l]. 2)Phytosterols[l]. 3)Alkaloids[l]. 4) Amino acids:/-asparagine[l], 5) Vitamins: vitamin A[2], 6)Glycosides:harpagide,harpagoside[3],aucubin,6-0-methyl-catalpol,ningpogenin, ningpogosideA,B[4],angorosideC[5],2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl l-0-[oc-Larabinopyranosyl (1—»6)]-feruloyl(l-»4)]-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl (l-»3)-|3-Dglucopyranoside[6]. 7)Sugars[l]. 8) Organic acids:oleic acid,stearic acid,linoleic acid[l],cinnamic acid[6]. Pharmacology 1) Antihypertensive effect[7,8]. 2) Antibacterial effect[9,10]. 3) Hypoglycemic effect[ll]. 4) Antithermic effect[ll]. Literature: [I] Zhuang,C.G et al. .Transact. Sc. Soc. China 1932,7(3), 187. [2] Mar,P.G. etal.:Chin. J. Physiol. 1936,10(2),273. [3] Kajimoto,T. et al.:Phytochemistry 1989,28(10),2701. [4] Qian,J.F et al.:Phytochemistry 1992,31 (3),905. [5] Zhang,W.J. etal.-.Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1994,16(4),407. [6] Iin,J.H. etal.:Yaowu Shipin Fenxi 1996,4(2),131. [7] Zhang,B.H..Beijing YixueyuanXuebao 1959,(1),52. [8] Gong,W.G. etaL.Zhejiang Yixue 1981,3(1),11. [9] Zheng,W.F--Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1952,38(4),315. [10] Cao,R,L. etal.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [II] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,350.

108

[J.X.Guo]

713

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

(Bignoniaceae)

Mu-hu-die(C),Muk-woo-dip(H),Mokukocho(J) Seed(CP) Local Drug Name: Mu-hu-die(C),Chin-cheung-gec(H). Processing: Expose to strong sun light until the fruit dehiscent,gather the seeds,and dry in the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough,sore throat and hoarseness of voice due to heat in the lung(C,H). 2)Epigastric pain due to stagnation of qi of the liver and the stomach(C,H,J). 3)Bronchitis,pertusis(H). Bark Local Drug Name:Mu-hu-die(C),Muk-woo-dip(H). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Infectious hepatitis(C,H). 2)Cystitis(C,H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids[l] :oroxin A,B,chrysin[2],baicalein,tetuin[3],oroxindin[4]. 2)Oils[3,5]. 3) Sugars:glucose[5]. 4)Sterols[5]. 5)Tannins[5], 6)Alkaloids[5]. 7) Fatty acidsxaprylic acid,lauric acid,myristic acid,palmitic acid,palmitoleic acid,stearic acid,oleic acid,linoleic acid[5], 8)Fiber[5]. 9) Coloring matter[5]. 10)Proteins[5,6]. Literature: [1] Tomimori,T. et al.:Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1988,42(1),98. [2] Chen,Z.L. etaL.YaoxueXuebao 1964,11,762. [3] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1984,Vol 3,220. [4] Nair,A.G. etaL.Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.,SectA 1979,88A(Pt. l,No. 5),323. [5] Grover,G.S. etal.J.Int. Chem. 1980,52(5),176. [6] Grover,G.S. etal.J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1981,58(8),799. [J.X.Guo]

714

Aeginetia

indica L.

(Orobanchaceae)

Ye-gu (C), Yair-goo (H), Nanbangiseru (J), Ya-go (K)

109

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Ye-gu (C), Yair-goo (H), Ya-go (K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C). Method of Administration: Oral (Decoction: C, H, K); Topical (paste: C, H, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tonsillitis (C, H, K). 2) Pharyngitis (C, H, K). 3) Urethritis (C, H, K). 4) Osteomyelitis (C, H, K). 5) Furunculosis (C, H, K). 6) Snake bites (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Protein, polysaccharide [3]. 2) Polyenes, P-sitersterol, aeginetic acid, aginetolide [4-6]. Pharmacology 1) Antitumor effect [1-3]. 2) Immunopotentiation effect [1-3]. 3) Hepatoprotective effect [4], Literature: [l]Chai, J.G. et al.: Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1992, 35, 181. [2]Chai, J.G. et al.: Immunopharm. 1994, 27, 13. [3]Chai, J.G et al.: Immunopharm. 1995, 30, 209. [4]Oshima, Y. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1984, 38, 198. [5]Digne, S.S. et al.: Indian J. Chem., Sect. B. 1977, 15B, 546. [6]Digne, S.S. et al: Indian J. Chem., Sect. B. 1977, 15B, 550. [P.P.H. But]

715

Boschniakia

rossica Fedtsch. et Flerov (Orobanchaceae)

Cao-cong-rong (C), Oniku (J), O-ri-na-mu-deo-bu-sal-i (K) Related plant: Cistanche salsa (C. A. Meyer) G. Beek; Hon-oniku (J), Yuk-jong-yong (K). Whole herb Local Drug Name: Cao-cong-rong (C), Nikujuyo (J), Cho-jong-yong (K). Processing: Dry under the sun (C, J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction:C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) General weakness (J, K). 2) Impotence (C, J, K). 3) Lumbago (C). 4) Constipation (C, K). 5) Cystitis (K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenes: boschniakine (=indicaine [1]), boschnialactone [2]. 2) Triterpenoids and steroids: 3<x-acetoxy oleanolic acid, boschanaloside, daucosterol, oleanolic acid, fS-sitosteriol [3], Pharmacology 1) Antioxidant effect (extract) [4],

110

2) Hepatoma inhibitor (extract) [5]. 3) Antiaging effects [6]. Literature: [1] Gross, D. etal: C. A. 1974,80,3679; Z Chem. 1973,13,296. [2] Sakan, T. et al: Tetrahedron 1967,23,4635. [3] Gui, M. etal.: Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing) 1997,32,204. [4] Shen, M-G. etal:. YanbianDaxue YixueXuebao 1998,21,206. [5] Yin, Z.-Z. et al: Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1998,23,424. [6] Jin, M. etal:. Yanbian Daxue YixueXuebao 1997,20,223. [T. Kimura]

716

Valeriana officinalis L.

(Valerianaceae)

Xie-cao(C),Kit-cho(H),Seiyou-kanokoson(J),Jwi-o-ju-m-puk(K) Rhizome and root: Local Drug Name: Xie-cao(C), Kit-cho(H),Kissoukon(J),Jwi-o-ju-m-puk(K). Processing: Wash clean, and dry in the sun(C,J,K). Method of Administration: Oral(tincture: C,H,J; decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Neurosism(C,K) 2) Insomnia(C,H,J,K) 3) Hysteria(C,H,J,K) 4) Epilepsy(C,K) 5) Abdominal distending pain(C,K) 6) Pain in loin and legs(C,K) 7) Traumatic injury(C,H,K) Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Monoterpenes: camphene, bornyl acetate, a -pinene, bornyl isovalerate, myrcene, borneol, terpinolene, fenchene[l], 2) Sesquiterpene: 3 -caryophyllene, valerenal,valeranone, a -gurjunene,kcssane[l],valtrate, isovaltrate,acevaltrate,didrovaltrate,isovaleroxyhydroxydidrovaltrate[2],valeracetate[3], /pacifigorgiol[4],£-valerenol, £-and Z-valerenyl acetate, £-and Z-valerenyl isovalerate, valerenyl valerate/valerenyl hexanoate[5],faurinone[6]. 3)Carboxylic acids: hydroxyvalerenic acid,acetoxyvalerenic acid[2],formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,isobutyric acid, K-butyric acid, lactic acid, isovaleric acid, K-caproic acid, caprylic acid, malic acid,capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, valerenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid,erucic acid, lignoceric acid[7]. 4) Others: Vitamin C[8], diosmine[9], benzopyreneflO], Pharmacology 1) Sedative effect[ll] Literature: [1] Kikiforov, A. etal: Sci. Pharm. 1994,62(4),331. [2] Bos, R. et al.: Phytoche. Anal. 1996,7(3),143. [3] Tori,M. et al.: Phytochemistry 1996,41(3),977. [4] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1986,25(5),1234. [5] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1986,25(1),133. [6] Bos, R. etal: Phytochemistry 1983,22(6),1505. [7] Morvai, M. et al.: Chromatographia,l988, 25(1),37. [8] Rupasova, Z.A. etal. : VestsiAkad. NavukBelarusi, Ser. Biyal. Navuk 1994,(4),3.

Ill

[9] Ramos, T. et al. : Colloq.-lnst. Natl. Rech. Agron. 1995,69(Polyphenols 94), 311 [10] Kalinina, I. A. et al. : Vopr. Onkol. 1983,29(11),92 [11] Mennini, T. et al. : Fitoterapia 1993, 64(4),291. [J.X.Guo]

717

Lobelia chinensis Lour.

(Campanulaceae)

Ban-bian-lian(C),Boon-bin-lin(H),Hanpenren(J),Su-yeom-ga-ral-ggot(K) Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Ban-bian-lian(C),Boon-bin-lin(H),Hanpenren(J),Ban-byun-ryun(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,cut into sections and dry in the sun(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Anasarca and ascites(C,H,J). 2) Carbuncles,boils and snake or insect bite(C,H,K). 3) Ascites in late schistomiaiss(C,H,J). 4) Gastric ulcer,rectal ulcer,liver ulcer(H). 5) Tonsillitis,appendicitis(H). 6) Enteritis,diarrhea(H). 7) Jaundice(K). 8) Edema(K). 9) Dysentery(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Polysaccharides[ 1] :lobelinin[2]. 2) Alkaloids:lobeline,lobelanine,lebelanidine,isolobelanine[2]. Pharmacology 1) Respiratory stimulant and antihypertensive effect[3,4]. 2) Decurative effect on bleeding time[4]. 3)Ureticeffect[3-6]. 4) Bacteriostasis[7]. 5) Antivenomous effect[8]. 6)Toxicity[3], Literature: [1] Poonpatana,S. et al.:VarasarnPaesachasarthara 1978,5(2),41. [2] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1988,Vol 4,307. [3] Xing,W.R. etal. .Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1958,44(2),137. [4] Feng,G.H. etal: Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1958,44(11),1047. [5] Rao,M.R. et al:Shanghai Diyi YixueyuanXuebao 1958,(1),59. [6] Deng,Z.F. et al: Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1961,47(1),7. [7] Sun,H.L. et al..Zhonghua Pifuke Zaz/w 1956,4(3),196. [8] Li,J.Y. etal:Zhonghua Waike Zazhi 1959,(2),17. [J.X.Guo]

718

Pratia nummularia

(Lam.) A.Br. et Aschers. (Campanulaceae)

Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H)

112

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H). Processing: Sun-dry or use when fresh (C, H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H);Topical(paste:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Rheumatic pain (C, H). Contraindication:Pregnancy. Fruit Local Drug Name: Tong-chui-yu-dai-cao (C), Tung-tsui-yuk-dai-cho (H). Processing: Sun-dry or use when fresh (C, H). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Irregular menstruation (C, H). 2) Leucorrhea (C, H). 3) Nocturnal emission (C, H). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: diosmin, linarin, apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin 7-O-rutinoside [1]. 2)Polyacetylene: lobetyolin [1]. Literature: [l]Matsuura, E. et al.: Natural Medicines 2000, 54, 44. [P.P.H. But]

719

Artemisia

argyi Levi, et Vant.

(Compositae)

Ai(C),Ngie(H),Gaiyo(J),Hwang-hae-ssuk(K) Related plant: A. princeps Pampan:Yomogi(J). Leaf(CP) Local Drug Name:Ai-ye(C),Ngie(H),Gaiyo(J),Ae-yeop(K). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter and petioles,and sift(C,K) 2) Stir-fry clean Folium Artemisiae Argyi until its outer part is charred,then spray vinegar on it and stir-fry to dryness(C,K). 3) Dry under the sun(J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C,H,J,K);Topical(mexibustion or fuming and washing:C,H,J,K;bath:J). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Pain in the lower abdomen with cold sensation(C,H,J,K). 2) Menstrual disorders of cold type(C,J,K). 3) Infertility(C,K). 4) Spitting of blood,epistaxis,uterine bleeding in pregnancy,excessive menstrual flow(C,K). 5) Itching(C,K). 6) Excessive menstrual flow of deficiency-cold type(leaf carbonized and processed with vinegar)(C,J). 7) Common cold(J). Scientific Research:

113

Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:a-cedrene,elemol,phellandrene[l],camphene,/ra/K-carveol,bornyl acetate, isoborneol,a-terpineol,carvone[ 1,2] ,2-methyl-butanol,2-hexenal,«'s-3 -hexene-1 -ol, tricyclene,a-thujene,a-pinene,sabinene,P-pinene,l-octen-3-ol,2,4-[8-p-menthadiene], p-cymene, 1,8-cineole,Y-terpinene,artemisia alcohol,a-terpinene,dimethylstyrene,linalool, camphor,borneol,terpinen-4-ol!p-cymen-a-ol,e/5'-piperitol,myrtenol,/ran^-piperitol, verbenone,etc[2]. 2) Esters:Et palmitate,Et oleate,Et linoleate[3]. 3) Organic acids:/ra«s-phenylitaconic acid[3], 4) Triterpenoids:lupenone,lupenyl acetate,a-amyrin acetate,P-amyrin acetate,glutinone, fernenone,simiarenol[3],a-amyrin,(3-amyrin,friedelin[4,5]. 5) Steroids:24-methylene-cycloartanone[3],3P-methoxy-9p,19-cyclolanost-23(E)-en-25,26diol[4],P-sitosterol,stigmasterol[5]. 6) Sesquiterpenoids:sesquiterpene lactones A,B,C[6],matricarin,hanphyllin[7],moxartenone, moxartenolide[8],four eudesmane derivs[8]. 7) Flavonoids:naringenin,quercetin[5],eupatilin,5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone[9]. 8) Guaianolides: 11,13 -dihydroarteglasin A[ 10]. 9) Trace elements[ll]. Pharmacology 1) Anticancer effect(sesquiterpene lactones A,B,C)[5]. 2) Antiasthmatic effect[l,12,13]. 3) Antitussive effect[13]. 4) Antibacterial effect[13-14], 5) Antithermic effect[15]. 6) Antimycotic effect[16-18]. 7)Anti-SRS-Aeffect[19]. 8) Inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation[20]. Literature: [I] Zhejiang Research Group of Antiasthmatics-.Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(6),1. [2] Pan,J.G. etaL.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1992,17(12),741. [3] Lao,A.N. etal.:Chem. Pharm.Bull. 1984,32(2),723. [4] Tan,R.X. etal.-.Chin.Chem. Lett. 1992,3(2),117. [5] Tan,R.X. etal.-.PlantaMed. 1992,58(4),370. [6]Agari,S. et al.Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 07,206,839[95,286,839](cl.C07D307/58),08 Aug. 1995,Appl.94/21,894,20 Jan. 1994. [7] Ovezdurdyev,A. etal.-.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1987,(4),607. [8] Yoshikawa,M. etaL.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996,44(9), 1656. [9] Wu,C.M. et al.-.Zhongyao Tongbao 1985,10(1),31. [10] Yusupov,M. I. etaL.Khim. Prir. Soedin. 1990,(4),556. [II] Qin,J. F. et al..Zhongcaoyao 1982,13(9),398. [12] You,Y. Z. : Zhongcaoyao Tongxun 1977,(3),12. [13] Wang,Y S. et al.-."Zhongyao Yaoli Yu Yingyong" 1983,259. [14] Zhang,W. X. -.Chin. Med. J. 1949,67(12),648. [15] Liu,S. S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao(m0-I961)1963,157. [16] Sun,X..Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 1955,(6),536. [17] Sun,X.:ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),354. [18] Cao,R. L. etal: ZhonghuaPifuke Zazhi 1957,(4),286. [19] Bian,R. etal:Zhejiang YikeDaxueXuebao 1982,11(4),185. [20] Zhong,Y R. etaL.Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 1992,17(6),353.

114

720

Aster scaber Thunb. (Compositae) [ = Doellingera scaber (Thunb.) Nees ] Dong-feng-cai(C), Shirayama-giku(J), Cham-chui(K)

Whole plant Local Drug Name: Dong-feng-cai(C), Dong-pung-chae(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cold and headache(C, J). 2)Contusion(C, K). 3)Snakebite(C, K). 4)Wart(C, K). 5)Rheumatic arthritis(C). 6)Sorethroat(C). 7)Conjuctival congestion(C). 8)Dizziness(J). 9)Malaria(K). 10) Jaundice(K). Root Local Drug Name:Dong-feng-cai(C),Dong-pung-chae-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Contusion(C, K). 2) Enteritis(K). 3) Aneilema(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Benzenoids: phenyl actaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethanol, toluene[l]. 2)Phenylpropanoids: eugenol[l]. 3)Monoterpenes: borneol, camphene, car-3-ene, 1,8-cineol, citronellol, cumin alcohol, cumin aldehyde, />-cymen-8-ol, />-cymene, a-penchyl alcohol, geranial, tans-geranic acid methyl ester, geraniol, /so-geraniol, lavandulol, limonene, linalool, cz's-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, p-menth-/ra«.s-2-en-l-ol, /so-neomenthol, myrcene, neral, nerol, cis-, trans-cimene, perillene, a-, P-phellandrene, a-, |3- pinene, trans-pmocarveol, cis-, /raw-piperitol, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, a-, y-terpinene, a-terpineol, terpinolene, a-thujene[l]. 4)Sesquiterpenes: aromadendrene, allo-aromadendrene, P-bisabolene, p-bisabolol, Pbourbonene, 8-, y-cadinene, a-, 5-cadinol, a-calacorene, calamenene, 5-hydroxy calamenene, a-, P-caryophyllene alcohol, caryophyllene oxide, P-caryophyllene, isocaryophyllene, a-copaene, a-curcumene, trans, trans-a-tarnesene, /ratts-P-farnesene, germacrene D, humulene oxide, a-humulene, P-ionone, 3-oxo-p-ionone, a-, y-muurolene, xmuurolol, fra/K-nerolidol, P-selinene, P-sesquiphellandrene[l]. 5)Diterpenes: phytol[l]. 6)Polycyclics: naphthalene[l]. 7)Alkanes: n-decane, n-docosane, M-dodecane, K-eicosane, K-heneicosane, 6-methyl hept-5-en2-one, «-heptadecane, heptan-1-al, /rani-hex-2-ene-l-al, /ra«i--hex-2-en-l-ol, hex-c/.s-3-enl-ol, hexadecan-2-one, «-hexadecane, hexan-1-al, hexan-1-ol, n-nonadecane, «-nonane, octl-en-3-ol, fl-octadecane, octan-1-ol, octan-3-ol, n-octane, pentadecane, pentan-1-al, ntricosane, «-tridecane, K-undecane, acetic acid, 3-methyl butan-1-al, 3-methyl butan-1-ol, ethanol, ethanal, ethyl acetate, formic acid ethyl ester[l], 8)Triterpenes: aster saponin HA, HB[l-2], foetidissimodide A[3], scaberoside A-2[3-5],

115

scaberoside A-l, A-3, A-4[3, 5], foetidissimoside A, scaberoside H-A, H-B-l, H-B-2, H-C1[4], epifriedelanal, friedelin[6], scaberoside B-l, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, B-6[7], scaberoside B7, B-8, B-9[8], scaberoside H-C-2, H-D, H-F, H-G, H-H, H-I[9]. 9)Lipids:palmitic acid[l], hexadec-?ra/w-2-enoic acid[10]. Phamacology 1) Antibiotic resistance inhibition activity[ll-12]. 2) Hypocholesterolaemic activity[ 13-14]. Literature: [I] Chung, T. Y. et al: J. Agr. Food Chem. 1993, 41(10), 1693. [2] Nagao, T. et al: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1996,404,297. [3] Nagao, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39(7), 1719. [4] Nagao, T. et al:. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993,41(4), 659. [5] Wolfender, J. L. et al.: J. Chromatogr. A 1995, 712(1), 155. [6] Chandler, R. F. et al: Phytochemistry 1979, 18, 711. [7] Nagao, T. et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991, 39(7), 1699. [8] Nagao, l.etal: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40(4), 886. [9] Nagao, T. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 41(9), 1562. [10] Payne-Wahl, K. et al: J. Nat. Prod. 1981, 18, 711. [II] Lee, C. K. et al.Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1998,21(1), 62. [12] Lee, C. K. etal.Arch. Pharmacol Res. 1998, 21(2), 223. [13] Lim, S.-S. et al: Han'guk Sikp'um Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi 1997,26(1), 123. [14] Park, J.-R. et al.: Han 'guk Sikp 'urn Yongyang Kwahak Hoechi 1997, 26(2), 236. [C. K. Sung]

721

Aucklandia lappa Decne (Compositae) [=Saussrea lappa Clarke] Mu-xiang(C),Muk-heung(H),Mokko(J)

Root(CP) Local Drug Name:Mu-xiang(C),Muk-heung(H),Mokko(J). Processing: l)Eliminate foreign matter,wash clean,soak briefly,soften thoroughly,cut into thick slices, and dry in the shade(C,J). 2)Spread undried Radix Aucklandiae on paper made of straw and pile up consecutively in style of covering one layer of the drug with one layer of paper in a wired shallow basket,roast on a coke stove or in a drying shed until the volatile oil is absorbed by paper,and take out(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C,H,J). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Distending pain in the chest and epigastrium(C,H,J). 2)Tenesmus in dysentery(C,H,J). 3)Indigestion with anorexia(C,H,J). 4)Diarrhea with abdominal pain(roasted root) (C,H,J). 5)Edema(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Volatile oils:costuslactone,dihydrocostuslactone,a-costol,a-costic acid,saussurea lactone, dehydrocostus lactone,dihydrodehydrocostus lactone,costunolide,dihydrocostunolide, 12-methoxydihydro-costunolide,aplotaxene,a-costene,(3-costene,terpene alcohol,camphene, phellandrene, a-ionone, P-ionone,(3-selinene, palmitic acid, stigmasterol, betulin, myrcene, />-cymol,linalool,P-elemene,caryophyllene,humulene,cedrene,cedrol[l],wo-alantolactone[2]. 2) Alkaloids:saussurine[l]. 3) Polysaccharides:inulin[l].

116

4) Sterols[l]. Pharmacology 1) Antispasmodic effect[l]. 2) Antihypertensive effect[l]. 3) Antibacterial effect[l]. 4) Emetic effect[l]. Literature: [1] "Zhongyao Zhi" 1979,Vol 1,77. [2] Liu,G. S. et al..Zhongyao Tongbao 1981,6(5),49. [J.X.Guo]

722

Widens tripartita L.

(Compositae)

Lang-ba-cao(C), Ta-ukogi(J), Ga-mak-sa-ri(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Lang-ba-cao(C), Nang-pa-cho(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K),or use in fresh(C). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: C, K);Topical(paste: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Tonsillitis(C, K). 2)Dysentery(C, K). 3)Sore throat(C, K). 4)Tuberculosis(J, K). 5)Enteritis(C). 6)Hepatitis(C). 7)Urinary infection(C). 8)Dermatitis(C). 9)Amenia(C). lO)Furuncle(C). ll)Eczema(C). 12)Bronchitis(K). 13)Erysipelas(K). 14)Acute gastritis(K). Root Local Drug Name: Nang-pa-cho-geun(K) Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysentery(K). 2)Night sweating(K). 3)Erysipelas(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Phenylpropanoids: eugenol[l] 2)Monoterpenes: cosmene, P-c/s-ocimene[l] 3)Lipids: linoleic acid[l]. 4)Flavonoids: 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy chalcone[l], wo-coreopsin[2], (R-2)flavanomerin[3]. 5)Triterpenes:oleanolic acid[4].

117

Phamacology 1) Antiulcer activity[5]. 2) Antimalarial activity[6]. Literature: [1] Christensen, L. P. et al: Phytochemistry 1990, 29(10), 3155. [2] Serbin, A. G. et al: Farm. Zh(Kiev) 1975, 21,115. [3] Serbin, A. G. et al: Chem. Nat. Comp. 1975, 11(2), 160. [4] Tamai, H.et al: Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho 1992, 04 26,650, 2pp. [5] Muto, y. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1994, 11492), 980. [6] Brandao, M.G.L. et al: Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997, 57(2), 131. [C. K. Sung]

723

Blumea balsamifera

DC.

(Compositae)

Da-fong-ai (C), Die-ngai (H), Takasagogiku (J) Leaf and root Local Drug Name: Da-fong-ai (C), Die-ngai (H), Gainoko (J). Processing: Fresh (C, J), or dry in the shade (C, H, J). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction or powder: C, H, J);Topical(decoction or paste: C, H). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Common cold (C, H, J). 2) Cough (J). 3) Insomnia (J). 4) Hypertension (J). 5) Rheumatic arthritis (C, H). 6) Postpartum bone pain (H). 7) Dysmenorrhea (C, H). 8) Diarrhea (H). 9) Traumatic injury (C, H). 10) Boils and pyodermas (H). 11) Eczema (C). 12) Dermatitis (C). 13) Carbuncle(C). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Monoterpenoids: /-borneol, 1,8-cineole, limonene, /-camphor [1]. 2) Flavonoids: 3,5,3-trihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyflavone, 3,5,3,4-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone [2], 3) Saponins, steroids, triterpenoids [3]. Pharmacology 1) Antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation and active oxygen radicals (flavonoids) [4]. 2) Antitussive effect (oil) [5]. Increasing of trachea secretion [6], 3) Contraction of mouse small intestine [7]. 4) Inhibition of tumor promoter (eugrobal Gl, G2, G3) [8]. Literature: [1] Sagara, K. et al: Iyakuhin Kenkyu 1990,20,689. [2] Deng, Q. D. et al: Bopuxue Zazhi 1996,13,447. [3] Chuakul, W. et al: Warasan Phesatchasat 1997,24,1. [4] Zhao, J.-H. et al: Zhongguo Yaolixue Tongbao 1997,13,438. [5] Misawa, M. et al: Ouyou Yakuri 1990,39,81.

118

[6] Boyd, E. M. et al:.Am. J. Med. Sci. 1946,211,602. [7] Imazeki, I. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1962,82,1326. [8] Takasaki, M. et al: Chem. Pharm. Bull. Japan 1990,38,1444. [T. Kimura]

724

Chrysanthemum

cinerariaefolium

Bocc.

(Compositae)

Chu-chong-ju(C), Shiro-mushiyoke-gkiku(J), Je-chung-guk(K) Whole plant Local Drug Name: Chu-chong-ju(C), Je-chung-guk(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Topical (powder: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Insect repellant(C, J, K). 2) Scabies(C) 3) Coiled incens stick for fumigation(J) Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lignans:c/-sesamin[l-2]. 2) Monoterpenes: chrysanthemic acid[3-5], chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid, chrysanthemyl alcohol, geraniol[5], cinerin I[5-12], cinerin II[5-13], pyrethrin II[5-14], pyrethrin I[5-12, 14],jasmolinI[5-7, 10], jasmolin II[5-7, 10-11, 13, 15], jasmolinfll], pyrethrins[16-18], pyrethrolone[19]. 3)Sesquiterpenes:P-cyclopyrethrosin[l-2], chrysanin,chrysanolide[2], dihydro Pcyclopyrethrosin[2, 20], tatridin A, 11(R), 13-dihydro tatridin A, tatridin B, 1 l(R),13-dihydrotatridin B, ll(R),13-dihydro-tatridin B 6-O-P-D-glucopyranoside[20], pyrethrosin[21-22]. 4) Triterpenes: taraxasterol[2, 21, 23]. 5)Flavonoids: apigenin-7-galacturonic acid methyl ester, apigenin-7-glucuronic acid, jaceidin[20], apigenin, luteolin[20-21], apigenin-4'-0-P-D-glucuronide, quercetagetin[21], apigenin-7-O-P-D-glucuronide, axillarin, centaureidin, cynaroside, luteolin-7-O-P-Dglucuronide, quercetin-3-O-P-D-glucuronide, isoquercitrin[24], chrysantin[25]. 6) Sulfur compounds: y-terthienyl[26]. Phamacology 1) Antispasmodic activity[12]. 2) Allergenic activity[13, 27]. 3) Insect repellent activity[28]. 4) Insecticide activity[29-34], 5) Ascaricidal activity[35]. 6) Plant growth inhibition activity[36]. 7) Abortifacient activity [37], 8) Cardiotoxic activity[3 8]. Literature: [1] Doskotch, R. W. et al:. Can. J. Chem. 1969,47, 1139. [2] Doskotch, R. W. et al: Can. J. Chem. 1971, 49, 2103. [3] Pattenden, G. et al: Chem. Commun. 1975, 290. [4] Kueh, J.S.H. et al: Plant Cell Rep. 1985,4, 118. [5] Zito, S. W. et al: Phytochemistry 1990, 29(8), 2533. [6] Dickinson, C. M.: J. Ass. Offlc. Anal. Chem. 1982, 65, 921. [7] Rickett, F. E.: J. Chromatogr. 1972, 66, 356. [8] Beckman, H. et al: J. Gas Chromatogr. 1963,1,21.

119

[9] Ward, J.: Chem. Ind.(London), 1953, 586. [10] Mc Eldowney, A. M. et al: J. Chromatogr. 1988, 447(1), 239. [11] Yuksekisik, N. et al: Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara Ser. B 1980, 26(1), 3. [12] Taylor, E. H. et al:. Can. Pharm. J. Sci. Sect. 1958, 91, 309. [13] Mitchell, J. C. et al: Brit. J. Dermatol. 1972, 86, 568. [14] Allen, K. G. etal: Phytochemistry 1977,16, 79. [15] Godin, P. J. et al: Chem. Ind. (London) 1964, 371. [16] Rajasekaran, T. etal: Curr. Sci. 1991, 60(12), 705. [17] Zieg, R. G. etal: PlantaMed. 1983, 48(2), 88. [18] Zito, S. W. etal: PlantaMed. 1983, 47(4), 205. [19] La Forge, F. B. et al: J. Org. Chem. 1944,9, 242. [20] Sashida, Y. etal: Phytochemistry 1983,22(5), 1219. [21] Rao, P. R. et al: Curr. Sci. 1973, 42, 811. [22] Mitchell, J. C. et al: Brit. J. Dermatol. 1971, 84, 139. [23] Herz, W. et al:J. Pharm. Sci. 1966, 55,104. [24] Glennie, C. W. etal: Pyrethrum Post. 1912, 11, 82. [25] Chou, T. Q. etal: Chin. J. Physiol. 1934, 8,167. [26] Groneman, A. F. etal: Anal. Chim. Acta 1984,163, 43. [27] Rickett, F. E. etal: Pyrethrum Post. 1974,12, 163. [28] Bar-Zeev, M. et al:J. Med. Entomol. 1974, 11, 389. [29] Miyakado, M. et aL.Agr. Biol. Chem. 1979, 43, 1609. [30] Kamyszek, F. etal: HerbaPol. 1975, 21, 317. [31] Yamaguchi, K. et al: Botyu Kagaku 1950, 15, 62. [32] Ashrafi, S. H. etal: Sci. Ind.(Pat) 1968, 6, 87. [33] Kamyszek, F. et al: Herba Pol. 1975, 21, 317. [34] Rao, D. S.: Econ. Bot. 1957, 11, 274. [35] Zarnowski, E. et al.Med. Weter 1957, 13, 387. [36] Shimomura, H. et al: Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1981, 35(3), 173. [37] Khera, K. S. et al:J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1982, 10, 111. [38] Chevalier, J. et al: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1927, 184,776. [C. K. Sung]

725

Dahlia variabilis Desfontaines Daria(J), Da-al-ri-a (K)

Related plants: D. pinnata Cav.(J). Root Local Drug Name: Da-al-ri-a-geun(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Diabetes(K). 2) Edema(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Phenylpropanoids: chlorogenic acid[l]. 2) Organic acid: citric acid[l]. 3) Proteids: tyrosinefl], trigonelline[2]. 4) Carbohydrates: inulin[3]. Phamacology 1) Antibacterial activity[4].

120

(Compositae)

2) Phototoxicity^]. Literature: [1] Shiroya, M. et al: Physiol. Plant 1955, 8, 358. [2] William, J. J. et al: ARS, USDA, Tech. Bull. 1234, Supt. Documents, Govt. Print Off Washington DC, 1961. [3] Zambo, I. et al: Herba Hung 1976,15(2), 77. [4] Gottshall, R. Y. et al.:J. Clin. Invest. 1949, 28,920. [5] Camm, E. L. et al: Phytochemistry 1975,14, 2007. [C. K. Sung]

726

Erigeron canadensis

L.

(Compositae)

Xiao-bai-jiu-cao(C), Hime-mukashi-yomogi(J), Mang-cho(K) Related plants: E. annuus (L.) Pers.(= Aster annuus L.):Yi-nian-peng(C), Gae-mang-cho(K). Whole plant(CP) Local Drug Name: Xiao-fei-peng(C), Bi-bong(K). Processing: Dry under the sun(C, K). Method of Administration: Oral(decoction:C, K);Topical(paste or gargle of fresh juice: C, K). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Otitis media(C, K). 2) Conjunctivitis(C, K). 3) Rheumatalgia(C, K). 4) Incised wound of hand(C, K). 5) Enteritis(C) 6) Dysentery(C). 7) Infective hepatitis(C). 8) Choleoystitis(C). 9)Psoriasis(C). 10)Gingivostomatitis(K). ll)Toothache(K). 12)Erysipelas(K). 13)Dysuria(K). 14)Acute gastritis(K). 15)Hypersensitive diarrhea of child by milk(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Flavonoids: kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin[l], apigenin[l-3], c/-catechin[4]. 2) Benzenoids: 4-hydroxy benzoic acid[l], vanillic acid[l-2, 5], protocatechuic acid, syringic acid[l, 4], gallic acid, veratric acid[4], ortho-benzyl benzoic acid[6]. 3) Phenylpropanoids: caffeic acid[l-2, 4, 5], chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid[l, 4]. 4) Steroids: p-sitosterol[2, 5, 7], oc-spinasterol[2, 5, 8], stigmasterol[7, 9], stigmast-7-en-3-betaol, stigmast-7-en-3-one, stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3-one[8], cholesta-5-en-3-beta-ol, 24-methylcholesta-7, 22-dien-3-beta-ol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-7, 22-dien-3-beta-ol, 24-cis-ethylidnecholesta-7-en-3-beta-ol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-7-en-3-beta-ol, 24-methyl-cholesta-7-en-3-betaol[9]. 5) Chromones: erigeroside[3]. 6) Monoterpenes:limonene, linalool, terpineol[4]. 7) Sesquiterpenes: 5P-6a-epoxy-5, 6-dihydrocaryophyllene[7], 8) Diterpenes: 1 -hydroxy-17-oxo-8,17-dihydroconycephaloide, 17-oxo-8,l7-dihydro-conycephal -oide[7].

121

9) Triterpenes: oleanolic acid[7], Phamacology 1) Cytotoxic activity [10]. 2) Antifungal activity[ll-12] 3) Antihypertensive activity[13] 4) Antidiarrheal activity[14]. 5) Insecticide activity[15-16] Literature: [I] Glinkowska, G. et al: Acta Pol. Pharm. 1987,44(5), 476. [2] Grancai, D. et al: Cesk. Farm. 1985,34(6), 209. [3] Plouvier, V.: C. R. Acad Sci. Ser. 7771984, 299(19), 749. [4] Strzelecka, H. et al.: HerbaPol. 1981, 27,201. [5] Grancai, D. et al: L. Ceskoslov. Farm. 1985, 34(6), 209. [6] Rahman, A. U. etal: Reel. Trav. Chim. PAYS-BAS1969, 88(11), 1332. [7] El-Dahmy, S. I.: Zagazig. J. Pharm. Sci. 1993, 2(2), 111. [8] Sengupta, P. etal: J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1985, 62(1), 78. [9] Dubey, S. et al:. Fitoterapia 1988, 59(5), 428. [10] Arisawa, M : Nat. Med. 1994, 48(4), 338. [II] Guerin, J. C. et al: Ann. Pharm. Fr. 1985, 43(1), 77. [12] Nene, Y. L. etal: LabdevJ. Sci. Tech. B 1968, 6(4), 226. [13] Lasserre, B. et al: Naturwissenschaften 1983, 70(2), 95. [14] Blue, J. A.: J. Allergy 1955,26, 425. [15] Tattersfield, F. et al: Kew Bull. (London) 1948,3,329. [16] Mcgovran, E. R. et al: US Dept. Agr. Research Admin. Bur. Entomol. Plant Quarantine Bull. E736,1947,1. [C. K. Sung]

727

Gnaphalium affine DC. (Compositae) [= G. multiceps Wall.] Shu-qu-cao (C), Hahakogusa (J), Ddeok-ssuk (K)

Whole Herb Local Drug Name: Shu-qu-cao (C), Sokikuso (J), Seo-guk-cho (K). Processing: Fresh (C). Dry under the sun (C,J, K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction; C, J, K);Topical (paste of fresh herb: C). Folk Medicinal Uses: 1) Tumor (J). 2) Diabetes (J). 3) Common cold and cough (C,J, K). 4) Bronchitis (C). 5) Tonsillitis (J). 6) Nephritis (J). 7) Dermatitis, dermatomycosis (J). 8) Asthma (C, K). 9) Hypertension (C). 10) Lumbago (C). ll)Favism (C). 12) Traumatic injury (C). 13) Snake bite (C). Scientific Research:

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Chemistry 1) Steroid: stigmasterol [1], P-sitosterol, dihydro-P-sitosterol [1]. 2) Flavonoid: luteorin 4'-P-D-glucoside [2]. Literature: [1] Mitsuhashi, T. et al: Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Kiyo (IV), 1971, 73. [2] Ota, Let al.: Tokyo Yakudai Kiyo 1958,8,156; Aritomi, M. et al: Yakugaku Zasshi 1964,84,895. [T. Kimura]

728

Inula linariifolia

Turcz.

(Compositae)

Tiao-ye-xuan-fu-hua(C),Hosoba-oguruma(J),Ga-neun-ip-geum-bul-cho(K) Related plants: I.japonica Thunb.:Xuan-fu-hua(C);Oguruma(J);Geum-bul-cho(K). Herb(CP) Local Drug Name: Jin-fei-cao(C),Senpukuka(J),Seon-bok-hwa(K). Processing:Eliminate foreign matter,wash briefly,cut itno sections,and dry(C,K). Method of Administration:Oral(decoction:C,K);Topical(juice:C). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Cough in colds with retention of phlegm marked by dyspnea,profuse expectoration and feeling of stuffiness in the chest(C,J,K). 2)External use for pyogenic infections of the skin(C,J). 3)Traumatic injury(J). Scientific Research: Chemistry 1) Lactones[l]:britanin[2], 2) Steroids:taraxasteryl palmitate[2,3],taraxasteryl acetate[3]. 3)Others:bigelovin,dihydrobigelovin[3]. Pharmacology 1) Antineoplastic effect[2]. 2) Expectorant effect[2]. 3) Antiemetic effect[3]. 4) Bacteriostasis[2,4]. Literature: [1] Liu,S.S.:Zhongyao Yanjiu Wenxian Zhaiyao (1962-1974) 1979,644. [2] Qian,M.K. etaLHuaxueXuebao, 1983,41(3),254. [3] Kinoshita,K. etal.:Phytomedicine 1996,3(1),51. [4] Nanjing College of Pharmacy: "Zhongcaoyao Xue" 1980,Vol 3,1186. [J.X.Guo]

729

Lactuca sativa L. (Compositae) [= L. scariola L. var. sativa Bisch] Wo-ju(C), Chisa(J), Sang-chi(K)

123

Stem and Leaf Local Drug Name: Wa-geo(K). Processing: Fresh or dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh: K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Insomnia(J, K). 2)Anemia(J, K) 3)Dysuria(J, K). 4)Neurasthenia(J). 5)Tonsillitis(J). 6)Carbuncle(K). 7)Toothache(K). 8)Swelling(K). 9)Snake bite(K). lO)Pricklyheat(K). ll)Deficient of milk after child birth(K). 12)Hematuria(K). 13)Dysgalactia(K). Contraindications: Ophthalmopathy. Seed Local Drug Name: Wa-geo-ja(K) Processing: Fresh or dry under the sun(K). Method of Administration: Oral(fresh:K). Folk Medicinal Uses: l)Dysgalactia(K). 2)Dysuria(K). Scientific Research: Chemistry l)Flavonoids: quercetin 3-p-D-glucuronide, quercetin 3-P-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-0malonyl-3-P-D-glucoside, luteolin 7-p-D-glucuronide[l]. 2) Proteins: endo-(l-»4)-P-mannanase[2], P-fucosidase[3]. Phamacology 1) Antifungal activity(latex sap)[4]. Literature: [1] Woeldecke, M. et al: Z. Naturforsch., Teil C1974, 29(7-8), 355. [2] Dulson, J. etal: Phytochemistry 1989, 28(2), 363. [3] Giordani, R. et al: Eur. J. Biochem. 1988,175(3), 619. [4] Moulin-Traffort, J. et al: Mycoses 1990, 33(7-8), 383. [C. K. Sung]

730

Vladimiria soulieri (Franch.) Ling

(Compositae)

Chuan-mu-xiang (C), Sen-mokkou (J), Cheon-mok-hyang (K). Related Plant: Vladimiria souliei (Franch.) Ling var. cinerea Ling: Hui-mao-chuan-mu-xiang (C). Root(CP) Local Drug Name: Chuan-mu-xiang (C), Sen-mokkou (J), Mok-hyang (K). Processing: Eliminate "oil head" and cut into thick slices and dry (C). Dry under the sun (K). Method of Administration: Oral (decoction: C, J, K). Folk Medicinal Uses:

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l)Pain and distension in the hypochondriac regions, pain in liver and gall bladder diseases (C, J). 2) Abdominal distension and pain (K). 3) Vomiting (K). 4) Diarrhea (C,K). Scientific Research Chemistry l)Essential oil:dehydrocostus lactone and other 25 compounds[l]. 2)Sesquiterpenelactones:guaia-4(15),10(14),ll(13)-triene-12,6a-olide,3(3-acetoxyguaia-4(15), 10(14),ll(13),trien-12,6a-olide,3P-hydroxy-lipH-guaia-4(15),10(14)diene-12,6a-olide,3pacetoxy-11 pH-guaia-4(l 5), 10(14)-diene- 12,6a-olide, 1 Oa, 14-epoxy-11 pH-guaia-4(l 5)-ene12,6a-olide,3p-hydroxy-10a,14-epoxy-4p,lipH-guaia-12,6a-olide,10p,14-dihydroxy-lipH -guaia-4( 15)-ene-12, 6a-olide, 3P, 11 P-dihydroxyguaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6a-olide, 11 aHguaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6a-olide, 3 P-hydroxy-11 aH-guaia-4( 15), 10( 14)-diene-12,6aolide, 10p,14-dihydroxy-llaH-guaia-4(15)-ene-12, 6a-olide,ip,2a- dihydroxy-lipH-eudesm -4(15)-ene-12, 6a-olide, ip,4a- dihydroxy-lipH-eudesman-12, 6a-olide,15-acetoxy-lipHgermacra-1(10)E,4E-diene-12, 6a-olide, 1 P-hydroxyeudesm-4( 15), 11 (13)-diene-12, 6a-olide, 4a-hydroxy-11 PH-eudesman-12, 6ct-olide, 11 PH-germacra-1 (10)E,4E-diene-12,6a-olide, 15 hydroxy-11 PH-germacra-1 (10)E,4E-diene-12,6a-olide, 15-acetoxygermacra-1(10) E,4E, 11 (13)-triene-12,6a-olide, germacra-1 (10)E,4E, 11 (B)-triene-12,6a-olide[2],vladiol AF[3]. Literature: [1] Li,Z.L.e