Corinthian Conventionalizing Pottery

CORINTH RESULTS

OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

BY

OF CLASSICAL

STUDIES

AT ATHENS

VOLUME VII, PART V

CORINTHIAN CONVENTIONALIZING POTTERY BY

MARTHA K. RISSER

THE AMERICAN

SCHOOL

OF CLASSICAL

PRINCETON,

STUDIES

NEW JERSEY 2001

AT ATHENS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

Risser,Martha K., date Corinthian conventionalizingpottery / by Martha K. Risser. - (Corinth ; vol. 7, pt. 5) p. cm. Includes bibliographicalreferencesand index. ISBN 0-87661-075-0 (acid-freepaper) 2. Corinth (Greece)-Antiquities. I. Title. 1. Pottery, Greek-Greece-Corinth. II. Series. DF261.C65 A6 vol. 7, pt. 5 [NK3840] 938'.7 s-dc21 [738.3'82'09387]

00-025741

) The American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2001

TYPOGRAPHY BY ASCSA PUBLICATIONS CHARLTON STREET, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

6-8

BY EDWARDS BROTHERS, INCORPORATED, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN

For CHARLES KAUFMAN WILLIAMS II, NANCY BOOKIDIS, and PETER TESSNER

CONTENTS PREFACE ................................

........................................

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................

I.

INTRODUCTION .............................

II.

CONTEXTS .........................................................

ix

....................................

xi 1

..............................................

........

III. DECORATIVEMOTIFS ......................................................................

23

IV

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES ..............................................

V

PAINTERS, WORKSHOPS, AND GROUPS .......................................................

VI.

SHAPES AND CONTEXTS: EVIDENCE FOR LOCAL USE AND SYSTEMATIC

35 139

EXPORT ...................

173

179

...................................................................... REFERENCES .............................................................. CONCORDANCES INDEXES......................................9............................

.....

187 199

PREFACE MY WORK on this project I received help and encouragement from many sources. I am especially indebted to Charles Kaufman Williams II, former Director of the Corinth Excavations, who suggested the topic to me and guided me toward essential material. He has graciously allowed me to include a great deal of previously unpublished pottery, and I am deeply grateful for his comments, criticisms, and

DURING

support. This study began as my doctoral dissertation, which I completed at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Keith DeVries. I am grateful to him for inspiring in me an interest in pottery, for sharing his insights, and for providing me with stimulating questions, comments, and conversations. Patricia Lawrence and Ann B. Brownlee generously read and criticized drafts, and the project has benefited from their considerate advice. Elizabeth G. Pemberton, Ian McPhee, Jane DeRose Evans, and Irene Romano were also very helpful, discussing sections of this work with me. Cornelius Neeft shared his time, advice, and outstanding archival collection at the Allard Pierson Museum. Special thanks are due Nancy Bookidis, whose steadfast guidance and invaluable aid allowed me to see this project to completion. My sincere thanks are due to the members of the Publications staff of the American School of Classical Studies who have contributed to the production of this book. I am grateful to Kerri Cox, Nancy Moore, Suzanne Abrams, and Sarah George Figueira, the editors who guided this book to its final form. All these people made suggestions that proved to be of great value. Deficiencies that remain are entirely my own. The 1984 Foundation, the University of Pennsylvania, Trinity College, and St. Anthony's Hall provided financial support, and I am grateful for their generosity. The Corinth staff provided assistance at all stages of this project and a congenial atmosphere in which to work. Profiles and other illustrations were drawn by Karen Soteriou, and those not inked by her were inked by Mary Chambers, Jane DeRose Evans, Mary Jo Harmelin, Tara Prindle, Leah Reynolds, and Will Schaub. The photographs were taken by Ino Ioannidou and Lenio Bartzioti. While in Italy, I benefited from the generous assistance of Nunzio Allegro, Ageta Villa, Giuseppe Voza, Francesco Bucchieri, Amalia Curcio, Marina Cipriani, Laura Cassataro, Marina Lella, and the Mormino Foundation. Saskia Riedel, Roulina Memmia, Caelie Roccamena, Rosita Longo, and Antonino Bellanca were also helpful. Without Patricia DeFusco, Lori Fritts, Robert Siegal, Libby Leland, Marci Otis, and especially Marcia Waitzman, this project might not have been finished. I would also like to thank Guy Sanders, Anthony D. Macro, James R. Bradley, Rosalie Angelo, Mary Curry, Jean Donohoe, Guy Hedreen, Julie Bentz, Dario Del Puppo, Katherine Lahti, Carmella Dixon, Virginia Anderson-Stojanovic, Massimo Frasca, Concetta Ciurcina, and the library personnel of the University Museum in Philadelphia, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Trinity College in Hartford, and Yale University. Finally, I thank my husband, Peter Tessner, who provided encouragement, endured my long absences, and showed exemplary patience. The dedication of this volume to him, Nancy Bookidis, and Charles Williams is a token of my gratitude.

ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

....... Concave and cylindricalpyxides....................................................... ............................................. Flanged pyxis Convex pyxides with lebes rim...............................................................41 Convex pyxides with handles and vertical rim ......................................................... Tripod pyxides..................................................................49 Powderpyxides .................................................................. .................................. ...................................... Kotylai . .................. Kotylai............................................. Kotylai and skyphoi ............................................. Kalathiskoi ............................................. Phialai with plain rims .............................................................. Phialai with offset or flanged rims ............................................................. Lekanides...........................................85 Plates ............................................. Plates ............................................. Exaleiptra............................................. Cylindrical,broad-bottomedoinochoai ........................................................ Convex, broad-bottomed oinochoai ................................................................ Concave, broad-bottomed oinochoai .............................................................. Hydriskoi..................................................................120 Lekythoi .............................................................124 Feeders/Fillers............................................. Krateriskoi.............................................................. ...... ....... ....................... Kantharoi..................... Kana. ...................................................... Thymiateria .............................................................135 Kotylai of the Corinth BK Workshop..............................................................144 Kotylai of the Stele Shrine A Workshop............................................................. .................... Winchester Group................................................... . ..................................... Wide of Sam the Group Kylikes Plates of the Sam Wide Group..............................................................170

36 38 46 50 56 57 65 73 78 79 91 94 100 104 109 114

125 127 129 132

147 156 166

TABLES

1. Development of common decorative elements ........................................................ 2. A comparison of the numbers of Conventionalizingvessels representedin mid-6th- through late-4th-centuryfunerary,religious, and domestic contexts............................................

24 174

CORINTHIAN CONVENTIONALIZING POTTERY

I INTRODUCTION SCOPE AND TERMINOLOGY The material presented in this volume was first isolated as a separate class of pottery by Agnes Newhall Stillwell. The term "Conventionalizing" was coined by Stillwell to describe the Corinthian pottery styles that developed around and after the middle of the 6th century B.C. According to Stillwell, "The patterns used on [Conventionalizing vases] appear to be almost entirely geometric or abstract, but in origin most of them are probably living motifs [that have] become extremely stylized through constant or uncomprehending repetition, or else [are] careless imitations of patterns from other wares, notably Attic."1 The term "Conventionalizing" is here used in the sense implied by this definition and Stillwell's article, to define Archaic and Classical finewares decorated predominantly with black and red painted bands, geometric and abstract patterns, and floral motifs.2 Occasionally vases are figured, though figured decoration is uncommon. In her discussion of channel 1964-1 (deposit 23), E. G. Pemberton rejected the word "Conventionalizing," arguing that "the evidence of the Vrysoula deposit speaks against the aptness of the term."3 Her point is not without merit, but in this volume the term "Conventionalizing" is nonetheless maintained in preference to other identification systems. First, the vases do form a cohesive corpus of shapes, technology, fabric, and decorative motifs. Second, on the basis of decoration alone, many individual vases would fit into several categories. Linear decoration may occur alone or together with floral motifs and occasionally with figured scenes. The separation of these vases into smaller categories based upon their decoration results in a hierarchical model in which figured scenes, though least common, are most important. Floral motifs become secondary in importance, while abstract patterns are the least significant. This model has been very useful for studies of Corinthian vase painting before the mid 6th century and for the black-figured and redfigured wares that imitate Attic vase painting, but it is not appropriate for the Conventionalizing material. Divisions based on decoration alone obscure the evidence derived from documenting the evolution of vessel shapes. The shapes of the vessels and all types of decoration thereon must be considered together. Some vases that have elsewhere been described as "Conventionalizing" are not included in this study. The definition of "Conventionalizing" is sometimes expanded to serve as a catch-all for Corinthian finewares datable around or after the middle of the 6th century that were not clearly plain, black-glazed, semiglazed, or imitations of Attic pottery. Mary Zelia Pease and Mary Thorne Campbell included other classes of Corinthian pottery, such as kotylai, which are basically black-glazed but have a reserved band, sometimes decorated with rays, above the foot.4 These kotylai are better understood as variants of their fully black-glazed counterparts. The same is true of Vrysoula goblets and the Mu-Pi Series, which are entirely black-glazed and embellished with some added white decoration. Although white-on-black decoration is sometimes used on limited areas of Conventionalizing pots, the Vrysoula goblets and the Mu-Pi Series are more closely related by shape to black-glazed wares, and thus they are excluded from the Conventionalizing category. Newhall 1931, p. 16.

2 Newhall 1931. 3

Pemberton 1970, p. 269.

4 Pease 1937, p. 283, nos. 65-75 (Attic counterparts are listed as black-glazed on pp. 273-274); Campbell 1938, pp. 588-595; 1946, pp. 108-131.

2

INTRODUCTION

Largevases with outlined decoration are also excluded because the shapes, fabric, and execution of design are very differentfrom those of Conventionalizingwares.5 The Sam Wide Group, on the other hand, is included under the Conventionalizing category because of the prominent use of red along with black, the shapes (especially the plates and pyxides), the use of Conventionalizing

motifs, and the placement of those motifs. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH A full account of the history of scholarshipon Corinthianpottery has been providedby Darrell A. Amyx, and no attempt is made to duplicate it here.6 What follows is intended as a supplement. While some post-550 B.C. Corinthian pottery had been studied, it was so little known that its place of manufacture was generally misidentified until 1931.7 That year, Humfry Payne and Stillwell each published their work on this pottery, identifying the vases as Corinthian products.8 Stillwell applied terms that described the decoration of the vases, while Payne used "Late Corinthian II," a chronological rather than a stylistic designation, to describe Corinthian pottery produced after 550 B.C.9 Since then, terminology has varied widely, as some scholarshave followed Stillwell, and others have followed Payne. In Perachora II, R. J. Hopper and T. J. Dunbabin catalogued nonfigured, Late Corinthian (LC) I finewares under the heading "Linear." "Conventionalizing"was used to describe later finewares that were not monochrome, black-glazed, or imitations of Attic wares.10The authors note, however,that distinctionsbetween "Linear"and "Conventionalizing"styles are not always XV, iii), easilydrawn.1 In theirvolume on the potteryfromthe Potters'Quarter at Corinth (Corinth Stillwell and J. L. Benson divided 7th- and 6th-century pottery into two groups on the basis of decoration. "Linear"decorationwas distinguishedfrom "Orientalizing"or "Figural"decoration, and the last categoryincluded floralpatterns.Palmerisolated and describednonfigureddecorated pottery of the 7th through 4th centuries B.C. as "patternvases" in her publication of the graves in the North Cemetery.l2 Vases with floral motifs were included in this category. In her volume on the pottery from the Demeter sanctuary at Corinth (CorinthXVIII, i), Pemberton uses the term

"Conventionalizing,"but material with simple linear motifs, or with bands only, is catalogued under the heading "Nonfigured." Romilly Jenkins used the same basic nomenclature as Payne in his study of the terracotta

heads that sometimes embellish convex pyxides, but he subdivided LC material into four groups by splitting Payne's Late Corinthian II into three parts.13Jenkins' Late Corinthian I and II cover the second quarter and the middle of the 6th century and are followed by Late Corinthian III and IV This division by criteria based on the moldmade elements does not reflect changes in

the vessel shapes or the painted decoration of the pottery. Others have used "LateCorinthianII" and "LateCorinthianIII" differently,as chronological divisions to distinguish between Archaic and Classical pottery.14Denise Callipolitis-Feytmans placed the transition between Late Corinthian II and III in the early 5th century,while Stillwell and Benson preferreda slightlyhigher date of around 500 B.C.15 In Stillwell and Benson'svolume on the pottery from the Potters' Quarter at Corinth, LC II material, like earlier pottery, was subdivided on the basis of decoration. This division was not employed for the LC III wares.16 5

6

Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 129-134. CorVP,chap. 1, pp. 355-361.

7 For example, Wide (1901) thought the workshop he had identified was Boeotian, while Folzer (1906) considered her no. 80, pl. 6 (British Museum A1320, Necrocorinthia, p. 336, no. 1533) to be Rhodian.

8 Necrocorinthia;Stillwell 1931.

9

Vecrocorinthia, pp. 331-338.

10 Black-glazed ray-based kotylai were noted in a separate II, p. 261, no. 2533, chapter on drinkingvessels. See Perachora

and sentence following no. 2683 on p. 277. 1 Perachora II, p. 272. 12 Corinth XIII, pp. 100-101. 13 Jenkins 1931-1932, pp. 34-40; Perachora I, pp. 101-102, 191-241. 14 XV, iii, passim. Callipolitis-Feytmans1962; Corinth 15 XV, iii, p. 297. Callipolitis-Feytmans1962, p. 138; Corinth 16 See Benson'scomments, CorinthXV, iii, p. 269, forthe reasons behind this. For further comments, see Lawrence 1986b andJohnston 1986.

GENERAL REMARKS ON TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY

Amyx prefers further subdivision

of the nomenclature

for Corinthian

3

pottery proposed by

of theArPayne.17 Most Conventionalizing pottery is beyond the scope of CorinthianVase-Painting chaic Period,and in this work, Amyx simply refers to the Mu-Pi Series, the Vrysoula Workshop, and the Sam Wide Group as "some very late groupings." 18 He does, however, use the terms "Late Corinthian II" and "Late Corinthian III" elsewhere in his text. 19 The terms "Late Corinthian II" and "Late Corinthian III" are not used in the present volume, for with the exception of Callipolitis-Feytmans' discussion of Corinthian plates, the extent to which Late Corinthian II and III can be distinguished and how these categories should be defined with regard to shape and decoration have never been explicitly stated.20 Definitions for Late Corinthian II and III are difficult to use because changes in shapes and decoration do not consistently coincide. Some, such as the introduction of free-floating bud decoration, occur at the end of the 6th century or the beginning of the 5th, supporting Benson's placement of the transition between Late Corinthian II and III at ca. 500. An examination of maeander patterns, on the other hand, makes Callipolitis-Feytmans' date of ca. 480 more attractive for this transition. Furthermore, the period encompassed by Late Corinthian III is quite long, covering further chronological changes in the decoration and shape development of Conventionalizing vases. It may be tempting to add a Late Corinthian IV because the pottery undergoes marked change during the third quarter of the 5th century, and perhaps another division or two for the 4th century. Such divisions, however, may cause more problems than they solve. There are already several different systems of nomenclature in the scholarly literature. One of these subdivides material of the second half of the 6th century into Late Corinthian II through IV21 The expansion of the system initiated by Payne, in which "Late Corinthian II" is used for all Conventionalizing pottery, or the introduction of still another system, could therefore lead to confusion. Thus, in this work, absolute dates are suggested for vases instead. GENERAL REMARKS ON TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY Since Payne's survey of Corinthian vase painting was published in 1931, Conventionalizing wares of Corinthian manufacture have been discussed primarily through their associations with other finds and in connection with the publication of specific deposits. For example, Campbell and Pease published Conventionalizing pottery among other material found in wells at Corinth, and an exceptionally large deposit found near the Vrysoula spring has been published by Pemberton.22 Conventionalizing wares were also common in the North Cemetery graves, published by Carl W. Blegen, Hazel Palmer, and Rodney S. Young.23 Stratified deposits that included Conventionalizing pottery have also been excavated at Corinth, hence the volumes on the pottery of the Potters' Quarter and the Demeter sanctuary are especially important.24 Pemberton provided typologies of vase shapes found in the Demeter sanctuary at Corinth.25 John Boardman contributed a study of miniature votive kotylai found at Tocra.26 CallipolitisFeytmans' shape study of the Corinthian plate includes arguments for dividing the Conventionalizing wares into two chronological groups.27 Other publications of Conventionalizing pottery have relied primarily upon the presence of Attic wares or of coins for dating the contexts in which Conventionalizing wares are found. The present attempt to provide a typological and chronological framework for future investigations of Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery is based on these 17 Amyx 1943, pp. 214-215. 18 CorVP,pp. 272-277.

19 CorVP. See, for example, pp. 395, 469. Callipolitis-Feytmans1962, pp. 138-141. 21 Jenkins 1931-1932, pp. 34-40; Perachora I, pp. 101-102, 191-241. 22 Campbell 1938; Pease 1937; Pemberton 1970. 20

23

CorinthXIII.

XV, iii; Corinth Corinth XVIII, i. 25 Corinth XVIII, i, esp. pp. 10-12 (hydriskoi),19-25 (kalathiskoi),31-34 (phialai), 49-52 (plates). 26 TocraII, pp. 9, 14. 27 Callipolitis-Feytmans1962, pp. 19, 138-143. 24

INTRODUCTION

4

studies and an analysisof ceramic and contextual evidence from the excavationsin Corinth of the American School of Classical Studies. To understand how Conventionalizing pottery developed, it is necessary to examine Corin-

thian pottery of pre-Conventionalizingperiods. Since the earlier pottery is handled elsewhere, it will be discussed here only insofar as it provides evidence relevant to the development of the Conventionalizingmaterial.28Hence the focus of this study of Corinthian finewares is on shapes and subsidiarydecoration. Although figured wares are better understood, nonfigured decorated pottery was continuously

produced at Corinth in an uninterrupted stylistic sequence from the late 8th century into the Hellenistic period.29Many of the Conventionalizingshapes, including powder pyxides, concave pyxides, straight-sidedpyxides, round aryballoi, alabastra, kotylai, broad-bottomed oinochoai, and plates, were in production at Corinth during the Protocorinthian (PC) period. Likewise, some

decorative elements were already in use. The painters of the Thapsos Class decorated pottery with rectilinearand curvilinearmotifs.30Lines, bands, and dicing are often the only decorationon Protocorinthianaryballoi.31Lines, vertical bars, four-barsigmas, and a vertical zigzag cover an early-7th-centuryplate.32Vases with linear decoration alone, particularlykotylai, were produced throughout the 7th century.33Starburstswere painted in the handle panels of kotylai as early as the Middle Protocorinthian (MPC) period.34 Multiple bands of dots appeared in the Late Protocorinthian (LPC) period, as developments from checkerboard and diced bands.

Ring-foot exaleiptra, tripod pyxides, and handled convex pyxides were introduced during the Early Corinthian (EC) period.35 Horizontal bands of vertical zigzags became common on the rims of EC kotylai and concave pyxides.36Bands of zetas developed from the S's that can be traced back to the Early Protocorinthianperiod (EPC).37 In the Early Corinthian period, the number of shapes that could receive only patterned deco-

ration was enlarged. The earliest Type I kalathiskoi may date to the Late Protocorinthian period, but they became much more common in the Early Corinthian period.38Broad-bottomed oinochoai of this time were sometimes covered with simple bands.39EC aryballoi and alabastra were often decorated entirely with bands and rows of dots. Some kotylai and pyxides were already

taking on a "Conventionalizing"appearance at this time, with decorative schemes that would remain common through the middle of the 6th century.40A kotyle from the Potters' Quarter, for example, has a double-dotted band at mid-body, vertical squiggles in the handle zone, and the remainder of the exterior decorated with lines and bands.41 The bottle appeared at the end of the Early Corinthian period.42 This shape often bears only patterned decoration, foreshadowing the Conventionalizing style even though the shape itself

did not last beyond the middle of the 6th century. Patterned examples of the bottle tend to be decorated with lines and rows of dots.43 28 CorVP (and bibliographytherein). 29 For a discussion of

pre-Conventionalizing wares, see

CorVP,pp. 363-395. 30 For recent discussions of the Thapsos class, see IsthmiaVIII, pp. 272-277; Pfaff 1999, pp. 58-59. For the motifs see also Neeft 1981. 31 Neeft (1987) uses the term "linear" to describe Protocorinthian aryballoiwithout figured decoration. 32 Corinth XV, iii, pp. 266-267, no. 1470, pls. 61, 119 (KP2151). 33 Williams 1981b, pp. 140-142. 34 Necrocorinthia, E.g., p. 11, pl. 4:1-2. 35 For the introduction of the pedestaled exaleiptron, see CorVP,pp. 470-471; for tripod pyxides, see CorVP,pp. 454-

456; for convex pyxides, see CorVP,pp. 448-453, and Callipolitis-Feytmans1973. 36 E.g., Corinth VII, ii, pls. 8, 9; CorVP,pl. 52. 37 See CorinthXV, iii, pls. 8, 9 for several EPC examples. EC examples with zeta bands include CorinthVII, ii, no. 61 (CP-2448), pl. 10. 38 Corinth XVIII, i, p. 22. 39 Corinth XV, iii, p. 278, no. 1518 (KP-1310), pl. 62. E.g., 40 E.g., Corinth XV, iii, pp. 276-277, nos. 1507-1509 (KP1593, KP-93, KP-664), pl. 62. 41

42 43

CorinthXV, iii, p. 270, no. 1481 (KP-555), pl. 62.

CorVP,pp. 501-502. E.g., CorinthXIII, p. 186, no. 159-8 (T-3240), pl. 24.

GENERAL REMARKS ON TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY

5

Lekanides, stemmed pyxides, and mastoi appeared in the Middle Corinthian period.44The horizontal bands so common on patterned wares are wider on Middle Corinthian (MC) vases than on EC pottery.Outlined tongues become common on the shoulders of closed vessels.45The net-dot pattern appeared for the first time and was used with increasing frequency.46A pyxis by the GeladakisPainter shows what may be a predecessorof the stepped-trianglemotif.47 During Late Corinthian I, patterned flat-bottomed aryballoi and amphoriskoi became common.48 Like bottles, these shapes were most often decorated with lines, bands, and rows of dots. All

the motifs mentioned above continue, and the alternatingstepped-trianglepattern now appeared in its Conventionalizing form. The "White Style" was very popular at this time.49This is a style

in which subsidiary decoration continues to appear in its customary zones on a pot, but those

zones that would otherwise carry figured friezes are reserved. The White Style is particularly common on convex shapes, such as exaleiptra and some pyxides. The White Style continued after the middle of the 6th century, but the general trend in the second half of the 6th century was toward a heavy patterning of vases, and this marks the introduction of the Conventionalizing

style. Multiple, and often relativelynarrow,horizontal registersof bands, lines, and abstractand floral decoration are typical. During the middle decades of the 6th century, we see a shift from greenish to pinkish buff fabrics as clay sources around the city were abandoned in favor of those on the slopes of Acrocorinth.50 Forthe most part, vase shapes continued to develop along the same lines around and afterthe middle of the 6th century as in earlier periods. A few shapes, such as the bottle, disappeared, while

others, such as the hydria and the krater,received Conventionalizing decoration only on their miniatureforms after the mid-6th century.The only new vase shapes introduced at this time were a few variant forms associated with the Winchester, Serpentine, and Spiral Groups. The entire first quarter of the 5th century was a time of change. The closed single maeander, for example, nearly disappeared during or shortly after this time, and new maeander types were

introduced. Dots became common on the lips of plates, phialai, and kana around the beginning of the 5th century. The use of added color in lotus-palmette friezes was rare after the early 5th century. The ivy vine seems to have been introduced in the early part of the 5th century, and while palmettes with separately painted fronds may have originated in the late 6th century, they

were essentially a 5th-century development. Other changes in decoration occurred slightlylater. Conventionalizingvessels of the 6th century often have rays painted on their lower bodies. Rays continued to rise from the bases of some vases throughout the first quarter of the 5th century but disappeared around the end of this period or shortly thereafter. The use of multiple, relatively narrow registers, which characterizes Conventionalizing decoration of the 6th century, continued in the first half of the 5th century. Major changes, however, can be seen in the types of decorative

patterns used. Loops and whorls were used in the second half of the 6th century,and curvilinear patterns such as spiralsbecame more common in the 5th century. Some shapes underwent radical changes. Kalathiskoibecame proportionallytaller and more slender by the beginning of the 5th century. The last Conventionalizing aryballoi date to the early 5th century. The low, broad-bottomed oinochoe of the 6th century developed into the straight-sided, broad-bottomed oinochoe in the early 5th century. Phialai developed incurving 44

CorV:Ppp. 456 (stemmed pyxides), 465-468

(lekanides),

502-503 (mastoi). 45 See, for example, Amyx 1996, p. 17, no. 50, pl. 14 (CP-2371), a fragmentaryoinochoe described as "Dodwellian in character,but not by the Painter himself." 46 See, for example(s), CorVP,pp. 188, A48 (CP-2394a-c, a kotyle by the Patras Painter), p. 197, A3 (= Necrocorinthia, no. 991, a kylix by the Cavalcade Painter).

47 CorVP,p. 214, Al (= 48

ecrocorinthia,no. 868).

CorVP,pp. 444-445 (flat-bottomed aryballoi), 496-497 (amphoriskoi).Patterned, flat-bottomed aryballoi were produced in the Early Corinthian period as well, but see CorVP, p. 444. 49 CorVP, pp. 450, 456, 469, 473, 483, 497; CorinthVII, i, p. 83; Corinth XIII, p. 101. 50 Torrisiet al. 1996.

INTRODUCTION

6

rims with outward-projecting lips at this time. An examination of lekanides shows that the 6thcentury trend for the Conventionalizing version of this shape to become taller and narrower with time was now reversed. By the end of the first quarter of the 5th century, Conventionalizing lekanides were becoming lower and broader. The first quarter of the 5th century was also a time of experimentation with plate shapes, as several new variants emerged. Further changes occurred in the second half of the 5th century. A renewed interest in figured work is seen, especially in the products of the Vrysoula Workshop and the Sam Wide Group. The former shows a preference for animals and closed shapes, the latter, for human figures and open shapes. New shapes, such as the concave broad-bottomed oinochoe and the thymiaterion, were introduced. Large Conventionalizing oinochoai are rare. Some of the large 5th-century vessels that have been identified as oinochoai may rather be of the same shape as the Merlin Painter's name vase, described by Payne as an "amphora without handles."51 A trend toward an overall lightening of vases can be seen. A single central zone of decoration is emphasized on vases, as registers of decorative zones are of different height. Many of the vases of the Vrysoula Workshop are decorated with black bands that carry added white decoration, but there is no evidence that this use of added white decoration is found before or after the period represented by the pottery deposit in channel 1964-1 (deposit 23). The use of added white paint can be traced to later MC pottery and was used in the Mu-Pi Series.52 White paint was not commonly used on Conventionalizing pottery, however, except on Vrysoulan vases. In the 4th century, the lightening of vases continued, as less of the surface of a vase was covered with painted patterns. Figured work was still produced but was uncommon. Shapes were less varied, and some shapes dropped out completely. By the second half of the 4th century, the repertoire of shapes was quite limited, and some occurred only in miniature. The fabric is heavy and tends to be flaky. Glaze peels, often leaving no stain as it did on vessels from earlier times. ORGANIZATION In the following discussion, the contextual evidence is presented first, followed by an examination of decorative motifs employed by Conventionalizing painters, a typology of Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery organized by shape, and a study of the groups, workshops, and individual hands that can be distinguished in the material. Conclusions regarding local and foreign ceramic assemblages, trade, and the geographical spread of Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery in the ancient world are briefly addressed in the final chapter of this volume. The terms used herein are those defined and discussed by Pemberton in CorinthXVIII, i, pages xv-xvii, 6-7. Measurements are given in meters and followed by Munsell numbers. Vases are described from the bottom to the top of the exterior, then from the top of the rim to the center of the floor. Lids are described from bottom to top as well. In keeping with the format usually followed in Corinthvolumes, pertinent sections of the catalogue follow the discussions in the fourth and fifth chapters. All dates are B.C. unless specifically stated otherwise. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS D.

= diameter

max.

= maximum

EC EPC Est.

= Early Corinthian = Early Protocorinthian = estimated

H.

= height

LC LPC

= Late Corinthian = Late Protocorinthian

MC MPC M.P.D. PC Th.

= = = = =

W

= width

51 Necrocorinthia, p. 337, no. 1553. See below pp. 149-151.

52

Middle Corinthian Middle Protocorinthian maximum preserved dimension Protocorinthian thickness

CorVP,pp. 273-275.

II CONTEXTS

THE

TYPOLOGY and chronology of CorinthianConventionalizingpottery presentedin this

volume are based primarily on dated deposits and strata found by the Corinth Excavations of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The chronological problems encountered in

dating the Archaic and Classicalpottery of Corinth, namely,a dependence on the Attic sequence, the uncertainty of dating if Attic elements are absent, and revisions to earlier chronologies, have been discussed by Pemberton.1 Terminal dates for Corinthian Conventionalizing wares are particularly difficult to establish. Conventionalizing pottery was produced well into the 4th

century, perhaps into the early Hellenistic period, but little late Conventionalizing pottery has been found in securely dated contexts.2 The discussion of pottery contexts is divided into four parts. Part I is a list and description of

deposits, the datable wells, drains, pits, channels, and graves in which Conventionalizingpottery has been found. These are given in chronological order of deposition. North Cemetery graves and

deposits are presented separatelyin part II, and contexts from the Potters'Quarter are considered in part III. Lots (excludingthose from the deposits discussedin parts I and III) used in this study are discussedin part IV3 I. DEPOSITS 1. Well 1947-4 (Southeast Building 1:23) A fill containing materialof the first,second, and third quarters of the 6th century was dumped into a well in the late 5th century. Broneer 1947, pp. 237-238; CorinthVII, iii, p. 199, deposit 2; Bentz 1982, pp. 57, 285-365, deposit 3; Brownlee 1989, pp. 364-365. Contents include 45, 101, 109, 110, 118, 188-190, 192, 256, 257, 362, 363, 367, 614-621, and 663. 2. Grave 1916-47 "Grave 22A" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery. Bentz 1982, pp. 175-178, grave Al. Bentz dates this grave in the second quarter of the 6th century Contents include 104-107. 3. Well 1953-1 (Tavernof Aphrodite T-U:2, now Building III) Ca. 600-540. Household rubbish. Morgan 1953, I Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 2-5. See CorVP,pp. 426-429 for dat-

ing the LC I/LC II transitionca. 550. See also Tivarios 19851986; Steinhart 1992, p. 496; Harrison 1996. MC pottery has been found in mid-6th-century contexts at Sindos (Tivarios 1985-1986), Apollonia (CorVP,p. 422), Sardis (SardisM10, pp. 52-53), and Gordion (Keith DeVries, pers. comm.). Such finds are perhaps too regular to be dismissed as heirlooms. More likely,just as EC and MC styles overlap in the early 6th century (see Lawrence 1996, pp. 82-83), some painters continued to work in an MC style long after their contemporaries

pp. 135-136; Brann 1956; CorinthVII, iii, p. 199, deposit 1; Bentz 1982, p. 7, deposit 4; Pemberton 1970, p. 304, deposit 1. Contents include 43, 92, 93, 191, 253, and 364. 4. Grave 1954-15 Korakou (Lechaion) Cemetery, grave C15. Mid 6th century.Eliot and Eliot 1968, p. 351. Contentsinclude 5 and 115. 5. Grave 1916-24 "Sarcophagos24" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery Bentz 1982, pp. 184-185, grave A6. Bentz dates this grave in the last quarterof the 6th century.The profile of 127, from this deposit, indicates that the date is probablylate in that quarter. 6. Grave 1916-14 "Sarcophagos21" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east brought LC ideas into fashion. Some of the late MC pieces show LC influence. For example, a kotyle from Sindos (Sindos,p. 57, no. 77) carries MC patterns (Tivarios 1985-1986, pp. 74-75) on a shape close to those of 108-110. 2 Conventionalizing pottery still may have been in use in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries, as Anderson-Stojanovic (1993, p. 297) notes the presence of "Late Corinthian patterned ware" in layers 12 and 13 of the Rachi well at Isthmia. 3 Since 1959, uninventoriedcontext pottery from the Corinth excavationshas been saved in lots. See Stroud 1965, p. 7.

CONTEXTS

8

of the North Cemetery. Bentz 1982, pp. 186-187, graveA8. Bentz dates this gravein the late 6th century. Contents include 72 and 131. 7. Grave 1916-23

quarter if not the last third of the 5th century.4 Furthermore, a lid found in this cistern, 645, is from the VrysoulaWorkshop.Contents also include 340. 15. Pit 1965-2 (Demeter sanctuary Q:26, Room E)

"Sarcophagos20" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery. Bentz 1982, pp. 185-186, graveA7. Bentz dates this gravein the late 6th century. Contents include 130.

First half of the 5th century. Stroud 1968, pp. 304305, pottery pocket; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 84-87, group 3; CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 159, 211, note 93. Contents include 225 and 228.

8. Well 1937-3 (Agora South Central I-J:24-25) Basically second half of the 6th century,with the latest material dating to the early 5th century. Household rubbish. Campbell 1938; Corinth VII, iii, p. 199, Pemberton 2; Bentz 304, 1970, 3; deposit p. deposit 1982, pp. 8-9, deposit 7. Contents include 51, 74, 134, 137, 138, 143, 182, 183, 195, 196, 297, 320, 369, and 371-373.

16. Well 1970-1 (ForumWest, west of Temple J) First half of the 5th century and perhaps into the third quarter. Bentz 1982, p. 9, deposit 10; Steiner 1992, p. 401; Brownlee 1995, p. 341. Forposition, see Lavezzi 1978, p. 403, fig. 1, or Williams 1979, p. 106, fig. 1. Contents include 435.

9. Pit 1931-1 (Road west of Shear House) Early 5th century. CorinthVII, iii, pp. 199-200, deposit 4; Bentz 1982, p. 9, deposit 9; Pemberton 1970, p. 304, deposit 3. Contents include 48, 282, and 403. 10. Well 1947-1 (Pit, Southeast Building B-C:21-22) Domestic deposit from the firstquarterof the 5th cenI, v, p. 4; Bentz 1982, p. 9, deposit 8. Eartury. Corinth lier publications dated this ca. 500-490, but Brownlee (1995, p. 374) dated one cup, no. 282 (C-47-209), ca. 485-475. This slight downdatingis consistentwith the evidence of the Conventionalizing pottery. Contents include 3, 135, 136, 147, 148, 223, and 398. 11. Pit 1965-3 (Demeter sanctuary O-P:21-22) First half of the 5th century,filled in and coveredwith tiles shortly after ca. 450. Stroud 1968, pp. 311-312, pit E; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 87-88, group 4; Corinth XVIII, iii, pp. 163-167. Contents include 226 and 227. 12. Grave 1916-26 "Sarcophagos 28A" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery Bentz 1982, pp. 203204, grave A16. Bentz dates this grave to the first quarter of the 5th century.Contents include 49. 13. Grave 1954-16 Korakou (Lechaion) Cemetery, grave C16. Ca. 480470. Eliot and Eliot 1968, pp. 357-359. Contents include 208. 14. Cistern 1940-3 (Tile WorksL'-N':6-8, "WellC") CorinthVII, iii, p. 205, deposit 26; Weinberg 1954, p. 130. Previously,this deposit was thought to date from the 6th to the first half of the 5th century, but some of the materialis certainlylater.An unpublished palmette antefix is of the "fine style." Charles K. Williams II suggests that this antefix dates to the third 4 Pers. comm., May 1989.

17. Grave 1916-52 "Grave44" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery.Bentz 1982, pp. 242-247, graveA40. Bentz dates this grave in the second quarterof the 5th century.Contents include 160. 18. Grave 1916-63 "Grave45" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery.Bentz 1982, pp. 220-223, graveA31. Bentz dates this grave in the second quarterof the 5th century.Contents include 304. 19. Well 1939-1 (MuseumWest K:23) First half and into the third quarter of the 5th century.Domestic deposit. Weinberg 1939, pp. 596-597; CorinthVII, iii, p. 200, deposit 8; Pemberton 1970, p. 305, deposit 7; Bentz 1982, pp. 7-8, 366-469, deposit 6; Brownlee 1989, p. 365; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 37, note 100, 39, note 109. Contents include 44, 47, 91, 108, 111, 123, 145, 161, 181, 193, 194, 199, 204, 221, 230, 258, 271, 397, and 483. 20. Well 1937-2 (Agora South Central T: 17-18) Protocorinthianwell with 5th-century dumped fill at VII, i, pp. 45top 1.2 m. Morgan 1937, p. 547; Corinth nos. 153-173. An 49, unpublished overfitting lid, C-37-596, is similar to the lid of 49 and is surely from the 5th-century fill. 21. Well 1936-10 (South Basilica S:11) Ca. 500-420 but possibly contaminated as a Roman Cypriot flanged bowl or lid fragment and two bronze coins were found. Pease 1937, p. 257, note 3; Corinth VII, iii, p. 201, deposit 11; Pemberton 1970, p. 306, deposit 11; Bentz 1982, p. 10, deposit 12. One of the bronze coins is an illegible fragment. The otheris a Pegasos/Trident coin, usuallydated ca. 400146 B.C. For a discussion of bronze Pegasos/Trident coins found in 5th-century contexts at Corinth, see Zervos 1986, pp. 184, 203, note on coins 11 and 12. If the coins in well 1936-10 are to be regarded as part

I. DEPOSITS

of the deposit, they provide additional evidence for raisingthe beginning date of the issues. Except for the Roman Cypriot fragment, none of the pottery in this well appearsto be later than ca. 420. Contents include 451 and 669. 22. Well 1934-10 (Agora Southwest E-K:30-37) Ca. 460-420. Household and pottery shop debris. Pease 1937; CorinthVII, iii, p. 201, deposit 10; Pemberton 1970, pp. 305-306, deposit 10; Corinth VII, iv, Bentz 1982, 17-18, 3; 10, deposit p. deposit 11; pp. MacDonald 1982, p. 117; Brownlee 1989, p. 365; 1995, p. 341; Pemberton 1997a, pp. 68-69, 72-72; 1997b, pp. 412-413. Contents include 7, 64, 70, 95, 169-171, 215, 216, 235, 268, 269, 377-380, 405, 406, 410-417, 436, 437, 439, 448, 449, 572-574, 586, and 599. 23. Channel 1964-1 (Vrysoula) Ca. 450-410. Potters' dump. Pemberton 1970; CorinthXVIII, i, p. 126, note 2. Contents include 8, 16, 28, 29, 66, 96, 172, 173, 236, 273, 274, 291, 292, 309-313, 355-357, 381, 407, 421-426, 442-447, 450, 453, 466-468, 470-473, 478, 485-489, 503, 515, 520-537, 558, and 589-597. 24. Pit 1961-2 (Demeter sanctuary Q:25) Last quarter of the 5th century. Stroud 1965, pp. 67, pit A; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 89-90, Group 5; CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 161-162. Contents include 245 and 246. 25. Grave 1916-45 "Grave 38A" in Corinth notebook 82. In or east of the North Cemetery. Bentz 1982, pp. 275-277, grave A56. Bentz dates this grave in the last quarterof the 5th century.Contents include 317. 26. Well 1930-8 (Potters'Quarter.TerracottaFactory) Mainly 5th century, but the latest material seems to date to the first half of the 4th century. Corinth XV, i, XV, iii, p. 210, well III. Contents include p. 25; Corinth 36 and 336. 27. Well 1937-1 (Agora South Central B-C:18-19) In an unpublished paper in the library of the American School of Classical Studies Corinth Excavations, D. Kazazis, S. Morris, and T. McNiven suggest that deposits 27 and 28 are contemporary and share a terminal date of ca. 375. CorinthVII, iii, p. 216, deposit 79; Pemberton 1970, pp. 306-307, deposit 13; CorinthVII, iv, pp. 18-19, deposit 4; McPhee 1976, XVIII, i, p. 3, note 16; pp. 388-389, 394-395; Corinth Brownlee 1995, p. 341; McPhee 1997, p. 124; Pemberton 1997a, pp. 50, 74, 76; 1997b, p. 417. Contents include 65. 28. Drain 1937-1 (Agora South Central B-F:19-20) Most of the material is datable to the first quarter of

9

the 4th century,but McPhee shows that some pieces may be as late as 360. Morgan 1937, p. 547; CorinthVII, iii, p. 217, deposit 80; Corinth VII, iv, pp. 1921, deposit 5; McPhee 1976, pp. 387-388; CorinthXVIII, i, p. 3, note 16; Brownlee 1995, p. 341; McPhee 1997, pp. 124-125; Pemberton 1997a, p. 50, note 3; 1997b, pp. 417-418. Contents include 34, 35, 69, 86, 88, 89, 248, 279, 384-389, and 494. 29. Well 1915-2 (Julian Basilica, well V) Mainly firsthalf of the 4th century,with Roman sherd from near the top. CorinthI, v, p. 37; CorinthVII, iv, p. 22, deposit 7; McPhee 1976, p. 396, no. 48; Williams and Russell 1981, p. 24, note 37. Contents include 97. 30. Pit 1937-1 (Agora South Central N-0:21-23) Third quarter of the 4th century,perhaps to ca. 320. Upper fill Byzantine. Morgan 1937, p. 547; CorinthVII, iii, pp. 221-222, deposit 90; Corinth VII, iv, XVIII, i, pp. 3, note 16, pp. 23-24, deposit 10; Corinth 44, note 143; Pemberton 1997a, p. 71; 1997b, p. 418. Next to deposit 32 (drain 1971-1), with at least one pottery join between the pit and the drain. See Williams and Fisher 1972, pp. 154, 156, no. 18. Contents include 18, 37-39, and 98. 31. Well 1975-4 (ForumSouthwest 74:D, under south tower of West Shops) Third quarterof the 4th century.Williamsand Fisher 1976, pp. 117-124. Also see Anderson-Stojanovic 1993, pp. 265, 274, no. 11. A votive pit rather than a well. Contents include 280. 32. Drain 1971-1 (ForumWest between BuildingsI and II) Mainly second and third quarters of the 4th century, with some materialperhapsas late as ca. 320. Williams and Fisher 1972, pp. 155-163; Corinth VII, iv, pp. 23Williams and Fisher 1976, pp. 115, 24, deposit 10; 117;Williams1977, p. 51; McPhee 1997, p. 125; Pemberton 1997a, p. 71. See the discussion of pit 1937-1 (deposit 30) above and also see Anderson-Stojanovic 1993, pp. 265-267, 271, no. 3, 276, no. 17. Contents include 40, 99, 463, 542, and 543. 33. Well 1931-14 (Asklepieionvotive deposit V) Findsrangein date from the last quarterof the 5th cenXIV, tury to the last quarterof the 4th century.Corinth VII, iii, p. 204, deposit 20; Pempp. 113-147; Corinth berton 1970, p. 307, deposit 16. Contents include 90, 275, and 492. 34. Cistern 1960-1 (Bathsof Aphrodite, North Cistern) According to Edwards, this cistern was constructed ca. 375, and filled ca. 300. Robinson 1962, p. 124; Corinth VII, iii, p. 204, deposit 22; Pemberton 1997a, p. 78. Contents include 41.

10

CONTEXTS

35. Cistern 1940-1 (New Museum East I-L: 15-16) Third quarterof the 4th century through firstquarter of the 3rd century. Corinth VII, iii, p. 208, deposit 37; Weinberg 1948, pp. 235-240. Contents include 464. 36. Well 1971-1 (ForumSouthwest 36-37:F) Second half of the 4th century, possibly into the 3rd century CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 44, note 142, 73. Contents include 94.

37. Drain 1936-1 (Agora South Central 44:Q) Classicalwith Byzantine intrusions? 513 and a terracotta figurine (MF-5658) are the only inventoried items. A Syracusan coin dated 413-400 may be from the same drain. No other material was saved, but Byzantine sherds were reported in Corinth notebook 158, pp. 235, 267.

II. THE NORTH CEMETERY Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery is often found in graves, especially those of the mid 6th through mid 5th centuries. Several grave groups, including some excavated by Bert Hodge Hill

and WilliamB. Dinsmoor in the North Cemetery area in 1916, are among the numbered deposits listed above (pp. 7-9). The graves discussed below were excavated by T. Leslie Shear in 1928, 1929, and 1930. In her study of the North Cemetery, Palmer dated the graves primarily on the basis of Attic pottery, burial types, and groupings of graves.5 During the decades since CorinthXIII was published, the Attic pottery chronology has been refined.6 Some types of local Corinthian pottery that appear among the grave furnishings are better understood.7 Many of Palmer's dates remain unchallenged, but small adjustmentsto others are recommended.8 The list below includes a revised chronology of the North Cemetery graves and deposits used in the present study. Generally, the Archaic dates in CorinthXIII are sometimes slightly early, while the Classical dates tend to be slightlv late. North Cemetery,deposit 6 CorinthXIII, p. 302, pl. 92. Probable grave group dated by Palmer to the late 6th century. Contents include 129. North Cemetery,deposit 17 CorinthXIII, pp. 304-305, pl. 90. Probable grave group dated by Palmer to the third quarter of the 5th century because of similarities with material in deposit 22 (well 1934-10). There is also a correspondence with deposit 23 (channel 1964-1). The material is probably no earlier than ca. 450, but it could be as late as ca. 420. Contents include 314. North Cemetery,deposit 46 CorinthXIII, p. 311, pl. 33. Palmer suggested this might be a libation deposit among a group of children's graves and compared the contents to those in grave224. Middle of the 6th century.Contents include 501 and 508. 5 CorinthXIII, pp. 65-327. For a recent study of the pre550 graves, see Dickey 1992, esp. pp. 66-78, and A24-A94 in appendix I. See also Thomasen 1999. 6 Especially through examination of deposits in the Athenian Agoraprovidedin AgoraXII, AgoraXXIII, andAgoraXXX, and in the studies of Attic pottery at Corinth presented in Brownlee 1987b, 1989, and 1995; McPhee 1976, 1981, 1987; Boulter and Bentz 1980. 7 Particularlyimportant for Corinthian pottery types that most often appear in graves of the mid 6th through 5th centuries are CorVP;Neeft 1991; CorinthXV, iii; Corinth XVIII, i; Bentz 1982; Steiner 1992; Pemberton 1970 and 1997.

Grave 180 CorinthXIII, p. 194, pls. 27, 105. Palmer dated this grave to the early second quarter of the 6th century, presumablybecause that is the date offered by Payne for the earliest Late Corinthian I.9 The assemblageis LC I, but a range of a single decade seems overlyprecise for this grave group. Furthermore, Amyx brings the date of the LC I style down to ca. 570-550, and that would necessitatea date at least slightlylater than that suggested by Palmer.10Contents include 187. Grave 181 Corinth XIII, p. 194, pls. 28, 105. Palmer suggested a date "no later than the middle of the sixth century," and a date in the second quarter of the 6th century is appropriate.Contents: 112 and 113. Grave 187 Corinth XIII, p. 196, pls. 29, 105. As Palmersuggested, 8

Corinth XVIII, i, p. 3; McPhee 1987, p. 277; Pemberton 1970, p. 268, note 6; Steiner 1992, pp. 388-399. It should be noted that although we have more information than was available to Palmer, dating the graves is not a precise science. Some graves contain only one or two local pots that are difficult to date. Grave groups sometimes include heirlooms, and these may lead us to believe that graves are earlier than they really are. Some of the graves were disturbed, at which time additional material may have been introduced. 9

10

Necrocorinthia,pp. 59-60, 319-330.

CorVP,pp. 424-428. See also p. 7, note 1 above.

II. THE NORTHCEMETERY

probably the second quarter of the 6th century.Contents include 252. Grave 188 Corinth XIII, p. 196, pls. 29, 105. As Palmersuggested, second quarter of the 6th century. Contents include 103. Grave 200 CorinthXIII, p. 199, pl. 31; CorVP,p. 427. Dated by Palmer to the second quarter of the 6th century,this grave group need not be later than ca. 570. Contents include 102 and an Attic type A plain komast cup (T-2950), dated by Brijderto the 570s.11 Grave 208 Corinth XIII, p. 200. 117 is the only pot found in this disturbed grave. The evidence is scant, but Palmer's date of thirdquarterof the 6th centuryseems accurate. Grave 224 Corinth XIII, pp. 204-205, pls. 33, 107. Palmer dated this grave to "about the middle of the sixth century." It is no earlier than that, but it may be later. Middle, perhaps third quarter, of the 6th century. Contents include 114 and 500. Grave 239 Corinth XIII, p. 208, pls. 32, 107. As Palmersuggested, probablythe thirdquarterof the 6th century.Contents include 71. Grave 247 Corinth XIII, pp. 209-210, pl. 35. Dated by Palmerto the second half of the 6th century,grave 247 belongs near the end of that period. It contained 132, which has a late-6th-centuryprofile. Grave 250 CorinthXIII, pp. 210-211, pls. 14, 35, 79, 93, 108. Palmer dated this grave to the "late third or early fourth quarter of the sixth century."The band cups (T-2827 and T-2828) areprobablynot much laterthan ca. 520, though the presence of two lekythoi of the Cock Group (T-2829, T-2835) and one of the Phanyllis Group (T-2831) among the grave goods bring the date of grave 250 down firmly into the last quarterof the 6th century.12Contents include 120. Grave 252 CorinthXIII, p. 212, pls. 35, 79, 108. Probably the last quarter of the 6th century, as Palmer suggested. Contents include 298. 1l Brijder 1983, pp. 88-89, 230, no. K108. 12 I am indebted to A. B. Brownlee for help in dating this grave group. For recent discussion of Attic black-figuredvascs from grave 250, see Brownlee 1989, pp. 362, 378-379, 381, 387. The Cock and Phanyllis Groups are active into the beginning of the 5th century (AgoraXXIII, pp. 45-46), but the lekythoi from this grave are no later than ca. 500.

11

Grave 253 Corinth XIII, p. 212, pls. 35, 108; CorVP,p. 427. Probthe last quarterof the 6th century,as Palmersugably Contents include 125 and 401. gested. Grave 257 CorinthXIII, pp. 213-214, pls. 34, 109; Brownlee 1989, p. 379; CorVP,p. 427. Two lekythoi of the Cock Group (T-1457, T-1459) support a date in the last quarter of the 6th century and probably as Palmer suggested, late 6th century.Contents include 128 and 299. Grave 258 CorinthXIII, p. 214, pls. 34, 108. A date at the end of the 6th century,as given by Palmer,may be correct, but none of the vessels can be dated that precisely at this time. 133 in particular may be slightly later. Contents include 75, 133, and 301. Grave 271 CorinthXIII, pp. 218-219, pls. 39, 94, 109; CorinthXVIII, i, p. 57. Palmer dated this grave ca. 490480, and that may be accurate. The Attic type C cup with concave lip (T-1670) has the taller stem of later examples and probably dates to the first two decades of the 5th century.The Haemonian lekythos(T-1672) may be slightlylater though, and the black-glazedcup of the class of Agora P 10359 (T-1671) may be as late as ca. 470.13 Contents include 73. Grave 282 Corinth XIII, p. 224, pls. 37, 111. The palmette lekythoi (T-1244, T-1247) are group i, but the thin stem of the vicup (T-1245) may indicate a date later in the second quarter of the 5th century than Palmer's suggestion of ca. 480-470.14 Contents include 302. Grave 284 Corinth XIII, pp. 224-225, pls. 40, 110. The palmette lekythos (T-1666), like those of grave 282, is group i. The profile of 153 is consistent with Palmer's date of ca. 480-470 and may be even slightly later, ca. 480-460. Contents include 153 and 303. Grave 285 Corinth XIII, p. 225, pls. 40, 110. The only gravegoods were 142 and 158, and their profiles are so different that they do not appear to be of the same date. The profile of the latter implies a grave date in the second quarter or middle of the 5th century. The other is perhaps an heirloom. 13

AgoraXII, pp. 91-92 (type C cups), 99-100 (classof Agora P 10359); Brownlee 1995, pp. 354-356, 376 (Haemonian lekythoi at Corinth). 14 Brownlee 1995, pp. 358-359 (palmette lekythoi at Corinth);AgoraXII, pp. 92-93 (vicup).

12

CONTEXTS

Grave 286 CorinthXIII, p. 225, pls. 41, 110. A date in the first quarter of the 5th century, as suggested by Palmer, seems likely.Contents include 77. Grave 287 CorinthXIII, p. 225, pls. 40, 110. First quarter of the 5th century, as Palmer suggested. Contents include 146. Grave 288 Corinth XIII, pp. 225-226, pls. 41, 110. The gravewas dated by Palmer to the first half of the 5th century, but it is probably not as early as the beginning of that range. Date probably ca. 480-450. Contents include 79 and 156. Grave 289 CorinthXIII, p. 226, pls. 41, 110. First quarter of the 5th century, as Palmer suggested. Contents include 141. Grave 291 Corinth XIII, p. 226, pls. 41, 90, 111. Palmerdated the grave to the middle of the first half of the 5th century and that seems accurate. The vases are not like those of the early 5th century, nor do they overlap with deposit 22 (well 1934-10). Date probablyca. 480-460. Contents include 155 and 306. Grave 292 CorinthXIII, pp. 226-227, pls. 41, 111. Containing a single powder pyxis, 76, this grave was dated by Palmer to the early 5th century. Grave 293 Corinth XIII, p. 227, pls. 41, 111. Containing a single powder pyxis, 78, this grave was dated by Palmer to the second quarter of the 5th century. Grave 298 CorinthXIII, p. 229, pls. 44, 111. Palmer's date, ca. 480-470, is appropriate for a grave group with two group i Attic palmette lekythoi (T-1822, T-1826) and one group ii Attic palmette lekythos (T-1821). Contents include 305.

XII, nos. 312 and 313, dated ca. 480-470. Two Haemonian lekythoi (T-1849, T-1852), an unattributed black-figuredlekythos (T-1854), and three group ii Attic palmette lekythoi (T-1848, T-1851, T-1853) are likewiseprobably no later than ca. 470. Contents also include 300. Grave 333 CorinthXIII, p. 241, pls. 50, 113; Brownlee 1995, pp. 356, 359, 364. Fifteen pots, several of them Attic, were found in this infant'sburial. Among them were a Haemonian lekythos (T-2987), two group iii palmette lekythoi (T-2986, T-2988), and an early Rhenia cup (T-2994).'5 The type A Attic skyphos(T-2985)and the skyphos with canted handles (T-2981) date ca. 480450.16 Palmer thought one of the black-figuredcupskyphoi may belong to the Lancut Group; Brownlee suggests that both (T-2983, T-2991) may be. Palmer dated this grave ca. 455-445, but an earlierrange, ca. 470-450, is likely.Contents also include 11 and 165. Grave 334 Corinth XIII, pp. 241-242, pls. 49, 113; Steiner 1992, note 16. Steiner places the group iii Attic 389, p. palmette lekythoi (T-1802, T-1805, T-1807, T-1810, T- 1813, T- 1814) before ca. 450; everythingelse seems to date before ca. 450 as well. The Attic stemless cups (T-1808, T-1811, T-1815) are slightly deeper yet nonetheless quite similar to one in Athens dated ca. 460-450.'7 The Corinthianskyphos(T-1812)with canted handles imitates Attic versions such as that found in grave 333. Contents also include 81, 213, and 214. Grave 336 Corinth XIII, pp. 242-243, pls. 49, 113. Palmer dated thisgraveto the mid 5th centuryor slightlyearlier.The Attic pottery supports a date in the second quarter of the 5th century.'8 540 was among the outside offerings. Grave 338 CorinthXIII, p. 224, pls. 52, 113; Brownlee 1995, p. 359. The mid-Sth-centurydate given by Palmer is likely,but the grave may be slightly earlier.Contents include 14.

Grave 299 Corinth XIII, pp. 229-230, pls. 44, 95, 111; Brownlee 1995, p. 356. Palmer dated this grave to ca. 475-465, but that seems slightly late. The Attic "Corinthian type" skyphoi (T-1847, T-1850) are similar to Agora

Grave 353 CorinthXIII, p. 249, pls. 55, 100. Dated to the mid 5th century by Palmer, and that is likely, though the date may go into the third quarter of the century19 Contents include 205.

15 The Rhenia cup is similar to AgoraXII, p. 267, no. 456, fig. 5, pl. 21, dated ca. 480-470. 16 Compare T-2985 to AgoraXII, p. 259, no. 341, pl. 16 (type A skyphos) and T-2981 to AgoraXII, p. 258, no. 333, fig. 4, pl. 15 (skyphoswith canted handles). 17 AgoraXII, p. 268, no. 474, fig. 5, pl. 22. 18 The lekythoi (T-1681, T-1685, T-1686) are close to

CP-992 and CP-2612 (Brownlee 1995, pp. 359-362, nos. 226, 218, pls. 79-80). For skyphoi similar to T-1680, see AgoraXII, p. 259, nos. 339-342, fig. 4. 19 The type iii palmette lekythosis similarto MP-81 (Brownlee 1995, p. 359, no. 215, pl. 79), dated ca. 480-470, but everything else looks later. Ivy lekythoi do not start until ca. 460, and this is not one of the earliest.

III. CONTEXTSIN THE POTTERS'QUARTER

Grave 380 Corinth XIII, p. 258, pl. 61. Containing a single lekanis, 308, this gravewas dated by Palmerto the thirdquarter of the 5th century.It may be as early as the middle of the century. Grave 392 CorinthXIII, p. 261, pls. 60, 115; Steiner 1992, pp. 394-395, 397, fig. 6. The date late in the third quarter or early in the fourth quarter of the 5th cen-

13

tury offered by Palmer may be correct, but none of the vesselscan be dated that preciselyat this time. 316 is similar to 309 from deposit 23 (channel 1964-1), if not a bit later. The oddly shaped lekythoi (T-1339, T-1340) may have a parallel in deposit 23 as well.20 The black-glazed lekanis (T-1343) is deeper than its Attic counterparts, but the lid and particularly the knob look very much like Attic versions of the second half of the 5th century.21

III. CONTEXTS IN THE POTTERS' QUARTER The Potters' Quarter at Corinth was excavated in 1929-1931 by Agnes Newhall Stillwell, and the results of the excavations are published in CorinthXV, i-iii. Deposit 26 (well 1930-8), a well in the Terracotta Factory, is discussed above (p. 9). A reexamination of the other Potters' Quarter contexts in which Conventionalizing pottery was found is presented below. Several factors are taken into account. First, although the goals and techniques of the excavation were consistent with the best of their time, excavation units were generally large and notes sparse by modern standards.22 Charles K. Williams II reexamined a few of the areas in 1980, and he clarified the architectural sequence and chronology.23 Other areas had been cleared to bedrock in the 1930s and could not be further investigated through excavation. Second, Williams' work was not incorporated into CorinthXV, iii. Consequently, much of what has been written about the contexts in the Potters' Quarter remains unclear, and accounts are occasionally contradictory.24 Third, some of the contexts of finds in the Potters' Quarter that have been published as "deposits" would be described differently today.25 The term "deposit" is now usually used to define a stratigraphic unit with clearly demarcated vertical as well as horizontal boundaries. Stillwell, however, used the term "deposit" in its literal sense, to describe that which was laid down.26 Large areas of dumped pottery, broad construction fills, and destruction horizons are called "deposits" in CorinthXV, i-iii. Not all the pieces from the Potters' Quarter are associated with "deposits." The locations of 656 and 666 are given relative to the South Long Building. For many others (1, 10, 184, 259, 293, 326, 331, 339, 341, 474, 479, 493, 664, 685, 707), we have trench designations. Of 327, we know only that it was found in the Potters' Quarter. APHRODITEDEPOSIT

CorinthXV, i, p. 23; CorinthXV, ii, pp. 22, 180; Pemberton 1970, pp. 291-292, 305, deposit 6; Corinth XV, iii, pp. 9, 297;Jeffery 1961, p. 132, no. 35; Williams 1986, pp. 23-24. A group of vases and figurines found near Stele Shrine A was dated to the late 6th and early 5th centuries by Stillwell.27In her notebook, it is described as "a deposit mostly in the space of one square meter."28 Stillwell'srecognition of perimeters suggests that this is a cohesive unit. She and Benson argued that the pottery from the Aphrodite Deposit was mainly 6th century 20

Pemberton 1970, p. 287, no. 48 (C-64-392), pl. 70; Steiner 1992, pp. 397, 398, fig. 6. 21 AgoraXII, pp. 321-323, nos. 1220, 1225, 1236-1239, pls. 40-41. 11, fig. 22 See Lawrence 1986b for further discussion. 23 Williams 198la, 1982, 1986. See also p. 22 below. 24 Although CorinthXV, iii was published in 1984, the manuscript was, as Benson notes in his preface, "essentially completed by 1970," and Williams'work is not mentioned. 25 This is addressedin Benson's introductionto Corinth XV,

in date, but they acknowledge that this dating of the material is due in part to their preference for dating the transitionfrom Late CorinthianII to Late CorinthianIII around 500 rather than 480.29 The Aphrodite Deposit and Stele Shrine A are probably roughly contemporary, because both contained figurines by the same hand.30 Williamshas suggested that Stele Shrine A was probably iii, pp. 1-2. See also Lawrence 1986b; Brownlee 1987a, p. 482. 26 Lawrence 1986b, p. 237. 27 In Corinth XV, i, the deposit was dated in the first quarter of the 5th century,but in CorinthXV ii, Stillwell regarded the date as the late 6th and early 5th centuries. 28 Corinth notebook 106bis, p. 17. 29 See Benson's comments in CorinthXV, iii, pp. 9, 297, and esp. p. 297, note 1: "the year 500 is simply a matter of convenience." 30 Corinth XV, ii, p. 180, no. 8.

14

CONTEXTS

built around 500 or slightly later.31If so, and if Stillwell was correct in her interpretation of the deposit as a clearing out of Stele Shrine A, a date in the 5th century is preferablefor the Aphrodite Deposit. On the basis of letter forms, Jeffery has dated the inscribed phiale for which the deposit is named in the first quarter of the 5th century.32But although Stillwell included the phiale among objects from the deposit in her publications,her field notes describethe provenience of the phiale as "near"the deposit.33KP-117 (globular oinochoe) and KP-1332 (alabastron)were, according to the field notebook, found with the phiale.34Anothervase

that may support the later date is 157, a kotyle that is close in profile to 153, found in the North Cemetery, grave 284, dated 480-460.35 The provenience of 157, however, is questioned on the inventory card. Therefore, KP-117, KP-1332, and 157 cannot be said with certainty to have been part of the deposit. Most of the vases that are listed with this deposit could date to the first quarter of the 5th century, but 315, a lekanis, has close parallels in the third or early fourth quarter of the 5th century. 347 is probably contemporary with the Vrysoula Workshop as well. Contents include 4, 151, 157?, 211, 212, 283, 315, and 347.

CISTERNI

Corinth XV, iii, p. 216. XV, i, pp. 26-27; Corinth 563 is one of a few pieces found in a cistern near the edge of the cliff. Although part of the cistern was still open in modern times, 563 was found intact on the floor under the manhole. Stillwell dated 563 to the second

half of the 6th century and considered it evidence that the cistern was in use by that time. 563 may be part of a use fill, but it is much later in date.

CIRCLE DEPOSIT

CorinthXV, i, p. 16; CorinthXV, ii, p. 23; CorinthXV, iii, p. 205; Pemberton 1970, p. 307, deposit 15. While noting that Stillwell dated this material to the An examination of Stillwell'sfield notebook helps exlate 5th century B.C., Benson argued that this date is too plain how such a wide discrepancyin dates arose. In her late: field notebook, Stillwell describes a circular cutting in the earth. On the northeast side of this circle a small, The numberof decoratedvases is small, yet manyor closely packed group of miniature vases and figurines even most of them have their strongestaffinitieswith was found. Then, under the heading "Circle Deposit," vases from Stele Shrine A and hence should belong objects were divided into two subgroups. KP-722 (lid), to the first half of the 5th century.Likewise the not KP-1997 (black-glazedkantharos),and 140 were listed very numerous miniaturesfound in the deposit ... as coming "fromdeposit at W. side,"while 419 was listed seem to be datable either before the middle of the among "objects from rest of circle."38 None of the re5th centuryor else not particularlylong afterthat.36 maining vases said to come from the Circle Deposit are Yet other material is certainly later. Boulter dated an listed under either subheading. Nor is there any further Attic bell krater in the late 5th or early 4th century.37 mention in any of the field records of material from the The uninventoriedcontext pottery includes at least one northeast side of the circle. Thus there may have been Vrysoulagoblet and black-glazed ribbed vessels datable one or more deposits within the circular cutting, but in the second half of the 5th century. the excavation records give little specific information. Contents include 140, 349, 419, 551, 598, and 607. CIRCULAR SOUTH SHRINE

Corinth XV, i, p. 32; Corinth XV, ii, p. 23; Corinth VII, iii, p. 200, deposit 9; Corinth XV, iii, p. 202; Pemberton 1970, p. 305, deposit 8; Williams 1978a, p. 61, note 5; 1981a, p. 415; Steiner 1992, p. 104. Stillwell and Benson interpreted the remains in this and both were found in a disturbed condition. This disarea as those of a small circular shrine dating to the turbance accounts for the "circular"form reported by third quarter of the 5th century.39Williams, however, Stillwell.40Most of the pottery is probably associated has shown that there are two building phases here: an with the votive deposit of the stele shrine, but Stillwell's earlierhouse underliesa typical rectangularstele shrine, language, both in her field notebooks and in her publica31 Williams

1986, pp. 22-24. Jeffery 1961, p. 132. 33 Corinth notebook 106bis, p. 29. 34 Stillwell and Benson list KP-117 among "miscellaneous vases" and note that it was found in the area of the Aphrodite Deposit, but they designate KP-1332 as part of the Aphrodite XV, iii, pp. 222, no. 1201, 307, no. 1676. Deposit. See Corinth 32

35See pp. 11, 63, and fig. 8. 36 Corinth XV, iii, pp. 204-205. 37 Corinth XV, iii, p. 365, no. 2316, pl. 126. 38 Corinth notebook 108, pp. 33, 37-41. 39 Corinth XV, iii, p. 202. See also CorinthXV, i, p. 32, and Corinth XV, ii, p. 23. 40 Williams 1981a, p. 415, note 22.

III. CONTEXTSIN THE POTTERS' QUARTER

tion, indicates that material from the house probably was not separated from the votive deposit at the time of excavation.41Contents include 9, 25, 80, 237-239,

15

294, 358, 498, 504, 519, 539, 560, 578, 584, 602604, 652, and 653.

EROSASHRINE

Corinth XV, i, p. 29; Corinth XV, iii, p. 216; Williams 1981a, pp. 413-415; 1978a, p. 61, note 5; 1986, p. 22. The finds from this area were once regarded as dedications at a shrine in use in the 6th and 5th centuries.42 Williamshas shown that the shrine was built over the ruins of a house destroyedin the mid 5th century and that pottery found under the floor of the shrine dates to the third quarterof the 5th century.43The Erosa Shrine was built after the city wall was completed in the late 430s

or early 420s.44There is no mention at all in Stillwell's field notebook of any deposits in this area. Apparently all finds excavatedfrom the shrine and the level or levels below it were regardedand recorded by the excavatoras a single assemblage.45Contents include 391 and 583. 570 was found east of the Erosa Shrine.

NORTH DUMP Corinth XV, i, p. 13; Corinth XV, ii, p. 21; Corinth XV, iii, p. 5. The "North Dump" is a 50 square meter area over and around the Geometric cemetery. Contents include 370 and probably 657 ("areaof the North Dump"). NORTHWESTANGLEDEPOSIT

Corinth XV, i, pp. 21-22; Corinth XV, iii, p. 4. 368 is evidentlya strayin what appear to be two much earlier fills, one MPC I and the other MC. RECTANGULAR SOUTH PIT

CorinthXV, i, pp. 31-32; CorinthXV, ii, p. 23; CorinthVII, iii, p. 201, deposit 13; CorinthXV, iii, pp. 196-197; Pemberton 1970, p. 305, deposit 9. of the finds makes the latter explanation unlikely.49The Stillwell described this feature as "a rectangularcutin with sherds" stereo filled rocks and only sanctuaryin the area is the 5th-centurystele shrine ting contempowith South Benson associated with the Circular South Shrine, and its pethe Circular Shrine.46 argues rary that "the lower limit of the bulk of the material must riod of use was probably relatively short.50Because the be extended downward ... at least to the very end of Rectangular South Pit was excavated as a single unit, it is difficult to assess the suggestion that it was used as a the 5th century and probably on into the 4th for the latest pieces."47The pottery ranges in date from Early potters' dump over a long period of time. If there was Corinthian to the second quarter of the 4th century.48 only one stratumhere, and that is by no means certain,it was probably a general fill. Contents include 13, 247, Although Stillwellregardedthe RectangularSouth Pit as a potters' dump or possiblya sanctuarydeposit relatedto 353, 428, 433, 454, 456, 459, 475, 481, 514, 600, and 655. the CircularSouth Shrine, the wide chronologicalrange ROAD DEPOSITS

Corinth VII, iii, p. 200, deposit 6; Corinth XV, ii, p. 22; Corinth XV, iii, pp. 6-7, XV, i, pp. 15, 20-21; Corinth 169-170; Pemberton 1970, p. 304, deposit 4-;Lawrence 1986b, pp. 237-238; 1996, pp. 104-107. The pottery described as belonging to the "North Road Deposit," "South Road Deposit," and "Road De-

posit" constitutes the vast amount of material found in several trenches over two years of excavation along the

41 See CorinthXV, i, p. 32. Stillwell describes a stratum all being packed into a shallow area" (emphasis "practically field notebook, Stillwell mentions "the area in In her mine). which [the finds] were thick." 42 Corinth XV, iii, p. 216. 43 Williams 1981a, pp. 413-415. 44 Williams 1986, pp. 21-22. 45 See Corinth notebook 108, pp. 182-189. 46 Corinth notebook 132bis, pp. 12, 15-17; see also Still-

well's comments in Corinth XV, i, pp. 31-32 and Corinth XV, ii, p. 23. 47 Corinth XV, iii, pp. 196-197. See also Pemberton 1970, p. 293, note 51. 48 Corinth XV, iii, p. 196. 49 For Stillwell's XV, i, p. 32. interpretation,see Corinth 50 See Williams 418: "Not a 1981a, p. single stele shrine of the Potters' Quarter ... preserves evidence that cult practices

were continued for any extended period of time."

16

CONTEXTS

road between the earlier city wall and the so-called North and South Long Buildings.51 Stillwell believed that the pottery was dumped into the road over the course of several generations by potters who worked in the buildings alongside it.52 Lawrence, on the other hand, shows that this is certainly a secondary fill and suggests that sherds served as ballast for a road.53This road presumably went out of use when a new city wall was built ca. 425.54If so, later materialmust be mixed in. While most of the pottery is datable to ca. 425 or earlier, some pieces are surely later. For example, Boulter dated SHRINE OF THE DOUBLE

Corinth XV, iii, p. 366, no. 2331 (KP-1406), pls. 123 and 126, to ca. 350. Surface finds may have been separated from the "Road Deposits" at the time of excavation,but there is no indication of this in the notebooks. Contents include 2, 6, 19, 46, 52, 57, 67, 84, 85, 149, 150, 159, 168, 177, 185, 229, 261, 265, 276, 281, 318, 319, 321 (part), 322-325, 329, 346, 365, 366, 374, 382, 396, 400, 402, 438, 440, 441, 455, 457, 458, 480, 496, 550, 601, 654, 658-662, 668, 670, 671, 678-683, 687-698, 706, 708, 712-719.

STELE

CorinthXV, i, p. 51; CorinthXV, ii, p. 23; CointhXV iii p. 214; Williams 1978a, p. 61, note 5; 1981a, p. 415; Steiner 1992, p. 401. Stillwell and Benson regarded this as a single shrine with a votive deposit. Stillwell dated the finds from this area to the first half of the 4th century,while Benson argued that some of the materialdates to the 5th century.55 Williamshas shown that therewere three buildingphases here, as two successive (and typical) stele shrines were

built on the remains of the South Long Building.56Both stele shrines would have contained votives, but because the excavatordid not distinguishmultiple constructions, the materialassociatedwith them was mixed together at the time of excavation. Contents include 30, 174, 175, 178, 262, 516, 564, 579, 588, and 667.

STELE SHRINE A

CorinthXV, i, pp. 22, 72; Corinth XV, ii, p. 22; Corinth VII, iii, p. 200, deposit 7; CorinthXV, iii, p. 186; Pemberton 1970, pp. 291, 304, deposit 5; Williams 1978a, p. 61, note 5; 1981a, pp. 415-416; 1986, pp. 22-24; Steiner 1992, p. 401. Stillwell described a deep deposit, with many of the vasesstackedinside one another.57BensonfollowedStillwell in dating most of the finds from Stele Shrine A to the first half of the 5th century, but he argued that since KP-120, KP-153, KP-1044, and 335 are 6thcentury vases, "the building itself seems to have existed in the second half of the 6th century."58Williams has shown that Stele Shrine A was built in or above the South Long Building no earlier than the turn of the 6th and 5th centuries.59The 6th-century finds that Stillwell identified with Stele Shrine A should probably instead be associated with the South Long Building. The terminal deposition date given by Stillwelland Benson is also too early. Some of the phialai found in Stele Shrine A, particularly288-290, probably date in the third quarter of the 5th century (see below, p. 82). The Sam Wide kylikes 684 and 686 should be dated late in the third quarter of the 5th century, or into the last quarter (see below pp. 161-162). Nor may 354, 51 Williams (1982, p. 18) argues that these buildings "might

better be considered as city house blocks." 52 Corinth XV, ii, p. 15. See also Salmon 1984, p. 102. 53 Lawrence 1996, p. 106. 54 Williams 1981a, p. 412; Williams 1986, pp. 21-22. 55 Corinth XV, i, p. 51; CorinthXV, ii, p. 23; CorinthXV, iii, p. 214. 56 Williams 1981a, p. 415. 57 Corinth notebook 106bis, pp. 32-63. 58 Corinth XV iii, p. 186; CorinthXV, iii, pp. 298, no. 1627 (KP-1044); 299, no. 1632 (KP-153); 302, no. 1648 (KP-120);

469, 476, 477, 559, or 674 be particularlyearly.This supports Williams' suggestion that Stele Shrine A was built around the time of the Persian War and was destroyed well after the middle of the 5th century, probably in the late 430s or 420s.60 It is possible that the vases were deposited in two offering groups, one when the stele shrine was built and the otherjust before it was closed. Contents include 24, 26, 50, 139, 144, 152, 154, 162-164, 166, 186, 201, 207, 218, 224, 231, 232, 234, 240-242, 260, 284-290, 332, 333, 335, 338, 342, 345, 348, 351, 352, 354, 394, 404, 418, 434, 469, 476, 477, 502, 507, 553, 555-557, 559, 571, 575-577, 580, 582, 587, 606, 622-643, 674, 684(?), 686, and 710.

304-305, no. 1661 (KP-160 = 335). KP-153 and KP-120 appear to be considerably older than the other material associated with this deposit. The CorinthXV, iii catalogue entry for the former suggests that it may have been "a stray in the deposit." KP-120 has a close parallel in a tomb at Examilia, dated in the second quarterof the 6th century(Lawrence1964, p. 95, no. 11, pl. 19). If this was actually a part of the deposit, it would be a very old heirloom. 59 Williams 1981a, pp. 415-416, note 22; 1986, pp. 22-24. 60 Williams 1986, pp. 21-24.

III. CONTEXTSIN THE POTTERS'QUARTER

TERRACOTTAFACTORYDEPOSITS Originallya typical ClassicalGreekhouse, with rooms arrangedaround a central court, the TerracottaFactory was the site of a cottage industry, a place where clay was pressed into figurine molds.61432 was found in the altar room. 42, 497, 538, and 605 are from unspecified locations in the house. 517, 648, and 677 were found outside the buildingon the south. More specificlocations are availablefor most of the finds. Edwardssuggeststhat pottery from all nine numbered deposits in the Terracotta Factorysharedthe same terminus antequem,provided

17

by the destruction of the building in an earthquake in either 338 B.C.or, more likely, 316 B.C.62 Five of the num-

bereddepositscontained Conventionalizingpottery,and informationfrom the excavation notebook supportsthe association of at least four of them, deposits 1, 2, 8, and 9, with a destruction.

Terracotta Factory,Deposit 1 Corinth XV, i, p. 37; Corinth XV, ii, p. 23; Corinth VII, iii, pp. 202-203, deposit 18; Corinth XV, iii, p. 210. the objects with a thick stratum of mud brick. Contents include 361.

A heap of many figurines and a few pots was found on the floor against an interior wall of the house. The upper part of the wall apparently had collapsed, covering

Terracotta Deposit2 Factory, Corinth XV, i, p. 36; Corinth XV, ii, p. 24; Corinth VII, iii, pp. 202-203, deposit 18; Corinth XV, iii, p. 211. that consists of material that was found dicate the finds were on the floor inside the building 2 along Deposit at the time of its destruction. The presence of tiles is the east side of wall D. Stillwell'sfield notebook includes indicative of roof collapse. a sketch of 179, 180, 565-567, and KP-668, all found with of the vases inside others.63 some grouped together, Elsewhere she mentions that KP-677 and KL-123 were found together under two roof tiles.64This seems to in-

Terracotta Factory,Deposit5 Corinth XV, i, p. 42; Corinth VII, iii, pp. 202-203, deposit 18; Corinth XV, iii, p. 211. The only information given is a general location and a list of finds. The nature of this "deposit" is unclear. Contents include 100, 202, and 203.

Terracotta Factory,Deposits8 and 9 Corinth XV, i, p. 45; Corinth XV, ii, p. 24; Corinth VII, iii, pp. 202-203, deposit 18; Corinth XV, iii, p. 212. struction debris. 295 and 296 were in deposit 8, and The excavator described deposits 8 and 9 in the Terracotta Factory as "thick mass[es] of sherds and vases 250 may have been. 585 was not among the objects in at the same level" and opposite one another.65As they deposit 8, but it was found nearby.Contents of deposit 9 include 390. contained "many stones, pieces of tiles, and lumps of baked clay,"it appears that this material constitutes deTRENCH H DEPOSIT OF MINIATURES

Corinth XV, iii, p. 216. According to the field notebook, "ca. 65 cm. below the surfacein the middle of the trench was found a small deposit of miniature vases, some of them complete and some fragmentary.The only full-sized vase which was found complete was a skyphos."66No further information is given about the nature of the "deposit" or its XV, i. Most boundaries, and it is not discussed in Corinth 61 Williams

1981a, pp. 418-421.

62 Corinth VII, iii, pp. 202-203. 63

Corinth notebook 108, pp. 196-197. 64 Corinth notebook 114, p. 4. 65 Corinth notebook 114, pp. 136-143.

of the vases fit comfortably in the first quarter of the 5th century,but as Benson notes, there seem to be some strays.67Contents include 337, 608, and 609.

66 Corinth notebook 106bis, pp. 156-158.

Corinth XV, iii, p. 216. The spread of dates is not as great as Stillwelland Benson supposed.The three Conventionalizing vases are among those datable to the first quarter of the 5th century. 67

18

CONTEXTS

TRENCHJ DEPOSIT Corinth XV, iii, pp. 8-9. XV, ii, p. 22; Corinth XV, i, p. 16; Corinth notebook. Later material must have been mixed with Stillwell described the finds as follows: "Many of the a 6th-century deposit at the time of excavation. Yet the smaller vases were inside the larger and there was one particularpoint at which to separate a deposit from later group of five small skyphoi one within the other." Becontaminants is uncertain. Most of the material is 6th cause of this description, these vases would appear to have belonged to a discrete deposit. Stillwell initially century but not precisely datable. 499 may be the latest member of the deposit or it may be the earliest of the dated the deposit to the second half of the 6th century but later preferred a date in the second quarter of the strays. Contents listed by Stillwell include 20-23, 116, 119, 121, 122, 217, 219, 255, 350, 392, 393, 420, century.68Benson generallydated the deposit in the middle of the 6th century, but noted that 420 must date to 499, 544-549, 568, 569, and 711. 430 and 552 were found nearby,but Stillwell did not include them in her the 5th century because of similarities with examples from Stele Shrine A.69 deposit list. Some of the other vases from this deposit appear to be later than the mid 6th century as well. The profiles of 121 and 122 do not support Benson's mid-6th-century date but rather should date in the last quarterof the 6th century.499 is no earlierthan the late 6th century,while 350, 420, and 711 date to or after the mid-5th century Such a wide range of dates is difficult to reconcile with the find circumstancesdescribed by Stillwellin her

WALLB DEPOSIT Corinth XV, iii, p. 207. Stillwell'sfield notebook describes "a closely-packed deposit of sherds ... found just below the level at which the black helmeted head [KM-2, a terracotta head of Athena] was found," located about a meter west of the north end of wall B.70According to Benson, similarities between the contents of the wall B deposit and those of the Circular South Shrine, grave A, and grave B "suggest a lower limit for the [wall B] deposit within the third quarter of the 5th century. ... Furthermore the presence of an Attic fragment ... dated to the first half of the 4th century, may make a lower date more

attractive."71Whether Benson regarded this as a 4thcentury deposit or a contaminated 5th-century deposit is unclear. Nor is it clear from the excavation records whether this is a discreteprimary deposit or a secondary fill. Contents include 431, 511, and 561.

WALL E DEPOSIT Corinth XV, iii, p. 206. XV, i, p. 16; Corinth As Benson notes, the excavationrecordsare somewhat confusing.72Stillwell describes a small deposit north of wall E, the contents of which are "more likely to have come from a potter's shop than a shrine."73Finds included KP-301-KP-304 and KP-1027-KP-1029. She also mentions a late-5th-century deposit found between wall E and the Shrine of the Double Stele, which included KP-300.74 The inventory cards variously give proveniences of "wall E deposit" and "deposit N of 2nd tower," but the field notebook lists all these vases and others together,found in a single deposit.75All were found on the same day, May 22, 1929, and only one 68

Corinth XV, i, p. 16; Corinth XV, ii, p. 22. Corinth XV, iii, pp. 8-9, 194, no. 1025. 70 Corinth notebook 106bis, p. 113. See CorinthXV, ii, pl. 60:D7 for location of deposit. 71 Corinth XV, iii, p. 207. For information on the wall itself, see Williams 198la, p. 416. 69

"deposit"is recorded in the field notebook for that date. The only other finds mentioned in the notebook on that day are scattered finds from trench G. It appears likely, therefore, that a single deposit was given two names at the time of excavation. A range of dates is represented. Contents include 82, 126, 409, and 510.

72CorinthXV, iii, p. 206. 73 Corinth XV, i, p. 16. 74 Corinth XV, i, p. 50. 75 Corinth notebook 106bis, 124. p.

IV POTTERY LOTS

19

IV POTTERY LOTS Potterylot 871 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,P-Q:25. Surfacestratum containing 3rd-century Roman lamps and a XVIII, i, p. 213; Corinth XVIII, Byzantinecoin. Corinth XVIII, iii, p. 250. Contents include ii, p. 131; Corinth 220 and 222. Potterylot 878 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,P:24-25. Middle Terrace. Construction fill in east room of Trapezoidal Building. Mainly late 4th century, but Bookidis and Stroud (CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 243, note 15) note that "at least one terracotta figurine ... seems to be later

than the early 3rd century B.C." Stroud 1965, pp. 1011; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 24, 213; CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 243, 249. Contents include 495 and 512. Potterylot 890 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, 0:24-25. Surface stratum containing Late Roman material. Corinth XVIII, i, p. 214; CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 235. Contents include 491. Potterylot 893 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,P-Q:24-25. Middle Terrace.Levelingfill for constructionof Room A. Latest materialdates to the firstquarterof the 4th century or slightly later. Stroud 1965, pp. 7-8; Corinth XVIII, include Contents Corinth 250. iii, XVIII, 214; i, p. p. 124, 509, and 646. Potterylot 897 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,P-Q:24. As lot 899, leveling fill immediately west of Room A, installed in the late 4th century. Stroud 1965, pp. 8-9; CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 78, 214; CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 251. Contents include 249. Potterylot 899 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,P-Q:24. As lot 897, leveling fill immediately west of Room A, installed in the late 4th century.Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 78, 127, 214; Corinth XVIII, iii, p. 251. Contents include 506. Potterylot 1451 Kokkinovrisi.Gravel course containing sherds from a votive deposit. Daux 1963, pp. 724-725; 1964, p. 708; Robinson 1965, p. 293; Williams 198 la, pp. 409-410. Contents include 399. Potterylot 1954 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, 0-P:23. Late-4thcentury fill. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 176, 214. Contents include 343.

Potterylot 2009 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,P-Q:26-27. Surface stratum containing material dated to the late 3rd or XVIII, i, p. 216; Corinth early 4th century A.D. Corinth XVIII, ii, p. 134. Contents include 647. Potterylot 2012 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, P:26. Fill in small court to the north of Room E. 6th century into early 5th century.Nothing need be later than ca. 475. CorinthXVIII, i, p. 216; CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 161. Contents include 330. Potterylot 2044 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Q:25-26. Second half of the 5th century, with some Roman material mixed in. Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 1, note 4, 216. Contents include 709. Potterylot 2094 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, N-0:24-25. Surface. There is nothing later than the early 4th century in this lot. CorinthXVIII, i, p. 217. Contents include 272 (part) and 673 (part). Potterylot 2110 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Building N-0:2425. Room L. Dumped pottery fill containing nothing later than the first quarter of the 4th century. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 26, note 72, 36, 78; Corinth XVIII, 4 include 135. Contents iii, p. Type kalathiskoi,272 673 and (part). (part), Potterylot 2142 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,N-0:24. Generalfill below surface stratum. Nothing later than the first VII, iv,p. 34, no. 20; quarterof the 4th century.Corinth include 673 (part). Contents Corinth XVIII, i, p. 217. Potterylot 2143 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Building N-0:2425. General fill containing nothing later than the early 4th century.Corinth XVIII, iii, XVIII, i, p. 218; Corinth 700. include Contents 199. p. Potterylot 2144 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Building N-0:2425. Fill above floor contains nothing later than the mid 4th century.Corinth XVIII, iii, XVIII, i, p. 218; Corinth include 673 (part). Contents 199. p. Potterylot 2152 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, N-0:22-23. Constructionfill for Building N-0:22-24. First quarterof the 4th century.Corinth XVIII, XVIII, i, p. 218; Corinth iii, pp. 134, 199. Contents include 83, 651 (part),701 (part), and 702.

20

CONTEXTS

Potterylot 2173 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, N:22-23. General fill over northwest quarter of Building N-0:22-23. XVIII, Nothing later than the mid 4th century.Corinth i, p. 218. Contents include 651 (part).

Potterylot 4409 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, M-N:12. Surface stratumcontaining Byzantine material. Corinth XVIII, i, p. 221. Contents include 676 and 703.

Potterylot 2183 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, N:23. General fill over east side of Building N-0:22-23. Nothing later than the early 4th century. CorinthXVIII, i, p. 218. Contents include 651 (part).

Potterylot 4440 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, M-N:25. Building M-N:25-26. Northeast corner of western dining room. Stratumassociatedwith late-5th-centuryphase of building. Corinth XVIII, iii, XVIII, i, p. 221; Corinth 701 Contents include 127. (part). p.

Potterylot 2185 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, 0:23. General fill over south side of BuildingN-0:22-23. Nothing later than the early 4th century. CorinthXVIII, i, p. 218. Contents include 651 (part).

Potterylot 4458 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, M:21. Foundation trench of south wall of Building M:21-22. Late 4th century. CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 188-189. Contents include 651 (part).

Potterylot 2188 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, N:24. Fill between Buildings N-0:22-23 and N-0:24-25 to bedrock. First half of the 5th century. Corinth XVIII, i, p. 218. Contents include 554.

Potterylot 4460 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,M:21-22. Late-4thcentury foundation trench of the south wall of Building M:21-22. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 17, note 25, 222; CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 188, note 29. Contents include 334.

Potterylot 2244 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Building N-0:2425. Fill. Latest material dates to the firstquarterof the 4th century.Corinth XVIII, i, p. 219. Contents include 673 (part). Potterylot 2249 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,N-0:20-25. Trapezoidal Building construction fill. End of the 4th century or early 3rd century. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 91-96 XVIII, iii, p. 242. Contents include (group 6); Corinth 251. Potterylot 2250 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,0:22-23. Late-4thor early-3rd-century construction fill in the Trapezoidal Building. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 91-96, 219 XVIII, iii, p. 242. Contents include (group 6); Corinth 651 (part). Potterylot 2428 Oakley South A. Quarry cut on Roman road. Second quarter of the 1st century A.D. Contents include 665. Potterylot 3521 Peribolos of Apollo, around Temple A. Below floor surface, butting onto altar block. Nothing later than ca. 420. Contents include 197 and 344. Potterylot 4349 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, 0:18. Surface stratum containing Late Roman material. Corinth XVIII, XVIII, iii, p. 469, note 79. Contents i, p. 220; Corinth include 704.

Potterylot 4474 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, Building N-0:2223. General fill in west half of building.Latestmaterial dates to the mid 4th century. Corinth XVIII, i, p. 222. Contents include 359 and 651 (part). Potterylot 4477 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,N:23. Late-5th-century fill over the southern half of Building N-0:2223. CorinthXVIII, i, pp. 130, 222. Contents include 651 (part). Potterylot 4488 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,N-0:22-23. Second half of the 5th-century floor of Building N-0:22-23. Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 126-127, 222. Contents include 651 (part). Potterylots 5152 and 5153 Sacred Spring South. Phase 3 pottery deposit. Last quarterof the 5th century.Williams 1969, p. 56; Steiner 1992, p. 387, note 7. Contents include 63. Potterylot 5782 Sacred Spring East. Fill above early-4th-centuryfloor and below race course. Much of the material in the fill is 5th century, but some goes down to the third or early fourth quarter of the 4th century. Williams 1970, pp. 4-6. Contents include 460 and 461. Potterylot 6362 ForumCentral I, Sacred Spring.Fill used in modification from phase 2 to phase 3. Mid 5th century.Williams and Fisher 1971, pp. 31-32. Contents include 54, 55, 233, and 672.

IV POTTERYLOTS21

Potterylot 6412 Sacred Spring West 3. Removal of upper stele floor. Mid 5th century.Contents include 465. Potterylot 6508 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary, M:22-24. Miscellaneous finds, including Byzantine material. Corinth XVIII, i, p. 223. Contents include 484. Potterylot 6511 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,Building I-J:21-22. Foundationtrench for south wall of building.Mid 5th XVIII, i, pp. 166, 223; Corinth XVIII, century. Corinth 99. Contents include 12. iii, p. Potterylot 6516 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary.Fill overlyingfloor in Room 3 of Building J-L:21. Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 153, no. 384, 160, no. 438, 223; CorinthXVIII, iii, p. 89, note 8; Bookidis and Fisher 1972, p. 288. Pemberton dated this lot to the third quarter of the 5th century, but a few pieces, including 482, may be slightlylater. Pottery lot 72-2 ForumSouthwest, 53J.Fill against south side of wall I, to bedrock in area of Building I. Same fill as lot 6754. Late 5th century,perhaps into the second quarter of the 4th century.Williams and Fisher 1972, pp. 153154; Williams 1978a, p. 74. Contents include 32, 33, 360, 462, and 612. Potterylot 72-98 Sacred Spring Central. Gravel fill above robbed-out stairs,phase 3.Joins with lot 6362 were found. Terminal date probably in the late 5th century. Corinth VII, iv, pp. 21-22, deposit 6; Steiner 1992, p. 387, note 7; Pemberton 1997a, p. 85. Contents include 27, 58, 59, 61, 62, 267, 375, and 644. Potterylot 72-207 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,N-0:25. Construction fill for westwardexpansion of Building N-0:2526. Date no earlierthan the second quarterof the 5th century and perhaps as late as the third quarterof the 5th century.Corinth XVIII, i, p. 224; Corinth XVIII, iii, 136-137. Contents include 673 (part). pp. Potterylot 73-69 Lechaion Road East. Shop 5 Classical deposit. Basically 5th and early 4th centuries,but 3rd-centurycoin and stamped amphora handle found. Williams 1974, p. 33; McPhee 1981, pp. 279-280. Contents include 17, 31, 53, 56, 68, 87, 176, 244, 278, 383, 427, 429, 452, and 562. Potterylots 74-139 and 74-141 Temple Hill, West Road, south and south central. 6th-century debris over and just north of 7th-century road. Contents include 254.

Potterylot 75-34 ForumSouthwest, 73D-74D. Pre-Romanstratainside south tower of West Shops. Fill between road surfaces. Late 5th century. Williams and Fisher 1976, p. 108; McPhee 1983, p. 138. Contents include 490. Potterylot 75-38 ForumSouthwest, 73D-74D. Pre-Romanstratainside south tower of West Shops. Fill associated with constructionof pentagonal building.Just after the middle of the 5th century.Williams and Fisher 1976, p. 108. Contents include 167 and 376. Potterylot 75-44 ForumSouthwest, 73D-74D-74E. Pre-Romanstrata inside south tower of West Shops. Fill of foundation trench cut for drain. Third quarter of the 5th century,possiblyinto the last quarter.Williamsand Fisher 1976, p. 108; Williams 1977, p. 44. Contents include 650 of the VrysoulaWorkshop. Potterylot 75-45 ForumSouthwest, 73E. Pre-Romanstratainsidesouth tower of West Shops. Fill above floor associated with the pentagonal building. Late third quarter through the last quarterof the 5th century.Williamsand Fisher 1976, p. 108. Contents include 243. Potterylot 75-52 Forum Southwest, 73D-73E-74D. Pre-Roman strata inside south tower of West Shops. Fill of NNE-SSW robbing trenches. Late 4th century. Williams and Fisher 1976, p. 108. Contents include an uninventoried pyxis fragment with an ivy vine similar to that on 312. Potterylot 75-131 Forum Southwest, 71D. Surface above pit 1975-1. Third quarter of the 5th century. Pit 1975-1 is dated 460-440: Williams and Fisher 1976, pp. 104-107. Contentsinclude a fragmentof an uninventoriedConventionalizing powder-pyxislid. Potterylot 75-240 AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,P:26. Room E. Layer of stones along north wall. Late 6th century to ca. 475. See CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 79-80, 159-161 for discussion of this area. Contents include 263. Potterylot 75-241 Acrocorinth Demeter sanctuary,P:26. Room E. Under lot 75-240. 6th to early 5th century See CorinthXVIII, iii, pp. 79-80, 159-161 for discussion of this area. Contents include 198 and 328. Potterylot 1978-98 Forum Southwest, 67C. Punic Amphora Building, firstphase. Fill under lowest poros floor.Ca. 460. Williams 1979, pp. 107, 111, 118-124. Contents include 60, 264, and 307.

22

CONTEXTS

Potterylot 1978-99 Forum Southwest, 67C. Punic Amphora Building. Constructionfill for pier set in firstporos floor.Date no later than ca. 460. Williams 1979, pp. 105-124. Contents include small fragments of Conventionalizing kotylai. Potterylot 1980-159 Potters' Quarter. Erosa Shrine. Fill covering south face of early north wall and upon which the south line of stones (phase 2) leans. Third quarter of the 5th century.Williams 1981a, pp. 413-415. Contents include 270. Potterylot 1980-167 Potters' Quarter. Surface (since 1930s excavations)to bedrock. Third quarter of the 5th century,with some earlier material. Contents include 408.

Potterylot 1980-173 Potters' Quarter. Corridor of Terracotta Factory.In doorway between corridor and shrine room. Date after 450. Williams 1981a, p. 418. Contents include 206. Potterylot 1982-88 East of Theater 94:BK. Votive deposit west of hearth. First half or middle of the 5th century.Williams and Zervos 1983, pp. 4-8. Contents include 200, 209, 210, and 581.

III DECORATIVE MOTIFS T

HE DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONOLOGY of common motifs used to decorate Corin-

thian Conventionalizing pottery are presented in alphabetical order to facilitate reference to material discussed in the other chapters. Table 1, which illustrates the development of some of the most common decorative elements, should be used together with the catalogue so that the full chronological ranges of the vases are clear. ADDED COLOR The term is used herein for a matt paint that overlies a coat of glaze. 1 The word "added" precedes a color term when the color described was applied onto glaze rather than directly onto the clay surface. During the first half and middle of the 6th century, white, red, and purple paints are rarely seen without an undercoat of black glaze. The use of added red and purple gradually decreases during the second half of the 6th century, and purple nearly ceases altogether. In the 5th century, added red and purple are used only occasionally. The colors continue but the glaze undercoat is usually omitted. White paint, on the other hand, is nearly always added white. Added purple regains popularity in the 4th century, added white becomes rare, and any red is generally painted onto the clay. BUDS (alsocalledblobs,daubs,teardrops) The use of buds as a prominent decorative motif heralds the emergence of the Corinthian Conventionalizing style in the middle of the 6th century.2 During the second half of the 6th century, buds are sometimes placed on short stems that may have dots or short cross-bars at mid-height.3 On some vases, the stem may be replaced with a large dot.4 338, a plate from Stele Shrine A that probably dates to the middle of the first half of the 5th century, is among the latest examples decorated with stemmed buds, but the stems are no longer dotted or crossed. Chains of linked lotus buds also make their first appearance on Corinthian pottery in the middle of the 6th century and seem to appear first on large vases.5 Two oinochoai and a hydria from the North Cemetery are among the earliest vases decorated with this motif. Horizontal l The "glaze"was not a true glaze but rather a sinter slip. Matt red and purple are produced from slightly differentmixturesof the same paint. See Farnsworth1970, pp. 18-19; CorVP, pp. 537-540. 2 See Broneer 1951, 295, p. pl. 91:d. The presence of this motif on C-50-46, a convex pyxis from well 1946-3 (north of Shop IV in the South Stoa Colonnade), suggeststhat stemmed buds appear by the third quarterof the 6th century.Fordiscussions of this well, see Broneer 1951, pp. 294-296; Corinth I, iv, VII, iii, deposit 87; and note that Brownlee pp. 7-9, 95; Corinth (1987b, p. 75; 1989, p. 364, no. 18) brings the date down to ca. 540. Broneer regarded this vase as contemporarywith the lower fill of the well, dating to the period of use of the well. A date in the middle or early third quarter of the 6th century seems likely for the piece and would be consistent with that

lower fill. It must be noted, however, that C-50-46 is listed in the excavationrecordsas one of the objects found in the upper fill, which is dated by Edwards to the early 3rd century. 3 Stemmed buds are especially common decorationfor the upper bodies of convex pyxides. Examples include TocraII, pp. 11-12, nos. 1853, 1854, pl. 3; CVA,Karlsruhe 1 [Germany 7], pl. 42:12; CVA,Frankfurtam Main 1 [Germany25], pl. 19:4; see also MegaraHyblaeaII, p. 69, pl. 57:2 (oinochoe?). 4 A Corinthian Conventionalizing convex pyxis from a tomb at Monte S. Mauro, now in the Orsi Museum in Syracuse, has stemmed buds on the body and on the shoulder a row of outward-pointingbuds with dots at their bases. 5 Patricia Lawrence (pers. comm.), pointing out that this use of the motif emerges at the same time in Attic and "Chalcidian"pottery,posits an Attic origin.

APPROXIMATE DATE

550

525

LINKED BUDS8

|

BAND

475

450

400

425

375

325

350

. 1li

125

_5____01

DOUBLEDOTTED

500

626 ,

49

_

3138

,__

IMEL

_-.w=.110

398

141

5

IWVYVINE

. 55

186

LOOP

... 485

442

493

W 366

CLOSED

563

5830

7607

390

9ss

55

7

3a

MAEANDER665

BROKEN

SINGLE

e 70

78

rr

HOOK MAEANDER

r

'flE

f

5LaI

5

452 -

-

f-lJ

E

435

n

f

wUiusuaua 670 28

Jn.WCr

MAEANDER

51

na

300

LIL

!

602

596

375

LrI389

CLOSED DOUBLE MAEANDER

e73

454

BROKEN DOUBLE MAEANDER4

B 503

TPEPALMETTE, TYPEI

as

653

299

PALMETTE,

422

t*

TYPE2

w651

52

FOUR-^BR SIGMA

??

&tn 4955

34

663

tPPEDTAW TRIAN LE RMANGL

488

B

110

rn 9 ' T

SPIRAL

TONGUE

02

118

wy v4TA 123

l 188

623

651t

55

452

410

I

/$i 659

403

63s

r 68

415

50

a

,

WAVE

495

612

ZETA/ THREE-BAR

rVA aGZAG

231

219

SIGMA

e\

220

297

WW

f

78

.w

374

200

212

i

95

tt

3s7

387

m iM

289

246

TABLEI. Development of common decorative elements

WW 251

IVYVINE

25

lines are incised at the top and bottom of each bud of the chain encirclingthe body of one of these vases, 501, from North Cemetery deposit 46. The other two vases, 500 and 508, feature chains

in which buds alternate with lotus flowers drawn as buds with leaves. These large shapes soon drop out of the Conventionalizingrepertoire,but the linked lotus bud motif continues. At around the same time or perhaps only slightly later, linked lotus buds become common on

kotylai. Among the earliest are the large lotus kotylai discussedin Chapter 4. Again the buds are prominently placed at mid-height on the body. Added color (purple at first, then red) is often used, either on all the buds, as seen on 615, or more commonly on every other one. In the late 6th and early 5th centuries, these chains are sometimes moved up to the handle zones of kotylai. Unlinked buds seem to appear by the end of the third quarter of the 6th century, for a convex pyxis with unlinked buds was found with a late Droop cup in a grave at Akraiphia.6 By the end of the 6th century, such buds are common. Among the earliest vases at Corinth with free-floating buds are 130 and 372, on which every other bud is painted with added color. Once buds are no longer linked, however, the use of added color soon ceases. Any red paint is applied directly to the clay surface. Linked buds become rare after the first quarter of the 5th century but do not entirely disappear. 313, a lekanis lid from deposit 23 (channel 1964-1), features a black band with linked buds in added white. The buds on the bodies of convex pyxides, however, are no longer linked after the first quarter of the 5th century. Linked buds are rare in the handle zones of kotylai after the first quarter of the 5th century, and cease before ca. 450. Buds are a very common motif on convex pyxides, long after they disappear from other shapes. On these vases, they may take the form of a necklace, in which the height of an individual

bud on a vase is inversely proportional to its distance from the handles. DOTTED BANDS The dotted band is generally regarded as a motif that was rare by the middle of the 6th century B.C. and virtually nonexistent in the second half.7 This is generally the case, but double-dotted bands continue to define the junction of body and shoulder on convex pyxides well into the 5th century.8 On other vases, including 141, which is dated to the first quarter of the 5th century, a rudimentary

double-dotted band is achieved by crosshatching. Single-dotted bands are not uncommon in the 5th century; numerous examples were found in Stele Shrine A. Still later, both single- and doubledotted bands are used to separate zones of decoration on the name vase of the Merlin Painter. Dotted bands alone, therefore, cannot be used as indicators of an early date. IVY VINE Pemberton suggests that the Attic development of painted ivy vines is paralleled at Corinth.9 Talcott notes that on Attic red-figured pottery, the ivy vine begins as a compact design in which berry clusters and heart-shaped leaves are arranged in pairs, the decoration below the central vine being the mirror image of that above. The mirror effect is gone by the early 5th century. In the second quarter of the 5th century, the tendrils of Attic ivy vines become longer, and the central vine is a wavy line. In the middle of the 5th century and later, the tendrils become thin and intermingled, while the central vine is a broad wavy line. 10 Talcott's chronology, however, is not applicable to Athenian white-ground ivy lekythoi. These

Attic lekythoi, which were widely traded and are found in Corinthian gravesbetween ca. 460 and 6 Andreiomenou 1980, pp. 174-181, grave 24. 7 See, for example, Bentz 1982, p. 19. 8 51 and 54 are 5th-centuryconvex pyxides decoratedwith double-dotted bands.

9 Pemberton 1970, p. 282. I0 Talcott 1935, pp. 500-501. See also McPhee 1997, pp. 137-138.

26

DECORATIVE MOTIFS

the third quarter of the 5th century, all bear similar ivy patterns.ll The central vine is a straight horizontal line to which leaves and berries are attached. They are arranged in mirror-image pairs, and although design is much looser than the first phase described by Talcott, the paired arrangement is similar to that used by Attic red-figure painters a half-century earlier. With time, the ivy and berries are gradually brought in closer to the central vine. Imitations of these lekythoi were produced at Corinth and have been studied by Palmer and Steiner.12 Many of the Corinthian ivy vines are virtually identical to their Athenian counterparts, but some are not. One example has leaves and berry clusters that are set further from the central vine than any of the Attic examples and are attached on stems that lack the usual Attic S-curve.13 Another has an ivy vine that runs from right to left, in a direction opposite that of the Athenian lekythoi.14 Steiner suggests that Conventionalizing pottery provided local models for Corinthian painters of white-ground lekythoi. 15 It is difficult to ascertain exactly when ivy appears in the Conventionalizing repertoire. Conventionalizing ivy vines do not precisely follow the same development as those of Attic redfigure, Attic white-ground lekythoi, or Corinthian white-ground lekythoi. Instead, any of the three may include parallels for a particular Conventionalizing example. The chronological development of the ivy vine in Conventionalizing pottery is an amalgamation of the other developmental series. 186, a large kotyle from Stele Shrine A, may be one of the earliest Conventionalizing vases to carry the ivy vine motif. The central vine is straight, the stems are strongly arched, the leaves are staggered, and the design is very compact. The closest parallels are in Attic red-figure, and if Talcott's chronology is used, a date in the first two decades of the 5th century is appropriate. The central vine of the ivy painted on the shoulder of 55, a convex pyxis from a mid-5thcentury context, is also straight, but the leaves and berries are arranged in mirror-image pairs. The leaves and berries are set away from the stems in a manner similar to that of the first Corinthian lekythos mentioned above, but the stems are shorter than those of the lekythos. Regarding the shape of the leaves, and the angle and distance of the berry clusters from the vine, 55 is also similar to the ivy pattern on 645, a lid found in deposit 14 (cistern 1940-3).16 The stems of 645, however, have a double curve and should be at least slightly later. A lekanis lid found outside a mid-5th-century grave at Halieis is decorated with an ivy vine that has a straight central vine.17 The stems of the leaves are longer than those of the Stele Shrine A kotyle and are nearly straight. The leaves are staggered and close to the central vine. The lid is probably contemporary with the grave. Ivy decorates the lid of lekanis 314 from deposit 17 in the North Cemetery. The deposit is dated by Palmer to the third quarter of the 5th century, apparently because of similarities between this lid and one from deposit 22 (well 1934-10).18 The ivy vines of these lids lack berries, but they are otherwise similar to those of some of the vases from the Vrysoula Workshop. The stems and vines are slightly and erratically wiggly. The stems are long but follow close to the vine. The ivy leaves and berry clusters of some of the vases from the Vrysoula Workshop, such as 442, are set on stems with strong double curves. They are long and follow close to the vine. The Widean ivy stems, though not on vines, have strong double curves as well. Ure suggests a date of 430-420 for vases bearing this type of ivy stem, and that is consistent with additional evidence for dating the Sam Wide Group (see below pp. 161-162).19 " Corinth XIII, pp. 121, 164-165. Palmer'sterminal date is later because she dated grave 404 to the early fourth quarterof the 5th century,perhaps in part on the erroneous assumption that Attic imports were unavailablein Corinth during the first part of the Peloponnesian War.Grave 404 does not appear to be quite that late. 12 Corinth XIII, pp. 141-143; Steiner 1992, pp. 388-406. 13 Corinth XIII, no. 371-5 (T-1088), pl. 60.

14 Corinth XIII, no. 388-11 (T-2866), pl. 63. 15 Steiner 1992, p. 398. 16

17 18

See also Chapter 5, below. Dengate 1976, p. 297, no. 56, pl. 71. Corinth XIII, pp. 304-305. See also p. 10.

19 Ure

1949, p. 22.

MAEANDERS

27

Other vases, such as 485, show what may be a slightly later development of the ivy vine types seen on 442 and 645. The stems are still long, but the stems of berry clusters are more curved

than the stems of leaves. All of the stems run alongside the vine so closely that it is sometimes impossible to distinguishthe central vine from the stems. There are a few ivy vine styles that are still later. Some of the ivy stems decorating the shoulder

of 493 are not attached to the vine at all, while others crossthe vine, continuing beyond it. The ivy leaves of KP-1413 have stems that are attached to each other, but there is no central vine at all.20

Both of these vases appear on stylisticgroundsto be later than any in deposit 23 (channel 1964-1), but both are from the Potters' Quarter and cannot be closely dated by context. The ivy vine on Conventionalizing pottery appears earlier, continues longer, and is more varied stylistically than the ivy vines on lekythoi. The use of this motif, however, reached the

height of its popularity during the time when white-ground ivy lekythoi were being imported and produced. LOOP PATTERNS Loop patterns vary and appear sporadically rather than continuously. Exaleiptra of or related

to the Serpentine Group are decorated with loops, and the loops are usually filled with dots or teardrops.21KP-2602, an exaleiptronwith a dotted-loop pattern on its shoulder,found near the North Road in the Potters' Quarter, is close in decoration to an exaleiptron that was found in a grave at Sindos dated ca. 540.22 The loops of KP-2602 are not as rounded as those of 666 and 667 of the Serpentine Group. The loop of 366 is like that of 666. 396, an oinochoe, also carries this pattern. All should probably be dated to the third quarter of the 6th century.

The handle zones of kotylai are sometimes decorated with darts inside loops. 121 and 122, nearly identical, were both found in the TrenchJ deposit. Their profiles are similar to that of 120, from grave 250 in the North Cemetery,dated in the last quarter of the 6th century.23 Loop patterns also occur on 5th-century Conventionalizingpottery.A powder-pyxislid from deposit 22 (well 1934-10) is decorated with dotted-loop patterns, with closed loops on the top and open loops on the sides.24 These loops are not as symmetrical as the examples from the 6th century.Another lid fragment from this well is decorated either with a loop pattern or with spirals.25 A neck fragment, 530 from deposit 23 (channel 1964-1), carries a related pattern, a sine wave embellished with dotted semicircles. The open-loop pattern, which may develop from the running spiral, continues in the 4th century. The rim of 563, a kantharos from cistern 1 in the Potters' Quarter, is decorated with a pattern that is similar to that on the side of the earlier lid from deposit 22 (well 1934-10).26 An exaleiptron

from the Terracotta

Factory, 390, shows the late and much-simplified

survival

of the motif. MAEANDERS (alsocalledkeys) Maeander patterns, never as popular at Corinth as elsewhere even in the Geometric period, exist but are are uncommon in the 7th and 6th centuries.27 There are no maeanders at all on any of the pots discussed by Amyx and Lawrence in CorinthVII, ii. The maeanders on KP-1758 and a convex Corinth XV, iii, no. 1156 (KP-1413), pl. 48. The loops of 366 are not filled. A similarpattern appears on the shoulder of a convex pyxis from deposit 3 (dated ca. 565-520) at Tocra: see TocraII, p. 12, no. 1860, pl. 4. 22 Corinth XV, iii, no. 1621 (KP-2602), pl. 65; Sindos,no. 249, grave 25. 20

21

23

CorinthXIII, pp. 210-211, gives an earlier date, but see p. 11. 24 Pease 1937, p. 285, no. 106 (C-34-1165), fig. 20. 25 Pease 1937, p. 286, no. 113 (C-34-1177), fig. 20. 26 See note 24. The top of the lid is decoratedwith a dotted loop. 27 Corinth VII, i, p. 88.

28

DECORATIVE MOTIFS

pyxis in St. Louis,28 both LC I, are of types unknown in the Conventionalizing repertoire. Nor is there evidence of continuity between these and the maeanders that appear on Conventionalizing pottery. The closed single maeander is seen on products of the Winchester Group and the Spiral Dot Group but is not particularly common on Conventionalizing wares. It is absent from the pottery found in deposit 22 (well 1934-10) and from almost all later material. Yet 651 and 18 show that it may still be found occasionally

on vases of the second half of the 5th century. The

presence of a closed single maeander, therefore, generally suggests that a vase should be dated in the second half of the 6th century or in the 5th century, but this motif occurs too sporadically to be very useful. The closed single maeander was gradually superseded by the more frequently used broken single maeander, a motif that first appears in the early 5th century, as on 76.29 It is used together with the closed single maeander on the vases of the Spiral Dot Group. On vases of the Vrysoula Workshop, one short additional stroke is sometimes present at the center of each

maeander element. This extra stroke appears to be a short-lived stylization, and non-Vrysoulan vases decorated with such maeanders are contemporary with that workshop. The use of the broken single maeander on 452 shows that this decorative element continues down to the late 5th

century. It is basically a 5th-century motif. The hook maeander, created as a series of pairs of interlocking two-bar or three-bar hooks, reappears in the late 6th century or first quarter of the 5th century.30 Both the three-bar hook maeander and the two-bar hook maeander appear at this time, although the three-bar form may

make its first appearance slightly earlier than the two-bar. 608 and 609 show that both types could be used by the same painter. In its earliest form, the hook maeander

is carefully drawn,

with the base of each component grounded on bordering lines so that a single maeander is left in reserve.31 The three-bar hook maeander, never as popular as the two-bar form, continues into the early third quarter of the 5th century, then disappears.32 Around the middle of the 5th century, as shown by 375, the components of two-bar hook maeanders break free of the baselines. In the examples from deposit 22 (well 1934-10) and deposit 23 (channel 1964-1) it is not evident that the painters intended to use the hooks to create a maeander. Both ends of each hook may be attached to bordering lines, as on a lid from deposit 22 (well 1934-10).33 More usually, however, the entire design rests on the lower of the bordering lines. The hook maeander was most popular at this time, in the second half of the 5th century. Examples from deposit 28 (drain 1937-1) indicate that the hook maeander may have continued as late as ca. 360, but the motif was not used after that. Although a closed double maeander does appear on the rim of a MC kylix in Moscow, there is no evidence of continuity between this kylix and Conventionalizing vases bearing the same type of decoration.34 321 may be one of the earliest Conventionalizing examples, but the dates that have been suggested for it vary. Callipolitis-Feytmans argues that the shape imitates Attic forms and was adopted by Corinthian

potters at the beginning

CorinthXV, iii, p. 162, no. 839, pl. 38; Necrocorinthia, p. 322, no. 1304, pl. 35, 1, 4; CorVP,p. 259, Al, 352 (St. Louis, WashingtonUniversity 600, Lotus-CrossPainter). 29 Also see two nearly identical lekanides: Sciarra 1976, p. 27, no. 157; Biers 1971, p. 412, no. 37, pl. 88. 30 There are also MC examples, such as CorVP,p. 193, no. 9 (Samos Group); Amyx 1996, p. 24, no. 81, pl. 21 (also the Samos Group). Two-bar hook maeanders are used by the painters of the Spiral Group (see p. 158). If 300 and Boulter 1963, p. 116, no. All (Athens P 10336), were heirlooms, the three-bar hook maeander may reappear in Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery before the end of the 6th century. 28

of Late Corinthian

II, and she

Another example.that may be as early as the late 6th century is a pyxis in Syracuse, Gentili 1951, pp. 311-312, fig. 45 (no. 52184). 31 KP-2109 (CorinthXV, iii, p. 300, no. 1637, pl. 65) is decorated with a hook maeander of this type and should be dated to the first half of the 5th century ratherthan the second half of the 6th century,as suggested by Stillwell and Benson. 32 The latest example found at Corinth is 308, a lekanis from grave 380 in the North Cemetery. 33 Pease 1937, p. 286, no. 114 (C-34-1004), fig. 21. 34 Cor VP,p. 198, no. 1, pl. 81.

PALMETTES

29

implies that this plate should certainly date before 520.35 Benson, on the other hand, prefers a date "at least as late as the end of the 6th century."36 The closed double maeander of this vase is similar to that on 673, suggesting a date at least as late as the first or early second quarter of the 5th century, but the ring foot is unlikely to be that late. 321 simply may show another of the early but sporadic uses of this maeander type. The closed double maeander is used more frequently during the 5th century, especially the second half. Its presence on 602 shows that this motif probably continues into the early 4th century. The broken double maeander occurs primarily within the Vrysoula Workshop but may appear slightly earlier, as it also decorates a fragment from deposit 22 (well 1934-10).37 65 and 438, which are similarly decorated, have parallels for their shapes in the material from deposit 22 (well 193410). The broken double maeander, therefore, may appear late in the second quarter of the 5th century. It is not found on any vases post-Vrysoulan in date and thus probably dies out before the end of the 5th century. Maeanders broken by checkerboard squares, common as lower borders of Attic red-figured scenes and on architectural revetments, are uncommon on Conventionalizing pottery but do occur on ambitious pieces such as the name vase of the Merlin Painter.38 Most of the other vases decorated with this pattern are likewise associated with the Vrysoula Workshop (see pp. 149-151). Little decoration except the maeander and checkerboard pattern itself is preserved of 430, but this fragment should be grouped together with these vases as well. PALMETTES Conventionalizing painters often decorated vases with palmettes. These palmettes take two basic and distinctive forms, herein called Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 palmettes, solid black, are the direct descendant of pre-Conventionalizing palmette forms. Originally rendered in black-figure, with the petals of the fronds designated by incised lines, they develop into a silhouette design as the use of incision is abandoned. Type 2 palmettes, which have each petal painted separately, appear later and continue longer than Type 1 palmettes. Throughout most of the 5th century, however, both types are used concurrently, even by the same workshops, though they never appear together on an individual vase. TYPE 1

As Pemberton has noted, the incision and added color of Type 1 palmettes gradually become less careful in the second half of the 6th century until, by or in the early 5th century, they may be omitted entirely.39 In the late 6th and early 5th centuries, silhouette palmettes are sometimes painted as stepped triangles, linked at their bases and separated by lotus buds or blossoms.40 This can be seen on 299. Another lid very much like it was found in the North Road Deposit of the Potters' Quarter, and the palmettes of plate 327 are drawn in a similar manner.41 The palmettes of kotyle 653, dated by profile in the second quarter of the 5th century, are spikey in appearance. These become more exaggerated on 540, a feeder from North Cemetery grave 336 of the late second quarter or middle of the 5th century, and on 53.42 These seem to develop into the early "Christmas tree" or "Rorschach" palmettes of 55, found in a mid35

Callipolitis-Feytmans1962, p. 139. Corinth XV, iii, p. 304, discussion of no. 1658. 37 Pease 1937, pp. 282, 284-285, no. 96 (C-34-1179). 38 .ecrocorinthia, p. 337, no. 1553. Payne noted architectural Pemberton 1970, p. 273, pl. 66. Parallelsin Attic comparanda; red-figuredborders are found through much of the Classical period. See the work of the Syleus Painter,ARV2249, no. 6; the Polygnotos Group,ARV2 1050, no. 4; the Meidias Painter, ARV21039, no. 13;AgoraXXX, p. 208, no. 448, pl. 53, an early4th-century bell krater.This type of border is less common in 36

Corinthian red-figurebut is not unknown: see Corinth VII, iv, p. 172, no. 180 (C-72-80), pl. 29. 39 Pemberton 1970, p. 286. 40 Perhaps borrowed from Attic pottery. See, for example, Ure 1932, p. 59, no. 3, fig. 3, a Droop cup. 41 The example from the Road Deposit is Corinth XV iii, no. 959 (KP-1559). 42 Lipdra II, p. 201, pl. XLIII:6b, a convexpyxis, is decorated with similarspikeyType 1 palmettes.

30

DECORATIVE MOTIFS

5th century context, and 417, which is from deposit 22 (well 1934-10) and probably dates to the middle decades of the 5th century as well.43 The taller and more slender "Christmas tree"

palmettes of the VrysoulaWorkshopare the latest Type 1 palmettes. TYPE 2

In her discussion of 488, Pemberton suggests a chronology for another type of palmette, which is generally borne out by a study of the material presented in this volume.44The problems occur at the beginning of the series.45Pemberton'ssuggestion, that the series should begin in the late 6th centurywith petals that rise from a bridge-calyxrenderedin black silhouette and replaced with a large black dot by or in the early 5th century,is plausible.519 had hybridpalmettes. They are rendered in black-figure,but the fronds are long, separatelypainted Type 2 fronds. The Type 2 palmettes can also have an outlined bridge-calyx.Fourvases decorated with such palmettes were found in the Road Deposit of the Potters' Quarter. Two, 52 and KP-2433, are by the same hand.46The petals are alternatelyred and black, and all are of about the same length. The other two, KP-1519 and KP-2428, are differentin appearance.47All the petals are black and have clubbed tips, and the central petals of the palmettes are longer than the others. A fifth vase with an outlined calyx on each palmette is 269, a miniature phiale from deposit 22

(well 1934-10). This phiale is curious. It has the low shape and the outward-thickenedrim, dotted on top, that are typical of the second half ofthe 5th century The linked buds on the exteriorhave parallelsin this period as well. Other rims from the second half of the 5th century are incurving, however, and this one is not. The shape and arrangement of the petals are closer to silhouetted

palmettes of the irst half of the 5th centurythan to any palmettes of the second half of the century. It seems most likely that the outlined bridge-calyx is to be dated in the first half of the century. Regarding the Type 2 palmette with the dot calyx, Pemberton notes that it is during the first

half of the 5th century that the petals separate from the calyx.48The use of paint on or instead of glaze may continue into the middle of the 5th century,as paint is still used in this manner on vases of the Spiral Dot Group but is no longer found after that. Enclosed and diagonal palmettes appear during the second quarter of the 5th century, as seen on 61. The petals of these palmettes have clubbed tips, and the central petal is most prominent. As Pemberton points out, such palmettes are also among the motifs seen on the pottery from deposit 22 (well 1934-10), while lyre palmettes appear for the first time on the pottery from deposit 23 (channel 1964-1).49

By the 4th century the petals of palmettes are thin, linear, and numerous.50On some 4thcenturyvases, such as 495, palmettes are denoted only with groups of pinnae.51These groups are typically separated by a wavy line, but sometimes even that is absent. RAYS RISING FROM THE BASES OF VESSELS Most ray-based Conventionalizing vessels can be dated in the 6th century and early part of the

5th, and none appear to be later than the second quarterof the 5th century.The shape most often decorated with rays on the lower body is the kotyle, although other shapes may be decorated in this manner as well. For example, 396, an oinochoe with a dotted-loop pattern, is ray based. The terms are those used by Pemberton 1970, p. 286. Pemberton 1970, pp. 282-283. 45 Early Type 2 palmettes seem to be inspired by those that grace numerousimported Attic black-figuredlekythoi and skyphoi in the late 6th century and the early decades of the 5th, but they are not exact copies. Studies ofpalmette antefixes and palmette decoration on simas found at Corinth may prove helpfulin the future.At present, however,our understandingof their stylisticevolution is not precise enough to be illuminating. 46 Corinth XV, iii, p. 179, no. 935 (KP-2433), pl. 43. 43

44

47 CorinthXV iii, p. 182, no. 957 (KP-1519), pl. 43; p. 153, no. 970 (KP-2428), pl. 44. 48 Pemberton 1970, p. 282. 49 Pemberton 1970, p. 282, note 33, fig. 6. 50 Pemberton 1970, pp. 282-283. This continues a trend seen on pattern lekythoi and in the VrysoulaWorkshop. 51 Other examples include two convex pyxides with lebes rims and vertical handles: Dengate 1976, p. 290, no. 29, pl. 69, and a similar example in the Whitaker Museum on Motya (Munn 1983, pp. 156, 220, no. 48).

31

TONGUES

SIGMAS: Four-Bar Sigmas, a carryoverfrom earlier periods, are still found in the handle zones of kotylai and on pyxides in the first half of the 6th century,but are soon afterwarddropped from the Corinthian repertoire.52663, of the WinchesterGroup, is among the latest vases to carry this motif. Four-bar sigmasare absent from the repertoireof motifsused on the pottery found in deposit 8 (well 1937-3), and are not used to decorate later pottery.53For three-barsigmas, see p. 33 below. SPIRALS Though they appear in Late CorinthianI and in the SpiralGroup (see p. 158), there is no evidence for the frequent use of spiralsin the Conventionalizingrepertoirebefore the 5th century.54They are used by the painters of the Spiral Dot Group, and Benson suggests that 347, which bears spirals,is related to these vases.55The spiralsof 347, created from a single continuous line looped over in the center of each spiral, are very different in appearance, and instead of dots there are

chevronsbetween the spirals.Some, but not all, of the chevronshave dots below them. Chevrons also appear between the spirals of 651 and an unpublished cylindrical oinochoe found at the

Corinthian Asklepieion, but the spirals of those two examples are drawn differentlyfrom 347 and from each other. The use of spirals to decorate Corinthian Conventionalizing pottery may

become common in the first quarter (see 337 and 673) but is generally limited to the second and third quarters of the 5th century, and probably ceases by the end of the century.

See also the discussion of loop patterns above. STEPPED TRIANGLES (also calledcones,pyramids)

Stepped triangles, cones with stepped sides that are usually painted within a band and in an alternatingarrangement,firstappear in the handle zones of kotylaiby ca. 570.56 102 is one of the earliest examples. The motif becomes very popular on other shapes in the third quarter of the century and remains common through the first half of the 5th century. Stepped triangles generally

become longer and more narrow with time. They may be separated by zigzags, or in the second half of the 5th century by lambdas. The pattern becomes less common in the third quarter of the 5th century and dies out during the last quarter. It is no longer used in the 4th century.

See also Chapter V, pages 140-141 and 158-159. TONGUES Rows of tongues are most commonly found on the shoulders of closed vessels but sometimes are

used on open shapes as well. Short, rayliketongues are found on the shoulders of oinochoai and pyxides in the firsthalf of the 6th century.57They continue sporadicallyin the third quarterof the 6th century and soon thereafter disappear from the Conventionalizing repertoire. Late tongues may resemble rays but are usually thicker. 52 As seen, for example, on CorinthXIII, p. 310, no. D43a

(T-3226), pl. 25, MC; Lawrence 1964, p. 95, no. E15 (C-60-117), pl. 20, LC I (early); and 110 (see p. 58 below). See also the observationsof Stillwell and Benson, Corinth XV, iii, p. 231, no. 1267. 53 Short careless zigzags, as seen for example on 220, are probably not related. 54

CorVP,p. 265, no. A2, Louvre E 642 (Necrocorinthia,

no. 1447) by the Damon Painter is a LC I example.

55

56

CorinthXV, iii, p. 304, no. 1660.

A few miniature kotylai, 196, 197, and 198, carry such alternatingcones at the bottom of the body,just above the foot. 57 Several examples are published by Lawrence 1964, pp. 94-95, pls. 18-19.

DECORATIVE MOTIFS

32

364 has outlined tongues with scalloped edges. Intersticesbetween scallops are filled in. The vase is very worn, but it is likely that the tongues were alternately black and purple. On other vases of the second half of the 6th century, tongues are always alternately black and either purple or red. The tongues are always outlined in black glaze and usually feature arcs at their ends, giving the design a scalloped appearance. This pattern continues into the first half of the 5th

century.Pyxides from grave 1971-9 at Asine still have decoration of this type, as does 502 from Stele Shrine A.58 Other vases dated to the first half of the 5th century have alternately red and black tongues separated by straight dilute lines, without arcs at their ends. Some, such as 50, simulate scalloping through the placement of small triangles between the tongue tips. Real and simulated scalloped

outlines disappear by the middle of the 5th century. In the second half of the 5th century, tongues (still separated by dilute lines) become narrower

and more closely spaced. The latest example of a vase with tongues found at Corinth is 68, a convex pyxis from a late-5th-centurycontext. By this time, all the tongues are in glaze.59 Occasionally, tongues may have glazed dots between their outer tips, instead of dilute separating lines. This does not have chronological significance, except insofar as this use of dots is generally a 5th-century feature. 328 was found in a context dated to the 6th and early 5th centuries. 499, the miniature olpe found in Trench J, probably dates in the late 6th or early 5th century. Both 79 and 435 can be dated in the first half of the 5th century by context. 405 and 437 are probably later, as they were both found in deposit 22 (well 1934-10). The tongues of

437 are thinner and more closely spaced than those of the other examples, and this may be the latest in the series. The shoulder of 401 is decorated with elongated teardrop-shaped tongues, which have a scalloped bottom border, but are differentiated from other tongues by the absence of dilute lines between them. Examples from Stele Shrine A and deposit 22 (well 1934-10) show that these

tongues soon become thin and closely spaced. Although a heavy black glaze is sometimes used, thin dilute glaze becomes more common, as seen on 449. Such decoration continues on closed shapes as long as those shapes continue to be decorated in the Conventionalizing style.

WAVE The wave pattern sometimes appears on the shoulders of Conventionalizing oinochoai and convex pyxides in the late 5th and 4th centuries, apparently having been introduced into the

Conventionalizing repertoire around the same time that it first appears on Corinthian redfigured pottery.60

WHORLS The omphalos of a phiale found in the Potters' Quarter is decorated with a whorl, as are the undersides of some kotylai, including 608 and 609.61 The whorl pattern, however, is most commonly used at the center of the floor of a plate. This pattern has a long history in Corinthian

vase painting but is relatively uncommon

58 For the grave at Asine, which is dated in the first quarter of the 5th century,see AsineII, vi, i, pp. 13-22, 30. 59 This is occasionally seen earlier in the 5th century. All the tongues of 434, for example, are black. 60 The wave pattern is a favorite motif of the Hermes Painter. See CorinthVII, iv, p. 7. I would like to thank Keith DeVries for pointing out Attic parallels: The wave pattern is

on Conventionalizing

pottery. The whorl

absent from the work of the Meidias Painter but is used by his followers. 61 The phiale, CorinthXV, iii, no. 1674 (KP-1913), was found in Trench J. See Andreiomenou 1991a, pp. 44-45, for a powder-pyxislid decorated with a whorl.

ZIGZAGS

33

may continue into the third quarter of the 5th century, if the decoration at the center of the undersideof 643 is considered a whorl.62This is a very degenerateform, and whorls are found no later in Conventionalizingpottery. ZETAS ANDTHREE-BAR SIGMAS Zetas and three-bar sigmas are considered together here as they constitute the same motif drawn in different directions. Zetas are far more common than sigmas, but both can appear throughout

the span of time during which this motif is used. Appearing long before the Conventionalizing style begins, this motif is not very helpful for chronological purposes. During the 6th century, and perhaps into the early 5th, the "letters"may be widely spaced, but after the early 5th century they are always close together.Zetas and three-barsigmas are especially common on 5th-century Conventionalizingvases. The use of zetas on 360 and 387 indicates that this type of decoration may continue into the second quarterof the 4th century,but it is unknown after that. ZIGZAGS Horizontal zigzags are especially common on kotylai. They begin to decorate handle zones in the third quarter of the 6th century, as seen on 117. During the 5th century the zigzags in handle zones become compacted. In the second quarter of the 5th century the strokes not only are very closely spaced but also take a slight S-curve. These zigzags look as though they have horizontal lines through the middle so they resemble feather stitching or picket fences.63 It appears that the horizontal zigzag, among the most common motifs in the second half of the 6th century and the first half of the 5th, dies out around or shortly after the middle of the 5th century on nearly all Conventionalizing shapes. Kalathiskoi are an exception.64 The dotted zigzag, however, does not follow this pattern. There is no discernible difference between the dotted zigzag on the chiton of the figure depicted on C-59-63, which is LC I, and that decorating the throne of Demeter on a plate of the Sam Wide Group.65 Zigzags may also appear together with stepped triangles, separating them. This motif may appear as early as the late 6th century, but most of the vases bearing this motif can be dated, on the bases of context and of shape, in the 5th century. Stepped triangles separated by zigzags continue well into the second half of the 5th century but are probably discontinued before the end of that century. Among the latest vessels bearing this decoration are large convex pyxides.66

62

354, a plate from Stele Shrine A, may have had a whorl at the center of the floor. Callipolitis-Feytmans(1962, p. 161) lists this among LC II miniatures,but it is probablymuch later. The rim bears a T-pattern, an unusualdecorativemotif. Some of the stepped triangles on exaleiptra from well 1934-10 are similar,but the best parallel for the decoration is on 446, an oinochoe from deposit 23 (channel 1964-1). 63 I am indebted to Patricia Lawrence for the comparison with embroidery,which is just right.

64

See Corinth XVIII, i, pp. 23-24. CorinthVII, ii, p. 58, no. 216, pl. 41; Athens, National Museum 5825, discussed below, pp. 162-165, 172. See also V, p. 186, no. 17-31, pl. 50. Morgantina 66 Dengate 1976, p. 308, no. 122, fig. 5, pl. 76; Tusa 1990, p. 21, no. 720 (misidentifiedas a locally made vessel);Bernab6 Brea 1956, p. 120, no. 15, pl. 24:9 (Syracuseno. 45347). 65

IV THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

IN THE FOLLOWING CHAPTER, vase shapes are organized in the sequence used by Amyx and derived from Payne.1 Kantharoi, kana, and thymiateria,forms that do not appear among Amyx's shape studies, are placed at the end of the chapter. ARYBALLOS The aryballos was a common Corinthian shape in the 7th and earlier 6th centuries. It waned

in popularity after the middle of the 6th century, although round-bottomed aryballoi were still produced through the early 5th century.2Most of the late aryballoiare not Conventionalizingbut are decorated instead with quatrefoil patterns.3A few Conventionalizing examples are known, however, and these appear to be as late as the latest quatrefoil examples. The presence of 4 in the Aphrodite Deposit suggests that flat-bottomed aryballoi may likewise continue to the early 5th century. ROUND-BOTTOMED ARYBALLOS 1. Round-bottomed aryballos KP-2237. Potters' Quarter,miscellaneousfinds (trenchS5). PH. 0.024; 7.5YR 8/4. Fragmentfrom bottom. Worn, and all preserveddecoration is blackglaze. Corinth XV, iii, p. 224, no. 1222, pl. 50. Rounded bottom and body. Dot and whorl on underside, then three lines. Linked lotus-palmette chain on body, with Type 1 palmettes painted as stepped triangles. Decoration suggests a date in the late 6th or early 5th century.

Rounded bottom and body, curving up to sloping shoulder; neck ring at breakat top of shoulder.Blackwhorl at underside, then red, black, red, black, red lines. On body, at least four staggered rows of black buds on short, straight,vertical stems. Red, black, black, red lines at junction with shoulder, then large black dots separated by pairs of small black dots. Black band below neck ring, red band on neck ring to break. Decoration suggests a date in the later 6th or early 5th century.

Round-bottomed aryballos

2.

KP- 1880a-b. Potters'Quarter,Road Deposit. (a) PH. 0.021. Part of upper body and shoulder.(b) PH. 0.035. Part of bottom and lower body. 7.5YR 8/4 to 7/4. Mended in two XV, iii, p. 178, no. 932, pl. 42. nonjoining fragments.Corinth FLAT-BOTTOMED ARYBALLOS 3.

Flat-bottomed aryballos

P1. 1

C-47-172. Deposit 10 (well 1947-1). H. 0.065; Max.D. 0.079. 10YR 8/3. Several fragments mended to preserve most of base, body, and shoulder. Flat base; rounded body with center of gravity just above median, curving up to straight, sloping shoulder. One black ring near center and two black rings around circumferenceof underside.Junction with body and bottom of body reserved, then purple line, black band, two staggeredrows of alternating I

2

CorVP,esp. pp. 435-436; Necrocorinthia. CorVP,pp. 440-443.

purple and black teardrop-shaped buds with black dots between the tops of the upper row. On shoulder,two blacklines, purple band, two black lines, black band, as far as preserved. Second half of the 6th century. 4.

Flat-bottomed aryballos KP-147. Potters' Quarter, Aphrodite Deposit. H. 0.040; Max.D. 0.061. 7.5YR 7/4. Rim chipped and restored. CorinthXV, iii, pp. 306-307, no. 1675, pl. 66.

3 For further discussion, see CorVP,p. 443; Necrocorinthia, pp. 146-148, 320, note 3; Ure 1934; Campbell 1946, pp. 2753.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

36

Wide, flat bottom; low, squat body contracting to low, wide, concave neck, which flares out to horizontal rim; strap handle risesfromjunction of body and shoulderto rim. Underside and bottom of body reserved, then red line, black dots, line, dots, red line, black dots, line, dots, red line, all adjoining. Black rays on shoulder.Neck reserved. Outer edge of rim black. On

top of rim, black, red, black lines, black dots, black lines, then black band to interior of mouth. Black double-ladderpattern on handle. See Morgantina V, p. 178, no. 16-25, pl. 43 for another late, The squat aryballos. shape is unusual. Probablylate 6th or early 5th century.

PYXIS The Conventionalizing pyxis was popular at Corinth. A wide variety ofpyxis shapes was produced,

and examples have been found in all areas of the excavations. CONCAVEPYXISAND CYLINDRICALPYXIS

The concave pyxis has a flat or slightly concave bottom and concave wall profile with a

continuous curve. The minimum diameter is at mid-body. The diameter of the rim is roughly equal to that of the base. Two small horizontal lug or reflex handles are attached to the rim. The lids are flanged with low, domed tops and have tall knobs. In the late 7th century and first half of the 6th century, the shape is low and broad.4 Short triangular rays often rise from the base. The main decorative zone is the center of the body. By the middle of the 6th century, as seen on 5, there are no rays at the base, and the minimum diameter is just below the rim, but good

added purple is still used. In the 5th century,the profile loses its concavity.The wall straightens, and the pyxis becomes cylindrical. 8 from deposit 23 may be a late survival of the shape. The wall is straight and slopes outward. A small reflex handle is set on the outward-projecting rim. 5.

Fig. 1, P1. 1 CP-2259. Deposit 4 (grave 1954-15). H. (pyxis) 0.043; D. (pyxis) 0.071; H. (lid) 0.033; D. (lid) 0.071. O1YR 8/4. Mended from severalfragments.Nearly complete. Eliot and Eliot 1968, p. 351, no. 5, pl. 102. Concave pyxis

Flat bottom; concave sides; horizontal spur handles at lip. Lid slopes up very slightly; tall, ridged knob. Pyxis: wide and narrowblack bands, wide purple band, narrowand wide black bands on body. Handles reserved.Two black bands on interior of wall, black ring on floor. Lid: narrow black band at rim, wide purple band, two narrow black bands, wide black band to knob. Knob: four blackbands on shaft,purple, black,purple rings on top. Mid 6th century. 6.

5

Miniature concave pyxis KV-866. Potters' Quarter, Road Deposit. H. 0.032; D. 0.047. 10YR 8/3. Missing most of rim and sides. Corinth XV, iii, p. 316, no. 1774, pl. 68.

Flat bottom; slightly concave wall; trace of reflex handle. Undersidereserved.Blackline at bottom exterioredge, then black vertical lines, adjoining black line, purple band, black double dotted band with black lines below between and above dots, purple band, black line, handle zone reserved. Interior of rim decorated with black band from top lip down (and some black paint dripped onto exterior), black band at mid interior wall, black circumferenceband on floor. 6th century.

4 See, for example, Corinth XIII, p. 170, no. 128-g (T-1492), pl. 18, p. 174, no. 141-7 (T-3176), pl. 19.

8 FIG. 1. Concave and cylindrical pyxides

7.

PI. 1 Cylindricalpyxis C-34-1169. Deposit 22 (well 1934-10). P.H. 0.027. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment preserves part of bottom and body. Glaze is fired black to brown.

Flat projecting bottom curves up to vertical body. Underside reserved.Exteriorof foot and bottom of body black. Red band, blackline, black two-bar hook maeander on body. On interior, redband at bottom of body.On floor, blackband, wide reserved band, red line, black band to break. Ca. 460-420.

PYXIS 8.

Cylindricalpyxis or kanoun Fig. 1, P1. 1 C-64-316. Deposit 23 (channel 1964-1). P.H. 0.037. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragmentpreservespart of wall, lip, and handle. Pemberton 1970, p. 288, no. 56, pl. 70.

Verticalwall with thickened rim, and horizontal reflex handle set on top of lip. On body,black band, red line, two alternating rows of black teardrops, with those in lower row larger than

37

those in upper row,then red line, black band, black line below lip. Large black dots on top of lip and handle. Interior of lip reserved.Interior wall glazed. Diameter undeterminable. Quite possibly a tall kanoun rather than a pyxis. See pp. 131-133 for kana. See pp. 149-151 for discussion of the VrysoulaWorkshop. Context dated ca. 450-410.

FLANGEDPYXIS

The flanged pyxis, a rare form, appears to develop from the kanoun, for early examples resemble kana in shape and decoration. The pyxis has a flange, which is absent on the kanoun. The motifs decorating the earliest examples indicate a date in the first half of the 5th century. At its inception, the flanged pyxis has a flat bottom, a rounded outward-projecting base, and a low

cylindricalwall. Double-loop handles rise horizontally from the rounded exterior flange placed just below the low inturned rim, as seen on 11 and 12.5 A low conical lid with a flaring knob rests on the flange of this type of pyxis. The shape becomes narrower and taller with time, and the flange becomes sharp and triangular in section, as on 14 and 16. 18 may be the latest example found at Corinth but is probably contemporary with or only slightly later than the Vrysoula

material. It is unlikely that the flanged pyxis continued into the 4th century. The flange and handles are usually dotted. The body may be decorated only with bands and lines or may receive more complex decoration. The body of 15 carriesa hook maeander,while 18 preservespart of a horizontal palmette. 9.

Flanged pyxis KV-475. Potters'Quarter,CircularSouth Shrine. H. 0.017; D. 0.031. 7.5YR 8/4 to 7/4. Rim chipped. CorinthXV, iii, p. 317, no. 1792, pl. 68. Slightly concave base projects beyond body; cylindrical wall; outward-projectingflange; inset vertical rim. Underside reserved. On body,blackband, alternatingred and blacktongues outlined in blackwith scalloped edges, red band to top exterior of flange, then black to interiorof lip. Black band atjunction of interiorwall and floor. First half of the 5th century. 10.

Flanged pyxis KP-2555. Potters' Quarter, miscellaneous finds. H. 0.052; Est.D. 0.190. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment preservesprofile from outer part of bottom to rim. One handle preserved. Corinth XV, iii, p. 220, no. 1188, pl. 49. Flat bottom projects beyond broad, low body with slightly concave sides; projecting flange at top of body; low, inwardslanting rim set on flange; small, upward-slantinghandle set on flange. Projectingedge of bottom black, then red and black bands, black zetas, black band, red band, bottom of flange black, black dots on flange and handle, exterior of rim black. Top interior of rim reserved, then black band from bottom half of rim onto interior wall, red band, red line, black band on lower interior wall. Decoration suggests date in the first half of the 5th century. 11.

P1. 1 Flanged pyxis T-2980. North Cemetery, grave 333. H. (with lid) 0.097; D. 0.130. 7.5YR 8/4 to 7/6. Mended but complete. Corinth XIII, p. 241, no. 333-4, pl. 50.

5 Three handles are typical, but 11 has four.

Flat bottom projects beyond low, cylindrical body; at top of body, rounded, outward-projectingflange with four doubleloop handles; inset vertical rim. Low domed cover; conical knobwith centraldepression.Pyxis:exterioroffoot and bottom of body black, then black line, red band, blackline, blackband to top of body. Black dots on flange and handles, red line between flange and rim, exterior to top interior of rim black. Black band just above center on interior wall, red band at bottom of interior wall. Wide black, red, black rings on floor. Lid: red band, two black lines, black band, two black lines, black zetas, two black lines, red band, two black lines, black two-barhook maeander,two blacklines, then blackfromcenter lid to top of knob shaft. Black dots on top edge of knob. Four black rings on top of knob, central conical depression black. The vertical arms of the hook maeander on the lid are still grounded on the enclosing lines. Fill 1933-2 from South Stoa Shop XXXII includes uninventoried fragmentsof a similar pyxis. Ca. 470-450. 12.

Flanged pyxis C-70-237. AcrocorinthDemeter sanctuary,potterylot6511. H. 0.031; Max.D. (base) 0.074. 7.5YR 8/4. Mended from many fragments.Missing fragmentsfrom base and wall, but XVIII, i, p. 166, no. 485, complete profilepreserved. Corinth Corinth note 29. XVIII, iii, p. 99, fig. 19; Flat bottom curves upward at outer edge; vertical walls set in slightly from edge of base; projecting flange at top of body contractingto upwardrim sloping inward;one horizontalloop handle set on flange and possible scars of other(s).Underside reserved.On body,black band, red band, blackline, two black bands. Blackline on interiorwalljust below lip. Wide red band

38

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

covers most of interior wall. Black line at bottom of wall. On floor,blackband, black line, red band, blackline, central circle reserved.Handles undecorated. Shape as 11. Pemberton dated this to the middle of the 5th century,and that seems accurate, but Bookidis and Stroud now date the construction of the building later in the 5th century. 13.

Flanged pyxis KP-2490. Potters'Quarter,RectangularSouth Pit. H. 0.062; Est.D. 0.015. 7.5YR 8/4. Mended from several fragments. Most of bottom, part of sides, small part of rim and handle preserved. CorinthXV, iii, pp. 198-199, no. 1055, pl. 46; Pemberton 1970, p. 305.

Flat bottom projectsbeyond vertical sides;projectingflange at top of wall; inward-slopingrim projects from flange; stump of verticaldouble loop handle. Top exteriorof base and lowerwall decorated with black band, two black lines, red band, black line, black band. Black dots on flange and handles. Exterior and top rim black. Black bands on interior wall and edge of floor, black line and band on floor. Shape as 11. Middle of the 5th century. 14.

Flanged pyxis T-1427. North Cemetery,grave 338. H. (with lid) 0.045; D. 0.052. 7.5YR 7/6. Intact. CorinthXIII, p. 244, no. 338-3, pi. 52.

Flat bottom projects beyond cylindrical body; at top of body, outward-projectingflange with three reflex handles; inset vertical rim. Low, domed cover;conical knob with central depression. Underside reserved.Exterior of base black. On body, red band, black line, black band, black dots on exterior of flange and handles, top of flange and handles red to bottom half of rim. Lip black. Nine black rings on floor. Lid: vertical edge black, then black line, red band, black line, zetas and line. Center of lid to edge of top of knob black. Red, black rings on top of knob around central reserveddepression. Palmer cited a pyxis from Kameiros (Jacopi 1931, p. 117, no. 4, figs. 110, 112) as a parallel, but it is surely earlier than 14, as the shape is lower and the flange and handles are plain. Second quarter or middle of the 5th century. 15.

Flanged pyxis KV-474. Potters' Quarter, miscellaneous finds (trench S8). H. 0.012; D. 0.033. 7.5YR 8/4. Missing all of two handles and part of third, otherwise intact. CorinthXV, iii, p. 317, no. 1795, pl. 68. Slightly concave base projects beyond low cylindrical body; projecting flange at top body to which vertical reflex handles were attached; low, vertical rim inset from flange. Underside reserved.Exterior of base red, blackline atjunction with body, then black two-bar hook maeander, black line. Black dots on handles.Top of flange red.Junctionwith rim reserved.Exterior of rim, interior of rim, and body black, junction with floor reserved.Thin black ring and thick red ring on floor. Style of hook maeander suggests a date in the middle of the 5th century or later. 16.

Flanged pyxis Fig. 2, P1. 1 C-64-286. Deposit 23 (channel 1964-1). P.H. 0.037. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragmentgives profile from outer edge of underside to rim. Pemberton 1970, pp. 298-299, no. 122, pl. 74.

16 FIG.2. Flanged pyxis Cylindricalbody rises to exterior flange and low inset vertical rim. Underside reserved, as far as preserved. On body, black, black, red, black bands, large black dots on flange, rim black. Interior reserved. See pp. 149-151 for discussion of the VrysoulaWorkshop. Ca. 450-410. 17.

P1. 1 Flanged pyxis C-73-235. Lechaion Road East, pottery lot 73-69. H. (to rim)0.069; D. (base)0.217. 7.5YR 8/4. Mended from many fragments,complete profile preserved.Missing lid and onethird of base and wall. Fine cream-colored slip over all.

Broad concave base with flared outer edge; vertical wall with slightinwardinclination;flange at top of wall on which inwardslantingrim is set; two upward-flaringdouble loop handles and scar of third on flange. Underside reserved.Flared edge of base red. Groupsof four to seven verticalwavy dilutelines separated by alternatingblack and red wide vertical bars with scalloped edges bordered by two black lines at bottom and three at top on wall. Large black dots on flange and handles, rim and lip black. Red bands just inside rim and at lower edge of wall. Floor glazed (glaze fired red) with central circle reserved. Similar to an example in Leipzig. See CVA,Leipzig 1 [Germany 14], pl. 35:5-6. 76 and 79, powder pyxides, are similarly painted. The main decorative scheme has a long history at Corinth, but it is not certain that it continues beyond the middle of the 5th century. Much of the material in this lot is datable to the late 5th or early 4th century,but 17 likely dates to the first half of the 5th century. 18.

P1. 1 Flanged pyxis L-37-37-1. Deposit 30 (pit 1937-1). M.P.D. 0.041. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment preserves part of body, flange, and rim.

Cylindricalupper body; projecting flange; slighty outcurving lower rim. Top of horizontal Type 2 palmette, underside of flange decorated with black closed single maeander, left to right, black band at top sherd. Interior glazed. Context dated second to third quarter of the 4th century, but good glaze and fabric suggest a much earlierdate. The palmette is closer to those of 27 and 65 than any 4th-century examples. A date in the late 5th century is indicated.

PyxIS

39

CONVEX PYXIS WITHOUT HANDLES

Corinthian production of convex pyxides without handles is attested as early as the Protogeometric period.6 By the middle of the 6th century, these pyxides are most often decorated in the white style. The white style remains a popular means for decorating the shape throughout the rest of its production, well into the first half of the 5th century.7 Other examples, such as 19, are darker in appearance than those in the white style, and they carry bands of abstract or floral decoration below their shoulders at their maximum diameters. A band of alternating black and added red stemmed buds decorates a handleless pyxis in Karlsruhe.8 This convex pyxis form may feature a low, outturned rim. 19, from the Road Deposit in the Potters' Quarter, is a handleless convex pyxis with a flat-topped, outward-projecting rim. This pyxis is very close in decoration to 45 from deposit 1 (well 1947-4), and should therefore date in the third quarter of the 6th century.9 659, also from the Road Deposit, and 20 and 21, from the Potters' Quarter trenchJ deposit, are similar and should be roughly contemporary with 19. Two pyxides from a grave at Asine show variations of this shape in the first quarter or middle of the first half of the 5th century. 10 Convex pyxides without handles are in some respects similar to contemporary pyxides with vertical rims and vertical loop handles, but their bodies tend to be lower and rounder. Related is a type of handleless convex pyxis with a high conical foot and an ovoid body. The rim of a miniature pyxis from Stele Shrine A, 24, is folded back onto the shoulder. The proportions of the body are similar to those of a pyxis found near the Erosa Shrine.11 These two pyxides are probably slightly earlier than 669 from deposit 21, for the latter has a somewhat taller and more slender shape. Convex pyxis without handles KP-2009. Potters'Quarter,Road Deposit. P.H. 0.065. 10YR 8/2 to 8/3. Two joining fragmentspreserveprofile of body to rim. Break indicates broad foot. CorinthXV, iii, p. 181, no. 950, pl. 43.

19.

Squat, rounded body; rim offset from shoulder by low ridge; outward-projectingrim flat on top. On body, red line, black rays,redline, blackdouble-dottedband borderedby black, red, and black lines, red line above. Groups of three vertical squiggles separated by dot rosettes, red line, black double-dotted band separatedby black, red, blacklines. On shoulder,adjoining red line, short black downward-pointingrays, red line, two rowsof black dots, red line. Narrow blackband below rim. Red line on exterior of rim. On top of rim black, red lines, two rows of unseparatedblack dots, black line. Interior of rim black. A pyxis from a mid-6th-century grave at Akraiphia carries on its shoulderdecorationsimilarto that on the body of 19. The Akraiphiapyxis looks slightly earlier than 19, which probably dates to the third quarter of the 6th century.2 6 Callipolitis-Feytmans1973; CorVP,pp. 448-449. 7 Laurens (1974, p. 99) noted the long production of these vessels. Finds at Asine show that these pyxides continue even beyond the date suggested by Laurens. See AsineII, vi, i, p. 21, fig. 20. 8 CVA,Karlsruhe 1 [Germany 7], pl. 42:12. The profile suggests a date in the last quarter of the 6th century. 9 For a discussion of the "Road Deposit," see pp. 15-16 above. Benson has already noted this parallel in Corinth XV, iii, p. 181, no. 950. "' AsineII,vi,i,pp. 21-23, nos. 1971-9:2, 1971-9:11, fig. 20.

P1.2 Convex pyxis without handles KV-478. Potters' Quarter,trenchJ deposit. H. 0.034; Max. D. 0.052; D. (rim) 0.038. 10YR 8/3. Half of foot missing. Restored in plaster. Broad ring foot; squat, rounded body; low, flat-toppedvertical rim. Two glazed rings at center of undersideand interiorof foot glazed (glaze on underside fired red). Exterior of foot applied red. Two glazed lines (fired red) at bottom of body. On body, wide reservedband, black, red, black, blacklines, narrowblack band, black line, then black to top exterior of rim. Black, red, black lines on top of rim. All red paint is added red. Middle to third quarter of the 6th century. 20.

P1.2 Max. KV-479. Potters'Quarter,trenchJ deposit. H. 0.023; D. 0.038; D. (rim)0.031. 10YR 8/3. Intact.

21.

Convex pyxis without handles

Broad ring foot; squat, rounded body; sloping shoulder;short, thick, flat-toppedvertical rim. Exterior of foot black. On body, black line, band, line, then applied red band at maximum 11 See Corinth XV, iii, pp. 219-220, no. 1182 (KP-158), a pls. 49, 122, pyxis for which Stillwell and Benson suggest a date in the second half of the 5th century. According to Johnston (1986, p. 251), the letter forms suggest a date "before 450, perhaps well before." The shape is between Tubingen 5584 (CVA,Tubingen 1 [Germany 36], pl. 35:7-9, fig. 28), dated 540-530 by the style of the protomes, and 669. Hence a date in the late 6th or firsthalf of the 5th century is suggested for this vase and for 24. 12 Andreiomenou 1980, pp. 147-148, no. 7r, pl. 10.

40

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

diameter.Black double-dotted band on shoulder bordered by black,black,red lines. Traces of two (black?)lines on top of rim. Middle to third quarter of the 6th century. P1.2 Convex pyxis without handles KV-480. Potters' Quarter, trench J deposit. H. 0.017; D. 0.027. 5YR 8/4 to 7.5YR 7/6. Intact. Corinth XV, iii, p. 318, no. 1802.

22.

Wide ring foot; low, ovoid body; sloping shoulder; thick, flattopped rim. Traces of red on underside.Exteriorof foot added red to junction with body. Added red, black lines on shoulder, two added red lines on top rim. 6th century.

Convex pyxis without handles P1.2 KV-824. Potters' Quarter, trench J deposit. PH. 0.024; Max.D. 0.049; D. (rim) 0.035. 10YR 8/3. Mended to preserve most of upper wall and rim. CorinthXV, iii, p. 318, no. 1799.

23.

Rounded body; sloping shoulder; short, thick, flat-topped vertical rim. On body, two black lines (possible traces of added red on upper),reservedband at maximumdiameter,atjunction with shoulder black double dotted band bordered by red, red, black lines, then short closely spaced black rays on shoulder. Top shoulder to underside of rim black with added red line on neck. Two black lines on top of rim. Interior of rim black. 6th century.

MINIATURECONVEXPYXISWITHOUTHANDLES 24.

Miniature convex pyxis with lebes rim

KV-562. Potters' Quarter, Stele Shrine A. H. 0.042; D. 0.055. 7.5YR 8/4. Intact. Corinth XV, iii, p. 319, no. 1808, pl. 69. High conical foot; convex body; folded lebes-type rim. Underside reserved. Exterior of foot added red.Junction with lower body and lower body reserved, then wide black band, black teardrops. Three black lines at junction with shoulder. On shoulder, black closed single maeander running left to right. Exterioredge of rim black.Two blacklines on top rim. Interior of rim black. XV, iii, p. 319. Incorrectlydescribed in Corinth Probablylate 6th or first half of the 5th century.

25.

Miniature convex pyxis with lebes rim

KV- 1311. Potters'Quarter,CircularSouth Shrine.H. 0.031; D. 0.047. 7.5YR 8/4. Missing part of rim and wall. Corinth XV, iii, p. 319, no. 1809, pl. 69. Wide, flaring ring foot; convex body; sloping shoulder; outward-thickenedrim. Underside reserved. Exterior of foot and junction with body black, reserved band above. Black, red, black, black lines at junction with shoulder, red band on shoulder.Top and interior of rim black. 5th century.

CONVEX PYXIS WITH VERTICAL HANDLES AND LEBES RIM

26'and 27, the earliest examples at Corinth, stand at the beginning of a long series of convex pyxideswith low ring feet, low,vertical straphandles, and lebes-type rims.13The body of 26 is low and squat and is reminiscent of 24. Its decoration (daubs on the body, palmettes on the shoulder,

and sloppy opposing triangles on the handles) will become typical of this form. The style of the palmettes places this example in the middle or third quarterof the 5th century.14 Rim fragments from similar pyxides were found at Vrysoula (28 and 29). 31, from the late 5th or early 4th century,has a taller,more ovoid body.15Even the taller lebes-rimmed pyxides tend to be shorter than the vertical-rimmed forms, and an even shorter, squatter version of the lebes-rimmed pyxis

with verticalhandles continues. The lower body of both tall and short versions becomes straighter during the first half of the 4th century, as seen on 34, and may be very angular.16The latest example found in the Corinth excavations, 40, has an almost conical profile. The 4th-century examples nearly always carry the same general decorative scheme as 26, of the previous century. 13 An example decorated with dotted spirals and found at

Spina (Massei 1978, p. 57, no. 16, pl. XIV:1)has a less rounded profile than 26. It was found in a tomb dated to the late 5th or early 4th century, but the Spina pyxis is unlikely to be so late. It is widest at mid-height, ratherthan exhibiting the ovoid profile of later examples. Another (Massei 1978, p. 205, no. 3, pl. XLVI:1), found in an early-4th-centurytomb in the same area, has a rounded shoulder and a higher, straighter lower body. 14 See p. 30 above. Benson has already noted the similarity

of the palmettes on this vase to some on pottery from Vrysoula. See Corinth XV, iii, pp. 192-193, no. 1019. 15 This example is similarto Dengate 1976, 307, no. 118, p. fig. 5, pl. 75, found outside a late-5th/early-4th-century grave at Halieis. The sharply-turned shoulder foreshadows 4thcentury developments. 16 Examplesinclude CVA,Schloss Fasanerie2 [Germany8], pl. 60:2; and an example in the Whitaker Museum on Motya (see Munn 1983, pp. 156, 220, note 48).

PYXIS

41

28

31 29

37 r434 612

FIG. 3. Convex pyxides with lebes rim 26.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

KP-151. Potters'Quarter,Stele Shrine A. H. (to rim) 0.043; D. 0.086. 7.5YR 8/4. Intact. CorinthXV, iii, pp. 192-193, no. 1019, pl. 45; IFAR11.6, p. 24, no. 860. Wide ring foot with flat resting surface;very low convex body; sloping shoulder;low, flat, thickened rim, broad vertical strap handles. Underside decorated with two grooves at center, and one near foot. Bottom half of exteriorfoot black, top half of foot red. Lower body reserved. At maximum diameter, elongated black dots hang pendant from red line. Then black, red lines. Diagonal enclosed palmettes on shoulder (three on one side and four on the other) with central palmettes in opposed pair. Palmettes have volutes at their bases and at tips of enclosing lines. Black line at base of rim. Red and black lines near outer edge of top of rim. Interior of rim black. Black triangles on handles. Dated to the middle of the 5th century in CorinthXV, iii, p. 193, but the palmette style permits a date further into the third quarter of the 5th century. Convex pyxis with lebes rim P1.2 L-72-98-7. Sacred Spring Central, potterylot 72-98. M.P.D. 0.034. 7.5YR 8/4. Shoulder fragment, broken all around. Fine buff slip over all.

27.

Sloping shoulder. Black line or band at break, then red line, black alternatingdiagonal palmettes, dilute line, black broken single maeander, dilute line at break. Mid-5th-century.

28.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

29.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

Fig. 3, P1.2, Table 1 C-64-290. Deposit 23 (channel 1964-1).M.P.D.0.035; Est.D. (interiorrim) 0.080. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment preserves part of shoulder and rim. Pemberton 1970, p. 288, no. 52, pl. 70. Sloping shoulder; outward-thickenedrim. Chain of enclosed palmettes, left to right, with thin radiating leaves between them. Exterior and circumference of top of rim black, black broken single maeander, right to left, on top rim, interior circumferenceto interior of rim black. See pp. 149-151 for discussion of the VrysoulaWorkshop. Ca. 450-410. Fig. 3, P1.2 C-64-330.Deposit23(channel 1964-1).M.P.D.0.0215;Est.D. (rim) 0.060. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment preservesprofile of shoulderand rim. Pemberton 1970, p. 288, no. 53, pl. 70.

Sloping shoulder;outward-thickenedrim. Alternatingred and black tongues separated by dilute lines, black line. Outer edge of rim black. On flat top of rim, black outward-pointing stepped triangles alternate with lambdas. See pp. 149-151 for discussion of the VrysoulaWorkshop. Ca. 450-410. 30.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

KP-1414. Potters'Quarter,ShrineoftheDoubleStele.M.P.H. 0.025. 7.5YR 7/4 to 7/6. Single fragment preserves part of shoulder and rim. Corinth XV, iii, p. 215, no. 1155, pl. 48.

42

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

Sloping shoulder;outward-thickenedrim. Blackivy leaves and berry clusterson wavy vine. Black line on exterior edge of rim. Red, black, black lines on top of rim with second black line continuing to interior of rim. Fill 1933-2 from South Stoa Shop XXXII includes an uninventoried fragment of a similar pyxis. Second half of the 5th century,probablylast quarter,as the vine is diffuse. Convex pyxis with lebes rim Fig. 3 L-73-69-1. Lechaion Road East, pottery lot 73-69. PH. 0.072; Est.D. (rim) 0.068. 10YR 8/3 to 8/2. Several fragments preserve rim, shoulder, and much of body. Handles missing. Glaze fired black to orange. Deep, slightly convex body slopes up, then curves to become nearly vertical before curving to nearly horizontal shoulder; nearly flat, inward-sloping, outward-thickened rim. Glazed band at mid-body, then red, glazed, and red lines at junction with shoulder. On shoulder, glazed closed double maeander. Red line at top shoulder at junction with rim. Narrow glazed, and red bands painted on rim. Similar to Dengate 1976, pp. 285, 307, no. 118, fig. 5. Late 5th or early 4th century. 31.

32.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

P1.2

L-72-2-1. ForumSouthwest, pottery lot 72-2. M.P.D. 0.094. 10YR 8/4 to 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment, broken all around. Low, sloping shoulder; stump of vertical reflex handle. Red, black, red lines, then enclosed and/or diagonal palmettes. Glazed dots on handle, as far as preserved. See 40. Possiblyfrom the same vessel as 33. Late 5th or early 4th century,perhaps into the second quarter of 4th century. 33.

Convex pyxis, probably with lebes rim

P1.2

L-72-2-2. ForumSouthwest, pottery lot 72-2. M.P.D. 0.072. 7.5YR 8/4. Single fragment, broken all around, preserves part of body and shoulder. Convex upper body; sloping lower shoulder. On body, black buds, then red, black, red lines. Traces of black palmettes on shoulder. Possiblysame vessel as 32. Three additionalbody fragments in lot, not from same vessel, bear similar decoration. Late 5th or early 4th century,perhaps into the second quarter of the 4th century. 34.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

Fig. 3, P1.2, Table 1 L-37-2-19a-d. Deposit 28 (drain 1937-1). PH. 0.060; Est.D. (interior rim) 0.055. 7.5YR 7/4 to 7/6. Four nonjoining fragments mended from seven sherds give profile from top half of body to shoulder and rim. Stump of vertical reflex handle preserved. Fine buff slip. Glaze is fired black to brown. Brownishred paint. Ovoid body; sloping shoulder; outward-thickened rim. On body,blackband, blackteardrop-shapedblob buds.Red, black, red lines atjunction with shoulder.On shoulder,blackdiagonal and horizontal palmettes with radiatingleaves between them. Handles apparently decorated with black dots. Two closely spaced black bands on rim. 17 Massei 1978, p. 205, no. 3, pl. XLVI:1.

Shape close to that of a pyxis from an early 4th-century grave at Spina.'7 40 is also similar in shape and it is decorated in the same way. The buds on 34 are more carefully formed than those on 40, however, and the glaze and fabric are of higher quality. First half of the 4th century,perhaps first quarter. 35.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

P1.2

L-37-2-16. Deposit 28 (drain 1937-1). M.P.D. 0.097. 7.5YR 8/4. Single shoulder fragment from large vessel. Broken at junction with rim. Sloping shoulder; outward-thickened rim. Three red lines, black line, red line at bottom of shoulder.Unusual floral decoration on shoulder consists of black central vine in the shape of sine wave with black and purple flowers in curves, left to right, and dilute tendrils from central vine, which terminate in black dots. Black wave pattern above. Probablyfirstquarteror early second quarterof 4th century. 36.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

KP-2250. Deposit 26 (well 1930-8). M.P.D. 0.066. 7.5YR 8/4 to 1OYR8/3; 5YR 7/6 (core).Single fragmentpreserves part of shoulder and rim. Broken at handle attachment. Corinth XV, iii, p. 219, no. 1177, pl. 49. Sloping shoulder; outward-thickenedrim. On shoulder,black band, red line, black enclosed horizontal palmette with black dot above to right. Exterior edge of rim and outer edge of top of rim black. Inner circumference of top of rim and interior of rim black. Probablyfirst half of the 4th century. 37.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

Fig. 3, P1.3 L-37-37-2. Deposit 30 (pit 1937-1, from lowest stratum of pit). Est.D. (rim) 0.070; M.P.D. 0.086. 10YR 8/3 to 2.5Y 8/2. Single fragment preservespart of shoulder and rim. Nearly horizontalshoulder;outward-thickenedrim. On shoulder, black palmette decoration. Central palmette vertical with short radiating leaves, then on either side, enclosed vertical palmettes point toward central palmette. Outer half of rim black. Inner half of rim reserved,with red line. Second to third quarter of the 4th century. 38.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim P1.3 L-37-37-4. Deposit 30 (pit 1937-1).M.P.D.0.041. 10YR8/2 to 5YR 7/6 (core). Single fragment from shoulder, broken all around. Glaze is fired brown, red paint.

Nearly horizontal shoulder. Red line at junction of body and shoulder. On shoulder, single glazed palmette preserved with many short pinnae and central space empty. Third quarter of the 4th century. 39.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim P1.3 L-37-37-3. Deposit 30 (pit 1937-1). M.P.D. 0.047; Est.D. (interior rim) 0.040. 5YR 7/6. Single fragment preserves part of rim and shoulder. All decoration is reddish orange glaze. Very worn.

Nearly horizontal shoulder; outward-thickened rim. Lotuspalmette frieze on shoulder.Palmetteshave many short pinnae arrangedaround empty central space. Single centrallotus leaf has no stem but does have leaves to either side. Line at exterior

PYXIS43 edge of top of rim. Line at inner edge of top of rim continues to interior of lip. Third quarter of the 4th century. 40.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

P1.3

C-71-191. Deposit 32 (drain 1971-1). H. (to rim) 0.094; D. (foot) 0.087; Max.D. 0.154; D. (exterior rim) 0.070. 7.5YR 8/4. Intact, except for one handle. Williams and Fisher 1972, p. 161, no. 46, pl. 27. Slightlyconcave disc base; ovoid body with lower body risingin straight,flaring profile to abruptly curving shoulder;shoulder slopes up to raised, flat rim; vertical reflex strap handles rise from shoulder.Underside reserved. Exterior of foot red, then black wash band on bottom of body. Wide reserved band on lower body, then red, black bands, black buds. Red, black, red lines at junction with shoulder. On shoulder, black feathery palmettes base to base with countercurving spirals and thin radiatingleaves at far ends near handles. Dilute line on exterior of rim, then red line on top of rim, black line at interior circumference.Alternating black triangles on handles. Probablythird quarter of the 4th century. 41.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

Missing lower body and one handle, and fragments from remainder. Low, rounded body; nearly horizontal shoulder; outwardthickenedrim;verticalstraphandles. On body,red, blacklines, large blackteardrops,red line, narrowblackband, red line. On shoulder,a pair of blackpalmettes, base to base, with inturned volutesat bases and thin radiatingleaves. On rim, narrowblack band, red line. Black alternating triangles on handles. 4th century,not as late as 42. 42.

Convex pyxis with lebes rim

KP-2549. Potters' Quarter,from an unspecifiedlocation in the TerracottaFactory.PH. (without handle) 0.020; Est.D. 0.090. 7.5YR 8/4. Fragmentpreservesone handle and part of shoulder and rim. Corinth XV, iii, p. 220, no. 1183, pl. 49. Narrow, nearly horizontal shoulder; flat rim; vertical reflex handle. Three red lines below handle. Blackverticalpalmettes on shoulder,rim black over all. Blackinward-pointingtriangles on handle. 4th century,probably second half.

P1.3

C-60-253. Deposit 34 (cistern 1960-1). PH. 0.082; D. 0.152. 10YR 8/3 to 7.5YR 8/4. Mended from several fragments. CONVEX

PYXIS WITH HANDLES

AND VERTICAL

RIM

The convex pyxis with vertical loop handles first appears at Corinth in the Middle Corinthian

period and is probably an adaptation of its handleless counterpart, which became popular in the late 7th century.18From the time of its inception through the first half of the 6th century, this pyxis has a spherical body, as on 43 and 44. Around the middle decades of the 6th century,

large, awkwardblack-figuredfloral chains like that of 500, often upside-down, may fill the central body.19In the third quarterof the 6th century,the lower body begins to narrow,and the shoulder becomes more horizontal, as on 45. In the last quarter of the 6th century and the early 5th century, the foot contracts, and the shape of the vessel becomes ovoid, as on 48. The rim may be offset by a raised ring at its base, as on 51. During the 5th century,the lower body becomes less rounded and has a flaring profile.20The shoulder curves more sharply from the body. 60 shows that the ring at the base of the rim disappears around or shortly after the middle of the century. By

the middle of the century, the upper half of the body may have a nearly vertical profile, as on 53. The foot continues to contract. Complete vessels found in graves at other sites indicate that the transition from a slightly convex lower body to a slightly concave lower body occurs in the

second half of the 5th century. A pyxis found at Argos has a slightly convex lower body and is decorated with a myrtle and berry vine, a motif used by the painters of the VrysoulaWorkshop.21 A member of the VrysoulaWorkshopfound at Kamarina has a lower body, which is very slightly concave.22The majority of examples datable to the second half of the 5th century have straight, flaring lower bodies.23 18

CorVP,pp. 448-450; Bentz 1982, p. 77; Callipolitis-Feytmans 1973. 19 Andreiomenou 1980, p. 72, no. 22.4, pl. 13:8, from a grave at Akraiphiadated ca. 540; DeJuliis 1983, p. 30, no. 42, is one of several on display in the Taranto museum. 20 Forcomplete examples, see the pyxidesfromgrave 1971-9 at Asine (AsineII, vi, i, pp. 28-29, figs. 19, 20), first quarter of the 5th century; and from a grave at Halieis (Dengate 1976, p. 308, no. 122, fig. 5, pl. 76), second half of the 5th century.

21 Alexandri 1963, pl. 76. 22 Munn 1983, p. 157, pl. 5:b. 23 For examples, see Dengate 1976, p. 308, no. 122, fig. 5, pl. 6; Bruneau 1970, pp. 441-442, no. 2.1, fig. 5; PapaspyridiKarouzou 1933-1935, pp. 18, fig. 3, left; 46, fig. 28; Munn 1983, pp. 156-157, pl. 5:a.

44

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

The shape continues well into the 4th century. An example from Spina, found in a grave dated to the first quarter of the 4th century,has a lower body, which is more concave than any found in 5th-century contexts.24The concavity of the lower body and the contraction of the foot are even more pronounced on an example in Bari, from a context dated to the second quarter of the 4th century.25 The decoration also undergoes changes over time. In the first half of the 6th century, the entire vase receives bands and patterned decoration in even distribution.26From the mid 6th century on, the lower half of the body is decorated only with bands and lines, which become fewer

with time. Sometimes, as on 51, the only other area of the vase to be decorated is the shoulder. Until the middle of the 5th century, the shoulder is almost always decorated with tongues or rays, but from the middle of the century on, floral motifs, especially palmettes and ivy vines,

are more common in this zone. Most often the main decorative zone is the upper body, and it usually carriesfloral motifs, such as buds or lotus-palmettefriezes. Convex pyxides were most often covered with overfittinglids. These lids have straightcylindrical or inward-slopingsides. The low conical tops rise to knobswhich are usuallyflaringand flat topped. These are usually banded, and may have a row of dots at the mid-point. 43.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

P1.3

C-53-202. Deposit 3 (well 1953-1). Max.D. 0.078. 2.5Y 8/2. Partof shoulder,rim, and one handle preserved.Blackglaze is worn, leaving stain. Brann 1956, p. 363, no. 48c, pl. 53. Sloping shoulder;vertical rim; lug handle. Below handle zone, short vertical bars bordered by bands below and above. Top of shoulder and exterior of rim glazed. First or early second quarter of the 6th century. 44.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

PI. 3

C-39-259. Deposit 19 (well 1939-1). PH. 0.061. 10YR 8/3 to 2.5Y 8/2. Mended and restoredin plaster.Neck, handles, and most of base missing.Bentz 1982, p. 410, no. D6-108. Flaring ring foot; globular body; stumps of horizontal loop handle; vertical rim. Underside reserved. Exterior of foot black. Lower body reserved,then black, red, and black bands, red line below maximum diameter.Wide reservedband, black, red, black lines, black dots and red line below handles. Black dotted zigzag in handle zone. Top of shoulder to interior of rim black. A similar pyxis has been found in Tomb 1210 in the Contrada Pezzino cemetery at Akragas. See De Miro et al. 1988, p. 284. Later second quarter or middle of 6th century. 45.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

PI. 3

C-47-735. Deposit 1 (well 1947-4). H. 0.128; Max.D. 0.140. 2.5Y 8/2. Mended and restoredin plaster.Many fragments missing,but full profilepreserved.Bentz 1982, pp. 333-334, no. D3-92, pl. 30. Flaring ring foot; globular, slightly ovoid body; horizontal rolled handles; vertical rim. Three circles on underside. Interior of foot black. Resting surface reserved. Exterior of foot black.On body, two blacklines, wide reservedband, two purple

24

Massei 1978, p. 226, no. 7, pl. LII:2. Martiai 1964, p. 146, no. 35, figs. 50, 59; Munn 1983, p. 157, pl. 7. 25

lines, wide black band, purple band. At maximum diameter, groups of three black vertical squiggles separated by dot rosettes.Black, purple, blacklines.Blackverticallines on shoulder, then two purple lines. Rim and handles black. Third quarterof the 6th century. 46.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim KP-2020. Potters'Quarter,Road Deposit. P.H.0.037; Est.D. XV, iii is estimated (rim)0.053. The diametergiven in Corinth from preserved shoulder. 10YR 8/3. Single fragment preserves part of shoulder and rim. Scar of vertical handle. All preserved decoration is black. CorinthXV, iii, p. 300, no. 1636, pl. 65. Sloping shoulder;vertical rim. Line, band, line, two bands below handle, groups of three vertical zigzags separated by dot rosettes. Exterior of rim black. Top of rim reserved. Interior of rim black. Probablystill third quarter of the 6th century. 47.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

P1.4

C-39-314a-b. Deposit 19 (well 1939-1). (a) M.P.D. 0.110; (b) M.P.D. 0.084. 2.5Y 8/2 to 10YR 8/3. Nine sherds mended to form two nonjoining fragments. Profile from shoulder to rim preserved, one horizontal loop handle and part of second. Bentz 1982, pp. 410-411, no. D6-109. Low, sloping shoulder; vertical rim offset by low, raised ring; horizontal loop handles. On shoulder, red line, three black lines, alternating red, and black tongues separated by dilute lines, black line. Raised ring red. Exterior of lip black. Second half of the 6th century. 48.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

P1.4

C-31-174. Deposit 9 (pit 1931-1). H. 0.129; Max.D. 0.135; D. (foot)0.068; D. (rim)0.068. 7.5YR 7/4 to 8/4. Seventeen

26

XIII, p. 184, no. 157-p (T-1508), See, for example, Corinth dated ca. 580-570 Palmer. 23, pl. by

PYXIS joining fragmentspreservecomplete foot, most of body,most of rim and stumps of handles. Restored in plaster. Glaze is partly worn off. Slightly flaring ring foot with convex underside; ovoid body; inward-taperingrim offset from shoulder;two horizontalloop handles set vertically on shoulder. Underside reserved. Black band on exteriorfoot extends slightlyonto body.Thinner black band one-thirdof the way up body.At greatestdiameter,black, red, black bands, narrow black band, black, red, and black bands, narrowblackband below handles.Blackdots/teardrops in handle zone. Narrow black band below rim. Exteriorof rim to top interior of rim glazed. End of the 6th or early 5th century. 49.

P1.4, Table 1 Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

CP-635. Deposit 12 (grave 1916-26). H. (to top of lid) 0.128; Max.D. (pyxis) 0.125; D. (rim) 0.057; Max.D. (lid) 0.067. 7.5YR 7/4 to 8/4. Mended from many fragments and restored in plaster. One handle missing. Bentz 1982, pp. 203-204, no. A16-3, pl. 30. Low, flaring ring foot; convex body; upright loop handles on low, sloping shoulder;nearly vertical rim. Lid has inwardsloping sides, offset from low, domed top; flaringknob. Pyxis:black band at mid-body.Red line at maximum diameter,then alternating red and black linked buds. At junction with shoulder (below handles), two black lines, red line, and black line. On shoulder,alternatingred and black tongues separatedby black lines, then red line above. Top of shoulder reserved. Exterior and interior of rim black. Lid: single red band on sides. Black band from top of side to circumferenceof top. Then blackline, red band, black line. Side of knob black. On top of knob, two black rings and dot. First quarterof the 5th century. Table 1 Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim KP-129. Potters'Quarter,Stele Shrine A. H. (to rim)0.125; D. 0.136. 7.5YR 7/4 to 10YR 7/3. Missing one handle and fragmentsfrom rim. Mended and restoredin plaster.Corinth XV iii, p. 192 (misdescribed),no. 1018, pl. 45.

50.

Flaring ring foot with broad resting surface; ovoid body; vertical rim; high, verticalloop handles. Underside reserved.Bottom exterior edge of foot reserved then red band, junction with body reserved, then wide black, red, black bands, threerow checkerboardpattern bordered by black lines, with bottom and top rows of black squares, center now red. Red line below handles adjoins bottom of black outlining of alternating red, black tongues on shoulder. Handles black.Junction with rim reserved. Exterior and interior of rim black with narrow reservedline at top outer edge. Fill 1933-2 from South Stoa Shop XXXII includes an uninventoried fragment of a similarpyxis. First quarterof the 5th century. Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim P1.4 C-37-1073. Deposit 8 (well 1937-3). PH. 0.160; Est.Max.D. 0.195. 7.5YR 8/4 to 7/4. Manyjoining fragmentspreserve most of body profile to rim and both handles. About onethird of circumference of body and very small part of rim. Campbell 1938, p. 593, no. 128, fig. 16.

51.

45

Ovoid body curves into low, sloping shoulder;vertical rim offset by low, raised ring;round lip. Two blackbands below maximum diameter. Black band, double dotted band below handles. In handle zone, alternatingred, black tongues outlined in black. Handle tips, exterior of rim, and lip black. This example is nearly identical to two pyxides, from grave 1971-9 at Asine, dated to the first quarter of the 5th century, perhaps around 475. See AsineII, vi, i, pp. 15-20, nos. 1971-9:3, 1971-9:6, figs. 17, 18. An example from Akraiphia (Andreiomenou 1994, p. 205) is similar as well. 52.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

Table 1

KP- 1149. Potters'Quarter,North Road Deposit. P.H.0. 118. 7.5YR 8/4 to 10YR 8/4. One nonjoining and threejoining XV, iii, fragmentspreservepart of body and shoulder.Corinth p. 181, no. 955, pl. 43. Convex body roundingup to sloping shoulder.On body,black, red, blackbands, blackline, black brokensingle maeander(left to right),two black lines. Black double alternatingreversedlotus-palmette chain with added red on alternating petals of Type 2 palmettes and outer leaves of lotuses. Two black lines, black single closed maeander, black line, black double dotted band bordered by red, black, red lines. Narrow black line. Black shoulderpattern with dots and thin curved lines. Benson suggested a date in the third quarterof the 5th century,but this is much too late. The palmette is an early Type 2, with fronds attached to a bridge calyx. The use of broken and closed single maeanders together on the same vase indicates a date in the first quarter or middle of the first half of the 5th century. 53.

Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim Fig. 4, P1.4 L-73-69-4. Lechaion Road East, pottery lot 73-69. PH. 0.078; Est.D. (shoulder)0.120. 7.5YR 8/4. Severaljoining fragmentspreserveprofile of most of body to rim. Handles not preserved. Rounded body; sloping shoulder;vertical rim. On body,black, red, black bands, unlinked lotuses and palmettes consisting of spiky black palmettes and wide black lotuses with red central flowers.Blackline, narrowred band, blackline atjunction with shoulder. On shoulder, alternating red, black tongues separated by dilute lines. Narrow red band, exterior of rim black. On the basis of shape, a similarly decorated pyxis in the ArchaeologicalMuseum on Lipari (LipdraII, p. 201, pl. 43:6b) appears to be slightly earlier than 53. The context is dated to the late 5th century,but the lower body of this pyxis still has a convex curve and the style of the lotus-palmette frieze suggests a date in the second quarter or middle of the 5th century. 54.

Fig. 4, P1.5, Table 1 Convex pyxis with handles and vertical rim

L-6362-4. Forum Central I, pottery lot 6362. PH. 0.034; 7.5YR 8/4. Two nonjoining fragments preserve part of upper body, shoulder,rim, and stump of one handle. Rounded shoulder offset from rim by low ridge; vertical rim; verticalloop handle. Decoration begins atjunction with shoulder.Red double-dottedband borderedby red, black, red lines, alternatingred and blacktongues separatedby thin dilutelines, black line, neck ring red, rim black.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND DECORATION OF SHAPES

46

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