Christianity: The First Two Thousand Years

CHRISTIANITY THE FIRST TWO THOUSAND YEARS David^Lr-Edivards

t & t dark

Cassell Wellington House, 125 Strand, London WCiR oBB www.cassell.co.uk © David L. Edwards 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. First published 1997 First published in paperback 1998 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-304-70469—5 Typeset by Ensystems, Cambridge Printed and bound in Great Britain by Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire

Contents

Preface

vi

1

Beginnings

2

Early Christians

38

3

Byzantine Orthodoxy

81

4

Orthodoxy after Byzantium

129

5

Medieval Catholicism

153

6

Reformations

281

7

/« f/ie Modem Age

350

8

77ie Americas

479

9

Global Christianity

10

i

530

/« £/te Postmodern Age

589

For further reading

631

/«77. '79, 197. 218, 237, 247-9, 288 pen hisulares 513—14 Penn 388 Pennsylvania 388 Pentecost 8,602 Pentecostals 492-3, 506, 521-4, 599, 602-3 Pergamum 53 Perkins 387 Perpetua 50 Persian Church 108 persona 61, 100, 168 Peru 5 i 3 , 5 ' 9 , 5 2 5 Peter (apostle) 2, 9, 16, 18, 36-7, 194-5 writings attributed to 13, 22, 27, 284 Peter Lombard 153,160 Peter the Great 136

Peter's, St (Rome) 71, 276, 299, 531 'Peter's Pence' 177 Petrarch 161,260 Petris 322 Pharisees 5, 11-13, 22, 284 Philemon, Letter to 33 Philip II 321,325,328,331 Philip Augustus 206 Philip of Hesse 294, 304 Philip the Arab 58, 60 Philip the Fair 203, 209-11 Philippians, Letter to 31 Philippines 494, 528, 564-5 Philo 6, 19 Philostratus 59 Phoebe 30 Photius 90, 94, 122, 131 physiocrats 364 physis 111 Pi Shu-shi 558 Pico della Mirandola 273-4 Pieris 579, 584 Piero della Francesca 278 Piers Plowman 255 Pietism 307, 394-6 Pilgrim Fathers 386-7 Pimen 141 Pinochet 528 Pionius 60 Pirenne 190 Pistoia 378 Pius II 275-6; III 277; IV 336; V 325,337; VI 379, 380, 401-2; VIII 380; IX 402, 404-5, 534; X 435, 453; XI 453-5; XII 437.453-5-461,558 Platonism 23, 44, 65, 67, 97, 163-5, 182-3, 242, 280, 351, 357,416 Plotinus 59, 165 pluralities 254-6 Plymouth Brethren 450 Pobedonostsev 139 Poitiers 187, 190 Poland 132, 135, 191-2, 219, 330, 378, 471, 596, 627-9 Pole 301, 325 Polycarp 48, 52-3 polygamy 304, 5 3 « , 539, 54O, 546-7 Pomare 566 Pompey 5 Pontian 58 Popular party 457 Porete 227 Porphyry 59, 103, 106 Port-Royal 373-4 Portugal 193, 346, 376, 440 Portuguese empire 193, 346, 512-15, 533-4, 568-9 positivism 428 post-Christian 591, 594-5 postmodern 152, 592-5, 621, 629 Pothinus 50 Prague 213,267 Prato 222 Praxeas 64 658

INDEX preaching 154, 249, 304, 317, 333, 450, 478 predestination 170, 173-5, 294, 298, 307, 315-16, 318,608 Presbyterians 329,463-4 presbyters 31, 36 Presterjohn 533 priests 154, 179, 197, 216-18, 241, 253, 267, 302, 316, 626, 628-9 Princeton 390 printing 248-9, 329 Prisca (in NT) 30 Prisca (Montanist) 43 Priscillian 106 probabilism 343 process theology 472 Procopius 89 progress in Enlightenment 590—1 Prohibition 497-8,510 proof of God 236, 356-60 prophets in Early Church 31, 35-6 prosopon 100 Prosper 173 Protestant 281 provisions 255 Prussia 3 2 2 , 3 8 2 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 8 Psellus 94 Puebla 526 Puerto Rico 494 Pulcheria 94 purgatory 86, 155, 170, 185, 220-1, 248, 258-9, 296 Puritans 326, 383, 386-8 Quakers 384,387-8 Quaque 537 Quebec 348, 376, 382-3,404,508 Quesnel 374~5- 3?8 Quietism 374 Qumran 6 Quran 1 1 6 , 2 1 8 , 2 8 5 Rabelais 253 Radbertus 164 Radhakrishnan 574 Rahner 122,580-1,618-19 Ramakrishna 570 Ramanuja 584 Ramm 506 Rampolla 453 Ranavalona 538 ransom 29, 78, 606 Raphael 276 Rasputin 139 Rastafarians 529 Ratramnus 164 Rauschenbusch 494 Ravenna 93, 105, 187 Reagan 505 Reccared 120, 185 reconciled diversity 601 recusants 325 Redeemer 417 Redemptorists 292 Refonna 515, 521

Reformations 281—7, 320, 354—8 Reformed see Calvinists regular 439 Reid 390 Reimarus 356,433 Reims 196, 213, 235 reincarnation 41—2,576 relics 159, 179, 217, 220, 299 Rembrandt 329 Remonstrants 315 Renaissance 272-80 Renan 403,433 Requiem Masses 252, 254, 257 resistance for Calvinists 319 Resurrection ofjesus 2, 36, 62, 476-7, 610-12, 615

Rethinking Missions 570 Reuchlin 308 revelation 366, 407; see also Scriptural authority Revelation, Book of 12, 27, 31, 37, 57, 492-3 reverence for life 434 revivalism 449—50 Rhineland 282, 452, 458, 467 Rhode Island 388,395 Rhodes 203 Rhodes, A. de 567 Rhodesia 542, 543, 546 Ricci 347 Richard I 125,206 Richelieu 332 righteousness of God 297 Rimini 187 Rio de Janeiro 524 rites of passage 252, 448 Ritschl 418-20,432 Rizal 565 Robertson 505 Robespierre 3 80 Robinson (bishop) 608-9 Robinson (Puritan) 386 Roch 251 Rockefeller 489,490 Roland I 59, 203 Rolle 262 Rollo 191 Romance languages 189 romances 202-3 Romanesque 183,214 Romania 130, 132 Romanovs 135 Romans, Letter to 13,21, 174, 297, 308, 396, 473, 613 Romantic movement 400,414 Rome (church) 16, 35-7, 53-4, 106, 121, 183-4, 195; see also papacy Rome (city) i, 181-2, 196, 204-5, 209, 238-9, 271, 275, 380, 402-3, 455, 622 Romulus 178 Roosevelt, F.D. 499, 500 Roosevelt, T. 517 rosary 251, 344 Roses, Wars of 265 Rotterdam 316,351 Rouen 213

659

INDEX Rousseau 362-3 Roy 569 Rubens 344 Ruble v 149 Ruhr 452 Russell 427,471 Russian Church 133, 143, 147-50, 219 Rutherford 491 Ruysbroeck 263 Sabah

568

Sabatier 436 Sabbath 3, 4, 387 Sabellius 64 sacraments 62, 82, 153, 155, 165-7, 252, 293-4, 302, 316, 336,602-3,621 Sacred Heart 226, 380, 392, 403, 516 sacrifice 28,78, 154, 175, 185,237,604,606 St Petersburg 136,138-9 Saint-Simon 409 St Thomas Christians 568-9 Sainte Chapelle 222 saints 154-5,159,217,220,251 Saladin 125,206,229 Salamanca 345 Salem 388 Salisbury 213 Salvation Army 443,494 in Asia 580 Salzburg 353, 382 San Francisco 150 sanctuary 200 Sandinistas 518 Sankaara 584 Santayana 490 Sao Paulo 517 Sarajevo 444 Sarawak 568 Sardinia 190 Sardis 33 Sarpi 337 Sassanian empire 108,115 satisfaction 61,236-7,606 Saviour 23, 84-5, 112, 259, 394, 580, 604, 606 Savonarola 255-6, 273, 276 Savoy 311,312 duke of 271 Saxons 188 Saxony 300,321-2 Scandinavian churches 393, 400, 441, 451 Schaff 407 Schelling 414 Schillebeeckx 621 Schleiermacher 351—2, 412-18, 440 Schleswig 191 Schmucker 485 Schofield Bible 492 scholastic 238 Schumann 468 Schweitzer 432—5 Scotland 177, 246, 320, 329, 371, 410, 413, 451, 535 Scriptural authority

early and Orthodox Christians 29, 51, 53, 56, 66-7, 75-6, 79, 92, 127 medieval Catholics 153, 165-6,234,238,241, 248, 267 Protestant Reformers 283, 286-7, 292, 297-9, 3'4

versus Enlightenment 355-6,366-7 see also fundamentalists; liberals in theology; Vatican Council II Second Coming see Parousia Secular Education Acts 598 secularization 350, 401, 439-48, 519-20 Segundo 526 Semler 356 Sen 570 Seneca 310,311 Senghor 541,544 sentences 238 Sepphoris 2 Septuagint 29, 39, 164 Serapeum 104 Seraphim of Sarov 133—4 Serbia 130, 132, 444 serfs 139, 178 Sergius (patriarch) 141 Sergius (saint) 87 Sermon on Mount 17, 138, 302, 509 Servetus 312-13, 330 Seton 486 Seville 192,213 sexuality 170, 171, 207, 220, 253, 441, 509, 549 Seymour 492 Sforzas 278 Shaftesbury 463 Shakespeare 326 sharia 585—6 Shaw 284 Sheen 507 Shembe 539 Shia 284-5 Shinto 560, 562 Sicily 123, 191, 205—6, 209, 235 Sidonius Apollinaris 183 Sierra Leone 537-8 Siger 259 Sigismund 271 Sigismund Vasa 323 Sikhs 585 Silesia 382 Silvester I 188; II 190,235 Simon, cousin of Jesus 10 Simon, R. 355-6 Simon of Cyrene 16,551 simony 197 Sin (Cardinal) 565 Singh 572 sins 77-8, 171, 184, 194, 217, 238, 258-9 Siricius 196 Sisters of Charity 486 Sistine Chapel 276, 278 Sixtus IV 276 slavery 29, 56,95, 336, 389, 395,463,487-8, 513, 530, 534. 536-7 Slavonic 131 660

INDEX Slavophiles Slavs

137, 142

130

Slovakia 461 Smith, Adam 364 Smith, Al 498 Smith, J. 483 Smyrna 32, 48, 52 Smyth 395 sobornost 147 Sobrino 5 26 Social Darwinism 424 Social Democrats 441,458 Social Gospel 420, 493 —4 social market 593 socialism 143, 147, 409, 410, 441, 464, 518, 527, 556-7, 593 Socrates (historian) 101 Socrates (philosopher) 27, 44 Soderblom 468, 581 Sokka Gakkai 562 Solesmes 456 Solovyev 143, 146-7 Solzhenitsyn 86 Son of Man 15 Song 581 Song of Roland 189,203 Song of Songs 67, 224 Sophia 143 Sorel 446 South Africa 394,534-6,543 South India, Church 469 Southern 157 Sozzini 359 Spain 34, 58, 105, 120, 187-8, 192-3, 235, 321, 331-2, 404, 440, 441, 454, 626-7 Spanish empire 193,275,345,512-15 Spencer 424 Spener 393 Speyer 620 Spinoza 358-9,416,609 Spirit, Holy 19-26, 34, 43, 6r-2, 74-6, 82-3, 99, ioo, loi, 120, 121, 232, 251, 258, 396-7, 600—5, 612, 626—7 Spirit of Jesus Church 563 Spirituals (Franciscan) 232 spirituals (songs) 484 Spurgeon 438 Sri Lanka 108-9,346,394,568 Stalin 140-1, 145, 455 Stanley 540 stations of cross 250, 392, 403 Statue of Liberty 448 Staupitz 296 Stearns 395 Stephen (king) 191 Stephen (martyr) 8, 9 Stephen I 63; II 187 Stepinac 456 stigmata 230, 262 Stockholm 322 Stoics 19,23,97,262 Stowe 488 Strasbourg 311 Strauss 433

Student Christian Movement 469 Sturm und Drang 414-15 Sturzo 454 Stylites 117 Suarez 345 subjectivism 251 subsidiarity 150 substance 61, ioo, 164, 182, 242 Sudan 114, 545 Suenens 603,623 Suetonius 12 Suez Canal 540, 543 Sufis 285,586 Suger 213 Sulpicians 393 Sumatra 567 Sun Yat-sen 555 Sunday 3 2 , 3 5 , 4 8 , 5 5 , 6 1 , 7 1 Sunday, Billy 491, 497 Sunday schools 442, 450, 490, 498 Sung 557 Sunni 284 Supralapsarians 315 Supreme Court 500 Sweden 190-1, 246, 322-3, 617 Swing 490 Switzerland 188,282,292-5,312 Syllabus of Errors 403 Symmachus 103, 162 syncretism 579,600 synod 54 synoptic 17 Syria 2, 35, 113, 123 Syriac 108, 112 Taborites 268 Tacitus i, 56 Tagore 574 Tahiti 362,566 Tai-ping 553 Taiwan 551 Taize 601 Tamil Nadu 594 Taoism 557 Tarancon 626 Tarsus 23 Tartars 134-5 Tatian 45 Tawney 383 Taylor, H. 554 Taylor, J. 398 Taylor, N. 414 Te Deunt Laudamus 173 Telegus 571 Temple, W. 464 temple in Jerusalem 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 28, 36, 39, 78 Tennyson 425—6 Teresa of Avila 337-9, 344, 374 Tertullian 43, 45, 50, 60-2, 64, 69, 97, 120, 288, 58i Test Act 382 Tetzel 298,300 Teutonic knights 192, 322 Thaddeus 34

661

INDEX Thagaste 163 Thailand 568 Thcatines 340 Thecla 95 Theodora (i) 94; (2) 119 Theodore of Studios 119 Theodoric 182 Theodosius I 87, 101-2, 159-60, 219; II 88 Theodosius of Kiev 13 4 Theosevia 95 theosis see deification Theotokos 107 Theravada 582—3 Therese of Lisieux 400 theses of Luther 299 Thessalonians, Letters to 13,19 Thessaloniki 13,93 Thirty Years' War 330-2, 366, 393 Thomas (apostle) 19, 34 Thomas, gospel of 10, 40, 42 Thomas a Kempis 263-4, 341, 549 Thomas Aquinas (life and thought) 240-5; (mentioned) 126, 161, 234, 247, 258, 260, 262, 435-6, 614, 621 Thomas, M. 577 Thomas of Celano 249 Three-Self Patriotic Movement 556—9 Thyatira 33 tiara 198 Tilak 572 Tillich 465, 472, 606 Timothy, Letters to 28-30 Timur 109 Ting, K. 556 tithes 188, 198, 204, 216, 253, 267 Titus, Letter to, 29 Tocqueville 381 Tokugawas 147, 549-60 Toland 360 Toledo 120, 192 toleration 320, 357, 382, 385, 388 Tolstoy 86, 138-9 Tonga 566 tongue-speaking 492,602-3 Topeka 492 Torah see Law of Moses tournaments 203 towns see cities Toynbee 592 Tractarians 406,409 Tracy 618 trade unions 441,446,452 tradition 79—81, 147, 151—2, 452; see also development transubstantiation 126, 154, 159-60, 179, 187, 197, 216, 219, 241-2, 266, 336 Transylvania 130,330 Trent 334-6 trials by ordeal 178, 217 Trinity, Holy 20, 26, 38, 61, 64, 78-9, 97, 99, 164, 168, 241,264, 359-60, 412, 433, 587, 612-13, 618-19 Triumph of Orthodoxy 119 Troeltsch 431,451

Trondheim 191 True Jesus Church 557 Trypho 44 tsars 133,135 Tubingen 619 Tunis 22 Turks (Ottoman) 126, 128, 132, 265-6, 277, 285, 329-30 Turks (Seljuk) 114, 123, 285 Turner 487 Turretin 361 Tutu 546 Twain 489 two kingdoms 303-4,321 Tyndale 321 Tyrannus 33 Tyrrell 437 Uchimura 561 Uganda 540, 545 Ukraine 148, 330-1 Ulm 313 Ulphilas see Wulfila Ulysses 259 Umayyads 285 Umbanda 521 Unamuno 437 unction of sick 86,153 Unification Church 563 uniqueness of Christ 5 81 Unitarians 359, 360, 412, 433, 482 United Church of Canada 508 United Church of Christ 511 United Nations 467, 591 Uniting Church of Australia 599 unity, models of 468-9, 599-601 universal 242-4 universe 20, 28, 368, 421-2, 427-9, 471-2 universities 127,234—5 unleavened bread 123 Uppsala 191,213,322,600 Urban II 797, 200-1; V 269; VI 270 Urbino 279 Ursulines 340 USA 376, 381-3, 385-92, 395-6, 399, 448-9, 457,479-512 churches in: Baptist 381-2, 484, 486, 488, 490, 506; Black 484-5, 489, 492-3, 503; Catholic 449, 482, 492-3, 503: Congregational 485; Disciples 482; Episcopal 483-4, 499; Hispanic 503; Holiness 483, 492, 506; Lutheran 449, 485, 499; Methodist 452, 484, 486, 488, 490, 506; Native American 485-6, 501; Orthodox 150-1, Pentecostal 492-3, 506; Presbyterian 482, 485; Unitarian 482; Universalist 482 religious movements in: Conservative 504-5; Electronic 505-6; Evangelical 505-6; Fundamentalist 495—6; Modernist 508 usury 219,233,249,318 Utah 483-4 utilitarians 423 Utraquists 268-71 Utrecht 186,263

662

INDEX Val 453 Valdes.J. de 301 Valdes, P. 227-8 Valens 99, 159 Valentinus 42 Valerian 60 Valignano 147 Valla 272 Vandals 105 Vanuatu 566 Vargas 517 Vasari 272-3 Vatican Council I 404-5; II 407, 524, 580, 588, 620-4 Velazquez 344 Venantius Fortunatus 187 Venice 69, 90, 93, 125, 128, 132, 179, 218, 301, 329, 335, 343,381 Venn 538,556 Vergil 162,259 Veronese 343 Versailles Treaty 444 Vespucci 512 Vezelay 179 Via Egnatia 130 Vianney 460 vicars 198,254 Vichy 40 Vico 362 Vienna 132, 379 Vienne 15 5 Vietnam 567-8 war 481, 501, 507 Vikings 134, 177, 191 villeins 178 Villot 625 Vincent of Lerins 64, 76 Virginia 386, 389 Visigoths 105, 186-7 Visser 't Hooft 468 Vivekananda 570 Vladimir 88, 124 Voltaire 355, 359, 361-2, 364, 367-8 Vulgate 166,248,272,288,335-6

Wahhabis 285 Waldensians 228,266 Wales 492-3 Wall Street Crash 498 Wallenstein 332 Walther 485 war 290—1, 366, 590, 593; see also military service Wartburg 301 Washington 389 Watson 420 Weber 318 Wellhausen 431 Weiss 433 Wells, D. 605, 607 Wells, H. G. 441 Wends 192 Wesley, C. 397 Wesley,J. 396-9,482,484 Westminster Abbey 222,384

Westminster Confession 383-4 Westphalia, Peace of 332 Whichcote 356-7 White, A. D. 489 White, E. 491 White Fathers and Sisters 537 Whitefield 390-1,396 Whitehead 76,471-2 Wichem 410 Wiesel 611 Wilberforce 462 Wilhelm 411 Willard 497 William of Ockham 243-5, 247, 296 William of Rubruk 230 William the Conqueror 202 William the Silent 328 Williams,]. 566 Williams, R. 388 Willibrord 186 Wilson 496-7 Windeband 418 Winthrop 387 witches 246, 388, 547 Witherspoon 390 Wittenberg 296-9,301,303,534 Wittgenstein 470,609 Wolsey 254 women early Christian centuries 4, 30, 65—6, 94—5 later 505, 507, 548, 572, 591, 593, 603, 613-17 Middle Ages 207, 225-7 women, ordination of 30, 55, 148, 483, 504, 507, 616-17, 626 Women's Bible 615 Wordsworth 414 World Council of Churches 468-70, 511, 591, 600-1 World Missionary Conference 468 World Parliament of Religions 570 world war (first) 443-5,453,496-7 world war (second) 443-6,455 Worms 301 Wrede 433 Wu 556 Wulfila (Ulphilas) 105 Wyclif 161,266-7,268 Wyszynski 456, 528 Xavier 346, 554 xenolalia 492 Xhosas 538 Ximenez 254, 299 Yale 390,609 Yannaras 149 Yeats 592 Yeltsin 142 YMCA 410, 495, 556 Yoida Full Gospel Church 564 Yorubas 538 Young, B. 483 Young Christian Workers 460 Youth for Christ 505 663

INDEX Zaire 545, 550 Zambezi 534,540 Zambia 542 Zanzibar 557 Zealots 13 Zeisberger 394 Zen 560 Zeno 114 Zernov 143

Zinzendorf 394 Zions in Africa 538-9 Zion's Watch Tower society Zizioulas 149 Zoe 145 Zoroastrians 43, 108 Zulus 539, 540-1 Zurich 293-5 Zwingli 286,292—6,355

664

491