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&ROMTHE3TUDIOTOTHE 3TREETS 3ERVICE ,EARNINGIN0LANNING AND!RCHITE...
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&ROMTHE3TUDIOTOTHE 3TREETS 3ERVICE ,EARNINGIN0LANNING AND!RCHITECTURE
-ARY#(ARDIN 2ICHARD!%RIBAS AND#ORKY0OSTER VOLUMEEDITORS 7ILLIAM:EISEL SERIESEDITOR
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!CKNOWLEDGMENTS )THANK$ANA"UNTROCK ,ISA&INDLEY AND2EED+ROLOFFFORGIVINGTHEIRBROADANDDIVERSE PERSPECTIVESTOTHETASKOFREVIEWINGCHAPTERPROPOSALS)ALSOTHANK4ONY3CHUMANFORCEDING THETITLEOFHISINTRODUCTIONSOTHATITCOULDBEUSEDTOENTITLETHEVOLUME4HISENTIREPROJECT WASAPLEASURE MADERICHBYINTERACTIONWITHOLDFRIENDSANDNEWSERVICE LEARNINGCOLLEAGUES -ARY#(ARDIN !!(%ISTHEFORMERINDEPENDENT MEMBERSHIP BASED NONPROlTORGANIZATIONDEDICATEDTO BUILDINGHUMANCAPITALFORHIGHEREDUCATION)TSPUBLICATIONPROGRAMWASACQUIREDBY 3TYLUSIN #AMPUS#OMPACTISANATIONALCOALITIONOFMORETHANCOL LEGEANDUNIVERSITYPRESIDENTSREPRESENTINGSOMEMILLION STUDENTSWHOARECOMMITTEDTOFULFILLINGTHECIVICPURPOSESOF HIGHEREDUCATION!STHEONLYNATIONALHIGHEREDUCATIONASSOCIA TIONDEDICATEDSOLELYTOCAMPUS BASEDCIVICENGAGEMENT #AMPUS #OMPACTPROMOTESPUBLICSERVICETHATDEVELOPSSTUDENTSCITIZEN SHIPSKILLS HELPSCAMPUSESFORGEEFFECTIVECOMMUNITYPARTNER SHIPS ANDPROVIDESRESOURCESANDTRAININGFORFACULTYSEEKINGTOINTEGRATECIVICANDCOM MUNITY BASEDLEARNINGINTOTHECURRICULUM#AMPUS#OMPACTCOMPRISESANATIONALOFFICE BASEDIN0ROVIDENCE 2) ANDSTATEOFFICESIN#! #/ #4 &, () )! ), ). +3 ,! -! -% -) -. -/ -4 .# .( .9 /( /+ /2 0! 2) 48 54 64 7! 7) AND76&ORCONTACT ANDOTHERINFORMATION SEEWWWCOMPACTORG ,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ATALOGING IN 0UBLICATION$ATA &ROMTHESTUDIOTOTHESTREETSSERVICE LEARNINGINPLANNINGANDARCHITECTURE -ARY#(ARDIN EDITOR PCM!!(%SSERIESONSERVICE LEARNINGINTHEDISCIPLINES )3". PBKALK0APER !RCHITECTURE3TUDYANDTEACHING(IGHER 5NITED3TATES3OCIALASPECTS #OMMUNITYANDCOLLEGE5NITED3TATES 3TUDENTSERVICE5NITED3TATES )(ARDIN -ARY# ))3ERIES .!& DC &ROMTHE3TUDIOTOTHE3TREETS3ERVICE,EARNINGIN0LANNINGAND!RCHITECTURE !!(%S3ERIESON3ERVICE ,EARNINGINTHE$ISCIPLINES -ARY#(ARDIN 2ICHARD!%RIBES AND#ORKY0OSTER VOLUMEEDITORS 7ILLIAM:EISEL SERIESEDITOR /PINIONSEXPRESSEDINTHISPUBLICATIONARETHEAUTHORSANDDONOTNECESSARILYREPRESENTTHE VIEWSOFTHE!MERICAN!SSOCIATIONFOR(IGHER%DUCATION ITSMEMBERS OR#AMPUS#OMPACT !BOUT4HIS0UBLICATION 4HISVOLUMEISPARTOFTHE!!(%AND#AMPUS#OMPACT3ERIESON3ERVICE ,EARNINGINTHE $ISCIPLINES#OPYRIGHT¥!MERICAN!SSOCIATIONFOR(IGHER%DUCATION#OPYRIGHT¥ 3TYLUS0UBLISHING ,,#!LLRIGHTSRESERVED0RINTEDINTHE5NITED3TATESOF!MERICA&ORINFORMA TIONABOUTADDITIONALCOPIESOFTHISPUBLICATIONOROTHER!!(%OR3TYLUSPUBLICATIONS CONTACT 3TYLUS0UBLISHING ,,# 1UICKSILVER$RIVE 3TERLING 6! 4EL &AX WWW 3TYLUSPUBCOM )3". )3".SET
#ONTENTS !BOUT4HIS3ERIES 7ILLIAM:EISELV
)NTRODUCTION4HE0EDAGOGYOF%NGAGEMENT !NTHONY73CHUMAN
0ART$ESIGNINGAND)MPLEMENTING3ERVICE ,EARNINGIN !RCHITECTUREAND0LANNING%DUCATION !#ORE#OMMITMENTTO3ERVICE ,EARNING "RIDGING0LANNING4HEORYAND0RACTICE ,ORLENE-(OYT
)NSTITUTIONAL3UPPORTFOR#OMMUNITY "ASED !RCHITECTUREAND0LANNING/UTREACH3CHOLARSHIPAT!UBURN5NIVERSITY 3HARON'ABERAND$ANIEL"ENNETT
7HERE$O7E'OFROM(ERE!N%VALUATIVE &RAMEWORKFOR#OMMUNITY "ASED$ESIGN -ICHAEL2IOS
0ART#OURSE.ARRATIVES 2ESEARCHAS%THICAL0RACTICE7HEN!CADEMIC'OALS!LIGNWITH #OMMUNITY.EEDS -ARY#(ARDIN
!CHIEVING,ARGE 3CALE#OMMUNITY$EVELOPMENT 0ROJECTSINA4EACHING5NIVERSITY (OLLIE-,UNDAND'WEN5REY
3ORE3HOULDERS "RUISED%THICS 4HE5NINTENDED,ESSONSOF$ESIGN "UILD 3COTT7ING
-ULTIPLYING+NOWLEDGE 3ERVICE ,EARNINGX!CTIVISM#OMMUNITY3CHOLARS *ACQUELINE,EAVITTAND+ARA(EFFERNAN
"EYOND"OUNDARIES 7EAVING#ONNECTIONS 2EFLECTIONSONTHE!MERICAN)NDIAN(OUSING)NITIATIVE $AVID2ILEY -ICHAEL2IOS 3COTT7ING AND"ETH7ORKMAN
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3HIFTING'ROUND$ESIGNAS#IVIC!CTIONAND #OMMUNITY"UILDING 0AULA(ORRIGAN
3ERVICE ,EARNINGASA(OLISTIC)NQUIRYAND #OMMUNITY/UTREACH3TUDIOS *OONGSUB+IMAND*AMES!BERNETHY
2EFLECTIONAND2ECIPROCITYIN)NTERDISCIPLINARY $ESIGN3ERVICE ,EARNING +EITH$IAZ-OOREAND$AVID7ANG
3ERVICE ,EARNINGIN4EXAS#OLONIAS !NNE"EAMISH 4HE%LECTRIC'REENINGOF.ORTH(OLLYWOOD !#ASE3TUDYIN%NVIRONMENTAL$ESIGN%DUCATION 4HROUGH3ERVICE ,EARNING *ULIE!$ERCLE &UNDED0LANNINGAND$ESIGN3TUDIOS 4HE-ASTEROF)NFRASTRUCTURE0LANNING0ROGRAMAT .*)4S.EW*ERSEY3CHOOLOF!RCHITECTURE $ARIUS3OLLOHUB #OMMUNITY,IFEAND0LACESOF$EATH 5MIT9ILMAZAND$ANIEL*.ADENICEK #ONTRIBUTORS
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!BOUT4HIS3ERIES "Y7ILLIAM:EISEL 4HISVOLUMEISTHESTINASERIESOFMONOGRAPHSONSERVICE LEARNING IN THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES PUBLISHED BY THE!MERICAN!SSOCIATION FOR (IGHER %DUCATION IN PARTNERSHIP WITH #AMPUS #OMPACT 4HE SERIES WAS ESTABLISHED AS A VENUE FOR SYSTEMATICALLY EXPLORING SER VICE LEARNING IN A RANGE OF DISCIPLINES THROUGH CAREFULLY DESIGNED ESSAYS PROVIDING BACKGROUND SALIENT ISSUES AND IMPORTANT INSIGHTS GAINEDFROMEXPERIENCEBYFACULTYANDSTUDENTS4HEEDITORSOFTHESE VOLUMES HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ASSEMBLE COGENT AND PERSUASIVE ESSAYS THATDESCRIBEAWIDEARRAYOFAPPROACHESTOSERVICE LEARNINGINEDU CATIONALINSTITUTIONSANDCOMMUNITIESACROSSTHECOUNTRY4RULY SER VICE LEARNINGHASBECOMEAPARTOFTHEHIGHEREDUCATIONLANDSCAPE 4HECONCEPTOFSERVICELEARNINGEMERGEDSEVERALDECADESAGOAS A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL INSTRUMENT FOR BOTH EDUCATION AND COMMU NITY DEVELOPMENT 0ART OF A LARGER CONSTELLATION OF TERMS INCLUDING EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING AND COMMUNITY BASED EDUCATION IT COMBINES RIGOROUSLEARNINGWITHMEANINGFULSERVICETHROUGHCOURSESINWHICH FACULTYANDSTUDENTSHELPCOMMUNITYRESIDENTSADDRESSPROBLEMSOR ISSUESTHEYREGARDASIMPORTANT3ERVICE LEARNINGFITSEASILYINTOTHE PRAGMATIC!MERICAN TRADITION OF EDUCATION AS EXPLICATED BY $EWEY AND OTHERS YET IT ALSO RIDES COMFORTABLY WITH COMMUNITY ACTIVIST PHILOSOPHIESSUCHASTHOSEOF0AOLO&REIREANDOTHERS !RCHITECTUREWOULDSEEMTOBEANIDEALACADEMICFIELDFORAPPLY INGSERVICE LEARNING SINCEITREQUIRESMASTERYOFTHEORETICALCONCEPTS FORDIRECTAPPLICATIONTOHUMANSITUATIONSANDNEEDS!NDINFACT AS THEESSAYSINTHISVOLUMESHOW THEDISCIPLINEOFARCHITECTUREHASLONG INCLUDEDLEARNINGBYDOINGINITSMODEOFTEACHING(OWEVER ONLYIN RECENT YEARS HAVE THE FIELDS HANDS ON ASPECTS BEEN SUBJECTED TO A MORESYSTEMATICAPPRAISAL WITHANEYETOMAKINGTHEMFORMALAND EVENREQUIREDPARTSOFTHEEDUCATIONALPROCESS .OT SURPRISINGLY THE PROPONENTS OF SERVICE LEARNING AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS HAVEOFTENCOMEFACETOFACEWITHSIGNIFICANTPROBLEMS AND ISSUES BOTH PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL 4HIS VOLUME ASSEMBLED UNDERTHECAREFULEYEOF-ARY#(ARDINOFTHE5NIVERSITYOF!RIZONA IDENTIFIES AND ADDRESSES KEY ISSUES OF ARCHITECTURE SERVICE LEARNING THROUGHTHEEXPERIENCEANDREFLECTIONOFEDUCATORSWHOWORKBOTHIN THECLASSROOMAND OFTENQUITELITERALLY INTHEFIELD)TISAWORTHYCOM PANIONOFTHEFIRSTVOLUMESOFTHISSERIES WHICHAPPEAREDUNDER THEGENERALEDITORSHIPOF%DWARD:LOTKOWSKI4HENEWSTEWARDSOFTHE SERIESWILLSTRIVETOMAINTAINTHEHIGHSTANDARDSTHATHESET
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)NTRODUCTION 4HE0EDAGOGYOF%NGAGEMENT "Y!NTHONY73CHUMAN
!$IALECTIC 4HE CONCEPT OF SERVICE LEARNING AS THE ESSAYS COLLECTED IN THIS VOL UMEDEMONSTRATE EMBRACESMANYIMPULSES DEPENDINGONWHETHER THEEMPHASISISONTHEhSERVICEvORTHEhLEARNINGv%VENWHENTHETWO CONCEPTSARETHUSDISAGGREGATEDTHEREISSTILLAVARIETYOFAPPROACHES REmECTING DIFFERENT PEDAGOGICAL AND SOCIAL GOALS h,EARNING v FOR EX AMPLE MAYREFERTOhlELDEXPERIENCE vTHEACCUMULATIONOFPRACTICAL TRAININGTOSUPPLEMENTTHEINTELLECTUALFOUNDATIONSLAIDINTHECLASS ROOM#O OPPROGRAMSINSCHOOLSOFARCHITECTUREORlELDPLACEMENTS INPLANNINGSCHOOLSSUPPORTTHISOBJECTIVE$ESIGN BUILDPROGRAMSIN ARCHITECTURESCHOOLSPROVIDEINTENSIVE HANDS ONCONSTRUCTIONEXPERI ENCE ENABLINGSTUDENTSTOUNDERSTANDWHATHAPPENSINTHETRANSLA TION OF A DESIGN FROM LINES ON PAPER TO PHYSICAL OBJECT )N EITHER IN STANCE WHENTHEBENElCIARYOFTHEPLACEMENTORTHEBUILTFACILITYIS ANUNDERSERVEDCOMMUNITYORFAMILY ONEMAYSAYTHATASERVICEHAS BEENPROVIDEDASWELL&ORTHELEARNINGTOBETRULYSERVICE BASED HOW EVER IMPLIESAMOREFORMALCONNECTIONBETWEENTHEPEDAGOGYANDTHE PRODUCT WHERE THE SERVICE COMPONENT IS ALSO A LEARNING EXPERIENCE ANDNOTSIMPLYABYPRODUCT !T THE OPPOSITE END OF THE SPECTRUM ADVOCATES OFhCRITICAL PED AGOGYv SEEK TO HAVE A MORE DIRECT IMPACT ON CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL CONDITIONS $RAWING ON WORK BY CRITICAL THEORISTS INCLUDING 0AOLO &REIRE (ENRY 'IROUX AND BELL HOOKS THEY GROUND THEIR APPROACH IN THENOTIONOFATRANSFORMATIVEPROCESSFORSTUDENTSANDCOMMUNITY RESIDENTS ALIKE!MONG EDUCATORS USING A CRITICAL PEDAGOGY IN ADDI TIONTOTHOSEREPRESENTEDINTHISVOLUME ONEMIGHTCITE,ESLIE+ANES 7EISMANFORACONSISTENTAPPLICATIONOFTHEPRINCIPLES 4HOMAS$UT TON WHOSE THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ARE INFORMED BY HIS WORK AT THE COMMUNITY DESIGN CENTER HE FOUNDED IN #INCINNATIS /VER THE 2HINE NEIGHBORHOOD AND +ENNETH 2EARDON WHOSE ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT IN %AST 3T ,OUIS PROVIDED A MODEL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY COM MUNITYENGAGEMENT7EISMAN#ENTERFOR#OMMUNITY%NGAGE MENT$UTTON2EARDON%AST3T,OUIS!CTION2ESEARCH 0ROJECT 3TUDENTSAREENCOURAGEDTOCHALLENGENORMATIVEVIEWSOFEDUCA TIONINGENERAL ANDTECHNICALKNOWLEDGEINPARTICULAR INTHECONTEXT OFAWIDERPUBLICDEBATEABOUTSOCIALEQUITY DIVERSITY ANDTHEDISTRI
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BUTIONOFECONOMICANDPOLITICALPOWERINADEMOCRATICSOCIETY4HE NEIGHBORHOOD BASED PLANNING MOVEMENT FOR EXAMPLE INCORPORATES &REIRESGOALOFEMPOWERINGRESIDENTSINPOORCOMMUNITIESTHROUGHAN EMPHASISONDIALOGUEANDRECIPROCITYTHATVALUESANDACKNOWLEDGES THEIROWNSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGEBASE 4WO PRINCIPLES DElNE THE ESSENCE OF SERVICE LEARNING 4HE HALL MARKOFPEDAGOGYISREmECTION7HATINTELLECTUALUNDERPINNINGSINFORM THEPROCESSANDHOWISTHElELDEXPERIENCEUSEDTOCHALLENGEANDRE lNE THIS THINKING4HE CRUX OF ENGAGEMENT IS RECIPROCITY7HAT DID THESTUDENTSLEARNANDHOWDIDTHECOMMUNITYBENElTOR CONVERSELY WHATDIDTHECOMMUNITYLEARNANDHOWDIDTHESTUDENTSBENElT"E CAUSEMANYIFNOTMOSTSERVICE BASEDLEARNINGSITUATIONSINVOLVEAN UNEQUALSTARTINGPOINTINTERMSOFTECHNICALEXPERTISE ACCESSTOINFOR MATION ANDTHEABILITYTONEGOTIATEWITHPUBLICANDPRIVATEBUREAU CRACIES THEREISANINHERENTRISKOFEXPLOITATIONWHERETHECOMMUNITY SETTINGISUSEDASALABORATORYTOSERVETHEUNIVERSITY 4HIS ESSAY FOCUSES ON TWO FORMS OF SERVICE LEARNING NEIGHBOR HOOD BASED PLANNING AND SCHOOL BASED COMMUNITY DESIGN CENTERS "OTHPRACTICESAREROOTEDEQUALLYINTHEACADEMYANDINTHEPROFES SIONS ANDTHEDIALECTICBETWEENTHEACADEMYANDTHEhOUTSIDEWORLD v BETWEENTHESTUDIOANDTHESTREET GIVESTHESEPROGRAMSTHEIRIMME DIACYANDTHEIRDYNAMICTENSION4HISDIALECTICALSOEMPHASIZESTHE SIGNIlCANCEOFTHEHISTORICALCONTEXTINSETTINGTHETONEANDDIRECTION FORSERVICE LEARNING PARTICULARLYINTERMSOFRESPONSEBYTHEARCHITEC TUREANDPLANNINGPROFESSIONSTOBROADSOCIALMOVEMENTS
!DVOCACYAND!CTIVISM )TISNOWYEARSSINCETHELAUNCHINGOFTHElRSTCOMMUNITYDESIGN CENTERS AND THE ADVOCACY PLANNING MOVEMENT )N THOSE HEADY DAYS OFSOCIALACTIVISM WHENDRAMATICCHANGESEEMEDBOTHDESIRABLEAND POSSIBLE STUDENTSANDPROFESSIONALSALIKEWEREIMPELLEDBYTHEMORAL AND SOCIAL IMPERATIVES OF THE #IVIL 2IGHTS MOVEMENT #OMMUNITIES MARCHED UNDER THE BANNERh0OWER TO THE PEOPLEv AS THEY FOUGHT TO STAVEOFFTHERAVAGESOFURBANRENEWALANDTOCHALLENGETHELEGACYOF DISCRIMINATIONTHATHADPRODUCEDASOCIETYWHOSERACIALBIFURCATION WASETCHEDINITSRESIDENTIALLANDSCAPE4HETURMOILINTHESTREETSWAS MATCHEDBYINTELLECTUALFERMENT)NASPANOFlVEYEARS THREESEMI NAL WORKS CHALLENGED ORTHODOX MODERNIST THINKING ABOUT PLANNING THEENVIRONMENT ANDARCHITECTURE*ANE*ACOBS$EATHAND,IFEOF'REAT !MERICAN #ITIES 2ACHEL #ARSONS 3ILENT 3PRING AND 2OB ERT6ENTURIS#OMPLEXITYAND#ONTRADICTIONIN!RCHITECTURE 3OCIALLY COMMITTED PROFESSIONALS JOINED THE FRAY )N ARCHITECT # 2ICH ARD(ATCHESTABLISHEDTHE!RCHITECTS2ENEWAL#OMMITTEEIN(ARLEM !2#( THENATIONSlRSTCOMMUNITYDESIGNCENTER#$# 4HEFOLLOW
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INGYEAR ATTHEANNUALMEETINGOFTHE!MERICAN)NSTITUTEOF0LANNERS FORERUNNER OF THE!MERICAN 0LANNING!SSOCIATION HELD IN .EWARK .EW*ERSEY AGROUPOFPLANNERSINCLUDING7ALTER4HABIT 0AUL$AVIDOFF $AVID3TOLOFF AND#HESTER(ARTMAN ANDSOCIOLOGIST&RANCES&OX0IVEN FOUNDED0LANNERSFOR%QUAL/PPORTUNITY0%/ TOLEGITIMIZESOCIALAC TIVISMWITHINTHEPLANNINGPROFESSION4HABIT 4HEEARLYIMPULSETOWARDACTIVISMINTHEPLANNINGANDDESIGNPRO FESSIONSWASINTERDISCIPLINARYASWELL)N"OSTON PLANNER#HESTER(ART MAN URBAN ANTHROPOLOGIST ,ISA 0EATTIE ARCHITECT 2OBERT 'OODMAN ANDlVEOTHERSINCLUDINGTWOENGINEERS ANATTORNEY ASOCIOLOGIST AND APSYCHOLOGISTESTABLISHED5RBAN0LANNING!ID50! DURINGTHEMID S TOPROVIDEPROBONOPLANNINGSERVICESTOUNDERSERVEDNEIGHBOR HOODS(ARTMANA 50!SOUGHTTOHELPCOMMUNITYGROUPSlGHT URBANRENEWALPROJECTSBYCRAFTINGCOUNTER PLANSTHROUGHAPARTICIPA TORYPLANNINGPROCESS4HESEORGANIZATIONSCONTAINEDTHEROOTSOFTHE ADVOCACYPLANNINGMOVEMENTTHATLAUNCHEDTHENEIGHBORHOOD BASED PLANNING APPROACH NOW INCORPORATED INTO THE MUNICIPAL PLANNING PROCESSINMANYCITIES4HESIGNIlCANCEOFTHISMOVEMENTWASCRYSTAL LIZEDBY0AUL$AVIDOFFINHISSEMINALARTICLE h!DVOCACYAND0LURALISM IN0LANNINGv
!.EW0EDAGOGY $URING THIS PERIOD PLANNING DEPARTMENTS WERE TYPICALLY LODGED IN SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE EARLY RESPONSES TO THE SOCIAL CHAL LENGES OF THE DAY INVOLVED STUDENTS FROM BOTH PROFESSIONS -Y OWN lRSTJOB AFTERRECEIVINGMYARCHITECTUREDEGREEIN WASWITHTHE #OMMUNITY0LANNING3TUDIOAT#OLUMBIA5NIVERSITY DIRECTEDBY2OB ERT+OLODNY0RATT)NSTITUTES#OMMUNITY%DUCATION0ROGRAM STARTED BY 'EORGE 2AYMOND IN AS AN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAM WITHIN THE$EPARTMENTOF#ITYAND2EGIONAL0LANNING SOONADDEDANADVO CACYCOMPONENTWHEN2ON3HIFFMANWASBROUGHTINTOWORKWITHA GROUP OF MINISTERS FROM THE "EDFORD 3TUYVESANT COMMUNITY ! VET ERANOFTHE#IVIL2IGHTSMOVEMENTTHROUGHWORKWITHTHE.EW9ORK CHAPTEROFTHE#ONGRESSOF2ACIAL%QUALITY#/2% 3HIFFMANHASDE SCRIBEDHISAPPROACHASANURBANAPPLICATIONOFTHECONCEPTOFhRURAL AGENTS vPARTOFTHEEXTENSIONOUTREACH SERVICEREQUIREDOFLAND GRANT COLLEGESUNDERTHEIRFEDERALCHARTERS4HISCOLLABORATIONBOREFRUITIN WHENTHE"EDFORD 3TUYVESANT2ESTORATION#ORPWASESTABLISHED ASTHENATIONSlRSTCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTCORPORATIONINTRODUCING A SECOND MEANING OF THE ACRONYM #$# !RCHITECTURE AND PLANNING STUDENTSWEREINITIALLYINVOLVEDINTHE0RATT)NSTITUTEPROGRAMASPAID INTERNS GAININGTHERIGHTTOWORKTHEREFORACADEMICCREDITONLYAFTER STUDENTPROTESTSIN3HIFFMAN !T(ARVARD #HESTER(ARTMAN THENANASSISTANTPROFESSORINTHE
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$EPARTMENTOF#ITYAND2EGIONAL0LANNINGINTHE'RADUATE3CHOOLOF $ESIGN ESTABLISHEDTHE5RBAN&IELD3ERVICE IN ASASTUDENTVER SIONOF5RBAN0LANNING!ID4EAMSOF(ARVARDAND-ASSACHUSETTS)N STITUTEOF4ECHNOLOGY-)4 STUDENTSFROMARCHITECTURE CITYPLANNING LANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE ANDRELATEDDISCIPLINES WORKINGUNDERTHESU PERVISIONOFFACULTYMEMBERSORPRACTICINGPROFESSIONALS OFFEREDFREE TECHNICALASSISTANCETOCOMMUNITYGROUPSINLOW INCOMEAREAS )N0ITTSBURGH ARCHITECT4ROY7EST THENANASSISTANTPROFESSORIN THE $EPARTMENT OF !RCHITECTURE AT #ARNEGIE -ELLON 5NIVERSITY ES TABLISHED!RCHITECTURE IN ASACOMMUNITYSTUDIOAT #ENTRAL!VENUEINTHE(ILL$ISTRICT(EBEGANTHEPROJECTINRESPONSE TOSTUDENTSQUESTIONSABOUTWHYTHEARCHITECTUREPROGRAMWASNOT ENGAGEDINTHECITYAROUNDTHEM)NPARTNERSHIPWITHPSYCHOLOGIST*AY 'REENlELDANDLOCALARTIST%D%LLIS 7ESTDEVELOPED!RCHITECTURE ASANAMALGAMOFARCHITECTURE PLANNING CULTURE ANDART4HEPRINCI PALPROJECTWASRENOVATIONOFAJUNK STREWNLOTINTOAh#OURTOF)DEASv WITHMURALS PERFORMANCESPACE ANDSITTINGAREAS/THEREARLYSCHOOL BASEDCOMMUNITYASSISTANCEPROGRAMSWERE(ENRY3ANOFFS#OMMU NITY $EVELOPMENT 'ROUP AT .ORTH #AROLINA 3TATE 5NIVERSITY STARTED IN ANDTHE#OMMUNITY "ASED0ROJECTS0ROGRAMCREATEDBY4ONY #OSTELLOAT"ALL3TATE5NIVERSITY IN3ANOFF NOTABLY MOVEDFROM "ERKELEY WHEREHEWASTEACHING BECAUSETHE!GRICULTURAL%XTENSION PROGRAMAT.ORTH#AROLINA3TATE ALAND GRANTCOLLEGE COULDPROVIDE THElNANCIALANDLOGISTICALSUPPORTFORHISCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS3ANOFF 7HILETHESEEARLYFORAYSINTOCOMMUNITYACTIVISMVARIEDCONSIDER ABLYINTHEIREMPHASIS RANGINGFROMPOLITICALCONFRONTATIONTOARTISTIC PRODUCTION THEYSHAREDAFEWSALIENTCHARACTERISTICS!LLESPOUSEDTHE PHILOSOPHYOFENGAGINGSTUDENTSINTHESOCIALISSUESOFTHEDAY ANDIN SUPPLEMENTINGCLASSROOMLEARNINGWITHDIRECTNEIGHBORHOODCONTACT &ACULTY AND STUDENTS PROCEEDED FROM THE BELIEF THAT PROFESSIONALS HAD AN OBLIGATION TO MAKE THEIR EXPERTISE AVAILABLE TO THOSE LACKING THEECONOMICORPOLITICALINmUENCETOSECURETHESESERVICESONTHEIR OWN ATATIMEWHENITWASUNUSUALFORMUNICIPALPLANNINGAGENCIES TOSEEKINPUTFROMNEIGHBORHOODGROUPS!NDTHEYBELIEVEDTHATTHE PLANNING AND DESIGN PROFESSIONS COULD MAKE A SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBU TIONTOWARDIMPROVINGLIVINGCONDITIONSININNER CITYNEIGHBORHOODS A CONlDENCEINTHESOCIALAGENCYOFDESIGNDERIVEDFROMTHEPROGRESSIVE SOCIALAGENDAOFTHE-ODERNMOVEMENT 4AKING THE CLASSROOM INTO THE COMMUNITY ALSO MEANT GRAPPLING WITHTHEINTRINSICPROBLEMS BOTHWITHINANDOUTSIDETHEACADEMY OF ENGAGINGTHEOUTSIDEWORLD4OBEGINWITHITISINHERENTLYDIFlCULTTO SYNCHRONIZETHESEMESTERSTRUCTUREOFMOSTACADEMICPROGRAMSWITH THE MONTH CALENDAR OF DAILY LIFE 3ECOND ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS WEREOFTENSKEPTICALOFTHESEEFFORTS WHOSEPEDAGOGYWASUNORTHODOX
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ANDSOMETIMESBROUGHTDIRECTCONmICTWITHINSTITUTIONALGOALS SUCH AS 5RBAN &IELD 3ERVICES OPPOSITION TO (ARVARD 5NIVERSITYS EXPAN SIONPLANS"OTH(ARTMANAND7ESTLOSTTHEIRACADEMICPOSITIONSAS ARESULTOFTHEIRADVOCACYAND IN(ARTMANSCASE HISOPENSUPPORTOF THE STUDENTSTRIKEAT(ARVARD(ARTMANB7EST 7ESTWENTONTOALONGCAREERINARCHITECTURALEDUCATIONATTHE.EW *ERSEY )NSTITUTE OF 4ECHNOLOGY WHERE HE TAUGHT FROM TO (ARTMANMADEHISMARKOUTSIDEACADEMEWITHVARIOUSNOT FOR PROlT INSTITUTIONSINCLUDINGTHE.ATIONAL(OUSING,AW0ROJECT THE)NSTITUTE FOR0OLICY3TUDIES ANDTHE0OVERTYAND2ACE2ESEARCH!CTION#OUNCIL WHEREHEHASBEENSINCE(ARTMANWASTHEFOUNDERANDDRIVING FORCEBEHINDTHE0LANNERS.ETWORK ANATIONALORGANIZATIONOFSOME PROGRESSIVEPLANNERSANDRELATEDPROFESSIONALSANDACADEMICS
!.EW0LANNING-ODEL 7HILE IT WOULD BE AN EXAGGERATION TO SUGGEST THAT IN THE LATE S SCHOOLSOFARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGENLISTEDWHOLESALEINTHECAUSE OFSOCIALACTIVISM THATISWHEREWElNDTHEANTECEDENTSOFTHEGROW ING EMPHASIS ON SERVICE LEARNING IN OUR PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS 3INCE THOSE COMMON STIRRINGS HOWEVER SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLAN NING HAVE FOLLOWED QUITE DIFFERENT TRAJECTORIES /F THE TWO PLANNING EDUCATION FOLLOWED THE STEADIER COURSE MIRRORING A GROWING ACCEP TANCE OF NEIGHBORHOOD BASED PLANNING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR #HAIT 3EVERALFACTORSHELPEDACCOUNTFORTHISSHIFTINORIENTATIONFROM CENTRALIZED TECHNICALLYDRIVENhMASTERPLANNINGvTOAMOREINCLUSIVE INCREMENTAL APPROACH /NE WAS WIDESPREAD PUBLIC DISSATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT PRODUCED BY LARGE SCALE RENEWALPROJECTS!NOTHERWASTHEEMERGENCEOFCOMMUNITYDEVELOP MENT CORPORATIONS AS ACTORS IN RESHAPING THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS 4HE #$#SGREWOUTOFMANYSOURCESINCLUDING NOTABLY FAITH BASEDEFFORTS LIKE THE .EW #OMMUNITY #ORPORATION IN .EWARK .EW *ERSEY -ORE OFTEN #$#SBEGANASCOMMUNITYORGANIZINGEFFORTSFORMEDINOPPOSI TIONTODOWNTOWNPLANSFORTHEIRNEIGHBORHOODS 4HESEGROUPSFOUNDTHATEVENWHENTHEYWERESUCCESSFULINlGHT ING OFF HIGHWAY PROJECTS AND URBAN RENEWAL DEMOLITIONS THEY WERE UNABLETOIMPLEMENTTHEIROWNCOUNTER PLANS!NUMBEROFTHESEOR GANIZATIONSTOOKMATTERSINTOTHEIROWNHANDSANDMOVEDINTODIRECT DEVELOPMENTACTIVITYAS#$#S3OMEFELLBYTHEWAYSIDEBECAUSETHEY GREWTOOFASTORLACKEDTHEEXPERTISETOCONTROLTHEDEVELOPMENTPRO CESS/THERSENCOUNTEREDINTERNALSTRIFEAND ONOCCASION CORRUPTION "UT A HARDY FEW SURVIVED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE OF THEIR COMMUNITIES 4HE #OOPER 3QUARE #OMMITTEE ON .EW9ORK #ITYS ,OWER %AST 3IDE FOR EXAMPLE HAS WAGED A YEAR CAMPAIGNTOENSURETHATTHE#OOPER3QUARE5RBAN2ENEWALPLANBEN
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)NTRODUCTION ! LONGSTANDING AND COMMON CRITICISM OF PLANNING EDUCATION IS THE PERSISTENTGAPBETWEENTHEORETICALANDPRACTICALMODESOFINSTRUCTION 0ERLOFF2ICHETAL3CHÚNDE.EUFVILLE3AWICKI 4YSONAND,OW'ARCIA&RIEDMANNAND+UESTER "AUM3HEPHERDAND#OSGRIFF"IRCH (OWEVER SERVICE LEARNING ESPECIALLYWHENEMBEDDEDINTHECORECURRICULUM OFFERSA BRIDGEFORCONNECTINGTHEORY BASEDINSTRUCTION WHERESTUDENTSSTUDY ORCONDUCTRESEARCHONTHEPLANNINGPROCESS ANDPRACTICE BASEDIN STRUCTION WHERETHEYPARTICIPATEINTHEPLANNINGPROCESS 4HISESSAYBEGINSWITHANHISTORICALSYNOPSISOFTHETHEORY PRAC TICE DIVIDE IN PLANNING EDUCATION AND A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HOW AND WHY THE -ASSACHUSETTS )NSTITUTE OF 4ECHNOLOGY -)4 CRAFTED A NEW SERVICE LEARNING MODEL FOR THE -ASTER IN #ITY 0LANNING -#0 CURRICULUM-IDWAYTHROUGH THEFOCUSSHIFTSTOACASESTUDYOFONE PRACTICUM TO DEMONSTRATE HOW MUTUALLY ADVANTAGEOUS UNIVERSITY COMMUNITYPARTNERSHIPSCANOCCURANDTHEBENElTSTOBEREALIZEDBY COMMUNITYORGANIZATIONSANDRESIDENTS4HElNALPARTDESCRIBESHOW -)4SSERVICE LEARNINGMODELENCOURAGESSTUDENTSTOINTEGRATEPLAN NINGTHEORYANDPRACTICE ANDCONSIDERSTHEMANYCHALLENGESASSOCI ATEDWITHINSTITUTIONALIZINGSERVICE LEARNING
4HE4HEORY 0RACTICE$IVIDE !LTHOUGH-)4OFFEREDPLANNINGCOURSESINTHE3CHOOLOF!RCHITECTURE AS EARLY AS IT TOOK MORE THAN YEARS FOR THE NATIONS SECOND INDEPENDENT-#0PROGRAMTOOFlCIALLYMATERIALIZE'ARCIA &OR THENEXTTHREEDECADESANDINTANDEMWITHSCHOOLSLIKE(ARVARD5NI VERSITYANDTHE5NIVERSITYOF0ENNSYLVANIA -)4SPLANNINGCURRICULUM EMPHASIZEDPLANNINGPRACTICEABOVETHEORY ASEVIDENCEDBYTHEVOL UMEOFSTUDIOCOURSESOFFEREDDURINGTHISTIME4HESPROVEDTO BEBOTHAPROMISINGANDATURBULENTTIMEFORPLANNINGSCHOOLS/ZAWA AND3ELTZER &IRST PLANNINGEDUCATIONBECAMEMOREPOPULAR&OR EXAMPLE BETWEENAND THENUMBEROFPLANNINGPROGRAMS INCREASEDBYPERCENT"IRCH 3ECOND TOFURTHERDElNETHElELD AND ENSURE THAT FUTURE PROFESSIONALS POSSESSED THE REQUISITE SKILLS MANY SCHOOLS ADOPTED A CORE CURRICULUM CONSISTING OF THREE PARTS
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BASICKNOWLEDGE BASICMETHODS ANDPROBLEMSOLVINGAPEDAGOGICAL PARADIGMTHATREMAINSINTACTTODAY"YCONTRAST THISWASALSOATIME WHENSCHOOLSOFPLANNING INCLUDING-)4S EXPERIENCEDGROWINGTEN SIONSBETWEENTHEORYANDPRACTICE 4HEDIVIDEEMERGEDASTHEVALUESYSTEMSINUNIVERSITIESSHIFTED ANDPLANNINGSCHOOLSHIREDNEWFACULTYWHOWEREWELL TRAINEDINTHE SOCIALSCIENCESBUTHADVERYLITTLEEXPERIENCEWITHPLANNINGPRACTICE 3AWICKI 4HUS ANORMWASESTABLISHEDPLANNINGPROFESSORSWERE EXPECTEDTOCONDUCTRESEARCHANDCREATEPLANNINGTHEORY WHILEPLAN NINGPROFESSIONALSOUTSIDETHEWALLSOFACADEMIAWERERESPONSIBLEFOR ITSAPPLICATION4HROUGHOUTTHESANDS THEDIVIDEDEEPENED ASTHECURRICULUMOFMOSTPLANNINGSCHOOLSDIVERGEDFROMAFOCUSON PROFESSIONALPRACTICETOAMORETHEORETICALORIENTATION&OREXAMPLE IN -)4ELIMINATEDITSCORECURRICULUM WHICHINCLUDEDASERIES OFSTUDIOS!NEWSETOFCORESUBJECTS PUTINPLACEBYTHEMID S DIDNOTREQUIRESTUDIOCOURSES2ICH 4HEDECISIONTOEXCLUDESTU DIOS FROM THE CORE ACCENTUATED THE DEPARTMENTS STEADY MOVEMENT AWAYFROMPRACTICE BASEDINSTRUCTION4HISTRENDCONTINUEDINPLAN NINGSCHOOLSACROSSTHECOUNTRY DESPITETHECOHORTOFEDUCATORSWHO ARGUEDFORTHEVALUEOFENGAGINGSTUDENTSINPROFESSIONALSETTINGSTO PREPARE THEM FOR THE DAY TO DAY REALITY OF PLANNING PRACTICE 3CHÚN 3CHÚNETAL4YSONAND,OW(EMMENS &OR THE PAST FOUR DECADES PLANNING SCHOOLS LIKE ALL ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS HAVE FACED THE DILEMMA OF TEACHING THE ART OF PRACTICE WITHIN A SYSTEM LARGELY CONCERNED WITH THE ADVANCEMENT OF THEORY .EVERTHELESS MANY PLANNING EDUCATORS REMAIN ENGAGED IN PLANNING PRACTICE AND COMMITTED TO OFFERING COURSES THAT EXPOSE STUDENTSTOPROFESSIONALPLANNINGPRACTICE3OMEOFTHESEINSTRUCTORS PROVIDEOPPORTUNITIESFORSTUDENTSTOPARTICIPATEINSERVICE LEARNING WHICHISATYPEOFPRACTICETHATENABLESSTUDENTSTOWORKWITHACLI ENT CONFRONTPLACE BASEDPROBLEMS ANDREmECTONTHECONSEQUENCES OFTHEIRACTIONS3HEPHERDAND#OSGRIFF/ZAWAAND3ELTZER &RANK $IFlCULTIESNOTWITHSTANDING THEPLANNINGEDUCATIONLIT ERATURESHOWSTHATSERVICE LEARNINGNOTONLYBENElTSSTUDENTSBUTALSO EMPOWERSCOMMUNITYORGANIZATIONSANDRESIDENTSBYBUILDINGCAPAC ITYANDSUPPLEMENTINGTHEIREFFORTSWITHADDITIONALRESOURCESSUCHAS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 'RANT AND -ANUEL $EWAR AND )SAAC ,E'ATESAND2OBINSON2UBIN"AUM -OREOVER AMOVEMENTTOBRIDGETHETHEORY PRACTICEDIVIDEVIASERVICE LEARNING INSTRUCTION IS APPARENT IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE ON PLANNING PEDAGOGY'RANTAND-ANUEL$EWARAND)SAAC/ZAWAAND 3ELTZER"AUM&RANK 4HIS ESSAY EXPANDS THE BURGEONING CONVERSATION BY OFFERING A MORE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH NAMELY THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SERVICE LEARNINGCOURSESINTOTHE-#0CORECURRICULUM7HATFOLLOWS
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IS ONE DEPARTMENTS STRUGGLE TO ASSEMBLE A SERVICE LEARNING MODEL THAT EMPHASIZES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE AND PREPARESSTUDENTSFORTHETRANSITIONFROMTHEACADEMYTOTHEWORLDOF PROFESSIONALPLANNING
#RAFTINGTHE"LUEPRINTSFORA"RIDGE )NFALL -)4S-#0#OMMITTEE LEDBY$ENNIS&RENCHMAN APLAN NING PROFESSOR AND PRACTITIONER WITH MORE THAN YEARS OF EXPERI ENCE MADEACOMMITMENTTOEXAMININGTHECORECURRICULUMANDRE VITALIZINGTHE-#0DEGREEPROGRAM4OCONFRONTTHETASKOFCHANGING ACURRICULUMTHATHADBEENINPLACEFORNEARLYYEARS THECOMMIT TEE MEMBERS DESIGNED A COMPREHENSIVE AND PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESS THAT INCLUDED REGULAR MEETINGS WITH STUDENTS ALUMNI AND INSTRUCTORS!FTERCAREFULLYREVIEWINGTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONSANDCONSID ERINGTHEREQUIREMENTSSETFORTHBYTHE0LANNING!CCREDITATION"OARD 0!" COMMITTEE MEMBERS DECIDED TO CRAFT ONE EDUCATIONAL EXPERI ENCEFORALLINCOMINGSTUDENTSANDRECOMMENDEDTHATTHENEWCORE CURRICULUMFOCUSONFOURBASICCOMPETENCIES)TRESTRUCTUREDTHECORE SO THAT EACH STUDENT WOULD EXPERIENCE A COMMON GATEWAY COURSE TAKEACOURSEINANAREAOFSPECIALIZATION ANDACQUIREBASICCOMPUT ING AND QUANTITATIVE SKILLS !S THE FOURTH COMPETENCY AND FOR THE lRSTTIMEINNEARLYYEARS STUDENTSWOULDBEREQUIREDTOADVANCE THEIRKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSBYPARTICIPATINGINAlELD BASEDPRACTICUM 3ANYAL 4HECOMMITTEEQUICKLYADOPTEDhPRACTICUMvINSTEADOF hSTUDIO v BECAUSE IT IS A TERM USED BY A WIDE RANGE OF PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMSTODESCRIBETHEEXPERIENCEOFAPROFESSIONAL IN TRAININGAND IT ACCENTUATES THE ART OF A PROFESSION THUS PLACING AN EMPHASIS ON SYNTHESISABOVEANALYSIS7ETMOREAND(EUMANN 4HE NOTION OF A REQUIRED PRACTICUM SURFACED OR RESURFACED FOR TWOREASONS&IRST URBANDESIGNSTUDIOS WHICHHADBEENEXPANDING FROMTHEEARLYS BEGANTOATTRACTSTUDENTSINOTHERAREASOFPLAN NINGSUCHASCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTALPOLICY ORRE GIONALPLANNINGWHODESIREDTOGAINREAL WORLDEXPERIENCEPRIORTO PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 3ECOND SOME OF THE STUDENTS HAD A DIFFERENT APPROACHTOPLANNINGTHATINCLUDEDANINTERESTINWORKINGWITHCOM MUNITY MEMBERS ENGAGING IN COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING PROCESSES ANDDIRECTLYCONFRONTINGISSUESOFRACE CLASS ANDGENDER+IRSCHBAUM &RENCHMANPLACEDTHEIDEAOFAREQUIREDPRACTICUMEXPERIENCE ONTHECOREAGENDA ANDARGUEDTHATAPROFESSIONALPLANNINGEDUCA TIONSHOULDREQUIRETHATSTUDENTSDEVELOPIMPORTANTLEADERSHIPSKILLS ANDLEARNHOWTOSYNTHESIZEINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSTOTHECOMPLEXITIES OFREAL WORLDPROBLEMS)NHISMIND THEPRACTICUMWASTHEMOSTAP PROPRIATEWAYTOMEETTHESEOBJECTIVES&RENCHMAN
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!T THE SECOND -#0 #OMMITTEE MEETING &RENCHMAN SUGGESTED THAT THE DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENT SEVERAL PRACTICA IN A VARIETY OF NA TIONALANDINTERNATIONALCONTEXTS!TTHISPIVOTALMOMENT "ISHWAPRI YA 3ANYAL THEN DEPARTMENT CHAIR DELIBERATELY GUIDED THE CONVERSA TIONTOWARDAMODELOFSERVICE LEARNING&OREXAMPLE HEPOINTEDOUT THAT THE FACULTY OUGHT TO STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS WITH INSTITUTIONS IN NEARBY "OSTON 4HE PRACTICUM EXPERIENCE HE CONTENDED WOULD BEMOREMEANINGFULFORSTUDENTSIFTHEDEPARTMENTPURSUEDAMODEL WHEREBY UNIVERSITY COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS WERE BUILT ON TRUST ! MULTI YEAR COMMITMENT HE ADDED WOULD BE THE BEST WAY TO FOSTER SUCHARELATIONSHIP&RENCHMAN
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0ROGRAM/VERVIEW 4HE#30ISTHElRSTPROGRAMOFITSKINDINTHE5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA SYSTEM)TTURNSRESOURCESOUTWARDBYENGAGING,OS!NGELESLABORAND COMMUNITYACTIVISTS THE3CHOLARS INCOLLABORATIVEPROJECTSWITHGRAD UATESTUDENTS,AUNCHEDIN THEPROGRAMISHOUSEDINTHE$EPART MENT OF 5RBAN 0LANNING AND CO SPONSORED BY THE #ENTER FOR ,ABOR 2ESEARCHAND%DUCATION/N*UNE APPLICATIONSFROMACTIVISTS INTHEREGIONWERESOLICITED"YTHESTARTOFTHE SCHOOLYEAR A PILOTPROGRAMWASLAUNCHEDWITHASMALLGRANTFROMTHE2OCKEFELLER &OUNDATION /NE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SCHOLARS HAVE PARTICIPATED SO FAR INNUMBERSVARYINGFROMTOPERYEAR ANDTHECLASSOFWAS THE LARGEST EVER!PPROXIMATELY STUDENTS A YEAR TAKE MORE THAN ONECLASSINTHETWO QUARTERSEQUENCE ANDALTOGETHERMORETHAN STUDENTSHAVEENROLLEDINATLEASTONECLASSINTHESEQUENCE3CHOLARS MUSTTAKETHEENTIRESEQUENCETOFULlLLTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPRO GRAM ANDSTUDENTSCANFULlLLGRADUATEREQUIREMENTSIFTHEYTAKEBOTH CLASSES
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TO ACTIVISTS AND MEETS UNIVERSITY STANDARDS OF RESEARCH 'ILDA (AAS THE lRST DIRECTOR OF THE PROGRAM EXPLAINEDh3OMEONE COMING FROM OUTSIDETODORESEARCHHASTHEADVANTAGEOFOBJECTIVITY BUTTHEDISAD VANTAGE OF IGNORANCEx7E LOOK TO THOSE EXPERIENCING THE PROBLEMS AS THE TOUCHSTONE FOR THE VALUES UNDERLYING OUR RESEARCHv .ATIONAL #OMMITTEE FOR 2ESPONSIVE 0HILANTHROPY ,EARNING IS NONSTOP DYNAMIC ANDmUID CHANGINGINRESPONSETOTHECONTEXT ANDTHECON TEXTCHANGESASTHERESEARCHISAPPLIED 4HE PROGRAM CAN BE DESCRIBED AS HORIZONTAL OR PEER LEARNING &REIRE WHICH BLURS THE BOUNDARY LINES BETWEEN STUDENT AND TEACHER4EACHING AND LEARNING OCCUR BETWEEN AND AMONG STUDENTS 3CHOLARS ANDFACULTY ANDOFTENCONTINUEAFTERTHEPROGRAMENDS4HE PROGRAMSTRIVESTOCREATEABRIDGEBETWEENPARTICIPANTS REGARDLESSOF EDUCATIONALLEVEL ANDTOOPENTHEUNIVERSITYSDOORSTOCOMMUNITIES THATMIGHTOTHERWISEBEDENIEDACCESSTOITSRESOURCES3CHOLARSSHARE THEIR EXPERIENCES IN WAYS THAT ARE ACCESSIBLE TO THOSE OUTSIDE THE EXPERIENCE ANDINTURNGAINAREmECTIVESPACEINWHICHTOEXCHANGE VIEWSANDREmECTONSOCIAL JUSTICEISSUES4OPARAPHRASEONE3CHOLAR h4HE 3CHOLARS PROGRAM ALLOWED ME TO EXPAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE EXPERIENCES VIEWSANDSTRUGGLESOFOTHERPEOPLE WHICHAREVERYSIMI LAR TO THE CAUSE OF THE #ENTRAL !MERICAN AND ,ATINO COMMUNITIESv 0EREZ 4HROUGH THE PROGRAM STUDENTS DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF POLICY PROBLEMS AND PUT A HUMAN FACE ON STATISTICS AND ANALYSES 4HEYGETPRACTICALEXPERIENCEINTHENATUREOFCOALITION BUILDING AND ENGAGE WITH ACTIVISTS FROM DIFFERENT lELDS WHO HAVE A MULTIPLICITY OFVIEWSANDEXPERIENCES ALLINPURSUITOFACOMMONGOAL3TUDENTS ARE GENERALLY FOLLOWING THEIR INTERESTS BOTH IN COLLABORATING WITH ACTIVISTSANDINWORKINGONPROJECTSTHATCANHAVEREALUTILITYTOTHE LARGERCOMMUNITY ASOPPOSEDTOWRITINGREPORTSTHATMAYJUSTSITIN FACULTYOFlCES 4HEPROGRAMHASlVEOBJECTIVES ADVANCINGACTIVISTNETWORKING BY ERASING BOUNDARIES SEPARATING UNIONS COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ANDCOMMUNITYANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCORPORATIONS BREAK INGDOWNTHEACADEMYSINSULARITYBYHELPINGITCONNECTTOTHEWORLD BEYONDTHEIVORYTOWER TURNINGRESOURCESOUTWARDTHROUGHANAP PLIED RESEARCH PROJECT THAT ENCOURAGES STUDENTS TO COLLABORATE WITH 3CHOLARSAND BYEXTENSION WITHTHESPONSORINGORGANIZATIONS EX POSINGSTUDENTSTOLABORRESEARCHANDBROADENINGTHECONTENTOFMORE TRADITIONALCLASSESINCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTANDCOMMUNITY BASED PLANNINGAND LAYINGAFOUNDATIONFORFUTUREPARTNERSHIPS 4HEPROGRAMISSTRUCTUREDAROUNDPRODUCTIONOFAlNALPRODUCT WHETHERREPORTS MAPS POSTERS TIMELINES ORBROCHURES0RODUCTSIN TENTIONALLY TARGET A BROAD NONACADEMIC AUDIENCE AND MANY HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED BY COMMUNITY AND LABOR GROUPS THEY OFTEN HAVE
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ADIALOGUEBETWEENTHETWOGROUPS COMBINEGOALS ANDEXPLOREINITIAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS "EFORE THE MODELING ACTIV ITY THESTUDENTSSHAREDSEVERALCASESTUDIESOFCOMMUNITYRIVERFRONT PROJECTSTHATADDRESSEDMANYOFTHESAMEOPPORTUNITIESIDENTIlEDBY THE2IVERFRONT'ROUP!FTERREVIEWINGTHECASESTUDIES GROUPMEMBERS GATHERED AROUND A SIMPLE FOAM CORE CONTOUR MODEL OVER WHICH AN AERIALPHOTOGRAPHHADBEENMOUNTED4HEYMODELEDANDDISCUSSEDA RANGEOFIDEASUSINGSIMPLEBUTELEGANTLYCONSTRUCTEDMODELPIECES 4WO THINGS SEEMED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESS OF THIS PROCESS AND QUALITYOFTHEDISCUSSION&IRSTANDPROBABLYMOSTIMPORTANT THEDIS CUSSIONOFTHECASESTUDIESPLANTEDTHESEEDSOFNEWIDEASANDINITI ATEDTHINKINGBEYONDTHEORDINARY3ECOND THEMODELELEMENTSWERE CRAFTEDWITHALEVELOFDETAILTHATGAVETHEMVISUALANDTACTILEINTEREST /NCETHE GROUP BEGANHANDLINGTHE ELEMENTS THEMODELINGPROCESS WASWELLONITSWAY
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4HE %3& WORKSHOP INTEGRATED THREE REmECTION EXPERIENCES AND AT #ORNELL REmECTION INCLUDED FREQUENT ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSIONS AND AN END OF SEMESTER hREmECTION ESSAYv /NGOING EVALUATION OCCURRED THROUGHFREQUENTCONTACTANDINTERACTIONBETWEENPARTNERS3TUDENTS FACULTY AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS ENGAGED IN SHAPING AND FRAMING THEPROJECTSUNFOLDING3TUDENTSWEREINDIRECTCONTACTWITHCOMMU NITYPARTNERSTHROUGHTELEPHONE WORKSHOPS ANDMEETINGS3TUDENTS SOUGHTTOCULTIVATEACYCLEOFINQUIRYANDCONlRMATIONBYCREATINGA COMMUNICATION mOW AMONG %3& #ORNELL AND THE .ORTH 3IDE7HILE THISWASDIFlCULTANDCUMBERSOMEATTIMES ITUNDERSCOREDTHEREmEC TIVEACTASANIMPORTANTASPECTOFTHEPROJECTANDDREWSTUDENTSINTO CLOSERRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEIRCOMMUNITYPARTNERS !T %3& THREE EVALUATION EXERCISES TRACKED THE STUDENTS CHANGES DURINGTHESEMESTER/NEOFTHEMOSTMARKEDCHANGESWASTHESHIFT FROMVIEWINGTHEDESIGNASBEINGFORTHECRITICTOBEINGFORTHECOMMU NITY!T#ORNELL FREQUENTGROUPREmECTIONSESSIONSDREWOUTTHECRITI CALINCIDENTS QUESTIONS ANDCONCERNSARISINGTHROUGHOUTTHEPROJECT /NEOFTHEBIGGESTCHALLENGESFORSTUDENTSWASTHENONLINEARASPECT OFTHEPROCESSANDREDElNINGTHEIRPERCEPTIONOFMOVEMENTANDMO MENTUM 4HE .ORTH 3IDERS HAD THE OPPOSITE CONCERN THAT THINGS MIGHTMOVETOOFAST&ORBOTHACADEMICANDCOMMUNITYPARTNERS A BIG CHALLENGE INVOLVED STRIKING A BALANCE BETWEEN WHOLESALE VISION THEBIGIDEASANDFEASIBLEANDTANGIBLEACTIONSTEPS4HESTUDENTS ADDRESSEDTHISCONCERNINTHEVISIONPLANSANDDOCUMENTSBYREPRE SENTINGBOTHENDSOFTHESPECTRUMTHEYOUTLINEDGOALS DIRECTIVES AND ACTIONSTEPSALONGSIDETHEGRANDERVISIONARYPLANSILLUSTRATINGFUTURE REDESIGNOFTHENEIGHBORHOOD
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3PECIlC0ROCESSESAND!PPROACHES 5NDERSTANDINGTHE.EEDSOFTHE3UBGROUPSWITHINA4ARGET!REA 4HEFOLLOWINGISANOVERVIEWOFAMULTIFACETEDSYSTEMTHATWEINCOR PORATEDINTOTHETWOSTUDIOSANDTHE(&(INVOLVEMENTTOADDRESSTHIS ISSUEEFFECTIVELY&OREXAMPLE REGARDINGTHECURRENTPROJECTATTHE$E TROIT 3TUDIO h#OMMUNITY 4HEATRE AS A #ATALYST FOR 5RBAN AND #UL TURAL2EGENERATIONIN0OOR!REASOF$ETROITv THESTUDENTSHAVEBEEN CONDUCTINGSITE LOCAL ANDREGIONALANALYSESOFOURPROJECTAREA/NE OF THE MAIN GOALS OF THE ANALYSIS IS IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF KEY DEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICS4HECLASSANDTHE$ETROIT2EPERTORY4HE ATREOURSTUDIOCLIENT METSEVERALTIMESTOCOMPARENOTESREGARDING THElNDINGSOFRESEARCHBYSTUDENTSANDTHETHEATER4HISWASTOBEN ElTFROMONEANOTHERSPERSPECTIVESANDTOCAPTUREAREASONABLYAC CURATEDEMOGRAPHICPICTUREOFTHEPROJECTAREA)NTHE,ODGE,INWOOD !REA#OMMUNITY$ESIGNPROJECT THISWASDONEINCOLLABORATIONWITH STUDENTSINANURBANPLANNINGCLASSFROMOURNEIGHBORINGUNIVERSITY ANDTHESTUDIOCLIENTS 4HESECONDCOMPONENTOFTHEMULTIFACETEDAPPROACHISUSINGTHE INITIALlNDINGSOFTHEDEMOGRAPHICANALYSISASABASEFROMWHICHTO REACH OUT TO LOCAL COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS7ITH THE ASSISTANCE OF BLOCKORGANIZATIONSANDOTHERGROUPS WEATTEMPTTOIDENTIFYANDUN DERSTAND THE UNIQUE NEEDS OF THE SUBGROUPS WITHIN THE TARGET AREA 2EGARDINGTHE3OUTHWEST$ETROIT.EIGHBORHOOD5RBAN$ESIGNPROJECT IN THE SPRING TERM THE CLASS HAD A NUMBER OF MEETINGSAT THE STUDIOWITHSOMEOFTHESEORGANIZATIONSREGARDINGTHENEEDSANDCON CERNS OF THE SUBGROUPS AND THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE )N SOME OF THE PROJECTSATTHE$ETROIT3TUDIO ASERIESOFWORKSHOPMINI SESSIONSWAS
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HELDWITHCITYPLANNERS DEVELOPERSOFPUBLICHOUSING ECONOMICAND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES TRANSPORTATION PROVIDERS AND TRAFlC PLANNERS AND OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES 4HE SES SIONS ENABLED COMMUNITY LEADERS TO GATHER AND EXCHANGE INFORMA TIONABOUTAGENCYSERVICESANDPUBLICAPPROVAL4HISAIDEDINDEVELOP INGAGREATERPUBLICAWARENESSABOUTTHEGROUPSPLANSFORCOMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIES3TUDENTSENJOYEDAMPLESOCIAL LEARNINGOP PORTUNITIESTOINTERACTWITHALLPARTICIPATINGCOMMUNITYGROUPS )N THE ,ODGE,INWOOD!REA #OMMUNITY $ESIGN PROJECT COMMU NITY LEADERS REPRESENTING NONPROlT GROUPS AND LOCAL NEIGHBORHOOD BLOCK CLUBS FORMED A STEERING COMMITTEE WHOSE PURPOSE WAS TO BE THE PRIMARY CONTACT GROUP TO FACILITATE RESIDENT INVOLVEMENT AND TO IDENTIFYTHENEEDSOFSUBGROUPS)NTHE(&(PROJECT THESTUDENTSIN TERACT WITH OUR CLIENT (&( AND THE HOUSE DESIGNER TO FACILITATE SO CIAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES IN WHICH ALL PARTICIPANTS DEBATE TYPES OF CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSANDSYSTEMSSOASNOTTODELAYTHEPROJECTOR STRAINTHELIMITEDBUDGET/URROLEHASBEENTOBRIDGETHEGAPBETWEEN OURCLIENTANDTHEHOUSEDESIGNER TOSUGGESTTHEUSEOFVARIOUSCON STRUCTIONMATERIALSANDSYSTEMSTHATWILLlTTHENEEDSOFTHETARGET RESIDENTS 4HESE TWO APPROACHES OFFER SOCIAL LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES THROUGHWHICHSTUDIOPARTICIPANTSCANENRICHTHEIRVIEWSONTHECHAR ACTERISTICSOFTHETARGETCOMMUNITY 4HETHIRDCOMPONENTISCONDUCTINGIN DEPTHINTERVIEWSWITHREP RESENTATIVESAMPLESOFEACHOFTHESUBGROUPSREGARDINGTHEIRNEEDS 7E DEVELOPED THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE #OMMUNITY 4HEATRE AND5RBANAND#ULTURAL2EGENERATIONPROJECTANDFORTHE3OUTHWEST $ETROIT .EIGHBORHOOD 5RBAN $ESIGN PROJECT AT THE $ETROIT 3TUDIO IN COLLABORATION WITH THE STUDENTS THE CLIENT AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS BASEDONTHEOUTCOMESOFTHESECONDCOMPONENTABOVE/URSTUDENTS ANDWECONDUCTEDTHEINTERVIEWS 4HE FOURTH COMPONENT IS USING SOCIAL SCIENTIlC METHODS TO EX PLORETHENEEDSOFTHESUBGROUPS2EGARDINGTHE1UINN!-%#HURCH AND.EIGHBORHOOD2EVITALIZATIONPROJECT THE#OMMUNITY4HEATREAND 5RBANAND#ULTURAL2EGENERATIONPROJECT ANDTHE3OUTHWEST$ETROIT .EIGHBORHOOD 5RBAN $ESIGN PROJECT AT THE $ETROIT 3TUDIO AN EFFORT WAS ALREADY UNDERWAY BY US TO DEVELOP A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY IN THEBEGINNINGOFTHESEMESTER4HEMAINGOALWASTOREACHTHELARGER POPULATIONINTHETARGETAREA ESPECIALLYGROUPSWHOWEREUNDERREP RESENTEDORRELUCTANTTOPARTICIPATEINTHEIN DEPTHINTERVIEWSESSIONS MENTIONEDABOVE-OREOVER THECONVERSATIONALANDQUALITATIVENATURE OFINTERVIEWSSUPPORTEDTHEQUANTITATIVEDATAOFTHESURVEY4HEPRE LIMINARYQUESTIONNAIREWASDEVELOPEDONTHEBASISOFADDITIONALlELD WORKANDINTERVIEWSWITHTHECLIENTGROUPANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERS4HE STUDENTS THE CLIENT AND THE COMMUNITY GROUPS REVIEWED THE DRAFT SURVEY7EHADMULTIPLEPRETESTSINTHEBEGINNINGOFTHESEMESTER4HE
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STUDIOCONDUCTEDFOLLOW UPINTERVIEWSWITHSOMEOFTHESURVEYPAR TICIPANTSWHOWEREWILLINGTOBEINTERVIEWED
!PPROACHTO2EVIEWOF3TUDENTS7ORK 4HEFOLLOWINGDESCRIBESTHEPHILOSOPHYANDPROCESSUSEDFORTHEIM PLEMENTATIONOFTHEHOLISTICASSESSMENTOFTHESTUDENTSPROJECTSAT THETWOSTUDIOS!HOLISTICASSESSMENTAPPROACHINCORPORATESVARIOUS MEASURESTHATAREINCLUSIVE BALANCED ANDMULTIDIMENSIONAL!STU DIOACTSBOTHASACOMMUNITYOUTREACHAGENCYANDALEARNINGLABTO ENGAGETHECOMMUNITYANDDIVERSESTAKEHOLDERSINAGIVENSEMESTERS PROJECT "OTH ASPECTS PROVIDE AMPLE OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO ASSESSTHESTUDENTSWORKACCORDINGTOANAPPROACHTHATISINTERDISCI PLINARY PROCESS ANDPRODUCT BASED INCREMENTALANDCOMPREHENSIVE FORMALANDINFORMAL THEORETICALANDPRACTICAL ANDARCHITECTURALAND SOCIAL SCIENTIlC
&IGURE$ESIGNCHARRETTEWITHCOMMUNITY ,ODGE,INWOOD #OMMUNITY$ESIGN0ROJECTAT$ETROIT3TUDIO &OREXAMPLE INTHECASEOFTHE3OUTHWEST$ETROIT.EIGHBORHOOD 5RBAN $ESIGN PROJECT WE DID NOT COMPLETELY REJECT THE TYPICAL TRA DITIONAL REVIEW PROCESS WHERE STUDENTS PUBLICLY PRESENT THEIR WORK TOEXPERTJURIESCRITICSFORTHEIRCOMMENTS2ATHER THESTUDIOINVITED THECRITICSTOTHEPUBLICARENAWHERETHEIRVIEWS POINTSOFFOCUS AND REVIEWAPPROACHESWERECONTESTEDANDCONTRASTEDWITHTHEVIEWSOF OTHERSTAKEHOLDERSSUCHASTHESTUDIOCLIENTS LOCALCOMMUNITYORGANI ZATIONS ANDLOCALOFlCIALS4HISPUBLICFORUMEXPOSEDDISAGREEMENTS CONmICTS AND MISCOMMUNICATIONS AND ALL ASSESSING PARTIES HAD TO LEARNHOWTORECONCILEDIFFERENCESAMONGPARTICIPANTSOFDIVERSEBACK GROUNDSANDBETWEENTHEORYANDPRACTICE0ARTICIPANTSLEARNEDHOWTO ARRIVEATATIMELYCONSENSUSABOUTASUCCESSFULORDESIRABLERESPONSE TOTHEISSUESTHATTHETARGETCOMMUNITYANDTHECLIENTGROUPFACED
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4HEKEYLAYINPROMOTINGEACHPARTICIPANTSABILITYTOMANAGEDIFFER ENCES DEMOCRATICDECISION MAKING ANDCOLLECTIVEAGREEMENTTHROUGH VARIOUSREVIEWANDDELIBERATIVEPROCESSES4HESEAPPROACHESPROMOT EDAMPLEOPPORTUNITIESFORRICHSOCIALLEARNING DELIBERATIVEPRACTICE ANDNEGOTIATION !LSOINCORPORATEDINTOTHESCHEDULETHROUGHOUTTHESEMESTERARE NUMEROUSLESSFORMALORPROGRESSREVIEWS SUCHASWEEKLYASSIGNMENT PROGRESSREVIEWS APRE lNALREVIEW ANDINDIVIDUALDESKCRITSWHERE STUDENTSHAVEMOREINFORMAL CASUAL ORCONVERSATIONALBUTNEVERTHE LESSFOCUSEDANDPERSONALIZEDATTENTIONANDINPUTFROMDESIGN EXPERT CRITICS AND LAYPEOPLE EG STUDIO CLIENTS AS WELL AS MUNICIPAL OFl CIALS!RGUABLY THISTYPEOFINFORMALREVIEWINANON THREATENINGAT MOSPHEREALSORESPECTSTHOSEINTROVERTEDSTUDENTSWHODONOTALWAYS PERFORMWELLINATRADITIONALREVIEWPROCESS-OREOVER SUCHCASUAL CONVERSATIONAL INDIVIDUAL BASED REVIEWS CAN BENElT NONTRADITIONAL STUDENTGROUPSINTHEDIVERSESTUDENTMIXATTHE$ETROIT3TUDIO &OR THE (&( PROJECT THE HOUSE DESIGNS HAVE SUGGESTED FEATURES MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS THAT EXCEED CODE AND (&( MINIMUMS .E GOTIATIONS WITH (&( MATERIAL SUPPLIERS AND THE HOUSE DESIGNER SOMETIMESRESULTINTRADEOFFS*UDGINGHOWBESTTOUNDERSTANDTHESE TRADEOFFS lGURES IN THE EXAMINATION TOPICS AS PART OF THE STUDENTS PROGRESSREVIEWANDTHEPROJECTREVIEW)NOURMOSTRECENTPROJECT FOR EXAMPLE SUGGESTIONS TO USE MORE ENERGY EFlCIENT AND COSTLY WALL ANDROOFFRAMINGANDINSULATIONWEREADOPTED2ECOMMENDATIONSFOR THE USE OF FRAMING SYSTEMS THAT USE FEWER RESOURCES WERE REJECTED THOUGH IN ORDER TO CONTROL BUDGETS AND CONSTRUCTION TIMING AND TO ASSUREADEQUATESTUDENTVOLUNTEERSUPERVISIONBYTRAINEDPERSONNEL 4HESTUDENTSAREAWAREOFTHESENEGOTIATIONSASTHEYBUILDUSINGTHE SELECTEDSYSTEMSANDMATERIALS
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&IGURE$ELIBERATIVEPRACTICESWITHSTUDENTS (ABITAT&OR (UMANITYOFlCIALS INSTRUCTORS ANDRESIDENTS IN0ONTIAC #OMMUNITY BASED DESIGN CHARRETTES AND FOCUS GROUP SESSIONS PROVIDEINVALUABLEVENUESFORTESTINGTHESTUDENTSDESIGNHYPOTHESES ANDREVIEWINGPRELIMINARYDESIGNALTERNATIVESTHROUGHHANDS ON COL LECTIVEEXERCISESANDTHEMATICGROUPDISCUSSIONINTHECLASSANDWITH VARIOUSPARTICIPATINGGROUPS-OREOVER THESURVEYOFTHESTUDIOPAR TICIPANTSSUGGESTSTHATTHESEEVENTSHELPPROMOTECOMMUNITY BUILD INGEFFORTS /NTHEWHOLE GRADINGISBASEDONTHECOMBINEDASSESSMENTSCORES OF STUDENTS WORK AS JUDGED BY ALL PARTICIPATING REVIEWERS DESIGN EXPERTS STUDIOCLIENT LOCALCOMMUNITYORGANIZATIONS ANDUS2EVIEW ERSUSETHEQUESTIONNAIRETODOCUMENTTHEIRCOMMENTSORGRADESFOR EACHREVIEW/VERALLSTUDENTPROGRESSISAGGREGATEDANDINCORPORATED INTOTHEPUBLICATIONOFTHElNALSTUDIOPROJECTS4HISISONEWAYTOEN SURETHEDOCUMENTATIONOFTHEPROCESSTHROUGHWHICHSTUDIOPROGRESS ISMADE )NTHE3OUTHWEST$ETROIT.EIGHBORHOOD5RBAN$ESIGNPROJECTAND THE1UINN!-%#HURCH$ESIGNAND.EIGHBORHOOD2EVITALIZATIONPROJ ECT THESURVEYQUESTIONNAIREANDINTERVIEWSWEREUSEDTOASSESSTHE OVERALLOUTCOMESOFTHESTUDIOATTHE$ETROIT3TUDIOAFTERTHESEMESTER WASCOMPLETED4HISWASUSEDINTURNTOASSESSTHESTUDIOFROMTHE VIEWPOINTOFTHECLIENTS OTHERSTAKEHOLDERS ANDGUESTCRITICS
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#ONCLUSION 3TUDENTS STUDIOCLIENTS COMMUNITYRESIDENTS GUESTCRITICS ANDOTHER STAKEHOLDERS HAVE PARTICIPATED IN A SURVEY AND INTERVIEWS SINCE FALL "ASEDONCOMPLETEDSURVEYQUESTIONNAIRES WHICHINCLUDED BOTHCLOSED ANDOPEN ENDEDQUESTIONS MORETHANPERCENTOFRE SPONDENTSREPORTEDTHATTHESTUDIOEXPERIENCEWASPOSITIVEINVARIOUS RESPECTS4HEBENElTSINCLUDEDGAININGREAL LIFEEXPERIENCE LEARNING FROM DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES EXPERIENCING A SENSE OF COMMUNITY PRO MOTINGCOMMUNITYBUILDING LEARNINGFROMVARIOUSDISCIPLINES BUILD ING WORKING RELATIONSHIPS WITH STAKEHOLDERS AND NETWORKING TO NAMEJUSTAFEW4HESElNDINGSWERECORROBORATEDBYQUALITATIVE INTERVIEWlNDINGS2ESPONDENTSFREQUENTLYCOMMENTEDTOTHEEFFECT THATTHESTUDIOTAUGHTTHEMHOWTOWORKWITHPEOPLEWHOWEREDIF FERENTFROMTHEMINTERMSOFAGE RACE OREDUCATIONALBACKGROUNDh) LEARNEDTHATREALITYOUTTHEREISMESSY vISATYPICALCOMMENThTHINGS TAKE SO MUCH TIME AND EFFORT BEING INCLUSIVE AND COLLABORATIVE IS SO IMPORTANT v4HE FEW COMMENTS ON NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF THE EX PERIENCEMENTIONEDDISAGREEMENTS WORKINGONGROUPPROJECTSWHERE DIVERSESTAKEHOLDERSHADSTRONGVOICESONEVERYISSUE ANDNOTBEING ABLE TO MAKE DECISIONS IN AN EXPEDITIOUS MANNER BECAUSE SO MANY PEOPLEPARTICIPATEDINTHEPROJECT -OSTRESPONDENTSAGREEDTHATTHEAPPROACHTAKENATTHE$ETROIT 3TUDIO AND THE 0ONTIAC 3TUDIO GAVE THEM AN INVALUABLE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPERIENCE PLACE MAKING IN A HOLISTIC WAY 4HE OUTCOMES OF THE INTERVIEWSANDTHESURVEYOFPARTICIPANTSINTHISINTERDISCIPLINARYAND COLLABORATIVESTUDIODEMONSTRATETHECONSIDERABLEBENElTSOFLEARNING FROMPEOPLEWHOREPRESENTDIVERSEPROFESSIONALANDDISCIPLINARYlELDS 4HESTUDIOACTIVITIESPROMOTEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECULTURAL POLITICAL ANDECONOMICFABRICTHATSHAPESURBANDESIGNORCOMMUNITY DESIGN4HISINTURNHELPSSTUDENTSUNDERSTANDHOWDESIGNBECOMES MEANINGFUL FOR A COMMUNITY OR NEIGHBORHOOD AND HOW THEORY AND PRACTICEAREWOVENINTOAHOLISTICVIEWOFANDINQUIRYINTOTHELARGE SCALEBUILTENVIRONMENT
!CKNOWLEDGMENTS 7EWOULDLIKETOTHANK0ROFESSOR$ANIEL&AOROOF,AWRENCE4ECHNO LOGICAL5NIVERSITYFORHISCONTRIBUTIONTOOURPAPER
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#ONTEXT 4HE )NTERDISCIPLINARY $ESIGN )NSTITUTE INVOLVES STUDENTS AND FACULTY OFTHE3CHOOLOF!RCHITECTUREAND#ONSTRUCTION-ANAGEMENT3/!#- AND THE PROGRAMS OF )NTERIOR $ESIGN AND ,ANDSCAPE!RCHITECTURE OF 735!NURBANBRANCHCAMPUSIN3POKANEISHOMETOTHEINSTITUTE 4HECAMPUSHASLOCALCONTROLOVERADMINISTRATION INCLUDINGBUDGETS BUTITSACADEMICAFFAIRS SUCHASTEACHINGASSIGNMENTSANDPROMOTION ANDTENURE ARERUNFROMTHEMAINCAMPUSIN0ULLMAN4HISSITUATION CREATESCONmICTFORBOTHFACULTYMEMBERSANDTHEORGANIZATIONALLEAD ERSHIP INPARTICULARWITHREGARDTOINVESTMENTINANDREWARDSFORSER VICE LEARNING ENDEAVORS )T DEMANDS COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE TWO CAMPUSESINORDERFOREFFECTIVEDECISION MAKINGANDPROGRAMIMPLE MENTATION TO OCCUR4HE mIP SIDE IS THAT FACULTY ARE TORN WITH THEIR MISSIONANDRESOURCESSALARY ASSISTANTSHIPS SOFTWARE COMINGFROM THE INSTITUTE BUT THEIR TEACHING RESPONSIBILITIES AND TENURE AND PRO MOTIONCRITERIACOMINGFROMTHEIRACADEMICDEPARTMENTIN0ULLMAN 4HEYlNDTHEMSELVESSERVINGTWOMASTERSWHOARELIKELYTOHAVEQUITE DIFFERENTVISIONSABOUTTHEFACULTYSROLEANDPURPOSE4HESEVARYING EXPECTATIONSALSOLIMITTHEABILITYOFTHEADMINISTRATIONSIN3POKANE AND0ULLMANTOFACILITATETHEIRDIFFERINGVISIONS 4HISSITUATIONISQUITEUNSETTLINGFORSTUDENTSTOO5NDERGRADUATES FROMTHETHREEDIFFERENTACADEMICUNITS HAVINGCOMPLETEDTHREEYEARS OFTHEIRPROGRAMSIN0ULLMAN ARETRANSPLANTEDTOTHE)NTERDISCIPLIN ARY $ESIGN )NSTITUTE IN 3POKANE FOR THEIR SENIOR YEAR OF INSTRUCTION 3TUDENTSlNDTHEMSELVESINANEWCONTEXT WITHANEWCOHORTOFCOL LEAGUES AND UNFAMILIAR FACULTY ENGAGING IN A PARADIGM CHALLENGING MODEOFINSTRUCTION NAMELY INTERDISCIPLINARYSERVICE LEARNING 4HEINSTITUTESGEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONOFFERSENORMOUSOPPORTUNI TIESFORMEANINGFULCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENT3POKANEISACITYOFAP PROXIMATELY RESIDENTS WITHALMOSTONEHALFMILLIONPEOPLEIN THECORRIDORFROM3POKANETO#OEUR$!LENE )DAHO)N3POKANE ONE OUTOFEVERYEIGHTRESIDENTS ONEOFFOURPRESCHOOLCHILDREN ANDNEARLY ONEOUTOFFOURELDERLYRESIDENTSLIVEINPOVERTY/NE3POKANE !DD THE MANY SOCIAL ILLS RELATED TO POVERTY AND 3POKANE IS A CITY IN CRITICALCONDITION 7HAT3POKANELACKSINECONOMICCAPITALITOFFSETSWITHALARGERES ERVOIROFSOCIALCAPITALhTHENETWORKS NORMS ANDSOCIALTRUSTTHAT FACILITATE COORDINATION AND COOPERATION FOR MUTUAL BENElTv 0UTNAM &ACULTYMEMBERSFROMTHEINSTITUTEAREABLETOQUICKLYlND IMPRESSIVENETWORKSOFINDIVIDUALSWORKINGTOADDRESSVARIOUSAREAS OFSOCIALCONCERN4HISPOSITIONSTHE$ESIGN)NSTITUTEINANURBANSET TING THAT CAN BENElT FROM SERVICE LEARNING AND ALSO HAS ASSETS THAT CANBELEVERAGEDINSERVICE LEARNINGEFFORTS
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4HESE ARE PRECISELY THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE LAND GRANT UNIVERSITYIDEAOFPROVIDINGEDUCATIONANDRESEARCHINSERVICETOSOCI ETYWASMEANTTOBEAPPLIED(OWEVER THELAND GRANTIDEAISJUSTTHAT ASETOFBELIEFSABOUTTHESOCIALROLEOFTHEUNIVERSITY"ONNEN 735SVISION7ASHINGTON3TATE5NIVERSITY HEAVILYEMPHASIZES EDUCATIONANDRESEARCHWHILECASTINGhENGAGEMENTvINTOANEVENTUAL ITYh7ASHINGTON3TATE5NIVERSITYOFFERSAPREMIERUNDERGRADUATEEX PERIENCE CONDUCTSANDSTIMULATESWORLD CLASSRESEARCH GRADUATEAND PROFESSIONALEDUCATION SCHOLARSHIPANDARTS ANDPROVIDESANEXEM PLARYWORKINGANDLEARNINGENVIRONMENTTHATFOSTERSENGAGEMENTv 4HISVISIONDOESNOTEMBRACEOUTREACHTOTHEDEGREEFOUNDATSOME OTHERLAND GRANTUNIVERSITIES ANDENDORSESARATHERTRADITIONALCON CEPTUALIZATIONOFTHEUNIVERSITYASANIVORYTOWERREPOSITORYOFKNOWL EDGEBYFOCUSINGONITSOWNENVIRONMENTINISOLATIONFROMITSCONTEXT 4HUS WHILE735ISALAND GRANTUNIVERSITY ITDOESNOTEMPHASIZETHE OUTREACH ASPECTS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE LAND GRANT MISSION BUT RATHERALIGNSITSELFMOREASARESEARCHUNIVERSITY!LTHOUGH3POKANE ISRIPEFORENGAGEMENT BOTHCOGNITIVEANDSTRUCTURALBARRIERSASSOCI ATEDWITHTHEUNIVERSITYANDTHEBRANCHCAMPUSPROVIDECHALLENGESTO THOSEINTERESTEDINENGAGINGINSERVICE LEARNING
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WORKED IN TEAMS TO DEVELOP DESIGN PROPOSALS 6OLUNTEERS FROM THE DESIGN AND CARE PROVIDING COMMUNITIES WERE ASSIGNED TO THE TEAMS ASCO INVESTIGATORS&IGURE )NTHElNALASSIGNMENT STUDENTSWERE ASKEDTODOCUMENTANDCRITIQUEBOTHTHEIRDESIGNSANDTHEIRPROCESS REmECTIVEQUESTIONSWEREPROVIDEDTOSTIMULATETHETASK4HESEINTER ACTIONSPROVIDEDOPPORTUNITIESFORSTUDENTSTOREmECTUPONTHEIRUN DERLYINGASSUMPTIONSANDVALUESANDASSESSANYCHANGESNEEDEDTO PROMOTE EFlCACIOUS PRACTICE A PROCESS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS DOUBLE LOOPLEARNING!RGYRIS &ORMOSTSTUDENTS 0"3,DESIGNPROJECTSRESULTINAFORMATIVELEARN INGEXPERIENCE ASISREmECTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGCOMMENTS )LEARNEDDIFFERENTLANGUAGESPERSPECTIVESONDESIGNTHATUSEDBYMY ;ARCHITECTURALANDINTERIORDESIGN=TEAMMATESASWELLASOFOURCLIENTSAND OFDESIGNPROFESSIONALS4HISHELPEDUSELEVATETHEPROJECTTOANOTHERLEVEL WEOTHERWISEWOULDNOTHAVEACHIEVED )LEARNEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFRESPECTINGDIFFERENTEXPERIENCESBACKGROUNDSAS THEIRPERCEPTIONSCANREALLYINFORMABETTERDESIGN;!ND=COMMUNICATIONIS THEKEYTOWORKINGASATEAM
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ARENAS4HEPOORANDELDERLYAREPOPULATIONSFORWHOMSERVICE LEARN ING PROVIDES A GREAT POTENTIAL BENElT4HIS BENElT IS RECIPROCAL4HE COMMUNITYGAINSABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTALNEEDS OFTHESEMARGINALIZEDGROUPS WHILETHESTUDENTSHAVETHEOPPORTUNITY TOLEARNABOUTIMPORTANTISSUESINVOLVINGALTERNATIVEPERSPECTIVESON ENVIRONMENTALEXPERIENCE 4HESERVICETOCOMMUNITYFROMTHECHARRETTEANDTHE)NTERDISCI PLINARY3TUDIOSMAYBEASSESSEDASLARGELYPOSITIVE BUTTHELEARNING OUTCOMESAREMOREUNEVEN-UCHOFTHESERVICE LEARNINGATTHEINSTI TUTETAKESTHEFORMOFWHAT3IGMON REFERSTOASh3%26)#% LEARN ING v WHERE THE SERVICE AGENDA IS PRIMARY TO THE LEARNING OUTCOMES 4HIS HAPPENS WHEN THE ACTIVITY IS DONE PURELY FOR THE BENElT THAT MAYCOMEFROMCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENTEG PUBLICAWARENESS COM MUNITYLEARNING &ACULTYMEMBERSSEETHEMSELVESASFACILITATINGTHE RENDERINGOFASERVICEUSEFULTOTHECOMMUNITY ANDASSUMELEARNING WILLSIMPLYOCCURTHROUGHTHATACTIVITY/THERPROJECTSOFTHEINSTITUTE AREOFTHETYPE3IGMONLABELShSERVICELEARNING vWHERETHETWOACTIVI TIESAREVIEWEDASCOMPLETELYSEPARATEENDEAVORS&EWIFANYOPPOR TUNITIES FOR REmECTION ARE EXTENDED TO STUDENTS DURING THEIR SERVICE ACTIVITIES4HESE PROJECTS ARE OFTEN EFFORTS TO RAISE EXTERNAL FUNDS TO SUPPORT THE PROJECT AS WELL AS OTHER INSTITUTE ENDEAVORS 0ART OF THE DRIVETOENGAGEINSUCHENTREPRENEURIALACTIVITIESDERIVESFROMTHEFACT THATFACULTYMUSTSHOWSERVICEASAGENERATOROFGRANTSORCONTRACTSIN ORDERTOCOUNTTOWARDTENUREANDPROMOTION
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PEOPLE WHOM THEY HAVE NEVER MET AND AS DISCUSSED ABOVE TO DO SO UNDER VERY UNCERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES 3TUDENTS THEREFORE NEED TO BELIEVE THAT THEIR INSTRUCTOR IS BOTH COMPETENT AND BENEVOLENT HAS THE ABILITY TO ASSIST IN FACILITATING THE PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIV ITY AND CARES ABOUT EACH STUDENTS WELL BEING4HE INSTRUCTOR NEEDS TO BE AVAILABLE TO STUDENTS AND CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE THAT FAVORS OPENDIALOGUE &ROMSTUDENTS OPENANDHONESTCOMMUNICATIONSWITHTHEFACULTY MEMBERASWELLASOTHERCLASSMATES AREESSENTIAL!DDITIONALLY BE CAUSESERVICE LEARNINGPROJECTSAREBYDElNITIONMOREUNCERTAINAND mUIDTHANTRADITIONALACADEMICPROJECTS STUDENTSMUSTBEDEDICATED TOTHESERVICEANDLEARNINGINTENTIONSOFTHECLASS4HATISWHYCLEAR COURSE OBJECTIVES ARE PARTICULARLY ESSENTIAL IN NONTRADITIONAL EDUCA TIONALACTIVITIESSUCHASSERVICE LEARNING3TUDENTSNEEDTOBUYINTO THEUNDERLYINGPURPOSESOFTHEPROJECT)FTHEYDONOT ORIFTHOSEPUR POSESAREUNCLEAR THECONDITIONSARERIPEFORCONFUSIONANDTHELOSS OFTRUST
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