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Gramsci and the Anarchists
Otford ·
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F.. li t"""'off", ... ISO C"",
1\ I2 2.1 J.!
(; &001" MoJ.. ,nu. jounlal of lhe School
. .......
U st of Tabl es
of Figures 2. I 2.2 4.1
!' ion, Me",bt.>hip (Tu.in a nd I'rvi",,",: I \lOO . 14 Turin Ch.mbt. of Labour I1lOO-14 """",h,sm and SyndICalism in I. , .....",
S.I
Tho\louoPl.n
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- 1Abbreviation s The Italian Anarchists, 1870--1914 ACS CPC ACS f'S
,-
Meh" ,0 dtllo S ... ,o, Cuel l.no ]'olilioco Ccn'rok.
"",ni, io Ce lbrn: .... "" _ ..I unll1 112Iy ....n. tbcr< ..... ""') > """y. Tkr< ..=: jvoI ""II ...... of iDoti,"'""I. _! l"'Pul" ioo .., "ni lN arouod "" >doo, , "T\lIk A'ld .Iroc. " ....1>1< '0 """ "Ie ,h .. idea aDd lhi, proptmrnc
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..... ""'" Grunsci 'II Soc,al,,,,,,, < nall>' II G.-;,Jo tkI ",,,,.:No If .... _ h " " art "'" l mo'Cl1lColl ..... !H .. a "'13' p"" "rthe Italian _,.1,;1 11'1 '",cnty.fi,'" yea". wilh the developmen, of. less dog,nall' J i. ,Oj!uc CQmp"""nlS of the lIJl Idrn"fiod the libonarian lradition IS 0"" of lhe palho logioal .ymptom. oflb< ill- f.tcd poS1·!I .. ,t.t. _IfT"."t i embodied lhe It.han ",rjlOft of Sccott.d Inloma""".II" iIOCt.ltstn. "hM G"'m>ci'i pohl"'.' clrter motl 'I1.d by • dt>irc '0 C"li,ile Ind tra"",tnJ Ih l> tradilion. \xlch rmI:Iln«mt" ""II oflhe feudal _tho bul ,..). lhe ground"ntorpn:lallOO oflb< d,.lb[cm,. he tiel., Jtmo'ed ,he honhem faclory prol"",,'1 from ii, ,-o"Suard rolc A•• Sonlini.n int.lI«tu.l ... "si1t"o 10 lhe tnJuno. that h i, 01." island h",! luffered tR Ltbe",'l ... [}'. G"'n'lSCl hal """,, p',lured a, 0"'" oflhe fcw \\Iem Manim to delclop I colle ....... "&r1'nan policy In facl. "",ny OIher tntollec'wtl .. he yunlcicnttf", socI11". tradition. They rould IlOl osc:apt from lbe ,'''''''''' circle o f no! Ind "",Ihy that Gram",i .alled
t.".."
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Borh Tun,i and Gramsci rough'. bank "llaln" ',lib. ,-""" o· "", •• ltsm, bullhe COItIparuool cndi here, Gn",,,i's early " .. inllu."".d b)' , .. riOlI. libena nan rumplee of pr;IKlpl ... In mll>d. "ncr "'" def••1of the autl>nuri.n thfC.lt1 in ,he 1891)0.. 1hc a""",htI,n< Fit1l W.,.W W." I'M' en •• red inoo • "ortiog fnend,Jllp '" ,'h I n:tTIlIfbbk groupofTorinae """,h,.. , As hu coonell rommu:tism .merged In tbe "'.." (,I>< Red B,Cf\J\''''''. 1919- 20) i. bono ,I>< hlllnu,k. of Ihe anareh". and hentag._ \I) 11m In Ih" ,nttndllCIry .hapter " , shed tom( hght "" lhe cH.luII"" f'M hali,n libenanan mo,,,,=' ber""" (lie rcw.>, '0 inTroduc. O(he, (m,ell()-M""co The 'iulit)' of a""reh,.tn, and a mote Il""",ic an" ,,."" lrad" ,oo ,h.II chara.cle,ilod It,it "n s.eco"d I",ern.,ion.h., _ "h,m. can be .. plained hy eum ioiog Ihre. majur lheme" Ih. of an.rchism·s h;\,ory. tit. W"I;, ,; li.\ of .he PS l. .. >. lhe agrotowns of Apo"" a"" [ m il i" .nd the "",,,pany to..-"s of I.,gu,i •. and Umb" •.• [[ Kcommoda,N. 10 ,.,,,ying dcgrtts. a cull"re' Its ,.1 .. 0' a/f",,.d (iraJ",",;', \Ia"i"" in ncpl"" and ]IO>IIi\O way•. Gram",i', couo< b'"",1lJ 11><W. " . . . aln:ady ptcloCnl ,n ""'_"'r 1.. ly_ On the othe, hand. ,he ,nllability oftbe '>co""" cullo,.". Ind the drmagoguery!lut G... msc, though' prt"Stnl. caused him", be c",..:.1 of 'h" ,radi.ioo
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The F irsl 1870-410--' ltah3Jl lntnnat,onait,,,, ",a. IlI.I""d Ihrough a naltonal SlTUggk in an agran." SOCtt1y. "here the c.,...,opt of' Italy' "'ti "m"cd '0 a ..... 11 band "r ,ntollectuall. an..... and t.t1blJ\ ptn)' OOttrgCOlI... I'."hen the cmlnlll.,n& "al. om"oo in ,he ';OIlIl'T)'
upri>'' '
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110r War. The go. nnrnen. 11".y, "ruck hardC uf'hlllt'Jlf"'Sion arxl 0 d'< orde ,ed lbe a""i' ,)1' an.. n;h"llnd lynd,."hSI I>.bou. leaderS regul •• ly,· Anarchi., ht>lOIy" Iwder 10 fol[,o,.· alier 1880 ufthe dis_ conllnuili.s of ,II leadersh,p and ,IS (q3", .."ooS W"h ,he: nse of lhe IOS I aOO Its al'>OClaled union 'he C""feder",o!1O Generale del LIt'o", (CGLI, ' he h,,1f)' of hben .. i*n s(iahsrn br •• ' s down in'o I sm.,!y of ,IS in fl ue,,,," un OIhe' i""",,,ioru .ueh.s th" PSI. ,he: CGL, the syndicali" uf labQur aOO II>< Uni""" SinOr:;om, PiQmbino. Romc .od 1ho i"d u,ui.1 hinlerl,nd. ac'ed as a spri ngboarl ,no' omelOi
",e", dttply ,"nu.need by • Mau,n'3n huil'ge. This me'"' lha. lhey P" as • bndge 10 I popIIla' "'"onah,m In [l>.ly. Some »ndicllisls ..... Impomllllin lhe: Crullon ohM "a,ioo.liSl A'iSOC11';.,n
and ,1>0 0)'11""'''' of
doc,""" and I"*'lic. thai ••,ved OUI •
niche for
fl$'Oi.m a fte. ' he ... t, When "'ar brol. Old In Furopt ,n 1914. ,heS(
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s)ndocali'" ptcd for inlen.m;on. for rome, Frane. end angered by I'n"sian feudalism . Others argued lh.I, through Ih. I,uropcan " ar, the ha lo . " "' elec,oral In I\olion. 1poll. g"''' "' ,uffrag. upanokd from 8 per cenl to ""aT "ni".rsal manhood suffrage III 1913 The """a!i""'prurN 9 ptr .tIll of the HII. in 1897 and 17 per ctlll by 1913. Tbt ch",f i",,,,""OO! of lhe pany i,..,ludcd 1M Gl'S (.he "",ialtll ......."""'.ry group), h"wli' (th< n:tlioooal pany ...... , .• he: ",,,,,,,,,,I d"CClOn'O and l'>e local secltonS the Gcnnans, bo".,·,..-, 1M lu!ii1n
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party
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"".JOnltI "'lI"niuuons,1IOf did ,he pr .. 10."ly pan ......
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I. rly sound ... Just a, Ita han hf. was ' lJ llla prom",n, elre","1 " .. to".' ofll>< 18901, lhe ltah.n l"If1y ... h«l upon a c""lj,ion of l.ndl,,!. I.boon:'l"$.• ni"ms, Indulmal ,,·o,k.n Ind ,I>< wuc.te,J middl. ct..set quote d,ff.... n! fmm ,no G.nnan c..." The pos'_ ""d lce .. ,,,I., ",110 oo,mnat.d ,h. IOCI.h.t porhamo .. ,a,,· group. did "Ill Ix: fully COn'.l\lInt with ,he co'l'u, of M • .,.', Ind
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Engels" .. rill!!p. Thr" kIlO\'> 1Wg. of n-, C""""""ISI ,Ifamlml) or C"PItal "'IS from ,he 'Cllioos rnodettd by !he ..wehlS! Ca,lo
c.rltfart 1914 ."., _iah>l CUlt= of """ ....... /lu""' " ... thologisl . nd P'e. ro Gun The eh3'''b< ide. \lu., ,liI" Irade """", ...-as ba;ed 011 ,he "ortforce of an ent,re foe'ol)" ""","N by Gram«i in hi' auad orr e,.t).on"",ed unIOns, \1""1 ,mponanoly.'liI" i"",,,e. ,,'htch ,I>< lribu ... of MII'ne'" indus"ial "ni""ism. r Comoon,. employo:d of fOltip "r .1>< "pl ... In foct ,I>< i} Rlllcah,,,' uaok "noon " .. meant II> IC!n, InJcro. GJanu< he;,'o syndicalt'l prod""li, i,m and its pr.llOC of ,he ,,,.olled func,ion.l hl .... "'hy "f ,I>< fac.on Fo. lhe ,yndic.list. tbe unIon wo$' ",urcc of """,al aUlhori,}. forming a new nallonally bast"
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11I< fact",)-ba.>ed 1111"'" u",f,o:d itaitan 1KIC'C1y. Gr.>nuci "",1>«l ,bcoreI.. ,,,,,,, Ind G... msci .I",.hart-d an 1,-er-l1(ln "",-:mIs anarch,,,,,,." TIle e,""" relallon"",p. ......... cr. bc< . .1 and .)roical" .. ,,·or\..ed .... pp,ly tog1i<m. ,I> eonlinual of'I>< need f..,. ",pen, and fUDC""""1 di"urbo:d ,nany _,,",rchisls. althoui;h \101.'tSl>.n anarrhl< J} rod",.II>' k g'>:y 'hrough ,I>< Il>rory ofGo"'8"' Sorel. an "hien ,he<J"" ,cal .ynd ical i,," pp«131i,ed. bul hi' orrlli",h,y lay i" a n<mp' '0 'yntl>dclli,m. Grtlms.., "inlOd prod""c,,' ..,.illi,,,, to be "",lized Ihrou¥JI rallOll3.I TIle you:ng Gram",i "35' >oolbcmcr.1 "'"" in a northem ",dus'nal cil). In the no." , ....1"... 1 "in ,I>< 5pOCifIC characteristiCS of lhe Tmnesc "orllns d ... and II< lIru '" 5ernicone. I,,,,,di,", Pri nceton, 19'93. A 1001 doll. Nnd> dol Ri, iJta II, ,"ona Conl""'pOrtUlea. 13. J\O J. 1984. PI'.121-72. 9 f or lhe ,"]pI the glIon,hIP" discu,std 'n. G. 1'orpp,. Mouf)' "nd ()rJ('" J1.- n.ffN} anti o(lMI"n PuN,c Poilrr. 1848 /0 Cri,iJ o(tlw 1890;, Jo-ew
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Roben,. W. L ';tiMrono til I'Mi,·" Mil. n. 1983. r. F.,·LlII. S""iu del ""Ii""o /Julle orlglni all" /If' crm, M ilan. 1996 1·1 hH' (,,,,,,dOl" sec. M. Anum ">Ii. 'Silllhcah.mo ri",lu,io"",;o C lI1odolli "'Pn'lZa'i , I: C"m see. Roberu. Syntliralil, Tratfition: J. J. Tingbiano. f.J",w"Jo From R"'o!WIIl1II" ...... 'ng Cl as, on Italy beU>rc 1914'. in D,ck (ka ry (ed). L,,/J.Qwr ",,,I ';'ww/w .I/ol',·",'nu ill Eul'Ol't' ""(or¥' /914, O,ford . 1989, pp IX2 210. I. !>hller. From 10 MM,' !'O/illC." I'ali,," &X,al,,", in t/"'(;",Imian Fro, 1900--19! 4. Kont, 1990. G a nd S Frdtle I,,la Baku"ln' La JU" f",."W;WM gio"'ItIi/e nell 'amhicme Nlpolt"l"na (/868 18731. '- . ples, 1988. I It""• • 1«> do. h "",,h "1'«10 of ' ''I''e". 's life. C. Lma ."d 5.xlal Monment> ; Em, r Otl-'niual.lonc """"". c il . ;0. 25-44
- 2Torillcsc Anarchism, 1870-1914 Torinnt An arl: hism: 1870-1900 Dunnaw
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Za""oro," In order 10 uMMand Iho n" i,.1 of lt lxru".n _ i, lism. lit. moool ",,, lI ned ", Ch.p!Of 0... w ill be emr loyed 10 .,pl . in how • ' ..... 11 "","e ,I>< In.urhl$l:i inH"""".d 11>< com",,,,, oultUrt of'M new menl Indu-aial "orilln, dis. ofTurin's suburb>.
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TM or. '.>1 indu",i.1 sU$lallltil by dynlm,c mob,l •• 00 ....gl"".nng Industries. oxc-urred" i!lt,n 1M fiNlkcack oftltc 1\\Cnll,lh ctmu'}. In a manc, of y""'" lhe nld. sorn""kn' 1",lucntlte ""$ 'TlIn.fonned into It.ly', r tl'micr Ind Ll >lnal "ny•.,1> cmplo)-ed:!O per tenl. By 1911 Tunn .Iroad)' had 6500 tar w",kers. more ,h.n 25 per of all • .-;
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.ntl' lol'Ou '" engmckillcd "ortCt. appr.,)4 Car .. .,n.... 'n tho I"'"" or real'5 "-.... .Iinllxn>«nlhe .,,,,",,,,1 paSt and !be- m. lhc lU,omobIle bad brooIgbI fooh. boomi. ,nd'"try, "01 only dId ;, Sl/f'PIr trams, bu$n and moror can, buI mart"" and nWIOlng 000 .",ouraged job mobiloty "'Ilh'" IllS )'OU lIg Indu\ln,1 emplrc Ht ,.",ailled ,II< """ Ik"",vro. ,,'hich '
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hen I InduSCriali"n8 oi.y weh 1 had the 'abh,hd. file "Men" •• ,o""rally Idcn"ficd ,.uh an oO,,'al bu, in0( In croft Of 100"",i . 1f,·,IoMi"" .·' Tl>e "'lem,1 commi"ion, in an,l llrge f'I'O' IJed gremet c""'"'''u''y of Ofga "' '"''0!1 "'ere «aJ l1y "'."cepred b) """",,,td ...d non-unioolLt'd .like," f\n"ttn I \lO6 and 1911 • 5etI",,,,fln"""NI, only adt'f'!.-d by .he lrade union" hcn a broode, ,Inke = .,'II. 1to, "'. ", "r a Ie",,} 'PO/ll."e"y' bocamc Olea",r ., 'gena,'ion 01' 1910" a»ulned _ infl"""'" In lhe 1..00",
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Tht ,gc""ral '" 1'109. foil"" ,na ,lie of tile Sl"'ni.h I,bena,,,," . lion happtts, 11""",-.... 11 dc, tloped ", coherent pl." thai "0111iyk rcma",..d. Icg.acy roo- ,he post.1 91 0 :\cw Loll, lin/,k. OIhoo, arca, of oynd",."" growth Tunn ""i.her produ..;ed not played any maJO< .yn,loeah". "rn: "'" tl obit to d;,lodg< Morga" fron, """cr. as they had bndly "",eeOughl to ,,,rrum"," Ih" ><Tiou. ,.... k ...,. by ...r,,,,,."ng pro"""ial industrial un""" lhal .. 'ould bn:ak the Il"P of the e ...1\ ""i"",_ Wllil. lhey ra,,,,,d Importano qUCSI""" about the (l1Ia""'nted t\aIU", of'he 1\0.10... ,not!< """'" ,no' ... ncnl. ,heir argumentS "on th< do)' bef"'" lhe c\. oflhe "." Tl>< ... forrniSlS curU,I"" In""h of !yndlC.luOl at Ita" for alkr 1907. by ,'''' «>n,lil"""" oflhc t:."hItmber of Laboo, SO ,hal SaKc of tho: gmeraJ \.triko .. oapon, tbo:trlIy ""''''trng SW'(IriS( mobriLfal1OrU lila. had f'''quendy undom"nod !he" "u,honty.'" Ioo"""tly, """.,,", .hI' llndocal",', C2mp3lgns 1eorghi nf'he InduWl11 hmlm.nd c",,".1'd I IJI1i prC'C,,,clS, In ,ubum. sue """'",un, .. nlllll""'. arril"d from ,'''' \ '=ell= and ""Ipcd fOlm Ihc""" club.n San Paolo, 1[< "","11«1 Ih., '"." if,,,,,) "-'-'" ""lItd
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wine: laW"", Ihey "0'" . lready pohhc,,«I' OJ M.no Moot'8M"" .• ),,,,,ng soc .. h,{ of JOIIl>h II"ddle..,lu! origin. woo I.ft hi, f.mil)' 10 becnme. f... OI)' "JlI"fnllce and on;: of the ""'" artieulalc In ,he new dub. 1\'(311ctd in anarch,,\ dasslc._ CO"'lWSI Q{ Brf(JI/" "' ex"" ..... ly popu lar, L"";,,, \llchel's ICCOO .. oflhe Commune andlhe J)3mphlcl. of 1'3010 \'al"", foiloll'«I in pref.n:""e, anl;.m,lita,iSl olld om ido" ..1 pornpblelS mack up {he ., Yoo.l'i a, ,dty d,gr'ltd lhe , "ther OOmba< by the ,nduwi, 1 .yndloah ,,"h tht hbo-narilns. and • ",on8 100 ""Ii, e conlingomlk >I'I.c" ,,,., .nd .ma leu, theatric , l, popular p.>!, imc, ",. (,rele c"" .. nu. lly Undo.--'!Ined il5 ",ri""'I>e5s. btl, the re"", Cirrle " . . dj, lded to ocoonwnodatr I:.>tl! iIUdy and """""uon, One room, rc5Ilfirul 1,1!>l:""on dane., " I"" prudblo ,halt local _illi" dub> ' f or the: common """,,Ie i, "-" liboo '0 di,;cu>I ,hlnp", Gori"" rttJlb II'
"".ompanylng Ihtmc . ClltlOUSly !" 'itry Ci>Ur>C ... nlCd to h.. e bee n a poreo",. 1 f.""",ite II. Pom.p., ... Logi. B,rro,,' h... how" In the el" of Bnh.h p lebe i... cul'ure, the lIali .......... p"""" e 'rlloSanr.olo.ndB.im..... dihi7.7 •. " "" ,I>l:.tion. Sclel>ce, Ferrer e.platned in lho journal L 'Vn" ..,.,lfJ P!Of)' was en' I53gN in ",od pmltivi" .. an OOfl""'fh of ""tu",luN o«iolOj)'. and " pend", III rlor;a uni,nral. ('Ii lan, 1910), "h,oh began human hISle)')' ,,,'h an e,planalioo of'I>d In 1899 .noreh!>1 pOIllltal pnllOllCT'O_ 0.. hi' return to Tu"" he and Ii,
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I>«on .. I ml Son. hI< "''''''''" back funhC1. apparenll)' 10 1902. He panicipaled ,n rnosI oftht unslOCC.s..ful elronl., ...arcIuSl m:nomnon' before 1910. \larganto ..-... atn:$ICd '" many e In the 1890s. II. "as I t odviSl"8lhe four.dc .. orthe Cirr i. 'I' G,UJCpp1: \!0lS0Iia (b. (876). I \ .rc.n.... agn ou IM·lllaboo, rC1. had "onM in Ton ..... foundm-< "OC. the tum oflhe
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_,aIoS15. I flC' •• Ied n. nonally through ... 01 historl,al rHt.rch ". The: dic>llis!s, ind,,-. !n h" ,,)-e,igill. Unsu,,,,,:,,, rul a1 slqllc""""l! in Tu,in_ th..,' n'IO,"<J onu apl" to C..,ine ...'" AIo;.s.:ardria, and h,! r.. her I\craltl(' a rur.1 Wh ... the .oci.Ii", w .... in ,I>< ' 10 fin d wo,k in llot"lll) VI!!,,"!), Tuno. Al (oo",,,n "II 8p!>Tef.,ice'rnce of hi. de1. but r.tpid ly .• b. rId""",j dcri"",ltSI poIlt"', 10< a,,:m:hism. Ono of1hl: r,,,,ndersl)flhe F<m:f Cln:k_ bj. 191-1 he U.j; so.wrsl,,, bv u", d hi, o""'n 1";' I:. I.bm,} or ' MIChi" and « "TIC natur:llly attr.>< 'ro '" K,."mkJo·, the"s of modem III!n,"""",,>. bee."", a n xli,·,,,. •• ,·",pa,he,,,, '1"" ....·I""an Wlk> ,ttlc" oecd with "".. """,1 It:" the ".'. Go,i".ci .nd Dc m local po lili". rollabunolln" OIl ",ony 1I31io1l31 o1l3n'h,Sl .nd r..,,,spopcrs. Dt ,"'pn:.> ,omp"o d kc'i"c ly \I ilh D, ,,,J on l h" exl"",imcntall"",hoo, ",wid marry puburl:tol.
The Ge tlera l;" " or 19 111: I he Soc ia li >!s Tho d, ;, 1IIl! (o",e I>.'ic. Bruno Boon, (b, 18K I ,he Pro, ,nce of Fcmll1l) IS lhe" most ""1,"ndinJl, ,ep"'''"''''''. becoming FIOM', ch,.f un,on he had ,., political MUC";on
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.... s n>OSl defmrtcl) '"fthe ",form,St 10re.kors,'" Ca".H"" WI! II .... "" i,'c-OOm TorincS< Ib , 189.1). from. family of urly roclalr,t, . Ca'tagrn st."ed a, a ",echlIlOC', app","'i,e, but waS fOfCtd OUI "f facto,)" "'ur\ afler an "'Ju!}" and l>ecame I prof", .. ona l tr.J. un,on organi, ... ," So far I ha,. d,lf,,,,,,"OIOO ""0 gl'Ollpl ",(h,n ,he: roc,a"" "",,'cmen, of the set'l(fI""" of 19100 ",formLll> """ 'n Rom,"', '" Uuuz:a·.; mould,
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and ",,'righ, "volu,ioronc< .ed ing 10 o"ablt,h ,"'(ltCglC wtth ,''''n'h t, t, "nd ,ynd,c. li,I>. It ,1>,,1(1 be borne tn howe'Cr, 'hat • 11 r",,,,,be .. of lIle: lIo"oMion of 1910 c.rricd "ilh ,II<es "tth m>ddle-cl. ss freem . son, .nd »O>ui,i>! mldlcet u,I, ItVtng in Ih. cuy centre) "al leli f""lnc"t l 'loo",f"",. )'oung socialt'ts joined by )'OU"" aru.n'htstl... rat.oil ,n rho <arne ....burt>1... ""'pi,,)"" tn lilt Or. ntoe di'oCtplirlCll ,,'oo..ot> in n.hlm", f,. clOK as """" .ig,uficanl t't In any a "tde: llulf had """ned up belw..,n 1110 .hop and ,t.. full'litne of 1'10\1 Rc",o,,1 >ludt" of llH: .. "k" , o""o,,'ml. on tho pololi ,,"! "nd ,cOSOnS f'" Ihi. bK. ltkl ... n in eo"ununICau""._ The leadership of lhe !.!ril. "IS largely dra ..." from hlg.hly skilled lUI""'''''''' "odors. ,,110 desened tho" "n,oo .. bm..ly dt;appl "'II"n",,,.. "';,-.-.1 "., the .,",... - dtfOCletl tho .. nle·, r,,,,, ...nk (;.,,110. r "tTCto.nd ",hor a",""htll< .. in ,h. Ihtck of lho b..ulo Garino e_' plain. ,t.. on"'t o"nlrol'=i.,1 deots;on by ) had I>con i" doo su SU '1' I"'q >.l 0) I" ,:>< mq KOlJ 0 ) p,wn)OJ hlUO IOU 0'1" 'IS"!"'."")O " ,uofo", J41 p.>iP"I·"OIlV' m" "4.1 " loAOJ ""qJnqn< "'41 Ul.,U I.W 1'lno, '"'II dnV"'II",,,,,lIol JO
1""OllnJUSW UU -' >."'."011 'POl"'] ,(>Ill 'uoo, ,,, 10J p02ll1omn -\l"U 111\1= OJ 'Ill'G" U. 1'"'1 O'IR "'41 PUO puc )U,\U4"IQU'" "' Im;o< "'l' 'SJo.'OIJW3 "'>UUO1 ",my"" plIO.>qwn"n, S>1I1" Jl>41 ·",',{Old·.u, "041 JOJ 4'I"tu 00 "',." 'I OG OJ "'II ,("p JO P"o "41 IV :., '.I"PlO'l"'J. 'p"llnllp" ,'lInJ '''' OU,,,!) 'SU_" 11 'pOJnfu, .( W,OIJ"'; OJ, . " pU" p>< n " " U1 1'''" 'qnU ',S" " ,:>w (CWOI< I" pue S,""'''' " 41 UI 1"1 "1!Jq "''''lw,," SUl'llO." PU" sums",;);) lou,_"" "0 I.' punqlJo,,, JO 10 01 uo"," ' PU'I e P"4O41 "".'" pu. ')!)'""'l '1"" 0" p'ed . . '"",,10'1 d oqs pU" AIPU'''J uo p'puU 1p,",ow>J pouod l]0J"4 somu ,w ''''''P 0, "P'O u, ""' II'UOLI' P')""'IO) )O "IOU1W "'!) "'"1 0"0)' JO somUlw U'I 'OOqslJQ,,, I¢UI)$'L1" ' 41" ' " ' 1. II 'IS OJ"" ' "011 ,0lnibJ "'O""J 'P" II""'J O" ""CO sv NoI""J l'" mu ''''"J :>JO" pue .q JL U,.» '-cd by fl\c:1 dun"l1 tilt Lihy'"
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\lll>Jor I""irknts "nh nl!;onal"t; c",""nued up 10 7 Ju"" . On June. ""It,militan'' demon "r.II00. an "no!frei.1 Stille broke ""tIn the autoonobllc laclOri.s. "'p,dly bccoo"ng grncr.l.1 th""'&J>oot tl\ ffl;!\ 'Luigi Golle,n, .nd I"lian " ..",hi" To""'''''' m lh. Lnttod SI"J, t""j:ru/'H,',', "01 :10, ScrI.",b accadom,.o·. p I ?, r or loonbmw "'lronO'·Q. Slona bllr 1/ Tunn. 1977, I'P
14
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174. 31, IMd .. p. 2(].1 3! AI/don ;00, 'D.,; , IIU!t". li·. p. 2S CI.!IR)nO'O. :;"""' P 209. 57,67
·D.ti """ruali·. p 31 .16 Spn.no. Sum" /Ii 1im!lo.pp. 102, 114; F ,\dk', /",/ian ImIU."Iriu/"" I'"",m I.thua/mll '" f·ascism. 1906-1934. Ca",bridse. p 35 ("anJun noI... the role of ""'tocrats ,n ,he fo"nd,nll of Fial S«".
""I...
AmI""""" in BOIirgtna 118'18-1914),. ,n \ 1. AnlonlOll and B Belli tro.f, I.Il FlOII ul 1901-1926, Ban, 1978. pp 111)..11 Sp,,"oo, S'orl" tI, Torl,'o, p, 91 47 Ikllom i.'1.01t3d;das,, ·.pp. 11114 .8 Mu.,.,.GI'0Poo ",,"""'''' tid ",,""', Rome 1980,!'I' 45 53 I' ""'rich, TM IIOia, 1968; A. arod [ Gcr..oIS, '\);)mela hUI< < II mo,·imcn,,, .nMel> to I S% 1910', RM;I" SIOriclOOosnf'h..al dtba!•• boo, ,he Ton",,;.: .. orlLng cia;" ;ce. S Muuo. 'Tonoo e II mo, lmenlo IIpSlOIl or dtil\l'"11 and h,li.n ...:iall"" boro", «< R 0 "Ci ""i,1 i{ef'"' I/I'SI c il lle,{ioo dtlle m "" .. lit• ., .koo/i,,,,,,· . .I/()vimrnlQ Opc,,,,o ,'Soria!m" . \'(11 . 8. 00. I , 1985, rr, J 22. S4 M Montagn"na, lIicvn/i di "I",roio ("0110 lu g" ,d" d, Gm"""i), Ro",,,. 1952. p, 19, 8S C Ra'·era. D;orio d, Irtm/ 'anni. Rome, 1972. pp, J.I-5, 86, A....,.,iulomsmo opt1'I.lO'. p. 500. S7 R.. clil. 'In,,,,,,,,,. a Ga"oo·. pp. 13-14 8R I.e> '. 'A"""ialiooi.mo operalO', p On the O(]talilUl won.cti .... M. U R......ua. ' IJlbhotcclle popolan e polItiCO del PSI !ra Omx:r",o ., I>.",·«rn",', Opcraio SoNoh"'J. >Cri«. ,-01. I. "'" 2 t. 1977. PI'- 259 1l8; r. And""",,,, 'Fr" ,I ",In", 0 ,. ""', Ut oamll c /"U""""mo dei "" .. Iis{; t!3h"ni ..,1 period d.1 S«ooda I/O"imentn Opcrol() r Soriali'Ia, '01 . 5, 00. I, 1982. PI', ]-28. R Cul,ura e .o
A("S. epc. 3210. \ISSo, MS. {"PC. 16117. Dc Bartolom"". ','n'''' A("S. ( PC. Woo ..,,,. halo I n IIS II. Fabbr, ("oll«""., . .,..., belw".," r "bbri and Dc Eia""ImC"b. 191 f> I LUISi Fabbn {""llcc'>On. Ik '" r .bbn. 24 Oc'oi:>cJ 1916 11< I
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144 S.pdl ,. h .. R",ml •. (;u,stl'P"·. ·'nJ",u.,'o·.p 131 167 Anlonioh. ·D. ll a lego'. p. 7(' IbIJ ... 79. 1M RO\dh. ' Inte",,'a a (jo, i",,·. Adler. Inr/u>ltiuli",. p-p 76--7, 170, Antonioli . ·Dall. log • . p. 77, I 7 \ Ihlr/. p. 78 For lho of ,he II ..""" Sindaeale >(!', p 1H, Spr..,,,,, -,,"'ria di Ton"". p 274 P 282. 11>" Red \\ocl m. ",,,,,d,,,," .. nd
'yndocoh",,1110: r,,,,, and perlIaps d0 er ""loci"", of I"" hallan ,,,•• born imo" roml >ou[hrm fom,ly of ooro,ucnOls. """h. [0 [I>< nnbm,li'" "yo ""ghl, hlH .ppeare.ilo >haro I.... $.>me n,,!-Cry as [hoi, pcasan. ncighboors. but .he ob,lil)" " , ",aol . :>1' GrJ,"!"i b«am. a Ma",i,t """ali>! .. unl\ermy "hen POS"I\',!m "a, P'".c. I ,"aJori,y of his m' cllo,tual"olltemprane, imb,l>cd am,. n,[,,,,,.hs,,, and philSOphical ,! I"'dagog"al po l, Il<SI. bul ,hey . I,u In hi'" on 'ppreco.llon of Anglo.Sa'on ci, ili,. 'ioo \\ "h "$ pr"""" i,. membra,,,, of Con",,,,,, law"
""".Ii p011 ..-"h.be ul"","n rooo.: ... h>b, and "ilhln .be I.. h.n ronl." part",ul3Jly r...-- " b) ,be h."ory of,b< Fim 1I1,."",lIooII.nd.hr; Panno ......... T."". 'nlrod .... '" (ira""", '0 the lorill(se labou' "",,-omen'. and e' on before he joined the P,'"y ,n Gram",i IICclot""""
h" IItlolIough hI> JOltm. ".m "., public. he ... met! '0 .nJOY eduonal a non) Pt><J·s early" "'lOgs tI nov. _mi «nal" \lIll Gr.ornsc, "''IS ... ther """'" "idely toly lteltc,""''' One ofth< """" !,,",nung k"""'''' than
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Gr.mSCi'. doc'SIOI'IIO drop.ooc of In 191 S and fors.tke hi. I"""", fdesree. maned hI' full·"",.. 1n,·ol"n1...",lo soclalt" pol"ic"
"""""11 "i. journ. 'ism." I he..,f.x..\ Gran,ISCI', joumah'tic C'r«r C.n be "",d lO have cO!nmel>C(,1 In [x';.",ber 191 I1>re>er,tod GnulI",i', duu of oub'm.,,·e SOC,,!,sm· ..... t bef"", I'll S he" .... oma;"i'-e because h.o brolo 011 ,he 1\110. oflh" lI,me populari,y ",,-ed a g..,at de.1 to the ,nIOIltn ,,;mula,,", ,he ... ,"-. P'''''c'p"'''''' of ell'Len. in II. lIT.!", i. "I,m,lalr.! ""0 """,altst 'i>eof),:O Lab",,'. In "",llee"'" link bc\"cctI Sp"'.nla. I)c Sa"",i, and ,he _iali" ""'Hme"' . R«,,,«, opinion P'CWrt, L"bn"la .. a '" ,.und(f,I i,m would ha .. ","od lhe soclalim f,om lhei' posi,i, 1>1 buffoonery ,f ""'y hii mcssase bccl'o l\ebl. of d,ffcrtnll " ong be,wcon ,n. ·,... sonablc· of \1.1.,.", Ind ,h. bomb,ng.nd c 10 fOfXC' ",,,,Id ,;"" lhat noqu,r«I no i:>t.>rro»lnl! from ",her ph"osophica' S) "'''''' •. If,hi. eausN Labnola Ind (ir.>mSCIIO fiaJ" OW""" tho "","iogo of poli", ..", ",,,I and ,ho'ct»' tam ,",001",101 in 00' lhe mo. "olplac •. and Il\()rc broad ly obo,"'t """ lbe ImnCiaJism "'&5 en, l
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In 1916. "" .... "e •. 0 .... d,d no! hI"c 10 odopI Ruui . n H. not.d, f'" i, .. ",""c . lhat tbe G.rman f1Iliomng lyltC ,n ralher than IIl lta n ,o)unlary "",cord. and '-')'311CC upon Ihe n"""''''plac. llad tllOK tqu"ably dls.nbuiN rare Ie> on Brin ... ellal" SlOJ'e!> I/o ore pn;sed as modem n""",,1 cap".r.>l .It."",,, , •• 10 lho Italian reli.nce upon "",meicnt a nd ·p.lm,ilic.l· " " ( Ilnc''''''e, al1 J retallcl$_" Gr.>ms.:;', In lho debate ot. 0001"""'"'' Iii dim"-' 11\ a """ Iy allnoolN ar11C1d fot' tilt 1\:\'01",00II lhlHlrugglc",1I hring Oboul. 'rrIC$ froln lho . ... b; lho prol o", ;.. Ihrough Il, ,rili'I'>O o f lh. ., iSling of pr0f>I''"' ' ' \\
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Gra-rue, alld 'he ,!na"h,s/> but i{ was al so cemrallo
,h. &fon i{;on of hIS fonn of soc ..h,m
Al lho
the rhythln of p roducMn ",elf. by elim;nall ng all lho", .ni fLci.1 factors ", hlch limil prOOlIeh" p, oou,'" "i" ' '''''kmiZlnS agent. ''''ttJ'lng awk ' k"dal v"tiges'. rq>locing small.". indu,trial by j oinHlotk compan ;.s th.l
IOne,_ Cotnpanng I"S programme '00 I'J-ej;id;;nt Wilson',. he C'p lai""d 'hat f= (1'3& was pan oof >oeiali , rn 's min""al prollJ'lmnte
"'. oothmg In.r inO u>tri.1",.".,...t,,«, fonned with !he "0' of ",plou Ing e' r i,,1 roc>fC .. bl}' ...1 ",i' 8 ;t !nOro err;" ,,,, ly, r<prc>< d«·, lopmon, of i" potcn, i.1 w"bout liberty, politico) libeny " • G,oli," . n ,w IOOlo.'"
Gf3mSCI tho producti vi'l, ti>e Of OS wme have arguiOd, the Proudhoni ,n moralist. was ' '''e emerge",e of a mechanized ltl li'l;ral, "ho founded Union for Dent"","li, Control .•, nci particu)arly Norman Ange ll. ,,·hose w"' Lngs, G ram",i ct .. med, showcd that protec,ioonist Sl,lo socia"sm oor cap i{.lism wa, a uni",,,,1 e,il ",,,,ng from tho inherent de m., nd, of tho conflict itself, Thi, re" asil'e Pru"i. nlSnt . Gramscl felt. lhrca!oned ei 's you,h ful 'f,ce war ye . r.; hI> fea r.; of i'ru,,,an l>'" m.d, hlll' cau""" «iall ), pronuu""ed e,her or not >oeiah'ls C"",mission ()n I'o'lwar ReconStn lctioon. should join {he csta blished by Pri"", l>h nist
ow' _,. cle.rly tbe truth tho, 'he " pi" li""
b), DO m,,, ,,, ''''''''''f)'C ,I>< of mit .. ,,,· •. tbe , i,.1 moo"", for" of ,J.: erooom)' i, 001 de.dc"1 ill "". lhe" ) "" il' cd 10 bull"'" his 0'llumon1, ,n i. socloiisli' dl'J ',·""KOI>." Gr.lmr.cI'S 'Sorel" .. I. from the maj""'Y of P"""... r Ilal .. n OJ n,he.hSI!" Tho Gram«,.n UlInsillon to """ .. lism ... lied upon ,h. coo",i"", ..... KKI«l ,n,M'I o< henoh Enliglurnmcn' " .... just web. period
a popula...,clunon"r), uphea,·ol. 'Tho bojonel' of'apoIeoo's :urn,..,'. I>< "rote, . foul'ld .he .. road liread) .moothod by "" "'"I>C,blc Inny of boo,," .nd pamphlct. that had ,,,.TTJ>OJlC"'''oo· .......... a Ionk bel" .... prcsoml1Jd futur01., "'hlOlI ""Cfll00 t>t;loe; i" tI,e f,",,-I 'l'''"",; .... .. lIy, ,be """lI:i c... too ..d nurtur,d by oh< proI ...., ... f... II, ..... " Clas> .... 1>< ... ofboutp" ..,.0mOCfful k>C1 to quali fied suppo" , or allc"S! S}, mpa,h"li, 'PPTCci., ion for t he Stallni'l ""'ol utlo ,, from abO\c" In 19 J6. ho",c,cr. hi, larg'ts were thw; po'liti ,;>! soci, li >!s a,,,i sy" dical im ..... ho persisted III ... ' "e cconom ic ba", from the socio·pohllCal octo" a"d inbcr luI>! Europe." COUIl,,1 corll",un i,,,,,
l'h;; idoa that "",i, I" m', futurc ",st iIU!;Olb we", fOUlhl in tooay', lobou r "as al",ad,. 8elllO" ledged by Gramsc, befo", the fev i".1 ofth" faclory i",.",.1 commi,,;o", "",I, ;",I", soc i.It" li bertarian .Ilia"c"' , Gramsklam n metropol" due to Ihe W.lf. In 19 11. 19 pcr cent oflhe 10la l pofIulalion weTC workers. b) 1\/ 1 Ih ,s h,d risen 10.n extrHor ,kmonSl... e Ihal ",artime mdUSl"alWition did nOI
Ira nls. """,,,hIS" and $yndlClbse .. bo
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In 1915 T""nt.sc: """ iali.. s " .. rt' anll ·,nl<TIrnlioniSi and p;te:'/"t 11'Ith uf ,h" """d enl the AGO "., "'n"",ked by ", Id ;crs and of dcmonst"ltot"S """"od ,'· O n B May 19 15 luly 0.
Grom,.(t; __ !PfH'f"I'"u.hip and 1M It"r
'urn "f,he cen,ur} in Tunn. ,hen Incd in an.! b,.". london, ..-heR he .. role for ''''.. ne".pope"'. lIId had n!lUmcd '" Tunn ,·i. ","rlaM ,n 1914. """ lng as the secr.tar}' of Ihe local of lhe SH.>"l They ""ere joi""" by local .. omen \<X i. 1i,h "ho b«arne promment as plOIesl b«al11e f""l""nllmongsl female In 1$ edi,,,.. of 1/ GnJoile'" and ,hi: p:>rh.rr>rnl.l!)' (VCIJp. ,n. local .,h"011 of A,,,mi' Ind fI Gn,,", ,}"oJ P"p% !lttame ''''''''3m,,)' 110'tJlJIfi", rot
Ganno.
Hc =.11ed Ihe Ferno' CI",'e during thc \\.rs. ".minw of.n Impend "8 catastrophe H""e\'cr. wi"," "'0' dId hre.k 0 IISQ reappeared In ,Ire.' demon$l"'''OII,.Dd II publk forums, On [by in 1916 . • he anan.-h',1 \tl'lllI>'" .nd """,.1 )'OI'ng wortm ........ • ,re;I.d d"n"g an 'liegal In lu,,,, ,oIHmrl! n."..,.te.Ilha,'!w: la,r," gIQ""",/e of Borgo San Pao lo h.d called for a ulilled forn \ of ,,,,,,,,11,1> .nd "ben.ri.ns, Although Ihi, was dcno,mced by (ir.",,,,,. i. "as &en",,! ,mportan. 10 he dueuS$' !Itt""'I1, ... "f,hI; \ "iNc an" ·\ut .«i\ ")' ,n Tunn ,n 1916 an.1 19 1 1TQ5C fro", m""d ifOUl" of atld sociali'lS. On. of lhe" ,,,,,n PO'"!> the ,u",mer and autumn of 1916 cern,d lhc imm"",nl l} (m.,.-mbcr "r 'ho ,'\m""'l3n Indu>lIl.1 of 'he \\.",1.1 I .- Carl" T"'o "''''''h''l> rla)'oJ prom",cn, .01" in Rom, \I,b" Tu rin I t W", a" ,x"" i,," f," the I"f. '" rail ) Ihe "M. and "n"r a f", T",," (In 2 Se r ,c," hocr. of "x iol"" "h i,,, 11\" "okn' i"" i.1"n' i" ,hoc ci" ,'cntrc, Ten do" Ialcr, aflonbulod • "'l"""""" (;rupp" .II It.Iog",." """'" L'f It, mnn""'-' ,d.""" •• \H'" 'I",dl) "" •• 1.-.1 ... On. of ,he I!1ffi1 p,,,,,,,nCTU mom""" "., C"""' "U I Gnd" dd P"!,,,I,,," I he gmup', I•• nc' .wule
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T bt FOil; of 22126 A" \:Ui ! 1911: O rigin'
ha,·.
r...,r maIn cau,n bt"" ..ho"".0 riOl,ng of 12 26 AugUloI 1917." The fl,.." .md musl impor"'"' ,,'" !he b;gh ofb:l,oe nee.,..;"", ,n '!"unn. an.1lht collapse of dfte"'.prm,;,Kln· In. of no,,, ond bread ,n 1911, In lhe SUIIlIl1! common ",'oleI .nd anarchist. ,,, oun c"",idcn.ble . .u", upon Buo", .tId Colomb;no, &0"", of II", P"''"'u" arose from !he incre' ''"11 ''''p"n'''''' of!ht US I and it> Sindac.,o \ 1... in Lilluna ... ,>nJ 1i"",:meI 1he """ d,,,,,plin.ary rod< ,,"hm ,he fxtori", began !o dim"" ,he PN"" 1lIal faotonc> had I\nm 191) to 1916 ho", C'atly \Iatch 1916 "''''''' brol. 0,," In Oetobet Gar;no ,001< pan ,n an ,tId\lSln.1 d"l'Ule at Sa"lIhano .,;"n8 from ",'omen's demand. fo,. higher wageo, A slIO!t 8f\Onie,al "'as .. compamed by • m<e1,ng af lhe ms" dcl popt>lll ,n 1l0'1lo V,nona Garino <M . ed ' ''.r 'hc dema",!, of ,h. m;kers w('" "."ilily "'c" More 01"" S! poll"'" earl.O'I', dUI1n8 Ih. in """hem 1....1) r...,.., 1915 he " -,,, ... ..,UH lnatth,., on Turin and panil;u. larIy prom"'('f\1 ""h.n FlaM as On nrpnLlO'l' both ,n L,guria and Tunn II. " .. an od,OClI'C of uni'al) syndIC,I", and ",o."ali" (r.o ."J """ .. hslO 'n Turi n, Se,'cr.1 .rloc le> ,n 110\1'. , rade Joumal, .d,oca'lna a u""cd front of 1Il0,al ,,rIo.CI'> ""'y h",c bo"" wntlen by h,,,,_ Ik wo. 11.,,«1 coolly by leadc",hip "p"lled from ,he "Wlonal tx>ord ILig"na) of ,he 100".1".1 MobohL"'",n in ,he au'umn of 1915 Ill .. 'ng. si, mon.h """mc.-c III",,) fo. am,-"", in lhe "·,nln and SjlnTt&of 1918_ ' G .... 'cr Ind """" cwnul •• i'-e on 13"""';1 Ind h" lsooci ... > cam. lrom .he (j'''oo-F.t'I'rn)-Boero alha",. "i"'on Tunn', 'IIIronan, FlaM bro",h lIuou, 'ried 10 "'al some oflh'ir .honlkT by II"rIh,p "cr. ,u "JccI"d '0 "' ..... Ink .. (" h"'h neHtlhek" had the oped ",'h """"-I'OOns ,he Zitnme", .IJ Mo".tnen. and •.Ltd .he need for • uni.ed "ar fro,,' of an.rehi". and .o,,,.lisc,. P""ifill •• well .. call. for a nego"'''.'' """ ',menl bet" .en wcr. "'J«.,d_ 'he "or "'.\ scc n ". oceuion for "",i.1 1'C,·olul;on, . nd Fabbri (u nder 'he Od"orJ,o Agnelli (')1, look hean "( recent Sinn FCIn up(ist"8 ,n Dublin. In April 1917 il seemed u,f Fabbri's w"he. had 1>«" fulfilled ,n RUSJLI .. '" n.: monl drown from Fabbri'$ J'Il'Ple prOS( ..... ,h.a, only m,h",," ,mi.".. , JIfO'JI'> !lad profned frolll ,he R"!oS"" Re"\oIu'K>r>, ,n "h,!lg'' otS, The f"""h C'u'" of tilt .iO!>. 'he role of Ihe aM",hi,ls, i5 clo .. the most ! .nni' ....... I)·. L ",4"'..ni", A1UI,...h=, and in ,to. Tonn(Se ooditiUl>CI""", how''''''' rc",f"",. the COItiCn\.U$.'" It" inil ,."d 'hI>. " "'"lClh"'l! to ,he .u'honu ... • Concerns. rm,'. .nJ"h IS" d id ha,. a clearly deflocd no:1"or\; of ""m. In foctot->C. and ncighboul"hoodc """",hlS!S. ooId,..... deocnrn and lhe Commin"" "ccu''''i' fal"" P'p'rS 10
cd"""
.... or!< In ra< oudoon' ,iarne I!'Y show lh.u !be R"""," Inan:h,S!. Tomn",,,, \lon.; .. III, wnung on behalf of the [r....-nation.1 Commo:reo.1t1pp(at'nI rrnJaJ1d am,ed ' Furtllo'.>'CHr. Prt(ec\ Verdiool' ,,'a! prepared 10 T bame," un Ih" Allgust, 0,&""· ized ",.istl""e col l"psc
.Iopn' '"
"
Ilo",.,tt. a docadc alier ,he t,..,nts ,h. ,hc-ort:'icll Journal of the lLalian C""""un .. , Pan},. W S/alO o,x-rail>. M:a lled ,1>01 'here ;n Ra""", d. \hl.orlO. '. rell "'Pn",," C.rUre of'he re,alL d",x,.d I» a JTOUP of
."'''ed.
..... "'hl...· . "
n..... ,,>ntfllSj;ng p.«es of ."dene. an: rn:on."led once "t m:all lhe Pltletn'! of proo.,ulready f/SLabh>hcd in 1914.nd 1915. Larg. groupo of 1''8.11 wcll.organl"d groups of .".",him. and «
i.,
=
- 92
1.------- J .t. T unn: J Fa,,; til AI:O-I'o (21 26 1917) "
CramJt'i and the Anatt:Msts
Gramsci s App",",;ceship and the War Year,
lml peace and \0 Colomb i"" and Buoui won gel'lOrous wag" i""r.. from Agne lli dunng 'he 'pring \>",&''''''"g round, r-ievenh.le», the Booro---G.riTl()-hrrcro left" ing "Pr>mOLln,ed a ,u"amcd campaIgn within FlOM to d efend imp"SOlltd demons!r.ltors ,,"" be"'a\'ed families. ' 0 push (as ,lie SH (II:man!1 by e»m inlng Gmm",i', con tnbution to {he debMe between an "{(lum and "",i.l ists o"er the quo," on of fOfming all ;anccs GrlI",sci ', prt"'OO: within the T()",,,,,,, labour mo'-emcnt during ",anu"e is fOl,nd at Ihfl-"C Ieycl;: f,rstl;. I", iournali'lic impact alro,dy c,"milltd: s; in 'he .uburus. flna ll y, hi' curious 'Club of Moral Life", Oral to"imony list dunng {he \lar.• 11 of Tll r; " was at h IS feet. For e'en If Gram",i li ked to dewribe Tu ri n . . . hug. machine ;n het in many w'Y" it rcta ined a "", Ii -IO\\ n qu,r,t}'. A, of his """-·i,,., bet" .. " 191 S ,nd 1920 (Andrea V;glungo) "",ailed, 'T1O ri" the n w", mLlIi1O Carre110 tb 1891 ,n Tunn) 0 young r ..., "mcr, .."". m ,he faciOtnen'ed !he """""""" ..... _ . OUr ef"",.nd .. ,.. "'",01« "' .. not 10 n><eIll>< ..-otft: .... ood ,,""" 'hey tn< 511QlttllO flUbbed by polite !IOCiCly. bu, "",mSCI ....... "'" JLl>' 10 !he H.1ad othe, on'cn"on;.. Ihl IIny Club of \ tonl Life 'I'P".... '0 1'Ia,..., be= ,he modt;l,h.&, he " .... ttllO '0 mould ,he '.ri"", friend· .nd polo,,,.1 end", ,h.! he culli' .,ttl in ,he ".,.,. yea ...
u'"'
rh e Club (If MOlral Ufe 'j.O 1. . Club loral 1.11" ",", G",msci', Im. 11d".e""ion 8rooP ,h., ";,,ttl for!lut tOO", Ih." 100 from ,he .nd of 19 17 ' 0 'he b< luhan rdlOc 10 olh« rrot"'YP" fo,"se in Ihc iuoorbs, ,,. Gram",; of oou .... WII. 'ho rloo«r group', SacraIC;. hut il> "as mo..., the prOIOly,," fOT • Sf'C"'" qed. '-ariery of'C""," ofMorallifc·. some for "h.Jlo
98
" ...... 'I! (re" d.,>OJght During d 1I"Ii.n socialism could only be grou"dcd in I,allan condition,: a"if,e,al cosmopolitanISm ,elarded Ihe omorgence of. lrue and reails,ic "",i.iI" i",<ma'lOnail'm . ,,' ,\, • marginal Sardinian studem GranlSCi had do,-e1oped an appreci.1I01l i(" the powe, and dignilY lhal natlon-bo,lding I.tlguagos could '''1'1'11' to oppre\>c! etlit!), or Milan'S I. PopI",.". Luigi Moli nari. who had pub l"hod '" pamph lor form. a lOCI"" he gave in 1917 on the Pari, {II dra"1"1a della Com",,". MIlan. 1918). Cran, unusual position wilhin 1t.loa" sociali" polotical culturc_ In """t re'p«:tS he waS ou"idc it. OOundario, . Graml-(;i w", nevcr 10 accopt Ihe forte-feMing of ,ulture. idoo logy or langu.ge to ,he worki ng d.,,_ Noty cOl/ld con,bu,,1Ic dominan< rtorentme max,""lt S, ""'tahsi. 5po1l,a< syndt.ali .. joumal Inn.",om Qf . n!
,ha, ....
doctn"''''''
",
Gmmsci and
rMlCali,,,, bef""" lhe ri , ing in A" 8"S1 1917 alld the IlQIc"ik '''ppl. nted it, ,"
No tes I ,he lileral"," on !he early Gram",i, see . C. Lt"},, 'A New Look al the YQu ng Gramscl', flmmda')' 2, vol 15 . no. ), 1986, pp J 1-18. The ".nDnr R Bellamy, UIH-ralis/tl and l/uJrrn s...,'CII-'. C.mbndgc. 1992. JIll. 11.. """'" RO§I.. 'LaCullImI', $Jon" d101/.... ,'01 4. pll. p, 1260; Bonttt,. Cru",.,." Genetl •. lA A' 66----&, A"",,,,-.A'''"I·Gank FIorrrta. C'nlbnJgc. \IA. p 2(,.1; Gm"",,'-. pp. 12 I J; J. Mortin. 'fkgcmony " "I 'he Cn.i. o f L'II«,mlloCY in Cram«i'. I/m",,' of i/".W" SrJrllCn, .-01. 10. no. I. 1997. 1'1>, 37- S6, E. L }""obi(!i. Rc",xullonury H"mall;"" and I/moriciJ", m Mod• .,." II"", " .... Hu-"n. 1981. R. Bellamy. Modrnl lIa/lall SocIal TIrft>n Id...xgy and Po/Il,es f""., '0 Cambridge. 1987, 1'1' 72 11 4 Ali quoted In Fiori, ,011111»11" Cro,.."" i. p 74. For ,II< .on ... """ . nd GcntM >co, R. Ikllamy. 'Gr.l m5S, G. ik'lam •. 'l.na d'5-x.< cr.pp ""i--"ii BeSIdeS CT, S« \be I....., DlIII 71; Bellamy alld Sehorra'., MIlan. 1993.1'!'. 343---S4 l)a,·,.t.o.. . . GruMSn. pp. 69, SO. 104. 105; Rom • .." .fnl""'o Gr",,,,,,,. p. SO; G ",,,noonni. Iko, la nvo/""i""e Gro...",.i r d dl"",a,. P.... 1919. PI' 7 25: 93---115, Lery,' A PI'. 33-45 for Il>han cooper.llon G. SaPl'III In Tu"n. 1981. f Of ellt uSC of coopcru",'C> during lhe Firsl ""Ofld Wa r V Zamagn i. TM EMnl)ltl'( limon' of IBM 1990 Ru(" ...r-;'.!ro", Dcdinc. Q,ford. 1993. pp , p, Sp".no. Slorw til TOTI"o O""ralo r SodalblU. Turl", /972. PI'
,,,,,,'look·.
«,.
r"" G .... msc, 'unides on lhe 1916 debale
91.
39 CT. pp and Ihe
5t('
CT. pp. 569-87. 589----
3
F"" lhe p<efigu",IIle Mute af",fC>mlI$l ""'tah"" Coopc ....ll'. ",me"",nc. s.ce \1 [)cgl'lnnocrnll. (irogra(ia r is/in;z;/Hii dd j(K,al""", ilal,u"" 1892-19/l. 1983. 1'1', 138 FOf ,he "rusgk 1>. 127-7 Duro" Schcc'n nnpha,iles ,he imponon« of Sorci for G",mJei ,n 1916 18 1:>u .«i a canfronla·. S,OTW Polilica, '01. 18. no, 4. 19"9. pp. " +\ 5'.
""
191 }-19IS·. SoOo/II"",,,·. ""I. 14. no. 1. 1989. PI'- J 1
$mll,/PH IP2I.p IJR
lnal MobillIaIlOll Ind Slate Inlc.-."nIlOO in h .ly In lhe F,rsl Woo-Id \\'.r: EIf""ll Qfl l abour Demond'. ,n l lIa;m",".nd G S.pd l, (od,). S"'/..e., s,x-;',I C""/I,,, anJ I! ",/d ,'nnali llfilll B,bhorecu O. O. "01 27. 1990 199 1, 1'1' 179--21 1; F Adl ... ItlJl"," Ind"._ tr",/U15 from to FasCISm. 1906 19J4. C.mbridg •. I99S. PI' 106- 7 H Spri.lkl, Slana d, Tim".,. p_ 258 76 .. Li",..i. 'II ..,.,.10."", ,n I'iemoo" !>nohe·. ,n A . Ago'I" ond G U",,,o (cds).
Romf,
'"
G'amsd and ,"e ,(narrhms
77. 78, 79
80 8 1, 82
83 84
86 87
mo,·,me",o operaio dd soc:ialism" delle .,oc:ioli in l'iemome. Yol 2, Ihri, 1979,1' 160, Ibid_. PI' 370. 383_ Ibod, p, 360 T DetT i, 'Boe ro, Giovann,' . AnJ .-.ucc, and Dtui, II mo.-'menlo opt'rooo, Yol I, Rome, 1975, W ' 332 3 ' lkn.;I L. Carlo'"n Andre""" i .nd [)o;tt i, /I mOI'imenta ol"'mio, vol I. PI'. 2S8-9 , 'Ilcruti , C.rl o', ACS, cre A, Campari"i, . Lotte soc,ali organ","z,o,,, 18 80-926', in /\gost i and Bravo, SIOFia del mo,-imemo opl!Fwa, "0 1. 2, p . 455 Gram"'i ';; obituary of G iudice " h" ,band, see CF, W, 177, 4245. F", Togh.,,; ', mlefvenl,onlSm >co . Boco • . Palmi,." TogiiaW, pp 19---22 , Ago"i, Palmiro Toglia/I'ide Elia, born 6 Feb",ary 1876, Tunn, ramtcrivarn i,i>er Core.no, Cronaca. pr, 174-5, Spriano, S,orio Ji Torma, p_ 364 AST. I'''''' "'''' OT< del Re d i Torino. 12 Sepleml>er 19 16 For " nere'lIn!; commer.l;; on .IOm< of the literature on the rising see Clreano, Cm"o,"" Spr iano, Sio-ia iii To-ino. PI' , J97--S : CF.pp . 281 ,_ On Gram'lOr1 from the Pn:f.." of Ancona. 18 June 1917. For ,he I.. hon "","l,m and .he Russian R."olu,Oon. ..,. S Clretll. U, R""", .. iI 1«1,,1,-,_ "allalf() 191i-1911.1',;.o. 1974 Amnii', Tu,;n. IS Au¥uSt 1917.1',1. SIOrla
105 106 107.
108
109 Carcat"',
r
116. I 1'. 118. II9
120
I! 1
GOTioo . ..,. Ro'dh. '1n1
j
n.
hunJ",d,"nd· .. 'emy . .."on rail"'oymen "ere wor\.ing '" "or wno, het" .en 191 S and ",e G Sacchetti. ·11 , ;r>ee 'Bartalrnl, Ezio'. tn AndITuocl .nd IXIII.I! \'01. I. Rome, 1975, pp 188---9: R. Ci3 . 606----7, 6 10 I I 153. Serrati, 'Una parola ag li on.rchici'. Awnli', Milo", I Feb 19 16, pi, Sec the anarch'" r"pon,e, 'Irros', Pe r ""' pMol •• gIL ""arch i,i', /I Ul>ertado. La Spol ia, 13 April 1916, pp . I· 2, U""gneJ, 'Per tr.lnq" ,lliuarc',II Libma"o. 13 Aprol 1916. 1'1', 1-·2. Also "'" the d.bale i" wtth IlL. contribution, of Giovann i ZI\lordi. 2 April 1916; Am./ko Borolga. 10 Ap ril 1916; halo T"""IIt . 20 Ar ril 1916 and_ga", G Zioord i, 21 Apr il 1916. Tho numbers of lb. 23 and 24 May 1916 of LA,alll/liardi" (tho FCS l1cr
191 h di I..... ""., 16 )\0\'0011>0, 191 - , p. I
CT, rP. 360--1 CF. PI' -l 7 -H. CT. pp . 76-7, .\\1. p. 3$4
Th ,\113 rchisb nd ka illls duri"!: • he bin",;o '''5.''",
"i'l ationaIO,'enic,, '
",0
pOrters by til( of 1 Popu larly oo ...oJ (",,, ••uli{' and ,;",,,al m p.nttS \1«.",. iillni n"nl ilCtO" In ParTian",,,'. ,..,pl oem8 prewar nolObies. bUIlh'l major ","01"",,,, ,n III< politica l .ystem "',IS oceomraniO"d by an c.u1Oorutnal)' number of tndumial ,ni.",. l.nd ""'Up.!1Ion; ,n ,lie south arid .'trll·p"rli.me""I}' din:cl ol: highly cha'llcd and 'h ..... 'i,fied populace I It ",3\ Iltt, pOhoy that. in (ael. J!C1'Cr;t,,'d Ihe \'C»" 1)1'" of non·_llnan unl1ed fronl from bek:r.\· llut, ,he aulhori"t>.., feolt'd. \.ulmah>1 "",.. I, lSI" .uch as Scm'" and .lombocci. anarehi" .. and lhe of tile ",iI""Y ,m ion (S H ) a nd lhe Union" S",docal. ofle" .h.",d pl"fon.". In Ja"",,'Y 1920. negorianoru .. 'lh left· .. ing ;n"",..,""onl;1$ Ind l)·Annu"' ... ·s fiurman I•• r)e.l m • .• im.IiSl _bl i"S. In \Iilan. "beno ".lal..... SoNIU. the maxlmal"t and the an:U'I:htm , lashed ;n the we'!S' By lhe summer of 1910 the R",nan a"orch;lIs and lhe maxim.l;'t _i.li"" ",ore borel)' on ing ,eons As ".., shall .... the occupa-UOI> of the In Septemm 1910 saw lhe lnMOhlm .tdellr.ed. In 1920 Mal.losta wa, cOI>0I)' ent">ed. For flIn k.• nd·file lon,;! •. d"'"1 counler· po.n •. w . . . brcal "ill> ,he c.,I, .. form!. of engineered by ,he librntl ..,,'" 191 S. The left "'liS Milt!« prq»n:d (Of 10"""",,1100 "'" akn to ,he no, oilY off_,sm
'.1".";0..,
'u merinl Sl rcH!:l h Mod Influen ce ofTh e Ana .. hi, •• a"d 1» nd ic.list. in Turin. 19 19-20 On 19 o.."Ccmw 1919 the I'«'fOCl ofrurm rrponN to Rome th .. thcrc were "'" mOre Ihan)OO .n.rth'5'5 ,n ent ire reo"''''" ofTunn, . nd 111.1 '. of the"" on ly 100 were dl"'",cly In ,It< Comun,>!. Anarchi'" ricmomc"" Sc"en mon, l.. 1.ler Ihe prtfccI reported 10 Rom. th . t ,"" Union" Si",h ".I. had f.w "",.nbc,., in comparison to othcr 'oc.' kft wing organll.1t1""" l \J"'cnhele'I, tit< eoo",nsU$ among>! h"wnan, '\ th.atanarchist>_ and ••,.,n members of the UnlOtl< S,t>dacale, " .... "",,"i.1 ('" the b'flh aoo ",'01" .."" ofTunn'$ fal> by local """iali,u .t .' liallCc·oo ildins '" i,1o my part",,,I., f""u. of ."entwn naturally 00 ,"" Qrduw,'i,,;
T II-eni\ post""'
I",,
wj,,,
122
by Iho .cei.lim. 'he C h.mbe, o f Laboour. I, rOM", fac,ol)' < end of 1919. he: mob,lt«d lhe crowd ,n Ill< .iry for ,he: en"", nnm. In 1920 .." ...1 thoul.and "on.rfi atl..-rukd III ana",h", dcmons'I1I.tOrI,n l)&n ..... d, \tol.no', main >qua", to pr1"" 19a'"" ,"" "'!W",ion of the Hun'"" .... n 1,,1'1. and the ICc ",\case of ',arino ntie. b, brief de"''''ion Tho "" , ,,,h,,t 1"""''''''' was .. ,n,fIC'nl .nd oo",ro,'o",;ol • • ""'iali " and 1t1tdc union pubhc mett ing' in r.bn>'ry
(>0>'"''
'"
Anarrhim in
and Ma ... h 1920. and oparleJ offa bloody ,,,,,iok", during ,I>" \by DIy "" ... de ""'0 month;o late, In oarly J .. nc tile .na",h,Sl' bold 0 1"'l!C d<mo!t. "ralloo at tl>" AGO and b.Cf In early JUIIO:lory councillt1(l"erncnt d"""11 ,,.. PI"" 1005 'en """,,11$, In poniei"",,!> and sup!"'n.,., of I ,\"".... "en: notable IlId"ed Gar;"". and Dc ll.-.n"lomo" nM""o. Grupp B.",,, ... di I\'IJ", Grupp Bame ... dl .\!tllno. Gru[ll'O San Campo" and SltsplCious of a""",h, .. ,mo], cmcnl In 110M ot !ho "",ialigliTlO ,he o"."h'>1 da,ly '. >I.ff '0 F mllllt Fem:ro (b, 1895. Tunn) ... a> one "f lhe fe" "omen prom,"" ,,' ,n anarch i,on, and unde , Ihe , Arma", II,,' "Tot" . " . n" ,tiy Ib, tlK: ."orc hi" press,' I F,n.lly . • n,,,hcr anareh,,! pubhsl\(d undcr ,II< " h'''11" 19 i....... and ,n O::lobcr.he new'SJI'Ipcr cloxd .n.... it> edi' onal .clff "ere ch''lIed ""th fn" crimes ansing from Inu-miirlMl., an ..1.,;. alUeanl ,n, i,ed . .. >""h as ' Io:garila. Rubi"" and ",her local fillurrs 10 publish ,n C""'aCQ 5On.,.".il'a, 0 b,,, h" o"-n pOslllOll ""' ptfh.o", lubtlrr lhan Iho5e of his ,ml"'luous Too ..... eomraoks. In some "sp«11 he.ha..,d man}' of \ Ial.,e;la', ilk.s. aalkln , Ind .gain I I I banquCl on ,he 1.lIer·s l"CIum 10 Iialy Tiley hel,j each OIher m de-ep re,pec'. and although Galle.n, "'-" IIppOlSCd 10 I"" foundal'QIl onlle UAI. he endor1.cd \I.la,.".·, oppos,IoQllIO an . >du." e '''''reh", ,n ,I>c USI G.lkani a,ld "northi", would ha,c to he 1O"ol,ed in I'" 126
entire I.boor "",,'ement, II(>\I.O\Cf. Galleanl "'a. entical o f the re'oln· lIunary and "",,,,,,",oetn. pooenll.1of the f""O'l e("n",iI. and therefore In """,,"Ilion 10 Gori",,'•. Ferrero·. or \lollt",La·$ 1'0>"100'_ CnHI"'" ""' .1"" 5Ccplic:11 mlhe .yndocalo.1 OCCupallon offacl""'" In ,n FebC$I..,ion oflhe \Ianonio planl OIl,",de of Tun" 10 he polilrcolly JonlilJ:1"()U._1 . .. sllCh .'Ihe", ,lIat cllaro"lm,ed lhe b't""iD rolfD fell rhOl II>c UAI "'ould d.tnpcn down Ih= n>OHn\enri Ihroolilh 'op-down uniroo f",nlS ",,,h ,I>c ""'!alost left lie therefore aI'P13t1tlod 'iol$ ,n ).-I.n ,ua in Ikough Galka", ,nay """e been shazply crille,1 o f!he M.I.Ie.t. UAI, '" I >en'" tic ,Iuored Malat.",·s fim rreml>CS concemong lile 11>0 ,ndll'id .... l.nd tile coll.::1i" ;I)', BoIh men belie,-ed relalion,h,p lhal orgaRizalio" ,hould not iline ,he Ina.ltll·. of indi, id .... ls_Gf,lk'n,', .nli-orpnizauon.l ,lance Icd hln> 10 be ennoal of 'Ial .. estl ", and fabbn's prGpO$Cd s not _m ro hole "."",ended i"'imale amn'ly croups, wch ., lhose he or Schll'"aJI& had bern In, """d "ah ,n lhe wbufh> of80sr"". "Ie,enhele." M.lalo>!.and "ett jO,Ded ,n a des,,,, '0 "'" and >lclldfi>l Ioben.:",.>n re\Olutoomone< ,,00 could "I:>,n""n 11>0-11 .",,;1 o""e the m.""",losl " -J'-e ofrhe hieMIO roJIJO ,,,Ilsided, Bolh . nd G.lle.n; we .. COnttn>cd 'hot large $Orid '''''"",e. ""'y flo,. 1',,>«1 from "",..Ii"" '0 fa>.0 prodt.>oro ,be" m';n crude Ie.n"" and spoead .bem ,hroughou. Turin 10 ,he sprinB and of 1920 ,.
i,,,
.'"'fIlI'£"
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A, 'n Md,n. anll'Drgan'lationahst and ,nd",dUlllist lna",hiSlS otT I ... ' i,"1 of l...."h,SI terrorism ,hal h.>d bent Ia'!!e]y ab5rn, from TUlln .i .... !he 1890s Dunn, the April, 1920 'doclhaRds' wih, AnIOnic MarionI chalknge ean be """" ""'on In Tunn ".re al'lnlro mlltr wide llboni"" 10 de. )
""h Ihe of p,oce·mle. and di$clplif'IC. Tilt $I"'ggl. over Wlul
lhe IUlUre and WI"" oflhe Intcm.11 oom.t'lluions mighle""'il beg. " al""", "''',"cd l' lel;- In ApI'll 191 S G.ri,;o AI>etw,«n dlC """">led mloonl)' and ,he noounoo""ed maJonlY Equally ilnpol'1anl lOU the /'Oll.iblc for ded'noa pollt..::al s.ftkes, Uow one coold diff............ bolw,,",n lilt ,,,0 wa, 11O,el made cl.ar RHpOnSihility in di recting ,he g",al 'lnkes oft .... "'«0 ul(imol.l), Il ",,,;,,,., tnlde union leader of lhe _'01/.>. ",.., of emul'llOn c.en if his anlipalhy 10 I.... poIi,ical party "'a' mi.tahn." In hil"'port 10 Fl O\1 at Rome Buonl argued ,ha, the OLtion .Iso oct"'l'.;l ng from ,he 'pplicat i"" 0 ' " ltorpret3[ ion o f (he agree",ent, Membe" of the ,'OIT"t"'"O''' "Ofe to hol J o llice for " year ,nd th oy weTO gi'"n • 'l"'cl.1 fo ' the i, OW II usc in toc f.eto,)' In wh!In k., v.ere C\cm rted from Ih" ban . Tho ogrecnt tnt ombodi<xl {be {}''''' of ;"du,,,i. 1dC'IIlancc lhen: wa, c"h.necd by 'he f3O. r .mro. the rn."m.lm,) "ould soon ... ..." astde 11'11: ",formlll maJon,y ."dent at Ro"," lhe l'fC"ious '",·ember. Am:",ni ',;amc:d tha"he Fu•• o tnl.gII, "ndennlf\( Ih. eohe"o" of FlO'\ 1()C.ll y and undcrm",••11 the ""h,nemen" won , ince Ii... A""" "ce." nan!
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Th r Origins o f L ·Orlli,...
11pOnSibk for a in lhe RII"i'n Oc,ober Re,olullort was den,cd tit. l.i/>piml1OtU CO"" from Aaron \\llne" R...Slo_Polislt lceMieian nn"llI)ed al flal. ,,'110 In ..",.tlnaly cnougb "-..,, foll""e. of R0.cmbu1l\. II .. IS \\ ",,,,r. Gramsci "",ailed in 192().... Ito had poInlod to the in,emal councIl n lhe 1,.1i,n of 50' ict"lyle self,su' emm.nt." Gram",; ref,,, to & mffilna held in ea,l) 1919. \\-In>e", ;"0...,,,.., clIn be tntO
tho .bolilion 'he ..,.," ,," S"'e, 'h>t is the organLsot,,,,, ofttoe CeO"'.
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,\nd th i, 'cOn>lit"I'Onal d ,alct"" o f the New O rder' lay proc " ",y on [he "" .. I ""moe"'ti< .. ctie '" h'f'I! ily 'f'I!licJ in Ru"i. by tho bol""'"k. tbe pro le"r,,", ttoeon«" os onu>! be < "'orkor> ,,,",,,,iI."
The,. Bri tish art icles demon""'t" !h " by I.'e 1918 Grnrnsc l had a fai rly clear idea wit.", to tlnd e.ng in 1918 and .arly 1919. _ clea,," art)' oa;o, ...... Iu, roncqIIoon of an induSI""!Iy based "",ial"m de .. klped ""..,r a long.... p ,dual m."m.hst "",i.lim or' rurin >ought '0 fonn I fronl \li,h ,he 1o""l1an.n,. I ""II now reI' i.", Inc !cm. !l.cs,de, ","i"8 ,n'ol\c2 Ry , .... ,ummer or 1919 ",.ny I".",h im h.d become aliena,ed froon ,II< PSI \I)' its d;'hering laC,ic., The luke" .."" .up""n for , .... "Ml-of.li,mg riots in Ju ..... nd 'nab' lIty '0 coordinat. , .... int«· n.tional 'lrike in Jul)·. 1.f1thom fun .... r A, • packed \! 500 pre...,,') ho ld in ,he C"h.mber ofl.abour in Ju .... aanoo '0 upta,n ' 0 10
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I. ,\'"",'0 beg". J>l'blicauon ,n May 1919 II ombodlN "I"oj«t .. h!Ch G .. m>me.' as I ",,,,,,,,,I..,,,, intellecl ... I, Ihi' i, noIlO .. y ,hat he " •• Ilni'."ally dc,pi",d, B"oai', repon to Iho HOM Romo eong""S of Nold '0 promo", ,he idea of,he facto!)" coo""il '" Ou,-,,,k ununn"'" 'niluence of''''' JOUm3I ,,-as poUch)', .. 'Ih JOIT1e wppon b)-the s.m.1I t,,,,k-$ ohlilled "od..... ,n ,en,..1 !t>ly'" '",urally,,"""" tnldkc,u.ls ,,110 I\ad onJo)'ed Gn",,,,", ,,,"ung ,n /I Grido ,Id 1'"",,/0. ".r. abo .I"acted 10 l.'O,di"" No,,,",,, G . b, icic O'A nnunl'U wa, a $ub""ibcr. OIher ",ado;:" ,nduderlIlWJ, \1..", \1o ... ,roI,,1Ogelher "ksn,1. II....., Lu'g' E!nI\ud, and T""nesc rrore"o!'S. Although ,Ito no".-.pal"'"' "",or c«ecdt:oon formed inlellecm. lly by and S<Jn,1 on 101m ""1""'''' Gnrnl ur"",
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derived from Gramsci. 0. B.rtolo""eis wrok. for eX'mple , io foloma in " ,,, ,,m"", 19 19 that COrdme "'.0''0, ' represenl' accordmg 10 us, 'he ",osl hon",' a nd conorcte ",Iempt in haly of lhe r.".wal of iM as and praclice by lhe """i, liS! mo,'cmenl' As Emma Ferrero recal ls, 1"" "a,1 m'jori ly ana rrhislS , upported the pSn ,nns of t he or>linn,'i.w in 'he f. otory counci l move ment unt il Ihe ·clock. hand" s'n ' ''·'' Ne,erthel.\s m 1919 . " d 1920 the m,lmol'iSii in • spiriled d .bal" "ilh the anard "'ls and syndlCah\ts w ith in 'he journal ils.l f .nd Ihe Pied mo ntc,", edilion of Manti'_ Many o f lhe a'tacks by th" ortimo''lSIi UpOn .na rch i,m .nd 'Y"d ic.li , m were 001 partIC ularly u,uquc_ I'crc nn i.l < aoort i\'O re"ohn ion, in lhe We't, Although G,,, no a n,l Ferre'o kepi mosl oflheir COn!"bullOn\ to Umamra ,\'''0'"', Corrado Qualg]; 1\0 entered on a deboto " ith Gr.msc i. Tasca and Togbal1 i, " h,lst Pietro Mosw (,Carlo Pett i' ) pub li,hed el",'en .rticle. a nd book ",,·iow. ,n the journal from Juno 19 19 to Apri l 1920. Thc p,oblem, of an.reh"m and ,y"di ,,' .... ;
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posal' by ;""orpor3I0 all in pcn""",,n' and repre. ",mat". in"i!""oo. and ,I!( to Ihe pnckly problem of ,he "",,·unionized "ilhin II!( "ork,ng dan l li' PI'OJ'O'.l' " 'as (0 bUIld 1,.10"" 5On«! from ",dUIDiaI oopnil:3l00m In I,.)i"" fOClOtie< .. ""'.."..,.. ,n n, firs! mon,hs I. 'OnI'M 11«1 by Tosca ,,"II!(. lhan Togliani .nd Gnomsc,. A $hif, from Tasca'. t1>O('t rlllOn. Although 'Il< f.elory c"""",I, not giyen absohlle 1","CY of"1C llo l,heyik ,",'oT",ion was g,,",rn n!ce;l by base'cm wa, adopIcd Ihroughoul'he cily. SO ,,,,,, by (he beginn'ng of 'lo, ... ,he, " earl)' oil ,he factories in Turm had "rod I coovni"iOn Onm""i·, pOsliion. I"',nt< 10 ,he poMihle ,nfluen" WII .. pc>lC"d on a selle when on 9 Ind 10 No>'omber.• mostly ,.Jie.1 deleg.t ion of Torino," ml. befon tlK: ",,·ol .. non. rho factory council' werc in "'PC rn>cII' '" IS trrandred IS InU-UOllon b)' the .. fonniSl leod ",,,,",,' and r-slabl,,1IOd • ncv. Comm,,,,,,, of S'udy on ,lie r rlOl)' Cooncil' rq>lace the I"U' 1$""'01 comrmll"", Th" ,,-as """"Iy ""'mnoled by ",limen...,i (bu, no! by G"'I1\SCI) if .. fumi" influence "'IS n,,, rompl.,,,I) .bscnt (Thc mcnthel'$ ..... To¥I,,'U. Tas.ea. Boom. Mana.
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\lool:Ignana. V.ianle. Roc,1I, Apri..lan&heri. Sonl1\lnlno, thignol!. G'n1" from tl I.g",,,,".y. To thi' ",,.,,1 Gram\Ci ,.maUled ftli. ", upon those foctory cou ,,,,,1 a.,.",him ,,1>0. if 1>01 '''r1'''Mlnll l", pohl'c .' phiio",!,hy. did endorse his indus" i.l "",t.gy An.",hi". intcr.'.ned ., thl: mo$l W"'Olllcully imroM,nt Ju"" tu"", o f thl: r.", phasc o:>fthr t"a<St amMi.s I.y, ThI: ana,chi't workers .nd te< .. 1I'c psyd•.>logy of the he ...,111t nOI Lhe n01' umomzed , ho uld be gmn'cd a "oice in the ciections of
comm i",.. became a mojor oone o f oo"I< "1! Ona\',o Pastore f" '{ I,roposod thot all worker< should be eli gible to CicCI "'ork! opponents wi{h,n were not as emho,ia,{ic as {he oubidcr Viglongo.t g.r.t oting the '01< 10 'he llOo -union ized. \ lar;o /.1ontagnana ",rote 10 L Nuo''O ,n NUI'e mber l'J I'f hi, fears , Ife "'.n{ed the "niinl)!'i,
ould ",i?c the hcm",,' counc il s for {heir o"'n dtSrupt]\ 0 pU'T"»c' , He ,upported ' he pre, o" , mo.'cment bec.use he was aga"", {h" Ourrent refO'llli" e,ocullve con"", lItt of rlO \ 1 " ho had bee n on obstacle io {he "a, oftbe prng,-.,., o f the focmry coooc iI 111O>'O ,""lIt . unru ly ;nd "' idu.I,· "anted (0 Men um ""y exec uli,'c comm inee Tbcre .re ir."i , " 'the hdm' of oor Wh" ,he rr« ;>e . i m "of thetT mltmm . .. oJ tbe" 'Of)' e",ly to "'., . trugg le and a communi,{ program mo, Ho"c,cr. at {he UAI congress he ld ,n Bolog" a the followi ng Jul;-. he pfesenled a d,amCl ncal ly opposite pos i' ion Banning the ,IOn_ union ized oftke ",wid, he .rgued !Ils . cloimod there 'H, no direct para llel betweon {he org.n izot ioo of highly ,lilled ",,,d o,, in Bri l,in and lit "ppe.", We are con" ",,"" ,ioa, ,hi, "ould come about more easily "''' h urg.nizatiOTtleriic iwlal'O" A. the old In lcm,,1 COil' , m " , ion, were .,,'nsforme comn,i" i(On was lhe "narehl" Can conun,;.""" ere.tod '. "el)' w,do el ite Ih', "'as >I, imcnnedl>ry betwoe n u, ."d tl .. Ilenero li,y (Of wo"ers·.''' \Iuch of 'his el i'e had il> pOI itic.1 e'penen"es in the prev.ar Sind"".,o Unlto. bu"he", fon".r "",c"ionISl< \\ore .ble [0 \\ ,n '" or lifelong flO' SUrporkrs, On the new ""'"",, 0 of the local (Of 'hree (Of "lne wore an.rch"" Gari"" had been .pproad>cd I{) bc S"o
,"eiToeroming IIIC",a, ingly diiTooult 1(0 aSSIgn wu"cil, 'pels " ilhi" II>< Tor;nose faclOl)' cuun-e,l,no, emenl sa\\' the li m'1Oti(O"s of t he enti re emelJ' ri « .• SUTWY of Ihe anarch ist pre" in I no by Carlo [)ogl io demonSlrates lh.t aoor-ehists ()lJ" ide Tu"n had only 'he "'gue" id..s of how 10 lran$iale lheor;- II\!(O prac,icc , Ralhcr tho cou""ember I'll (iarllt(O l(Old I,al work"" dtat lheir .ct ion, "ere lhreaten ing the "el)' " i.lellC. of ""'hhop commissa",'" ,"d at 'n a,"emb ly of commissa" on n Ferrero w ,- reforred to lho (Oflhe "orkers at r ialCelllro , ", Indc--ed, il is ,h.. burde n of Giu""ppe Mai(One', argume nt Ih', Il><se . n. ,chim beCtilup ofbooh ,he .... rch"I> and ,he lISI, 1918 ,"" USI h.,J \\'a,ohtd ""Ih ItIkrc« ,he In Tor,no)C faC'I'.', A libr;!1\do G,o"anneni wa, ooe of ,"" firsl promlnCTlt ,ynJical"" U) romn"'nt c ,tote to ",'tl k • 1n1l\0I dISpute, bot th" report, .TId ,/Ie ';,'ng tide Qf On" ,.)"nd;",I1>1 in L 'O nlmc ""0"0, d,d nul l!,o u""n,w!! dunng Tile '«oM
grn',,"1 mile Some of his comr;>dc' •• 1m 'to n, ooly 10 ,n,..I«>r'< ,for h
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"P by on s),nd,nli .... and .natth ..... 1O>de«l. Gramsc, ""1"'''rn1 """" ofh,' mos. polem .. al and "'Ii""o' .h.of..., both ,}""m. "r II>ugh .. 'eH"hck". ",lh lead ing _i,IoI" In QPpoS,lIli tnhzcd ,h.lllht fadOf}' coollC,l m()\ e mem "oold I\a'e '0 btcome. nal,OII.1! flC'or "a. 10 fICO "Ilk ",,,fidenc. 111< ch,lIoniO' I1IO\on,«I empioytr1 .nd ,ho m:oon§l",om .nd tnO'emcnl. !.l'Onclll·S re,ul'ed '" j " Q a no",h i" fllelOf}' .ommissars refullOa 1 d ..",bot. 'Online in til< .. \\o.-kshopli. G",",,,,,, pubh,lItd I rd>u"al ,n his 'LniLii proll:ta,ia' r Proit produ,'''''o ,,,du,tr,.1 wo,l.,. "'1"'.ti"S hi' elaS!oir":a101')' ",he"", fitsl (1(1'.111< Il»T of ,110 ,n
""'d> tho I"O(>da,",,,,.1 ",".... ,,",,'01
!"J1",,,1 by lOry ourlbly '''''l,d, l 'a ""a ', "e'" lhill ,f "LKh a ectol'l counc,is on tho grouods th',"" could n{J{ be ·two alllho,it ies m tho f';"tol'l', "3 He ,,1'0 ITali:<ed th.t g",-ernmem migh [ not eomply f" lIv with the mduw" bst" w,sh., .rxl they might h.,-e to brmg the matlel' • hoad by calling. loc , out rhe began O,er the introduction of 51'0",1 _minMul of the dictatorial dpm.ed lilt dcmon.tr:atll"" •. aOO fleld lem"""""ly in .he C"art= .... "'" Tbe Agota"on .. confronled b)' d,icmma. Althougll" needed """onal ""!'POn," """led Ih>1.11t leaders "f'lIt eGl Of .be 1'81 "ould no! e""""" ""lI01tJtlOfl.ha,lC 'hc ",,"onal council of the PSI oclihcr.ucd ," not to """onal ttJO' ement of wl'I"'fI \\ hen lhe PSI refuo;cd 10 commit '!>elf to tbe lno'emem. Ihc Torinc.., Chamber of labour ",alt:<ee dyn.omic! in the A(IIII mile be" ",.ny resembl.nce. !O ,!Ie (II"wo' slIugj;k of the $100""3'0 Lmn.n boutKlanes, {lit faclOl)'council "as"" i>ol.t«l as .he pre" a, SIII(\ac.,O llnie" h.ad bern , Such a n.""",,1 org,n12a1lOl1 wOIlld h... 'e h.J '0 h., c been .!rong enougll {o race olmos. Immedi • •e oi.. il war tl.o 'u,h Of8a"'''''011 e.",cd bc)'ond ,he .. orld of
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This ,n,r1)<J""llOn d",w. upon. C. I.ny. ·haJj . n Ana",hl$m. 1870 1926'. m I) Good" ay (rd.). Fo' AntJ,,:M<m ' l/uII>,i(-ol alUi AI'P"""h,·.• , London. 1989. pr. alld (" Lo,"}·. 'Chori,ma on,l Soc,ol Movements [m.o )..1.lotes13 .nd Iia lian Ano",hi.m'. Ilod"," Ilal,·. "01. ,. 110, 2. 1998. pp. 21}S- 17. A 'Gh .narch"" italian, r,.. SIJOm. d, d .... e ren,,,,,,,". 'n I' Al."i led Ssona d"l/a ,Ocrumo. 15 Jon".,)' 1921}. P 1, whe", he is IoCCU.etl of '," rTlna the pot' hIS fricn'" "'orc (\J'I"'",,,',I b)' his «centrio loor II} For 00'8 1i1ll.l. M"nIQ' ani, PI'. 18 I. 20Cl. 212 .• 16. 249. 268-71}, II [m",. rcm.ro "rotc for Don"a Ld.""",mu hcfore the war . nd fl.>r lmanUa Va,'a (192iJ.--2>, He< pcn name " •• ·A",.rylh,·. She born in 1 "nn tn 1895 and ",.. , "n'or. S« ACS. ('PC 11}32 12. G. Pcnllo. '1 comunl>l •• \a Iona di cia... In L,wura, nexl; .nni 1921_ 22' . e SociallS'a. ,'01. 9. /lOS. 2-1. I%J. 1'. 199 jlCTSeCl.Ilion. I.atcr he Iks ajo"m, I;!! in ' he USA and hi, hoslil o '''''"unt... "ilh 'he .narthi>!' me .. l ,,-ori;crs II Scar. Idea _nd 1'&lI
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90. "moniol, and (ku.•. La Fiotoo. p, 4S$ 91 P Spnaoo. Slona rro Acromo, July 1920, p, I. esp, 'L'un itil ,holulion.n, trran'o. 18 Marc h 1920.1'1',2·) 98. rot CIt OanoIomci, •..,.. 10000ta. 16 ""ember 1919. p. 2; . Amaryllis' I Fmma r.rrerol. 'In ns.posla a IIbno L A""r. cArro. 19 \by 1922, p. 4. 99 Clarl., Gru"'Mi. p, 100 0.\'.9,621, 101 IS May 1919.0,\. 1'1', 22-' 102 0.\.1'1' 37--8 103, Clark. Amonl() Graltl'u , p. S6 QIIOtC-d ill p, Sp.iallo, I. ' 111eh". lhal ",II really bc a di('lotorsl"p of the wholo da ... l"" can't male d"l,o.::"on. bcl"'",," thoc unton".d and $CO. Piedmont.... edition. 2 \0'. 1919. P J, In Juno 1920 De 6anolorno;. descnbcd 'he d,ITo-rc""",> 1>n. 111.01 1,.,nM .. OIl... 110" '0 ari di I l.T/H ..... Ana ...h,,.,,, 16 Jan",,'Y 1910. rp. 2-3, 1:>6 P,.dmont!i della 51>''''''''''0, 20 March Ino. p. L 149 LCO Pirdmon'H< c-dlllon, 2.1 'by 1920. p. L 189 Am,,'i' P;"dmon,= Wlllon, 29 1920, p. I . 190, s..-.. Sprwno 0.\,1'1' S09-12, SIS-J4. '14 -42, OS. 1'1'. 538--42 191 P,edmon"", .d;I ;9n, May. 1920, p. I 192 An'9n i91i .nd fA nOli. P!' S84, S87--9() 19J 194 195 1% 19' 198, 199
200
Ib,d,pS91, Clark,AnlOnioGmmsri,p.l4(i Ibid" 1'1'.141 ) , OV, 1'1'. 567-8, 'bi9"'. II ......". PI' 20-4-6 \';gloo£", " I"""",, ',P!' 1318· 24 A"m"- Picd"""'leU' rd,,,,,,,, IS July 1920, p 2 A",,,"i' P,rom<m1eSC Nllion, 28 July 1920, p 2
t'""",,,,, .\'"a. 7 AugtJ$II9M, P I: M.lolcsta. 12S---27. ("",mla.""'" I AUil",1920,p. L (,'""uril"N"",,8AugusI 192(1.p I, l. -.....nil" .\'0•.". 27 AugNn d,,,,,us!, III U.!y !>.x_ .... 11 5«"",d ' 0 herald. n<w l,ed b)' pr.....:ar .yndicali,II. Bod la,I<m; 'If calculaMS ""go' were lhe", "'-'" 110 full "1'I'll"ml,"on of Tayl",', ,)'SlC'" imo hI, 'hwr)' or cOUl",,1 romnwnl.!-lI' " .... thercfQtl' jU>ll"'n oh bro>dcrtrcnJ '" Ithm Jl'J!o'''-'' 11lllt3ll ;n'cIIOCI",,1 life ratho.,han • ,. 'o.nd of induSlnahsm He Ihcttf"", 1hou,lh, lho Itahon we.--. .-c' olu"on>.n.. e'en ,fhe had aboulille ..._'lra,:ag.>-ne., Prolettull"" " ..... model. '0 be Imi""ed. and '0 complete til< e< and enn def..-ndocd fu'uri", f""" ,he ph}.. ",.1 .ttaIo Ind Schc.p11.h>l1! h" ""n fUlUre """tai1q eOl1,m""" .. llh Comllio B........ ri mnembtmJ I. 'Ordllk' .\''''''0 in ,I>< 1930,' Grarl1S< ", Qfmtlropohs and it< rich ,raJe unoon lif•. he thoughl. fuc,,"'..! Gmnsci .r.d crea'..! an ',ndltsmal ,n L Ort/m" \-""", that "-as an rnclion 10 the .."", pher>orneno tha, hod I""n bIMh 10 futltnsm' '.'cr1hc1o». muoCh ofille '5I:ia>< .... I}'stl fOf Ih. formallon of tile fac,,,,}, c""",,,1 "",'e"",,,' . •nd "hen I. Nj/"'1J p ub li ," i"" clerks a nd toc h" ici.n, eonl"bregul" Iy. 10 demonstrate ,I\< toll .. ti, ist or "", i.li" Jl'01"nll.1 found a'f\ongl' lheir collngue • . " Wh,le Ih" mal' h.,." .. po;,iblc in the of 1919. ".ry SOOn anor II>< polen".1 "moog;.1 II\< ..... middle classes dlmini,hend uf,l>< """i.li" fac'ory ye' I>< ,,'" bound 10 oJ",,, '''''' m II>< • ..,1 ofeap".Ii" .-cb'i"",. lhe)'
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1n.",,"1 WOlke .. , W" 'C< ,''''''' ><JIll'" ,_1"< '..8m bcaluS'< 'bey ""ok 11\cm· • • 'SIl(>OI'I{I< ."' .... bceo"", rho) bri ..... ,....."",1"" more od",,,,N. We o.c< t!l<m d .... """"0 e!cp",ly Itwo ....... 11>o. ,hot a prod ....t"'· .lIia"". "'IS ",',,,,,,, or re"'IIl,,,, •• nd soo;,al coll .p..,. "'I,,.h meanl ,hat acts of tn k.. of ,he of 1910 were condemned III >hort. " "late'" ""mcJ ,ho "rik.ing JlC&""nlS to ae.'"
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M.lotesta h,d .I .... a)'s brcn u""oo"""ed by KropoIki "', beltcf Ih .. 'I'Mto"e'Ous """Jd hand 0"''' 0 ,..,"oJUlion owrtum"d ,I>< old orok" lit ,ha, ""01\.< occup' "'' to ,.ew """'orh of !ul'flly and noh,nge f G" "lIy, like Or Gram,. i. he un-"'"
I ,brOllI.', philosophy ',f l""O,i,,). '"ri""ol com munistn ', \I ",so die .Ml .nOlc, ""'to""s "" n p'>t!oooph}, "io,ch 'Pf'< "'5 c.... ful to cn tici"" (;cont il. and Croce for ""demunt"" tilt .ulrural pre$I,gt of tho ""''''''tf''' """""""ity In s'mil .. full""" TOjIhll'i rook th. Lo'o,,.an . .iroh IQ for l>f'I"in8 ana" ch,,!> for tho" anxk. on ""tent ,r", "",;,II$m," "lor dId Gram"" h",. an)' for c"""optlan of .. as an ,drol"llic31 of IIIe bou'l«> .. ,e IO>lead, he ooneei, ed of Ihe «",ntif", 'IS on pool-Gahle. n """ct,., in m""h tl>< "'me n:'oluuOor. hm,. h" OOIed the affi nn"",
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(;""""., '''''''''1'1 of .., .. nc., ••• """''''' of h,,,.,..,,,.1fOoC! OUt jlO$l.ibili"'" not iron'dad 13"'. hen Gram",,', d'\'Ij"", of loOClely lIn"ttn "Lf"'''truclures and mf""t"""u",," » " a mcr""""'og",.1 rom .n,,,,,,,,,. 8uI II I ratbcr sophi>l'. eltcd ,.,..1. t'en G ..",,,,,'. \bn"m mu,1 be ,I... jft, nor a ""''''' ,,' In h .. fof'>1 an",le 0 T.) k>ri,m. "hlOh In f>< 1.10" of """"OII11C "'''lion Of the OIot. coold . .. "'nt"" f"",i",,,,' fl lhough', "1\'«1. porposc, Funh r.rs> 1«lurn.ll \1""" Idm,mjo .)'S.cm of e0'011""". but " ,,,,,,inly did find c3d,... Mild. ",..,laroh,1' ha. " ",ed lhe ok"rk>p=nl ofl ... O< inhcn:n1 ,,,,,;.ion, be,,,,,.,n sl,lleJ and un,lin.d .. orle .. , and ,,...,.. """" aspee" of """,l 'deology ,h.JI perpc1ualM p",·,ndu''''11 ,ndiscipline .nd 'enden,i •• to" anl> clas, collal>o.-..""" or e,en cfOSS closs rhe produc-,,,;'" "Oller" i,h,n ,he factOry rounc,l """ernent m,gln be soc;"I,>! Of Th. """.10', ')'i>' ofTnyluri,m. "'nh ,g 'standard ,all' ,ep lacing 'he p,re'-rlHe, ... as I conlr"d;e';''" '" .. rotS." i\J ". ha,,, aln:a<Jy >, the m"jOI d iIP"1'" ,n Fial from tb. .ulUnm of 191910 lhe of 191{1 "t'" on lhe problem of ho" 10 arPly p,..,e·""",_ If TIylori,rn meanl In)·,bong 10 manag.", .' ,n Ih" "5urely iDdicalro a "..,... effoc,cnl mctOOd of 1"",,,. aDd """,_no,.... In any COSt. lhe "c" In ,mpon.nt i("ola,,1c faclur '" the o(,nc f.clory 'J'1« .hemsclH' from ,he" len-tduca,od ..-orlnu'e," TllC", d"ulOO" . n, Amo ,iean 'ho ,aienlS of 1he fo,,"'" ",,",cr froll1 TUlln" I ,'ctI ":,i,udes ,,,,,-.,d, Ap-.ell, n(ll a, ne ...", •• , onc m,ghl 'hink """th'J roc.lls ""h "..d. lhat Ag.nelh wU 1\lr,>Otod to L 'OnJ;M \'uO>Q and lhougll' ,11:01 (inunsc,·, an",tO'S ........ , hi.. e bNn ..-nltro b)- one ofb,s en@'n".".... '" DunnS.he OCCtq>a!l0l11 Agnelh ofl"Cfod W lurn hIS emp,n: mtO a "on.",· e""l""''''.' Al,hough !he pL"" "as .toll,n 'ts nmq)l'''II inll """,,os of 1..;LIf\ c1i.n,
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"hen "od"", 10 mum 10 the finn al hi. moth!:r., fu""",1 ""->nl} die. lhe end of ,he OC ulb,,, layoul .nd !he cia" cotnpo:silion of III. "",-,imah5ls and ,),nd,calo>l> - ,,110 for ",0"""". lite local popula.cc. Funl>ermol'Y "f ·lurin. lhe hco''Y indus!O)' un 'guna ,,-as pollute,blc to u!Ie • dA" .n. ly,is '" <xpb,n "by "'Orlffl in ,ne eh as F.bbri a nIruc' Gnom",,', 'fulurc cily· ...
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Gram",i u>td ada" .""Iy". ' 0 di",,,,dll hi,lnarch,< m.. proi "'" dorno< .... 0tId .......,tu.m .• rnuddJen. I; ,........... tIuI "'" Gont ..1 C""f«l'
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< an: found '" .im'.I.. 000 am ....... R.gg;at>O·' Why Ii" thaI.t Il0l_ tl>w "'W hc cl •• """'..". "'Y . . "nQ r..w 1",«c:k of tfle Red \led. ond d"rinr tl>< ""'" F.bbri and Bcmeri "'J'Oatedly tl>< ""ol"t ,ooo'Y elan of . n ".nal and peasant And", I· "rthonno",. h'SM",,1 ",.... ",11 ,ho" .. ,h, t the "it""'t;"'" 10 lhe USI fe, m"ed "">OnS not i.oldy anri!>u' ablo ' 0 I"" duo oomjlQS i'ion "f a g"c n "odf""'e. B,8"lZt ho, .ho"" ,hoI ,he OI .... g' h of'l>< LSI., M'lon', Alfa Romt(t IIllm, "".. d.., to ,he I: A",.ldQ·. c"'p loymcn! rrturd. lI.ugafiori dcnlOn,traled thot lhe compos"'ut' of ,"" ",orklo",e " ''">tned UlI(; I", nll«1 bet" Cen 19 19 and 19.1 \ "hCrcb Togli'II' and "oiO'>«I Ihal only 25 1"" crr" or lhe "en: . ktll ed. ,n fftCt at le ..1 half",.",." . An . .. Jly "1111O'Un,. at1ide .of r.id, of the """ioIogy i, (""m", • ,"",,.,,,, •• , d,/f..-enhlnn>: the am«h"", ofleadcrs Ind "'101. 1.", ...1, from the an.",hism of factory '1 He w", pameularlt 'cnornou. to" ants IRlfCh1S1 ,nl.II"",u.l, "ho, h. "rotc. an,,,,:hlSm ,,,,,,, 0" n pri' ate tn'cll""' .... ll'ropc")'. lhe" '",;son d·ct .. for ,he" pa""ol . r It), pt1:Se1lt and futu ..· '-I IlorHhi. Fabbri .nd '1,1. ,,'11.' "ere "'peatclily dcst:rrbed . , ' he etHrtl'rcneo", 0' d,arl, .. ", of an. I'd"" ,Mology. pm,t ical ",vol"'i""",, •• Ilw be . n'rchi ,ts; Mosso ,b. w•• """t,"Sled f,w",rably wQ"'gli,", ,he joomalt>t. ' j Mocco'er. 0'rtM and r etttfnarchist work .., and groups of .n.rchi" inrdl""tu.l s aud r rofessional ;deolog"t", An • .-rh,.,n. f abbn oonclU ,,,,.11«1,,,,1. 0\ erlc:..-c:d,",II«I INn ...! "od.... "
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The deba,. 0' .. ,I", Ideologic, o r h,lm . uI""y and the •., .. 10 which M.n,s", w .. a ""'''''Hfi" """,ah.m Of all foor founding mom"" ... of L Angelo Taoca d''9la)«I ''''' &"",.,1 tn,,,,",",, and dorlh of knowINg" < S)'nd,c.I,,, theone. of Anuro Lab'iola and Fnnt" I roncoFunh!>' idea, as Gram",i L Lko Gramsrng
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NO>'l ,'"''''''' h,,·o tbe f. tal tooo,ocy '" "k' "" a lifo of ther', . Therefore hc ne'er ,,,'cnJN 10 what he to be tho OO{onom,c system of Ma"ism to the 'ystcm of moral ph,I"",ph>' ,I,a, "as anarchism To compare the "Ulho, of CQptlQ/ ""h S!Lmor, Ilal unin, Tolstoy " n,1 Tucker. "as point leSS. In f.Cl anarchism, to Mo,,,,. is a ,.Iuc 'Y"''" (loa! '-' til onl) b«o,ne ca to tho ,deologioo l .nd Bakunm filiati on, be",ee" .""rch,sm and Marxism Did not share a common grounding in Feuerbach' Nor d,d Mos'" accep' {he ,. lld,,>, ofTascll 's cr ilic ism of lOe of a"arclu,,,,. Kropo{kin . nd Bak Llnm could be placed "",hin ,flo same broad s ".'er com plete, tho,eb,. ",klmg ' l{.h,y to lhe baule of ide .. For Mosso natUTal 1.\\,s wore . serie. of .pprown.tions that could not bo equ",c,1 ",,10 "' M."
J"c i', \ ie"." ,night 'pp<ar transporont. thi, bog, the 4u"stion "" to ", ha' tYJl'< of
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;,lOt< Md In m,nd To .. ""I . _,,"'" d,d hI> DOO-ideah'il and ""","'Ii, is. d.,h ""h lbe ofobe Ikolshn_Se:ncan . ..1)' to bil coulICil contntuniStn; ... ·hile on lbe ott.:.""nd. 'an"," """Oic,i,,>! Polish WUrt'" him ,n a Lnum;.t d'=IIOIl Oy!he aUlumn of 1910. ,,'i,h ,he de'.a, of'ho f:>e1ry cOlt"",1 mo, m>en •. and ,ho need for "'PPOf'Im of.ho So,-ieI RepublIC '0 f'fI: 3' .. "'b k 'n h,m. In an}' case, lho lonn "a, no! firs' used In Ih. of Ru .. ian poh, ...·.; ralhor.• n"·Jacobin,,," defined ,ho cultura l bet.., KJU. pa"c-m, e,hib"cd II)- 1.&110 on'.IIec....1> lie lrlIn,f=td Sorer.. ("rocc', Of So" om ini', Cn!!" ...... of on,JdIe·dau 1lt"""It"""l Ind or rtpublican "''''''gogucs !,
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0\'11«" of. Jacobin"",1 ("omm"''''1 ran). the fccmOO(lh) In one early ar1icJe "" related a,.... """".. !qIOI1 of hew. ,"" common mm"'il ",m.. .., of. Russ ... n .1';1 ",m,,, ... d IInpnlo(lllCd .'On Ililtl'S had fled For Grarnsc, thl< .n ! "II . '" ThO' col lcem'iSl bill ,.,hrr libe".';.n '"'.. pr.totion o f tho flol,hOl'ik ' "'OIUlIOn ",cm, hanl to reconc ile wl1h . I."i.ol Len inism . I 'hall now ' um '0 II>< q""'''oo orho" ,nuch Gram;.ci Imow of len in " poloti •• 1 1hOUII "' 5«ond h,lf of 1920. T "'0 PO'"" .hould be Slf.ssed !'",Iy, I{ I,'as{ un,,1 I.,. 1920. he "'eleorned any ... Wi from Ru;,i. tha, ,ndl< . led ,I"" tlOO Il" '!hc" k suck • • ,he a".rch ,S!> or ,he Left Sl}' of . he Coonmunl> ' !'ony ""I)' oeeu""", ,n late 1920 or eHn early 192 1' J The f""'gmtm of L .... m·1 "tJtk Gram""i krKW was hi. le"e, ... n llen to ."",her G. I Slflro, ,n 1916 and published in II G,."I" Pupu/oJ as '11 \ '"", Pe",icro di Lentn,(, The True Thor!Mh' of L"",n·) (25 AUlluS! 1911/1 5J L,nm's pamrhlc" Rappopn o.pl.m;, "as a ""I ha", 0" ",,1 "" fdunn,,,,, . "hoch "as ,he fIT,t ,.', '0 . 11,h. ' ''''ti ol b'or to b< .,,,,,,i,,.d ""h I.eno"·s "."'" The ' rgumpi., and 'he C""'CmPOrl")' liberal ... Ic C""'Iucnng'lalC pow'..-. "uher ,han aboli'hina ,lit ,Ulc form compklcl). "ontlin (. Junior·) h.d Sorra u·, chief Ru,,,.u co".spoode nl "" A.dh" ,10' »;,Iur.lly ,oo 8""'J'S helprinl much ".luable tn(onn.",on on ,he Rohb< .. ,kt; " also beeantO' , ... chief "I'JK"'ition 'o.he b)' •• _,."ng , ... " "',.sy "ilh syndical i,m. In an anld. published ,n December 1919. ljubar«n "f.,led" b)' Gra",,,,, Olt 'lit ,hwIy and " raeltc. of the I'h i,J Intc"""o" ,I' , " Rt odel tlttcnonod tn prt nt in May "nd in support ofGr.lm ... i l1tc 1\,«Ie 1and ' Nic< >orne " me, In "'jII",1 while Riede l soughl to support t lte P,od,nonl by "n lt> """-=>ml .n''''''',fI'i. a dtct.ltoHl".,p I=On """" to ,il< that th .. haol ...... 11\ HSWnCd a ","I !he C'oli.1< po .. ..,.. f"",inS the rry proces. mlo the fOnru oftl>< P>rt)-- The mul' ....,.,Id be 10 d"c" Ml d",,,, a d"","'llOn hrlw •• n lhe 'Il",,,m of old-!.,h,or>ed >In,hdics 10 lhe 01.1. T1K:y IS"",d Ihat.ln 0,,10. f", .... ,,,Iutlonary Inn,fOrmall"" 10 OCtu, remlu"')n,mlnbut)()/\ remaIned und,,,ulNd Funl> ""Iuired_ FDf ,heir pon. T"Ihalli and Gram",i ""'''1n,z, ,h. dang." of an aulloon,.".n d<S'JIC,a"o. of lhr ,",olu1I,,"_ Toglialli c'-cn sounded 'cry muI' Thu,. co""llIding lhe do""IC ""ilh Piel'" \1""" '''''' ,Itoe
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)ofmcn and thcf'"" .... p:i'ick ."', .... "",,', ") tho< Gan"", i' ... 'ill tI'C'Oer be H< _IIIu, n ha".nd ..,d,
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for hIS I"'n. P''''rll "'II susp,.ious of lhe 1l'8.lian r""' ...... QI\ of{' .. '001)(";01 _In" ",-t.m the d:SCUIioi"" 10 rhe 1IaI. \1 ...... Gr..mso,'und Togl ... ,,, ·s SUSp!.ldo·. U Jor;"/i.,,,. ronl'" I 'tlfJ1 \ 100.0 ...""r.do,J 'he .-..clcn of L .\"110'" 001'0 coof"se ,he •• ndenc;'" 'o,.. ,J$ for the 1.. li." Ik J Army publilhrJ ,n I. 'Onl",,· lI«",ed Hf}' " utl>oWaria" in 'p" it. ",·hile Togllal,,'1 pra,se of Oen"le "gn,lIed a d"lurb, ng st ... worsh,p .. ,..,ng" Ihe Q"lm(J"'Srr , Mo.s d,J not """,pt Ih.1 ' 11>< \ t ate ' had a ' moral pe,..,,,a hty" ",lom.1,,, Ihe ,,,d ,,idu.1 ut gMlp' of indi, idu" ls <JT that the ,lie ""ccssary loOUrce oftru lh onJ low, IlL MolSo lhertfur"e oppos«I tlle ""Im",',,-/i', 1.1\" iog II'seliani,,". "'role, had ,,, meJ HOlel on he: .. ,•. bUl hi, """i. li st fri ends ""o ",cd '0 ".,nllO PI,' on hi' f"'lll(Om , dcp<mk"". Llpo" ' h,rm""y btl" "', .. ' he ,l.\loIe Ind lhe cuncii> WIS con.i> cIT,,,,, un ,nte lk"t",,1 d,scou,,,, ' ',he
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de!>:"e O/>(J"I ttl( f a,'lor 'ys,em "M in n... ny w'Y' n""" ,mport.nt Ih an me Human Ifolor E""'gy Faligue a)l,i ln,' 01'1:1", MOO'·"'''',I. N,'w Yo'k. 1m. p. 240 ) O. M';o'le. 1/ b,e'''''<J ""'<J, A"'<J""," w • "perala nt"! 1919 1920. llologna. 197\ pp. 7 19; S. di IJri,w 1!iOlJ-I'J2G. M,lan. llI"'IU1aI"" ... Tdru. no. 31. 19'7. pp. 71.;89.851. R \bn,,,,,lIi. II ParliW 19: It""",. 1977,1'1" 6--1. &6--. L l'a>=mi . . \\ "' k Idcol"lO and CQnscn.U! undrr h.I,," Flsci,m·. lliSlon' lIori· slwpJuur'",I, 00. 8, 1979, rp. 9.1 r Ik F.lico. ' Ro,'oIu,ioo and Pmduc'ion·. m A. {«I ). to Om ... !CI. London. 1982. pp . 197---f1: L Olla' """. 'LI di ... ,pl i... ron", ul""ia',
,n J Shorten (ed.l. TnNlg a"d ,,,,jrw Grom,r;. Turin, 1988.1'1' 198--208. 9 c'1kmcn, L 'opU''''''
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26 Ibi,/ !7, /1",1 28 C.rlo Pc!" 11'1""'0 MON'I. ' II , ,, ,< ,,,a Tay lor. i !Stom. Ta)·lor. "'imti iica .( p«>mi..,mw "'''0, PI' 10-11. 14 49 Blgazzi.' \1aD3gcmcm Strateglo·. p, 8] For of'ho Ii..... 'u ... "h,ch PO'"' to ,ho hc!erogcne'ty of tho 5110p I100r and the ""xllll8' .10.5 ne!ghbourllood> ofTur,". >C'C S \lusso. 'Torino e il "",,',men'o . .... II dJboni'ollOl>08T"fl«l'. in" Anlo",oli. ". Ikrgo. n..",h, and L Gan..,i"i (ed$I, IMan/) op;;r-u/a doll' IJOO" oggr. 101
2. l"l.n. 19'». I'P. 2'14 7. .'\0 Fnnc. 'Le 10". mrl.llu'll"·' L'm"nll" \'0"0.26 July 1921 I ,,'IMI ",Ih an aD3n:h'5! "";"5'1,
I G lkna. ' llte Interregnum Turin. r,.t .nd InJu>lnol Coollltriali,tJ. pp 2H 6. OurinK lhe of lhe occupatoons r ia' had _hLI\etJ it, >I..... (roo" T unn 10 II.."'.. company 'n the LSA because Ag""lh IMIIIte C",¥"'lj"e mlgllllcad 10 lhe "."ngllt ronfi>C2t>QII ofhl$ ,"uitlt Sec. G. fIcrta. 'La COOJl'illon, A. Cires< . 'Grn;oi"", MIl.,-"",ali_,m" e ai,'i dello jlalo Ilbcrak ,,",cola Bombacc. (1879--1914)_ Milan, 1991. pp. 374-7
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IkJllco "n, one of 'Il< mOSI ,ndcpcnJcn' m,nd, among" 'hc anarchi", Ind ,enion ofGuura di Uane. "hOoh oppcarN In Borulon&. OfIIK'>'Cd the FAI in'ol"e"",,,' III the Spa""h go, cmm"",- (krnt,i pleaded ""to his Sp.oni" In Spain. )'ct bulh sa ... the need for I conllnuod .. ,,10 ,betn Berneri '''u .lurn-d ""11b Rossellt 10 .. quesl for I ,h,rd ,,·oy I democracy and Stalt,,"m Carlo Rosselli·, brol""r. '.110 ... too d,w ... ,,10 hun. ""'sa n""g )·ounS hi,mria" "too had "nl1m Irnpoou, Tn,,,,,,..
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"'COCIHIce.lcd Au",,,,",, bank k"""" "'" r V Can""(fllro. 'M u,,,,I,,,,, 100 th" ."",·h,,!>: lhe 'ran""I.n,ic coni."'. Joumdl '" \/0;1",,, II",,,,,,, \01. 68. "" I. 1996. I'P, ) 1-62. For un'n",( 011 .... """,.0II I 1.19\1')'1921.1'. 4 The rnos(,.'eahnsIn.dc, "oj; an lnon) IYIOII> rrpon (rom M"", .... , 'Ln anni •• rsa";": 1.1AI'''' 3. (ha1some c,«llenl mll".n .. died II l{ronSladi 1I"""'"r. n,,,'hc, the Soci.li" R.'. 36 7, \" Sc'¥•. ' La n\'(>lu,i""" ""sa c .ku"" ",ltche pSeudo libcn. ",,' . I. ,\!!Oll'. 13 Augu .. 1'121. JIll. 1-2. • """iaily . La , 1. 1995. 29-56 J6 ,\IOSIO was Gucfied by {he polico Jue to h i' e. ,li .. frie nd 'h ip ,,"h Cam illo Rcmerl , For I", of fidehl}' (v ,he Reg"'te. see ACS, InR7. 24 l'eI,,,,"!) IY.!O, h " [nun. feRero, see ACS. CPC 20.12. Icrrcro. L"ltna. ennie, for 1919 and 1938 For Garino. see It.vetti, ' [,"'''''SlO a G.nno· p 100 .17 , P,elro R.i""rI nf ,,,mata d,ed in h.nk. , .. ,\1. ,\lIno, /I"u,J, Ji un "IH'<Jw (.olm la guidu di G'''''''''i). Rome. p GiuS(pp< P"'H'ilO "'..," an office, in the FAI bool"= JUt .. 19,161nd February 19li. s.", ACS, CPC 42n, Pre"",n. Giuseppe Da"'e Ant .. ,,,,m ""tII,,,oJ ,n S"",n fro.n 193610 1939 110 foogh .... ,he Ascaso column and ,,-"" ar=lod afier Barcelona', May In), I I. ,.",.,neJ ''''pn>ooed and WIl> deponed '" fiance j"'" heforc rranco'l 'ictory ,n 1939, 5« AD, CPC 19 L An.,....",. Dame For \1"""" $tt Grom..-i e 1 ,0 J" un /d""nJlarw. 1956. pp. 3 F..- \bimne.!« P ;>0 for !he 19-U-5 wil ... and the R..."""",.
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rho: liberal n\'ol"""" ,n Ilall', Journal oj McJem ""Iian Slwlie., , .. I 2, no. I. 199,. I'P 34-44., \1. Sea' ""'. 'Ilcmcri, Goben;,. 1. ,;,,>I hold in r.ns on 13 July IIIJ.4. BoocOOI. on beho1f of tho anarch ..!>, dedined 10 join th'l "ould Ix: on dUl.'" cOnlr.oJicl;on ,,;th the . n"chi$! tn f"", .lIlhe dclained in RIIlSi,' Dut lu, \1 , '11 mo"mtnl0 onarch,oo II. h.no n.1 '. Slo.i" • P(J/III,a. ''01. 11. 197).1'1'1 1H . n\(>lu.I1""'"o ,loll.no e moddk> ', '01. I, "", 2. I \l9.t. pp. 6 S---9-I
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15---12 . "(' nari,,,,, ""d S.""al ,\ loHmc!ll, Ln"N Mal,"'!.l ,nd lI.h," An.r,hi,m·. Ihlc'" \1, :l, no. 2. 1998. JIP 20S Ii \I.,cr. C .. 8.I,II ""('Oe "",i.b,lot. c akooh<mO ' . J/o",trm:(1) O;MTQW e Sor,a/isla. \'01 8. II I. 1985. JIll. 3-21 MQr.tbuo. G ... Antooio G"''''3Ci e r,de. li,,,,,, lIund;.O ;t.liano. I)uo 'e," a ,o"fro" ,o'. 510"" c \'01 , 6, no, 4, 1979. pp. 74'1-55_ Monis, J.. b\C;,n1 and ,he Onsons 01 Soc,al f'r"'e' lI<Jrl,s!I<Jp h"rnal. 00. 8, 197c,·. Tdw. '>0, 31. 1977. JIll. - - , aoo!1te '001> of [uroc""""u""m. Jolt",,,1 01 s,x:",/"!:y. '01 12,1977 18. pp ..' Plcl, U.. . rhc I.eel of .narchy: u.mbroso Md ,h. po liii" of ellm, " ,1 <eicnce in r,I101", del mar< ismo 'u.. , tr", l·epi,to1."" con (k"",e in e c"n 19Q.I'. Annali fliM", ... " (j,ll/'R/aCOmO Fdl'''',·'/'. "01 J. I %(I, pp. 264-341
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P 201 10 M . I:""" en'" popoIa ... t 10 l""" ,M Soci"Jj"",O, '01. 7, 11176, I'!'. ZlI--U Tob.l, 0., 'II ..-.:i.l ..... I. 1"0,"".1 d, w. \\' ,Ison (I 1116---11I1IIf. St()ria "01. 6. 11174, PI'. 175----303 TOf;:nann,. I . bel",., ,""": Albe" Matl".z • L RlccrrlH St""CIot". '01 6, 1916. PI' .,m, L., 'ClIs>( opo:ra ... "'P"'T"""'","" $73-600
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'"I H,/(,b. ,hal'lrr,' ,,( O",,J.; o n""onalo d i Genova ( 28---211 gu igno ,n M An,o n,oli. A:i,,", J,MloJ • alla l'cn",mo I", /" dell fa Ir,s",,,, Mandu"., 1990, pr· 165----20 I , , /'''''ro Co'i, II ('in ali.", """'''' Ildl 'onmdHa. S",di • 'ec".1 C""flict bn"ccn \\ar 300 fa .. ,,,,,'. ,n C \\'ns1010. LIo Fiot. Ton""" il'l:>iennio rnsso" . G. \k1to (td.l. PM IM'I 19 W. \hlln. 1997. PI' :!OS----4 ' Ikni, G, frrmalli>Ia c r.""sm (191}-1925)". ,n \1 Anlooioh aOO B. Bozza (ed.).w FfO\1 al{"J"''''o, 1901 ·1926, San. 19781'" 81 152 . · '",I",.", Tru la 'lfronlC d"rume I" x'and,' X"""'U. 1(00\C, 1981>, _ . 'Sox i, 1Ch,,,,,,,,· ,, , ,,<s. AU.' ud.,< .• nd P.uen» Ikha, ,OLIr of lht m hol;-i)lIn "g cll< I ,M WOfld War . ' " L Ilalln"'" l il ly ,cds). Sml:n ,,',J Rc,,,lmion'lII ,In /""' Mar,I,,,,. Lor.dorl. 1976 • n" T.. o Cra""cl of lion",... Bosl"". 191>4 IkoIloton, IL Span,,}' e"" Rrovllll,"" and
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llulforollL L _u.",b,,()Ju, Turin. C,," ... d •• A .00 Pcli . S. L I", c/a,"co{lC'a1a d""o",c 10 gucm> "","dialc. M,lan, 1980 ("omm,,". I M_. Anl""'a (;rolftJ. M,I. ". 1970 Ca,wsa, J(, and A . "n""hid c JMlalmi all" ddl 'Oll<JCc"iO In 11011"" ,\I,I.n, 1981, CarO dof>. 19S1.
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Fedoll, 1.: .• Ln di anarrh,ca. FOfh. _ _• 0411"" ,,, Qr,arrmli 'annl di Iou" (lb'9J-I 93 I). CeSCl\O. 1956 Fed,. R. CullUra Itlle'aria ...oc,et'; in !folta ",,"a. P,sa. 1984 Fedey. I . 7lrt tnl.lrrh .. , .I/o,,,,_m o"d La 1,ef. D .. ,,,,. RI!;h' t·""""r.' 1M L,ko"J J(",1kr oIea,/o r ...."'I.I. "." Urun\w;ann",,,,). 1 ""n. 1987_ • Prr--Pri'(Hf lI,.i""8' {WIIW by R",hon;! Ikllamy and '",nsl by \irgini> Co. 1. Cambridge. 1994 G",ndi"""i. M_ .. \ 1"" ,,,,,,,,'0 "ndacalo 0 poll ' '''.. soc,.h>ll. a Torino nc-gh ulnrn, an", dcIl'Ot.ttII'o·, ,n A A&os,i and G M Bra' ,,(w,/. "d "',>O,nr"hfn op."'"in""l JOta,T (ed.l. Ital,- In the Cold C"lm,.., anJ S«iM' 1948----195R, Chf= Cooununi"" ond ITIIl" ""'ah,,,,·. in fooo.l:wont Luigi [in."di. Ana .... hi''''''. anarchl" nrlll!()ndo Tunn. 1911. pp . 269 · Anion,,' Gro",,,;. Londo". 1977, Kapl.n. T, Red Clly, SI" .. p,.rloJ SM,gl Mo,r"'{'n/,' in Pocann:' Sa/u, loml, Ikn.eky. 1991 Kith},. D.. lI'a, and Imemall/mal SMiall,,,, 01 'he Crowood,I914 IY/lI. l r>o.lon, 1986 'Anlooio Gram,.,i: CommunIS' RO'":lOlt/ operDi. in Pi,,,,nnu. \ IoI.n. 1985_ lny. C . ' S"c ialosn, aoxl ,foe (due"N \Iiddlc n . ..... '" \\,.".m Eu.""".
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