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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Merger and Acquisition Integration Session 1404
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1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Merger and Acquisition Integration Session 1404
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. 0909_04F9_c3.scr
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How Many of These Things Happen? 4000
3702
3500
3087 2816
3000 2305
2500 1846
2000 1529
1589
1991
1992
1500 1000 500 0 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Source: 1997 Federal Trade Commission Annual Report 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Nobody Expects the Spanish Inquisition! Monty Python’s Flying Circus
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Expect a Burst of Activity
• FASB rule changes coming in 2001 • “Pooling of Interests” merger to be restricted • Many will try to get in under the wire
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Purpose of this Presentation
• Overview of technology involved With an eye on business functions
• Technology and product presentations focus far more on “how to”
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Some Key Things to Remember • Scaling means thinking big while you’re still small (Merging makes you bigger)
• Make life easier for yourself Automate and use standards
• Customer interfaces often dictate merger requirements 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Example: Two Banks • Each has home banking but with slightly different functionality • Can’t switch interfaces without considering functionality • Functionality requires back-end support • Can’t consolidate back-ends without impacting front-end 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Who Merges: Small Companies
• Fast and versatile • Offers highly vertical expertise and functionality • Low overhead • Easy to digest 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Who Merges: Large Companies • Well established • Broad base of products • Looking to pick up specific capabilities or geographic coverage • Has existing “best practices” processes 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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The Large/Small Merge
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Merger of Equals
• Market consolidation—banking • Each is looking to diversify into the other’s business—Netscape/AOL • Both companies have “best practices” and existing processes • Each has an existing infrastructure 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Goal of a Merger
• Make best use of the best aspects of both companies • Turn two companies into one • Merge facilities • Merge networks Results May not Look Like EITHER Company 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Case Study: Large Banks
Bank of Hodge Seattle Seattle
Bank of Podge Seattle Seattle
Boston Boston
Boston Boston
San San Francisco Francisco Chicago Chicago
New New York York
Detroit Detroit New New York York
San San Jose Jose Los Los Angeles Angeles
Washington Washington D.C. D.C.
Los Los Angeles Angeles Dallas Dallas
Atlanta Atlanta Houston Houston
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Just Connect and Look for Overlap Bank of Hodge Podge Seattle Seattle Boston Boston San San Francisco Francisco Detroit Detroit
New New York York
Chicago Chicago
San San Jose Jose
Washington Washington D.C. D.C. Los Los Angeles Angeles
Dallas Dallas
Atlanta Atlanta
Houston Houston 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Develop Different Model MoneyMatic Seattle Seattle Boston Boston San San Francisco Francisco Detroit Detroit
New New York York
Chicago Chicago Washington Washington D.C. D.C. Los Los Angeles Angeles
Atlanta Atlanta
Dallas Dallas
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
It’s Not Just Where the Lines Go Bank of Hodge 10.1.0.0/16 10.1.0.0/16
10.6.0.0/16 10.6.0.0/16
10.7.0.0/16 10.4.0.0/16 10.4.0.0/16 10.7.0.0/16
10.2.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16 10.3.0.0/16 10.3.0.0/16
Bank of Podge 10.5.0.0/18 10.5.0.0/18
10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.0/24 10.10.0/24 10.10.0/24 10.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/16
10.4.8.0/23 10.4.8.0/23
10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
10.4.0.0/17 10.4.0.0/17 10.5.0.0/16 10.5.0.0/16
10.8.0.0/16 10.8.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/17 10.2.0.0/17
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Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Order of Events
Announcement
Merger Completes
Work Estimates
Discussions -???
Merger Begins
0
Merger Activities
Week 2
Month 6
Time Before
Merger Activities
0
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Where Does I.T. Happen?
Call Centers Engineering
Production
Customer Interface Complete A/P
H.R.
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Early Stages
• Limited communication • Use private lines or encrypted VPN • Mind E-mail paths Sometimes not intuitive
• Tools available: IPSEC 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Are Your Communications Safe?
Internet
Hodge.com Mail Server
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Podge.com Mail Server
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Initial Connection
Bi-directional NAT
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Better Living through Interoperability and Standards
• Internet is built on interoperability and standard ways to interchange information • If it’s good for the Internet, it’s good for you
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Reduce Interoperability Experiments Before the Merger • Industry standards POP, IMAP, SMTP—based tools for mail SNA is a de facto standard
• Corporate standards Web browsers, mail agents, DNS conventions, document processing systems, calendars, etc. Telephone switches, routers, switches, firewalls, modems, etc. 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Case Study: Cisco Systems • Standard P.C., calendar tool, dialup service, Internet access • (Bottled water, tea, food vendors, etc.) • Weigh cost of maintaining existing support structure versus writing off hardware and software 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Cisco Systems Mergers
Class
Precept
Wheel
AIC
NetSys
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Selsius
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Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Today’s WAN Technology • TDM point-to-point Time division multiplexed You get exact amount of bandwidth
• Frame Relay, ATM Cloud technologies Burst and commit rates allow for flexibility; usually cheaper than serial 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Emerging Technology: The Internet • Nearly ubiquitous • Emerging security standards: IPSEC • Today: no QOS Not necessary for all purposes On its way
• Early adopters have been here for awhile 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Mesh Networks
Cork Cork
San Francisco
Tokyo Tokyo
Lincoln Lincoln
New New York York
Dehli Dehli
Sydney Sydney
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Mesh Networks (Cont.)
• Full or partial • Distributed organizations • Internal supply routes to factories • Complex peer-to-peer routing Maybe BGP 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Star Networks
Cork Cork
San Francisco
Tokyo Tokyo
Lincoln Lincoln
New New York York
Dehli Dehli
Sydney Sydney
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Star Networks (Cont.)
• Single center, perhaps with a backup • Highly centralized organization • Very simple routing • Typically used by smaller companies 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Hub and Spoke Networks
Cork Cork
San Francisco
Tokyo
Sydney Sydney
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Hub and Spoke Networks (Cont.)
• Regional hubs connect either to each other or a main headquarters • Other sites connect to regional hubs • Sales and support network for an otherwise centralized company • Routing ranges from fairly simple to very complex, depending on requirements 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Merging Different Networks • Requirements: Latency, bandwidth, costs, support
• Hub and spoke is a (very) partial mesh • Star is an extreme case of a partial mesh • Possible to re-home a partial mesh 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Go with New Company’s Requirements • Merged company may look nothing like two incarnations • Other considerations: Real estate Number of employees in each location Function changes of locations (e.g., new production facilities) 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Address Space • Types: IP, SNA, Appletalk, Novell, DECNET, E.164 • Each network aware device has an address • Routers, switches and some hosts require configuration changes • We’ll stick to IP—similar concepts for the rest 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
IP Address Space
• Global address space assigned by ISPs May require additional allocations
• Private vs. global • Modern routing protocols require hierarchical addressing 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Hierarchical Routing
Single Route Out
10.1.2.0/ 24 Number of Significant Bits 10.1.2.0/ 25
10.1.2.128/25
Two Routes In
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Hierarchical Routing
Many Routes In One Route Out
10.1.2.0/21
10.1.0.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.3.0/24 10.1.4.0/24 10.1.5.0/24
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Benefits of Hierarchical Routing
• Reduced memory requirements in really large networks • Reduced communication overhead • Necessary for the Internet
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Internet Routing Growth
Source: Telstra
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Old Fashioned Class A, B, C
Number of Significant Bits Implicit by Address Classful
A: 1.0.0.0–127.255.255.255 mask /8 B: 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255 mask/16 C: 192.0.0.0–223.255.255.255 mask/24
Each Network could Subdivide to Smaller Subnets all with Same Size 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Classless Addressing • No implicit information in address • Routing protocols pass network mask as well as address Examples: 128.6.4.0/24
= 24 Bits Network, 8 Bits Host = 128.6.4.0–128.6.4.255 192.168.12.128/26 = 26 Bits Network, 6 Bits Host = 192.168.12.128–192.168.12.191 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Use Classless Addressing and Routing Protocols
• Newer protocols • Required for hierarchical routing • More stable
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Routing Protocols
• Different companies use different routing protocols • Interior: OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, RIP (v2) • Exterior: BGP • Static • Old stuff: RIP (v1), IGRP 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Default Route
• Used when no other routing information is available • Different companies may use it differently • Best used to get to the Internet 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Don’t Blindly Plug In!
Area 1 Area 2
Area 1 Area 6
Area 0 Area 3
Area 0 Area 5
Area 4 Hodge Routing System
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Area 6
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Area 5 Area 4 Podge Routing System
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Route Redistribution
• Enables sharing of information • Useful transition tool • Too much is unmanageable • Tools available: Netsys
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Route Redistribution Example
Area 1 Area 2
Area 1 Area 6
Area 6
Area 0 Area 3
Area 0 Area 5
Area 5 BGP
Area 4 Hodge Routing System
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Area 4 Podge Routing System
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For More Info on Routing Protocols
• Technology courses available: 301 Introduction to Routing Protocols Lots of others
• IETF standards: RFCs • Many books 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Making an Addressing Plan • May be able to connect with NAT or at limited points, initially • Come up with new addressing plan Determine growth rate and period Choose between private and global address space
• Changing providers? Get new address blocks 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Renumbering • May not be as painful during a merger • DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) can automatically renumber end hosts • Tools available: Cisco Network Registrar® • Technology course: 806 DNS, DHCP, and Address Management 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Secondary Addresses: A Useful Transition Tool
• Enable use of old and new addresses • Available on most routers and servers • Useful transition tool only • Performance and management cost • Don’t use them for long 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Multicast
• One packet, many receivers • Routed separately from normal IP • Used for conferencing • Corporate video presentations • Certain trading applications 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Multicast Protocols
• Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) • Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) • They don’t play well together
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Connecting PIM to DVMRP
DVMRP Tunnel
DVMRP
PIM
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Learning More about Multicast
• Technology courses: 303 Introduction to IP Multicast 314 Deploying IP Multicast 320 Advances in IP Multicast
• Internet RFCs and drafts • ftp://ftp-eng.cisco.com/ipmulticast.html 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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DNS and Usernames
• Will merged company use existing domain names? • Each company has user jsmith • How are these name spaces managed? Centrally or distributed? Single domain or sub-domains 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Distributed vs. Centralized • Two companies, centrally managed Need to coordinate with two administrators
• One central, one distributed Need to coordinate with N+1 administrators
• Both distributed Need to coordinate with N+M administrators 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Security: Exactly One Security Policy Wanted
• Far better than none • Often difficult to reconcile more than one
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Host or Network-Based Security • Hard to convert network-based to host-based • Business requirements usually prevent converting host-based to network-based • Do customers or partners have access to either network? • Are any partners competitors of either company? 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Case and Point: The Pharmaceutical Industry • Time to market is everything Being #2 to patent is meaningless
• Lots of collaborative work • Lots of competitors • Lots of attempts at data theft— lots of encryption 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Firewalls • Control incoming and outgoing access to your network To and from the Internet To and from partners and private peers
• Different companies use different technologies • Tools available: PIX™, Cisco IOS® Firewall 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Getting Out
Mail
Web
Internet File Transfer
Telnet Firewall
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Mixing IP Routing with Other Mechanisms • Some use IP default route to find the Internet • Others use transport level routing Socks • Application level gateways SMTP MX servers, Netnews 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Transport vs. IP Routing
Internet
Client Client
Intranet Client
Socks or HTTP Proxy
Client Client
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Transport vs. IP Routing (Cont.)
Internet
Client Client
Proxy
Hodge Intranet Client
Traffic Path
Client
Podge Intranet
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Getting In
Telnet, FTP News
56K Dialup
Mail Firewall
Dialin
Internet
Intranet
L2TP w/ IPSEC, SSH
Dialin
Dialin Development 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Sometimes Firewalls Exist Within Companies • “Intra-departmental” firewalls • Used to keep information compartmentalized • Network management tools require access • Some of your I/S functions require access • You need to determine what level of access is required between departments 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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For More Information on Firewalls and Security • Technology courses available: 302 Introduction to Information Security 311 Deploying Security Technology 318 Advanced Security Technology Concepts
• Lots of books available: Bellovin and Cheswick Chapman and Zwicky 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Agenda • Who Merges • Ordering and Timing • Wide Area Networks • Routing and Addressing • Firewalls • Other I/T Functions 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Converging Hardware and Software Configurations • Have standards for hardware and software E.g., branches get 2600s with 32 MB RAM and 16 MB flash Use a standard Cisco IOS® version
• Tools available: CiscoWorks 2000 Provides strong hardware, software inventory support 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Merging Network Management
• Operating systems: CA Unicenter, HP Openview, Sun Netmanager, etc. • Trouble ticket systems: Remedy, Clarify • Remote management tools: CiscoView, VLAN Director™ 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Some Words About Voice and Carriers • Determine whose contract to use and whose to terminate • Doing VoIP or VoFR? Watch for new delays • Check dial plans • Note lead times 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Merging Directories
• Each directory has a schema • Gather required information that does not exist • Sometimes, content is okay but format is incompatible E.g., 3 digit phone numbers vs. E.164 addresses 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Policy Networking? • Just who set those precedence bits? • May oversubscribe high precedence • May underserve high priority applications • Traffic engineering (measurement) still needed • Tools available: Netsys 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Where to Go Next You Are Here
Technology Session
WAN Technologies
Security
DNS, DHCP, and IP Address MGT
Routing Protocols
VPNs
Voice
Multicast
Capacity Management
QOS
This List Is by No Means Exhaustive! 1404 0909_04F9_c3
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Your Questions, Please
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Thanks!
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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 1404
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