Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English

The Antarctic Dictionary A COMPLETE GUIDE TO ANTARCTIC ENGLISH BERNADETTE HINCE

CS IRO PUBLISHING

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Hinee, B. (Bernadette), 1951- . The Antarctic dictionary: a complete guide to Antarctic English. Bibliography. ISBN 09577471 IX. I. English language - Antarctica - Etymology. 2. English language - Antarctica - Dictionaries. L Title.

427.9989 2000 Bernadette Hince First published 2000 by (SIRO Publishing and Museum of Victoria

1 daily occurrence. 1964 (Scott Base) Ilelm, A.S. and Miller, J.H. Antarctica: th~slol)' of the New Zealand party of the Trans-Antarctic expedition R.E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington: 222. The full spectrum of a mock sun or parhelion presaged this western passage like a precursor; the first parhelion appeared before the sun had visibly risen. and later a second developed at an equal interval to the eastward. for all the world like a dull conflagration in the mauve shadow of th~ volcano of Mt. Erebus. 1965 Antarktiese Bulletin 9 (May): 6. With thE' sun low on the horizon, phenomena such as sun pillars and parhelia were frequently to be seen and the cam· eras clicked. 1986 (Ronne Ice Shelf) lenkins. Adrian and Summerson. Rup~rt

Travel report - Sledge Golf. Glacier geophysics Ronne Ice Shelf tm· verse 17 Dec 1985-24 Feb 1986. British Antarctic Survey. Cam· bridge: 27. Cleared up late pm with excellent parhelia.

Patagonian fox

Palkland Islands

The fox Dusicyon grfseus (fam. Canidae). native Iv southern SOLith America, which was introduced and is now naturalised on several of the Falkland Islands. While the English fox has reddish fur, this fox has silvery-grey fur. 1977 Chatwin, Bruce In Patagonia Summit Books. NY: 82. She had placed a photo of the Patagonian fox next to a crayon drawing of General Rosas. 1990 Newsletter from the Falkland Islands Foundation 10 (Oct): 12. The smaller, but closely related. Patagonian fox DIISicyoII griseus. which was introduced to the Falklands il1 the late 19th century, depresses breeding densities of some native birds on those islands where it occurs. This fox is much warier than the warrah.

Patagonian hake [The Chilean name for the fish is pescada de Patagunia.} The commercially important marine fish Merluccills hubbsii (fam. Merlucciidael of Falkland Islands walers and the southwestern Atlantic. It grows to about 95 em (3 ft I in) long, and is also simply called hake. 1978 Australian Fisheries 37 CiO} Oct; 15.

parhelion [From the Greek 1lapa beSide. and f\AtO~ the sun. recorded in northern hemisphere use from 1647 (NOED).]

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About 12 species of fish. some up to 50 kg. are being cxploited in the Antarctic seas. These are mainly Antarctic cods which live on the shelves and banks of the Antarctic islands and on parts of the continental shelf. Others include the southern blue whiling and the Patagonian hake (which migrate into the Southern Ocean to feed on krill in th~ summer).

THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY 1988 Moss, Sanford and del Eiris, Lucia Natural history of the Antarctic Peninsula Columbia University Press, NY: BO. Other croppers of krill include small numbers of southern hake .. and Patagonian hake (Merluccius hubbsO that migrate south from Argentinian waters to the Scotia Sea in the summer.

Patagonian moray cod The marine fish Muraenolepis orangiensis (fam. Muraenolepididae), of Patagonian waters and those of Kerguelen, Heard and Crozet Islands. It grows to about 30 cm (I ft) long and is not fished commercially. 1985 Fischer, W. and Hureau, J.e., eds FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Southern Ocean FAO, Rome: 314. Muraenolepis orangiensis ... Patagonian moray cod.

Patagonian penguin Historical IThe scientific name patagonica was given to the penguin by J.F. Miller (leones Animalium 1778: pt 4, pi 23), presumably in the belief that the specimen described came from Patagonia.] The penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus: see king pen-

guin. 1777 Forster, George (South Georgia) A voyage round the world, in his Britannic Majesty's sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. lames Cook B. White, London, vol 2: 528. When we returned on board, we found that they were mentioned by that great zoologist Mr. Pennant. in the Phil. Trans. by the name of Patagonian pinguins. 1840 The penny cyclopcedia Charles Knight, London. vol XVII: 410. Sir John Narborough says of the Patagonian Penguins. that their erect attitude and bluish-black backs contrasted with their white bellies might cause them to be taken at a distance for young children with white bibs. 1879 (Kerguelen Island) Sharpe. R. Bowdler Philosophical Transactions of the Royal SOciety of London: 152. Aptenodytes longirostris, Patagonian Penguin. 1906 (South Georgia) L6nnberg. Einar in Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 40(5): 50. A dozen "Patagonian Penguins" (King-penguins) were observed on the shore.

Patagonian rockcod The marine fish Patagonotothen guntheri (tam. Nototheniidael, which lives around the Falkland Islands and southern South America. and has been fished commercially. It has also been called yellowfin notothen.

1988 Woods, Robin W. Guide to birds of the Falkland Islands Anthony Nelson. Shropshire: 17. Three species of sqUid. the Argentine Shortfin (lflex argentinus), the Patagonian (Loligo gahO and a smaller species. Teuthowenia. occur in vast numbers in Falkland waters. 1990 Hatfield. Emma in Newsletter from the Falkland Islands Foundation 10 (Oct): 2. The Patagonian sqUid is taken to market primarily in European countries.

Patagonian toothfish The marine fish Dissostichus eleginoides (tam. Nototheniidae), which is widely distributed in antarctic and subantarctic waters. including Patagonian waters. Being toothsome as well as toothy, it is commercially fished, and is one 01 the largest antarctic lish, averaging 30-70 cm (! It-2 ft 4 in) in catches, though it can grow to over 2 m (6 It 7 in) and 100 kg (220 Ib). It is also called simply a toothfish. 1979 Lovering, J.F. and Prescott, J.R.V. Last of lands ... Antarctica Melbourne University Press. Parkville: 66. Dissotichus [sic] efeginoides Patagonian tooth fish. 1991 South African Shipping News & Fishing Industry Review 46(6): 21. The condition of other stocks is not known, including Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginiodes on which a longline fishery has developed in recent years. 1997 Tristan da Cunha Newsletter 20 (Mar): I. The "Aquatic Pioneer" carried out an eleven day exploratory voyage as a longliner for Patagonian Tooth fish on the sea mounts between Tristan and Gough: they caught a lot of Bluefish but no Tooth fish and. fortunately, no Albatrosses. 1998 Redell, Tim in Antarctic Society of Australia newsletter no 2 (june): 9. Patagonian toothfish piracy is motivated by greed.

Peale's dolphin Also Peale's porpoise [The dolphin was described and named in 1848 by American naturalist Titian Ramsay Peale (1799-1885). from a specimen collected by the United States Exploring Expedition in February 1839. Peale was the naturalist on the Peacock, a ship of this expedition.! The dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis (fam. Delphinidae), which occurs in coastal waters 01 the Falkland Islands and southern South America. It grows to over 2.1 m (6 It II in) and is greyish-black above and whitish below. 1989 Newsletter from the Falkland Islands Foundation no. 8 (jan):

Distributed from the Patagonian shelf south of 49°S and Burdwood Bank to Shag Rocks ... Probably used only for fishmeal. 1989 Heyward, Peter in Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions newsletter no 60 (Dec): 5. A TAC of 12000 tonnes applies to the other commercial species in the area. Patagonotothen brevicauda guntheri (Patagonian rock cod).

12. Peale's Dolphins are being caught accidentally in crab nets and also harpooned for crab bait around the Chilean and Argentine coasts and this is definitely threatening some local populations. 1990 Martin, Anthony R. Whales and dolphins Bedford Editions. London: 156. Peale's dolphins have never been maintained in captivity. 1993 Chater, Tony The Falklands The Penna Press, St Albans: 132. A pod of Peale's Porpoise came to play in the bay.

Patagonian squid Falkland Islands

pediunker Esp. Tristan da Cunha. Also paddy unker

The sqUid Loligo gahi: see loligo squid.

A seabird, especially Proceflaria cinerea: see grey petrel.

1985 Fischer, W. and Hureau. J.e., eds FAO species identification

sheets for fishery purposes. Southern Ocean FAO. Rome: 376. Patagonothen brevicauda guntheri ... Patagonian rockcod ...

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THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY IThe vernacular names in parentheses are thos~ used by sealfs islanders from Tristan da Cunha who were in our party

1906 (Gough Island) Eagle Clarke, W. in The Ibis V: 262. OestreiCita mallis (Gould). A great number of "Black-backed Petrels" .. were observed off the island ... This species was not represented among the birds collected at Gough Island by Mr. Comer and is not included in Verrill's list; but I think that it is probably the unknown species there alluded to under the name of "Paddy unker," a "dark bird with while breast and white feet," of which there is one egg, measuring 2.37 I .64 inches, in Mr, Comer's collection. 2 Mar 1913 (47"20'5, 34°26'W) Murphy, Robert CLlshman (1948) Logbook for Grace Robert Hale Ltd, London: 245. Many of the gray petrels that the whalemen call "pediLInkers" darted in Indian file above the cabin roof. 1926 Rogers, Rose Annie The lonely island George Allen & Unwin, London: 211. The Great Shcarwater (Puffinus gravis), locally known as the Pediunker. 1957 Booy, D,M. Rock of exile: a narrative of Tristan da Cunha I.M, Dent & Sons, London: 80, Another bird of the petrel family called a 'pediunker'. 1993 Tristan da Cunha Newsletter 13 (Sept): 9. We found the nests of the Great-winged Petrel (Black Haglell and the Grey Petrel (or Pediunker). These nests were on steep slopes just below the Base, and for years I regretted not making the extra effort to climb that little bit higher onto the BasE'.

peeoo

Esp. Tristan da Cunha, and (from there) also used on Marion Island, A/so pee-arr, piew, pio, piu [from the call of the bird. Early quotations suggest that it is a sealer's

name.} The albatross Phoebetria Fusca (see sooty albatross), which breeds on Tristan da Cunha and elsewhere.

1875 (KergLtelen Island) Kidder, J.H. Contributions to the natural history of Kerguelen Is/and, made in connection with the American Transit-at-venus expedition, 1874-75, I. Ornithology Government Printing Office, washington: 21. Phaebetria tuliginosa .. Sooty Albatross. -- "Pee-arr" of sealers ... Head mouse-coloured, paler on the top and back than elsewhere ... Two specimens of the sooty albatross were brought into the camp on October 16, having been captLlred at the entrance of a shallow cave in the face of a rock. Their scream is very loud, and not unlike one of the calls of a cat. At a distance, it has often been mistaken for the hail of a l11an. The name "pee-arr" has been given as descriptive of this call, which is, I believe, peculiar to the breeding season. 1879 (Marion Island) Moseley, H.N. Notes by Cll1aturaltst on the "Challenger" Macmillan and Co, London: ISO. High up, at about 5000 feet elevation, were some four or five Sooty Albatrosses (Oiomedea (uliginasa, the Piew or Pia of sealers), soaring about the tops of the cliffs and probably nesting there. 1940 Hagen, Yngvar in Christopherson, Erling, transl. Ir Norwegian by Benhal11, R.L. Tristan ria Cunha: the lonely isle Cassell and Co., London: 52. During the four months we were on the island, the molly became OLlr special friend. Its nest is like a throne, a low column with a depression in the top, just like the pio's. 20 June 1945 Hurford, G. and Joubert, J. Ostrich XV11(2) June: 124. "Pius" are also found in quite abundance on Tristan but albatrosses are only to be found in a small colony on Inaccessible. 1952 Crawford, Allan B. in The Emu 252(2) May: 80, Sooty Albatross (Piew, Pio', etc,), Phaebetria sp. I skin of yOLlng bird ready to Ily. Colour, grey; under parts light grey; facial feathers dark grey.

3"';:

1967 Pondus-B0gerne, Lohse, transl. fr Danish by falk-Ronne. Arne Back to Tristan Allen & Unwin, London: 74. "There is one bird we never touch", says Neville, "and that il the "pee-you" (the sooty brown albatross). The missionaries have often told us that stories about albatrosses being dca, sailor's souls are rubbish. But we don't like killing them.1990 Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J., co-ordinators HandboolrO: Australian, New Zeal,md and Antarctic birds Oxford Universi/l' Press, Melbourne, vol I A: 343. Sound of call reflected in common names Piew, Pee-an, PIO. Members of a pair often duet with alternate or overlapping calls. 1993 Trist(m da cunha Newsletter 13 (Sept): 9. The two species of albatross nesting up there .., are the. yellow-nosed albatross or "Molly" and the Sooty Albatross or "Peeoo",

pem Abbreviation of pemmican.

5 Nov 1908 Mawson, Douglas in Jacka, Fred and lacka. Eleanor, eds (1991) Mawson's antarctic diaries Allen & Unwin. sydney: 18. "em and cocoa as usual for dinner. 1995 Maggs, Tom in Robinson, Shelagh Huskies in harness: a love story in Antarctica Kangaroo Press, Sydney: 91. We had sufficient pemmican on the sledges for the trip, and we knew that there was more pem at the Fold Island depot.

pemmican [Algonquin, from the Cree pimii fat, grease, + -kan prepared, is recorded in Canadian English from t743 (DeanE,): the commodity was impMa.: in the arctiC hunting which supplied the fur trade.] Concentrated, dried beef or other meat mixed with J high proportion of fat, made into dark brown cakes or canned, for use at a base or on sledging trips. Pemmi· can was made for both men (man pemmican) and dogs (dog pemmican).

21 Mar 1898 Cook, Frederick A. (1900) Through the first Alllarc· tic night 1898-1899 William Heinemann Ltd, UK: 233. OLl!' supper consists of fish, cheese, and an occasional con· glomerate mixture of macaroni, nulles, pemmican, and tinned meats. 1909 Shackleton, E.H. The heart of the AntarctiC: being Ihe slory o( the British Antarctic Expedition 1907-1909 William Heine· mann, London: 159. One of the main items of our food supply was pemmican, which consisted of the finest beef powdered with 60 per cent. of fat added. This is one of the staple foods in polar work, and the fat has properties specially tending to promote heat. Our pemmican for Lise on the long sledge journeys was obtained from Messrs. Beauvais, of Copenhagen, and was similar to the pemmican we had on the Discovery expedition. 1931 O'Brien, lohn S. By dog sled for Byrd: 1600 miles across Antarctic ice Thomas S. Rockwell, Chicago: 34. And the heavy, filling pemmican. This latter is a mixtllrc of meat and fats, sqLleezed dry and Cllt into cakes about four inches square and an inch thick. Two more biscuits are served with this. 1946 Polar Record 4(32) lui; 421. There seems to be no standard u.s. Army dog ration avail· able. Made Lip pemmicans are mentioned, but most of the information is aboLlt compounded, and often cooked, mix' tLires 01 meat, fats and carbohydrates.

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THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY 1958 Holdgate, Martin Mountains in the sea: the story of the

Gough Island Expedition Travel Book Club, London: 133. We had only one tin of pemmican - a seven-pound can brought back by John from South Georgia. Although it was nearly five years old, it seemed good, and we had nearly finished it before somebody's critical eye discovered that white objects in the soup were beetle maggots out of the pemmican. However, they did not spoil the flavour. 1969 Kenealiy, Thomas The survivor Angus and Robertson, Sydney: 176. He was devoutly Catholic without making too much ado about eating pemmican on Fridays or missing Mass. 1991 Hooper, Meredith A for Antarctica: facts and stories from the frozen South Pan Books, London: 97. Pemmican is a mixture of dried beef, ground to a powder, and beef fat. It was brought to Antarctica in tins and carried on sledging expeditions in frozen lumps.

penguin IThe earliest known use of the English word 'penguin' was in 1578 by Richard Hakluyt, from Thomas Buts who referred to "the Island of Penguin" from a voyage to Newfoundland waters in 1536 (Gaskell, Jeremy M. in Archives of Natural History 26: 101-112). In 1758 Linnaeus gave the scientific name Pinguinus impennis to the now extinct great auk, a flightless northern hemisphere bird. Gaskell's article is of great interest to anyone concerned with the derivation of penguin: he paints out that 'it is probable that opinion on the origin of the name Penguin will always be divided on the lines stated by Van Noordt nearly four centuries ago' - that is, either from their fatness, or their white heads. John Sparks and Tony Soper (Penguins, 1968, 152 ffi also have an excellent discussion of the name. Despite the firm assertion of my Welsh teacher in Canberra in 1977, I agree with authors such as Sparks and Soper, and Petersen (1979, below), in finding no convincing evidence for a Welsh origin, though pen gwynne does translate fr Welsh as 'head white'.J Any bird of the fam. Spheniscidae. These are the icon of Antarctica. Penguins live only in the southern hemisphere, from Antarctica to the equatorial tropics of the Galapagos. There are about 17 species -in colder waters the lack of diversity is made up for by the staggering abundance of these birds. As Ann Elk would say, all pengUins are dark on the upper side and pale to white beneath, and they are well adapted for marine life. All penguins are flightless, with short flipper-like forewings, and spend their time mainly at sea where they feed on fish and krill, coming onto land or ice for extended periods to breed and moult. See also adelie, antarctic, black-footed, chinstrap, emperor, erect-crested, Forster's, gentoo, jackass, Johnny, king, macaroni, magellanic, Patagonian, ringed, rockhopper, Sclater's, and yellow-eyed penguin.

[26 Feb 1537 Urdaneta. Andres de in Markham, Sir Clements, ed. (1911) Early Spanish voyages to the Strait of Magellan Hakluyt Society, London: 48. We found so many ducks Without wings that we could not break through them.] c1588 Petty, Francis The admirable and prosperous voyage of the

worshipful Master Thomas Candish, of Trimley in the county of Suffolk, EsqUire, into the South Sea, and from thence round about the Circumference of the whole earth, begun in the year of Our Lord 1586 and finished 1588 quoted in David, Richard (1981) Hakluyt's voyages Chatto and Windus, London: 541.

The 28th of December we departed out of the Port of Desire, and went to an island which lieth 3 leagues to the southward of it; where we trimmed our saved pengUins with salt for victual all that and the next day. 1669 Wood in Dampier, William (1729) A collection of voyages in Four Volumes James and John Knapton, London, vol 4: 85. As soon as we landed, we set a Tar-Barrel on Fire, to give our Men Notice on Board that it was the Island we looked for; and all we had to know it by, were the Penguins we saw there, being so very numerous that it was impossible to count them. We knock'd them down with sticks, found them to be about the Bigness of a Goose ... At our Return to Port Desire, we gathered about 100000 of the Eggs, some whereof we kept in our ship four Months very good. Their Flesh also is well tasted, and will keep in Salt very good for four Months. 27 Jan 1690 (Falkland Islands) Log of Captain John Strong, quoted in Boyson, V.E. (1924) The Falkland Islands: with notes on the natural history by Rupert Vallentin Clarendon Press, Oxford: 31. They brought on board abundance of Pengwins and other fowl. 27 Jan 1700 (50° 45'S, 44' 5'W) Halley, Edmund in Dalrymple, Alexander (1775) A collection of voyages chiefly in the Southern Atlantick Ocean Printed for the author, London: 31. To-day several fowls, which I take to be Penguins, have passed by the Ship side, being of two sorts; the one black head and back, with white neck and breast; the other larger, and of the colour and size of a young Cygnet, having a bill very remarkably hooking downwards, and crying like a Bittern as they past us. The Bill of the other was very like that of a Crow. Both swam very deep, and always dived on our approach, either not having Wings, or else not commonly using them. 1712 (narrative of Francis Drake, 24 Aug 1578, Straits of Magellan) Rogers, Woodes A cruising voyage round the world: First to the South-Seas [etc.] A. Bell, London: 112. The 24th he came to an island in the Straits, where there were so many Fowls call'd Penguins, that his Men kill'd 3000 in a day, which serv'd them for ProviSions. 27 Dec 1772 (South Georgia) Cook, James (1777) A voyage

towards the South Pole, and round the world, Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775 W. Libraries Board of South Australia facs, Adelaide (1970), vol I: 31. Mr. Forster shot a penguin and some petrels. These pengUins differ not from those seen in other parts of the world, except in some minute particulars distinguishable only by naturalists. 24 Jan 1786 (nr Falkland Islands) Portlock, Captain Nathaniel (1789) A voyage round the world: but more particularly to the northwest coast of America: performed in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, in the King George and Queen Charlotte. N. Israel facs, Amsterdam (1968): 44. We saw numbers of whales, and variety of birds, such as penguins, silver-coloured birds, and small divers. 27 Jan 1821 (South Shetland Islands) Bellingshausen, Thaddeus in Debenham, Frank, ed. and transl. (1945) The voyage of Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819-1821 Hakluyt Society, London, vol I: 429. The pengUins which were brought back by the boat were of three species, and among them were some young birds. Throughout our two years' voyage in the ice of the Southern seas where penguins are very numerous, we saw only three species of them, and probably there are no other kinds, for otherwise we should have found them in the neighbourhood of South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, Macquarie Island, or on the ice floes, where they are always to be seen in great numbers.

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THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY 12 Jan 1840 (Macquarie Island) Journal of Mr Eld in Mmray, George, ed. (1901) The Antarctic manual, for the use of the expedition of 1901 Royal Geographical Society, London: 367. Although 1 had heard so often of the great quantity of birds on the uninhabited islands, I was not prepared to see them in such myriads as here. The whole sides of the rugged hills were literally covered with them .... Such a din of squeaking, squalling. and gabling [siell never before heard, or dreamed could be made ... It was impossible to hear one's self speak. ... These penguins are the Eudyptes chrysocome. 25 Jun 1840 (Kerguelen Island) McCormick, R. (1884) Voyages

of discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic seas and rollnd the world Sampson Low. Marston. Searle and Rivington. London. vol I: 81.

Reached the boat at 5.15 p.m .• had a penguin and pea-soup supper, and turned in at eight p.m. 1875 Eaton, Rev. A.E. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London XXIII no. 156: 3SS. Penguins and some of the other birds are infested with Ticks. 1879 ,vloseley, H.N. Notes by a naturalist on the "Challenger" Macmillan and Co, London: 129. The name PengLlin is another instance in point. The word was not coined, as often supposed, by the early Dutch navigators, from the Latin word "pinguis," but is, as has been shown by M. Roulin, and others, a Breton or Welsh word, "pen gwenn." "white head," the name originally given to Emopean sea birds with white heads. probably to the Puffin (Mormon fratercula). The name Pingouin is applied in modern French to the Great and Little Auk. In early voyages the name is applied to various exotic sea birds. In early Dutch travels the true meaning of the word is given. and it is stated to be English. 1902 Hutton. Captain F.W. in The Emu II( I) lui: I. The name Penguin was originally given by Spanish sailors to the short-winged northern Auks and Divers from the quantity of fat found on them (penguigo); and on the discovery of the Southern Ocean the same name was employed for the somewhat similar birds found there. Subsequently the name was dropped for the northern birds and retained for the southern ones only. 1914 Levick, Dr G. Murray Antarctic penguins: a study of their social habits William Heinemann, London: 54. Here were many frozen carcasses of penguins which we had thrown there after the breasts had been removed for food during the past winter. 1928 Hayes. J. Gordon Antarctica: a treatise on the southern continent The Richards Press, London: 93. The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition endeavomed to "test the effect of music on penguins," but were hardly able to do so. as the only instrument they had was the bagpipes. 1966 MacKenzie, D .• ed. Fog 'N flog: yearbook of Macquarie Island ANARE overwinterers ANARE, Macquarie Island: 23. The next likely hazard is a flock of witless pengLlins who will not get out of the way. The pea-sized brain of a penguin does not seem to comprehend the approaching menace and these stupid creatures will actually move over towards the galloping dogs. 1979 Peterson. Roger Tory Penguins Houghton Ivliflin Co .• Boston: 17. The origin of the name "penguin". and just how it came to be transferred from the great auk to the sphenisc/dae, is obscure. I can find no hard evidence to support the statement that it was first used by the Spanish and Portuguese sailors who knew the great auk as pinguin because of its fatness (pengu/go). A similar derivation from the Latin would be penguis. Nor is it convincing that Breton and Welsh fishermen were the first to coin the name from two old Welsh words. pen (white) and gwyn (head). Actually, the great auk had a black

head, although there was a conspicuous white patch before the eye. It also has been postulated that the name. which was Widely used among fishermen, simply came from the English. "pin-wing". 1992 The Age [Melbourne] 25 Aug: 5. Many people also think that penguins live with the polar bears, whereas they are exclusive to the Southern Hemisphere. Polar bears and penguins live 12,000 miles aparl. 1997 Gurney, Alan Below the convergence: voyages toward Antarctica /699-1839 W.W. Norton & Co, NY/London: 56 . Sometimes an animal. by reason of its perfect fitness in a harsh and hostile environment, becomes identified in Ihe popular mind as representing that environment - becomC$ in effect its heraldic beast. As the polar bear is for the Arctic. Isol the penguin for the Antarctic. 2000 Beintema. Albert in http://home.wxs.nI!N beintema, shack.hlm accessed 23 Feb. Penguins are no clowns, no funny waiters. no beautiful black-and-white pLlppets. They are a bunch of aggrcssi\'r. narrow-minded. filthy, stinking. pathetic creatures beating the hell out of each other.

penguin breast, meat or steak The dark red breast-meat of the penguin. used as food until at least the I 970s. 21 Mar 1898 Cook, Frederick A. (1900) Through the first Antarc· tic night 1898-1899 William Heinemann Ltd. UK: 233. We have begun to eat penguin meat. The doubtfLtl recommendation which it has received from other explorers has caused LIS to shun it; but now, for variety. we would gladly take to anything. 1909 (Cape Royds) Shackleton. E.H. The heart of the Antarctic; beIng the story of the British Antarctic Expedillon 1907- t 909 William Heinemann, London: J 15. It was a sight to see liS in the dim light that penetratl'(! through the door of the fodder hut as we sat in a rowan cases, each armed with a spoon manufactured oul of tin and wood by the ever-inventive Day, awaiting with eagerness our bowl of steaming hoosh or rich dark-coloured penguin breast. followed by biscuit. butter and jam. 22 Dec 1910 Gran, Tryggve in McGhie, Ellen-Johanne, transl. fr Norwegian. and Hattersley-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (J 984) rhe

Norwegian with Scott: Tryggve Gran's Antarctic diary /910-1913 National Maritime Museum, UK: 37. I tasted penguin steak the other day and found the meal excellent, almost like ptarmigan. 1914 (Cape Adare) Priestley, Raymond E. (1974 repr.) AniarClic adventure: Scott's northern party Melbourne University Press: 73. After this wash followed breakfast, which. as I have said. usually conSisted of a plale of porridge, followed by seal or pengUin steak. and a better breakfast it would be hard 10 obtain. Appetites in the Antarctic are seldom. or never. small. and penguin breast cooked as Dickason or Browning could cook it was a delicacy worth travelling some way to taste. 1915 (Commonwealth Bay) Davis, I.K. in Mawson. Sir Douglas

The home of the blizzard: being the story of the Australasian Antarclie Expedition, /91/-/914 William Heinemann, London: 43. They had helped to secure enough seal and pengUin-meat 10 keep the Relief Party and their dogs for another year. 1949 Scholes. Arthur Fourteen men: story of the Auslraliall Antarctic Expedition to Heard Island F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne: II S. We were on tinned food. It was supplemented by pengUin meat and Kerguelen cabbage when available. The former was black meat. We ate the breasts of the pengUins grilled or fried in butter. It was just like steak. We did not bother with the rest of the birds. only the breasts.

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THE ANTARCTIC DICTIONARY 1959 Cutland, Gerald T. in Polar Record 9(63) Sept: 568. Penguin. General. Only the breast of the bird is used. Roast penguin Penguin breasts Reconstituted onions Hutter Flour Beef suet "Bisto", salt, pepper. Season well with salt and pepper and dip each piece in melted butter. Roll in flour and part-fry in beef suet. When each side is fairly crisp place it in a baking dish with the fat from the frying pan; sprinkle with some reconstituted onions and cook In a moderate oven. Gravy is made by stirring a teaspoon of flour into the hot cooking fat and cooking until brown, and adding "Bisto" with sufficient water or stock to make a thick gravy. 1995 Maggs, Tom in Robinson, Shelagh Huskies in harness: a love story in Antarctica Kangaroo Press, Sydney: 92. We fried the penguin steaks with cayenne pepper and some reconstituted 1958 dried onions which we had discovered in cans huried in a snow drift near the hut. Then we said a grace for the birds and tucked in: it was delicious.

penguin colony A penguin rookery. 1948 (Snares Islands) Richdale, L.E. Wild life 0/1 an island outpost: expedition to The Snares Islands 1947-48 Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers, Dunedin: 107. There are several creeks, but owing to the decaying vegetation and the draining of penguin colonies and petrel burrows, the water in them is putrid. 1967 Pondus-B0gerne, Lohse, trans!' fr Danish by Falk-Ronne, Arne [Jack to Tristan Allen & Unwin, London: 66. The penguin colony used to be a little south of Sandy Point, but the visiting geologists mentioned tragedy in Iheir report. Thousands of "rockhopper" pengUins used to stay here during their "land months". But when, with great difficulty, two geologists reached the cliffs above the place, they found only rotting penguin remains and skeletons scattered over the whole area. There was no doubt that the dogs had climbed down to the spot and killed the birds. Penguins are peculiarly static. You can kill and kill again, yet those Sitting a few yards away will not try to escape. 1988 Murray-Smith, Stephen Sitting on penguins: people and politics in Australian Antarctica Hutchinson Australia, Sydney: 93. Scattered over the rocks are the separate pengUin colonies, each with a couple of hundred adults. Scattered around on the snow are the disconsolate single birds, observing domestic life from a distance, with the detached interest but not, I think, with the cynicism of the bachelors of my acquainlance.

penguin crew A gang of men engaged in getting penguin oil. 1978 Trehearne, Mary Falkland heritage: a record of pioneer setArthur H Stockwell, IIfracombe: 49. His old friend, lohn Switzer, was on board, and a 'penguin crew' who spent the next two months extracting and shipping quantities of penguin oil from the rookeries around the island.

tI~ment

pengUin egg The egg of a penguin. The eggs of all species are edible when fresh, though the reddish appearance of their yolks can be offputting (see 1968 quotation). They have been widely harvested.

A goodly number of geese and other refreshments, among which were fifty-six barrels of the favorite pengUin ' on Sno-cats. 1966 Baum. Allyn Antarctica: Ihe worst place 111 tile 1I'0r/,/ Macmillan Co. NY, 118. The diesel-powered Sno-Cat is between three and el,'ven tons. depending upon size. and is divided into two sections - the cab for driving, and living quarters. behind Ihe cah. where the two or three men sleep. All the vehicles ar~ painted orange - the best colour for spotting in the p"IJf area. 1992 lied, Commander Nils Oscar: the true story of a husky Kerr Publishing. Sydney: 143. Season after season. the men on the Antarctic had been mating the dogs. but with no results. There were no pups The weasels and sno-cats had become far more cffici~nt. planes were being used more and more frequently. but no base can run withollt dogs.

1893 Bulletin of the British Ornithalogisrs' Club III(xiii): xi.

snoek Tristan da Cunha

In No. IX. of the Bulletin Canon Tristram described a new Snipe from the Snares under the name of Gallinaga huegeli. and mentioned that the Snipe from Antipodes Island would probably also be new. Having received a specimen from that locality. I find Canon Tristram's surmise to be right. and have much pleasure in naming the species after him Gallinago tristramis, Rothschild. sp. n. The new species is nearest in pattern to C. aucklandica. Gray, but differs from its three allies in its deeper rufolls-brown colour and its much larger size. Under surface brownish buff. with the flanks barred ... Hab. Antipodes Island. 1909 Waite. Edgar R. in Chilton. Charles The subantarctic islands of New Zealand Philosophical Institllte of Canterbmy, W