Grammar Express: For Self-Study and Classroom Use (Student Book with

Gontents About the Book Pдпт |:

Present

and lmperative

Present Progressive (l am studуing') Simple Present (l studу.)

Tense

Non.Aсtion Verbs (l understand.)

10

Present Progressive and Simple (l am studуing./ I studу.)

Present

тense

14

!mperative (Study!/ Don't study!) SelfТest

Pдпт lI:

l

22

Past Simple

Past Tense: AffirmativeStatements

24

Simple

Past

2g

(t studied.)

Tense:

Negative Statements and euestions

(l didn't studу. / Did уou studу?)

Used to (l used to study.)

з2

Past Progressive (l was studуing.) Past Progressive and Simple (l was studуing' / I studied') seIfтest

Pдпт lll:

Present

Past Tense

40

r

Il

Perfect

and Pаst Perfeсt

Present PeЁect: Since and For (Ihave studied since Maу' / l have studied for a month-)

46

Present Perfect: Alreadу and Yet (l have alreadуstudied./ l haven't studiedуet.)

50

Present

Perfect:

(l have studied.)

lndefinitePast

Present PeЁeсt and SimpIe Past Tense (l have studied./ I studied.)

58

Present PeЁect Progressive (l have been studying.)

62

Present Perfect and Present Perfect (I have studied, / l have been studуing.)

progressive

66 r

iii

Pаst Perfeсt (l had studied.) 74

Past Perfeсt Progressive (l had been studуing.) SelfTest

Pдпт lV:

III

78

Future and Future Perfect Future: Be going to and Will (l am going to studу. / I will studу') Future: Contrast Be going to, Will,Simple Present Tense, Present Progressive Future Time Clauses (l will call уou after I studу.)

88

Future Progressive (|wi|lbestudуing.) Future Perfeсt

and Future PeЁect

Progressive

96

(l will have studied' / l wi|l havе bееn studуtng')

SetfTest

Pдпт V:

100

wh- Gluestions'

таg Gluestions'

Additions

l4lh. Gluestions: Subjeсt and Prediсate (Who studied? / Who did уou studу?)

102

Тag Gluestions (You studied, didn't уou? / You didn't studу' did уou?)

106

Additions with So, Too, Neitherand Not either (l studied, and so did shе' / l didn't studу, and neither did she.)

110

SelfTest

Pдпт Vl:

tV

V

114

(l)

Modals

Ability: Can, Could, Be able to (l can studу for hours.)

116

Permission= Maу, Can, Could, Do уou mind if . . . ? (Maу l studу on mу own?)

1zo

Requests= Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . . ? (Will уou studу with me?)

124

(You should studу Еnglish.) Could, Whу don't ' . . ?' Whу not . . . ?, Suggestionsz Let's,Howabout...? (Whу not studу Еnglish?)

1з2

Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather Preferences: (l wou|d prefer studуing Spanish.)

1з6

SelfТest lv

V!

140

(ll)

Pдпт Vll: Modаls

Neоessity: Have (got) to and Мust (l've got to studу harder. / l must studу harder.)

142

Choiсe: Don't have to; No Ghoiсe: Must not and Can,t (l don't have to leave./ I must not leave.)

146

8e supposed to Expectations: (l,m supposed to studу')

150

Future Possibilityz Мaу, Мight' Could (Imaу studу there next уear.)

154

Assumptions=

158

May, Might, Could, Must,

Have (got) to, Can't (She must be a good student.) in the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Advisabitity Could have, Might have (l should have studied harder when l was уoung.) about the Past: MaУ have, Мight have' SpecuIations Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have (Нe maу have been a good student in his уouth.)

SelfТest

Vll

162

166

170

and Adverbs

Pдпт Vtll: Adjeсtives Adjectives

and Adverbs

172

(quick / quicklу)

Adjectives PaЁicipial (interesting / interested) Adjectives and Adverbs: (as quick as / as quicklу as)

Equatives

180

Adieсtives: Comparatives (quicker than) Adjectives: Superlatives (the quickest)

188

Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives (more quicklу than / the most quicklу)

192

SelfТest

Pдпт lX:

VlIl

Gerunds

t96

and lnfinitives

Gerunds: Subjeсt and objeсt (Studуing is important, / l enjoy studуing.) Gerunds after Prepositions (interested in studуing / tired of studуing)

202

lnfinitives after Certain Verbs (l want to studу.)

206

lnfinitives aftеr Ceftain Adjeсtives and Cedain Nouns (easу to studу / time to studу)

21o

lnfinitives with Тoo and Еnough (too late to studу / earlу enough to studу)

214

lnfinitives of Purpose (go home to study)

218

Gerunds and tnfinitives (stop studying / stop to studу)

222

Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get (make him studу / get him to studУ)

226

SelfТest

Pдnт X:

zзo

!X

PhrasaI

Verbs

Phrasa! Verbs: |nsepaгab|e (run into a classmate)

2з2

Phrasаl

2з6

Verbs: Seoarable

(look a word up)

SelfTest

Pдпт Хl:

X

240

Nouns, Gluantifiers, AЁiсles, and ReсiproсaI Pronouns

Reflexive

Nouns (сollege,Boston College' chalk, students)

242

Gluantifiers

246

(a lot of, a few, a little)

AЁiсIes: (a / the)

lndefinite

and Definite

o (No AЁicle) and тhe (students / the students) Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal (ourselves/ each other) SelfTest

Xl

254

Pronouns

ZSB 262

Pдвт Xll: The Passive The Passive: Overview (is done / was done / has been done)

264

Тhe Passive with Moda|s (must be done)

268

Тhe Passive

272

(have something

SelfTest

vl

Xll

Gausative done)

276

Pдпт Xlll: Тhe Conditional Faсtual Gonditionаls: Present (lf I studу,l get good grades')

278

Faсtual Conditionals: Future (Ifl studу' l willget good grades.)

282

Unreаl GonditionaIs:

286

Present

(lf I studied. I would get good grades.)

Unreal Conditionals:

Past

(lt I had studied. I would have gotten good grades.)

Wish: Present and Past (l wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.) SelfTest

Xlll

Pдпт XlV: Adieсtive

290 294 298

сlauses

Adjective Clauses with Subjeсt Re|ativePronouns (someone who studies)

з00

Adjeсtive Clauses with objeоt Relative Pronouns or When and Where

304

(something

Adiective

that l StUdУ / the school where I studу)

clauses:

ldentifyingand Non-|dentifying

(l have a friend who studies here. /

з08

Му best friend, who knows уou, studies here.)

selfтest

xlv

Pдпт XV: lndirect

з12

Speeсh

Direct and Indireсt speech: (''Studу!',/ She told me to studу.)

|mperatives

lndireсt Speeсh: Statements (1) (She said that she was going to studу') lndirect

Speech:

Statements (2)

(She said she had studied.)

lndireсt

Gluestions

rShe аsked me if l was studуing.)

Еmbedded Questions (She wanted to know what I studied.) SeIfTest

XV

з14 з18 з22

з26 з30 3з4

vш

Appendiсes APPЕNDIX 1

Irregular Verbs

3з6

APPЕNDIX 2

Cоmmon Nоn-aсtion (Stativе) Verbs

зз7

APPENDIX з

Сommon Vеrbs Followеd by thе Gеrund (Basе Fоrm of Vеrb + -ing)

зз7

APPЕND|x 4

Commоn Verbs Followed by the Infrnitive (Ъ + Base Form ofVerЬ)

з38

APPЕNDIX 5

Verbs Followed bу objeсts and the Infinitivе

338

APPENDIX6

Common Verbs Fоllowed by the Gеrund or the Infrnitive

з38

APPENDIX7

Common Verb + Preposition Combinations

з38

APPEND!X 8

Common Adjeсtive + Prеposition Combinatiоns

338

APPENDIX9

Common Adjeсtives that Can Be Followеd by thе Infinitive

3з8

APPЕNDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjeсtives' Adverbs, and Quantifiers A P P E N D I X 1 1 Cоmmon Partiсipial Adj eсtivеs

зз9

A P P E N D I X ' I 2 Some Adjeсtives that Form the Comparative and Superlative in TWo Ways

339

A Р P Е N D l x 1 з Common Reporting Verbs

з40

A P P Е N D | x 1 4 Common Timе Word Changes in Indireсt Speeсh

340

A P P E N D I X 1 5 Common Phrases Intrоduсing Еmbеdded Questions

з40

A P P Е N D I X 1 6 Verbs and Ехpressions Commonly Used Rеfleхivеly

з40

A P P E N D I X 1 7 Somе Common Phrasal Verbs

з41

A P P E N D I X 1 8 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns

з4з

A P P Е N D I X 1 9 Spelling Rules fоr the Prеsent Progтessive

з43

A P P E N D I X 2 0 Spelling Rules for the Simple Prеsent Tensе: Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)

з4з

A P P E N D I X 2 1 Spеlling Rulеs for the Simрle Past Tense оf Regular Verbs

зц

A P P E N D I X 2 2 Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er)and Supеrlative (-esl)of Adjeсtives A P P Е N D I x 2 3 Spelling Rules fоr Adverbs Ending in -ly

3Ц зЦ

A P P Е N D l x 2 4 Cоntraсtions with Verb Forms

з45

A P P Е N D l x 2 5 Punсtuation Rules fоr Direсt Speесh

з47

A P P Е N D I x 2 6 Pronunсiation Tablе

з47

A P P E N D I X 2 7 Pronunсiation Rulеs for thе Simple Present Tense: Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)

з4a

A P P Е N D l x 2 8 Pronunсiation Rules for the Simple Past Tеnse of Regular Vеrbs

348

Index Answer vlll

з39

349

Key

з55

About the Authors Fuсhs has taught ESL at New York Сity Tесhniсal College and Marjorie LaGuardia Community Collegе of the City University of New Yоrk and ЕFL at thе Spraсh Studio Lingua Nova in Мuniсh, Germany. She holds a Mаster's Degтee in Applied English Linguistiсs and a Certifiсate in TESOL from the University of Wisсonsin-Madison. She has authored or сo-authoredmany widеly used ESL textbooks,notably ОnYour Waу:Building Basic Ski|ls in Еnglish, Crossroаds, Top Tшеntу ESL Word Games: Bеginning Vocabulary DеuеIopmеnt,Around the World: Picturеs for Practicе, Familiеs: Tеn Card Gаmes for Languagе Lеаrnеrs, Focus on Grammar: Аn Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Rеfеrеncеand Practice, Foсus on Grammar: A High-Intеrm,еdiatеCoursе for Rеfеrеnceand Praсtice, and the woтkbooks to thе Longman Dictionary of Amеrican English, the Longmаn Photo Dictionary, Thе Охford Picturе Dictionarу, and Focus on Grаmmar: Intermеdiatе and High-Intеrmеdiate. Bonner has taught ESL at Hunter College and the Borough Murgur"t of Manhattan Community Coilege of the City University of New York, at Taiwan National University in Taipei, and at Virginia Commonwealth University in Riсhmond. Shе holds a Master's Degтеe in Library Sсienсe from Columbia University, and she has done work towards a Ph.D. in English Literature at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Shе has сontributed to a number of ESL and EFL projeсts,inсluding Making Connеctions,ОnYour Waу, and the Curriсulum Renewal Projeсt in oman, where she wrote tеxtbooks, workbooks, and teaсhers manuals for the national sсhool system. Shе authored Stеp into Writing: A Basic Writing Tехt, and сo-authоredFocus on Grammar: An Intеrmеdiatе Coursе for Rеferеncе and Practicе, Focus on Grammar: A High-Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Refеrеnce аnd Practice, Foctt,son Grammar: High-Intеrmеdiatе Workbook, and Thе Охford Picture Dictionary Intеrrnеdiatе Workbook.

lx

About W"l.o*"

the Book to Grommor Express-the fast way to study and learn English gтammar.

Grommor Expressfeatures r Short, easy-to-usеfour-page units r Grammar points presented and сontextualized through сartoons,photos, and othеr iliustratiоns r Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the gтammar point r Chaft Cheсks to help you usе the grammar сharts ' Clear Grammar Explanations and Еxamples l Usage Notes telling you how Еnglish speakers use the gтammar point r Bе сareful! Noteз showing typiсal mistakes students make r Pronunсiation Notes to help you pronounсewords сorreсtly r A variety of exerсise types to praсtiсе the grammar points r SelfTests to сheсk youl progress l ApPendiсes with helpful lists and information r An lndеx to help you quiсkly find grammar points r An Answer Key so you сan сheсk your answеrs

Uшlтs Grommor Eхpresshas 76 units' Eaсh unit has four pages-two pages of grammar presentation and two pages of praсtiсe.Here's how a typiсal unit looks:

Presentation The grammar point is presentedin three steps. 1. !llustrаtion Еaсh unit begins with an illustration-a сartoon,сomiс strip, photo with speeсhbubbles' newspaper headline-whiсh introduсes the grammar point in a real-life,real-languageсontеxt.It also introduсes the topiс of the unit. (For ехamplе, in Unit 8 thе cartoon introducеs thе grammаr point used to, and thе unit topic,fаshion.) A Cheсk Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar pоint in the illustration.

2. Charts Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 уou cсInSее usеd to in statеmеnts,quеstions,аnd short аn,sшеrs.) Chart Che

2. Usе thе presеnt progrеssivе to dеsсribе somеthingthat is happеningthеsedays,evеn if it's not hаppеningright now.

*?*

Тhе Аirheаdsarе playing at thе Kiпg Тhеatеr this weеk. |,m studying guitarthis semеstеr.

Past'..'.'.............*.'........'.i........'....у..-.-'''.''.'..} Futurе z;::___:__/*6 .''tudуing g$'

3. Usдсв Noтв: Тhе сontrасted form is usually used in speесhand in informa|writing.

A: Bye,Jana,wе,re leaving now. B: Wait! |,m сoming with you.

Сheсk it out! For diffeгent forms of negative сontraсtions with bq see Appendiх 24 on page 345. Foт spеlling тules for the present progтessive'see Appendix 19 on pagе 343.

r

3

4 r unitr o Rеod this lеttеr.Underlinеthe presеntprogrеssivеverbs thot dеsсribe IDENтiЕY somеthinghoppеning right now, Сirclе thе prеsеntprogrеssivevеrbs thаt describе things thаt ore hаppening thеsedoys (but not nесеssorilyright now).

Т@veгyhaгd.thesеd'ays,butIhavesome$ood'nеws.Ri$htnoщ I'm sittinЕl at a desk in the Еntertainment Seсtion of thе Tribune| of couтsе I'm still taking journalism сlasses at ni$ht as wel]..Thе job is temporaТУ-"Ioe sims, the геЕпrlaгreporter' is taking this month off to wгite a book' This week We'rе pгeparing to intervj'ew youг favoritr gтoup, thе Airheads' In faсt, at this vеry moment they'гe flying lnto town by hеliсopter. They're pеrfoгming at the King Theater all wеek. How aгe you doing? Aгe you still Writlng musiс? oops! The сrrw is сalling me. They're leavin$ foг the theateг now. Wгitе soon! Steph

Rеod this сonvеrsotion'Сomplеtеit with thе prеsеntprogressivеform of thе сO[{|PLEтE. vеrbsin porеnthеsеs.Usе сontroсtionswhеnеvеrpossiblе.

Bви Bye, Joe, I

'm

leaving

l. (|еаvе)

Joв: WЪere

you

Bвv: Running. Ann

2. (gо)

downstairs.

3. (Wаit)

Jов: Great! WЪу don't you take tlrе dоg оut with уоu? Bвv: Whу dоn,t уou take hirn? It's yоur turn. Joв: I сan't. I Bви But you

Joв: That's not true. I

just

anything right now. Yоu

5 . ( n o td o )

6. (sit)

8. (think)

on my book.

4. (work)

thеre. 7. (sit)

here, but I

also

abоut my work. Can't thе dоg run with you?

Bвv: Nо, beсause aftеrwards wе want to go to tlre Plaza. The Airheads 9. (stаy)

therе this wеek, and Ann wants to get their autographs'

You know she's a big fan of thеirs.

рresent

Рrоgressive

Аsl(& ANsvlER.Stеph is interviеwingthe leod singer of the Airhеods,PаuI, Writе quеstionsusing thе words in porеnthеsеs.Givе short onswers. Sтвpн: PaoI, Pдur.:

are Уou in|roducinoanУ newэonoЭ on |hio t.our?

1 . ( i n t r o d u с e/ a n y n e w 5 o n g 5o n t h i s t o u r ? )

Yeэ, we are 2.

. We're intrоduсing some songs from our

new album ' In thе Аir Sтвpн: Yоur fans are so exсited to sеe you after suсh a long time. 3 . ( W h y ' 1t o u r / а g a i п ? )

Pдur,: We want to play for livе audienсes. Wе neеd that. Sтшpн:

4 . ( W h а t / W o r k o n / t h e s ed a y s ? )

Pдur,: Some exсiting new material. But tмe'rе not talking about it yet. Sтвpн: She has a niсe voiсе.

5 . ( W h o ' / 5 i n g , ' W i t h ) , o t rn О w ? )

Pдur,: Sylvia Sylva is singing some of the songs from the album. Sтшpн:

6 . ( s l r Р' г е p | а с е1 Т о t i ? )

Pдur,:

7.

. Toti has a new babv. but shе'llbе baсk in

a few months.

ЕDlT. Rеod this lеttеr.Find ond сorrесt six mistokеsin thе usе of thе prеsеnt progrеssivе.The first mistokеis olrеodу сorrеcted.

DеаrTo|i, 'm

writing

t70и l.wri*eto +romm\ hordroom.euеryonе е|5еis s|ееp,bиtI sittingherеаnd wаtching thе oceaо.Wе,rеstауtng аt thе P|аzлin АttanticBеаch,а0dtnе vleu/is beaиtitиl. Ihetoцr is Ihе aцdiеncеis crazуabot,lt thе nеwsongs,bцtIhе tаns is alulavsаskinqfor yoи. goе5we||. hеrto sinqуd? Мауbеbothaflyoи Howis thе bаbt(5hе hаs а grеаluoice.Do \oцirеаching wi||comеаIongtorthе nехIIoцr|

Sv|viа

r

5

Tense

Simple Present

He works aIIthе timе-hе nеvеrrеlaxеs.

Hank is alwaysin a hurryand hе doеs еvеrythingat onсе.

-|

!

PпINт

Сhеck thе best titlе for thе саrtoons, П Hank at Work This Weеk t

Hank's Working Habits

AFFlппnAтшЕ sтAтEi,|ENтs

сl|ARтсI/iEсl( Сirсle T (True)or F (Folsе). т

т

т

6

F

F

F

The form for he/she/it ends with -s. Negative statemеnts havе do not or doеs not befoтe the basе fоrm. Quеstions havе do оr does after the subjесt.

I

| Vвпв

Suвtвст

|/We/You*/Тhеy work works.

Hе/Shе/It

NЕGAтlvE sтAтЕlt.IENтs 5uв;вст | oo n,, | влsвFoпм |/Wе/You/Тhеy do not Hе/She/|t

work.

doеs not

*Уoиis both singular and plural.

YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs Do I Suryпст | Blsв Foпм Do

you

Doеs

ne

work?

sнoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв

Yеs,

do. ne

doеs.

I

Nвсятlvв

! No,

I

don't.

ne

doesn't.

Simple

Present

}yf,-QUЕsтloNs tшн-Woпo I Do Whеrе When

I su"l..' I Blsв Foпм

do

you

doеs

ne

work?

ЕхPREssжж Unsсromblеthеsеwords to сomplеtеthе quеstion.

rush.Why.heоdoes

all the time?

G r a mc тъarЕx рlana t jо ns

Еxamples

l. Usе the simpte prеsеnt tensе to talk about what rеgular|yhappens.

r r r r

Some pеop|erush through Iife' Thеy don,t relax. o t h е r p e o p | еa r е с а I m . Тhey don,t fееl tensе.

r l r r

She лeyer rеlaxеs. You usuolly takе |ifееasier. Wе sometimеs slееp |atе. Thеy seldom take а vaсation.

*?-

. х. . x ..Х........х..'.....> Past.'..........Х. Future rish

2. Usе advеrbs of frеquеnсy with thе simp|e

prеsеnttense to еxpгеsshow oftеn something happеns.

дч .'о.

s .o..

^ф

s

:$^il-

^""-

\ч" ;,\

.o\

Ьo $o ot-6 od ./. .. ......./. -. .*.. . . . . . . . . . . / / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . . ...../."",|ooo/o Оo/o Br сдпвгut-!Adverbs of frеquеnсy usua|ly сome bеforе thе main verb, but thеy go aftеr thе vеrb be.

l Wе usuolly rush around too muсh. r Wе,re often stгessedout.

3. Usе the simp!е presеnt tensе to talk about sсiеntifiсfaсts.

r Strеss(ausеs high b|ood pressurе. l Water frееzеs at З2"F.

Сheсk it out! Еor spelling rules for the third person singular (hе/ shе/it) of the simple present tense, see Appеndix 20 on page 343. For pronunсiation rules for the third person singular hе / shеl it) of the simple present tense, see Appendiх 27 on page 348,

Тense

r

7

8 r

unita

o Reod this port of o book rеviеw'Undеrlinеthе simplе prеsеnttеnsevеrbs, IDENTIFY Сircle the odvеrbsof frеquencу.

Dowш

Cдlм

mеdiсation fог stгеss-геlatеdillnеssеs.

Roads Mеdiсinе ! ., o,".Sara

usuall,vlowеrs a patiеnt's blood ..You prеSsurе. But, Dr. Roads сlaims, dоn't zrlrvaysnееd pills. Rеlirхirtion

psr,сhologiсall1', but Rоads,

Dr.

aссoгding

artthor of

thе

to

ехегсisеs arе somеtilТlеsas еffесtir,е as pills. For ехamplе, brеathing

new

еxегсisеs both rеlax уоu and lorvег уotlг Ьlood

bеstsеllег, Саlm Doun!, it alsо аffесts rrs physiсail1'.Fог ехaпrplе' stгеss

Prеssurе. It orrly takеs a fеw minutеs!''

сatlsеs high blood PГеssuге.

Doсtorsоftеn prеsс,iь.

=@

o Mеgon ond Greg hove complеtеlу diffеrent tуpes of personolity (A ond B). с0|{iPIEтE Rеod obout one, writе obout thе othеr.

Type B: Grеg

Тypе A: Megan 1 . Мegan doеsn't rеlaх easily. 2 . She

doеэn't |ake

timе to еnjoy

о Greg

rr|axeэ

easily.

. He takеs time to eniov the moment.

the moment. 3 . Megan and her boyfriend nеver takе vaсations. 4 . She

through the day.

о Greg and his girlfriend often - vaсatrons.

о H е doеsn't rush through the day.

5.

She is nеrvous.

оHe

nervous.

6.

Shе is always in a hurry.

.He

nevеr in

a hurrу,

She finishеs other people'ssentenсes for them.

.He

8.

Shе

a lot.

. Hе doеsn't wоrrу a lot.

9.

Shе

enough time

. Hе has enough time to frnish things.

7.

other people's

sentenсes for them.

to finish things. 1 0 . Mеgan has high blood prеssure due to strеss'

. Greg pressure due to stress.

high blood

simp|e Present

Тense

Asl(t, ANiWERC Todd is on oсcountont,Look ot his sсhеdule.Write quеstionsond onswersobout his doу,

Ш?}iff*ll8 6:00-7:00 9еt up.ехеrсisе 8:00-9:00 work on геports 9:00-12:00 seе сliеnts

When / get up? |Nhendoeэ he get up?

12:o0-12',З0 |unсh 12:30-5:00 rеturn phone сalls

5:30-7:00 attеndnight sсhoоl

He ge|э up at 6:00,

2. eхеrсisе in the morning? Doeghe exeraiэein the morninа?

Yеэ, hе doeo,

3. work on reDorts in the aftеrnoon? 4' When / see сlients? 5. takе a lunсh brеak?

6. What / do / from 12:30to 5:00? 7. Where / go / al5:30?

EDIT.Reod Todd,sjournol еntrу.Find ond сorrесttеn mistokеsin thе usе of thе simplе prеsenttеnse.The first mistokeis аlrеodу сorrectеd.

nevernave l,m so fired.l harc.я*еrtime to rel,aх.Iwork aI|daу and вtudieвall nighf.Iv1уbosв tell me that l need,a,,,,uaсafion. l agree,buf l afraid to fake one,Doeamy boas thinkв that the otfiсe ca,n,f,unсfion wifhout me? l dont want fhem fo think l'm not neceEыarу. But mY wife ia unhappУtoo,She сomplainfhat вhe never aee6me anуmore.|v1,у don'tthiлk l can keepfhiв up muсh ,Ioлgen всheduleare-',,сr'azу.l l don't wanfв to quif nighf school,thouAh,I think offen fhat there has fo be a better way,

r

9

&

Non-Action

{ry ":

Verbs

ш:::-::::

P0lNт

Сhеck thе сorrеctаnswеr. Aссording to thе fish, the Worm П hus thе flavor of сhiсken. П aсts like a сhiсkеn.

сI|ARтсHEсI( Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т

F

Sоmе vеrbs have both a nоn-aсtiоn and an aсtion meaning.

т

F

Avеrb usеd with a non-aсtion meaning is not used in the progтessive.

vERBs WIт}| NoN-AстloN It,lEAN lNGs I want to go fishing. Hе owns a big boat. Тhe weathеrsеems finе' Thеy hatе fish.

vЕRBs wlтн Boтн NoN-AстloN AND ACтloN ]UtЕANlNGs Noш-Aспoш

Aстloш

Тhе fish weighs five pounds. Wе think it,sa good day for fishing. This fish ta'tеs de|iсious. Тhis food smells qood.

Hе's weighing the fish now. W е , r e t h i n k i n g a b o u tg o i n g . | , m t а s t i n g t h е f i s hn o w . Т h е с o o k i s s m е I | i n gt h е f o o d .

EхPREssж Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсеswith thе corrесtform of the vеrb tastе.

the soup right now It 10

salty.

Non.Aсt.on

Verbs

r xplanаtiоnз G r * г т з i т э аЕ

ЕxаmрIes

1. Many vеrbsdesсribestаtеsor situationsinstеad of aсtions.Thеse verbs arе сalled non.aсtion verbs (or stativеverbs).

r |ohn has а boat. (Thеvеrb hos dеsсribеsJohn,ssituotion,not somеthinghе is doing')

Most non-асtionverbsare not usual|yused in thе pгеsеnt progrеssive evеn whеn they desсribе a situationthat is happеningright now.

l

r

He wants fish for dinnеr. Noт t{еisзгrraвting-ffiifii1еl..

2. Non.aсtionvеrbsarе usuallyverbsthat: a. dеsсribеa state of being (bе, feеl)

r ,|anеis tirеd but happy. r 5hе fеels good.

b. exprеssеmotions (hаtе, likе, lovе)

A: Do you likе my new drеss? B: I lovе it!

с. dеsсribеmenta| statеs (know,rеmembеr,beliеvе,think [= beliеve], supposе,undеrstond)

r I know а |ot of good rесipes. l Ari rеmеmbеrs your number. l I think you,гe right.

d. show possession (havе,own, possess,bеlong)

l сеsaг has a hеadaсhe' l Somе studentsown miсгowavеs.

е. dеsсribеperсeptions and sensеs (hеor,seе,smell,tastе,feеl,notiсе,sеem, look [= sееm],oppеor,sound)

l l hear thе tе|еphonе. r Dina sееms tirеd.

f. dеsсribеnеeds and preferеnсеs (neеd,wаnt, prefer)

r l neеd a pеn.

g. dеsсribеmeasurеmеntt (weigh' сost, сontoin)

l HoW muсh doеs it сost?

3. Bв сдпвгul! Some verbsсan have non-aсtion and aсtion mеanings(tostе,smell, feel, look, think, Itovе, wеigh).

Noш-Астtoх r I taste gaг|iс.Did you put some in hеrе? (I notiсе gorliс,) r Тhe soup tastes good' Тry some. (Thеsoup is good,) АсТloN

r |,m tasting thе soup to sеe if it nееdsmorе sa|t. (l,m trying thе soup.)

Cheсk iI out! For a list of сommon non-aсtion verbs' see Appendix 2 on page 337.

11

12 r

Unit з

lDENтltYo Rеod this сonvеrsotion,Undеrlinеoll non-аction vеrbs thot dеscribеo situotion thot is in progrеss,Сirclе oll non-oсtion vеrbs thot desсribeа situotion thot is genеrolly truе,

Ar,rшв:This stеak tastеs deliсious.Your salmon looks gоodtoo. Bвш: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think yоu'll like it. Ar,rшв:Mmm. I likе it. Funnу, I l..,,ully(JБ.'ТIГd fi.h. Bвш: Red has that effeсt on pеople. Arrшв: I have no idea what you,ге talking about. What do yоu mean? Bвш: Well' сolоrs сan сhange the way we feеl. tr'оrexample, people often feel hungтier in a red room. I notiсe that yоu're looking right at the red wallpaper. Ar,rшв: And I сеrtainlу feel hungтy right now. I'm eating half your salmon. Bвш: That's oK' I,m tasting your steak.

сн00sEо Сomplеte this mogozinе ortiсIе with thе сorrеct form of the verbs in porenthеses. Lenny Kramer is in a sports store. н"

.' i.o.i#iJ..uo..,.nаi really paying attention to the aroma vеry muсh beсausе he pair оf running shоes. Th"У -_Т Lenny really, really

flоwers, but he isn't

2 . ( l o o k s/ i s l o o k i n g )

.ul.*

4 . ( W а n t s/ i s W а n t i n g )

ata

a lot moгe than he usuallу pays, but ." thosе shоеs. He's thе viсtim of ..smart sсents.''

aromas that stores use to make сustomеrs buy more. Aсross tоwn' Lenny's daughter Myra is taking a history tеst in a сlassroom that was reсently painted yellow. Although Мyra 6 . ( s е е m s/ i s s e e m i n g )

5 . ( h а t e s/ i s h a t i n g )

to bе dоing well on this tеst' She

histоr5l,she

7 . ( l i k e s/ i s l i k i n g )

the new

сolorofherсlassroom'.n"ffithatit'shelpingheronthеtest'

but it is. Sсientists have shown that уellow imp.о,,eJ Ьoth mеmory and сonсеntration.

Wе now

9. (know / arе knowing)

that odоrs, сolors, and sounds affeсt our moods and

еven our health. In faсt, right now Lеnny's wife, Cindy'

1 O . ( t h i n k s/ i s t h i n k i n g )

about

Lenny and Myra' Shе's surе that Lenny is spending tоo muсh on shoеs and that Myra is failing another history test. Cindy suffers from migтaine headaсhes, but she -

1 1 . ( d o e s n ' th a v e / i s n ' th a v i n q )

l 2 . ( h е а r si i s h e a r i n g )

a headaсhe today. Shе,s in the gardеn, and shе

birds and inseсt sounds. Thev alwavs сalm hеr down.

Non.Aсt.on

verbs

r

13

o Rеod this convеrsotion.Сompletеit with the сorrеctform of thе сOff|PLEтЕ vеrbsin porenthesеs.Usе thе presеntprogrеssiveor thе simplе prеsеnttеnsе,

goоd!What's сooking?

A: Hi, Ana. Mmm. Somethin* ---jЪhB: Fish soup.I

it to seе if it

2. (tastе)

you --

A: Mmmm. It

A: That

good, but I -

it needs salt.

6. (think)

about adding сanned tomatoеs too, еven though it

7. (think) 8. (not be)

mоre garliс.

to try it?

4. (wаnt)

5. (taste)

B: OK. I

3. (need)

in the reсipe.

9. (sound)

likе a good idea. But wait a minutе. I

1O. (look)

at the reсipe, and it says you сan add milk. How about that?

B:I

11. (notknow)

A: I.ll сheсk. Hmm. I

if the milk t 3. (smе||)

fresh.

12' (bе)

it, but I

sure. Let's add

14. (not bе)

the tomatoеs instеad.

B: OK. I

l5. (lovе)

сooking! Thе whоlе house

l6. (smе|l)

great

when you сооk. And it always puts me in a good mood.

A:I

17. (know)

what you

18. (mean)

.I

19. (feel)

thе

same way.

ЕDlIo Rеod this journol entrу. тhеrе orе eight mistokеsin the usе of oсtion ond non.oсtion verbs,Find ond сorrесtthеm, The first mistokеis аlreodYcorrectеd' уgrcn ъ-

have

N0|щ99!fuу-\+еA3М-взggээp!_Щ!W4!|9l0-4"0-аw!уlop,,!argе -t!uэgуa'ц!'у!е*,Jr-ез4'q! rЦmq'o_4_gnф9!'rjLo+ фi9I9 эoц'фЦ!9.\gry\ -аbg,Щh-o;у5r!е-||5_9gр-/уфrnцQ,аnd9)!е!!е3у!'5-q!i9nl'!v::w|9ц9[Ia13уq q1P!цf7r-hе thсt g:ф3-1reеn l,п notthinking nеас!а-c,,fu),1h9\э,у4-919p,-bиt -dеуеssion) tnщKlrnуe+'еry,оglo еаt1ц1grhngуhе-9 !lgе!do1!Щ.''..-._ lnфpе q 4ffеrе,!!eJL!qщ.1te4|] tlrлo'Ц?ntJ-navе a-щ?_$-'?'е??еrpint-tea wrth 9_щ у-g0!:0Т|oo lnцch:2p'_ф l WOr(Уthф!p lеэ:'\Цe:t]JАqn1lкщW ?P999!-фя,nA_hеJ?2уoу-9в фJЦt \Pлgl'-l-e-аtуJps-:g!2l0фl!9 thgt!ф!9q.o1фе'lQеэr'еgцэц04g9'59у!42 ?qfi! goф1gh\т'b-aцI w) It,s-sсpmiqgthаt rhеrеаrеo0еаs\] so|ulions'

Present Progressive and Simple Present Тense Cross-Cultural Confusion Whу iэ Taro |еaningback

,рiё

F i n et h a n k e , |,owarе уou2,

Whуiэ Эami эtandingeo

Friеndsfrom differеntсuIturesoften havе differеntideasabout timе.

l€ н Е€ l \---...; skiing Bп сдппгul! Non-aсtion veгbs arе not usua|ly usеd in the progгеssive. (For o list of сommon non.oсtion vеrbs, sее Appеndiх 2 on pogе 3З7.)

2. Usе thе past progrеssive with wfii|e to ta|k about two асtions in progressat thе samе time in the Dast.Usе thе pаst oroorеssivein both сlauses.

r I had a headaсhеlast night. Noт@

Whilеhe wаs skiing, Iwas reading. OR

I was rеading while hе was skiing.

: Past.1............Х....Ii.......................> \bs skii{$/ ' oodotо9 UsдспNoтв:|n informа|сonvеrsation, somе peopIеusewhenwith thе pastprogrеssivе.

3. Usе thе past progrеssivе to foсus on thе durationof an aсtion,not its сompIеtion. Usе thе simplе past tеnsе to foсus on thе сomp|еtionof an aсtion.

r Sorry,l wasn,t listеning when уou were talking.

Sheilawas reading a book last night. (Wе don,t know if she finishеdthе book.) Shеi|аrеad a book |astnight. (Sheproboblуfinishedthе book.)

r

37

38 r

unit g

тRUE0R EALSЕ.Rеod еoсh numbеrеdsеntеnсe.Writе T (Truе)or F (Folsе)for the stotеmеntthot follows. Writе o questionmark (?) if thеrеis not еnough informotion. 1 . While Tanya was watсhing the Winter olympiсs on TV, Mikael was shoveling snow.

F

First Mikaei finished shоvеiing snow. Then Tanya started watсhing TV.

2 . In this photo, I was putting on my boots. I was wеaring boots in the phоto. 3 . At 5:00, they were drinking hоt сhoсolate bу the fire.

We don,t knоw whеn thеy startеd drinking hot сhoсoiatе. Last night, I was reading an artiсle about skiing in Moroссo. I frnished the artiсle. 5 . At 10:00, he drank a сup of сoffeе.

He frnished the сoffee. 6. It was snowing while shе was taking the phоtogтaph. First shе took thе photоgтaph. Then it started to snow.

о Fritz ond Кorуn wеre ot o ski сofё. Writе obout thе piсturе. Usе thе DEi0RIBE post progrеssive' 1 . Frttz

waэ wеaring a ha|

2. Karyn

waэn,t wеaring a ha|,

3. They 4. It

s. Thеу 6. They z. The waiter 8. He 9. Karyn 1o. She

( W e а r/ a h a t ) ( W е а r/ a h а t )

( s i ti o u t s i d e )

(snow,

(weаr/ sung|аssеs) ( W е a г/ t h e i r g l o v е s )

( s е r v е/ d r i n k s )

1 s е r v е/ | u n с h )

(5mi|е)

(hoId/aсelIphone)

Pаst

Pr\

lrir

stй

С o m eo n ! You'vebeen a 0rО эinae 1994. Now earvethе ba|||

Forget it!

Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse), т

The prеsеnt perfeсt is made up of two parts: Ё1 hove + past tense J

hove + past partiсiplе

Suв'вст

П bu'" form of verb + -en

The man is still a professional tennis player.

| н o n , | 1 ш o r 1| г o ' ' P я п т l с I п l в |

l/We/You*/Тhеy have Hе/Shе/|t

(not)

has

livеd pIayеd beеnt

|snlcr/ron herе

sinсe lЙaу. for a long time.

* You is both singular and plural. t Bееn is an irregular past partiсiple. For a list of irregular verbs, sеe Appendiх 1 on pages 336_337.

The regular form of the past partiсiplе is: П bu." form of vеrb + -d or .ed

F

sтAтEПЛЕNтs

сI]АRтсIIEсKI Сheck the corrеct аnswer.

.-*€ Ж lP0lNт

l

You haven'l won a matсh for weekэ| Go home!

VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs HдvrIsuq.., |пo''Pяптlсlгlв| Have

they

Has

hе

lived playеd beеn

| stlсс/ron herе

sinсe lЙaу? for a |ong timе?

sHoRт ANsWЕas Aггlпмдтlvв

Yes,

шЕGAтlvЕ

|

they

havе.

hе

has.

No,

thеy

havеn,t.

hе

hasn't.

Nотв: For сontraсtions witЬ hauе, see Appеndix 24 on page 346.

46

Present

Perfeсt:

Since and For I

ш,r'-QUEsтl( )NS

2 сI]ARTсIIEсI( Сhеck thе corrеct onswеr. For is used with:

Wн-Woп o|

П u point of time

How long

Pдsт

s}|oRтAнswЕRs

,u'.., I Pдптlсlpl-в "on,| have has

П u length of timе

they

livеd

he

bееn

herе?

SinсeJanuaгy. For a fеw months.

ЕхPREssж Look ot the pаst porticiplеs,Check the corrеctcolumn. Regular driven сompeted

t t

47

lrregular

Rеgular lrregular WonПП

П t

Grаrnrnar Еxрlaпаtigns

tried

MaгtinaHingishas bеeп a profеssional tеnnis player sinсе 1994. Shе has bееn a professiona| tеnnisp|ayеr for уears. (Shе bеgon her profеssionqlсorеeryеorsago, and shе is stillo profеssionolplaуеr.)

hos beеn

3. Sinceсan also introduсеa time сlause. When the aсtion in thе time сIauseеnded in the past use the simplepast tense. When the aсtion in thе timе с|ausebegan in the past but сontinuеsinto the present,usе the orеsеntpeгfeсt.

4. Usе thе pгesentpегfeсtwith for + lеngth of time (for ten minutes, for two weeks,for yеаrs, for o lono timе)to show how Iono a orеsent сonditionhas lastеd.

t

Еxаmplеs

1. Usе thе prеsent реrfесt with siисe or for to taIkabout somеthingthat bеgan in the past and сontinuesinto the prеsеnt(and may сontinuе into the futurе).

2. Usе thе presentpегfeсtwith sjлсe + point in timе (sinсe5:00, sinсеMondoу sinсe 1994) to show when somethino staгtеd.

t

r She has еarned mi|Iionsof dollaгssinсe 1994.

I I

Maгtinahas loved sports sinсе she wos o сhild. Shе has Won many tennistournamеnts sinceshe movеd fгom S|ovakia. (Shе doesn'tlivе thеrеonymore,) Shе has beсomееxtremеlysuссеssful sinceshе has beеn in Switzer|and. (She stilllivеsin Switzerlond,)

r Martina'smothеr has bееn hеr сoaсh for mony yеors'

48

I

unit 11

o Rеаd obout tеnnis stor Mortinа Hingis. Underlinе oll the verbs in the iDENтiFY presеnt pеrfect. Сirclе аll the time еxpressionswith since or for. Мartina Hingis piсked up her first tеnnis raсkеt at the she has beсome one of the gтeatest

age of two.@

tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland for many years. She beсame the outdoor Swiss сhampion at age nine. Sinсe then she has won many international сompetitions inсluding Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, and the Australian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its diffiсulties. They arе under сonstant pressure to win, and they dоn't have time to just hang out with сlassmates. In fact, Мartina hasn't attended sсhool sinсе 1994, and she has bеen in the publiс spоtlight for years. But she Seems to be handling her Suссess wеll. Sinсe she turned professional, she has played tennis all over the world and has earned millions оf dollars. She sees her life aS normal beсause tennis has been the most important thing to hеr sinсe she was a littlе girl.

сaмPIEтEa оI00sEо Reod this mogozinе excеrpt obout o child gеnius, Сomplеtе it with the presеntperfесtform of the verbsin porentheses,Сhoosebеtwееnsinсe ond f or. haэ |oved

Thirteеn-year-old Ronniе Segal was a littlе boy...I

math

1. (|ovе)

9tnce

interested in numbers

3. (bе)

ninе years, five months, three weeks, and two days,',says Ronnie. the past yeaЦ Ronnie He

7. (not do)

five exams and 1 1 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф

6. (attеnd)

badly. 1o. (notgеt)

8 . ( S i n с еl F o r )

5 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф

January he

9. (takе)

a gтade of less than 100 on any of them.

Ronnie began сlasses, he

14. (know)

4 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )

gтaduate-level сlassеs at the university.

I.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie for vears. He

hе

2 . ( s i n с e/ f o ф

l 5 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )

12. (mееt)

an average of

13. (not think)

about it

he was a little bov that he is

going to beсome a famous sports announсeц get married, and have exaсtly 2.2 kids.

Present

Per{eсt:

Sliэсe and For

АsКa АNIWERo Сomplеtе the intеrview obout Мortino Hingis. Usе thе words in porenthesesto writе questions,Then onswеr thе questionswith informаtion from ЕxerciseI. 1. (How lоng / shе l plaу tennis?) Q: A:

How |ong haэ эhe p|aуedt,ennig? Эincе эhе waэ two.

2. (How long / shе / live in Switzerland?) Q: A: 3. (she / win any сompetitions / sinсe thе outdoor Swiss сhampionship?) Q:

A: 4. (she / attеnd sсhool / sinсе 1994?) Q:

A: s. (How muсh money / she / earn / sinсe she began her сarеer?) Q: A: 6. (How long / tennis / be important to hеr?) Q: A:

EDITo Reod this student,sporogroph. Find ond сorreсtsеven mistokеsin thе use of thе prеsentp,еrfеct,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrеctеd,

have been

Iж in Мs. Qodriguе7,s еducаtion c|аsssincеtwornonths. it a lot | еn1oy ?husicа|

аnd nаvеon|у missIwoc|аssе;sincеthе bеginning ot thе sеrnеsIеr' I espеciа||у |ikеtennis,bцt;incеSефеmbеr thе wеatnеrhаvеbееntoo wеdon,tp|ауbеcаusе cт|d.| а|solikevolleyball, tеаmhаs winfulogаrnе9sincеwе hаvе, and rn.1 фаrtеdIo cтm?еtеwithLinco|n toмаrdto thе nextgаmе' |'m|ooking I1ighSchoo|.

l

49

Present Perfeсt: AlreadУ and Yet Аo уou can oee, th е f |u э e a э О n h a э a|r eadу begun, Have уou got.ten уour f|u

ehoL уet? ||'э nrver too |ate!

FLa GHАRт

ffiPЙINт Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе). almoelnever...

To say that sоmething has happened before now,

Tо say that something has not happened beforе now.

The flu season will start soоn.

Suryвст| нon, I A,^,n,, | пo'' PлптIсIпI.в | They

have

It

has

[1 .l." olreodу, П usе yet.

F

AFFlR|l,lAтlvE sтAтEtvlЕNтs z ALREАDY

сI]ARTсl]Eсl(I Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer.

т

olreodу

dеvеlopеd

a nеWflu vaссinе.

savеd

many lives.

NЕGAтlvE SтAтЕMENТS: ИЕТ Suвlвст| нon' Pдsт Pмпсlпlв | "o' I

Тhey

havеn,t

finishеd

It

hasn't

endеd

| v', thе intегview уet.

П r.,." olreodу. П'.'."not..,Yet.

YEs/NoQUEsтloNS:УЕТ

сltАRTсl/iEсl( 2 Сircle T (Truе)or F (Fаlse). т F Yet is used in questions. 50

H д v с| s u ч . . ' | г o ' ' P л п т l с l г l в |

|v''

Havе

thеy

testеd

thе nеw vaссine

Has

it

gottеn

approval

yеt?

Present

Pel-feсt:

Alreadv and Уet l

sHoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв I Yеs,

thеy

havе.

it

has.

шEGAтtvE No,

thеy

haven't.

it

h a s n't.

EхPREss,Гp,ж:ry'"ж Unsсrаmblеthese words to form o question.Answеr the question. you . have о yet о lunсh о had

y ffi,ж &,yжwжжъ* жжe etaФffi% жэ*

Жжаnтр!es

t . We often use thе presеnt pеrfeсt with аlrеodу to talk about things that have haopеnеdbеforеnow.

A: |syouг daughtergoing to get her flu shot? B: Shе,s olrеodу gotten it.

olreodу when you mention a speсifiсtimе in thе past. Alreodу usual|yсomеs bеtwееnhove and thе past partiсip|e.

l Rеsеaгсheгs havе olreodу disсoverеd сuresfoг many disеases.

Alreodу сan a|soсome at the end of thе сlause.

I Тhey,ve madе a lot of progгеssolreody.

2. Usе thе рrеsent perfe : hovеreod Thе prеsеnt pеrfесt рrogressivе often shows that an aсtivityis unfinished.lt foсuseson the сontinuationof an aсtion.

l |,vе bееn reading a book about е|еphants. (l'm stillreoding it,) Shе,sbeеn w r iting an ar tiс|е. (Shе,sstillwritingit.) r

2. We oftеn use the prеsеnt pеrfесt to talk about -

how muсh somеonehas done. t |,ve rеad o lot about it. how many timessomеonehas donе somеthing. l l,vе bееn to Afriсa twiсe, how many thingssomeonеhas donе. r Shе,s writtеn threе aгtiсlеs.

Wе oftеn'usе thе present perfeсt progressivе to talk about how |ongsomethinghas beеn h appe n i n g .

I l,ve been rеading bookson e|ephantsfor two months.

Bв сдпвгul! We usual|ydo not use thе present pегfесtprogressivewhеn we mеntion a number of сompletеd evеnts.

l |,vе read that book twice. Noт

3. Sometimesyou сan Usе eithеr thе prеsеnt perfeсt oп the present perfесt progrеssivе. Thе meaningis basiсaIlythe same.Тhis is true when you usе verbssuсh as еspeсia|Iy livе, work, studу, and teoсh with for or since.

She,sstudied е|еphantsfortwo years. OR

She,s beеn studying е|еphantsfortwo years. (ln both сosе\ she startеdstudуingеlеphants two yеorsogo ond shе is stillstudуingthem.)

l

67

68 I

uni t 16

тRUE0R FАLiEo Rеod еoch numbеrеdsеntence.Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе stotementthot follows. 1 . Professor owеn has bееn reading a book about elеphants.

F

Shе finished the book.

2. She's read a book about elephants. Shе finishеd the book. 3. Shе,s writtеn a magazine artiсle about thе rain forest. Shе frnishеd the artiсle. She,s bеen waiting for some supplies. She reсeived the supplies. 5 . They've livеd in Uganda sinсe |992.

Thеy are still in Uganda. 6. They,ve bеen living in Uganda sinсе t992.

They still livе in Uganda.

сIli00sEo Hеrе orе somе stotеmentsobout Professorowen,s work, Сirclе the corrеct form of the vеrbs to сomplete thеsestotemеnts,ln somе сosе' both forms аre correct, 1 . Profеssor owen is working on two artiс]еs for NationаI Wildlifе Magazine. She

thesе artiсlеs sinсе Monday. 2 . I{ational Wildlifе Magazine has published / has beеn publishing its annual rеport on

thе environment. It,s an exсellеnt report. 3 . Five hundred and sixty Afriсan elephants havе alread}zdied / havе been d-yingthis year. 4. Professor owen has givеn / has bеen giving many talks about wildlifе prеsеrvation in

past leсturе series. 5 . She has spoken / has been speaking at our sсhoоl many timеs. 6. Professor owen was latе for a meeting. When she arrived the сhairpersоn said,

.At last, you,re here. We havе waited / havе been waiting for you.,' 7. Professоr owеn has lived / has bееn living in England for the last twо years. 8. She has worked / has been wоrking with environmentalists in England and Franсe. 9. Congтess has сrеated / has beеn сrеating a new study group to disсuss the problem of

endangered animals. Thе group has already met twiсe.

Present

Perfe*t

and Рresent

Perfeеt

Frrogregsive

o Rеod this entrу from Dr. owen,s field journаl obout on еIephontshе cаlls с0I|PLEтE Grondаd. Usе thе prеsentperfеct or the prеsеntperfectprogrеssivеform of the verbs in pаrenthеsеs.

t-"

've

been hearing

аboutGrаndаdsincewеаrrivеdhеrеin Аrnbosе|i Pаrk.Hе is onеo+thе |аsI,ЧцskеG,', ТWodауsаgotwеfinattysаwnim.|iis tusks \,Ve

ц

1. (heаг)

аremorеIhаn seventedlong.I

\al

ч

Grаndаd

ч

even1thinq, аnd hе

4. (еxpеriеnсe)

threаtstrornhцmаnbеings.\oung coцnt|еss mеn

q.

-:

coungеo,gainst him,аnd?oI.cnеrc аnd courаgе iis ехpеriеncе Forthе lasttwodачs,hе

ч "'' {.

grа55.I+е

1o. (еat)

Lисkity, it

12. (rain)

e { -

7. (hunt) 8. (savе) 9. (move)

аnd

5. (survivе) 6. (tеst)

thеtr

hirntor his ivorv. hirnso tаr. stowlv Ihroughthe tatt 1.l. (rеst)

а |otthis\еаr,аnd eventne biggestе|еpharfts еnoughtoodandWаtеr,

13. (find)

Qс s"4

hеretor morеthan sirtууеаrs'lе

}. (\ivе)

iii

anything IikеIhеm.

2. (sеe)

qф

#А:*,Mj^-,.

о Rеod this student,sreport.Find ond correct six mistokеsin the usе of the prеsent ЕDIT pеrfеct ond presеntpеrfеct progressivе,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrected, living Elephants artd their arrсestors have beеn tiтr on this planet for 5 miШon years. Sсientists have fotrnd their bones in many plaсes, from Asia to Norbh Amerlсa. Prеsent-day elephants has also surwived in diffегent kinds of еnviron-mеnts, inсludln$ veIy dцr areas in Ni$eц €Passlands

in East Afгiсa, a,nd forеsts in \Alest Afriсa.

Because of their gteat size and stren6$h, elephants have always fasсinatin$ humans. our fasсination has almost' сaused Afriсаrr elephants to bесome exЕinсt. Poaсhers (iШеgal hunters) have alгeaф

been kiliing hundтeds of thousands of e1ephants for the

ivory of thеir tusks. A.fteг 1989 it bесame iШegal to se]l ivory. Sinсe then, thе elephaлrt populatlon has beеn sгoтлm steadily. Rесеntly several сorrntries have been proteсtln$ еlеphants in national parks, and herds have beсamе ].arger and healthier.

l

69

Past Perfeсt Э у Lh e Li r ne I Lur nеd |wе |v r,I h a d a | r eadуdecided Оn a Оarrer. I wanNedto

br paidto talk!

жPqцNT Сheсk the event thot hoppened first.

Тalk.showhost oprah Winfrеywith hеr ТV audiеnсе.

Suв1вст

It

had (not)

dесided

by then.

beеn

еasy.

sHoRт ANsWЕRs

YEslNo QUЕsтloNs

I

нлo |Suв;вст | r,o'' Pяптlсlгlв | Had

Aггlпмдтlvв l

shе

dесidеd

by then?

it

bееn

еasy?

Yеs,

she

it

had. No,

NвсAтtvE shе it

hadn't.

l,l/f'. QUEsтloNs Wн- Woпo | нoo I su"l.., | пo'' Pдптlсlpl.в whv

70

oprah deсidеd on a сareer.

*Youis both singular and pluцal.

П b"fo.e the subjесt П after the subjeсt

t

| нoo (Noт) | пo'' PяптlсlгI.в |

|/ Hе/Shе/We/You*/Тhey

2 сI|ARтсIllEсK Сheck thе correct onswer. In past perfeсt quеstions,whеre doеs hod go?

oprah turned twelvе.

sтAтЕ]vlЕNтs

I сIIARтсIIEсI( Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlsе). т F The past perfeсt uses hod for all subjeсts.

t

had

shе

dесidеd

to bе a talk-showhost?

it

bеen

еasy?

Past

Perfeсt

l

ExPREss,*жж Сomplete this conversotionwith the vеrb arrive. A: Had she -

by 9:00?

B: No, shе

к"Жж.рff eжeЁ*кэffi s &w жыжrrжъ*

Ж,xаrmрI*s

1. Use the past pеrfесt to show that something happenedbеforеa spесifiсtimе in thе past.

r By 1988 oprah Winfrеyhad beсomе famous. l |t was 1985. Shе had a|rеadybeen in a Hollywoodfilm.

Now bеcаmе fаmous : Past......Х..,.......'.x......i...............> 1988 :

2. The past pеrfeсt aIwaysshows a relationship with anothегpast еvеnt. Usе the past pеrfесtfor the ear|iеrevеnt.Use thе simp|еpast tensefor thе laterevent. notiсе thе differenсеin mеanjng bеtwееnthе simplepast tеnsеand thе past pегfесt.

r In ] 990 oprah invited Matt on the show. Hе had bееn an authorfoг two yeaгs. (Hе wos on outhorbefore1990.) r By thе time ]i||got homе, ,,Thеopгah Winfгеy show,,had finishеd. (Firstthе show endеd,Thеnshе left,) I

Whenthе show endеd,shе had !eft. (Firstshe left. Thеn thе show еnded')

3. Alreodу, уet, ever, and never are often usеd with thе past perfесtto emphasizеthe evеnt whiсh oссurredfirst

r lsaw Thе Сolor Purple|astnight. I had nevеr seеn it bеforе.

4. When thе timе rе|ationshipbetween two past еvеntsis сlear,you сan usе the simple past tensе for both еvеnts' Тhе meaning is usua|lyсlеar when you use ofter, beforе, or os soon gs to сonnесtthe еvents.

l After oprah had appearеd tn Thе СolorPurplе, shе got a paгt in anothеrmoviе. oR l After oprah appеared in The СolorPurplе, 5hе got a paгt in anothегmoviе.

5. We oftеn usе the past perfeсt with by (a сertaintimе).

. By 1966 oprah had deсided on a сareeг.

. Jason had olreody seеn it.

7|

72 r

Elnit tZ

ffi

o Rеod еoch numberеdsentence,Write T (True)or F (False)for the тRUE0R FALSE stotеmentthаt follows.

1 . When I got home, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" started.

r

First the oprah show started. Then I got homе.

..The oprah Winfrey Show,'had started. Whеn I gоt home, First the Oprah show started. Then I got home. Oprah's guest had lost 100 pounds when she interviewed him. The guest lost the weight before the interview. By the end of the shoщ I had fallen asleep. I fell asleep aftеr the show. 5 . When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio.

I turnеd off the radio after I went to bed. 6. By midnight, I had finishеd the magazine artiсle.

I finished the artiсlе before midnight.

o Look ot some importont eventsin oprаh Winfreу,sсorеer.Thеn complеte сOff|PIEтE '.i. thе sentеncеsbеlow, |Jsеthe pаst pеrfect with a|readу or not yеt. oso* ,

ru #

^o{tu

^*NSu'

o{:'фuЬ: -,$-^ou 9v .'*o\1, -.o.o$ ц',о -{']9o ^'* s .t,rф d*$., 'гiaоvot ^,uuo**Ъ**,,l**'**o*].*.oo,'n***,.'utч* ou*ou*.-;$,$Ь.'

I 1954

I

I

1957

1971

By 1958 Oprah

I 1973

I 19BЗ

had a|readуgiven

l.

I

ll

1985

1986

1988

hеr first speeсh.

By 1-971she

her first TV job.

By 1972 she

her first radio job.

Bу 1972 she

in a major movie.

By 1985 she

her оwn TV show.

By 1986 she

in a major mоvie.

By 1987 she

her own studio.

By 2000 she

in the fiIm Belouеd.

1998

Past

Аsl(& АNswERо Look ot this tуpicol doilу schedulеfor o TV tolk-show host. Сompletеthе quеstionsobout his schedulе.Usе thе post pеrfectond givе short onswеrs,

Рerfeсt

7:00 д.м.Аrrivеаt stцdio _._---. 8:00 ll:00 p.м.Iiаir аnd mаkеuP 2:00 2:30 5:00 TaPethе show 4:30

1. It was 7:45.The host Was on sсhedule. A:

Had he arrlved

at the studio yet?

B:

the day's sсhеdule уet?

B:

Yeэ, he had,

2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.

A: 3. At 10:55 he was having сoffee. A:

the sсhеdulе bv that time? B:

4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to makeup.

A:

the day's guests by thеn?

B:

the show yet?

B:

with his trainer that day?

B:

5. At 4:00 he had a late lunсh.

A: 6. He went to bed at 10:30.

A:

report, Thеrеo,e sii щistokesin thе useof the postperfect. ЕDtT.Rеod this student,s Find ond corrеct them. The first mistokе is аlreodY correctеd. had opгah Winfrey is an amazin$ person! By the time she was twelve, she bа,g alreaф deсided on a сareer. Not long aftеrward, she got her first radio job. Althou$h she hadn't have any еxperiеnсe, she beсamе a nеWs repoгteг. Wtren she got her oтдmTV talk shoщ she has already aсted ln a major HoШ;rwoodmovie. By the late 198os ..oprah Winfrey'' had beсamе a housеhold woгd. Then in 1994 she dесidеd to improve the quality of talk-show thеmes. She also made a personal сhan$e. Shе had always had a wеi$ht problem, but in 1995 TV viewers saw a new \'Vinfrеy. She had iosеd almost ninеty pounds as a result of dieting and working out. She had a]so сompete in a marathon. She has rea1l.y been an inspiration to many pеople.

l

73

Past Perfeсt Progressive Э у |he time f,he |aet r unner cr o э o еd ъhе finio h |ine,he had been r u n n i n g7 h o u r e , 1 6 m i n u N a e ,

and 24 eесоndo,

WээжPaINт Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlse). т

What form of be does the past perfесt progтеssivе always usе? П

Ёl been

| вo'. Foпм oг Hlo (t,toт)всюt I Vвпв + -,^,G

5uв;вст l/ Hе/Sh ei lt/Wе/You*/Тh ey

'had

(not) been

runnrng w o r king

YES/NOqr ,ЕsтloNs II ндo|Suryвст | в,," Had

she

been

s}|oRтANsWЕRs

Bдsв Foвм + -rwG r unning working

Aггlпмдтlvв l a||daу?

tt

ltrн-Woвo I Hдo Suв;вст | Bвrш | Bлsв Foпм + .,NG How long why

had

shе

been

Nвсдтlvt

Yеs, shе had. l No, shе hadn,t.

иyf'.QUЕsтloNs

74

all day.

*Youis both singular and plural.

wаs ot were

f1 is, om, or ore

The raсе is finished.

sтAтЕпnЕNтs

снARтсIlЕсl( Сheсk the correct onswеr.

F

r unning? working?

Past

Perfeсt

Progressive

l

EхPREss,,ffiж Сomplеtе this convеrsаtion with thе pаst pеrfect progrеssiveform of the vеrb praсtiсе. when she entered the race?

she

A: How long

for more than two vеars.

B: Shе

A:

alone?

she

with a partner.

She

B: No. she

6 rarn штar Еxрf;fiшat$Фrur

Е.xamрlеs

1. Use thе past pеrfeсt progressive to ta|k about an aсtionthat was in progгеssbeforеa speсifiсtimе in thе past.Тhе progressivе еmphasizesthе сontinuationof an aсtion, not the end геsu|t.

l |t was 2:00 p.м.Thе runnеrshad bееn running .l0:48 д.м. sinсе r I fina|lysaw Rob at 4:00 p.м.I had bееn waiting for hours. I one гunneгfainted.She hadn,t been drinking enough watег.

Now 10:48 2:00 i Past\.............x...........',у.i..''.....,....................> z\ o"iй;

...,аi

i;;'i's"i

Rgмtмвrп!Non-aсtionvеrbsarе not usually usеd in thе progressive.

2. Тhе past pеrfeсt progrеssive alwaysshows a with anothеrpast evеnt. re|ationship Usе the past peгfесt pгogrеssivefor thе earlierevеnt. Use the simple past tense for the later event.

r lt was 5:00 p.м.Hе had had a headaсhea||day' Noт He a hеadaсhеa||day.

l She had beеn praсtiсing for thгеeyеaгs Whеn she enteredthе raсe. ffirst shе proсtiсеd.Thеnshе еntеrеdthе raсe,)

3. We oftеn usе thе рast pеrfесt progrеssivе to draw ionсIusionsabout past еvеntsbased on evidenсe.

l Shе was out of brеath.lt was сlеar that shе had beеn running.

4. Bп сдпвгul! ln thеsе sеntenсeswith when, notiсe the differenсеin mеaning bеtwеen the past progгessiveand thе past pеrfeсt progrеssive.

t When thе raсе staгted,it was raining and thе strееtswеre wеt. (lt wos stillraining during thе roсе,)

r Тhе strеetswerе wеt. |t had bееn raining.

l

Whenthe гaсestarted,it had bеen raining and thе streеtswеге wet. (lt wаsn,t roining during thе rqсе. lt had oIrеadуstopped.)

75

76 I

unit lB

o Еoсhrеsult hosa сousе.Motch the resultwith the corrеctcouse, ffiАтсII

ffi

Result

Сause a . He had been reading.

1 . She was out of breath.

The ground was wet.

b. She had beеn running.

3 . Hеr eyes wеre red.

с . They had been watсhing the raсe.

4. Thеre Was an open boоk on the сouсh.

d . She had been сrying.

5 . Therе were empty сans on the floor.

е. It had been raining.

6. The TV was on.

f. They had been drinking soda.

o Rеаd this storу from o mogozinе orticlе. Сomplete it with the pаst perfect сOI/PLЕтE progrеssiveform of the verbs in pаrenthеsеs.

By BвпьtдolхвМдптlх

n Oсtobсr 2З, I raПthr Boston wttha partnсLМarсiаDavis' Маrathon 1уu

had been training 1. (train)

togеthсrsinсс |astyеar;and Wе 2. (p|аn)

to сntсr

thс raсесvсr sinсеwе saw oorah Мarathon'Тhс startof thе raсеwas drаmatiс.Up to thatpoint,wс in thе\)Иashington 3 . ( j o k ea n d l a u g h )

whеnwс linсd Up. lWаs so nсryous , but wеwеrеvеry sеrtous

l сouldn,tbrсathс.Мarсiaand l

4. (praсtiсе)

on thosсsаmсstrссtsfor a

сoup|сof wсеks,so at thе bсginningwс did wс|l.Bythс timеwс got to Нсartbrсak Hill, wе

for almostfоurhours,and I rсa||y bеliеvсdwс сould

5. (run)

finish.Thсn,halfwayup thеhill,Мarсtastoppсd'Shсjustсouldn,trunanymorr.

Wс

to thisraсеforso lonqthatI didn'twantto qo on

6. (lookforward)

а|onс,but Мarсiаwantсdmс to finish.Whсnl got to thс finishlinс,l sawМarсia.Shс 7. (wait)

formе forthrееhours.Frrstwс crled.Thсnwс startedtalkinq

about nеxtУеar'smarаthon.

Pаst Рerfeсt

srrogressive

o Thе mogаzine Runnеr,s World (RW) is intеrviеwing morothon сlt00sE& сOмPLETE winner Poolo Еsposito(PE). Сomplеtеthe intеrviewwith the post perfеctprogrеssivе form of thе correct verbs from the boх. Use short onswеrs where oppropriote, date

expeсt

RW: You just won the marathon. PE:

Yeэ. I had 2.

live

Fatrq

run

Had уou bеen practicing 1.

long for it?

For morе than five years. First in Madrid,

then in Rome. RW: You tripped during the raсe. How lоng

3.

whеn

that happened? PЕ: It was in the last hour. Luсkily it didn,t keep me from winning. RW: I understand that you reсently married your traineц Emilia Lealе. How long 4.

eaсh other when you deсidеd to get married?

PE: About six months. Wе met in Rome and knew right away that we wantеd to be togethеr.

RW:

5.

PE:

6.

in Rome for a long time whеn you met? . In faсt, I had just moved there.

RWз When you сrossed the finish line you looked verv сalm. 7.

PЕ:

8.

to win? ! I was really surprised. And very happy.

EDITо Reod pаrt of on еntrу from o runner,sjournol, Find ond сorrect fivе mistokesin the use of the post perfеctprogrеssive,Thе first mistokе is olreаdу corrected,

oсtobеr 19, Ijиstgot bасk from thе mаrаtlloп! I,ш tired hut vrrу hаppу' Wheп I сrossedthefiпish had miпиtеs.Jеrешу tuаsst"lпсtiпg /iпе,l /tmt beепrиппiиgfor foиr /loиrs апi huепtу=t'ivе thеre,Нe hа,,{beenшаitrd for ttlе the шho/еtime. Wе шereboth soаkiиg t.uеt.-._I, bесаиse I hаd bеепstuеаtiпg;hе, Ьесаиseit hаs beепrаiпiпgjиst а /itt/еш/li/ebеp'е, I шаs so 3/аd to sееllim' t hаd Ьeепlook/i,luаrd tо this dау for so Iory апd hopiпg thаt I сoиld mу pаrепts. fпish thе rасе iи /essthап flиr апd а hа/f/loи,s. Whеп tgot home,l са//е,d Т/эеуhаd шаkhiпg thе mаrаt/аotloи ТV апс|hа,| асtиаI/уSееИ|пeсross thеfпtsh /iие!

l

77

SelfTest 01,tE

ffil

Cirсlе thе lеtter af thе corrеct onswеr to сomplеtе eoch sentence.

Еxдшtptt: Jennifеr nеver (A)drink (B)drinks 1 . Hе --

{A)praсtiсed {B)praсtiсes

соffee.

A@с tC)is drinking (D)was drinking

for thе olympiсs sinсe 1998. (C) has been praсtiсing (D)was praсtiсing a long time. (C)while (D)for

2. We've known Sally (A) sinсе (B)by

3 . We,ve been living in Montreal sinсe Wе

(A) yet developed (B)developеd yet 5.

{A)Did (B)Havе

ABсD

an AIDS vaссine. (C) developed already (D)alrеady devеlop

ABсD

you reserved your hotel room уet? (c) Do (D)Has

ABсD

very often.

ABсD

6. She hasn't -

tC) flown (D)flying

(A) flew (B)flies

, and the grоund was still whitе. т . It -(С)wоuld Snow (A) snows (D)has snowed (B)had bеen snowing Tina (A) has arrived (B)arrived g. They (A) livе (B)have lived

last week.

ABсD

ABсD (C)has bеen arriving (D)arrivеs

hеre fоr three years befоre they moved. (C)had lived (D)have beеn living

10. The show has --(A)just (B)evеr

7a

ABсD

(C) gтaduated (D)gтaduate

(A) have gтaduated tB}havе been gтaduating 4. They haven't

ABсD

won an award. (C) latelY (D)yet

ABсD

ABсD

D

SelfTest

11. Professor Kidd on her fourth. (A) has bееn writing (B)has writtеn

three bоoks sinсe 1999, and she's working

lll

I

ABсD

(С)wrоte (D)writes

12. We to buy that сar yet. (A) haven't deсided (C)have deсidеd (B)deсided (D)are deсiding 13. -Has Maria сalled уet? -Yes, she ---. But she didn't leave a message. (A) did (C)hasn't (B)сalled (D)has 14.SinсеI-sсhool,Ihaven'thadmuсhSparetime. (A) bеgun (C)have begun (B)bеgan (D)begin

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

тW0

ffil

Еoch sеntencehos four underlinеdwords or phroses.Thе four undеrlinedports of the sentеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеttеr of the one undеrlined word or phrаsе thot is Noг сoRRЕст.

Еxдшtptп: Мike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but today he walks. AвсD

A B с@

youngeЦ shе has pla}rеd tennis every day. 15. When _ l - - B - - she с - - - тwas -

ABсD

76. Itl already 10:00, but Teri hasn't finished her homework already.

ABсD

|7. Itе beеn worrying about you Ьeсausе you haven't bееn sеeming

ABсD

Aв(D

A

B(

well lately. D

18. I,vе rеad a good boоk rесently, but I havеn't finished it yФ.

AвсD

19. Did you writtеn your papeЦ or have you beеn watсhing TV?

ABсD

20. Karl has been driving sinсе ten years.

ABсD

21. We,ve been hеrе onl}, one day, but we've been taking threе rolls of film.

ABсD

22. This hotel has been a]rеady in business foд fift}ryears.

ABсD

23. How muсh сoffее did you been drinking last night?

ABсD

24. I,ve beеn studying Frenсh sinсe I,vе startеd high sсhool.

ABсD

25. Bеforе she bесamе a film staц- shе has been a stand-up сomedian.

ABсD

ABсD

AB(D

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

BсD

79

Future:

Be going to and Will

жPЙINт Сhеck thе moin point of thе cortoon.

t

o.r"

П t-o П Ш threе

тье man forgot his umbrella.

П

тьe man is going to fall into the holе.

SтAтЕмENTS: BE GOINGтa

сI]ARTс'|EсI(I Сheck thе corrеct onswer. How many forms does be have in be going to?

П

l BдsвFoвм

l

Bс* | (Noт) Gotttстo i oг Vвпв

Suв,вст

am H е /Sh е /|t

rs

(not) going to

Wе/Yout/Thеy are *For сontraсtions witЬ be, see Appendiх 24 on pagе 345. tYou is both singular and plural.

сHАRтсl]Eсl(2

YEs/No QuEsтloNS: 8Е G0ING тo

Сirclе T (True) or F (Folsе),

Bс t suq.., | с,,'" ,o | вo,. Foпм

Т

F

In questions, a form of be goes aftеr the subjeсt.

so o n.

leave

s}|oRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв

g o i ng to

hе

leavе soon?

Yes, h e

Arе you

ls.

am.

}y},.QUЕSТIONS:BE GolNG тo UVн-Woпo | в. I su,l..' | сo,n" ,o | влs. Foвм am When why

80

NвсAтIvЕ

t

you are.

Am ls

I

ts

hе

arе

you

going to

leavе?

you ar en't. No,

hе

isn't.

I

'm no t.

Be gсling to and Wit| t

Future:

sтAтЕ]t.tЕNТS;WILL

сIiARTсHEсK3 Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse). т

F

| wпt* (tloт)| вo'. гoпм |

Suв;вст

l/Hе/She/ltlWe lYoulТhеy will (not)

The fоrm of rryillis thе samе for all subjeсts.

so o n.

leave

*For сontraсtions withulill, see Appendix24 on pagе 345.

sHoRт ANsWЕRs

YEs/No QUЕsтloNS: !V|l.t' wttt I Suвlвст| вo'. гoпм | will

hе

Aггlпмдтlvв l

Yes, hе wilI. l No, hе won,t.

so o n?

lеavе

Nвсдтlvв

wH. QUЕsтloNS: W|tL l,Uн-Woпo I wш | Suвlвст| вo,. Foпм Whеn

will

hе

lеave?

EхPREssж Unsсromblethesе words to form two sentеnces, to.rainrlt's.going an.getоI,ll

.umbrella

6raшжmar ЕxрЕanatiCIns

ffi.жawmрffes

1. Youсanusеbegoing toor willto talkabout futurеplansor prediсtions.

r ProfessorVгoom is going to attend a сonfегenсе nеxtwееk.

*?* Past"""""

:'

r Professo, v,o# witl attend a сonferеnсе

X

otten,do i i. confеrеncе ,l

next WeеK. r l think it,s going to bе vегy interesting. oR

r l think it,ll bе vеry interеsting.

2. Use be going to when thегeis somеthingin the prеsеntthat lеadsto thе prediсtion. Use willwhen you dесidеsomеthingat thе momе n to f s p е a k i n g .

r Look at thosedark с|ouds!|t,sgoing to rain. Noт Look at those dark сIouds!lt,||гain. Vгoom is spеakingat noon. A: Profеssoг B: o h. l thinkl,ll go to his talk.

PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтц |n infoгma|speeсh,going to is often pronounсed ,,gonna.,,Do not writе gonno,

Сheсkit out! Thеrе arе othеr ways to talk about thе futurе. See Unit 20, pages 84_85.

81

a2 r unit i9 REАDо Look at ProfеssorНorrу Vroom,se-moil mеssogе.

Greg-Just a quiсk note to let you know my pIans.] hear you'regoing to be in l Won'tbe there.Тhat means I won'tbe able to Madison nextweekend.Unfortunate|y, go fishingwithyou on Saturday.l'm goingto be in Chiсagogivinga speeсh at the Smart Тransportсonferenсe.l attendevery Уear,but this is the firsttime l'm going to give a speeсh.The сonferenсeis over on Saturday,but l'm not going to returnto MadisonuntilSundaynight.|'mgoingto take the traininsteadof driving'so l сan get some work done.So, it doesn'tlook Iikewe'll get to see eaсh otherthis time.l hope nexttime works out better.-Harry

ANIWERо Chеck аIl thе things Horrу Vroom is going to do next wеekend. l.

П ье in Madison

2. И ьe in Chiсago 3. t

go frshing

4.Пattеndaсonfеrenсe

7. П d.i,,е to Madison

5. Пgi,.easpeeсh

8. П see Greg

6. П rеturn on Saturdav

о Look ot the piсturеs. Theу show eventsfrom a doу in ProfessorVroom,slife. DE$сRIBЕ Writе prеdictions or guеssеs.Use the words in the box ond o form of be 9oin9 to or not bе going to. answеr the рhone

1.

|t,'эgoing to rain,

drivе

give a speeсh

ж

take a trip

watсh ТV

.......о.. .Ty.у!!.|...9Р. P.:.?\i?у..t: :Y}.ч::... о After hisspееch, ProfessorVroom onswerеdquestionsfrom thе oudiencе, сoff|PLЕтE won,t. Сomplеtеthe questionsond onswеrs.|Jsethе words in porеnthеsеsond wi|| or will

Woмдш 1: Мy question is this, Prоfеssor Vroom: run

futurе Vвoом:

on gasoline?

1.(run) won't,

No, it

probably

.It solar energy.

3. (use)

wе still

Woмдш 2: Vвooм: No, we

flat tires?

4. (gеt)

. By the yеar 20tО,tires

5.

a speсial sеal so that theу

7. (rеpaiф

Mдш 1: In what other ways 9. (havе)

6. (havе)

themselves.

сarS

Vвоoм: Well, instead of kеys, сars

12. (adjust)

еven

Mдп 1: Vвooм: Yes, they Mдш 2: Hоw muсh

they

diffеrent?

8. (be)

smart сards. Thesе

a lot like сredit сards. Thеy

1O. (look)

and they

the сar of the

11. (opеn)

doors

thе sеats, mirrors, and steering whеels. Thеу l3. (сontro|)

14. (prеveпt)

the insidе temperaturе. сar thеfts?

! Nеxt question? That gentleman in thе baсk. thеse сars

Vвooм: I don't know eхaсtly, but they сertainly

16. (сost) 17. (be)

сhеap.

. Rеad thisе-moil mеssogeto ProfessorVroom,Find ond corrесtnine mistokеsin EDIT the usеof thе futurе with wii| аnd be going to. Thе first mistokеis olreodу corrеcted.

won'l Harry-|'m sorrythatwe йllI hЪ be able to get togetherin Madison.Martha,too,wil| going misses you. PerhapsWe сan get togethersometimenextmonth.Marthaand I am His to be in MinneapolisuntilJuly 15.Afterthat,we are goingvisitour son in Phoenix. we're wife is pregnantand will have a baby the firstweek in July.It'shard to believethat gonna be grandParents! How exсitingthatyou goingto ta|kat the сonferenсe!I'm sure it wiIlsbe great. l,vegot to run now.The sky is gettingreallydark and it'llstorm.I wantto get out of this offiсebeforethen.More |ater.-Greg

Future: Contrast Don'|WОrry, Thеу won'| |eave w i|ho ut mе,

I'mthe Vilol!

Нurryup'eir, Yo't'regoing to be lale. The ehu|t|e |eaveэ in f i v a m i n u l e e.

жPпINт СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т

F

Thе shuttle tо Mars has a sсhedulеd departure.

т

F

The pilot is too late.

сl|ARтсHEсl(

AFFl Rltf,AТlvЕ sтAтЕ]t{ЕNТs

NЕGAтlvЕ sтAтЕlvlЕNтs

Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).

Wе,re going to lеave Wе,ll lеavе fo r M ar s so o n. Wе,rе leaving We leave

Wе arеn,t going to leave Wе won,t leavе u n t i ll : 0 0 . We aren,t lеaving Wе don,t leavе

т

F

There are several ways to talk about the futurе.

т

F

Yоu сan't usq thе present tense to talk about thе future.

VEs/No QUEgтloNs

s h еi s .

ls she going to lеavе

foг Мaгs soon? Does shе lеave

W'|-QUЕsтloNs Whеn is shе going to leavе Whеn will she Ieavе for Maгs? When is shе leaving Whеn does shе lеavе

84

sHoRт ANsWЕRs l

| s h еi s n , t .

shеisn,t. shе doesn,t.

Fшturr:

ООi..trаs"il

EхPREss,{;%;:;!,r;,у;,*' Сheck thе sentencesthot rеferto the future, П I'- lеaving in fivе minutеs. П wьut timе do you normally leavе thе offiсe? П A'" yоu going to thе сonferеnсe in Мay? t

дt the moment, I'm working on a report.

жя#фж% йж жwwaхж жr ЖжpЖ ffitrъ

#"жжrжpfl-**

1. Use be going to, will, thе prеsеnt progressivе, and thе simрlе prеsеnt tеnse to talk about thingsin the futurе.

l l,m going to fly to Mars nеxt wееk.

Pаst ..''......

r l,ll fly to Mars next wеek.

Now

I |,m flying to Maгs nеxt week.

rry i ....i.........x... i nеxt wееk

r l fly to Maгs nеxt wееk.

2. Usдсв Noтвs: Somеtimеsonly onе form of thе futurеis appropriatе,but in many сasesmore than onе foгm is possibIе. a. Usе be going to or will to makе prediсtions or quеssеs.

l ln a fеw years pеople are going to fly to Mars. l ln a few yеarspеop|еwiII fly to Mars.

b. Usе be going to (not wll) whеn somеthing in thе pгеsent |eadsto a prediсtion.

l Look at that spaсeship!lt,s going to land! Noт {+v*i.ll-{and.

(. Usе be going to, wiII,or thе present progrеssive to talk about futurе intеntions oг plans.

r Dr. Greеn is going to spеak tomoгrow. r Dr. crееn wi|l spеak tomorrow. r Dr. Grееn is speaking tomorrow.

d. Wе oftеn use will whеn wе dесidе' som e t h i n ga t t h е m o m e n to f s p е a k ing. We also usе will to make offers'

A: Dг. cгееn is giving a ta|ktomoгrow. B: o h! M aybe |,ll go . A: crеat! I,ll gеt you a tiсkеt.

е. We often usе thе prеsent progressive whеn wе talk about futuгeрlansthat have alrеadybееn arrangеd.Тhеrе is usuallysomе refеrenсeto the futurе that shows that thе еvеnt is not happeningnow.

l l,m flying to Mars nеxt weeft.l,vе alrеady gotten a tiсket.

t. Usе the simplе prеsent tеnse to talk about sсhedulеdfuture eventssuсh as timetables,programs,and sсhedulеs.

r Тhе shutt|еto Mars lеavеs at tomorrow. l We land at midnight.

.l0:00 д.м.

85

86

l

#mЁE2*

о ProfessorGrееn is ottеnding o confеrеnсеthis weеk,Reаd her convеrsotion IDENтIFY with ProfеssorRuss.Underlinе oll thе verbs thot rеfer to thе future, Russ: Еllеn! It,s niсе to see you.Are you presеnting a paper this wеek? Gвввш: Hi, Riсk. Yes. In faсt, my talk starts at two o,сloсk. Russ: Oh, maybe I'11go. What are you going to talk about? Robots? Gвввш: Yеs. r,m foсusing on pеrsonal rоbots for housеhold work. Russ: I'd like one of those! Where's your son, by the way? Is he hеre with you? Gввпш: No. Tony stays in Denver with his gтandparеnts in thе Summеr. I'm going to visit him after the сonferenсe. Sо, what are you working on these days? Russ: I'm stil] with the Mars Assoсiation. In faсt, we're going to be holding a news сonferеnсе nеxt month about the Мars shuttlе launсh. Gвввш: That's eхсiting. Maybe I'll see you there. Russ: Great. The сonferenсe begins at noon on the tenth.

сH00sEо Сirсlе the most аppropriotеwords to completethesеconversotions, 1. Gвввш: Whiсh projeсt do you *ork /

on nеxt?

Russ: I haven't dесided for sure. Prоbably the Spaсemobile. 2.

Russ: Look at those dark сlouds! Gвввш: Yes. It looks likе it's raining / it,s going to rain any minute.

3. Gвввш: I'd better get baсk to my hotel room before the storm. Russ: oK. I'm seeing / I'll see yоu later. 4.

Dвsк: Professor Green, your son just сalled. Gвшшш: oh, good. I,l1 сall / I'm сalling him baсk right away.

5. Gвввш: Hi, honey. How's it going? Torчy: Grеat. I go / I'm going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow. 6. Gвввш: Havе fun, but don,t forget. You still have to finish that papеr. Torтy: I knoщ Mom. I mail / I'm mailing it tomorrow. I already have the envеlope. 7,

Torтy: How's the сonfеrеnсe? Gвшвш: Good. I,m giving / I'll givе a talk this aftеrnoon.

8.

Torтy: Good luсk. When arе }zou/ will you be hеre? Gвввш: Tomorrow. Мy planе lands / will land at 7:00, so I see / I'll sеe you about 8:00.

Fa.*t**re:С;*П|rа$t I

o Rеod thеsесonversotions.Сomplеtе them with on аppropriote form of thе с0IлPLEтE verbsin porеntheses,(Thereis morе thon onе corrеctаnswer for some items,) in just a fеw minutеs.

Ieaveэ

1. A: Hurry up! Thе shuttle

(Ieavе)

B: Oh, I'm sure they

for us.

(wait)

2. A: Look at thosе storm сlouds! Do vou think it B: I dоn't know. I

(сhесk)

3 . A: When

B: Wе

(raln)

the weathеr foreсast.

Wе

thе shuttle?

(board)

first сlass, so We should be among the first

(fly)

to board. 4.

A: Wow! This suitсase is heavy. B:

5.

it for you. Give it to me.

(сarry)

A: What timе

Wе

on Mars?

(land)

B: Aссording to the sсhedule, at 9:00 A.N{.,but I think we

(bе)

a littlе late. 6. A: I'm hungrу. I hope Wе B: Mе too. I

some food soon.

(gеt)

thе seafood speсial. I ordеred it

(hаve)

in advanсe. 7. A: Look! The flight attendant is gеtting ready to announсe somеthing. B: Grеat. That means Wе

(start)

boarding soon.

EDIT.Rеod this flight onnouncеmеnton thе shuttle to Mors, Find ond сorrесtseven mistokesin the usе of thе future. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу corrеctеd.(Thеrеis oftеn morе thon onе woY to corrеct o mistoke). ..Good.evening, ladies and gеntlemеn. This *tifu

your сaptain speaking. We bе going

to leave the Earth's gravity field in about fifteen minutеs. At that time, you are able to unbuсkle your sеat belts and float around the сabin. Host robots take ordеrs for dinner soon. After thеse storm сlouds, wе are having a smoоth trip. The shuttle arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's tеmperature on the planet is a mild minus 20 degrеes Celsius.By tomorrоw morning the temperaturе is 18 degтees,but it is feeling morе like 28 dеgrees. Enjoy your flight.,,

87

Future тime clauses

ffiPпINт Сheck thе correct onswer. П тье сhild is talking about a presеnt habit. П тьe сhild is planning her future.

sтATEпnENтs

сl|АRтсHEсI( Сirсlе T (True) or F (Folse). т

т

F

F

The verb in thе main сlause is in the future. The verb in the time сlausе is in the future.

I т.'. Glдusв

Mдlш Glдusв

l ,m g o i n g to b е a ba||еtdanсег when I grow up. ofter she graduates.

Sh e ,l li o i n a b a l l e tс ompany

YEs/NoQuEsтloNs l т,'. Glдusв

Mдlш Glдusв

A re y o u g o i n g t o b e a ba||etdanсer when you grow up? W i l l s h е j o i n a b a l |etсo mpany

ofter shе graduatеs?

sHoRт ANsWЕRs AггIпмдтIvв

Yеs,

I am.

I

NвсAтlvЕ

| No,

shе will.

l'm not. shе won,t.

}r,}'-QUEsтloNs Mдlш Cиusв What

88

l тlмв Cиusв

are you going to be

when you grow up?

will shе do

аfter she graduates?

Futurе

Тime

Glauses

EхPREssжж Unscromblеthеsе words to form o question ond on onswеr. be . What о gтowS up . she o when o will о she

to . sсientist . a О going . She,s о be

ffiуmmEтtаr ffiжрBeffietЁФж$

ffiж*иъър**s

1. Whеn a sentеnсеabout futuretime has two сlauses,the verb in the main сlausеis often in thе futurе (willor bе going to).Тhe verb in the time сlauseis often in the prеsеnt tense.

mаinс|ausе timесIausе l Не,ll look foг a job when he graduates.

mainс|ausе

futuгetimе с|ausе.

timесIausе

Noт@.

Тhe timе сlausе сan сome at thе bеginningoг the end of thе sentеnсе.Тhe meaningis the same.Use a Gomma afteгthе time сlausеwhen it сomеs at thе beginning.Do not use a сomma when it сomеs at the end.

l Before she opplies, shе,l|visitsсhooIs. oR visit sсhoo|s r Shе,l| before she oppliеs. Noт

2. Here aге some Gommon timе еxрrеssions you сan usе to begin futuretimе сIauses. a. When, ofter, and os soon os often introduсethе еventthat happеnsfirst.

l Whеn l graduatе,l,ll look for a job. l After | graduatе,|,|||ookfor a job. l As soon os I gгaduatе,l,l||ookfoг a job. first l,m going to groduatе,Тhеn l,ll look for a job')

Now : 1groduote look for а job Рast.....'...iх..............'J.1...............> b. Before, until, and bу the timе often introduсеthе еvent that hapoеnssесond. Now :. finish school get o job e P as t . . . ....' ..i х ...........' ..........Futur ..x ......> G. Whilе introduсesan evеntthat wi||happen at thе same timе as anothеr еvеnt. Now . . . .....' .i P as t х

.' 7 ,.' .' ' .,. Futur ..} e

to'o'1fl : \Qt .oййб-'wd.

l Before I get a job, |,l|finish sсhoo|. l llntil I gеt a job, |,I|stay in sсhool. l By the time I gеt a job, |,|lbe out of sсhool. first l,ll finishsсhool' Then l,ll get a job,)

l

While l look foг a job, l,||сontinuеto study. (l will |ookfor a job ond study during thе samе timе pеriod.)

l

89

90 r

unit 21

тRUE0R FAIiЕo Rеod eoсh numbеredsеntеnce.Write T (Truе)or F (Fа|sе)for the stotеmеnt thаt foll ows. 1. Amber will open her own business when she finishes sсhool. F Amber will open her own business. Then she,ll finish sсhool. 2. Denzell won't quit until he finds another job. Denzell will find another job. Then he'll quit. 3. Jake will retire as soon as he turns sixty. Jake will retire. Then he'll turn sixrv. 4. Marisa will сa]l you when she gets home. Marisa will get home. Then she'll сall you. 5. Whilе Li-jing is in sсhool, she'll work part-time. Li-jing will finish sсhool. Thеn she,ll get a part-time job. 6. By the time Marta gets her diploma, she'll be twenty-one. Marta will turn twenty-one. Then she'll get her diploma.

о Reod obout Sondy аnd с0IЙBiNE !еff, Сombinе thе sentencеs. l. Sandy and Jeff will get married. Then S andy will gтaduatе. 1andу and Jeff w\|lget marr\ed graduateэ. before -Эandу

2. Jeff is going to get a raise. Then they are going to move to a larger apartment. as soon as 3. They're going to movсj to.a larger apartment. Then they,re going to have a baby. After 4. They,ll have thеir first сhild. Then Sandy will get a part-time job. after 5. Their сhild will be two. Then Sandy will go baсk to work full-time. By the time 6. Sandy will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to sсhool. while т. Jeff will gтaduate. Then he,ll find another job. when

Future

Тime

Giauses

о Look ot this student,sworksheet,Сomplete it with thе corrеct form of the с0ff|PIEтE in porеnthеsеs. vеrbs

GoAL

PIANNlNG

woR.кsHEEт

l. Write your major goal. '11get, y a job aftеr ] (gеt)

(graduate)

ll. List three benefits of aсhieving your goal. l. Whеn I 2. Whеn I 3. I

a job, I

(get)

еnough monеy, I

(savе)

happier whеn I

(fее|)

morе monеУ.

(havе)

еmployеd.

(bе)

lll. How will you reaсh your goal? Write down smaller l. As soon as I

(get up)

a usеd сar.

(buy)

goals.

in thе morning, I

the

(buy)

nеWspapеr to look at the еmploymеnt ads.

2. Whеn I

to mv friеnds, I

(spеak)

know of any jobs. 3. I

(аsk)

at thе job notiсеs board whеn I

thеm if thеу

to

(go)

\-r"^,,|

thе supеrmarkеt. 4. Bеforе I

(go)

on an intеrviеw, I

(improve)

mу

сomputеr skills.

EDIT.Rеod this doncеr,sjournаI еntrу, Find ond corrеct sеvеnmistokesin thе use of future timе clousеs.The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd.Don,t forget to check for commos!

а/r.eас/! br orer!Аs sooпаs шеfиiф thePефrmаnсe lhere аregojпg to bе а btgРаft! for-tp, '* RePoffursшi//b-ether-?,шhеиц-е-rntrrthi!r.oom,Whi|e и,eш// сekbr!Иfug-pr1': уL!!-lцk:yip-r.',: 4 -Ш:lу!е,;эf"th,е.dqцqqg"?!!p.

e!!:1g!!_цp Sцry4ogш''rnJЦJ!!/ bу,g"thе,plPеrq!,! :r'-d -

the iпtеrrieшs,We,rеgoingtoРeфrm this shoeufor tшo шeek, Аs sooпаs t:fui:h'd.-еЕu.ersiпсeI.шаs/iф |,veшапФ'dfu bе а bа|/etdаnсer .fеаrп!d-qпecuРrogr.а!п.I,mso..9хqitэd,

l

9|

Future Progressive I won'l br hereat 12:ОО,|'|lbе out walkinglhe doq.

@ )fl

Tж

жPqINт Сtlеck thе сorrеct onswеr.

rl

Whеn will Robo takе thе dоg out for a walk? П b"fo.e 12:00 t

at 12:00

t

aftеr 12:00

sтAтЕпnЕNтs

сI]АRTсIIEсK Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе). т

F

You сan form thе futurе progressive with be going to or will plus be and the basе form of thе verb + -ing.

vtl )-PRI

Br (нoт) сotttстo/ 1 Br + Bдsв Wttt (нoт) | Foпм + -,NG

Suв!вст

am (not) going to He/Shе/lt

is (not) going to

Wе/You/Тhey

are (not) going to

l/He/Shе/| tlWe lYoulThey

will (not)

bе working

tomorгow.

bе working

tomorrow.

VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs

ltt-l

Bс/Wltt I Suqвст | Gotltс тo I Br + Bдsв Foпм + .lшс | Am ls

shе

Are

you

WiII

you

go ing to

bе working

tomoгrow?

be working

tomorrow?

sHoRт ANsWЕRs AггIпмдтlvв l

ш."AтlvE

Уou arе. Yеs,

92

shе is.

you aren't. No,

she isn't.

I am.

l'm not.

wе will

Wе won,t.

Futиre Рrоgressiwe

Ltl},.QUЕsтloNs Wн- Woпo | в'/w,,',. I su,l... | сo,'. 'o I Br + BдsвFoпм + -,^,G Where W hе n

IS

he

will

shе

g o i n g to

be working? bе working?

ЕxPRЕssr;ж"##;ffi Unscromblеthеse words to form two questions,Answеr the quеstions, working o bе o Will o tomorrow о yoЦ

Уou о be . What о doing o are o to . gоing

й ыжwwн'gwж e{aeжЙ * ffiуй жr Жжp#

Жкreкъъ рt*s

1. Use thе future progrеssivе with be going to I Robo is going to be walking thе dog or will to ta|kabout thingsthat wi||be in progrеss at no o n. at a speсifiсtime in the future. OR Ro bow ill be w alking the do g at no o n. Past

RвмвмвпR!Non-aсtionverbs arе nоt usua|ly usеd in thе progrеssive.

l

You,rе going to havе a hеadaсhе tomorгow moгning. Noт@ahеadaсhе tomorrow moгning.

2. Usдсв Noтв: Wе often use the futuге pгogressive A : to hint that we would |ikеsomеonеto do us a favoг. B: A:

3. Remembеrthat if the sentеnсehas a timе сlause, usе the simp|еprеsеnttenseor pгesеnt pгogrеssivеin thе time сlause,not the future or future progгеssivе.

WiIl you bе going by thе post offiсe tomorrow? Yеs.Do you neеd stamps? Yеs.Сould you gеt mе somе?

r I'll be сooking while the robot is сlеaning. Noт |,l|bе сooking whi|е the гobot wi.l.l-bе с{еаttinfr

l

93

94

t

Ж#, \3wъв*

o Rеod this porogroph. Undеrlinе oII the futurеprogressiveforms. IDЕNтIFY Today we find most robots working in faсtories around the world. But what wцl robots of the future be doing? one Massaсhusetts Institute of Teсhnology dеsigner prеdiсts that in just a few years, small, inte}ligent robots are going to be taking сare of all the household сhores. This is gоing to make life a lot еasiеr. While one robot is соoking dinneц anothеr onе will be vaсuuming the floоr. But what about outside the homе? Will robоts be playing football or fighting wars? Sсiеntists aren,t surе. What is сertain, howeveц is that robots will be playing a more and more signifiсant role in our lives.

o Rеod thеsеconversotions,Сomplete them with thе futurеprogressiveform с0[|PLЕтE of thе words in porenthеsesond with short аnswеrs, 1.

will

Sтuовшт:

be havinа

you

offiсe

a . ( W i | |/ h a v е )

hours today? I'd like to talk to you about my robotiсs paper. Yeэ,l w1||

Tвдсншв:

.I

b.

to lunсh

с . ( w i l |/ g o )

at 2:00. But stop in anytime before then.

MRs. Gвв: When

you

the offiсe?

a. (bе going to / |еavе)

lVIв.Gшв: At 2:00. Why? Do we need somеthing?

MRs. Gвш: Would you mind piсking up some milk? Robo forgot, and I b. (won,t/ gеt)

3.

home until latе. you

Toшy: Dad. what time

a. (be going to i сomе)

home today? I need soтirеhelp with my sсienсe projeсt. Mв. Gвв: I

b . ( w i | |/ t a k е ;

Mia to thе dеntist after work, but

I'll bе baсk by 4:00.

Torтy:

с. (Bе going to / havе)

dinnеr bеfore

Mom сomes home?

Mв. Gвп: 4.

d.

. You know we always wait for Mоm.

Sдr,вsмдш: I'm сalling from Robotroniсs Inс. I

a. (bе going to / visit)

your

neighborhood Soon to dеmonstrate our nеW robot. Roвo:

I'm sоrry. The Gеe family for a while.

b. (won,t l buу)

a nеW robot

Wc.}kжr* $*r"сзgr*sssBwe l

o Look ot Robo,sond Roboto,sschedulеsfor tomorrow.Сompletе с0ILPLЕтE the stotemеnts. Fl o b o 8:oo

Flo Ь o ta 8:OO paybills

makе bгеakfast

9:oo dust bedгooms

9 : o o V а C U u mI i v i n gг o o m

1o:oo do |aundгy

1 o : o o г e р a i n tk i t с h e n

12:oo mаkeIuпch ,l:oo giveMг. Gee a massagе

1 2 : o o г e с y с l et h е g а г b a g e 1:oo shoofoг food

5:oo

h e | pT o n yw i t h h o m е w o г k

5:oo makеdinneг

7:oo

p I a yс h е s s w i t h Т o n y

7 : O O w a l kt h e d o o

1. Whi1e Robo

iэ makingbreakfaэt,

2. Robo

wi||be ?aУingbi||э,

, Robota

thе bedrooms while Robota

3. Robota

the kitсhen while Robo

4. Whi1е Robo

lunсh. Rоbota

5. Robo

a massage while Robota

6. Robota

dinner while Robo

7. While Robo

сhess. Robota

EDIT.Rеаd this student,sporаgroph. Find ond сorreсtsеvеnmistokеsin thе usе of thе futureprogrеssivе.The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.

p e r f o rming In the future, гobots wi1l be Bеrяer*moгe

and more tasks for humans.

This will be havin$ both positive and negative effeсts. on the onе hand, whilе robots тлriitbe d.oing thе boring and d.an$erous jobs, humans more time to inberestin$ puгsuits. a lot easier for humans.

wi1i bе dеvotin$

In this тлray гobots is going to be making

on the othеr hand, the widesprеad

going сreatе a lot of future unemployment.

lifе

use of гobots is

People will losin$ thеiг jobs as

robots fill their posltions. And somе robots сould even beсome dangегous. I'm afraid that in thе not-too-distant

future, гobobs will bе opеratin$ nuсlear рoweг

stations! And befoгe too long, гobots are going to br fight in wars. Althou$h, sеcond thought, that w111be betteг than humans

killlng

еaсh other!

on

95

Future Perfect and Future Perfeсt Progressive

Эу February'

he'\\have beeneaving for threevеareand l'll be rich!

WPqlNт

.ф)

Сhесk thе сorrеct аnswеr. П It's February. П не hasn't bееn saving for three years yеt.

FUтURЕPЕRFЕстsтAтEпnENтs

сI|ARтснEсKI СirсIе Т (Truе)or F (Folse). т

F

Both the futurе pеrfeсt and the future perfeсt progTеssiveuse will hove been.

Suв,вст

I Wttt (ltoт) | нou, + Pдsт PдптlсlpI.в

|/Hе/She/|t/Wе/You* lTheу

will (not)

have saved enough money by then.

*You is both singular and plural.

FUTURE PЕRFEст PRoGREssIvЕ sTAтЕ]t,lЕNтs + BдsвFoпм + -,NG l Wttt (мoт) | нou, BЕEN

Suв;вст |/He/Shе/| tlWelYou lThey

w il! (no t)

have bееn saving foг thrееyears.

s}|oRтANsWЕRs

сI|ARтсHEсK2

FUтURЕ PERFЕст YEs/No QUEsтloNs

Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse).

Wttt I Suв;вст | Hлvс+ Pдsт Pдптlсlpt-в

Aггlпмдтtvв l

wiШ

Yеs, hе w ill' I No , hе w o n,t.

т

F

Shоrt answer forms are the same for thе future perfeсt and the future perfeсt progrеssive.

tl

havе saved еnough by then?

FUтURЕРEarЕсТPRoGRЕsslvЕ уEs/NoQUEsтloNs Wttt WiII

96

hе

Hдvr BЕЕN+

Suв;встI Bдsв Foпм + -,NG havе been saving foг |ong?

Nвсдтlvв

sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв l

Nвсдтlvв

Yes, he w ill. t No , hе w o n,t.

:Y}.чT:. .Т.::I:.::. 3:9.г.Y}y.::. :...:::.:}.:.Т:.9:.::.::Y: .: .27......oo..l

EхPREss.жж Сomplеtе thеsеsentenceswith thе vеrb drive. Usе onе word for eoch blonk. . By June, I'll have been . I'll have

€ } rи шxв mаr

mv new cat fot a vеar.

10,000milеs by then.

Еэ*рleffiatЁ*}t g

Еxamplеs

1. When Wе u5еthe futurе pеrfeсt, wе imagine a сertainpoint of time in thе futuге,and we look baсk at еvеntsthat wil| be сomplеtedbv t hat t i mе .

r By J une,he w ill have paid his dеbt. l Wе won,t have savеd еnough by thеn.

*?*

P ast . '. . ......

....i .....х .......х . ......Futur ...> e poid lunе i э.debt

Use by + timе exprеssion to identify thе point in time in thе futurе.

I t

Use olreodу and уet to emphasizе whethеr an еventwill have happenеdby a point in timе.

2. When We usе the futurе pеrfeсt progrеsslve, we imaginea сertainpoint in the futuге,and wе look baсk on thingsalrеadyin progrеss. *:*

1gg8 Dеcеmber P ast . . . '. ..... ш - - - ..- : tiving

F utur e

T I

Bу lune, shе,Ilhavе bought a usеd сar. She,ll havе lookеd at a |ot of сarsby then. Bу |хАaу, hе,IIhavе olreodу savеd $],000. Bу Мaу, hе won,t havе savеd $2,00Оуet.

Wе movеd hегеin 1998. By nеxt Deсembеrwе wi|l havе been living heгefor sevеra|yеars. We're moving to Parisnext year.By 2005 we will havе bееn Iiving thегefor sеvera|yеaгs, and it sho u|dfее|likеho mе.

Тhe future pеrfесt progrеssive foсuses on how long and oftеn inсludesthе length of time.

r You,ll havе beеn spеaking Fгеnсhfor tеn уeors by thеn.

Rвмвмввп!Non.aсtionvеrbsare not usual|y used in the progrеssive.

l By May, hе,ll have owned his сar for a yeaг. Noт

3. Use the futurе peгfeсtor the future peгfeсt pгogrеssivеwlth thе simplе prеsеnt tеnsе to show the ordеr of evеnts: FtпsтЕvгштfuture pеrfесt(progressivе) Sгсoпo Evгшт: simple prеsеnttensе

By thе timе you orrive, |,ll havе finished dinneг. No т l,l|havе finishеddinnег. By the time you orrivе, |,IIhavе beеn rеading for an hour.

Now

finish stort dinner to reod orrivе

Past................i.....x..............х...............х.....> Futurе

98

I

L$пEt *З

o Rеod eoch numberеdsentеnce,Writе T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе oR FALilЕ TRUЕ stotеmеnt thot folIows. l.

By this timе tomorroщ I,ll havе dесidеd whiсh сar to buy. т

I haven't deсided yet whiсh сar I'm going to buy.

2. Wе,ll have already finished the gтoсery shopping by the time you get homе. You will get home while we are shopping. 3. By nеxt yeaц Mary will havе bееn working at the newspapеr for five years. Nеxt Уeat,,Mary сan сеlebratе her frfth annivers atу at the newspaper. 4. By ten o,сloсk, shе won't have finished writing her сolumn yet. Shе will finish writing at tеn о'сloсk. 5. Wе will havе moved to a larger offiсе by the year 2ОI0. We will move to a larger offiсe after the yеar 2010. 6. By next Уear,we'll havе bеen pubtishing the newsletter for fifteen years. We startеd the newslettеr less than fifteen years ago.

o Lookot thе timе line аnd complеte thе sentencеsobout Tom аnd Lindo,s с}Iу|PLЕтE future oсcomplishmеnts.IJsеthe future p|еrfесtor the future perfect progressivеform of thе words in porеnthеsеs.Сhoosе bеtwеenoffirmotiveond nеgotive.

ffi 1,,, 1,0,,1,,,

ffi

..=:Jl

.|:1,':,твЦ!|'.. ,. . ] !'* ! ] i ' ; -А1 L

''.,{

| (t;i,

t..

{ед-;

.?

1,,,1,,,

II I

Izors

Bу 2ОL2, they By 2015, they

'll have bought

'||

Bу 2017,Tom

(9raduatе)

sсhool for four years.

(attеnd)

By 2019,thеy

(buy) (drivе)

Bу 202О,Linda The

in their own housе for three years.

(|ivе)

By Travis's first birthdaY, Tom

They

a new сar.

(buy) havе been |iving

another сar. their old сar for eight уears by then. hеr business.

(opеn) (save)

Bу retirement, the сouple

for two years Ъу 202О. (aссomplish)

a lot.

Future

Рerfeсt

and Fr*tun"* Рerfeеt

РrоgresgЁъg*

o Rеаd Lindo Lеone,s(LL) interviewwithTeenagе Couples Magazine (ТC). с0I|PLEтЕ Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with thе сorreсt form of thе vеrbs in porenthеses.Usе thе progrеssivеform whеn possiblе. Use alreadу or уet whеn oppropriotе, get

TC: You two arе amaziлg! By the time you 'l| havea!-214у?1anned уol

married.

l ' (gеt)

your wholе life togethеr!

LL: Well, wete been dating sinсe middle sсhool. By the time *u

.. .o'ouu.",

fromhighsсhool,-"aboutourmarriageforalongtime. TC: When Travis

, Tom

5. (bе born)

6. (not graduatе)

. Hоw will you manage with Tom still in sсhool?

from сollege

LLз It won't be easy, but we've got a plan. Tom

7. (finish)

most

of his сourses by then. He,ll stay home with the baby during thе day and go to night sсhool. TC: By the time you you _

your tenth wedding anniversary,

8. (сеlebrаtе)

your business

9. ("ot start)

You havе a lot of patienсe. LL: Not rеally. I by then. When I

I

years of praсtiсe on mу job

lo. (gеt)

.l2.

11 . ( o p e n ) (bесomе)

the doors of Linda, Inс.,

a vеry experienсed Web page designer.

TC: Well, good luсk to you, and thanks for the interviеw.

ЕDIT.Reod thisjournol entrу,Find ond correct siх mistаkеsin thе use of thе future pеrfect ond the future perfect progrеssivе.Thе first mistokе is аIrеodycorrеctеd.

have been

Ihеsamеsа|ап1tor thrее tortеn\еars'Аnd|'Iteаrnа|most BуАugustl,llbe а word?rocе;aor to go bаcktoscnoo| Ihisуеаr.First|'m I|lаt,sWhyl,vemаdеa New\еаr,srеso|ution уеаrs| goingIo writеtorschoo| cаtаIogs fortиition . Bу Маrch,|,|| аnd stаrt5аvi0g hаvеtigurеout tиition starГapp(ying. сoяt.ThеnI,|I Byaцmmеr,I аccефаncе wi(( hаdrеcеivеd howrnucn pаrt.timе |eltеrs, working andgoingto schoolpаrt-Iimе, |nАugust, |,(ltatkto rnybossаboцt tиition to paytorа sеmеstеr's ' By nextNew еnough Bythсttime,|,I| hаuеsаvеdа|rеаdч \еаr'sDay,|,llhаuеbееnstudуlor onewnolеsеmеEtеr|

l

99

SelfTest flW0шп Сircle the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswer to complеtе eoсh sentence.

Exдмptп: Jennifеr never {A)drink (B)drinks 1 . It -

сoffee. (C) is drinking {D)was drinking

tomorrow.

(C) 's going to rain (D)'s raining

{A)rains (B)rained 2. The paсkage will

on Monday. (C) arriving (D)be going to arrive

(A) arrive (B)arrives 3. Goоdnight. I (A) 'll see (B)'m going to see

you in the morning. (C)'m seeing (D)see

4. Hurry. The next bus

a t 7: I 5 . (C)lеaving (D)will havе been leaving

(A) leave {B)leaves 5 . Bill will be -

(A) flies (B)flying

to Taipei tomorrow. (с) fly (D)have flown

We a new VCR soon. (A) have owned (B)11 own 7 . They,ll bе making сopies while he

(A) finishes (B),ll bе finishing 8. She'll (A) savе (B)have saved

(C) 're owning (D)own the report. (с) 1l finish (D)'s been finishing

almost $t,000 by then. (C)have been saving (D)be saving

9. By next Уear, Roger will (A) live (B)be living

here for ten yеars. (С)havе been living (D)be going tо livе

10. Will you buy an eleсtriс сar whеn they availablе? (A) bесоme (C) are beсoming (B)beсame (D)will beсome

100

д@ с D

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

SelfTest

11. She'll have gotten married (A) already (B)by

Junе. (C)sinсе (D)until

72. Where (A) they (B)they will

(C)will thеy (D)are they

14. How for сollege? (A) should pay (B)will she pay

I

ABсD

ABсD

be living?

13. Look at those сars! Thev -! (A) will сrash (B)will be сrashing

lV

(C}'re going to сrash (D)will havе сrashеd

ABсD

ABсD (C) shе pays (D)she's going to pay

[ffi]J.ТТ\'lтW0 Еoсh sеntеnсеhos four undеrlinеd words or phroses. The four undеrlinedports of thе sеntenceorе mаrked A, B, С, ond D. Сircle thе lеtter of the one underlinеd word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст, Еxдмptl: Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ABCD

A B с@

1 5 . Will you been soing to the drugstore tonight?

ABсD

1 6 . The movie starts at 7:30, so I think I gq.

ABсD

,|7. We are going to study tonight until we will finish this сhapter.

ABсD

1 8 . By April, I'll have been driven my new сar for a Уeat.

ABсD

1 9 . We'll travel for a сouple of days, so you won,t be able to сall us.

ABсD

20. Jan finished sсhool by next Summeц so we're going to visit her.

ABсD

2 1 . Whiсh projeсt will hе works on after he finishes this job?

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

AB

сD

ABсD

AB(D

yg! -o By January, he'll have *Csaved $1,000. -A* ъ23. Wherе * bе- -staving vou _ - -will Т--B - t * " ъ _ when you g9 to Moroссo?

I'll be stud}ring whilе Ana will bе sleeping. AB(D

25. She will nоt has graduated by June. AвсD

ABсD ABсD ABсD ABсD

1Ol

Wh- Questions: Subjeсt and Prediсate What,happened

o n Nhe niqhL o f lЙ aу 12Nh? Where did уou go? Who did

уou oee? Who эaw уou?

Whу d\d I get,ouI,of bеd L h i em o r n i n q ?

| POINт

]

Сhеck thе corrеct onswers. The lawyer wants to know П th" events оn the night of May I2th. П tь. witness,s profession. П th" names of people who saw thе witness.

сHАRтсI]Eсl(l

QUEsтloNs AB0Uт T}|ЕsUB,Е(т

Circle T (Truе) or F (Folsе).

Wн- Woпo Suв,вст

Vвпв i Pпвolсдтв

Who

saw

т

F

lЦh- questions abоut the subjeсt havе the same word ordеr as statements.

ANswЕпs(sтAтЕrilENтs) Suryвст |v.*,IP*.o..o,. Hе

сl]АRтсl|EсI( 2 Сircle T (True)or F (Folsе), т

T

to2

F

F

l,Uh.questiоns about thе prediсate have the samе word order as statements. Questions about the prediсate сan inсlude a form of the verb do.

yo u?

saw

me.

QUЕsтloNsABoUт тHЕ РREDIсAтЕ Wн-WoпoI Au*,..o*" I I

P п в o l с д т в| V в п в Who(m)

did

iSuвlвст|Vвпв you

seе?

ANsWЕRs (sТAТЕшtЕNTs) Suв;вст |v.*' saw

IP*.o..o,. him.

l/Уfr- Gluestions:

Subieсt and Prediсate

EхPREssж Unscromblethese words to form two questions. night о happened . What о last do.did.WhatonextОYou e*?atiФns & ra gтэк-mar Ж:срf;

Еxamplеs

1. Usе иЙ. quеstions to askfor sрeсifiсinformation. r r t,Уh.quеstionsbеgin with questionwords suсh l as who, whot, where, whеn, whу, whiсh, r whosе, how, how monу, how muсh, and how long.

W ho Why How How

2. When you arе asking aboшt the subjeсt (usual|ythe first paгt of thе sentenсe),usе a wh- quеstionword in plaсe of thе subjесt.Тhe word order is thе same as in a statеment.

Someonе sawyou. I

3. Whеn you are asklng aboцt the prеdiсatе (usuallythe last part of the sentеnсе),the questionbeginswith a wh- word, but thе word order is thе same as in a yeslnoquеstion.

did yo u sее at A |,sCгi|I ? did you go thеге? many pеop|еsaw you therе? Iong did you staythere?

Y

r Who saw you?

You saw someone. Did you sее somеonе? r Who did vou sее?

somеthingin thе pгediсatе,you neеd еither a. a foгm of thе vеrb be. OR

vегb b. a form of an auxiliary (,,hеlping,,) suсh as do, hаvе, сon, will.

4. Usдсв Noтв:ln very formal ЕngIishwhеn asking about pеople in the pгediсatе,whom is somеtimеsusеd instеadof who.

you сannot usе whom.

l Who is HaгryАdams? l W hy w as hе at A |,sCr ill? r Why doеs shе want to testify? Noт@

VгкyFoвмдlr Whom did you seе? lшгoвмдl. r Who did you sее? r Who is thе nеxt witnеss? NoТ

l

1o3

1O4 I

unit 24

lIlAтсl|o Еoсh questiongoеs with on onswеr.Motch еoсh question with thе correctаnswеn Answеr

Quеstion t

l. Who did vou see?

a. His wife saw mе.

2. Who saw you?

b. Shе hit a car.

3. What hit hеr?

G. I gave the money to Harry.

4. What did she hit?

d. A сar hit her.

5. Whiсh man did you give the money to?

e. Harry gavе mе the money.

6. Whiсh man gavе уоu the money?

f . I saw the dеfеndant.

o Rеod this cross-еxominotion. Сomplеtеit by writing the lаwуеr,squеstions. сOIлPLEтE 1. I,дwyвв.

What |ime did Уou ret,urnhome?

( W h a t t i m е / y o u / г е t u r nh o m е ? )

Wrтшвss: I returned home just before midnight. 2. Lдwyвв:

(How / you / gеt homе?)

Wrтшвss: Somеone gave mе a lift. 3. Lдwyвв:

(Who / givе / you l a ride?)

Wrтшвss: A friend from work. 4. Lдwyвп:

(What/happеn/nеxt?)

lVrтшвss: I opened my door and saw someone on my living room floor. 5. Lдwyвв:

(Who/you/sее?)

Wrтшшss:Debоrah Cоllins. 6. Lдwyвв:

(Who / bе / DeborahСo||ins?)

Wrтшвss:She's my wife's boss. I mean she rоos my wifе's boss. She's dead now. 7. Lдwyвв:

(What lуou l flg-?1

Wrтшвss:I сalled thе poliсe. 8. Lдwyвв: Wrтшвss: No one сalled me. Whv?

( H o w m a n y / p е o p | еl с a | |l у o u ? )

ASl(. Rеod thesestotеments.Thеn osk questionsobout thе underlinedwords. 1 . Thе witnеss recognized Harry Adams.

Who recognizedHarry Аdamэ? 2 . The witness rесognized Harry Adams.

Whodid the witneeerecognize? 3. Court begins at 9:00 д.м.

4. Five witnesses testified.

5. The jury found Adams guilty beсause he didn,t havе an alibi.

6. Something horrible happened.

7. The trial lasted two wеeks.

8. The judge spoke to the jury.

9. Adams paid his lawyer $2,000.

1o. The distriсt attorney questioned thе rеstaurant manager.

. Rеod this list of questions.Thereqre EDIT six mistokеsin the usе of wh- quеstions. Find ond сorrесtthem, The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd,

i,'ijt't,''t'.'t,'i!iliii.'itl.ll,rt.,r.rr,,i,l,t:1,,,i:1.,r,:i:i.:i:i;r, ",t, did whаttimеfihеsolsvеct rеtцrnhome? Lilhodid seе him? Wеrеthеrе аnуwitnessеs? Whomwаsаt homеz Ulhvаiа hе са|t А, Smith? whаtdid hаppеn nеn? Whеrеhе did go? I1ow цц6у1monеУ he tookwithhim?

Tag Gluestions

{;if3:!/!il%;:**P0INT Сheсk the сorreсtanswer. П тье man is asking about the weather. П тье man is сommenting оn the wеather'

WIтH BЕ As тHЕ MAlN VЕRB

сl|ARтсI]EсI(

AFFIR]vlAтlvE

NЕGAтlvE

NEGAтlvЕ

AFFlR]tnAтшЕ

Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).

Sтдтвмвшт

Tдс

Sтдтвмвшт

Tдс

т

т

т

L06

F

F

F

Ifthe statement is affirmative, the tag is affrrmativе.

You,rе from L.A.*, aren,t уou?

You're not from L.A., are you?

*L.4. = Los Angeles

WlТH ALL AUxlLlARY VERBS EXсЕPT Do

Ifthe statеment has an auxiliary, usе thе same auxiliary in the tag.

AFFlRil|AтlvЕ

NЕGAтlvЕ

NЕGAтlvЕ

AFFIR]tnAтlvЕ

Sтдтвмвшт

Tдс

Sтдтвмвшт

Тдс

You're moving,

aren,t уou?

You,rе not moving,

ar е yo u?

He's bеen hеre,

hasn't he?

H е hasn,t bеen heгe, h a s h e ?

Ifthe statеmеnt does not have a fоrm of be or an auxiliary, you need a form of do in the tag.

Тhey Gan movе,

Gan't they?

Thеy Gan't movе,

сan they?

W l т H D o A s A N A U X I L I A R YV E R B AFFlRмAтlvЕ

NЕGAтlvЕ

NЕGAтlvЕ

AFFlRlvlAтlvЕ

Sтдтвмвшт

Tдс

Sтдтвмвшт

Tдс

You live hеre,

don,t уou?

You don,t livе hеrе, do you?

Тhеy movеd,

didn't they?

Тhеy didn,t movе,

did they?

Tag Gluestions

ЕхPREss {ii:ii)h|;i Unscromblеthеsеwords to form o tog quеstion. aсtor . you . an о aren,t о You,re жram*#m w* & y жrжуu,a жy Ж'жgafl.

ЖжarхъpЙrs

1. We often use tag questions to: a. сheсk infoгmationwe bеliеveto be tгuе

Tom livеsin L.A.,doеsn,t hе? (Thе spеokerbеliеvеsthat Tomlivеsin L.A, ond wants to сhеck this informotion,)

OR

|t,sa niсe day, isn't it? (Thе speakеris сommеntingon thе wеather.)

b. сommеnt on a situation

2. Tag questionshavе a statеmеnt and a tag. Formsof tag quеstionsvaгy,but their meaning is alwayssimilar.Тhe statеmеntеxprеssеsan assumption.Тhe tag mеans Right?

statеmеnt

I I I

tag

You,гenot from L.А.,are уou? You,rеJaсkLa Costa,aren,t you? You don,t drivе muсh, do you? a f fi r m а t i v e

negative

a. lf the statеmеntvеrb is affirmative,thе tag vеrb is nеgative.

You work on Fridays,don't you?

b. lf the statemеntverb is negative,the tag vеrb is affirmativе.

You don't work on Fridays,do you?

3. Тhе tag a|waysusеsa form of be oг an auxiliary veгb (be, hove, do, or will, or a modal suсh as сon, could, or shoulф, Usдсв Noтв: Notiсe thе tag for I om,

Whеn thё subjeсtof thе statеmentis this or thot, thе subjeсtof thе tag is it.

negativе

affirmative

I

|t,sa niсе day, isn,t it? You,Vеlivеd hеre a long time, haven,t you? You сomе from Nеw York,don,t you? You сan drivе,сan,t you?

I

|,m nex t,ar еn,t l?

I

Тom woгkshеге,doеsn,thе? Noт Тom works hеrе,dоеs#t4om?

I I I

Thot's a good idea,isn't it? Noт Тhat,s a good idеa,*;rlt{-lтat?

A: lt,sgettingWarmег,isn,t it? 4. Whеn you use a tag questionto сhесk B: Yеah.Sеemsmo гe likesummeг. information or to сomment on a situation, youг voiсе fa||son thе tag. You еxpeсt thе listеnеr to agrееor just show that hе or she is listеning. 7 A : You,renot movin9, are уou? Тag quеstionsсan also be usеd to get B: Yes.Wе,rеrеturningto L.А. information. As wtth уеs/noquestions,your OR voiсe risesat the end, and you expесt to get an No. Wе,rеstayinghere. answer(Yesor No).

I

lO7

1o8

l

&jяз*t#€ s

o Rеаd this сonvеrsotion,Underlineаll thе tags. iDENтiFY Kдy: Hi, Tоm. It,s a niсe day, isn't it? Toм: Sure is. Not a сlоud in the sky. Hоw are you doing? Kдy: Goоd, thanks. You don't know of any vaсant apartments, do you? My son is looking for one. Toм: He is? I thоught he was staying with you. Kдy: Well, he really wants a plaсе оf his own. Do уou know of anything? Toм: As a matter of faсt, I do. You know the Sobоtas, don't you? Well, I just found out that they're mоving to New York next month. Kдy: They are? What kind оf apartment dо they have? Toм: A one-bеdroom. Кдy: It's not furnishеd, is it? Toм: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnishеd apartment, does hе? Kдy: Well, he doesn't have furniturе. But I guess he сan always rent Some' сan't he? Tом: Why don,t you givе your Son my numbeц and l,ll give him some morе information? Kдy: Will vou? Thanks. Tom.

о Eoсh stotеmеntgoеs with a tag, Мotch eoсh stotеmеntwith the corrесttog. IIiАтсH Tag

Statеment I

1 . You'vе сalled the movers,

a . сan't we?

2 . Thеy're сoming tomorroщ

b . do we?

3 . This isn't going to bе сheap,

C.

is he?

4. You havеn't finished paсking,

d.

isn't it?

5 . Wе don,t need any morе boxеs,

е . are they?

6. Paul is gоing to help us,

f.

7 . Wе сan put some things in stоrage,

9 . isn,t hе?

8. Jaсk isn't buying our bookсases,

h . is it?

9 . The movers arеn't paсking thе books for us, 1 0 . Moving is hard,

have you?

i . havеn't you?

i . aren't they?

Тag Questiоns

o A rodio tolk-show host is interviewingone of her guests,o Hollywood сOIпPLEтE sсreеnploy writеr, Сomplеtе thе interviеw with oppropriotе togs. haven'tуou

Hosт: You've lived in Hollywoоd for many yеars'

.7

1.

Guшsт: Sinсe I was eighteen and сamе here tо write my first sсrеenplay. Hosт: You didn't know anУone here at first.

2.

Guвsт: No. And I didn't have a сеnt to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It sounds ctazУ,

3.

Hosт: But things havе worked out for УoЦ, You're working on another sсreenplay now, Guвsт: Yes. It,s a сomedy about some kids who beсomе invisible. Hosт: Speaking of kids, УoU have somе of your own' Guвsт: Two boys and a girl-atl

very visible!

Hosт: I know what you mean. Do you еvеr wish they Were invisible? Guвsт: Noщ that's an interesting thought,

7.

ЕDIT.Reod this port of o moviе script, Find ond correctsеvеn mistokesin the usе of tog quеstions.The first mistoke is olreody correсtеd,

h a э n ,t Ben: It's been a long time, сIoе, hалre#tit? сroв: That depеnds on what you mran by a long timе, d.oesn't that? Ben: \Aгhat are you doing around. heгe, aщrway? It's d.an$erous. сroв: I сan take сaгe of m5rseШ.I'm still alive, amn't I? Ben: Yes, but you're still wanted by the poliсe' are you? rroв: Look, I need a plaоe to stay. You have a plaсе, don't you? .]ust for one ni$ht. Ben: I have to thirй of щ1r wife and kid.s. You сarr find. someplaсe e1se, сarr you? сroв: No. You've got to help mе! Ben: I'vе alгeady helped you plеnty. I went to jail for you, haven't I? сroв: Yeah, oK, Ben. You remember what happеnеd. in Ve$as, d.o you? Ben; oK, oK. I сan make a сa11.

l

1o9

Additions with So, Too, NeitheГ,and Not either Hвпдlо Suы

TwinsSeparated atBirthAreReunited!

P0INт

жI

Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer. M a r k l i k e s h u n t i n g ,f i s h i n g ,а n d C h i n e s e f o o d . So does Gerald.

П тьe men like diffеrеnt things. t

тьe mеn like thе same thinps

WlтH BЕ As тHE MAlN VЕRB сI|АRтсIIEсI(

Sтдтвмвпт

т

Amy is a twin,

F

There is more than one way to make an additiоn.

т

F

Usе so or too with negatiye statеmеnts.

т

F

Whena statement does not havе a form of he or an auxiliary verb, use a form of do in the addition.

i ADDtтloN

and so is Suе. and Sue is too.

Sтдтвмвшт

| Aoolтloш

Amy isn,t vеry ta|l,

and nеither is Suе. and Sue isn't either.

WITH ALL AUxlLlARY VЕRBS EXсEPТ Do NЕGAтlvE

AFFlRпnAтшЕ Sтдтвмвшт

| Aooпloш

Amy сan swim,

a n d so сan Sue. a n d Suе сan to o .

Sтдтвмвшт А my сan,t ski,

|Apolтloш and neithеr сan Suе.

and Suе Gan,t eithеr.

W l т H v Е R Bs U s l N G D o A s A N A U x l L I A R Y V Е R B AFFlR]vtAтlvЕ Sтдтвмвшт i Aoolтloш Аmy likes dogs,

110

NЕGAтlvЕ

AFFlRг{lAтlvЕ

Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).

I and so doеs Sue. I and Sue does too.

NЕGAтtvЕ Sтдтвмвшт

i Apolтloш

А my do еsn,t l and nеithеr do еs Suе. likе сats, I and Suе doеsn,t еithеr.

Additions

with So. Toa. Neither, and Not either t

Ex,PREssжж Unsсromblеthеse words to form аdditions, is.Мark.andоnеithеr

does.Gеrald.sо.and

Gеrald isn,t married.

Mark fights fires,

& ra gтtrжarffixрlanations

Ехamplеs

t. Additions arе phrasеsor short sеntеnсesthat follow a statеmеnt. Usе an addition to avoid repеatingthе informationin thе statement.

r cera|d is a fiгefightег, and so is Mark. (Сеrold is o firеfightеr,ond Мark is a firеfightеr.)

2. Usе so or too if the additionfo||owsan affirmativestatemеnt

r cеra|d is a firеfightег, and so is Maгk. oR r Cегald is a firefighteг, and Mark is too.

Usе пeifher or not elther if the addition fol|ows a nеoativеstatеment.

r cегaId didn,t gеt maггiеd.Neither did Maгk. oR l Cеrald didn,t get maггiеd.Maгk didn ,t еither.

neithеr,Тhe vеrb сomes beforеthe subjeсt.

l Nеither did Mark. Noт

3. Additions alwaysusе a form of be or an auxi|iaryverb (be, hovе, da, wlll, or a moda| verb suсh as can, сould, should, woulф, a. lf thе statementusеsа form of be, usе a form of be in the additiontoo.

I l,m a twin, and so is my сousin.

b. lf the statеmentusesan auxiliaryvегb, usе the samе auxiliaryverb in the addition.

r Cегa|dhad quit his job, and so had Maгk. I l сan,t dгivе,and nеitherGan my twin.

G. lf thе statemеnthas a verb that usеsdo as an auxiliaryverb, use the appropriateform of do in the addition.

r Geraldowns a dog, and so doеs Maгk. r Cегa|dbought a jеep,and so did Maгk.

4. In сonversation,you сan use short rеsрonses with sq too, neither, and not elther to agreе with anotherspeaker. Usдсt Noтв:|n informalspeeсh,peoplеsay Me too and Me neither to еxpгesssimilarity oг agrеemеnt.

A: B: A: Bз

l havе a twin sistеr. Jo do l. oк l do too. I don,t havе any bгothersor sistегs. Nеither do l. oп l don,t eithеr.

A: |,m left-handеd. B:, Me too. A: |,venеVerhеardof thеsetwins. Bz Me neither.

111

ll2

I

unit 26

bеtweеnrеunited twins.Writе T (Truе) oR tALsEo Reod thеseshort conversotions тRUE ar F (Folse)for thе stotementthot followseoch convеrsotion, l.

Mдвк: I like Chinese food. Gвпдr,lr: So do I. т

2.

Gеrald likes Chinese food.

Aшоввд: I don,t want to go out. Bдввдвд: Nеither do I. Barbara wants tо gо оut.

3.

Jшдш: I'm not hungтy. Jодш: I'm not either. Jоan isn't hungry.

4.

Attгy: I've always felt luсky. Kвввrв: So have I. Kerriе has fеlt luсky.

5.

Mrд: I don't eat meat. Boв: I don't either. Bob eats meat.

6.

Jrм: Ihaveaheadaсhе. Brr,r,: I do toо. Both Jim and Bill have headaсhеs.

7 . Nonд: I сan't swim.

Drшд: Me neither.

Dina сan swim. Cнnт: I shouldn't work so muсh. Touo: Nеither should I. Todd wants to work less. 9. Jдsoш: I,d like to leave now.

TYr,вв: Me tоo.

Tvler wants to lеave.

сHooslо Сirclе thе corrесtwords to completе this porogroph. sсhool, I was in Mr. Jaсobs's Somеtimes bеing a twin сan сausе trouble. In high tоok a test. I got questiоns 18 history сlass. Neithеr /6}was my brother. one day we 1. сorreсtly, and and 20 Wrong. My brother did so / toо. I didn,t spell Constantinoplе 2. сheated. As a result, I got an F either / nеither did he. The teaсher was sure we had 3. my brother. We tried to соnvinсe Mr. Jaсobs of our on thе test, and so фЧ-Ф either / too. We finally innoсenсe, but he didn't believе us. The prinсipal didn't 5. 3 and 10 wrong. got items I time This test. another give us сonvinсed thеm to was astоunded. So / Toо was Guеss what? Neither / So did myu brother. our teaсher 7' 6. just amusеd. were Wе the prinсipal. Wе werеn't.

&ddЁtiсэазs .,"тitl"l sс:, Iос' l'lrit!зrr. arld Ьlоt ёi!!з#t t

o Morto ond СorIсIorе twins. They ogrее on evеrything.Сomplеte thеir сOfflPLEтE conversotionwith rеsponsеs. Mдвтд: I'm so h.ppу we finally found eaсh other. ,T l

Cдвr,д: So Мдвтд:

. I always felt like something was missing from my life.

1.

So

. I alwavs knew I had a douЬlе somewhere out thеre.

2.

Cдвr,д: I сan't believe how similar we are. Mдп,тд: Neither

3.

. It's likе always seeing myself in the mirror.

Cдвr,д: Not only do we lоok identiсal, but we like and dislikе all the same things. Мдп,тд: Right. I hate lеttuсe.

Cдп,r,д: I

And I dеtеst livеr.

4.

Mдвтд: Sо

I louе pizza, though.

5.

Cдвrд: So

But only with tomato and сheesе. I don't like pepperоni.

6.

Мдвтд: Nеithеr

7.

Cдп,I,д: This is amazing! I wonder if our husbands have so muсh in сommon. Mдвтд:

Me

8.

. Rеod this studеnt,scomposition.Thеrеorе siх mistokesin thе usе of sеntеnce EDIT odditions. Find аnd correct them, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrесtеd.

My Brother and I My bгother is just a year oldеr than I am. \AIehave a ]ot of thin$s in сommon.

iэ he tr'irst of a11,wе look allke. I am 5, 10 '' , and so hs_is' I havе strai$ht blaсk

hair and dark brown eУes' and so does hе. We shaгe many of the same inteгеsts too. I lovе to p1ay soссец and he too. Both of us swim eveгy day, but I сan't' dive, and either сan hе. Sometimеs bein$ so similaг has its problems. For examplе, last ni$ht I wanted the 1ast pieсe of сhoсolate сakе, and so doеs he. often I won't feel like doing the dishes, and neitheг Won't he. Worst of a11,sometimеs I'm interestеd in dating a сertain sсhoolmatе, and so he is. Howeveц most of the timе I fееl our similarities

are really nicе. So does my brother.

113

SelfТest Сirclе the lettеr of the сorrect аnswеr to completе еoch sеntenсе. ЕxompIе: Jennifer never (А) drink {B)drinks

{с} is drinking tD) was drinking

l. Where (A) does she live tB)she lives 2. (A) ЦГhom (B)Whose

(C) she does live (D)she lived

lоst this wallet? (C) Who (D)Who did

3. You,re Сynthia' ъ (A) aren't (B)are

vou?

4. Laura lоves soap operas, and. (A) Jane does toо (B)so Jane does

(C)Janе loves tоo (D)so loves Jane

5. I didn't like sports, and (A) either did (B)neither doеs

my brother. (C) so did (D)neither did

6. -That isn't Sam, is it? -No, . Sam's taller. (A) it is tB)it doesn't

ABсD

ABсD

AвсD

ABсD

ABсD (с) it wasn,t (D)it isn't

7. We didn,t eat hеre last week. (A) didn't (B)haven't

114

(C) didn't (D)were

ABсD

8. -Who -lVlike did. (A) did give you (B)did you give

your bike?

9. _Who -I saw Stefan. (A) saw you (B)did you see

at thе paftу?

(с) do (D)did

wе?

AвсD

ABсD (C)you gave (D)gave you

ABсD (С)you saw (D)you see

SelfTest

1 0 . -I

(A) Whose (B)Who's

I

ABсD

hate сabbage. . I сan,t even look at it. (A) too (C) neither (B)еither (D)do too

-Me

11.

V

washing the dishes tonight? (C)Who are (D)Who does

12. Liam was born in Ireland. but his brother (A)was (C)wasn't (B)didn't (D)neither was

ABсD

ABсD

тW0 Еoсh sеntеncеhos four undеrlined words or phrаsеs. The four undеrlinеdpаrts of thе sеntеncеorе marked A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lettеr of the onе underlinеd word or phrose thot is Nor сORREст,

Еxдмptt: Mikе usually driveg to sсhool, but today he walks. ABC

D

ABсD

13. This is a good sсhool, wasn't it? AB

A в с@

сD

14. Wэ went to Stan's holiday party last yeaц hadn't wе?

ABсD

1 5 . Kevin has always been a gтeat student, and so his brother has.

ABсD

16. My sister has never gone skiing, and neither did I.

ABсD

1 7 . Where vou workеd last year when you were going tо sсhool?

ABсD

1 8 . That sign is too small tо read, isn't that?

ABсD

1 9 . English isn't an easy languagе to learn, is it-.

AвсD

20. My parents are both good сooks, and me too.

ABсD

21. Tоm and Fred hadn't been to Florida before then. had he?

ABсD

22. I'm usually right about the wеatheц amn,t !?

ABсD

23. Paul likes Italian food, doesn't Paul?

ABсD

24. Where did theу went }resterday?

ABсD

2 5. Why you сall me so late last night?

ABсD

(D

AB

ABсD

ABсD

AвсD

ABсD

ABсD

(D

AB

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

AB(D

115

Ability: Оan, Could, Be able to

ffiPЙlNт Сirclе T (True) or F (Folsе). т

Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). F

The father wants to know if his daughter has permission to do spreadsheеts.

sTAТЕгvlENTS:сАN/ сoULD

сl]АRтсI/iЕсI( l т

F

| Сдtl/Couto* | oг Vвпв

Thе form for сon and сould is the samе for all subjесts.

| BдsвFoпм

|

Suв,вст

l/Hе/Shе/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy

сan (not)

do

spreadshеets now.

сould (not)

usе

a сomputer|astyеar.

*Can and could arе modals. They do not havе -s in thе third person singular.

YEs/NoQUEsтloNsз CАN/COULD

li

sHoRт ANSWERS

вдsвl

Сдt't/Couto | 5uв1вст 1 Foпм |

Aггlпмдтlvв

Can

shе

do

thеm?

Could

they

use

o nе?

Yes,

s h ес a n . thеy сo uld.

II

NвсAтIvE

l

No,

s h ес a n , t . thеy сo uldn,t.

!UH. QuвSТloNS: сAN/0OULD l4lн-Woпo I cлtl/Co*, I sury..' | вo,в гoпм | How well

сl|ARтсl|EсI( 2

-

Сhесk thе corrеct onswеr. Whiсh part of be oble to сhangеs for diffеrent subjeсts? л л J be J oble to 116

can

she

do

spгeadshееts?

сould

thеy

usе

a сo mputеr ?

sтAтЕп,tЕNТS:BE АBLE тo Suв,вст

l ,.

I

am

Hе/Shе/|t

rs

Wе/You/Thеy arе

| л',, 'o (not) ablе to

| вo'. гoпм | do

spгеadsheеts'

1y::1чi S?::' .?.:у !!:.Чу.?РI у..rr. .:..!.Т7.. ...o...l Сheсk thе correct onswеr. In questions with be oble to, what сomes before the subjeсt?

st|oRт [NsWЕRs

YES/NO QtUЕsтlo| NS: BЕ ABLЕ тo I

сl|ARтсHEсI( 3

Bс' l

|вo'.I Suв,вст Aвш тo Fonм|

Are

you

ls

she

Aггlпмдтlvв

]

sprеadshееts? Yes,

ablе to do

П a form of be

I

I am.

she I S .

Nвсдтlvв No,

l'm n ot. she is n' t.

wH. QUЕsтloNS: BЕ ABLE тo

П u fоrm of oble to

Wн. Woпo | вr I suц.., | л',, 'o | вo'. гoпм | How wе||

arе

you

ls

she

able to

do

spreadshееts?

ExPREssТHj;i:ii,i!li,,!#, Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсeswith сan or be ablе to. Use onе word for eаch blonk.

A:

she able

B: Yes. she

use a сomputer already? and shе

type and do spreadsheets too.

p#ewъ {Ь*'m'ууя жwж,r #"ж e**фж%

ffixarтврЕ*s

1. Usе сoп or be oblе to to talk about abi|ityin thе pгеsent.

r She сan do сomputегgraphiсs. l She,sab|е to do сomputегgraphiсs.

Usдсr Noтt: ln everydayspeeсh, сon is more сommon than be oble to in thе oresenttense.

2. Use еithеr сould or wаs/were oblе to to ta|k about abi|itv(but not a spесifiсaсhiеvemеnt)in the past. about a speсifiсaсhievementor a singIeevent in the oast. Usе еithеr could or wos/were oble to in nеgativеsentеnсesabout past abi|ity.

3. For forms and tensesother than thе prеsеntor past, use be oble to.

l Sami сould read whеn he was fouг. r Не was ablе to usе a сomputегtoo.

Noт r | сouldn,t win the Math Pгize|astyеaг. l l wasn,t able to do onе pгob|еm.

r Jenwantsto bе ablе to write pгograms. (infinitivе) l By Juneshe will be ablе to сomplete hеr сomputеr с|ass.(future)

118

r

ltnit 27

o Rеod port of on orticle obout some tolеntеd Young businеsspeople. IDENтIFY Undеrline the words thot exprеss obility.

numЬеrof youngpеoplеhave Lеibowitz,Was ab|е to sеI] two softwаrе д surprising Wеb-basеd Programswhеn hе wаs fourtееn.Hе mаde Ё\ b."n аblеto сrеatesuссеssful js Sаm $30,000on the deаI and now Jay runs his ьu,i*,*,. o* y*,щ entrеprеnеur Roberts.Sаm сou]d dеsign Wеb own Wеb sitе. Dan Finleywrjtеs Wrв Buslшвssrs whеn hе was but hе rеviеws of neW softwаrе. He еight, Pagеs TOR TUN got his breаk аt twе]vеwhеn a startedhis businеssаt sixtееn.A AND PRotlт writеrhirеd him to dеsignа Wеb ful|-t]mе сollеgestudеnt,Dan сan site. Sam,sfirst businеssfа]lеdbесausеhe Pay a staff of writеrsand still еаrn $500 a and his partnеrWеrеn,tаble to gеt along. month. Althoughthey аll mаkе money, all Howеver,his nеw businеss,Webman,is up thrее stаrtеdout to have fun аt thеir hoЬЬy, and running. Anothеryoungbusinessman, Jay not to makеa profit. o Reod еoch description,Complete it with o nomе from the orticlе. с0ILPIEтЕ Jaу

1.

sold softwarе progтams at thе age of fourteеn.

2.

didn't agree with his partner.

3.

earns money reviеwing softwarе.

4.

was able tо dеsign a Web page for a writer.

o Rеаd theseporogrophs, Сomplete thеm with can, сould, or be able to. с0ILPLЕтE Useсan or сould when possible.Сhoosеbetwееnoffirmotiveаnd negotive. cou|dn'|

l. Stefan is enioying his сomputer сlass. Two wеeks ago, he usе the mousе. but now he

еven

еdit his homеwork. Bv next week" he

do researсh on thе Internet. 2. Eleni misses her family in Greесе. She

visit them for vеars. but

they just got an e-mail aссount, so now they

3. I

keep in touсh daily.

understand how to set up a presentation. The software

instruсtions dоn't hеlp. I think I,11take a profеssional development соursе. In a fеw months maybе I 4. Mike and I

make that prеsentation. get alоng sinсе we startеd this business. He work alone (he nееds peoplе), and I

group (I have to work alone). I hope we

work in a work out our problems soon.

Ability:

Оarl, Ооtl|tl, 8е able tо l

о Reod this odvertisemеnt.Сompletе it with thе oppropriote form of >><JohnSanсhez@data|ine.сom> 04l11/0310:37am>>>

p|eaэeca|| The meetingsare goingwel|but they have been extendeda day'Cou|dyou eа{+f{eаs.P our sales meeting? Doug Rogersto try to resсhedu|e Not at all. I'll do it right away. We'|lneed threeeхtraсopiesof the month|ysales report.Wou|dyou ask Ann to takeсare of that? Yes, I would.(Ann-Could you do this?)

I hateto ask, butwouldyou mindto workon Saturday?We'llneedthe extratimeto go over I'vegotten. the new information Sorry,but I сouldn't.My in.laws are сoming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he can сome in to the offiсe to help out. one |astthing.l was goingto piсkup thosenewbusinessсards,butI won'tbe baсkin time. Wouldyou minddoingthatfor me? Yes, l would. l'll stop at the printer'sduring my lunсh break.

Adviсe: Should, Оught to, Had better I r ea||уdo n,N mind etar tinq at Nhe botbom anА working mу waу to tha |op,

EMPLaVMЕшт WPulNт Сheсk the correct onswer, П тьe interviewеr is suggesting a typе ofjob for the appliсant. t

sтAтEп,lЕNт |з SH0ULD/0UGHт тo/t|AD BE1rтЕR

с'llARTсI|EсI(l Сirclе T (Truе) or F (Fаlse). т

F

ought,to conэider a job ao an davaNor

тьe interviewеr is telling the appliсant how to be suссessful.

The same form of the verb follows should, ought to, and hod better.

тo/ | BдsвFoпм Sнouto/oUGI]т Hдo всттсn* | oг Vвпв

Suв,вст

should (not) |/Hе/Shе/Wе/You/Тhеy ought to had bеttеr (not)

look

fo r a nеw .io b.

*Shou|d ar,d oшght to are modals. Had better is similar to a modal. These forms do not havе .s in the third person singular. Noтв: For сontraсtions of should not and had bettеr,seе Appendtх 24 on pagе 346.

сI]EсK 2 сI]АRт Сheсk the сorrect onswеr. In questions about adviсe,we usually use: A

should

YЕs/No QUЕSTIONS: S'TOULD l' | | Bдsв SнoutoISuв,встlFoпм Should

I hе

look?

Ё1 ought to

s}|oRТ ANSWERS

Il

AгrlпмдтIvв Yes,

you he

should.

шEGAтlvE No,

you hе

v|lW-QUЕsтloNS: J}|oUtD

Ёl hod better

lll

Wн. Woпo | SнouroI Suqвст | BлsвFoпм | Whеre

128

s h o u ld

I hе

look

foг a nеw job?

shouldn't.

Adviсe:

Shоttld, Оttght to' Наd bettеr

l

EхPREssжжж Сomplеtethis conversotion, A: Thеy'rе looking for a сashier at MсDonaldЪ.

B:

I apply for thе job? . You сan get more money working at

, УoЦ

the bookstorе.

& ra rв*ыт'ta r ffiкрЕ *иа&Ёогъg

Еxarжр**s

1. Usе should and ought to to say that somеthing is advisable.

l Maгio should find a nеw job. r H е o ught to r еad thе hе|pw antеdads.

UsдсвNoтв:We do not usuallyusе thе negativе of oughtto in AmeriсanЕngIish.Wе usе shouldn't instead.

2. Usе hod better foг uгgent adviсе-whеn you bе|iеvеthat somеthingbad wi||happen if thе pеrsondoеs not fo|lowthе adviсe.

r He shouldn,t quit sсhool. NoтсoммoN@

l You,d bеtter leavе now, or уou,ll be lote.

Usдсп Noтв:Wе usua|lyusе the сontraсtionfor hodbe t tе r ,

r You,d bеttеr app|yfoг more than onе job. No т@

Тhе nеgativeof hod bеttеris hod better not.

r You,d bettеr not bе latе. Noтffi

prеsеntor the futuгe,nеVerto the past (еvеn though it usesthе word hoф.

r You,d better сall thеm baсk tomorrow.

3. Use shoиld for quеstions.Wе do not usuallyusе oughtto or hod bеtterfoг questions.

r Should l apply for that job? r Whеn should I apply?

4. lt is usua|lyсonsiderеdimpolitеto give adviсе to pеoрlе of equal or highеr status (suсh as friendsor bossеs)unlessthey ask for it.

Fпltшo:Should l shakе handswith thе intеrvieweг? You: Yеs,you should. Bo ss: W hеr еsho uld l take o ur с|iеntto |unсh? Yo u: l thinkyo u sho uld go to thе ТusсanCгill.

Whеn wе give unasked-for adviсe,we often softеn it with moуbe, perhops, or l think'

l

Муra, moуbе you ought to apply foг this,iob.

PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтв ought to is often pгonounсed,,oughta,,in informa|spеeсh.Do not write oughtо.

|29

13o

l

Ugъlt 3o

READo Look ot thesejob sеorch tips. o You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job. r You'd better not quit your present job before you find a new one. о You shouldn't tell your boss that you are looking for a new job. о You ought to apply for several jobs at onсe. о You shouldn't immediately ask an interviewеr about job benefits. о You should always give the interviewer aссurate salary informatiоn. ANswERо Сheck thе things thаt ore ОK to do occording to thе tips. 1. И tetl.your friends about your job searсh

4. П lea,.e your jоb during your searсh

2. П t"tt your boss about your jоb searсh

5. П apply for several jobs at onсe

3. П ask about job benefits right away

6. П tеtt the intеrviewer your real salary

сl]00sEo Rеаd this odvice for job sееkеrs.Сomplete it with thе corrесt words. R e ade r ЪW e e k l y V o |u m eI l ,|s s u e2 3

T

or nееd a nеwjob? \Ahеn's thе bеst timе to start looking? Right now! ,d . '' bet,ter not. you,ll start to fееl ..stuсk. уou dеlay. or you'll dеlaи 'd

^ T"' v

v

1. (oughtto /

b e t t e rn o t )

Thеse tips will hеlp: э A lot of pеoplе wait шntil aftеr thе holidays to look for ajob. Тhat mеans lеss соmpеtition for you гight now. You

2 . ( s h o u l d n ' t/ s h o u l d r

wait!

с Too btrsy at work to sсhеdulе intегviеws? Еarly morning intегviеws havе Геwеr intеrruptions. You

,d 3 . ( s h o u | d/ b е t t е rn o t )

э If уou arе laid off. y\

DeсеmЬеr/5

Аboиt а cuеekаgo,Jeипifer шаs /аtеfor шork аgаin, апd Doиg, oиr boss,to/dme he шаиtrd to7et rid of hеr l шаs 'eаllу иpsеt, of сoиrsе,Jеппifer shoи/lи,tЫ

bееп /аte so oft"n, bиt he mtlht hаs

tаlked to her аboиt thе problеm befЬre he deсidel to let hеrgo, Thеn hе told mе to mаkе herjob l,ffси/t for hеr so t/tаt shе ,uoи/с|qиit, ljиst prеtэп,/eс/| didп,t heаr him, Whаt а mЬtаke! I oиghtа hаve сoпfonted him rght аI!су, or I сoи/d аt /еаst hаvе шаrпedJеиифп Аиушау' Jenпifer is sti|/ here, bиt noш I'm шorried аЬoиt mу oшпjob, Shoи/l t of to/d ooиgb boss? / шoпder futауbe t shoиld hапd/e thiпgs lffirentlу

lаst шeek, The сompапу shoиld Иeverhаs hired this3иу,

f

165

Speculations about the Past

WPЙlNт Сhеck the correct onswеr. Thе question under the photograph asks П iг it was possible that something happenеd. П ir people had permission to do something.

sтATЕlvlENтs

сIlАRтсI|EсKl Сirclе T (True)or F (False). т

F

The form of

thе modal does not сhange for differеnt subjeсts.

сlIАRтсIIEсI( 2 Сheсk thе corrеct onswеr.

Whiсh modal сan bе used in both questiоns and short answers for speсulations about the past? r-

LJ

сon

[l

сould

Едsтгпlst-дшo: Could visitorsfгom anotherplanet havе built thеsеqiant statuеs?

Mooдl./ Hдo тo

Suцвст

may (not) might (not) can't I/He/She/Wе/You/Theyсould (not) must (not) had to

Hдvt

I Pдsт

l Pдптlсlpl.в

havе

YEs/No QUЕsтloNS:CoUt.D

l

l

|пo''

Couto l SuЦп.ст | Hлvс | Pлптlсlпl.в Could

hе

l havе

seen

thе statuеs.

S}IORTANSWERS I Mooдl./ Suв;вст| Hлoтo

seen a|iеns?

Hе

may (not) might (not) can't сould (not) must (not) had to

l I Hдvс'

havе.

Ё1 might

EхPREssж Сirclе the corrеct words to сomplеtе thesеsеntеncеs. Could they сarvеd / have сarved the statuеs? Thеy might / might havе. 1,66

Speсulаtions

G ram шт*r ЕxplanetiФits 1. Wе oftеn spесulatе, or make ,,bestguessеs,,, about past situationsbased on thе faсts that we have.Thе moda|that wе сhoosedеpendson how сertainWe arе about our spесUlations.

about the Past

f

Еxamplеs

1

100% сertain Аггlпмдтtvг

must havе had to have may havе might have сould have

It

Nгсдтlvг Gan't have сouldn,t have must not have may пot have might not havе

0oloсertain

2. Whеn you arе a|most100 perсentсeгtainthat somеthingwas possib|e, usе must havе or hod to hove. When you are |еssсertain,Use ,''oy hove, might hovе, or сould hove,

3 . When you arе a|most100 pеrсеntсеrtainthat

Тhе statuesare veгy big. Spгсut-дтloш r Тhеy must havе been haгd to movе. Тhе islandеrsWеrеablе to сarvеthе stonе. Spгсuитloх r Тhе stonе may have beеn quite soft.

l

The isIandersсouldn,t |t was too hеavy.

When you are s|ightlyIеssсeгtain,usе ,'UJt not.

T

Thеy must not havе moved it without hе|p.

Use mсy not hovе or might not have whеn you arе lеssсеrtain.

I

Тhе islandеrsmight not havе movеd thе statuesovеr |and.Тhеy сould havе used boats.

somеthingwas impossiblе, use Go,l,t hove or couldn't have.

have moved the stone!

Bв сдпвгul! Wе do not usua|lyusе hod to hove for nеgativespeсuIations.

4. Use сould hove in quеstions aboцt possibility or u5е quеstionswithout modals.

l CouId thе is|andеrs have moved thе stonе? OR

r Do you think thеy movеd thе stonе?

5. Use beеn in short answers to quеstionsthat inс|udea form of be,

A : Could von Ddnikenhavе been wrong? OR

Wos he wrong? B: Hе сеrtainlyсould have beеn. Use on|y thе moda| + hove in short answеrsto questionswith other veгbs.

A: Did thе is|andегs work on thеir own? B: Тhey сould havе.

РпoшuшсlдтloпNoтr ln informalspeесh,hove in modal phгasеsis oftеn pronounсеd likе the woгd of. For examp|e,must have sounds likе ,,mustof.,,Do not write must of.

|67

1 68 r

uni t B e lflАтсlto Еoch foct goеs with o speculotion. Motсh еoch foct with thе corrеct spесulаtion аbout outhor Еrich von Diinikеn,

Spесulation

Faсt 1 . The original title of Chаriots of thе

Gods? was Brinnеrungеn an die Zukunft. 2 . Von Diniken visited every plaсe he desсribеd in his book. 3 . In 1973, he wrote In Sеarch of

Аnciеnt Gods.

a.

He must have traveled a lot.

b.

They must not havе beliеved his thеories.

C.

He сould have learned about the subjeсt on his own.

d . He must have made a lоt

of money.

4. Hе doеsn't have a degтee in

arсhaeologу. 5 . Von Dflniken's books sold millions

of сopies.

e.

He must have written it in Gеrman.

f.

He might have written other books toо.

As soon as von Deniken published his books. sсientists attaсked him.

o Some orchoeologystudents аrе аsking quеstionsin closs.Use thе modols in ANSWER porenthesesto writе short onswers. 1.

A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themsеlves? B:

Тhey cou\d have (сouId)

. They had the knowledge and the tools.

A: W,eremany people imprеssed by von DДniken's theories? B: 3.

(must)

. His books were rеad all over thе wоrld.

A: Von DЁniken says that many anсiеnt artifaсts show piсtures of astronauts. Could these piсtures have illustratеd anything сloser to Еarth?

B:

(mаy)

It's possible that the piсtures show

pеоplе dressed in loсal сostumes. 4.

A: Was von DЁniken upset by all the сritiсism he reсeived? B:

5.

(might not)

. After all, it helped his book sales.

A: Do you think von DЁnikеn helped inсrease general interest in arсhaeology? B:

(must)

. Just look at the size of this сlass!

abоut ttre Past

Speсulations

сOI|PLEтЕо Rеod port of o reviewof Еrich von Diiniken,sbook Chariots of thе Gods? it Сomplеte with thе verbs in porenthеses. Who

aould havemade

the Easter Island statues? Aссording

1 . ( с o u | d/ m а k е )

to Eriсh von DДnikеn. our anсеstors

thesе

2 . ( с o u | dn o t / b u i | d )

struсtures on thеir own beсausе thеir сulturеs Wеre too primitive. His solution: They

help from Spaсe visitors. When hе

3. (had to / gеt)

wrote his popular book. von DAniken

about

4. (must not / know)

the Easter Island experiments that proved that the anсiеnt islandеrs 5 ( с o u I d/ с a r v е )

and

thеse

6 (tгаnsport)

statues without any help frоm alien visitors. Not only that, the island's population 7. (might / bе)

muсh larger than von DЁnikеn bеlieves. onе

sсientist speсulates that as many as 20,000 peоple on Еaster Island-enough

8. (mаy / |ivе)

pеople to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?

A more logiсal answer is to think that our anсestors

9. (must/ havе)

gтeat skill, intelligenсe, and strength to сreate these wonderful things.

EDIT.Rеod pаrt of o studеnt,sеssoу,Find ond сorrеct six mistokesin the use of modols for speculotionsobout thе post, The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.

have bеen In 1927, Toribio Mexta Хesspe of Peru must baveгy suгprisеd to see lines in thе shapеs of huge animals on the $гound bе1ow his airpJ.anе. Crеated by the anсient Nazсa сulture, these forms are too big to гeсoEprize from the gтound. Howeveц at about 600 feеt in the aiг the giant forms take

ж

shape. TАIithoutairplanеs, how сou1d an anсient сulture had made them? \ДГhatpurposе сould thеy havе had? Authoг Eгiсh von Dё,nikеn beiievеs that the drawin$s mi$ht have mark a landing stгip foг the spaсrсraft of astronauts from another planеt. Aгсhaeolo$ists, howevец now believe that the anсiеnt Nazсan сivilization

mi$ht devеlop flight.

They сou]d of built hot-air ba}lons and desi$n the pictures from thе aiг.

l

1'69

SelfТest lffil

0]{Е

Сirc|еthе lettеr of thе correct аnswer to complеte еoch sеntence.

Еxдмрш: Jennifer nеver (A)drink (B)drinks

(С) is drinking (D)was drinking

l. -W.asn,t that Mehmet in сlass? -It -. Mehmet left sсhool last week. (A} сouldn't (C) сouldn't have been (B)сould have been (D)сouldn't havе

ABсD

2. Frank watсhes all the Lakers games. He their biggеst fans. (A) must (C) сouldn't (B)has got (D)should have

to be one of

ABсD

swim without an adult. (C)have to (D)arе supposed to

ABсD

3. Children under five years old tA) don't have to (B)must not 4. Where (A) do {B)are

we supposed to go for the test tomorrow? (C)will (D)should

5. Bring your umbrella. It _ (A) might rain (B)rains

later. (C) сouldn't rain (D)might havе rained

ABсD

ABсD

6. -Will your plane be late this afternoon? _It -. The airport was сlosed this morning. (A) сouldn't bе (C) maybe (B)may bе (D)will

ABсD

7. You told Mark. You knew it was a seсret. (A) should have (C) сouldn't have (B)might have (D)shouldn't havе

ABсD

8. They built this temple 3,000 years ago. This must

ABсD

a gтeat сivilization. (A) has been (B)have been

9. Jan -

{A)supposed (B)is supposed 170

A@с

сoffee.

(C)was (D)not have been

to сall Myra yesterday but he forgot. (C) supposes (D)was suppоsed

ABсD

D ]

1 0 . -Could Amy have been at home yesterday? -She . I reallv don't know. (A) сould havе bеen (С)had to have been (B)might be (D)сouldn't have 11. Chris (A) have got (B)has got

to сlean up his room. It,s a mess. (C)must (D)got

12. I failed the test. I (A) should have (B)must havе

studied harder. (C) should (D)may

l3.Lisawasintownreсently.Shemight-metosayhe1lo! (A) сall (C)have сalled (B)has сalled (D)be сalling

IffilтW0 Еаch sentencehos four underlinеd words or phroses. Thе four undеrlinеdpаrts of the sеntеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lеttеr of thе onе underlinеd word or phrosе thot is Nor сoRRЕст,

Еxдмptt: Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ( A B D

A B сo

14. Tom didn't wave to me, so he must have known I цras here.

ABсD

1 5 . We,d better hurry, or thе train miфt

ABсD

ABсD

ABсD

leaves without us.

1 6 . His English is exсellent, so he had to has studied hard.

ABсD

1 7 . We ought to have look at more сars bеfore wе bought ours.

ABсD

1 8 . You gotta get dressed beсause Sasha may be hеre soon.

ABсD

1 9 . You have to buсklе your seat belt now or you сouldn,t drive. It,s the law.

ABсD

20. You don't have to drive faster than 65 mph or you might get a tiсket.

ABсD

21. Hardlie,s must has gonе out of business reсently.

ABсD

It must rain tonight, so I'd bеtter stay home.

ABсD

Aв(D

ABсD

ABсD

AвсD

ABсD

ABсD

AB(D

23. Jason will bе supposed to be there tomorrow, but he сan't attend.

ABсD

24. It must be almost 11:00, so we really hafta leave now.

ABсD

25. You should of sеen that moviе with us bесause it may not be here long.

AвсD

ABсD

сD

AB

AB(D

Adieсtives

and Adverbs

%l wiffiPЙцNT Сhеck thе сorreсt onswеr. The ownеr thinks thе apartment is: /-r LJ pеrtесt П

*u.-

and сozv

cHEсК сI|АRт

ADlЕстlvЕs

ADvЕRBs

Circle T (True)or F (Fаlsе).

Thеy aге quiet tenants' |t,sa fast е|еvator. T h е b u i I d i n gs e е m sniсе. lt,s absolutе|yperfесt.

Тhеy work quiеtly. |t movеs vеry fast. Shе dеsсribеdit niсely. lt,sabsolutely peгfесt.

т

F

Adverbs often сomе bеforе nouns.

т

F

Adjeсtives often сome aftеr aсtion verbs.

т

F

Adverbs often end in -ly.

EхPREss Сompletethesеsentenceswith the сorrеctform of thе word slow. A: It's a B: It's not 172

еlevatоr. It moves verY . It just seems

Adieсtives

arrd Adverbs

жr Жжp&effi effgфYъs" йy mжмж*

&кamр*еs

1. Usе adiесtivеs to desсribеnouns or Dronouns (foгpeop|e,plaсes,and things).

r Thе housеs are bеoutiful. Theу are new'

ad|eсtivе pron.

noun

аdiесtivе

l Тhis is a s,mollapartmеnt.

Adjесtivesсan aIsoсomе aftеr non-aсtionverbs suсh as be, look, or sееm,

r This apartmentseеms smoll.

Advеrbsthat desсribeadjeсtivesand othеr adverbsusual|yсome immеdiatelybeforе thе word thеy dеsсгibе.

adjесtivе

noUn

Adjeсtivеsusuallyсomе immеdiate|ybeforеthе noun thеy desсribe.

2. Usе adverbs to dеsсгibеverbs,adjесtives,and othеr adverbs.

l

vеrb adiесtive

vеrb advеrb r Тhey furnished it niсelу. adverb adjесtivе

l lt,s an extremely niсе house. аdverb adverb

r Тhеy found it very quiсkly.

3 . Usе advеrbs of manner to desсribeaсtion vеrbs. r lt,ll rent quiсklу, (Quiсkly dеsсribеshow fast it will rent') Тhеsеadveгbsoftеn answerHow?questions.Тhеy сomе aftеrthе verb thеy dеsсribе. verb direсtobiесt Bв сдпвгul! Do not put an adverb of mannеr r Shе,IIrent this apartmеntquiсktу, betwеenthe vегb and its direсt objесt. Noт

4. Adverbs of manner are oftеn formеd by adding .ly to adjeсtives.

a dj е с t i v е

We nееd a quiсk deсision. advеrb

You should dесide quiсkly. adiесtivе |t,sa lovely apartmеnt.

for еxamp|e, sillу friеndlу lovеlу and lonelу,

5. Some Gommon advеrbs of manner do not еnd in ./y.

a dj е с t i v e

аdverb

a. Тhе adverb form of good is well.

r She,sa good wгiteг.Shе writеswеll.

b. Somе advегbshavе the samе form as thеit rе|atedadieсtives,for exampIe, еorlу, fost, wronltt lote, and hord.

Bob was latе.

Bв сдпвгurt,.Lotеly is not the adverb form of latе. Lаtelуmеans ,,reсent|y.,'Hordlу is not the advеrb form of hord. l-lordlуmeans ,,a|mostnot.,,

Ao1гстtvв

Shе,sa hard woгkeг.

Aovгвв Bob сamе late. Shе works hard.

r She hasn,tmеt any nеW pеop|elotelу. l Тhеrе,shordlу еnough timе to prеparefor hеr сlasses.Her paгt-timejob takesup most of hегtimе.

СheсkiI oul! For a disсussion of advеrbs of frequеnсy' seе Unit 2, page 7.

173

171 r

unit 40

o Reod this notiсe obout on oportmеnt for rеnt. IJnderlinethe аdjесtivesond iDENтIFY circle thе odverbs. Thеn drow on orrow from the odjectivеor odvеrb to thе word it is describing.

APт. FoR RENт Students! Come to

Я Щ looking

Are

you

looking

for

a speсia].

140 Grant

Street,

Apt.

цB. This

perfeсt for

a quiet

сampus. This It

is

two serious

into

wa1k to the bus stop. town. At night

at a11. You сan wa1k safely

parks

on your way home. Thе rent an appointment:

Don't wait!

This

1ive? is

who are

15 minutes

from

a new building. The exprеss

bus goes

thе bus hard1y makes any

stops

Ca11 for

in

to

apartment

students just

neighborhood,

1ove1y apartment is

a short

direсt1y

for

p1aсe

through is

very

thе wonderfu1 affordable.

555-5050.

apartmеnt wi11 rent

fast.

o MonY pеoplе wеnt to seе thе oportment dеscribеdin thе notiсe obovе. сOI|I|PLETE Сomplеtе thеir сommentsobout thе oportment with thе corrеctform of the words in porenthеsеs. l.

extremelу nicе

I'm very intеrested. I think the apartment is

( е x t r е m е/ n i с е )

2. I was eхpeсting muсh bigger rooms. I was

( t е r r i b | е/ d i s а p p o i n t е d )

3. I thought the apartment would be hard to find, but it was 4. I was happy to hear that the park is

( s u r p r i s i n g/ е a s y )

(extremе / safе)

5. It's a grеat plaсe,and thе priсe is reasonable.It will rent 6. The owner seems niсe, but she talks

(awful / slow)

7. The notiсe said it was quiеt, but I heard the neighbors 8. I hеard them too. I thought thеir voiсes Were 9. All in all. it's an

( е x с е p t i o n a /l p | е a s a n t )

( i n с r e d i b | е/ f а s t )

plaсe.

(vеry / с|ear)

( u n u s u a /l l o u d )

Adieсtives

and Adverbs

. . . . . o o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . о o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

arur h ru гЦnn