English Grammar In Use with Answers: A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English

English Grammar in Use

A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students of English

with answers THIRD EDITION

Raymond Murphy ~ CAM B R ID G E

~ Ul\"IVERS ITY P R ESS

C A M RRI I>G F. UNIVE RS ITY r RE S S

Camb ridge, New York, Melbo urne, Madrid, Cape Tow n. Singapore, SilO Paulo Cambridge University Press T he Ed inburgh Building. Cambridge C Bl l RU, UK www.carob ridge.org Information o n this tide : ww w.cambridge.o rg/978052 153289 1

o Ca mbridge University Press 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subiecr to statutor y exception and to the provi sion s of releva nt collective licensing agreements. no reprod uct ion of an y part rna)' take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 7th printing 2005 Printed in Singapore by KHL Print ing Co Pte l td A c<Jt<Jloglli! reco rd (or tbis publicJliotl is ovaitable from the Bntish UbrJ1)' ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-53289-1 Edition with answers ISBN- IO 0-52 1-53289-2 Edition with an swers ISBN· 13 978-0-52 1-53290-7 Edition without answers ISBN -I O 0-52 1-53290-6 Editio n without answe rs ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-$3762 -9 Edirion wit h C D-RO.\ 1 ISBN- to 0-52 1-53 762-2 Editio n with C D- RO~ I ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-843 11-9 Hardback edit ion with C D· RO .\1 ISBN-I O 0-52 1-843 11- 1 Hardback edit ion with CD-RO .\t ISBN· 13 97 8-3- 12-53 4086-2 Klett edition wit h CD-RO .\ I ISBN· to 3- 12-53 4086- 1 Klett ed ition with C D- R O ~ t ISBN- 13 978 -3- 12-53408 4 ·8 Kieft edition ISBN- IO 3- 12-5 3408 4-5 Klett edition

•

Contents T h. mks \-ji To the student viii To rhe reac her x

Present .m d p,,1 $[ I Present con tin uous \1 am doing ' .l Present simple (I do : 3 Present continuou s and present simple 1 il am doin g an d I do l 4 Present conn nuo us and presen t simple J (I am doin g and J do l 5 P J, S[ simple II did) 6 Past co n rin uo u-, (I was doing I

Present perfe,-f ,,111,1 p.1St - Pre-sen t perfect I II hav e do ne ) S 9 10 11 11

Present pe t ie..:t .2 II have do ne} Present perfect con tinu ou s II han: been doingl Present perfect co ntinu ous an d simple II have been doin g and I have do ne) How lon g ha ve ~ ou . been t ... : For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? .

13 Present perfect JnJ

r .hl

I d hone done and I did ,

14 Present pe rfect and r .ht .! II have d on e an d I d id t 15 Past pe rfect U had done! 16 P.lSI perfect con tinuous il had been doing t 17 H ave gO I a nd have t S Use d to (d o)

Futu re 19 Present tenses tl am doing I I do l fur the fut ure 20 rl'mt goi ng to (dol 11 " i ll/sha ll 1 " WilllshJ.1I 1 1 3 I will a nd I' m goi ng \0 1 ~ \\'ill be doing ,U1J wi ll ha ve do ne 2. 5 W hen I d o I When I' ve d o ne When an d if .\lo.l.lls 2. 6 Can, co uld and rbet abl e 10 Could (d ol an d co uld ha ve tdo net 2. 8 ." ust and ca n't 2 9 .\ 1.1 ~' a nd might I 30 ." .l ~' a nd rnig ht 1 3 1 Ha ve w a nd mu vt 31 .\ l ust mu stn't n...edn't 33 Should I 34 Sho uld 2. 3 5 Had bener It's time ,. , 36 Would J- Can'Could'Wo uld ~ou .. . ? esc. (Req uests. offers. permissio n and invirarionst

-r-

IF 'IOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS 'IOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

If ami wish .l8 If I do •..•md If I did ... 39 If I knew,., I w ish I knew ... 40 If I had known ..• I wish I had kn own ... 4 1 \Vi"h

Passire 42 Passin ' I (is done I was done ]

43 Passin ' 2. (be done I been don e ! being don e ) 44 Pas sive 3 45 It is sa id that •.• H e is said to • .• 46 H ave som ething don e

H e is suppo sed to ...

Reported speech 47 Reported speech 1 j He said th at .••) 48 Reported speech 2. Q ltestioflS •.md .1lIxiliJry ('n bs 4 9 Quest ions 1 50 Questions 2. (Do ) 'O U kn ow w here ... ? I He asked me wh ere •.• ) 5 1 Auxili'lr}· verbs Iha ve/dozca n erc. j I think so I I hope so etc. 52 Q uest ion ta gs (do you ? isn't it ? ere.I

-bIg 53 54 55

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

.md the i,,{illiti('e Verb + -ing (en jo y doing ! stop doing ere.I Verb + to ••. (decide to . .. ! forget to .•• ere. I Verb (+ o bject) + to ... (I want ) 'O U to ••• etc. I Verb + -in g or to 1 (remember/regret etc. ] Verb + -ing o r to 2. (try/needlh e1p l Verb + -ing or to 3 (like I wou ld like erc. l Prefer a nd wou ld ra ther Preposition (in/for/about ere. I + -ing Be/get used to someth ing (I'm used to ... ) Verh + preposi tion + -ing (succeed in -ing I accuse som ebod y o f -ing ctc.] Exp ressio ns + -in g To ••• • for .. . a nd so t hat •.. (pur pose ) Adjective + to .. . To ••• (a fraid to do l a nd preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing t See so mebody do a nd sec so mebody doin g -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed e;Hly. f

A rticles JIII/ nouns 69 Cou nta ble and uncountable 1 70 Co unta ble and uncountable 2 7 1 Counta ble nouns with ala n an d som e 72 Alan and the 73 The 1 74 The 2. (schoo l! t he school ere. I 75 The 3 (children I the children ! 76 The 4 Ithe giraffe I the teleph on e ! th e piano etc.• the 77 Na mes with a nd wit ho ut the 1 78 Na mes with an d with out th e 2

iv

+

ad iecnve t

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

79 S in ~u lJr and plur.ll 80 X oun ... no un (a tenni s ball f .l headache: 8 1 -\ rvour sisler\ nam e! and o f ... (rhe na me o f the book t

Pronouns .l lId det erminers 82. :\l y sdf/~' ours elfJth em seh' es ere. 83 .-\ friend of mine .\l y own home On my own f by myself 84 Ther e ... •1Od it .. . S5 Some a nd .lny 86 X o/non c/a nv X othing/nobodv etc. 87 :\I uch. man v.H n le. few. a lot. plentv SS All / .1.11 o f m O\1 / movr o f no / non e of etc 89 Both f both o f neither f neither o f either f either of 90 :\ 11. every J.nJ whole 9 1 Each and c u'~ Relati re clauses 92. Relanve cla uses I: clauses with who/t hat/w hich 93 ReI.HiH' cla uses 2.: cla uses with an d without who/ tha t/which 94 Rela nve clauses 3: whose/wh om/wh er e 95 Relative clauses 4: exrra mformanon daus~ ( I I 96 Rela tive cla uses 5: e xtra info rmation clau ses l2.1 9 - -mg an d -ed cla uses rrhe woman talking 10 Tom. [he ~()y injured in the accident ' A J ;ecfU '('S JI1,I .I,/I"('rI'5

98 99 100 10 1

Adle..-nves endin,!: in -ing and -ed (bo ring/bo red ere-.1 Adj ective s: a nice new house. you loo k tired Adiecnves and adve rbs I {quick/quickly} Adiec rives .1OJ adve rbs 2. (\H·llJf,H tIl.1Cc. ha rd/hardly}

102. So an d such 10.3 Eno ugh and too 104 Q Uill". prcnv. ra ther .1nJ 105 106 10; 10 8

fa i rl ~"

Co m p.mson I (cheaper. more expensive etc. t Com pa rison 2. tmc ch bcncr / a n j better / berrcr a nd better / Ihe sooner th e better) Com pa rison 3 ' 0< •• • 0< I than ! Superlatives uh c longest. the mo st enjoy able erc.!

109 \'('ord o rder I: ver b + ubject: place and time 110 \X'ord order 2. : ad verbs with the verb I I I Still. ~'e l an d alr eady 112. h en

.-\ny more f any lo nger I no longer

COll lllll~· t i()ll$

11.3 IH 115 116 11118

.lIt.l prepositions Althou gh I tho ugh I even though In spite of f despite In C,1 ~e Unless As lon g as Provided/p rovidi ng As (:\ s I wall ed along the st reet .•. / As I wa s hungr y ... J Like a nd a ~ .-\ ~ if / .1\ th ough / likc

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOl UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

120 By a nd unt il

By th e time ...

Prepositione 12 1 Allon /in (ti me)

122 On time a nd in time 123 In/a t/on (position) I 124 Inla llon [pos ition! 2 125 In/a llon (pos itio n! 3 126 127 128 129 130 13 1 132

133 134 135 136

ToI:nlinlinto In/a llo n (o ther uses)

By N oun + preposit io n (reaso n for . ca use of ere. I Adjecnv e + pr eposit ion 1 Adjecrive + p repos itio n 2 Verh + prepo sition I to a nd a t Verb + preposit io n 2 aboullfor/oflafter Ver h + prepo sit io n 3 about a nd o f Verb + preposition 4 ofI fo r/from/an Verb + preposition 5 inli ntol withltolon

Pb rasal rerbs 137 Phra sal ve rb s 1 138 Phr a sal ve rb s 2 139 Phr a sal verbs 3 140 Phrasa l ver bs 4 14 1 Phr asal verbs 5 142 Phrasal verbs 6 143 Phrasa l ver bs 7 144 Ph ra sa l ver bs 8 145 Phra sa l ve rbs 9 Appendix 1 Append ix 2 Appe ndix 3 Appe nd ix 4 Append ix 5 Append ix 6 Append ix 7

Study guide

Int roduct ion in/o ut o ut on/off ( Il on/off (2l Up/do wn up ( I) up (2) aw ay/back

Regu lar a nd irregular verbs 292 Present a nd past tenses 294 T ht' futu re 29 5 Modal ve rbs (ca nJco uldJwillJwo uld erc.) 296 Sho rr form s (I'm I yo u've J didn't etc. I 297

Spelling 29 8 Amer ican English 300

Addit io na l exerc ises

302

326

Key to Exercises 33 6 Key to Ad ditional e xercises Key to Stud y gu ide 372 Inde x

At the end an d in th e end

368

373

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUOY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.

Thanks I wrote the o riginal ed itio n o f English Grammar in Use when J was 3 reacher at the Swan Schoo l o f English. O xford. I would like to repeat my tha nks to my co lleag ues an d students at the school for their help. encou ragement and interest at tha t time. .vt ore recentl y I woul d like to than k all the teachers and students I met and who o ffered their thoughts on the previous edition. It was tun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me. Rega rding t he prod uctio n of t his th ird edition . I am grate ful [ 0 Alison Sha rpe, Liz Driscoll. jane \t.J irs and Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for permission to access the Cambridge Intern ation al Co rpus. Thank you also to the follow ing illustra tors: Paul Fellow s. Gillian \ b n io. Roger Penwill. Lisa Smith and Simon \'('iIIiams.

•

To the student T his book is fo r students who want help with English gra mmar, It i~ wri tt en tor you to woe without ,1 reacher, T he hoo k will be useful for yo u if you are not sure of the answers to q uest ions like t hese: o What is the difference between J did and I JJJI·c JOlle? o When do we use u 'ill for the futu re: o \"'hat is the str ucture after 1 w isb? o "" hen do we S3 }' used to do a nd when do we say me.' to doing: o When do we use the? o What is the difference between like and .IS: Th ese and many other poi nts o f English grammar are explained in the boo k and the re are exercises on each po int . l evel Th e hook is intended mainly for intermediate students tsrudenrs wh o hav e alr ead y stu d ied t he basic gram ma r of English), It concentrates on those str uctures wh ich inte rmedia te srudeo rs want to use. bur whic h often cause difficuhv, Some advanced stude nts who have prob lems wit h grammar will also find the boo k useful. Th e hook is

110 1

suitable fur elementary learn ers.

How th e book is organ ised There are 145 units in the hook . Each unit concent rates on a particula r mint of gra mmar. Some probl ems (for example, the present perfect or the usc of tbl'l arc covered in mo rt' than o ne unit. For a list of units. sec the Co ntents at the beginning of rhe book .

Each unit con sists of two feeing pages. O n rhe left there ar e explanat ion s and examples; on the right there are exercises. At the back of the rook there is a l':ey for you to check yo ur answers to t he exercises (page 33 6l . There are also seven Appendices at the back of the hook tpagcs 191- 30 1I. These includ e irregula r verbs. summaries of verb forms, spelling and America n English. Finall y. there is a deta iled Index at rhe back o f rhe honk tpage 3731. How to use the book T he units arc not in ord er of d ifficulrv, so it is /l 0 1 intended th at you wo rk th rou gh the book from beginnin g to end. Every learner h .1S different problems an d you shou ld usc th is hook TO help rou with the gramm ar that )'011 find difficult.

It is suggested rha r you work in t his way: Use the Ccm /('lIts and/or index to find whic h unit deals with the point vonare interested in. If you arc not sure whic h units you need to study. usc the Sf/,.i)' gll ;.I.· on page 316. o Study rhe ex plan anons an d exa mples on the.' Iefr-h.md p.lge (If rhe unit ~'nu h.r ve chosen. a Do the exerci ses on the right -hand page. D C heck you r an swers with the Key, D If your an swers are not correct, study the left-ha nd page again to see what went wrong.

a a

You can of co urse usc the book simply as a reference hook without doin g the exercises.

VIII

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To the teacher English Grammar in Use wa s writt en as a self-stu dy gra mmar book , hut teachers may also lind it useful as additional course mat erial in cases w here further work on grammar is nece ss. past s"" plt> and past p.lrticiple ) are th same. For example. hit: o Don't hit me. (;,,{illitil'e) o Somebody hit me as I came into the roo m. (p.lst sim ple) o I've never hit anybody in my life. tpost participle - present per{eet) o George wa s hit o n the head by a sto ne. (p.lst participle - p.lssil'e)

With oth er ir regu lar verbs. t he past sim ple is the same as the past parti ciple Ibm different f t he infinitive), Fo r example, tell -- w id : . o Ca n you tell me w hat to do ? (in{il1itil'e) o She told me to co me back the next da y. [past simple! o Have yo u la id anybody about your new jo b? tpast participle - present pertecn o I was tol d to come back the next day, (P.:lst pJrtieiple - p.:lssil'e)

With oth er irregular verbs. all three forms are different. Fo r exa mp le, wake -- wok e/woken o I'll wak e you up. (i,,!initlt'e) o 1 wok e up in the midd le o f t he nigh t. tpast Sill/pIe! o Th e: ba by ha s wok en up. tpost participle - present per{eetJ o I was wo ken up by a loud noise . (P.:Ist participle - passwet 1.3

The follow ing verbs can be regu lar or irregu lar: b urn dream lean learn

--

burned dreame d lea ned learned

burnt d ream t [dremr]" 0' 0 ' lean t [lenr] " 0 ' lea rnt 0'

smell -- smelled spell spelled spill spilled spoil spo iled

--

-

o r smelt 0' 0' 0'

speh spilt spoilt

• pronu nc

So you can say: o I leanr out o f the wind ow. o r I leaned o ut of the window. o The din ner has been spo iled. or T he dinner ha s been spo ilt. In British English the irregular form (b urn t/learn t etc.l is mo re usual. For American English. set" Appendix 7.

292

Append 1.4

l.isr of irreg ula r verbs

//I fill/tll"t'

p.HI sill/ph-

be

wa ""were hea t beca me bega n

"""

beco me begin

brn d bet bite blow break brin!/: broadcast build bun l bu ~-

catch choose come cost

cr« p cut deal d ig

do dra w d rink drive ea fall feed feel figh, fi" d

p.Jst p-uticip!e

ill{il/ilil'e

past simple

past participle

""'" bea ten

light lose make mean meet

lit lost made mea nt

lit lost made meant

becom e begun

""m

""m ber

p"

m" paid

bit blew broke brought broa dca st buill bunt bo ught ca ught chos e ca me cost crept cut dea lt

bitte n blow n broken bro ught broa dcast built burst bo ught ca ught chose n co me cos t c rept c ur dealt

put read ride ring rise

pm

pm

read Ired ' rode rang rose

read [red ]" ridd en rung risen

ru n

U"

'" '"seck

said sa w so ught sold sent

'"" sa id

dug

du,

d id d rew d ran k drove

done dr aw n d runk driven ea ten fa llen

"',

'"iell fed iell fo ught found

fed felr foug ht fo und

fl«

fl, d

fl, d

fly

tlew forbade

flown fo rbid den fo rgotten forgiven frozen

fo rbid forget

I freeze

Ioegive

I '« grve

I gogro w hang haw hear hide hit ho ld

I I hukeeprt eel I knknow l a~"

lead

1 leave

forger

fo rgave i roze got gave went grew hung had hea rd hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led

lefr

go< given gon e gro wn hun g

h,d heard hidden hit held

hun kep t k nelt k nown laid

I,d left

lend

lent

lent

1«

1«

1«

lie

I.t)'

la in

sell send se

'Ow sha ke shine "shoot sho w shrink shu I sing sink sit sleep slide spea k spend spit split spread spring sta nd steal stick sting stink strike swea r swee p swim swing tak e tea ch tear tell thin k throw understa nd wa ke wea r weep win write

'" sewed

m" paid

seen so ught sold sent set sewn/sewed sha ken sho ne sho t show n/showed shrunk shut sung sunk

shoo k shone shot showed shran k sh ut sa ng sa nk sat slept slid spo ke spen t spa t split spread spra ng stood stole stuck stun g sta nk str uck swo re swept swam swung look ta ugh t to re to ld thought thre w understood woke wore wept

slept slid spo ken spent spat split spread sprung "ood stolen stuck stung stunk struc k swo rn swept swum swung take n taug ht torn tol d t hought th row n understood wok en worn wep t

woo

woo

wrore

written

'"

.. pronunciation

Present and past tenses p resent

simple

continuous

I do

I a m doing present continuous (- Units l , 3- ..\1 o 'w here's Ann?' 'She's playing tenn o Please don't distu rb me now, I'm

present simple (- Unit s 2-4 J o An n o ften plays ten nis. I work in a bank, but I don't enjo y it muc h. a Do )'O U lik e pa rt ies? o It does n't rain so much in sum mer.

a

p resent pe rfect

I have done

presmt perfect simp le (-

Units 7-8, 10- 14 ) o Ann has pla yed tennis ma ny times. I' \ 'C lost my key. H ave you seen it anywhe re? o How long have )' O U and Chris kn own eac h ot her? o A: Is it still raining? B: No, it has Slo ppe d. o Th e house is dirt)'. I haven't cleaned it fo r week s.

o

past

=

I did

I wa s doin g

pass (O IIt; 1IIIOIIS

afternoo n. my key a few da ys ago .

o 110'>' o o

T here wa s a film o n TV last nigh t, hut we didn 't wa tch it. What d id yo u do w hen you finished wo rk yesterday?

I had done past perfect (.... Unit 15 l o It wa sn't her first gam e of ten nis. She had pla yed many tim es befo re. o They cou ld n' t get int o the ho use because th ey had lost t he key. o T he ho use wa s dirty beca use I hadn't clean ed it fo r weeks. For th e passive, su Un its 4 2-44.

294

I have been doi ng present perfect continllolls I.... Un its 9- 11' ::: An n is tired . She has been pla ying ten nis. You' re out of brea th. H ave you been ru nning? c H o w long have you been lea rn ing English? :J It's still ra in ing. It ha s been raining a ll da y. a I haven't been feeling well recent ly. Per ha ps I sho uld go to t he docro r,

past simple (- Units 5-6, 13- 14 ) o Ann pla yed ten nis yesterday

past pertea

working. o Hello . Arc ) "O U enjoying the parry! o It isn't rain ing a t the moment.

( .... Unit 6 ) :J I saw Ann a t the spo rIS cent re yesterday. She was playing tenn is. e I dro pped my key when I was tryi n to open the door. o T he televisio n wa s o n, hut we we re watching it. o What were yo u do ing at this t ime yesterday?

I I had been doin g

past perfect cen tmuous (.... Unit 16 ) o Ann was tired yesterday eve ning because she had been playing ten ni in t he afternoo n.

o Geo rge decided to go to t he docto r beca use he hadn 't been feeling well

3.1

List o{ {utu re {orm s:

o I'm leaving tomo rrow. o My train leaves at 9.30. o I'm going to leave to morrow. o I'll leave tomorrow. o I' ll he leaving tomor ro w. o I'll have left by th is time to morrow. o I hope to Stt you before I leave tom orrow. 3.2

p resen t continuous present sim ple

going to will {'It/lfe continuo us [uture perfect present sim ple (be)

( ( ( ( ( ( (

Unit 19A ) Unit 19B) Units 20, 23 ) Units 2 1-23) Unit 24 ) Unit 24 ) Unit 25 )

future actions

We use the present contin uous [I'm doin g ) to r arrang ements : o I' m leaving tom or row. I've got my plane ticket. (already plan ned and ar ranged) o 'When are they gett ing ma rried ?' 'On 14 Jul y.' We use t he present simple tl leave I it leaves erc .j for timetables, programmes etc, : o ~t y tra in leaves at 11.30. (according to the timetable) o What time does the film begin? \'('e use lhe) going to ... to say what somebod y has alread y decided to do: o I've decided no t to stay here any longer. l' m goin g to leave to mor row. (or I'm leaving romorrow.I :: ' Yo ur shoes are dirt)".' ' Yes, I know, I'm goi ng to dean them.' We use will 1'111 when we decide or agree to do some thing at the time of speaking: :: .\ : I don't want )"ou to sta y here any longer. B: OK. I'llleave tomorrow. (B decides th is at the time of speaking ) o That bag look s heavy. I'll help you with it. e I won 't tell anybody what happened. I promise. (won't =will nOl l 3 .3

Futu re J,Jp pm ings a nd situatio ns

.\ l ost oft en we use will 10 talk about future happenings (' something will hap pen' ) o r sit uations t ' sornerhing will he' j: o I do n't t hink John is hap py at work. I think he'll leave soon. o This time next yea r I'll be in Japan , Where will you be? We use (bel going to when the situation noll' shows what is going to happ en ;" the fut ure : ::::: Look at those black d ouds. It's going to ~ ain . (you can see the douds now ) 3 .4

Futur e co nti nu ous and [uture perfect

Will be (doling = will be in the middle of (doing someth ing): o T his time next week I'll be on holid ay. I'll be lying o n a beach o r swimming in the sea. We also use will he -ing for future actions (see Unit 24C): o What time will you he leaving to morrow ? We use will have (doneI to say th at someth ing will alread y be com plete before a time in the futur e: o I won't be: here this time to mo rro w. I'll have alread y left. 3.5

We use the presen t ('lOt will ! after whenlifJwhileJbefo re etc. (see Unit 25): o I ho pe to see you before I leave tomorrow. (not before I will Ieavel o Wh en you are in London agai n, come and see us. (not When you will be ) o If we don't hurry, we' ll be late.

Modal verbs (can/could/will/wouid etc.) Th is appendix is a summary of mod al verbs. For more information. sec Units 2 1-4 1. 4.1

Co mpa re can/co uld etc. for actions:

can

0 I can go out tonight. 1- there is not hing to stop me )

co uld

o I can 't go o ut tonight . o I could go O U I to nigh t. but I'm not very keen . o I couldn't go out last nigh t. ( = I wasn't able ]

ca n or ma y

o

wilVw on't

o

I th ink I'll go ou t ton ight .

o

I promise 1 w 0 0 ·( go out . .

would

~:any }Igo out

ro nighr! 1= do yuu allow mel

o I wou ld go out to night . but I have too much 10 do. I promised I wouldn't go O UI .

o shall

o Shall I go ou t ton ight? Ide you think it is a good idea ?)

sho uld or ought 10 mu st

o I ! Shouhld J go out tonight . 1= it would be a good thing

needn 't

aug 1 to

(0

do l

o I mu st go o ut toni ght , 1- it is necessary! o I mustn 't go o ut ton ight. 1= it i.. nece....ary that I do nor go o ur) o I needn 't go o ur ro nigbr . ( = ir i s not nece....ary l

Compa re could have .. . I wou ld have ... etc. :

4 .2

co uld wou ld

0 I co uld have go ne ou t la..r night. hut I decided to ..ta y at home. 0 I wou ld have Kane o ut la st night . hut I had roo m uch to do .

shouhld ur o ug t to needn't

0 I needn't hav e gone ourlast nighr. 1= I went

0Ij shouhld Iha ve go ne our last night. I' m sorrv. I did n't. oug t to OU I.

hut it was not necessarvr

We use will/wou ld/m a y CIC, to ..ay whether somerhi ng i.. possible. im po..sible, pro bable. cer etc. Co mpa re: will wo uld sho uld or ought 10 ma y or might o r could m ust can't

o ' Wh;u lime will she be here?"

'She'll be here soon.'

o She would he here now. but she's been delayed.

o

j

She shouhld a ug t 10

o She

I~~;ht

I

be here soon .

(=

.

I expect she Will he here soo n I

\ be here now, I'm not ..ure. 1= II's possible rhat she IS here ! could o She m ust be here. I sa w her co me in. o She ca n't poss ibly be here. I know for certain that she's .1WdY on holid a y,

Compa re would ha ve .. , I should ha ve .. . etc. : will wou ld sho uld or ought to ma y or might or co uld mu st ca n't

296

o

She will hav e a rrived hy now, 1= befo re now I o She would ha ve arrived earlier, hu t she was delayed. o I wo nder where she is. She mav

I

j oshouguhldt to Ihave ar rived bv. now .

might have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's pl.J: tJ • I., •.. 6 .l e -lm .J: t J 011(11)'

J.JOe

.J' I.\'l l'h f'Tt !I.l-!l6 " " 1 ••. 01" ." 86

.J,,}, and "'J 86 C .111)' lof i 81'1 .I ,, ) ' and t ltl!tl' 89 E .J/I~' .. comp aratives 1068 ,m)' more I .I II)' IUl/gtT 1118 apo logis(' (to slJ"'t'I,,~i)' f i jT) 62. 132:\. 1358 apostrophe lin ..hort formsl :\ ppendi \ 5 apostroph e 5 (\1 8 1.8.lA appe ar (. tu ..• 1 548 appl~' li " TI I B e . approve (ui .. -iltg l 62 A . 13 5:\ :lan) I: Iques rion ta~ ) 52D arr ange (. to .. ,) 54:\• .l 6/\ arriv e (;/110111 126C a nid~ (.J{,JlJltbt) 69-78 .J/.JIJ 69-72 .J/.JII and 11..1' 72. 73:\

tb t 72-78 I IIIr Je/",01 C1O: , 74 cinldren I t ilt children ere. 75 thl ' with names 77- 78 a ~ 107. 116- 118 .JJ S" WI .JJ 2S ,o\- 8 .JS ..• .JS lin compa rative semen..:t'SJ J
107 .JJ 1""g.JJ IUS .Js (;; ar Ilk- \,Ink' rime as ) 116A .JJ an d ll'I!tIl 1 16 .JJ (;; N:..;;IUo,e) 1168 .JJil n d li kf 117 .Js li l .JJ tl"!lf KIJ 118 a\ hamed (0(. 13 1.0\

,,'

.JJk in p.1\si,·(' lo('TllCTk.b ..4A

J o ~.",rl"i'lg " 1Hl. 5H ,1$1.: Iwwlll'IJ,1t .. to .. . S4 D .Is k sWI1l'llrl dy (no rrcro~i l iun ) .JJk {wm r hoJ,·} to

132 B

,uk

/S(II >/(4/(.,])' 1 rUT I H C

a\lun i§hed .JJlfIIlisbrJ • to ... 6SC .JJfWlislJr ,/.JIIf,)' I30C

.

.J1 ( ti m~1

011 lil t' "lid

II I

.InJ

avoid ,. ·ing l 53. 56A a ware (of ) 13 1S awa y {ver b .. oIWoly) 137. 145 ha~k

inldllfJI/ the " .Jek 1140 verb .. /"'el.: 14 _~

bad l.JII I3IC ba~all:~ (unco unla hle nou nl 70 8

beca use 100 113B-C

bed lin bed 110 11t'd ) 74C, I14A. UM been 10 8A. 11 68 beento and gUIIl 'I' j 71> before

!rt fi!ft .. presenl simpl(' 25A !rrfiju' • omg 60B begin I. -;ng or 10 .,.1 S6C beginning Idl II" IJrginning ) 1218 being is and I" iJ bring) 4C believe (i,,) 136A

,I"

believed ( il ;s belit'ml ... I 45A be tter ID.l C

{,ad better JSA-B between (noun . /l('t 1('('('I1) 11 9E b lame 1358 bond bored and !rnrmg 98 bortJ It'lt'' I30C

born 0 I('.JJ "u'" ... J 44C both (n f) 119 /ro tb ... dlld 891> bo lll an d tI), .lINJl/llo( ... 1 134£ com pou nd nou ns (imed Icit/, J 30B di\f>tl~·'l'I't'I)~"'d(,I't.'f')·'lJillg

9O.-\--e ('I't'n· .lnJ (,old , 9 1 el't'~"Q>le ,lOd ('1·1.'1)· (mt' 9 1D

expect • tf) ... SS.-\ expect... d 'I f IS "."" (' inr In... furur... I q g"''' g ''' ! U 1( '111 !-I_!-! ' 1·,11 J.nJ sf..lll 11 D. l ! D I/'Ill J.nd guilt!: ,. , ! 3 l/'lff be ,1"lIIft ,julur... ..:untlnuous ' 14 ' I/"Iff 1'.II 'C' J.. n.' ,iururc J"C'rit'\.'1 ' ! 4 fUlure \\ IIh 11 ·1",'11. ,,- l"1":. 1 j . I IH. 115C. I I " B

c.

gener ous t+ prepo \ ition l IJ U:\ geogra phical names with JnJ wit hou t tbe -gerund see - i n~ ger g" 1

in the

pJ ~~i \ e

.... 0

g.·t 5"mo'tbl"~ .1" " 1' " 6C ~.-, 5.111.> l· f c. I-C 1"", ".Will!!, WI' ·, t' hill 'lII!! 1.'1c. I -C b.ll'l' to (and lI/"s l) 3 I b.I/'1' got to 3 10 I!.II 'I' so snetbing d 0 1l1' 46 II.J/'i"g (d Oli'" H D. 61lC !K.. with t he present simple- or C.lII 4D

I,,,~ + prC"iC'TII simpleIN.J~ .IlIJ uTsl, " I A

l!B

I hopr 50 1 1110/'1' 1101 5 I D Impr • 10 • • • 5·B., 56 .\ hoo.pital l/}()s,,'t.111 th.., 1105pit.lll -" 8. 125.\ .\n"Il"ficiln English Appen dix 7 00 '" abou t t » -illgl 60.\ how lon g .. . ? 1+ presenr ~rfn.-r l

11-1 1

53B. I..OB. 141.\

ho w lon l/. is it since .•• ; 11C

gO"11 JUIII!! and go " " tll.lO .i 68

go 0'" 139.-\.

s....,f

1400 . I.. IC going 10 :\ ppn1d i\ 3 g<JI"_~ to and Inll 23

:W.

zun

1I".l51'Url' gomg to gone 10 and Ilt't l/ to :"0

good

r»

f. 1/ 6U,\ . UI ( g,,, f of SO"" '!. + inl1nili\"r 54-59

4S1)

.:om inu,>u\ inl1n iti"e (to 1Jt' d",,,g l

HB perin."'! intin ili\'e (10 I!.II"" do"l') H B. 58C in lini l i\~ aitr ! a queslioll word

540 \erl:>!. . ohjm • intiniti\'e 55 \ erk • infinili\r or -m.l{ 55-58

il'$ lime .. . 3.1C il'$ worth 1+ ·ill g ) 6JA jealous to!) 1.1 IA jU\ t ;/151 with the pre....nt perfect 7C ;/15/ i ll (.151" I I"" i/l5t'l5 116A i/l5/ hI tim r 1l2 A

keen (... 1) IJ 1C

' ''J' kr l'p O il

5.l. 56A. 141A

I.:I"I'P liP /w lth ...J 14J A I.: l'I"P .lll'd)' (from ..., 145B kind (ki"d of Sf>m",ml' ,., ,10 som r ,I1/JlJ: 1 1>t' kmd /.. 5

Ul" k(' "/! 1431'., 144 ,1,. man age (+ to .. . J 26 D. 54A, 5(,'\

many (imd IIIl1 el1) 69C. 11 7 "'''"y (of) 1111 marn(d (tu ) 13 1C may 2'J1-]O 11I115 1 OJI J t r .1m t1.,;. 11$£ " " H1t:hrr Uln l 11- C-0 .ldlC\." t,\e + 01' I3I C \ C'I't> + ( , t! 1350. 136E. Ir.

I"O- H I anOl hl"l' 81C onJ~ tp< l'loirio n 0; '''11)'. 1 10

ORC'

neit her toft 89

m ake

n tlun~ '

adjecnv e

mllSllI't 31e. 32.-\ m llSt and sl10uld H

look fOTU '"rJ t l} 6OC, 62 A, 137B

liP

mflst + nou n - 5.'1. m ost ,ufl 1111 m"st in superlanve , l OS much rand m.1 /1\·) 69 C , 8m ild} /nf l 88 '

m"sf and e.", ·t 28 mlf$t and b","t' to 31

n o Ifm~er I mJ/ .•. oJ"y 10llger 111 B

so

oJl/

m U\ 1

'ill'",

louk

m O ~1

mncb + comparanve 106:\

11k... and C'i .. 3C cont muouc le n ~ " 30 heeng Id" 1/l'! 8 l<e/ 44D It 1$ $./i,I I".11 4 5.-\ pa\l t 'lot"( al ....) pa~1 conn nco us. pa \ 1 perfect dnd pa\1 'imple ' p.m a fter r".InJ 'l'Is/,· J S- -\tl pail Jft... r rd rJtl,'e' 59D pa~1 dll (', It SI" " .. 3 5C p.l\r .lftc, .15 ," I HlD p,C">C'nl .lnJ r.l-.t I ...nln

.\rrrnJl\. 1

pa \ 1 r;onlinuou , II 1t> I'e:r'" + pre positjonc • -mg 61.

erb + " pld"" ,,, 141- 14-1 l ert> + ,m·,n-!/},/(/.: 1-15 pia... 1+ to . ..·1 5-1 .-\. 56 .-\ plca \eel plr,lse,f + to ... 6SC pl.',m:,f /l'lIh !J08 plcnTY1" 1 I S-B plural ,md \i n~u l.J. r 6 9, i l . 7 '::1 th')·III..e'm ltlll'lr U\.l"el for sml/eb.. .IyhlOl..>d.l· t're. H5 E-:. 86 D, 'I(lC ~pd l llll( ot plura l nUU n\ .J" pJ'C'nJ i\ 6 poin l Il.'rre s ,/II 1""'" ill + ·illg 6.\A p""" ,sCJm e" lIillg l oll IJ 2C 1",illl .",t I J 9C poIi(:C ' plural! - 9 C pulile: I

pu/ltr o f SfJ/tI rolll' IcJ do so m l"th m g 11>(" 1",1Ih' tu sfIr l 7-8 pre-e m perfecr with this "" m llng. t"J" ,. e re. H8, 14 8 presen t perfect sim ple a nel con tm uous

10- 11

pr C\I.'nf perfec t w ith Im ll' I" ng. fur .\lId nnce 1 1-1 1 pr e\ent pt:rtl'.:t an d r'I ~ 1 sim pl... 11-1 4 rr(\(' nt pt°rfC'\.·t a nd ra ~f pt"ri l'l;f 15 B r r........n! pt:rtl-':I aller II'h /' 1I 1 .,B r re:\ent pcrtl'.:t pa\\i s'( 4J C r rf"II' in p,H sin' SC/ll('rlI.·tIl '"

U!.. ('

ss

wit h tilt" pro:-srn l sim pk or ".11/ 4 D tastr + adject ive 9 9(:

luch It"oJclJ in p.Jssi\ t" ..nII('f'I(re,l1, ,1m/'ll / 81·f "'I

crc. t Ir-1 -1j wail Ifilr l I D C ( + 10 ... ) .H A, 6f> \)

....a nt

warn

It's tim" ... 3 .\ (

II',/"r ~(}"'t'tllft' (/mll

coun table or uncountable noun

s"mclhl"g 55B u-urn someolle ol/,/IIOIII somc/hing

- 0.-\ timt.' an d 11IIIII1C 111.-\ tired Im ·.1 and tlrmg 98 011

tm'd o{ 13 IB to + intinitiv e infinitive

It "

I,,· , I "

U 4F was/w ere .'iD U',/S/U'/'Tt.' -ill8 (pasr co nt inuo us) uvuhrcre gWlIg /0

,/0 erc.t see

todo

to .!f>D an d were in if ....-nrcnccs 39C

U' ,IS!r I'l'f(' ,1/1/,· /I',I S

to 126 to + -I"g 6nc noun + to 1191)

w ast e (II',lsle t im e/III"' /I')', 0.1 rnlste o'- lime/money) 6.~( wea ther lllnCt>unlahll' eou n } 70 B

ad jective + 10 I JO.-\. 13 IC verb + to 13.!, U6D 100 and ('"w'gh 103 to p 1.11 tln'/op l 1.!4(

well 10 1:\ were rused with l/ht.'!s!Jelil ) .We.

tra nsla te If ro m/i ll t" 1 1 .~6B travel tuncoumable noun ! -O B trouble slnu-c Im,,/>/(' doi"g somcthm KI 63B tr y try + to ... o r -mg 5'7.-\ try fi li I 139 C trvon 140C C nt, polsr, fllmre, pa\~ i \' c ctc. w rlls not uscd in continuum rl'ose s 4A,6E, IDe. If>E, 17A liST of irregular mh~ Appendi x 1.4 pn.-scnr 'lIId I'.ISI I,'n",', Appl'nJix .! "l'rhs + ·ing ,mJ 'crt-· • : (inriniril l'! ,.-, ..

(>

201>

n an

w h at /1'11,11 in qUl.'srions II'h,l/ '-or? 6 4(

-1 9

W'Jl,lt ! (e:t.: c1am;lI io ns ) iIA-B /l'h, lt .IllJ /",rt jre[;ui ,'c o;buses) 9.!C. 9,m /l'I1 whom ;n qu",tions 49 C in relaliv c dauses 94 1\, 96A- R " lIJmll/t'!some of lI'llO'" 96 1~ whose lin rd,uiw d,w,,'s) '\I4A, 95 (\ wh y /l'1,y im 'flclitill 'f 1' ·K. 1.. , : 491) wh y in rl.'btil'l.' d ,HN " 'l4 t:

" ill : I-~~ ll'lll y,m: .! I C-D, J7A 11'/1/ and ;1.',/11 ll D,HD 11'/1/ and goi llg /0 23 will /1•• ,f oillg (futu re connnuous! 14 willIM/ ·!.' dane (future perfect ) 14 "'IN in if end wh t.'11 sentences 15, II S( will and U'f>llid J6 R, Appe ndix 4 will in the passive 4J A 0",,'/ ... , lI·ill \'till ? 52 D wil/ and other fueure forms ApPI.'ndlx 3 will and other modal verbs Appendix 4 w ish 4 1 11f'lsh I klll'II' ere. .19, 4 1 1 wish /,.1kml/l '/f etc. 40 C, 4\ /l'i s/, and Impt' 4 1A wish ... /1 '1111/.1 41 D with nou n + w ith 11 9E adjective + u-ith BOB- C, IJ 1C verb + sc -itls 1J6C without 1+ ·ill g) 60B wo m (= ,, ·/ll lIoll 2 1- 21 wo rd o rder "0.1",' s" ml'lJ,illg ,IfillI' 46 question s 49 ncganvc questions 49D embedd ed q uestions Hso you k llOIl' /I'/MI ... ?) 50A reponed questions SOB o rde r of adje cnves 99 verb and objec t rngcrhc r 109A place and nmc I0 9R position of adve rb s wit h the verb (" Iso, "I"',I\'s ere.I 110 word order wirh phrasal verbs I/llm Oil the lighl, 111 m it Oil erc.j

\J7( work uncounrnble noun 70 B,74C 11 'Ilrk oul 1398 worried (,ibmrt) U OB wo rse lOse WOt SI

rose

won h (il s U'lITIIJ + .i ngl 63A wou ld 36 l('Iwld and will 36B WOllld )'O ll ... ? 37A rmllld )" liI /ike? I'd lib, 37 E ll'lllrid in If sentences 38-40 lI'i511 ... ll'lwld 4 1D 1('11/11,1 /lk d /rll'elllilld Jm:fa + to ...

55 A, 5 8B-C 5SB, 59 8 ll'lllrid rather 59C-D ll',,,,/d an d othe r rno,bl verbs Appeu dix 4 wri te /I·rift.' 1/1 JJ 1A wr ite dow" 1411> rmllld />rc(cr

yet \'