And Suddenly the Inventor Appeared: TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

A nd Suddenly the Inventor A ppeared TRIZ,the T/zeory of Inventive Problem Solving

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centralsquareofatosvn.oneday C. 7 ',''' -' Concern SN'aSexprelsed thatthe --- ' towerwassagging.A com mittee wasestablishedtostudywhether ornotthetowerwasreally sag'' ging.Allmembersorthe com mitteeagreedthat inordertotake measurements,theyneededtofindafixedpoint- onethatwouldnotmtweandwas visiblerrom thetower.

Itwaspossiblethatthesquareitseltland thebuildingsaroundit were sagkringaswell.A park aboutfifteenhundredfeetawayhadseveralledges thatwerenotsagging.However.youcouldnotseethepark ledgefrom the towerbecauseoftallbuildings. t' A verycomplicatedsituationOsaidthechairmanofthecommittee ponderingt14equestion,''Maybeweshouldaskouracademiciansr Andsuddenlythefnrf?nlorappeared. *'Don'tbotherthem l'fhesaid.Ropenthesixthgradephysicstextbook and youwillfindthat....> Andheexplainedwhattolookfor.

Doyouhaveanyideas? Probably you have already Iigured itout.Ifnot,don'tbedisappointed. Open aphysicstextbookandfindthesection onwatenlevelingdevices. Let'staketwoglasstubes,setoneinthetowerand theotherinthepark ontheledge.Connectthem withaflexiblehose,andfi11thesystem withwater.Becausethisisawater-levelingdevice,thelevelofthewaterwillstayat thesameheightrelativetosealevel.Let'smark the levels.lfthetoweris sagging,thelevelofwaterin thetowerglasstubewilleventuallyriseabove theoriginalmark. A very smartinvention andonly theknowledgeofsixth grade physics wasused. Let'swork onaproblem thatismorecom plex. Problem 4 'tA''and t'B''weresltting ona fence

Inoneofthechemicallaboratories,engineerswerebuildingamachineto producea new fertilizer.Twoliquid componentsweretobe dispersed separately int,oa fine mistby thismachine.Let'scalltheseliquids uA''and uB.'' DropletsuAraresupposedtomovetowardsdropletsuB *formingnew droplets '* AB,''thenew fertilizeraccording tothechemist'splans.When themachine wasturned on dropletsuA. *contacted otherdropletsGA''anddroplets ahK wereproduced.'rhesamethinghappenedwithdropletsuB.'Butthe chemists did notwantdropletsUAA''and*'BB.' uMaybewe shouldmixliquidsah'andGBObeforewemakedropletsj'said onechemist. '*No,wecannotm ix them upbeforedispersionDsaid anotherchem ist.G1 don'tknow whattodol Andsuddenlyl/lcInventorappeared. Grrakethephysicstextbook.Youwillfindthelaw thatyouneedinorderto solvethisproblem.' Whatlaw doyou think hewastalkingabout? Ifyou look intoaphysicsbookyou can easilyfind this simplelaw.Pan ticleswith thesam echargerepeleach other andparticleswith adifrerent

chargeattracteachother.Let'schargedropletsuAMpositive,anddropletsUB'' negative.Whenthetwostreamsofdropletscometogetherwewillhaveonly droplets*AB.nYoucanseethatingenuityplussom eknowledgeofphysicswill

helptosolveabout5vetotenpercentofrealinventiveproblems.Whatiflin

addition weusesomespecialtechniques? Everyprofessionhasitsownrules techniquesandtricksthathelpdothe

jobbetteç fasterand easier.Thesameistrueofsolvinginventiveproblems. Bytheway,wehavealreadylearnedsomeofthem .

Doyou rememberProblem 72 with thecandy and syrup?Theinventor said,uhetrickis...lrrheutrickmisthemethod,thewaytosolvetheproblem.The

problem withthecandyhadtwotricks.The firstwasthateverybodywantedtowarm the syrup.HowevectheInventorofreredtheoppositeaction - coolorevenfreeze it.The secondtrickwasknowingthatfrozensyrup

meltsatroom temperature.The object

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changed thestateofitsphysicalprop,W erty.Thesametransformationhappenedin theproblem thattheBooltkeepersolved.The z:â ice melted and the transformerwasslowly lowered. Manymethodsarebasedontheapplication ofphysicalefrectsand laws. MethodsdiFerfrom physicaleFectsandlaws becausemethodsaim atsolving technical-inventiveproblems.Physicallaw statesthatmattercanbetransformed from onestateintoanother.Themethodspecifiesthatduringsuchtransformations.thephysicalpropertiesofthematterchangedramaticallyandthesetransformationscanbeusedtosolvemanyspecifictechnicalproblems. Thesearetwoverypowerfulmethods:

Method#1:Doitinversely,and Method #2:cbangethe stateoftbe physicalproperty.

InanygivenissueoîTlteOfficialGazettewecanfindinventionsmadeusing

thesemethods.Furexample,Patent#183122:''Methodforunloadingrawtrranu-

latedsugarfrom tankers.r'rospeeduptheprocess,thesugarisfi1'stmixedwith watertomakeitliquid andthenpumlx!dintoastoragesilo.n eliquidsugaris thendriedbacktogranulatedsugar. Anotherexample,Patent#489938,isamethodforrestoringthefree-flowing characteristicofbulkmaterialinstorage.n einventorsuggestedfurtherfreezingitwithliquidnitrogeninsteadoftheusualmethodofheatingitwithsteam. Thenitrogenbreakstheicebetweenparticlesandthenevaporatesasagas. Theinventorusedtwom ethods.First.Doitinversely- freezethematerialinsteadofheatingit.Second.changetbestateofthephysicalproperty ofnitrogen.n tlnitrogenisatErstliquidandthenbecomesagas. Now tryaproblem thatyoucansolveyourself Problem 5

ltcan disappearbyitself In thepast,people usedunspillableinkwells.Ifwetillsuch an inkwell withsand how canweremovethesandfrom theinkwelllater?Foundryengineersoncefacedasimilarproblem .Forgedmetalpartsneededtobecleaned. Sandblastingmachineswereusedforthispurpose.Sandcleansparts- and Iodgesincavities.Now wehavet()removethesandfrom theparts.W henthe partsarebigandheavy,itisinconvenienttoturnthem overand shakethe sandout. 10

uMaybewecansomehow coveralltheholesrsuggested0neengineer.gN0 it'stoomuchextrawork.Icannotseethesolution.Thesanddoesn0tcomeout ofthecavitiesbyitself'' AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. ''Yes.'hesaid Rthesand can disappearby itselfW hatwehavetodois makesandparticles0utof...n W hatshould thesandparticlesbem adeof? Noticethata11thepreviousproblemsbelongtodifrerenttechnologicalfields, butinventorsused the same techniques tosolve them:Method #1:Do it inversely andMethod #2)Cbange the stateofthephysicalproperty. Hereisonemoreproblem: Problem 6 There isa patent Thereisaneedtomakemanyholeslomm indiameterinarubberhose.It isnothardtopunchordrilltheholesexceptthatthehoseisveryflexible.It stretchescompressesandbends.So m akingtheholesaccuratelyisacomplicatedtask.Thesupenrisortriedtoburntheholeswithaheatedironrod but theedgesoftheseholeswereunevenandbrittle. uNothingcan be done!How annoyinglnexclaimedthesupervisor,almost crying. AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. GDonotcrylMhesaid.Rltisverysimpleln ereisanEnglish17at(mt;: #.1268562 wheretheinventorofrered...l W hatwasin thispatent?Thinkaboutit. You havefamiliarizedyourselfwith only acoupleofmethods.Thereare aboutahundredofthem somesurprisingandingenious.You willagreewith meafteryousolveanotherproblem.

Problem 7

Whatkind ofdetectivesarethey?

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A companypurchasedsunfloweroil.

Thedeliverywasarrangedbytank-cars. Evex'y tank-carhad a capacity of3000

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unloadedtherewasashortageofalmost ---3 30liters.'l'hebuyercheckedthemeasuring devicesand al1werein order.He '' checkedoutthesealson theupperhatch and theleakageofthetank.Nothingwaswrong.Heeven consideredthe thin film oi-oi1ontheinsidewallsof thetank aswellaschangesintheoil'stem perature.Therewasnothingthat 11

couldaccountforthedifrerence. Som eexperienced detectiveswereaskedtoinvestigatetheproblem and theyfoundnothing.Thetruckneverstoppedduringdelivery andthedriver neverpouredoiIoutofthetank.Eventhedetectiveswerepuzzled. Andsuddenly theInventorappeared. 'iW hatkindofdetectivesareyou'?uheasked.ult'saIlvevysimple.Wehave

tothinkforawhile.'Thenheexplainedwhatwashappening. W hatdoyou thinkwashappening? Thisproblem waspublishedinayouthmagazine.ThepublishergotthousandsofIettersfrom studentsin schoolsandcolleges,andeven from engineers.Theauthorsoftwoletterswerepolicemen.Thereweremountainsof letters,butnone hadtherightanswer. Thedetectivescouldeasilyhavediscovered thesecrethad they known oneoftheinventor'stricks:lfitcannotbedonenow,itshouldbedonein advnnce. Itturnedoutthatthedriverhungabucketinsidethetankwhenitwas emptyThevendorlilledthetankerwithoil.Atthesametime.thebucketwas ûlled.Thetruckwenttothebuyer'ssiteandwasunloaded.Thebucketfullof oi1wasstillhanginginsidethetank,andthedriverofthetruckremovedit later. ThisisMethod#3:Doitin advance.ltisoftenusedbyinventors. taet'slookataproblem in medicine.A plastercastisverydimculttotake offwithouttouching the skin.An inventoroffered toinsertarubbertube containing athin saw blade underneaththecast.When thetimecomesto remevethecastthedoctortakesahandsaw frame connectsittotheendsof theblade,andcutsthecastfrom theinsideout.

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#3:D oitin advanceand M ethod #4:Doalittleless. Themeaningofthe fourth method is:Ifan action cannotbe done com pletely,itmustbedonepartially.Thismeansthattheribbonshould benotched notcut.Afterthepipeiswelded toitsrequiredlength aslight

jerkwillbeenough toseparateitfrom thenextpipe.Itisawonderfulsolution,isn'tit?Theullying'diskbladeiseliminatedcompletelyThepipegoes throughanelectricm agnet.An impulseofcurrentasharpbreak and the pipeisseparated. Asy'oucansee,the'ttrick''istohaveacombinationoftwom ethods.Separately,thetwomethodswillnotproducethenecessar.vresult. Tenthousandtwo-methodcom binationscanbeproducedoutofonehundred individualmethods!You canimaginethenumberofsolutionswecan getifweuseacombinationofthree four orfivemethods.So letusstop solving problem sby sorting outdifferentsolutionsorusingthetrial-anderrormethod. Somemethodsofsolution wereknowneven attheendofthe19thcentury.Variousspecialistshavesincemadeitemized listsof'20to30methods. lfwegoonestepfurther- notonlyaddingnew methodsbutclassifyingand combiningthem - wecansolvem anym oreproblems. Itwasfound thatsinglemethodscan only beutilized in lim ited areas. Therefore.itisstilldifEculttogetridofthetrial-and-errormethod. W hatifwetry tolook attechnicalproblemsfrom a difrerentanglein ordertounderstandhow theproblemscameabout?W hatisthedetinitionof an''inventiveproblem''oraGtechnicalproblemrr' Letus look again atthe problem ofthepipe-making machine.Itisa complicatedmachinewithmanymechanicalsystemsandparts.Asem ciency in one system isincreased - themachineweldingthemetalpipes- the wholebecamemoreproductive.Howeverim mediatelyatechnicalcontradiction appeared:Them achineweldsthepipem uch fasterthanthe cutting mechanism cancutthepipe. 14

To solvethis new problem - thefasterthewelding process,themore dimcultthecuttingprocess- anattemptwasmadetoincreasethecapacity ofthecuttingmechanism.Again atechnicalcontradiction appeared:In ordertogainspeedincuttingthepipe,amorecemplexandheavycuttingmechanism isneeded.Ofcourse thisheavierand more complexcutting mechanism isslowertomovedownthepipe,again slowingtheprocessasawhole. Technicalsystem saresim ilartoliving organisms.Theyconsistofinterrelated parts.Changingonepartofthe system may havea negative effecton thesystem 'sotherparts. An improvementin onepartofasystem thatimpairsotherpartsofthe

system oradjacentsystems createsaTechnicalContradiction- andmakinganinvention requiresremovingTechnicalContradictions.

An inventivesolutionalwayshastworequirements:

(1)lmproveasinglepartorcharacteri sti c ofthe system without

(2)impal ringotherpartsorcharacterlsticsofthesystem oradj acentsystems. Problem 8

Vehicle fortheplanetMars In asciencefiction storyaboutspaceexploration anexpeditiontoMars wasdescribed.Thespace ship landed in arockyvalley andthe astronauts promptlypreparedtheirvehicleforatripontheplanetsurface.'rhisspecial vehiclewasdesignedwithbiginflatedtires.On theveryfirststeepslopethe vehicletippedover. Andsuddenly...No.unfol-tunatelytheInventorcouldnotappearinthis storyWhatdoyauthinktheInventorwouldhaveoffered? Keepinmindthattheastronautshadnowayofchanging thetires.

Thisproblcm wasalsopublishedin ayouth magazine.In themajorityof theIettersreceived theanswerwastosuspend aheavyweightunderneath thevehicle.Thecenterofgravity ofthevehiclewouldbecomelowerandincreasethevehicle'sstability. Donotrushtoexpressyourideayet.Let'sGrstm akean analysisofthe othersuggestions.Now wehaveacriterionforourevaluation.Wasthetechnicalcontradictionremovedornot? Theweightsuspendedunderneath thevehiclewillincreasestability but atthesametim ewillimpairitsmobilitytotravel.'rheclearancewillbeless andcausetheweighttostrikerocksand thegroundm oreoften.A technical contradiction! 15

Herearesomeoftheotherideasandsuggestions:

a.Partiallydeflatethetires,sotheywillbehalf-full. b.lnstallanextratireoneach sideof'thevehicle. c.Havesomemembersofthecrew lean outt)fthevehicle tomaintain balance.... Itisnotsodifriculttoseethatineachoftheseideaswegainsomething whilewelosesomething else.Deflatingthe tiresreducesthe speed ofthe vehicle.Additionaltiresmakethevehiclemorecomplicated- andwehave nomeansofdoingthatonMars.Askingtheastronautstodoacrobatictricks

isnotajustifiablerisk.Becauseofthedifricultyofavoidingcontradictions oneofthereaderswrote:WNothinglcanthinkof'canbedone.Lettheastronautswalk.n Canyouimagineasailorwhodoesnotknow thatitisnecessarytoavoid

reefsandcliffs?rrheinventorislikethatsailorwhenhedoesnotknow thathe m ustremovfzatechnicalcontradiction. Doyouremembertheproblem aboutmeasuringthepressureinsidethe electriclightbulb?rl'heideatobreakthobulbwaspatented,althoughinrealityaninventionwasnotcreatedbecausethecontradictionwasnotremoved

Themorebulbswebreak themoreaccuratethetestwillbe and themore brokenbulbswewillget.

Beforeyousay,ç'IhavesolvedanInventiveproblem l'' askyourself,ç'WhatklndofcontradictionhaveIremoved?'' Itisnotdifficulttosuspendaweightunderneathavehicle.Theideaisto suspenditaslow aspossible.Now wehaveanotherproblem .A l()w suspended weightwillreduceclearancebetweenthevehicleandthem'ound.Thedesire tosolvethisproblem withoutusing'iinventivetricks'willnotimprovethe mobilityorthevehicle. Letustl'yanew m ethod.anewtrick:Wewillplacetheweightverylow in fact.rightnexttotheground- notoutsidethevehicle butinside.Wewill hidetheweightinside- thetires!Wewillinsez'tsteelballsorroundstones andtheywillrolloven... ThisisM ethod#5,calledRM atreshkar Matreshkaisadollthathasa smallerdollinsideit,andanotherdollinsideoftheseconddoll,andsoon.To

savespaceitispossibletoplaceoneobjectinsideanother. A patenttothiseffectwasissuedinJapantoimprovethestabilityorfork trucksandautocranes. Theproblem andtheanswerareliketwobanksofariver.An attemptto

guess the answerislikejumpingfrom onebank ofthe riverto the other Technicalcontradictions andmethodstoremovethem workasabridge.The theoryorsolvingtechnicalproblem sissimilartothescienceofbuildinginvis16

iblebridgesthatcarrythoughts leading tonew ideas. Bytheway contradictionsandmethodsshould becomparedtosupport

columnsofthebridge.Itisnoteasytojumpfromonecolumnontoanother.ln addition tocolumns weneedt0ppanelssothatwecanwalkfrom onesideto theother.Weneed aspecialapproach togetfrom tasktocontradiction and from contradictiontothemethod(trick).Thenwecanwalkstep-by-stepfrom theproblem statem enttotheanswer. WewilltalkmoreaboutthepartsofthebridgelatenW hatisveryimpon tanttounderstand is: Theinventormustfindand removetechnicalcontradlctlons. Thetheory ofsolving technicalproblemsbeginswith thisvery simple statement.

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Sofaryouhavelearnedfivemethodsofsolvingdifferentproblem s: 1.Doitinversely 2.Change thestateofthephysicalproperty 3.Doitin advance 4.D oalittle Iess

5.GMatreshkr YouhavealsoIearnedthatphysicaleffectsandphenomenacanbeusedin themethodsdescribedabove.And finallyyouhaveaveryreliableindicator bywhich toevaluateyouridea.A goodinventiveideawillcertainlyrem ove contradictions. Iwillgiveytluseveralproblemsasanexercise.Rememberdonotsortout ideas.Usethemethodsyou haveIearned'i.e. physicaleffectsandknowledgeaboutcontradictions. Problem 9

Oneasgood asmany Onceupon atime in alaboratory.adevicewasbuilttostudy them ovementofdropletsofliquidfertilizerttlbesprayedfrom anaircraft.Airrushed 18

through a pipecarryingmillionsofdroplets.However,thisdeviceproduced onlyver.ysmalldroplets. Duringtheexperimentitwasfoundthatdropletsoflargersizesshouldbe testedaswell. ç'luet'spurchaseseveraldevices''ofreredoneoftheengineers.

ç'ltwilltakemoretimethanwehave.Besides,itistooexpensiveccontradicted anotherengineer.*Twenty testswillrequiretwenty difrerentspray-

And,ofcourse,theInventorsuddenlyappeared. Gonesprayerwillworkaswellasmanydifferentsprayerslhesaid.ul'he

dimensionsofthedropletscouldbechangedif...'' Heexplainedwhatshould bedone. W hatdoyouthink? Probablyproblem #9lookssimpletoyou.Although thenextfew problems aremorecomplicated 1thinkyou willwork them out. Problem 10 To make watersofter

Once.a famouscoach - a formerchampion diver- complained to his colleague:uItisdifriculttoworktoday Divesarebecoming moreand more complicated.Wehavetothinkofnew combinations,andtrythem.Theproblem isthatthe largenumberofunsuccessfullandingshasincreased diver

injuries.Thewaterisnotsosoftwhenyoufallfrom atalltower.SometimesI feelthatadivercouldmakenew dives.butoAenisafraidtogetinjuredand notabletoenterthecompetition.'' U hereisnothingwecando,''hiscolleaguesaid.uThisisthenattzreofthe

sportwearecommittedto.Thereareinjuriesinmyteam aswellduringunsuccessfuldives.' And suddenly theInventorappeared.

N'herewillbenomoreinjuries.Wewillmakethewatersofter.Whatwe

havetodois....* Whatdoyou think we havetodo with thewatertomake itsofterand

eliminateinjuriesduringdives? Problem 11

Everlasting palnt The presidentofafurniturecompany said tohisengineer:gDuringthe lastyearwe soldonehundred setsoffurnituretokindergartens.Unfortunately thecustomersarecomplainingthatthekidshavestrippedorscratched thepaintoffthefurniturel

u'Phisisnotourproblemlsaid anoffendedengineer.Woucanscratchthe hardestofpaints.Thishasnothingtodowith us.Maybe theyshould buy 19

unfinishedfurniture.n i*No,*saidthepresident.AItisgoodto

h avecolorfulfurnitureinkindergartens. Perhapswecanfindapaintthatwillpen-

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etrat ede eoinsidethewood?, Thi sisa fantasy!. laughed theengiu

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neer.X housandsoftimespeoplehavetried toimpregnatewoodwith paintwithvery poorresults.Youknow that.o AndsuddenlytheInventorappeared. :6No,thisisnotafantasyl''heexclaimed. 'Klttakessomeingenuity andbravery to solvethisproblem .n etrickis....M W hatdoyouthinkthetrickis?

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m c uallyfo= ulae invel mildterms.Forexample inordertoincreasethesreedot-atruckweneedtoreducethecargoweight.'l'he

sreedisincontlictwiththeweight.Howeveqitîsmhsibletoaniveatacompromise solution.Inphysicalcontradidiorlstheconflictisveo'strong.Fortunatelytheworld ofinventinghasiks0w1:nzles:'fheM gherthedegreeoftbeconnictotheeasier itistodetennineandrem oveitw Thearrthatlightedupthedrzp?etsshouldbeandshouldntbe.'lhismeansthat itshouldl)ethereforsomeperitxloftùne,anditshould notbethereforanother

mriodoftkne.OnandofronandoftOnsomeframeswewillseedropletsonothers onlytheam Duringthe51.m demonstrationixlthobjedsAvillcomeoutonthe

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screen,andwewillseethearcandthedroplets. 22

œ sisMeG M e :G e cte M e menem Kpm e e te eorG Spafe' Doyouremembertheproblem ahmttheweldedpiyes?n esteelribhm wmscut partiallyin someareasandwasn0tcutin otherareas.Thereisa trickierwayto sumrimposethatwhich Lsnotsumrimm sable:Giveonechnm eteristictothe

wholeobject,andtheoppositechnm cteristlctoitsparts.Atfirst,itseems

thatthisisimptssible.Indeed,how c.anyoubuildawhitetoweroutofblackbricks? 'lbke,forexample.thechaindriveforabicycle.Eachofit,selementsLsrigid,but thewholechainLsflexible.Inshort,physicaleontradictionsthatreqtziretustosuperimpxsethatwhichisnotsumrimmsabledonotIeadfzladeadend.0nthecontrmy theyfacilitateandmakeeasiertheprocerxsofsenrchingforthebestsolution. Foranotherexample,corksiderPrvblem #10- How to makewatersofter. Thisisadimcultproblem.Itisnotclearyethow tostart.Iaet'sfizsttrytoformulate thephysicalcontradidion.'l'he1. 1shouldlx SIIGIwithwateqandatthesametime

the- 1shouldbefllledwithsomethingthatLssoftersothediverwillnotlyeinjured duringthejump.WhatLssofterthnnwater?Gasorair.Theconcllzsion1:The- 1 shouldlx tilledwith.... Itseem sthatwehavecometoadeadend.'f' hewatersupportsthediveqbutitLs

'Ymgh.hanrduringthedive.'l' hegasisusor butyoucannotjtunp1r1t0a- 1SIGI onlywithgaserairtthe- lisarqa.nlly*empty'')Nom whenwerevealthecontzadiction.wecanseeasparkofthearuswerLet'shaveIX)f.IIwaterandgasinthepx)l.Let

thediverjump1:1f,0amivftu.eofwaterandgas- gaseotlswaten'lhtsisexadlyhow

SovietinventorsgottheirPatent#llz7604.InthispatentwaterLssaturatedV t.IIair

bubblesYforethejtunp.ThecontradidionLsremoved.(7m9e0% waterisstillwaterk eventhoughyoudon'tfeelitinthesameway Noticethezipzagpathmadeonotzrwaytothesolution.n epre-existingconditionfortheproblem isonlytheexistenceofwater- andthereforetheanswerisnot cler Wee koneslpba& % mwalrlM ti-wa/rlo ,irl.ltsœme theproblem becamemorecomplicated.'l'henextstepisveryimmrtant:combinewaterandantiwater(waterandairkhatdandsoit,rigidandfleible,hotandcold). Aswesaidbefore itcanbedone- inatimeoraspaceframe. Problem 13 Thick and thln A factoryreceivedanordertomanufacturealargequantityofglasssheets ofovalshape one millimeterthick.First rectangularplateswerecut and thenthecornersweregroundtotherequired ovalshape.Becausetheglass wasverythin thereweremanybrokensheets. *Weshould makethesheetsthickerMsaid theworkertohissupervisor.

uWecarftcsaidthesupervisonuWehaveordersonlyforsheetsonemm thickl

And suddenly theInventorappeared. uphysicalcontradictionlrheexclaimed.xdoursheetglassshouldbeboth thick and thin.Thiscontradiction can be separated in a time fram e.The 23

glassstockwillbethickduringthemachiningperiodl W hatdoyouthinkaboutit? Problem 14

How to getoutofadeadend Acompanystartedthepnxiuctionofanewmachine.verysoontheshopfacedan unex problem.onecompmentofthismachinewastobemadeoutofaslxucial steelplate.'f'heplatestxxkshouldbeeledricallyheatedto12000C.n entheheated platewouldbeplacedunderapresstoshapeitintoitsrequiredform.Dulingthis processitwasfotmdthatwhenthesteelplatewasheatedover801 C itlxwcame dtunagedduetotheharmfulefrectofaic Thesux rvisorcalledforameetingim mediattlly

C'hesituationisjustlikeinafaiortale.Cvoingt,otherightisgetting1:1t0tznuble;

goingtotheIeftisgettingintoevenmoretrouble.'l'heplatesttx:kshouldbeheatedtzl 120?.C otherwiseitcannotI:efonned,andatthesametimeitcannotl:eheatedover

80(rCinordernottodamagethesurfacerhesaid.

'4ltisverysimplelosaidoneoftheyoungestengincxelx uW ewillheatitto1001 C theintermediatetemm ratuzu''

Xhat'snogoodlobjectedtheoldmastenNheplatesNvillbedamagedbecattse theystillwilll>eheatedY yondtheiracceptabletemperature,andfonningcannotbe doneto usethetemm rattuvisnothighenoughc ultisanintricatetask'saidthesupervison'V e'vegottosolvethisproblem nouc AndthefnrcrllorapA aredàem

i.Ihavethesolutionlhesaid. W hatdoyouth1* theInventorofrered? Problem 15

Stubborn spring Imaginethatyouhavetocompressaspiralspring4''longand2''indiametm

placeitinsideaIXK)K and closethebcokinsuch awaythatthespringwillnot unwindandyetstillbereadytoexpandatanytime.Asimilarsituationhapm ned when engineelswereassemblingadeNrice.ltwmsn toeompre-ssaspring, placeitirksidethedeviceandclosethecover.How canthisbedone?

iKWewilltieitwithastringlsaidoneofengineers.tgthenviseyou cazmotdo anythingwiththisstubbornspringl

çR sisnoe ,''obje ieoieren#nœn* espe gH ideiedeùœshold And slzckfezt!ytlwfz?owl/orapptnred.

Vverythingisfmelphesaid.url'hespringshouldl:efreeanditshouldnotbefree. complvssedandnotcomprerxsed.Oncewehaveacontradiction wehaveaninventivetaskc How wouldyousolvethisproblem? 24

part2

The Era of Technical System s

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Every new system hastopassa test.A very strictjury checksoutthe resultsofthistest.Thejuryconsistsof'Iuife''andRpracticelThejuryasks: uW hatisit?Ah,it'sanengine!Let'sseehow itworksinthesystem .Wellit'is notbad.Wewillgiveitamarkof3(onascale1-5).Andwhatisthis?Ah,is thisapowertransmission?Yes.Thistransmissionisverygood,wewillgiveit a. 5.W hereisthecontrolsystem?Isitonlytwobuttons?W hatiftheconditionsofworkarechanged?W hatifwehadanemergency?W ewillgivethis system ajp rradeof2.,9

Therulesofthejuryareverysimple.Only systemsthatdo nothave a markof?2>canpassthetest.Itdoesnotmatterwhatmarksthesystem has

so Iongastheyarenotu2.*'Themain requirementfrom thejury isthata1l subsystemsshouldworktogethereveniftheyhavelowerm arks.Itmayappearstrange,butaIlcontem porarySystem satthebeginningoftheirdevelopmenthadlowm arks.Thefirststeamboathadagluttonoussteam engine.rrhe transm issionfrom theenginetothepaddle-wheelsdevouredalmosta11available energy.The paddle-wheelitselfdid notwork efficiently.Even in that form .thesystem hadabigfuturebecauseitwasaver'ygood combination. Although al1thepartsworkedinefficiently theydidworktogether. A technicalSystem issimilartoan orchestra.ltisenly asgood asthe musicians'synchronized playing.Therefore theinventor'sefrortshould be concentrated in thebeginningonfindingthebestcombinationofasystem's 34

parts.ThisistheFirstPeriodin thelifeofaSystem. ThereareFourPeriods and eachhasitsownproblemsand methodsfor solutions. Letuslearnaboutthesestagesfrom thehistoryofthedevelopmentofthe airplane. TheFlrstPerlod: SelectlonofPartsfortheSystem Thedevelopmentofairplanesstartedaboutonehundredyeazsago.Inven-

torswereinterestedindetermining,uWhatisafyngapparatus?Whatparts

should itconsistof'/Shoulditbewingswith an engine orwingswithoutan engine?Whattypeofwingsshouldbeused- stationary orilexiblelikeabird's wings?Whatldndofengine- muscles,steam,electricalorgaspowered'?' Finallytheairplane'sformulawasfound.Thewingswerestationaryand theenginewasofinternalcombustion.

TheSecond Period: Im provem entsofPans Thisstaledwiththeucorrectjonofbadmarks.nlnventorswereimprtwing differentpartsoftheSystem.Theywerelookingforbettershapesandhow to optimize theirrelationship.Theywerelooking forthebestmaterials,sizes andsoon.How manywingsshouldanairplanehave?Shoulditbeatriplane, biplaneormonoplane?Whereshouldthecontrolsbeplaced- inthefrontor intherear?Whereshouldtheenginebeplaced?Whatkindofpropellersshould bedesigned- topullortopush?How manygearsshouldanairplanehave? Attheend oftheSecondPeriod,theairplanelooked quitefamiliartous. TheThirdPeriod: DynamizationoftheSystem Thepartsimmediatelybegan losingtheirown image.Partsthatusedto bepermanently connected changed into partshaving Ilexible connections. Peopleinvented retractablelandinggear.n ewingsnow can changetheir prosle.n efrontpartofthefuselage can bemoved upordown.Airplanes weredevelopedwithswivelenginesthatproduceaverticallift.Sectionalaim

planeshavebeenpatentedwherepartofthefuselagecanberemoved loaded andplaced back. The Foudh Period: Self-developmentoftheSystem

Thishas notyetbeen revealed.Wearejustbeginning towitnessa few

veryshystepsintothefourth period- rocketandspacesystems.Spaceships canreorganizethemselvesduringoperation.' rheycangetridofrocketboosters,open solarpanelswhileinorbit and deliversatellitesintoorbit.These areonly thetirststepsin thedevelopmentofsystemsthatcan adaptthem35

selvestoachangingenvironm ent.Allfuturisticsystemsinitially areseenas fantasy,butwhennew technologiesmaterialize thesefantasiesbecomereality.Afterall,whenJulesVernewrotehisstoriesaboutspaceflighttheywere

alsoSjust''fantasy. Nom let'sreview theFourPeriods: 1.SelectionofpartsfortheSystem . 2.Improvementsofparts. 3.Dynam izationoi-theSystem. 4.Self-developmentoftheSystem . Onehastherighttoask:uW hatarewegainingbyhasringknowledgeabout theseperiodsr Let'slookataspeciticexample: A longtimeago.inventorsdevelopedadevicetoweighormeasurediffen

enttypesofobjects- steelballs,nailsscrewsandsoon.Thedevicewasvery simple:A funneland acylindricalcontainerwithtwogates.Theballstobe measuredwereloadedthroughthefunnelintothecontainenW hentheupper gatewasopened,theballsfllledallthespace,thentheuppergatewasclosed andthebottom gatewasopenedtodischargetheballs.Thisdevicewascalled abatcher.Withthisbatcher,theballsare w... measuredbyvolume.Thevolumeofballs .-..% perbatchequalsthevolumeofthecylECNNEI .. inderbetweentwogates. z,=. -.

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Thewavyarrow meanswunsatisfiedaction.''Thedoublearrow means Khastomakeatransitiontoanothersystem.mThebrokenarrow means Ghastointroduceanaction.'' TheconstructionandtransformationoftheS-neld isalargepartofthe TheoryofInventiveProblem Solving,andiscalledus-FieldAnalysisae

Atthistimeitisenough tojustknow afew simplerules: Rule#1:In ordertosolveaproblem thathasapartialS-n eld,the S-Field mustbecom pleted.ThisisM ethod #12:S-FieldAnalysis.

Letusnow returntoproblem l9,thegastank ThereisasubstanceSl(an emptygastank)thatdoesnotknow how tosignalitsown condition.Byusing thefirstnzlewecouldeasilydraw adiagram ofthesolutiontoourproblem : 44

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The fields acting on thesubstanceswillbe drawn above the line.The fieldscreatedbythesubstanceswillbedrawnbelow theline. Hence,intheS-Fielddiagram thisproblem issolved.What'sleftistodetermineS2andEn eûeldshouldactonthedriverinourproblem.n ismeansthat itcouldbeelectrom agnetic opticalmechanicalaudioorthermal.'l'heoptical fieldisnd convenientbecatlseadditionalopticalsignalswi.lldistractthedriver's attention.Itisevenlessconvenienttousethermalsignals.Whataboutacoustica1(sound)signals?Now weunderstandtheroleofS2. Thissubstance,whenthetankisempty,shouldinteractwiththetankand produceanaudiosignal.Theproblem issolved.Lettusdropasimplebuoyinto thetank.Whenthetankisfullofgas,thebuoyfloaksinusilencelThesidesofthe buoyshouldhaveasoh,surfacetopreventitfrom makingasoundwhenhitting thesidesortopofthetank. Assoonasthetankisalmostempty thebuoywillhitbottmm andproducea soundthatcanbeheardbythedrivenn isS-bnieldsystem wehavebuiltmaybe drawnasarhombus: F,

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S$*..---...-..-.>.Sa Fz ThemechanicalfieldF1:theenergyofshaking,actsonbuoyS2,which in turninteractswithtankS!.andthankstothat,audiofieldF2isdeveloped. M anyproblemsseekingasolutionintheareaofmeasurementanddetectioncanbesolvedby addingtosubstanceS1aspecialS-Field.Y ? 4 . < . 4 , . x .tv, w' sh . theoceanwater,andpumpedthrough

a pipelinefive kilometers long.Thislong tailofpipeswasooatingon the wavesbehindthe dredge.Empty metalbarrel-pontoonswerekeepingthe pipesafloat. u'rhereisaweatherforecastabouta severestorm cominginMsaidthe forem anoftheshift.*Wehavetostopworking disconnectthetailandbring itintothebay.Afterthestorm wewillbringitbackandconnectit.Wemay losealldaydoingthis.r 'EW hatcanwedo?''themechanicasked.R1fthestorm breaksthepipeline, itwillbemuchworse.M And here/:t'fnventorappeared. xtsv' ecanworkinspiteofaIlstorms*hesaid.R'I'hesystem œpipe-pontoonr shouldbecome....o W hatkindot-system ishetalkingabout,andhow shoulditwork?

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' Th s 'u%. e d i r e c t o r o f a l a r g e t o y s t o r e cametoatoyfactoryand saidtothe ( ' 1. chiefengineersRourcustomersareasking for atoy - a flying dollcalled ' Carlson- butwedonothaveitinour '' * ' e store.Weseetearsintheeyesofchil- ' ..œ . . V dreneveryday.Helpusl'' *;W ehavetwo samplesofa toy called Carlson''answeredthe engineer. 'Xakealook....'' OnedollwasaclosecopyoftheoriginalCarlson butitcouldn'tfly The otherhadapropellermuchbiggerthantheCarlsondollitselfThisdollcouldn't stand-up- butitcouldflylikeatoyhelieopter.

dtlt'stoobadlsaidthedirectoneonedolllooksIikeCarlson,butcannottly Theotherdollcantlybutdoesnotlook likeCarlson - itlookslikeawindm ill''

u'rhisisatechnicalcontradictionltheengineersaidspreadinghisarms. dTomakea smallpropellerisno good- Carlson willnotfly there isnot enough powerfrom thesm allpropeller.Ifwemakethepropellerbiggerwe 50

willdestroy theappearanceofthedellanditwillnotstandbyitself.Ireally donotknow whattodo.''

Andhere,ofcourse.theJnt.enlornppeared. ulaet'sstaat'tfrom thephysicalcontradiction''hesaid.urrhepropshouldbebig andshouldnotbebig.Everythingisclear.weshouldusethemethod....'' Whatmethodishetnlkingabout,andhow canheuseit? Problem 26

Tenthousand pyramids In a research laboratory

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peopleweretryingtodevelopdiamondtoolsforpolishingsurfaces. Thetoolscam etlutverywellbut itwas difficultto manufacture them.Thediamondgrainshada ? pyramid shape and werevery :' sm all.Itwasnecessarytoplacethem onthesurfaceofthetoolbyhand with theirtipsfacing up. G'l'enthousandpyramidsanda1lbyhandosaidtheagitatedworkers.RW'by can'tsomeonethinkofsomewaytomechanizethiswork?'' ç$Wehavetried''answeredthesupen-isorofthelab''butnothinggoodhas emergedl Andp?erethelilr/crl/t)rcppecred. Kltisawonderf' ulproblem ''hesaid.qvehavetorecallthemethod....n W hatmethodmustwerecall?How cantheplacementofthediamondsbe mechanized? Problem 27

An alm ostexcellentmachine Attheindustrialagriculturalshow anengineerwasgivingademonstrationofafruitpackagingconveyor. Beforethisconveyor,fruitswerepackagedintocartoncontainersbyhand. Nom itisdoneby machine.Theconveyorplacesthecontaineronthetable. Thefruitsrolldownthroughatrough.Anelectricmotorvibratesthetablefor thefruitstobepackedproperly.Thisisanexcellentm achine butithasone defect.W hen thefruitsfallintothecontainerthey hiteach otherand are damaged. uIsitpossibletolowerthetroughalongwhichthefruitslidesdowntothe containerr askedoneofthevisitors.

GYes thisispossiblel said theengineer.Uheproblem now isthatwhile you arefillingthecontainerupyouhavetoIiftthetrough.Thismeansthat

we need an automaticsystem to controlit.Themachinewillbecomemore complicated.Tolowerthecontaineriseven morecomplicated....n Andslzdde/lfvthelnrcn/orappeared. 'ioneapplehitstheotherone,''hesaid.wThisisatask fortheruleofdestroyingtheS-Field.Take....' And heexplainedhow tofixitsothatnoneofthefruitswillbedamaged duringthefalleven themostfragileones. W hatcanyouoffer? Problem 28 There is no fountain Iikethat

Theauthoritiesofacertain towndecidedtobuildafountain.A competition wasannounced.TheCom mitteeIooked through thedesignsthatwere subm ittedbythearchitects.

w'Phereisnothingexciting.AllthishasalreadybeenbuiltMsaid thejury

sadly.*Wewouldliketohaveafbuntainthatwouldbetheonlyoneofitskind inthewholeworld.'' 'tcan you thinkofsom ethingbetter?''askedoneofthemem bersofthe

jury.upeoplehavebeenbuildingfountainsforaIongtime.Theprincipleisthe same- streamsofwatercrossingeachother.lnoneoftheprojectsan architectollbredtousealightinsidetheIbuntain.'rhisisnotneweitherlerhereare fountainswithfire light- evenwithcolorand music.' Andsuddenly theInventorappeared. *1am goingtoofrerafountaindesignthatnobodyhasbuiltyet.Itisgoing tobethemostbeautifulandsurprisingspectaclel'

TrytofigureoutwhattheInventoroffered.Maybeyoucan continuedevelopinghisideaandcreateanew invention.

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52

Part3

The Science of Inventing

Chapter 12 Cunning and Physics

Bythistime youhavealreadyreadonethirdofthisbook.Let'ssumm arize everythingyouhavereadsofar: Longago,inventiveproblemswereworkedout- andevennow inthem a-

jorityofcases- byusingthe'*THa1andErroremethod.Thismethod however,isoRenineffective.Ittakesalotoftimeeffortandresources.Olteninventionswerecreatedmanyyearslaten ThescientiEc-technicalrevolutionrequiresacompletelynewmethodforsolvingtechnicalproblem s.Tothisend Then eoryforSolvingInventiveProlylem s(1'RIZ)wascreated.ltteachesustosolveproblemswithoutselectingan *empty''traditionalvariant.Hereisthebasicidea:Theevolutionofatechnical

system,likeanyothersystem issubjecttothegenerallawsofevolution.'I' he

knowledgeoftheseIawsallowsyoutodevelopthemethodsandtoolsforsolving inventivetaslts. Therearethreegroupsofmethedsthatyouhavelearnedsofar: 1.Varioustriclts(i.e..Doitin advanee). 2.The methodsbased on utilizingphysicalefrect,sand phenomena.(i.e. Changingthestateofphysicalpropertiesofsubstances). 3.Complexmethodsthatincludetricltsandphysics.ti.e.,BuildingnFieldsl. Very often,duringtheproblem solving process,oneusesatrick fîrst and thenphysics.Successcom eswith applyingbothmethods.Therefore theappli54

cationofphysicsduringtheproblem solvingprocessis0neofthemajorareasin then eoryoflnventiveness. Let'sseehow acnmbinationoftricksandphysir.sworks. Problem 29

Itisgoingtoworkforever! Inacertainplant.onerobotkept brenkingdown.Itwmsavel'ygoodrobot

but0nesimplepartkeptbreaking.Itwasabentpipethroughwhichcompressed aircarriedsteelballsathighspeed.'l'heballswouldhittheinnerwallofthepipe in an area ofthe bend.Every timea ballhitthewall,asmallpiece ofmetal chipped offtAfteracoupleofworkinghours.thisparticularsectionofthepipe woreoutcompletelykcreatingaholeinthethick ruggedpipe.

Let'sinstalltwopipeslsaidthesupervisor.t'Whileoneisworlting,wewill

havetimetorepairtheotherone.n Andsuddenly thelnventorappears *'Whatgood isittokeep repairingthepipe'?'heexclaimed.uIhaveaver.y suitableidea.lwillguaranteethatthismachinewillworkforeverle Ittookonlyfiveminutestoputthisideaintopradice.Whatdidheofrer? Let'smakeanS-Fieldanalysis. 'IhereisonesubstanceSl(steelballs)thatmechanicallyinteractswith the othersubstanceS2(pipewalll.Therefore,auseless(evenharmful)S-bnieldexists.Someoneattheplanttried todestroythisS-Fieldby introducingathird substanceS3- difrerentliningsand layers.n isisthewrong approach.n e correctwayistouseathirdsubstanceS3toprotectthewallsothatitwillnotbe destroyedbythesteelballs.n issubsuncecouldl)ethesamesteelballsplaced alongthecuweoftheinnersideofthepipe. Inthiscasethewallwouldbeprotectedbyalayerofballs.Flyingballscould knockoloneortwoballsfrom theprotectivelayeqbuttheywouldbereplaced immediatelybyotherballsflyingin thepipe.Thisistheessenceofthetrick. ThisisMethod #13:Self-service. Now weneedtoknow someofthephysicallawson how touseSelf-service.Inordertodevelop theprotectivelayeroftheballs weneed tousea magnet.W ewillplacethem agneton theoutsideofthebend.Som eofthe

ballsfrom theflow willsticktothewallinsidethepipeassoonastheyreach themagnetized area.Theproblem issolvedlW eshouldmention thatpelletblasting guns were x,rand o . o o io o O @ known long beforethis.These steelthalls o ooo o 0Q: wxls2 gunswere used to harden the o Q> oo o o surfaceofsteelaboutaquarter o o of a century before Patent s- ballssl oo #261207onm agneticprotection O wasissued.Everybodysaw the 55

problem buttheyweretryingtosolveitcontrarytothen eor.ybyusinglinings, orby makingthatpartofthepipefrom strongerandhardersteel. Problem 30

Superpreclsion valve Themanagerofachem icalIaboratory invited an inventorand said:t% e havetocontrolthegasflow throughthismetalpipethatconnectsthesetwo containers.Thegasflow iscontrolledbyvalveswithpolishedglassstems.This typeofvalvecannotguaranteetherequiredaccuracy ofthe gasflow - itis

dimculttoadjustthesizeoftheopeningthroughwhichthegasflows.m b'Ofcoursecsaidtheinventor.uItislikethevalveonaRussianteasamovar.p Thechemistbehavedasifhedidnothearanything.u' Wecan,''continuedthe chemistç'installanlbberhoseand aclip.Buteventhatwillnotgive usthe requiredaccuracyM GclipsllaughedtlaeInventor.'rlothespins...r' Thechemistsuddenly blew up.'iWehavebeenworkinglikethatforhundredsofyears.Trytothinkofthevalveasasimpleuclipnorsamovarvalvebut withanaccuracythatistentimeshighen'' AndsltdEfc?//vthefllpen/tlrreplied. *IttakesaIittlebitofcunningplustenthgradephysics.W hatwehavetodo is....MW hatdidtheInventoroffer? ForapersonexperiencedinTRIZ thevalveisatypicalS-Fieldsystem .'l'he bodyof'thevalveisS!,theturningstem isS2,themechanicalfieldisF51.The Inechanicalfield Fm m ovespartS26hencetheclearancebetweenS1andS2becomesbiggerorsm aller.TheS-Fieldalreadyexists butworksunsatisfactorily ThismeansthatwehavetobuildanotherS-FieldwithadifferentF.W hatkind ofFieldcouldweuse- electrical,magnetic,electrom agnetic,thermal? Here iswherethetrick endsand physicsstarts,In the physicstextbook thereisachapterabouttheexpansionofasubstancewhenheatisapplied.n is iswhatwearelnokingfor:ChangethesizeofthegapbetweenS!andS2.Thisis M ethod #14:Heatexpansion.

Letusopenthephysicstextbook.Thisisthedescriptionoftheexperiment: N'heballthatcouldnotgothrougha coldringcan now gothrough aheated one..lztndbelow arethedrawingsoftheballandthering.Thisisthemodelfor ourvalve. Let'scomparethissolutionwithPatent#179489.A deGcetocontroltherate ofgasflow com prisingavalvebodyandastpem thatsitstightinsidethebody.ln ordertocontroltherateofthegasflow withthehighestaccuracythevalvebody shouldbemadeoutofam aterialwith ahigh coeflicientofexpansion and the stpem shouldbemadeoutof'materialwitha low coeflicientofexpansion.You haveprebably alreadyfiguredouthow thatvalveworks.Assoonas heatis applied thebedyofthevalvewillexpandmorethanthestem,creatingaspace betweenthebodyandthestem .Themoreheatisappliedthemoreclearanceis 56

created.'l'hesignificance oftheinvention is that instead ofusing many big moveablepartsacrystalstructureforthevalvecomponentsistused Bythewaytheexpansionandcontractionofthecrystalgridcouldbedone n0tonlybyathennalseld.Forinstance.somequartzcrystals- Seignettesalt andTourm aline- willchangetheircrystaalgridsinan electricalfield.Thisis from atwelAh gradephysicstextbcok,andiscalled theGlkevez'sePiezoeflbctc Youhaveprobablyfiguredoutthatthe sam eeFectcouldi)eusedtodevelopa micro-valve.n ereisonemoresimilarefrect- eM agnetostrictionlA magnetic 5e1dcouldexpandorcontractsomemetalmaterials.Thisisanotheranswerto theproblem ofthevalve. Problem 31

Let'sIookintothe future Ifonewantstogettheresidueoftoothpastefrom analmostemptytube one canplacethetubeen ahardsurfaceandsqueezeitwith apencil.Thisisthe sameprincipleasthatusedinaperistalticpump.'l'herollerspresstheflexible hoseagainstthebodyofthepump,andbymovingtherolleralongthewallthe liquidorpmsteisforcedtoflow throughthehose.

'Y emanufacturetwentytypesofthispump;saidthechiefengineertohis

assistant.uln thenextmonthwewillbringthreemoretothemarket.Buteven thoughinprinciplea1lthesepumpsarethesame theydifrerinsizeandapplication.Isthishow pumpswilllook inthefuturer

uprobablytheywillnotchangelsaidtheassistantf''l'heprincipleisthesame, isn'titr

Andhere,Inventorsappeared- threeofthem? 'r fcoursenew pumpswillbedeveloped''consrmedtheGrstInventor. c e peristalticprinciplewould bepresewed,buttheaction would betransferredt,othe micro levelD

sai dthesecond.

'A eareofreringtousephysical efrects,''saidthethird.<Wewillhave

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Intextbooksofphysics theeffectsandphenom enondescribedarevenrGneutralcAnymatterwillexpandwhenheatisapplied.That'sit.Whatifthesame efrectscould bedescribedin an uinventivermanner?Forinstance:The substancew illexpand w hen heatisapplied;therefore,thisphenom enon couldbeused in 11caseswhen weneed tocontrolverysmalland precisem ovements.Ifwerewriteallthetextbooksofphysics wewillgetavery powerfultoolacatalogofphysicalefrecf.sandphenomenon Let'stake forinstance thedescriptionofthephenom enon called the?CoronaDischargefdescribed inaneleventhgradephysicstextbook.Onecan obsemethedischargeinheterogeneous(nonuniform)electricaltieldsatregular atmosphericpressure.Thisdischargeemit.salightintheshapeofa Hcrownc thereforeitwascalledtheGcoronaDischarge.DThedensityofthechargeonthe surfaceoftheconductorisrelativetoit,scurvature- themorecurvature the greaterthecharge.Themnximum densityofthechargeisatthesharpedgeof theconductoqwherethestrongestelectricalEeldisdeveloped.Whenthevoltageofthefieldexceeds3x106V/m thedischargestrikes.Ionization underthis conditionwillappearduringnormalatmosphericpressure.Thevoltagecharge weakenswiththeincreaseofdistancefrom theconductzmn erefore theionizationandemissionoflightislimitedinspace.Wehavet,obevez'ycarefulwiththe V orona DischargeHbecauseofitshighvoltage.ThetforonaDischarge'could

staztwiththepresenceofthinconductorsorparksprojectingoutside. 61

Thus,thepresenceoftheGcorona''dependsonthecompositionofthegas aswellasitspressuresurroundingtheconductor. ThisisMethod #16:EffectsoftheCorona discharge. TheCorona dischargewillhelp ustosolveProblem #1aboutthe measurementofgaspressureinsidetheIightbulb.Ifweapplyhighvoltagetothe spiralelementofthebulb theformationoftheCornnaDischargewilloccur. ThebrightnessoftheRcrown''willdepend onthepressureofthegasinside thebulb. Let'sgobacktothetextbeok.TheCoronaDischargeproducesionizedgas.

Ifparticles()fpowder.dust,orsmalldropletsarepresentinthegas,theions willRstick''tothem .Therefore theCorona dischargewillchargethosepan ticlesofsolidandliquidsubstances.Now,itiseasytocontroltheseparticles. 'l'he wcoronaocould be used toclean gasesfrom dust.to disperseparticles suspendedinagasflow totransportdifferentpowders todeterminetheadditivesingases,andsoon.

Producing charged paticlesisthemainucrown performance''oftheCoronaDischarge.Asyoucan see,thesimplestphysicalphenom enon conceals therichestpotentialforinventiveness.

62

Chapter15 W hatW as the Boss Thinking About? .

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Sofarwehavetalkedacutsimplephysicalep' ecksthateveryv y inschool knows.Howeveqthereisamoreœmplicatedphysics- thephysiœ thatcozege studentsleanu'rhelmowledgeofthisphysiœ givesaninventormoremwerfultmls. Thtstime,wew111studyaproblem that> 111- onlytheknowledgeofelemen-

taryphysita IxaterIwillexplainwhatwecanachieveifweusejtustalittlephysics from college. Problem 32

Iceon theeledricpowerIines Itwasalxhautifulview - theelectricwireswerecoveredwithflufrysnow Forthe

electridansthtsteautydtesnotpmvokeexcitement.Whenthesnow melf.sittums toice.Thelayersoficegrow andthewireswillstretchandbreaktmdertheheavy weightoftheice.

lnasmallnoe emlu r ele cmwersouonwawore .œ ssouonwa

about100km awayfrom thetown.Itwasanormalprocedureinthewintertimeto heattheelectdclines.A strongcurrentwasapplied thewireswereheated andthe icemeltedfrom thelinex Duringtlzattime,allthecktstomersweredisconnected.It wasaverycoldwinteqandthediredorofthestadonY gantoworryahmttheheavy icing.Hegaveinstruc6omstoheattheIIG moreoften,which meantthatthectlstomexswouldlx,discennectedmoreoften.'l'hefadorieswerestoppedandthehghts 63

inthehouseswereshutofE'l'hecustomerscomplained,andthediredordecidedto lteatthelineslessoften.'rhewiresstartedtobreak andthetownwaslehwithout Imwermoreofttm. usvhatshauldwedor thedirectorwasthinkingtushelookedatthecalendar. Therearemanymoremontlusofnorthernwinterah ' ead. 'qhtsLsatedmicalcontmdiction.lfweheatthelinesmoreoftenthectxstomem willtxlmplain.Ifwehcatthem lessfrequentlythedangerofbreakingwilltxcur'lhis isanightmare.'' zlz lulsttçlzlellll'//lcfnv'etltorapNarvd. ulx,tusopm thephysicstpextbook fortheeighth gradeMhesaid.M 'ehaveto finishbuildingtheS-Fielddiagram andthenwewillufsetheefrectofeledromagnetic indudionc yVhydidtheinventorremindustolinishbuildingtheS-Field?How doweuse electromagneticinduction? 'Ihereisaneltac-tricIine4substanceS1#andanelectriccurrent(lleldF87).Iceis prolzibitedontheline.'lhismeansthatwehaveonlythesulxstanceandthelield.In ordertohaveanS-Field wehavetobringinthesecondsuixstxmt'eS.Thissecond substanceundermgularelectriccurrentwillheatitselfandheattheline.W hatisthe trickhenf'rhew'ireoftheelcu riclineLsmadeofmaterialBeithverylow resistance. anditdœ snotwannupundertheexistingcurrent.Wiressithahighresistancewill wannup,butthecu-h-tomer.gwillnotgetelectricityThisisaphysic'' alt'ontmdiction. 'l'lzeresistanceoI'thewireshould bellighanditshouldnotbehigh,'l'heinventor oFeredtoaddasecondsultance.TheNvireremninqthesame,butevery5vemetel's afeniteringwilllx!irustalledovertheweire.n isringhasaveryhighelectricresistance.Theelectriccurrentisdevelopedintheringsby electromagneticinduction. 'l'herinj. ,sw'illwannupveryfastandAvillradiateheattothewires. Thepatentwasissuedonthatprinciplebutthisproblem couldhavebeensolved byschtmlchildrenwhohavelearnfxlthebasiflsofS-Fieldanalysis. Itseemsliketheproblem issolved.A gtxxlanswerhaslxaenreached.Howeveq thefbrfiteringsheattheIineallyearround.Y()ucanimaginehow mur.henergywill lx!wasted!Eveninthew'intertimeitisnotnecessar.vtowannupallthelines.Only thoseIxartsosthelinethatareinareaswherethetemm raturesgœ sbelow 321,F actuallynecxdwarminpAnew taskappeazs:How toturntheringsonwhenthereare lowtemperaturt!sandttlm them ofrduringhightemw raturw ? Inordertoworkonthatproblem oneshouldknow thatCerriteringsNvillremain fem lmagneticonlyuptoacertaintemm raturelevelcalledthecuriepoint.Different ferm magnetiematerialshavediflbrentCuriex ints.ltispossibletomakeafermInagneticmaterialsvith aCuriefxlintofalxlut326.E Thismeansthatthoserings wouldturnononlywhenthetemmraturedn1;ksbelow 32)E andtttrnofrwhenthe temlxiratureisalxwe323E AppearanceanddisappearanceofthemagneticcharacteristicsdtuingthetransitionthnmghtheCuriemintscouldtx,usedtosolvemanyotherinventivepmblems.Rememlv thisveryinterwstingphysicalphenomenon. 'rhisisMethod#17:Curiem intofferromagneticmateriala

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Hecentlythefollowingeventhapm ned.Anengineerwasworldngonaprx'ess forametal-platinglubricant.'f'hisisaconventionallubricantwithanadditiveoftwo mrcentfmemetallicpowder.When amachineisworking thepartidesofmetal settleontherubbingsurfacesandreducewearing.Thelessclearancebetweenthe surfaces,thesmallertheparticlesofm wdershouldixlinthelubzicant.Herethe tCCIM'dC.::Icontradidionapm azsl'rhesmallertheparticlestheM tterthelubricantandtheharderitLstomakethelubricant. TofollowthetheoryforsolvingateCIU'ZiCAIproblem weshouldimaginetheldeal n nnlResult(IFR).Thksmeansthatwelmvetoanswerthefollowingquestion: Whatwouldwewantin anidealsolution?IFR Lqafantasy adremn.Itrnnnotixl reached butitw411allow tustzlbuildapathtothesolution.Doyourememberwhen wecomparedthetheoryofsolvingteclmicalpmblernswithabzidge?'l'he10 isone ofthesupmrtsofthatbridge. W hatisthe11*11inthelubricantproblem ?Itisnotdimcazlttoanswer.Ideallythe particlesofmetalshouldlx!reducedtotheirminimallimit- individualatoms.As yousiv thetheoryprovokesaparadoxicalintimation:?Isitdifliculttogetverysmall particlesofmetaal?rrhenitwillbemucheasiertogetsuper-smallparticleslH Atthispointtheoryenck 'lbtakethenextsteprequiresknowledgeofchernistzy 011withsuspendedparticlesisamechanicalmixture.Ifwefurtherbreak up particleswewillgetacolloidalsolution.Finallyifwecentinuetobreak upthe particlestothesizeofatomswewillgetarealsolution. 70

Now wecan definelFR moreaccurately Theidealfinalresultistohavea solutionofmetalinoi1- ormorepreciselyoilandwithatomsofmetalinit. Unfortunately thisIFR cannotbereached.Evenalchemistsknow thatonly onesubstancecanbe dissolved in asimilarsubstance.0i1isan organicsubstance,andonlyanotherorganicsubstancecanbedissolvedinit.Metalisnotan organicsubsonce.Ontheroadt,otheldealSolution liesthefollowingphysical contradiction:Theatomsofmetalshouldbedissolvedintheoil(thisisourgoal), butthey cannotbedissolved(thelawsofchemistrycannotbebrnken).Letus takeonestepbackfrom IFR.Letusdissolvenotatomsofmetalbutmolecules thatincludeametaal.Wewilluseamethod alreadyknowntoyou:Do alittle Iessthan isrequired byIFR.Ifitisimpossibletomakeparticlesassmallas atoms,thenwewillm akethem alittlebigger.Wewillmakethem molecules.n e

contradiction immediately disappears.Thereareno atomsofmetalintheoi1 (therearemolecules),andthereareatomsofthemetalintheoil(theyarehiddeninthemolecules). Oneproblem isleû;to besolved:Whatkind ofmoleculesshouldbeused? n ereisonlyonenecessau characteristic.Themeleculesshouldhaveametal andshouldbeorganic.Thismeansthatitshouldbeam etal-organiccompound.

Itwilldissolveinoileasilyandwillhaveametalatom. Inordertosolvethisproblem wehadtouseseveraldiflbrentconcepts:IFR

PhysicalContradiction,theMethoduDoaLittle Lesslandasimplerulefrom chemistry- a substancecan bedissolved onlyinsimilarsubstances.Evenin thissituationtheproblem wasnotyetsolved.n emoleculesofametal-organic substancehaveatomsofmetalalthoughweneedtheatomsofmetaltobeseparate.WehavetorecalltheLawsofChemistryagain.In ordertoseparatethe atomsofmet-alfrom themoleculesthemoleculesneedtobebrokenup.How can wedothat?Itisverysimple:Wchavetoheatthesubstancetoacertaintemperaflzre.'l'heoilwillheatupwhenthemachineisworking.Ifwetakeametalloorganic substancethatbreaksupatthattemperature thetask issolved. ThisisMethod *21:IdealFinalResult(IFR). Letusnow seehow thisproblem wassolvedinreallife: Anengineerwaslookingforasolutionusingtrialanderror.Hetriedvarious methodsofbrenkingup metalmademanyexperiments,andlookedthrough the liberaturefora solution.Yearspassed.Clnce 1levzasin a book store and

heardsomebodyasldngforahandbookonmetalloarganiccompounds. 'l'heengineerthoughtuinirst metalloorganicsubstancesincludemetaland second theyareorganicsubstancex 'l'htsmennqthatsuchcompoundscan lx!(11. solvedinoil.'l'hisLswhatwearelœkingforr TheengineerlxughttheIXX)II,foundthepromrinformation,andpickedupthe pmpersulxstanœ - cadmium saltofaceticacid. Instoriesaboutinventiorusveryoftensimilarincidentsarede-scribed.Theyare typicalmethe of' D ialandErnm Themlw)nloole forasolutionatrandom,and dœsnotrealiz.ethatthetaskcouldhavebeensolvedbyttsingasdentiscmethv : FormulatetheIFR anddeterminethephysicalcontradiction. 71

Thetaskinthelxginningseemskugh,andthepersontrieseverythingtheysee orhear:Ithappenedthatsomebodycameintothehmkstoreandaskedfora% kon metalloorganicsubstances.Ifthathadnothappened,nobodyknowshow Iongtlés problem wouldhaveremaintxdtmsolvedandforhowmanyyeazstheengineerwould havelookedforthesolution. Inoneofthepreviouschaptels,weformulatedthefollowingmethod: Y itisn tointroduceanothersubstanceintoane ' ' one. and forsomereasonitisprohibited,thenaslightlychangede ' ' sub. exncecould beusedasanagent'' W hatdcesthatmean- uslightlychangedD- inourproblem? n echange.smightbepbysical- heatitup.(. 1itdown,1. 1-% thesamesub. stanceindiflbrentphysicalstatesandsoon.r f' hechangesmightl:echem ical:usea substzmcenotin itspureconditionbutinacompmndform outorwhichtheagent canbeextm cted.Ortakeasimplesubstqnt'eandtransferitintoachemicalcompotmdafterithasdoneit.swork. ThksksM ethodfP22:Introductionofasecondsubsênnce. Iwillgiveyouonemoreexampleofhow tousethismethod. Crystalsofaltuninum oxidegrmvonlyfrom averypuremelt.ltisforbiddento m w aluminum oxideclystalseven in aplatintuncnzciblebecausetheatomsof platinum couldgetintothemelt.Inrealitythisisaninventiveproblem kvithapurely physicalcontradiction.Wemttsthaveacrucibletomakeameltandwecannothave acruciblein ordertohaveaptuvmelt.Thismeanswemtzstmeltthealuminum oxidein...aluminum oxide.Wewilltakeanycontainer.fillitupwith aluminttm oxideandheatitinsuchawaythatonlythecentmlpartwi11melt.Nowwehavea meltoraluminum oxideinacrucibleofsolidaluminum oxide.Toachievethatwewill useeledromagneticinduction.n esourceofenergyinourcasewillnothaveany txmtat'twiththeheatedsubstancc. Everythingisfineatthismomentexceptthataluminum oxideisadielectric, anddoesnotcondud electriccurrent.rrhismeansthatthereisnoelectmmagnetic indudion.Althoughthemeltedaluminum oxidecanconductcurrentinordertoget ameltthealuminum oxidehmstobeheated.Butwecannotheatthealuminum oxidelu atzseitisadielectric. Thishapm nsvea oe n- xlveonexntm diY on anotherwillappear,andthen athird.lt'sIikeanobstaclerace- onebanierafteranothen Hereisthephysicaaleontradiction:Piecesofmet,almustbeaddedintothealuminum oxideinordertocreateeledromagneticindudion anditisforbiddentoaddit intothealuminum oxideinordertokeepthissubstancepure.Theinventionthat helpedovercomethiscxmtradietionwmssurprisinglysimple.Piecesofaluminum wereaddedtothealumintunoxideleforetheftzsion.Alum inum isaverygcodconductorofelectricityDuringtheelectmmagneticindudion itwillgeneMteheatand Avillmelttogetherwiththealuminum oxide.Afterawhileatahightemperature,the aluminum willbeburned.turningintoaluminum oxide,andwillnotpollutethe oxide.

Trynow tosolveasimpleproblem.lnordertogettheansweryouhavetofollow onlyhvosteps. Stepone: ImaginetheIdealFlnalResult.Ad asifyouareamagicianand

objecksoYyyourcornmantls.

steptwo: Thinkofhow togettheIdealResultwithoutrecorustruction and with theleastchanges. Problem 33

The tank repoded politely Today manypeopleusepropanegasfortheirhouseholdneeds.Thegasis usuallystoredin metaltanks.W hen alittlefuelisleR in thetank theowner shouldthinkaboutresllingit.'rhequestionis:How todeterminetheamountof gmsleftinthef-qnk? Engineersfrom alargegascompanyhavebeen tryingtosolvethiskindof problem.Themethod should be simple.easy to use,and allow todetermine whenthelastten percentofthepropanegmqisinthetank. RM easurethepressureofthepropaner m nderedoneoftheengineers.uNo thatisnogood.AslongmsonedropofpropaneisleA inthetank thepressure willbethesame becausetheused-upgaswillbereplenishedfrom theliquid propanebymeansofevaporationl G'Whatifweweigh it'rmskedanotherengineen?No thisisnogoodeitherlt isverydiëculttodisconnectandreconned thef..a11.1tforthatpulw seeverytime youwanttoknow theamountthatisleAc Andsuddenly theinventorappeared.

*'Ilmow theidealsolutionchesaid.'q'hetqnkshouldreportaboutthebalancebyitselfvenrpolitelymM dheexplainedhow toreachthatidealsolution. W hatcanyouolrer?Keepinmindthattheuseofglasstubingisprohibited, becauseitisdangerous.

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NowLsthetimeforthereaderu beresentful.'f'histxx)kstartedwithacriticksm ofthe% alandEnx)romethcdwhere,inordertosolveacomplicatedproblem,one hastorandomlypickoutmanyvariants.Ittake.syears,andthereLsnoguarantee thatonewillsndtherightsolution. A theorywmsdeveloped:Laws,RulesFonnula.'lhketheformula andwithout toomuchesbrtsolvetheproblem.vezyge !Suddenlyitwmsfoundthatwehaveto know thelxaw of'lbchnicalEvolution,manymethtxtsandtrickslike*thesubstanœ existsanditdœtsr1:2existn'theLawsofS-Fieldanalysis,etc. Furtheqwehavetoknow physics.theinventivecharacterksticsofphysicaleffects,andotherphenomena.Wealsoluavetoknow mathematicsandchemistryW e aresuretlmtwewillhaveto1e.,= biologylaterIn naturetllereareaIotofhidden patentz.

M aybeitLseasiertocontinueinventingmqwedid5000yearsago?Yes,itis simpler&)inventintheoldways.Itisemsiertodigapitwithashovel,thantorunan excavatzmWalkingLsmucheasierthandrivingacarForsreed,Ixlweqandeiredivenerxsofanyadiononeshouldpaythepricebytzsingknawledge.Inventiveneasisno longeran exception.Ifyouwanttosolveacomplicatedpmblem learnthetheory œnquersnventivephysiœ'andthewholeofscience. Bytheway,weareataveryinterestingpointhere.Tosolvean inventive problem itisnotasimportanttohavesomuchknowledgeasitistoorganize theknowledgethatonealreadyhas. 74

Todaya studentin schoolknowsalot butthatinformationisnotorganized.Theeffectivenesswithwhich hecanusethisknowledgeisverylow aslow asoneortwopercent.Iam talkingaboutschoolbecausethatiswhen welearnalotandremembera lot butwedonotlearn touseitinpractice. Ourknowledgeisorganizedlikeabadwarehouse- inbulkwithoutsorting. Doyou remembertheproblem abouttheweevils?Afterthisproblem was publishedinthePioneer'sTrl///lmagazinethereweremanylettersandmore thanhalfhadthefollowinganswer:'trrakeacup,place200weevilsinit measurethetem peraturew'itharegularthermometerandthendividetheresult bythenumberofweevils.'' Thiswaswrittenbystudentsfrom thefifthandeighthgradeslIfonewould askthem : uW hatisthetem peratureofyourlistifthetemperatureofeachfingeris 36SC?Nobodywillsay180',Life'sexperiencecontradictsthis.Intheprocess ofsolvinga problem similartothatofthe weevils thistypeofmistakeis m adefrequently.Knowledgeaboutheatenergyandtemperatureisnotsufficiently understood and itlies Iikeadead weightin thewareo .36o o I

houseofourmemory. H ow can we revive this

36

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solved by themethod of'drrrial -''* and ErronoHolmesdeveloped a system,and ot-course found it necessarytohaveabigreserve ofactiveknowledge.ThefollowingwassaidbyHolmes! Rlconsiderthataman'sbrain originallyislikea littleemptyattic.and youhavetostock itwith such furnitureasyouchoose.A fooltakesin allthe lumberofeverysortthathecomesacross sothattheknowledgewhichmight

beusefultohim getscrowdedoutoratbestisjulnbledupwithalotofother things,sothathehasadim cultyinlayinghishandsuponit.Now,theskiliful workman isverycarefulindeedastowhathe takesintohisbrain-attic.He willhavenothingbutthetoolswhichmayhelphim indoinghiswork.butof thesehehasalargeassortment.andallinthemostperfectorden'' Theselectionofknowledgemadebyaschoolprogram isdonewellintheory. Eachpageofatextbookonphysicschem istry,mathematicsandbiologym ight bethestrongesttoolintheproblem solvingprocess.Theideaistobringlife intoknowledge,understanditandtogetasenseofitscreativepower.W hen

yousolvea technicalproblem with theuseofphysicalphenomena.itisas thoughyouarelearningaboutitforthesrsttimeanddiscoveringsomething new andinteresting. Thiscouldberelatedeventoknowledgebeyondtheboundariesofaschool program.rrhesefactscouldalsobeusedastoolsforcreativity- yetthisknowledgeisdumpedintothebrain'satticabsolutelywithoutanyorder. Letusnow lookintoas'evyinterestingtask.Kindergarten knowledgeis enoughtosolvethisproblem ,ifthisknowledgeisstoredinanorderlyfashion. Problem 34 W herethe wlnd blows from Ononeofthefannsnew cowbarnswerebuilt.'l'heairinthebarnshadtobe clean,andtheownerorthefarm invited som escientiststodetennineifthe ventilationwassufficient. RWehavetostudytheairmovementinthebarnsMsaid oneofthescientists,tfW ewillmeasurethevelocityoftheairstreams.Thebarnsarebig,and theceilingsarehigh.Theairvelocitydependsonthetem peratureofthewalls and theroofItwilltakea lotofmeasurements anda coupleofmonthsof work.' Andsuddenly l/lcinventorappeared. G'Whileyouwerehavingameeting,1gotthemeasurem entsfrom thetirst

barnphesaid i'Measurementsweremadefrom everypointevenunderthe

roofThisissosimple....'' How didtheinventorgethisresult?Letustr.ynottoguess. W estartfrom theIFR.TheIdealSolutionis:itlnanyplaceinthebarn,by ourwish arrowsappear,showingthe direction and velocity oftheain'How doweachievethis?Supposewetakealightedcandle,andwatchtheposition oftheflame.Itisokayifwehavetomakemeasurementsinten- orevena hundred - places.The1FR said:4tlnanyplacel'Thereforethecandleisnot efrectiveenough.TheflameisGtied''tothecandle.Itisimpossibletofillthe barn with flames.M aybewecan 5llthe barn with smoke?Thisisnogood either.Thesmokewouldbeeverywhere butsm okeisnottransparent.andwe willnotbeabletoseeandtomeasureanything.' lbachieveIFR ittakessomethingthathascontradictorycharacteristics:Itshould beevezywhere inever'yplace,and itshouldnotbeeverywherein ordertokeep theairclear so thatwecanseethroughit. Itisaver.yfam iliarsituation.ltrequiresustoaddsomethingtotheair anditprohibitsusfrom addingsomethingtotheair.Theflameandthesmoke arenogood,becausetheymeetonlythefirsthalfoftherequirement.W eare goingtodoexactlyaswedidintheprevioustasks,Wewilladdbitsofother airtothebarnairwithonlyaslnallchangetomakeitvisible. How tocolorabitofair?rrhereareonlytw'omethodsofaddingcolortoair. Wecan colorthewholepieceoritssurface- airsurroundedbyathin film . 76

Probably you have already found the solution.Weare talking aboutsoap bubbles.Many soapbubbleswillmaketheairvisiblein thebarn.In places with ahighervelocityofairthephotowillshow longIinesofbubbles. Iam surethattheknowledgeaboutsoapbubblesandtheirprnpertieswas in ourbrain'satticforalongtim e butitwaslyingtherelikeaudead'weight. Now youknow thatsoapbubblesandsuds(asystem thatismadeoutofmany bubbles)satisfy vel'ywellthecontradictorycharacteristic:There isa substanee andthereisno substance. ThisieMethod #231Utilization ofsoap bubblesand fonm. Thismeansthattheuseofsoapbubblesin difrerentproblem s asasolution,isaverystrongmethod.'l'hepreviousproblem allowsustogetthefeelingoftheOeautyoofthatmethod. Wehavedustedofrournew toolandplaced itwith othersin theproper order.

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Theprofessionofulnventor''doesnotexistatthistime.An engineerperforminghisdutyincidentallycouldinvent.Ybucanargue:*WhataboutEdison? Hereceived morethan athousand patentsloEdison wasworkingon hisinventionsmainlybyusingthemethod ofTrialand Error.Todevelop anew battery hedid 50000+experiments.Thisisnotpossibleforoneperson,and Edisonwasnotworkingalone.Therewereaboutathousandpeopleworking forhim inthelaboratory.Hislaborator.ycanbeconsideredanInventiveFirm.

Itwasexactlythat- afirm notjustoneperson. W esayM orsewastheinventorofthetelegraph.Popovwastheinventorof theradio.Fultonwasthe inventorofthesteamboat.Notoneofthem wasa professionalinventonTheyworkedononeorseveralinventiveproblemsand thentheyweretoobusytointroducetheproducttothemarket.JamesWatt wasa professionalmechanic.He invented the steam engine patented his invention solved acoupleofotherproblems andtotheendofhislifewasa professionalbusinessmanwhothoughtaboutgettingprofitsoutofhisinventions. Theinventorwhowastryingtolivebysolvinginventiveproblemsusually

diedinpmrertyThisisnotasurprise.ThemethodofTrialand Errorwillnot guaranteethatthetaskwillbesolvedinashorttime.Thepainterknowsthe timeheneedstofinishhispainting.Thewriterknowshow manyyearshe needstowriteanovel.TheinventorwhousesthemethodofTrialandError 78

cannotsay how soonhewillsolve aproblem .Maybethesolutionwillcome todayormaybealifetimewillnotbeenough. CanyouimagineaninventivedepartmentwithprofessionalswhoaresolvingdxerentinventiveproblemsbytheUHaIand EZ-I'OF method?Peopleare sittingandthinking randomlypickinguponevariantafteranothen

?Myfriend''theHeadofthedepartmentwouldsayWouhavebeenthinking fortenyears,butwithnoresult.''

$%ltisaverydimcultproblemctheinventorwouldsayçslhavelookedthrough sixthousandpossiblesolutionsl

*'IsuggestyoushouldtakeawalkonthestreetcthebosswouldsayGslaybe youwillfindsomethingthatwillprom ptyoutothesolutionl

GIprefertotakeanapctheprofessionalwouldanswen.% new ideasome-

timesappearsin adream.Youknow similarcases...c Thisisnoexaggeration.Recentlyin Psychology magazinean articlewas publishedaboutanAmericanpsychologist,McKinnon whowastryingt,ofind thesourceofenlightenmentandintuitionbystudyingthetransitionperiodbetween deepsleepandawakening.A sim ilarstudyhasbeengoingonforabout sixtyorseventyyears.'rhereisstillnoresult. rrhemethodofurrrialand Error-hasexhausteditsm ssibilities.Therefore: efrortstoimprovethismethodbringnoresult. A diflbrentmethodisrequiredtoproduceinventions- amethodbasedon theuseoflawsofevolutionoftechnicalsystems. Duringthepastseveralyearsspecialgroupshaveappearedtosolveproblemsby implementingthe Theory ofSolving hwentive Problem (TRIZ). Soon thesegroupswillbecomecommon,in thesamewayasithappenedwith theprofessionofGcomputerProgrammerlProbablytheexpertsinTRIZwillbe calledEngineenlnventorkorn chnicalSystemsDevelopmentEngineen Letusfantasizealittlebit.Wewilltrytolookintoaroom ofoneofthese inventiveorganizationsthatdoesnotexistyet. Problem 35

Invention by request A factoryproducedamicrothinwire.

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(18)Combination ofvariouselects.

(19)Geom etricaleffectofM oebiusRibbon. (20)GeometricaleFectofRotatgngHyperboloid. (21)IdealFinalResultfIFR). (22)Introductionofa secondsubstance. (23)Utilization ofsoapbubblesand foam. You alreadyknow thefirstthingyouneedtodo- oncetheproblem is stated- isform ulatetheIdealFinalResult(IFR )andtrytoachieveit. A good solution isalwaysclosetotheIFR.Let'spracticewiththis'ttool.83

Problem 37 Let'sthrow thescrew out

Someonelooldng1nt.0amicroscopeneedstomovetheglassplateandtheobject onit,sometimesonlyahundredthorathousandthofamillimeter- almtxstthesize ofahainTodothisonetusuallyusesascrew tym mecharism to movetheslide holdingthisglaas.Itisaverycomplicatedandexw nsivepnxesstomanufactum suchparts. Theengineel'sgottogetherandmqked::fW hatcanwedotomakethemechanism moreaccurate,morereliableandcostless'?O Theystartedtothink.

>'ThereisatechnicalcontradidioncsaidoneengineerGscrewswithhighaccuracyareveryexpensiveandwearoutfast.Andacoarserthreadw111nothavethe mquiredaccuraoc AZW slzlderz/xthefnrenlorappearvd. Rlet'sdumpthescrewl,hesaid.t'Whatmeansshouldwelzset,oachievehigher accuracyinthemovementofaglarxsslider YouwillsolveProblem #37forsure,evenwithoutreadingtheproblem tothe end.lfyouhavereadthischaptercarefttllyyoucanoll' erthreecorred answera Problem 38

Somethlng simpler Al1polymersgetold.n isprocessremindsusoftheoxidationofmetalbecauseoxygenistheGguiltyparty''Itbreaksdownthemoleculesofpolpners.To protectpolpnersfrom oxygenitisnecessaz'ytoadd a5neiron powdertothe Gboilingrpolymer.Theatom sofiron willtakein theoxygen andprotectthe polymer.However,thefinerthepowderthefasteritwillinteractwithoxygenevenbeforetheIxsvderisadded intothepolpner.Theresultingiron oxidewill loseitsprotectivecharacteristics. tqvehavetouseaninertgasastheenvironmentforthatpurpose,''saidthe chemistwhowasinvitedasaconsultant.

*Itisgoingtobeverycomplicatedandinconvenient>objectedtheengineers from thefactoryuWeneedsom ethingsimplen'g And on?theInventorappeared. upleasel'hesaid.'Thereisaverysimplesolution.'' W hatdoyouthînktheInventorofrered?Youwillfindthesolutionveryeasy Trytothinkofanideathatispractical. Problem 39

Powderonthe conveyor A conveyorlinefrom onebuildingtoanotherwasinstalledin am ine.A ver.yfineoreistransportedfrom oneconveyortoanotheruntilitreachesthe

84

kilns.Workerscomplainedtotheengineerthattheorewaslikepowder,and

blewofftheconveyorwithjustalightbreeze.

uWhatcan wedor saidtheengineer.GWearewateringthatpowderwith noresultbecausethewaterevaporatesveryfast.Toomuch waterisnogood either.M aybewehavetocovertheconveyor? Thenyouwillhavemorework todo:toopenandclosetheconveyon...r Andsuddenlytheinventorappeared.

?Weshouldhaveacoverinordertopreventtheorefrom blowingawayche said.çi Andweshouldnothaveacoverinordertosimplifythework.Therefore, itshouldbe....M Whatdoyouthinkshouldbedone?Keepin mindthatwehavetoretain theconveyor.Thetask istopreventdustdevelopment.

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Part4

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answeredanother.GDuringloading timeyoucannotclosethehatch orputaroofoverit.'' z1??t/suddeltlyt/kcInventorappeared.

g' Ybu need averyspecialrooc hesaid.:A roofthatwillstoptherain and allow thecargotogothrough.Takealook....'' W hatkindofroofdidheoffer?

Thousandsofshipsare anchored at docks.Tensofthousandsofworkersare V z> z/''/',' , dz ,zj'' z'.z/' ,..'' f working underthe sun snow orrain.A Z ' ,.vz.. z ' z ' z roofoverthestoragecompartmentisdefi- Xv. . ...y z ' ' / z y nitely needed.Itisnotsodim culttoin. . . . . . u ; . ; . . . . . , , . y . y, yy' sy z' z r ventone.A similarproblem appeared a . ,z' ' ' sz ?'z longtimeago.Topreventadraftin afactory,doors should be closed.To allow a fnrklifttogothroughthe door,itshould 92

beopen.Thecontradictionwaseliminatedveryeasily- thedoorwasmade outofheavykflexible transparentstrips.'l'heforkliA couldgetthroughwhen itneededto,andthedoorwasclosedal1thetime.Thesizeofthecompartment hatchismuchlargerthana regulardoor,thereforearoofdoorcouldbemade outofairsacksand placedoverthehatch likea two-sided roofThecargo could push thosesacksaside.getthrough thehatch down tothe compartment.A patentonthisideawasissuedveryquickly Itisnecessarytosolvedifferentproblems:smallmiddlesized largeand verylarge.Theshortcomingsofthet'TrialandErrornmethod becomesmore obviousasthesizeoftheproblem increases. Therefore,bigcompaniesworkontheimprovementsofexistinglargesystemsandveryseldom on thedevelopmentofcompletelynew ones. Withthisnew theoryofsolvingtechnicalproblemsthewholesituationis changing.Weare confidentthatin thenearfutureinnovation institutions willbeorganized whosemain specialty willbethe search forsolutions to tasksofthedistantfuture. Themostadvantageoussituation iswhen asystem exhaustsitsgrowth andneedstobereplacedtodaywith anew onebasedonotherprinciples.The disadvantagesoftheo1d system areknown toeveryone and new ideasare welcome.ThisissimilartoProblem #41.Itisnotbeneficialtobuildthinner rolls.Theconveyorwith rollsshouldbereplacedwith somethingcompletely difrerentin principle,

93

Chapter23 Strange M irrors ofthe OperatorSTC (Si ze,Time,Cost) '

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OnceIxkopleaskedtheHodjaNasredintomakeaIniracle.coltayuhesaid,ulMII makeamiracleononecondition.From now onnoneofyouwillfhinkaboutawhite monkey'Nasredinthendescribedthatmonkeyinm atdetailandrepeated:+ ow don'tthinkahmtthismorikeyanm orec Naturallyonthecontrarynoixdycouldstopthinkingaboutthewhitemonkey The inventive problem,like wily Nasredin,impxqesonyouahvhitemonkeyn :.. e '''!'..' ,.,j5.

InPm blem #41wedecided,withoutwaVering,togetridoftherollerconveyor.Howeveqthesham oftherollezsorbeltconveyor

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ferentscreeninggroups.Thescreerdng procerxswmsdoneVt.I4sound.Theworker

tmkaplate,hititverygentlywithase alhnmmeqandthendeterminedthe

degzw ofbakingbythetoneofthesound.Workem CaIIGIthkspnxx!rxsNingingthe 111.*Thtswasnoteasy work.M theshiftworkerswerebangingplatesorcups, lkqteningtothesoundandscreeningthepnxlud.Finallysom einventozsdecidedto developarolmtforthLstask. Thiswasatypicalcasewherethesystem hadbecomeobsoleteandhad toix? replacedwithsomethingreallynew Theinventorsundersfm ithat,buttheycouldnotwalkawayfrom tbatNvhite

monkefimage.AmachinewithtwoWhandsDwmsbuilt.rfheflrsthandheldtheplate whiletheselxmdhand hittheplateV t. IIahsmmerA micmphonepickedupthe soundandanelectronicdeviceanalyzeditandcornmandedtheH handwhereto placetheplate. ThemachinewasinstalledatthefactoryAndverystxm itwasfoundthatthe machineworked moreslowlyth% theN ple.Theinventorstriedtoincreasethe srvoedofthenrmnbutthemachinestartedtobreaktheplates.Themachinewms A enawayM dieworkemcnG ue o- nthepe ud% GeyM ddoneefom. Atilrstglanœ thetaskwassimple- replacehumanhantiswithmechanical

onea'l'hehtunanarm,palm,andfmgel'saretcx)lsthathavethehigbestsensitivity

andGexibilitywiththesne-stadjustmentsandcontrol.'l'hemqnLscontznzedbythe brain.'l' hksLsauBrain.ztrmrsystem thattm kam illionyeam tom rfect. In t- hnicalm useurnsthem aresewingmachinesbrickstxaclters,fnzitpickem andsoon,allwithanns.M ofthem arenotgv lv ausetheyaretrpng ' toimitate thehumanarm.lnordertomechanizetheworkthatthehumanannandfmgersare doing.oneshouldfmdanotherwayChangetheprindpleofadionandfmdanew method- onetlmtiseasytomechnnizoandtoautornate.

n en auof%l% MvenuveM bleM olemaveo se ze lforyourimagire on:'l'hisisMethM e kOm ratorsIE (Size,Time,Cost1. Thesearethequestionsthattheinventorshogldconsider:

Whatwillhappenifthesize ofanobjectisdecreased?

Or,onthecontraly increased?Whatwillhappen ifthetlme foranactiontotake placedecreases?Or,increases?Whatwill happenifnew requirementsareadded- thecostofamachine

equalszero?Or,onthecontrary,the costisunlimited? How istheproblem goingtobesolvedundertheseconditions?Thesethree questionsofOperatorSTC likecrookedmirrorsin aulaughingroom,'distort theconditionsofthetask andforceourimaginationtowork andhelpgetrid oftheobtrusiveimageoftheoldsystem . Canyouimagineaplatethesizeofadime,thenanevensmallerone like apieceofdust?Youcannotpickupsuch aplatewithyourfingers orstrikeit withahammer.Foraplatelikethataweightlesshammerisneeded.Whatif weincreasethespeedofthemachine? 95

Let'ssay,thattheplateisofnormalsize.butwehaveonly 1secondfor thetest- 1/1000ofasecond,1/1.000,000 ofa second?Duringthatshort periodoftimesoundcannotgettotheearsoftheoperatorofthemicrophone. Thism eansthatsomethingfasterthansoundisneeded.Onlylightisfaster thansound.W hatiftheplateswerestruck bylight?Thisistheweightless ham mer!Couldwecatchthereflected light,andGlistenntoit? OperatorSTC isnotsupposedtogiveyou theanswertoyourproblem. lt'staskisonlytobreakupourpsychologicalinertia,whichblocksourthinkingprocess.Thestrangem irrorsofOperatorSTC areonlytoolsforthefirst steptoworkon solvingproblems. It-you havehadexperiencewithsolderingyouknosvthatthefirststepis tocleanthesurfacewithacids.A similarthinghappensinourproblem (and in ourmindlwhenweuseOperatorSTC.Ithappensmanytimes thataAer usingthatOperator.theproblem becomesclearandeasytosolve. Take for exampletheproblem ofthe glazed pottery.OperatorSTC prompted:itisgood to replacetheconventionalhamm erwith a Iight.For screeningplates.thisisanew method.M aybethismethodhasalreadybeen usedinotherapplieations?Maybepeoplehavealreadydevelopedinstruments forthistest?Then wecantakethatdeviceandadaptitforourtest. W hereisitrequiredtotestceram icparts?Intheproduction ofelectric resistors.Everybodyknowsthat.Ofcoursetheseresistorshavetobetested. Insizetheyarem uch sm allerthanplates.Resistorscannotbetestedwith sound,so peopleuselightforthatpurpose.Theamountoflightreflected l'rom resistorsdependsonthedegreeofbakinpr rhemachinesortsthousands ofresistorsperhour.A sm allchangein thisdevicewillmakeitpossibleto useitfortestingplates.andwillreleasethelaborersfrom monotonoushard work.

LookattheOfficialGazettemagazineandyouwillseethatweareonthe righttrack.Smallobjectsaretestednotwith sound,butwith light.Forinstance,agrainofrice,thatisRcookedMbythesuncouldbecontrolledbylight. Thereisapatentonthatprocess. Look atwhatishappening!Byutilizing Operator STC we aredeliberatelycomplicatingtheproblem andatthesametim ewearesearchingfora simplifiedsolutionlThisishappeningbecauseOperatorSTChelpsusgetrid ofourpsychologittalinertia andenablesustoIook attheproblem without

prejudice. Problem 43

Investigation isdone by experts

'irrhis rifleshould beexaminedc said an investigatoras he placed the rifleonthetablebeforetheexpert.''Ihavetoknow whetherornotthisrifle firedabulletaweekago.M Theexpertlooked carefully attherifleand nodded hishead d4ldon't 96

know how totacklethistask.Thebarrelhasbeen cleanedand thereareno carbondeposits.' And suddenly theinventorappeared. GIknow h0w toexamineitNhesaid.ulaetususeOperatorSTC.' Supposethatshotwasfiredadayago,onehourago,fiveminutesago.By thespecificationsofthetask there isnocarbon depositinsidethebarrel.If theshotwasmadetensecondsago,thenthebarrelshouldbewarm .Thenwe couldsayevenwithclosedeyeswhetherornottheshotwasfired.Becausethe temperaturememoryisveryshortwecannotrelyonitafterashortwhile. Letusfind someotherRmem oryrthatmetalmay have.W hatproperties changeduring thesring ofa rifle?Doyou rememberProblem #32 about heatingthehigh voltagepowerlines?Steelisdem agnetized when thetemperatureisabovetheCuriepoint.It'smagneticcharacteristicsdisappearfrom shockaswell.'rhegasfrom gunpowderhitsnotonlythebullet,buttheinside surfaceofthebarrelaswell.Usuallythebarrelhassomemagneticproperties.because ofthe magneticfield ofthe Earth.Attertheshotissred the barrelisdemagnetized.During thenextthreeto fourweeksthebarrelregainsitsmagneticcharacteristics.Themoretimepasses,theclosertonormal them agneticpropertiesoftheriflewillbe.Itisenough tocomparethem ap neticpropel-tiesoftwo rifles in orderto detennine which rifle wasused a week ago. In ourcase,OperatorSTC helpedtouncoveronlyhalfofthepath tothe answer.Itremindedusaboututemperaturem emozy''Inordertoswitchtothe umagneticmemoryooneshould recallsomephysics.Ithappensvery often: OperatorSTCgivesyouahint aprompt,and thenyou shouldformulatethe IdealFinalResult,findthephysicalcontradiction,usetherulesofS-Field analysisand physics. Let'stry touseOperatorSTC inProblem #41abouttherollerconveyor. Thediameteroftherollswillbesmaller - aboutahundred ore venathousa'nd timessmallerthan thatofa human @ 0. O hair.Tobuild thisconveyoris practi.. %D > callyimpossible.Howeveqbecausewe are doing a mentalexperiment W e

shouldnotbeafraidofattemptingit. Let'smaketherollersasthin asmolecules.W ewillstretchamolecule.'Phe minimum thiclmessofamoleculeisan atom,aRerthatthemoleculewillbreak up.Them eltedglassribbonwillm ove overalayerofball-atoms.Thiscould bethebestconveyor:ideallyflat. The promptisgiven.Let'suseit. U nderthe glass ribbon we should 97

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spreadball-atoms.Theseare notatomsofgas,becausethey canevaporate, and theyarenotatom sofhardmatterbecausetheycannotm ove.Theonly possibilityIeftistheatomsofaliquid.Glowingred,theglassribbonrollsover aliquidsurface!Thisisanidealconveyor. W hatkindofliquidcould bechosenforthisconveyor? Let'snotguessaboutthat.SherlockHom es,whoperfectlyunderstoodthe advantageoforganizedthinking,saidonce:Kdlneverguess.Thatisavel'ybad habit,itkillsthelogicalthinkingprocessl Letustakethisstatementintoconsideration,andlet'slook logicallyfor theliquidthatweneed. Firstofall,weneedaliquidthatmeltseasily.Second,thisliquidshould have ahighboilingtem perature,otherwise when itboils theglasssurface willbecomewavy.Thespecificgravityoftheliquidshould be much higher thanthatofthegravityoftheglass(2.5gr/cm3)othenvise theglassribbon willnotstayonthesurfaceoftheliquid. Hence,theliquidwearelookingforshouldhavethefollowingproperties: M elting Tem peraturenomorethan 20011-300t'C Boiling Tem peraturenolessthan 15000C SpecificGravitynolessthan5.0-6.0gr/cm3.

Onlymetalshavesuchproperties.Ifwerejecta11raremetalsforthispurpose,whatislehisbismuth leadandtin.Bismuthisexpensive.Thevaporof leadispoisonous.Whatisleftistin Theconclusion:Insteadofaconveyorwe willhavea longtrayw'ith meltedtin- atomsinsteadofthin rolls.Thesystem hasmadeatransitiontoamicrolevelwhereanew developm entisavailable.ln reality,afterthepatentwasissued manypatentsonim provements ofthatdesignwereissued.Forexam ple if'werananelectriccurrentthrough m eltedtinwecouldchange,withtheuseofmagnets,theshapeofthesurface thatwillafrectthesurfaceoftheglass.Morethanahundredinventionswere m adeutilizingthisparticularidea. Below isaproblem foryoutosolvewithOperatorSTC. Problem 44

A fresh Idea is needed

A company hadavery unusualprojecttodevelepforan oi1pipeline.The sam epipelineshouldbeabletepumpdifferentliquidproductsalternately. Inordernottom ixthem theyhavetobeseparatedbyaspecialdevice. Afteroneliquidispumped,abig ballusedasa piston isinserted.Then anotherliquidispumped.

'Thisdevice hasnoguaranteel said themanagerofthe project.W'Phe

pressurein thepipelineisgreat- tensofpounds.Liquidscan seepbythe ballandm ixtogetherl S'M aybeweshouldconsiderotherdevicestoseparatetheliquidsr asked anengineerashepulled outacatalogwith disctypedividers.lnthecatalog therewasapictureofadividermadeoutofthreerubberdiscs. 98

'

G'rhey getstuckvery oftenr''saidthemanager.lcTllemain problem isthat erevery200km thereisapumping station.Wr hen thedividercomestothe

.umpingstationitshouldberemoved,becauseitcannotgetthroughthepump. ereforedisksandballsarenogood.Weneed adividerthatcangothrough epump with aguarantee thattheliquidswillnotmix.'' Ap.lsuddenly theinventorappeared. *Wecan useOperatorSTC ''heoffered.' *W eneed afresh iâea, don'twer ' And afresh idea appeared.Whatkind ofidea wasit? 'Apply thefirstquestion r autofthe six- decreasethesizeofthe pipeline )' yourmind.Keep in mind thatitisprohibitedtomakeaherizontalseparan,Itisrequired thatvariousliquidswillflow through the pipeline alter'tely withoutbeing mixed.

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Chapter24 A Crowd ofM iniature Dw ads

OperatorSTC isaveryIàowerfultool,butnottheonlyonethatcanhelpus toovercomepsychologicalinertia.Psychologicalinertiacanbecarriedbywords, especiallybytechnicalterms.n esetermsexistinordertoreflectveryprecisely whatisknownalready.Butaninventorhastogetoutoftheknownlimitsand break away from theexisting imagescreated bythosetenns.Therefere every problem shouldberestatedbyusingusimplewords.'' In oneoftheseminarsonthetheory ofsolvinginventiveproblems,the following happened.A sailorofferedthistasktebesolved:How toincrease thespeedofanicebreakergoing through theArcticice?Thisproblem was solved by an engineerwhohad nothingtodowith theconstruction oficebreakers,and hediditon theblackboard.Therewasthefollowingnoteon theboard:UA thingshouldfreelypassthroughtheice asiftherewerenoice ata1l.D

Iwassittingnexttothesailorandheardhisindignation:âwlel?l),andwhenasystem

shouldbereplaced(#nJsomethingcomp/elcly??etïJ).TheoperatorSTC ispartof thefirstchapterOf'ARIZ.W ehavenotyetdiscussedanotherim portantstephow touseStandards. Togetherwith simplesteps there arealsocomplexmethodsconsistingof 112

severalsimplesteps.Simplestepsareuniversal;indeed they can beused to solvealargevarietyofproblems.Themorecomplexthemethod themoreitis connected with aspecificclassofproblems.Thereisgreatpowerin complex methods,andthecombinationofmethodsbringsinterestingandunusualsolutionsthatarevex'y closetothe IdealFinalResult.'l'hem ostpowerfulofthe complexmethodsarecalledStandards. Wearealreadyfam iliarwithoneoftheStandards.lnordertomove compress,stretch fragm ent- inotherwordscontrol- asubstance(andthatsubstancewillnotbedestroyedbytheintroductionofadditives)onecan addferromagneticparticlescontrolledbyamagneticlield, ThefirstpartofztRlzsuggestsanalyzingtheproblem inordertodeterm ine whetherornotitcan l)esolvedbyusingonet)ftheSt-andards.Ifaproblem is typical,thereisnoneedtogothrougha1IthestepsofM tlz.Itismucheasierto usetheappropriateStandard.Therearemorethan80Standards. Thischapterhelpstoscreentypicalproblems andchangenon-typicalprob-

lems- orre-definethem.Thenumushyrorufogg/'situationsbecomeprecisly statedproblems. In thesecond partofARIZ thetransition ismade from theproblem toa

modeloftheproblem.

Therearemanyplayem (partsofthesystem)in aproblem.In themodelof theproblem.thereareonlytwoplayers.Theconflictbetweenthem isatechnical

contradiction.Veryoftenthemodeloftheproblem consistsoftheobjectitself andtheenvironmentsurroundingtheobject.YouprobablyrememberProblem #40abouttheclinkenTheobjectishotclinkeqandtheenvironmentisthecool aircontactingitssurface. Inasituationorin atask wetalkabeutthewholetechnicalsystem - butin amodelweconsideronlytwopartsofthesystem.Thereishotmeltedclinker andacolumnofcoldairaboveit.Thatisthewholemodel!'l'heblmstfurnaces, railroadstations andeventhecontninezs arenotincludedinthemodel.'rhere areonlytwoconflictingpartsleft- andthatisasigniGcantstepfonvard.'l'he discarded padsareworthlessvariantsthatwouldhavetootherwise beanalyzed. Therearenzlesin ARIZ on how tobuild a modelofa problem.A model alwaysshouldhaveaProductand aToollan instrumentthatworksonthe productandchangesit).n isisMethod#27:Buildamodeloftheproblem 'rheconw tdetenninationoftheconflictingpairofelementsveryoftenbringsan immediatesolutiontotheproblem.Ixt'sseehow itworksinasimpleproblem.

Problem 50

A pound ofgold In asmallscientiticlaboratoc scientist'sstudy theeffectsofhotacid(m variousalloys.In acontainerwiththick steelwalls,15-20cubesofdifrerent alloysareplaced.Acid ispouredon them.Thecham beristhenclosed andan 113

electricoventurnedon.n istestlast, sbetweenoneandtwoweeks.Thesamples

arethenremovedandtheirsurfacesstudiedunderamicroscope. ?Itisveorbad''saidthemanagerofthelaboratoryonedayGAcid hascorrodedthewallsofthecontainen'' <Weshouldputinsomekindofliningj''offeredoneoftheworkersinthelab. uslaybeweshouid usegoldr

*Orplatinumlsaidanotherworker. uItwillnotwork>themanagerresponded.''Wewillgain stabilityin the cham berbutlosein cost.Ihavealreadycalculatedthatitwilltakeaboutone poundofgold....> Andsl/cllthrl/.ytheinventorappeared. œWhydowehavetousegoldr hesaid.Rlaetuslookatamodeloftheproblem, andautomaticallywewillgetanothersolutionl How doyoubuildamodeloftheproblem? First.letusexaminetheproblem.Thereisasystem here.Thesystem consistsofthreeparts- thechamber,theacidandthealloycubes.Usuallypeople thinkthattheproblem istopreventthechamberwallsfrom beingcorrodedby theacid.Thismeansthatyou areforced toconsidertheconflictbetween the cham berandtheacid sonaturallyeverytlnetriestoprotectthewallsfrom the acid.Canyouimaginewhathappens'?A smalllaboratoorthatisstudyingalloys

shouldnowdropal1projectsandstarttosolveavez.ycomplexproblem that thousandsorscientistshavehelplessly workedon in thepast:How toprotect

steelefrom corrosion.Supposethatthisproblem willGnallyl)esolved- itNvill taketime maybeyears.Thealloytesthastobedonetoday nottomorrmv. Let'susetherulesofmodelbuilding.D eproductisthecubesbeingtested. 'Pheacidactsonthecubes.That'sit- ourmodel()ftheproblem.Thechamber doesnotfitinthemodel.Theonlyconflicttobeconsideredisthatbetweenthe cubesandtheacid. Hereiswherethemostinterestingthinghappens.Acidcorrodesthewallsof thecham benWeunderstandtheconflictbetweenthechamberandtheacid.In ourmodelweonly havecubesand acid.W hereistheconflictbetween them ? W hereistheproblem now?Acidcorrodesthewallsofthecubes.Letitcorrode!

Thisisthegoalot-thetest.Thismeansthatthereisnoconflictingsituation. Inordertounderstandtheessenceoftheconflictwehavetorem emberthat wedidnotincludethechamberinourmodel.Theacidshouldstaynexttothe cubeswithoutthecham ber.Theacidbyitselfcannotdothat.ltwillspreadall overtheplace. Thisistheconflictthatneedstoberemoved.Wehavereplacedthevery complicatedtmskofpreventingcorrosionwiththevery simpletaskofpreventingtheacidtouchingthecubes Fon from spreadingorspilling. Theanswerisclearwithoutfurtheranalysis.n e cubeshouldbemadehollow asacupsandthenthe Sa s1 acidpouredinsidethecube. 114

WecanarriveatthesameanswerbyusingS-Field analysis.Gravityfield FgrchangestheshapeoftheacidS1(forcingittospread)anddoesnotchange theshapeofthecubeS2. ThereisnoS-Field Itlacksoneconnection onearrow. Theremaybeonlytwovariants:

Fos

FoR and

sz ss s2 st The firstvarinntiswhen theacidtransfersitsweightto thecubeand pressesagainstit.Forthattheacidshouldbepouredintothecube. Thesecondvarinntiswhentheacidandthecubehavethesameinfluence on thegravityfield.Thereisafz.% falloftheacidandthecube.Undersuch conditionstheacidwillnotseparatefrom thecube.Theoreticallythisisthe carrectanswer.Yetpractically.forthepulw se ofourproblem,thisisa very complicatedsystem. Notethatguessinggaveyouoneanswerwhileanalysisucaught''two.

Yes,SherlockHolmesrejectedguessingwithgoodreason!

ThereisnoS-Field.ltlacksoneconnection onearrow. Theremaybeonlytwovarian/: Thefirstvarinntiswhentheacid transfersitsweighttothecubeand pressesagainstit.Forthattheacidshouldbepouredintothecube. Tbeseeondvariantiswhentheacidandthecubehavethesameinfluence onthegravitylield.Thereisafree falloftheacidand thecube.Undersuch conditionstheacidwillnotseparatefrom thecube.Theoretically thisisthe correctanswer.Yetpractically forthepurposeofourproblem this isa vez' y complicatedsystem.

NotethatguessinggaveyouoneanswerwhileanalysisGcaughtMtwo.

Yes,SherlockHolmesrejectedguessingwith goodreason!

Chapter28 Fam iliarTrick:There is a Substance, and There is No Substance .,

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'rhus,Pa.Z't1ofAltlzisdesignedtoformulatethegivenproblem. Part2of ARIZ isdesignedtomakea transition from the problem toa model. lh rt3ofARIZ isdesignedtomakeananalysisofthatmodel.Firstdeterminewhichelem entoftheconflictingpairshouldbechanged.rrherearecertain rulesforthis.TheuTool''shouldbechanged.Onlyifitisimpossibletochangethe ''T(x)l''bytheconditionsofthetaskshouldtheoutsideenvironmentbechanged. n enextstepisthe formulationofthe1F11.(IdealFinalResult).Forexample:RAcidstickstothecubebyit-selfnIftheanswertotheticubeproblem*was notquiteclearbefore.itshouldbeclearnow.Thisisaver,ysimpletask.W eused itonlyasanexam ple.Inmorecomplicatedproblemstheanalysism ustbemore extensive.ltshouldl)e determined whatsection ofthemodelcannotcomply withtherequirementsstatedintheIFR andthenwecanfbrmulatethephysica1contradiction. l-ookwhatwillhappen: FirstwehavetodealwithanInventiveSituationin whichseveraltechnica1systemsareincluded. 'rhenwemovefrom thislnventiveSituationt.otheInventiveProblem choosingonlyonetechnicalsystem. W ethen build amodeloftheproblem,takingonly asectionofthesystem ftwoelementsofit). l16

Finally,wechooseoneelementand itsoperating zonethatneedstobe changed. W itheachsteptheareaofsearchgetsnarrower.Diagnosisdeterminesthe jickarea- Gthesurgeryshouldbedonehere.'' 'TheGsickness''is diagnosed.In lnventive Situationswehaveonlyc()mmoncomplaints:Thisisbad.inconvenienttooexpensive andsoon.From the diagnosiswemakeatransitionfirsttotheTechnicalContradiction then tothePbysiealContradiction. Assoon aswedeterm ine the PhysicalContradiction and the ''sick'' area,theanalysisisconsidered cam plete. Forexample,takeProblem 40abouttheclinker.W ealreadyknow how to makethetransitionf' rom aSituationtoaProblem.Everythingwasleftwithoutany changes.butthereisnolongeracold cruston theclinker.Welzave alreadydiscussedthemodelofthatproblem:Hotmeltedclinkersurrounded bycoldair.Now clinkerisaprtWl/cl.Thismeansthatwehavetoworkwith thesurrounding air.TheIFR statesthatcold airshould preventtheclinker from coolingof'flThisseems atfirstaprettywildthought.Thecoldairshould protecttheclinkerfrom the- coldair' Let>scontinue.W hatareaosaircannotcomplywiththi?IFR requirement? Probablythatzonedirectlyincontactwiththesurfaceofthfahotclinker.Now wecan seea PhysicalContradiction.Thatareaofcoldairdirectly above theclinkershouldcontainsomethingtoholdtheheat,whileatthesam etim e beemptyinordertoallow theclinkertobeloadedandunloaded. Hence,a speciallayerofsom esubstanceshould bt*abovethesurfaceof theclinker andatthe same timeitshould notbe there.bVehavealready solvedsimilarproblems. You mayremem beraspecialrule:In those cases wherew ecannot addnnyforeign substance,wecnn adda modification ofan existing oneasa third substance. Inourcasewehaveonlytheclinkerandairthereforethereareonly'three ansnrers:

1. Use m odified air.Heatthelayerof'airthathasimmediatecontact withtheclinker.Thisisabadsolution.Itrequiresinstallingspecialburners thatpollutetheatmosphere. 2.Use am odiled clinker.Coverthesurfaceoftheliquidclinkerwith smallballsmadeoutoflight.hardclinker.Thiswillbegoodinsulation. 'however,itwillintroducemanyinconveniences.Theballsm ustbem anufactured andsomethingmustholdthem insidethecontainerduringthedischargeof meltedclinker. 3.Use am ixtureofclinkerand air.5Iixairandclinkertoobtainfoam.Thisisanexcellentinsulator!Pourtheclinkerintothecontainerand makealayeroffoam thatwillbeagreatinsulatorandagoodcover.Itwillbe easytopouroutclinkerwithoutpayingattentiontothecover.Liquidclinker willgetthroughthislideasily.ThereisalidandthereisnoIid. 117

Theproblem issolvedinprinciple.Whatisleftisjustthetechnicalmatter

ofhow tomakethefoam.Thesimplestmethodistoaddalittlewaterduring theprocessoffillingthecontainerwith clinker.Noticetheparadox:ln order topreserveheat,theclinkerissprayedwithcold water.Thatwater,interacting with hotclinker,willproducetheclinkerfoam. Thisproblem wasfirstsolvedwithAltlzbytheinventorMichaelSharapov ofMagnitogorsk USSR.Hisinventionwasimplementedatoncebym anymetallurgicalplants. Theanswertotheproblem with theclinkerissurprisinglysimple.Ihave nodoubtthatyoucanappreciatetheGbeautyMofit. Logicalsteps.and directionsofthought are probablythe mostcomplicated things.Irecommend re-readingthesepages.Follow how we moved from thesituation totheproblem ,and Enally tothemodel- how the IFR and thephysicalcontradictionwereformulated- and h0w wesearched for thesubstancethatbothexisted anddid notexistatthesametim e.Thisisa smallfragmentofARIZ,butifyouunderstandstep bystep how thetask is workedoutthenyouhavegottenthemeaningofARlz andthisbookhasnot beenreadinvain.

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In 800AD,theRomanPopehad ttlcrown CarltheGreat.Thiswasa seriousproblem .Ononehand,itwasnecessaryforthePopettlplacethecrown on Carl's head;however,in theeyesc,fsubordinates,this meantthatCarlbecame the lawfulEmperor with the Church's officialconsent.On the other hand,thiscould notbepermitted becauseitwouldmeaa thatCarlwoutd get hispowerfrom thePope- and the Popecould alsotakeitback. The problem as you can see,isa typicalinventiveone- and Carlthe Greatfound the correctsolution.Thecoronationsermon wasgoingsmoothly WhenthePopeliftedthecrowntoplaceitonCarl'shead,Carltookthecrown from the Pope's handsand placed iton his head himself So,halfway the crownwasin thePope'shands,and theotherhalfitwasin Carl'shands.The contradictory requirementswere separated in space andtime.Atthe beginning,thecoronation was in thehandsofthe Pope.Atthe endsitwasin the handsofCarl. The fourth partofARIZ was designed precisely to remove thistype of ctmtradiction. M ethod28:Separation ofcontradictory requirementsin tim eand/ orin space. The analysis ofproblems does not always lead to answers even when ionepreciselyVeryoften ithappens thata contradiction isdetermined and formulated,butthemeansofremoving itremainsunknown.In thefirstpart l19

OCARIZ.meanstocombatthecontradictionwerecollected. Atfirst.simpletoolsareofrered- likethosethatseparatecontradictory requirementsintimeandspace.Ifthecontradictioncannotbesolved then morecomplextoolsshouldbeusedfrom thetableofS-Fieldtransformations. By thattime,thekindsofsubstancesandfieldsthemodeloftheproblem is builtwith should be known.Then itisnotso dim cultto draw an S-n eld diagram,and thetableshowshow totransform thediagram togetouranswer.Iftheproblem stillcannotbesolved.thefburth partOI-ARIZ ofrersone moretool:A TableofPhysicalEffectsandPhenomena.Italsorevealsin whichcasesthetableshouldbeused. SupposewehavedifricultyinsolvingProblem 37 - how toreplacethe m icroscrewtIn theTablewelook in thesection'iMicromovements.''Therewe f5ndthreephysicaleffects- thermalexpansion,oppositepiezoefrect.andmap netostriction.W ecanthenopenareferencebook togetmpredetailsonthese effbcts. Whatifthe problem continuestobe stubborn?Thenthe lastreserve is used:TheTableofTypicalM ethodsand Principles. Inordertodevelopthistable,overfortythousandpatentswereanalyzed. Onlyverystrong patentswereselected.Thetableshowswhatkindofmethodscanbeusedtoremovetechnicalcontradictions.In essence,thistablereflectstheexperienceofseveralgenerationsofinventors.Itshowsyou how inventorssolvedproblemsthatweresim ilartoyours. Ifonefeelsthattheproblem isstillnotsolved,then somewherein the beginningtherewasamistake.OneshouldgobacktoPart1OCARIZ. Aftertheproblem issolved.theworkisstillnotsnished.A carefulstepby-stepanalysisofthesolutionisperform edinordertoyieldsolutionstonew

problems.ThisisPart5 ofARIZ.Thenthedevelopmentoffound solutions bejprinsand isusedtowardsolvingotherproblems.ThisisPart6ofARIZ. Forexample,theideaofaprotectivelayermadeoutoffoam intheclinker problem canbeusedagaininProblem 39tthetransportationofcoalbyconvcyorbelt).Let'scovertheoreon theconveyorwithalayeroffoam toeliminatethedust.lt'seasy,and thefoam willalsonotinterferewithunloading theconveyor- anexcellentsolution. (PaH 7ofARlz isaselr-check.Hereonecomparestheactualprocedure usedinsolvingtheproblem withthatofferedbyAlllz.Weretheredeviations? W hy?DidARIZ haveflawsin itssteps?W hy?Can weaddtothelistofstandardsthenew onefound? lnschoolsandseminarsonARIZ,hundredsorwrittensolutionsareanalyzedeveryyear.Thesenotesalltnvustodeterm inewhatmistakesweremade by the studentsand/orby ARIZ.Such mistakesare studjed carefully,and correctionsareenteredintothesystem ofAltlz.AtthebeginningIcompared ARIZ withatown.Now wecansaythatARIZ isatown wheretheconstructionofnew buildingsisacontinuousprocess.Smallnew blocksarebuiltold blocksarerebuilt.and new roadsareconstructed. 120

Chapter30 How to Becom e a M aster

Very often Ihave had to answerthe question:i'How can Ibecome an

inventoo''Sometimes peoplesay:'4please look atmy projectand tellme whetherornotIcanbeaninventon''Theprojectsal'eusuallyveryweak,but thishasnobearingonan abilitytobecom eaninventtdr.

WhenIwasinthefourth gradeanideastruckme:''Whatwould happen ifa blimp wasm ade with a vacuum inside? Afterall.thelighterthe gas insidetheblimp.themoreforcetherewouldbetoIiftitupq'' A verybrilliantideacam eoutofthatconclusion:lfinside theblimp a com pletevacuum could bedeveloped then theliftingforcewouldbegreatest.1neverrealizedthat,inthiscase,atmosphericpressurew'ouldcrushthe blimp! So.how tobecomeaninventor? Thisisnotdifrerentfrom how tobecom eawriterasurgeon,apilot and soon.

Anyonecan become a professionalin any type ()f'activity in general. First,onehastogetaneducation then graduate f'rom college.Thereare institutionsformostprofessions.Ifthisisanew proression onem usteducateoneself.H()w dida personbecom eamotionpicturecam eramanin,let ussay.19109.Byindependentlylearningthisnew profession throughpractice.How didaperson becomeaprofessionalin rockettechnologyin 1930?

Again,independentlystudyingthesubjectfrom books.andpracticingwith 121

othergroupsorinterestedpeople.Attheendof1950thescienceoftechnologyforecastingwasformed.Wheredidsuch professionalpeoplecomefrom? Allofthem hadcomefrom otherprofessions- engineers economists historiansandsoon.

1wanttoemphasizethatanyonecan becomeaprolbssional- youjust havetolearn the subjectmatter.That'sit.Outofthethousandsofpeople

whograduatefrom highschoolprobablyal1canbecomeprofessionals.Inreality,thisnottnle.And from athousandprofessionals onlyonehundredmay becom eM asterortheirprofession. Again,Imustem phasizethat ingeneraleveoronecanbecomeaM aster. lnreality oneoutoftendosobecauseofthehighpriceitcostsinlabor.Professionalsstudyhardforfiveorsixyears- andsometimestenyears.A Master learnsa1lhislife.A professionalworksseven oreighthoursaday- maybe nineorten.A M asterworksallthetim e.Sometim espeoplesay.Kdlmokathim ! How talented beis!Eveorthinghedoesseemssoeasy''Thisisaridiculous statementbecausetalentis99percenthard work. W hatthen? Then.outoftenMasters,onlyonewillbecomeaRGrandmastenrHere,not everythingdependsontheperson.FirstofalldemandfortheuGrandmaster's'' productneedstoemergefrom society Someonefirstneedstoorderaunique buildingfrom auMaster-Architect*providingthenecessarychallengeforthat M astertostretch andgrow toRGrandmasten''Therearealsoatheroutside factors.TheareaoftheMaster'sactivityshouldhavepotentialsfor developm ent.Inthe19thCenturythereweremanygreatMasterswhodesignedand builtsailingships.ButtheGrandmasterofshipbuildingsoonbecameawatchm akerandapainterwhentheinventorRobertFultonbuilttheunpretentious steamboat. W henoneaskshow tobecomean inventorwhatonereallyhasinmindis how tobecomeaM aster- orevenGrandm aster.Now you know theanswer. First,you havetobecomeaprofessional.Anyonecan accomplish that.Then wewillsee.... Asyettherearenolearninginstitutionstoteach how tobecomeaninventonBut,therearemanyseminarscoursesschoolsand publicinstitutionsin RussiatodaythatteachinventivecreativityHowever,thisbookisenoughfor youtogetstarted. M uch usefulinrorm ation ispublishedin difrerentmagazinesin Russia. Articleson diobrentphysicalchemical andgeometricaleffectscreatean interestam ong readers.A specialpage in themagazine PioneerFrlz/à is calledGToInvent?Itissodifricult!ItissosimplelMThisisveryuseful.The meaningofthetitle isclear.ltisdifficulttoinventwithouthavingknowledgeofinventivemethods.Itismuch easierwiththatknowledge.ThepurposeofPioneer Truth'spageisto createa competition and an interestin creativethinkingamongreaders.Theycangeta11thehelptheywant.W innersgetprizes,booksandothergifts. 122

Below are sixproblemsfrom thatmagazine.Try yourability.lfyou can solvefauroutofsix,you havea good chance ofwinning. 111.t:p1:/I42,Iqrltii11

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log.The dog moves among plastic 1.'' .: *ik ' ' 2, , stickslying on thefloor.Suddenly it . i . s. * jjj,, t ' .'. : i *r;j. stops next to one ofthe sticks and ' : è startstodbark.''Itis notdifficultto understandhOw the toy moves on the floflr.There isa battery,an electric motor,and w' heels.lt is also easy to understand how itbarks.There îs a battery,a smallspeaker,and soon. Thetrick istofind outhow the dog can fsnd one specificstick outt)fm any.

Arealdogdoesitbysniffingtheobject.Butthetoyshoulddoitdifferently.

Whatkind ofinvisiblemark can be placed on thatstick,and how can the (logdetect it.lfyou find itdifficult togetthe answer,look at a seventh jradephysicstextbook. Problem 52

Dangerous planet

A veryunusualPlanetwasdescribed in a Gction story.Everythingon thatplanetwas similartoourPlanetEarth exceptthatthebirds and insectsflew atsupersonicspeeds.W e arenotgoing to clarify how they did this.The essence nfthe story is that itwasvery dangerous to encounter suchcreatures.They could killyou likea bullet.So,the airis filled with Tyingbullets''andtçshells.Mrlawocasmonautsdisembarked from theirspacesàip and were nearly killed.Even an armored vehicle was destroyed by tkesesupersonicdiflies.''Canyou imaginebeingamemberofan expedition onthatplanet? Offersafety measuresfbrthecosmonauts. problem 53

Iciclesin roofguttersand downspouts

In spring a1otofsnow collectsin guttersand downspouts.During the iay,itmeltspartiallyand atnightfreezesagain.Slowlybutsurely ahuge iceplugisdeveloped inside thespout.Thelength ofthatplug sometimes reachesseveralmeters.Thisplugisheld tightinsideby attachingitselfto 1tàeinnerwallofthe spout. On spring daysthe sun heatsthe spoutm eltlingthesurface()fthehuge icicle.Finally itfallsdown,breakingthe bend 123

inthespout.Splintersofthaticiclecan flyoutfrom the spoutand hurt pedestrians, You havetofind a way topreventdownspoutsfrom being damaged andpedestriansfrom beinghurtwhen thespouticiclesfalldown. Problem 54

A dropofpaintisthe main hero Onceupon a tim e the inventor B.Travkin discovered thatwhen a dropoftooth-cleaningliquidisputon thesurfaceofwateritdevelopsa umovingflower''effect.Inordertobetterseethiseffect theinventoradded

black ink to the t00th cleaner.This is how the invention called Fokaj started.FokajistheRussianabbreviationofuthepatternsdevelopedfrom contactsbetweenactiveliquids.'

ItiseasytomakeamotionpicturebyusingFokaj.Forinstance athin

layerofyellow liquidispouredintoa glasspan.Thenonedropofa blue liquid isadded.Ontheborderbetween blueandyellow a green ring appears.Thedropspreadsslowly,mixeswithmoreliquid.thecolorschange, and a freakish play ofcolorsuddenlyappears.Theglasspan is lighted and thecamerastarts.ltlookslike ascenef'rom anotherplanet lighted

by ae'bluesun.'Fokajisveryappealing,becauseordinary liquidscanbe used:varnish glycerin,iiquidsoap.inkandglue.AtthesametimeFokaj

hasoneshortcoming.ltisimpossibletocontrolthem ovem entofthedrops andtheplayofcolors.Thecameraoperatorhastointerruptshootingand makecorrectionswitha brush and astick.Thisistoo cum bersom e.Our goalistocontrolthedropmovementsfrom thebottom ofthepanduring thephotographingofthescene. Forinstance,thecameramarkhastom akeamoviedepivtingballlight-

ning.Thepanis5lledwithblueliquidtwo-to-threemillimetersdeep.This willbethe sky.We addonedropoforangeliquid.Thedropfallsdownto thebottom ofthe pan.Aroundthedropa colorcrown appears.Sofareverything isfine.Wenow haveballlightning.Theproblem is how tocontrolthemovementorthatcrown.Theballlightningshouldspin andhave a spiralmovement- ortakesomeotherpath.Balllightning sometimes splits-up.How can wesplitourdrop?How canweshow theexplosion? Youcanseenow how simpletheproblem is.How can wefind awayto controlthe motionofthedropwithoutabrushorastick'? Problem 55

W ecan manage the droplets A testingdevicewasassembledin oneofthelaboratories.A ver.yimportant testhadt.obeperformedwithpolm ers.Thisdevicehasaverticaltube,insideof whichadropletofpolymerhastofall.'l'hedevicewasturnedonand.... 124

(trlaurn it off,''said the supervisor ofthe laboratory.Rlt's no good.We needsmalldroplets,and whatwe havenow are only largedrops.'' aonlylarge dropletscouldbemade,''saidthe engineer.'srrhereisnothingwe can do.''

tdsvehavetobreakupthedropswhilethey arefalling,''objectedthe supervisor.4t1donotknow how todothat....lnstallascreen?No,that'sno gocpdeither.Thedropletsshouldn'thave any obstaclesin theirfa1l.'' And suddenly theinventorappeared. 'dllon'tworry,wecan m anage thedroplets''he said.ïtWehaveonesubstance.Let'sadd anothersubstanceand afield.ltisvery simple.The field willacton tbe second substance tobreak down dropsinto dropletswhile theyt13,.'' Problem 56

#and B were sitling on a pipe Therearetwo devices- A and B - connectedby a steelpipe.Usually (IeviceA hasahighertemperaturethen devicel.Thepipeisheated,andthe heatradiatesthrough thewallsofthe pipefrom A toB (similartoheatfrom h0ttearadiating through thecup into the handle).Sometimesthetemperaturein deviceB sharply increases.Heatshould notmovefrom B toA.What tanbedonewiththepipesothattheheatisconductedonlyinonedirection from A toB?

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Technicalproblemsmustbesolvedin a11areasofhumanactivity.Thefoundationoftheseproblemsisa1 'waystheremovalofcontradictions.lntim eatheory forsolvingproblemswillbedevelopedin science ar't and theadministrative activitiesofsocietyIndividualtheorieswillslowlyblendintoaucommonTheory ofcreativeThinkinpnrfhismayhappenin20to3oyears.rrodaywemustperfect ourCreativeThinltingprocessbysolvinginventiveproblem s. W ecanstartwithproblemsthatrequireonlyourm indsandsomethought. Theseproblemsdonotrequireanyspecialized knowledgeofphysics.Theycan besolvedbysixthgradestudentswhoneed onlythinkalittle. Problem 57

The hunterand thedog Oncetherewasanoldhunterwhobroughthisdoghuntingintheforest.

Thedogbarked when itfounditsprey,andthehunterwalked towardthe sound.Butdisasterstruckwhenthehunterlosthishearing.Inordertofind itsprey.thedogmustbefreeandnotkeptclosetothehunter.But.sincethe huntercouldn'thearthedogbarking,thedogmuststaycloseenough tobe withinthehunter'ssight.Thisisacontradiction! AndsltddenlvtheJatlt?nlfpc... No!In thisstorytheinventordidnotappear.Theo1dhunterstanred for

manydaystryingtothinkofwhattodo.Finallyhefoundthesolution. Letustrytosolvethepmblem.Fimtwehavetodmw adiagram oftheamditions oftheproblem:Y og''S!.tArrow 1)developsanacottsticallield- barks(Fzhkt.).

Field FA(,actsonRllunter'searsmS2(Arr0w 2).Thehunterwalkstoward

thedog- S1(Arrow 3). Now wehavean S-Field,andeverythingisfine.. When thehunterlosthishearing,hecouldn'thearthedogbarking.The field;Fae1stillexistsbutdoesnotactonthehunter(seethefarrightlineon thedrawingbelow). F 2

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TheS-Fieldisnow destroyed:FacisnotactingonS2,andthereforeS2isnot movingtowardsS1.W hatcanwedo? (7l-cott- ,itisnotacceptabletokeepthedognexttothehuntzm Itisnotacceptableeithertoofl' erahearingaid.Theoldhunterdcesnotlmvethatkindofhelp. lnsolvingthisproblem avoidusingtheN'rialandErroremethod.Thisprob1em ishomework.YoucanfindtheanswerinthebookEvilSpiritofYamboohby G.Fedoseyev. Probsem 58 Therearealibis,but....

ThefollowingstoryappearedinanissueofthemagazineWorldo/-Atfwert-

turesïOnenighttwopeoplewerekilled.OnewasthegangsterMorgan,andthe otherwas ascientist LeoLanser.In tbe srstmurdercase thesuspectwas Morgan'scompetinggangster,Foytlnthesecondcasethesuspectwasprofessor Graycher.However,eachsuspectsubmittedproofoftheiralibis.Intheendthe prosecutorconvictedboth suspect's.Thequestion is:How couldtheybothhave comm ittedcrimesandyetstillhaveprovenalibis?

Problem 59 The arrow ofRobin Hood RobinHoodraisedhisbow andfired.Anarrow flew throughtheairtoward thesherifsscout. uHemissedagainlnexclaimedthefilm director.f''l'wometel-shigherthanthe target!W ehaveachampionarcherasastuntm an andnothingisgoingright.''

Nl-et'smakeacompositescenecofleredthecameraman.eWewilltakethree dilrerentshots.Firstthebow andthentheflyingarrow.RobinHoodwillthen

movewithinthreemetersofthescoutandlwillmakethefinalshot.lhopethat from adistance ofthree metem hecan hitthe target.n en we willmakea montageoftheclipsandbeEnishedc uNeverl'theproducershouted.tq'heaudienceknowsthistricktoowell.The sceneshouldbeshotcontinuously RobinHood releasesthearrow.n earrow fliesandstrikesthescoutintheheart.EveryoneshouldseethatRobinHlxyd madetheshotfrom adistance.Weneedreality'

Gn enyouwillhavetomakethemoviewithoutmecsaidtheactorplaying theroleofthescoutandhepulledapieceofplm oodfrom hisjacketpocket. ultobinHoodhimselfcouldneverhithistargetfrom thatdistance.Thisisterrible!1mustconcentrateonacting,butinsteadIhavetothinkaboutwhathap-

pensifthearrowisofrjustalittlebit....''

ThestuntmanplayingRobinHoodwalkedoverandspreadhisarmswitha guiltyface.t*IneverworriedduringtheOlm picgamesmsmuch asIdonow.l raisethebow atthelastmomentbecauseI-m afraidIR1shoottheactoro U omorrow theweatherwillnotberight*thecameramansaid.Glt'sbestto finishthisscenetoday' AndM4!lnventorappeured.

uWecandoittodayohesaid.t % ejustneedalittletrick andthearrow will hitthespotwiththewoodenplate.' Inhalfan hourtheshootingcontinuedandthescenewassnishedwithout complications.WhatdoyouthinktheInventorofrered? Let'stryto clarify theconditionsofthe problem :Combined shotswere notallowed.RobinHoodwasstandingfarfrom thescout,and theaudience

mustseethearrow flyandhitthescout.Inthejacketoftheactorplayingthe scoutwasasm allwoodenboardthatthearrow musthit.Thetargetwasnot onlysmallitwasmoveable.

RobinHoodseesthescoutcomingoutfrom behindatree,andtheshootingbegins. Sofar,wehavehaddetectiveproblemsand problemsin cinematography Now wewilloflbryouaproblem from thetheater. Problem 60

The flag ofGascon Oncetherewasa rehearsalofCyranodt'Scrgerac byRostand,Beautiful decorationsweremade and theactoo playedtheirpartsverywell- yetthe producerwmsnotsatistied.

Gl-lervGasam defie.stheenemychesaidtohismqskqtant.N' hefhgissetonatall flagpoleovercxascon'spxsition.'nzisisthecenterofthebattle.Butwecannot/èc!itl

*rWhyisthatr askedtheassistant.lcyrannisEghtingundertheflag.r 'q'he(IM ishangingmotionless,MsaidtheproducerGItlœkslAeapieceofcloth. rl'hellagshouldflyinthewindl' el-low can wedothat?''theassistantsaidspreading outhishands.R' I'he l30

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GItwilltaketoomuchtimelsaidtheforeman. iWhatifwejustmeasuretheleveloftheliquid in thecontainerr asked f

theboss. uWewillnotgettherequiredaccuracyy''answeredtheforeman.urf'helevel oftheliquidchangesverylittle.Justtrytoseeit.Besides,itisinconvenient becausethecontainerisinstallednexttotheceiling.'' An#heretheinventorappeared. uM ydevicewillworkforever,mhesaid.u'Trytom easurenotliquid but....'' TU tosolvethispreblem .

l33

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portedbyairbags. Problem #20isaboutthe catam aran.Itisalsonotcom plicated.Ifyou remembertechnicalsysten:sduring the third stageoftheirdeveloprnentbeconaenloredynnnnic nàore nexible,andmoreorganized. InventorE.Lapin received Patent#524728 on thecatalnaran.Ithadtwobodiesconnected with expandable polesallowing t hebodiestobeclosetoeachothen Thi scatam aran could also go throughshallowpartsoftheriver withgreaterease. Problem #24,aboutthe

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...s.z. larsolution.rrhepipelineshould J.7' becomemore dyTlAmic- more '' tlexibleandmoveable.Duringgoodweatherthepipelinestaysallovewater.Dun ingastorm,itgoesunderneath thewater Pmblem #25 is about tbe proI *ocw peller for Carlson.Italso can be a solvedbytransformationofthetechni. calsystem intoadynamicandchangeableone.' rhepropellershould bebig 'o z' =ww-. > thedrosvningperson. Problem #23isaboutacontour

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Iinem ovie and isdilcult.Butyou know the nzle:Ferromagneticpowder introduced into asubstance can acttocontrolthesubstance'smovements throughamagneticfield.lnsteadofacord.wecan takeaflexibletubeand511 itupwith ferromagneticpowder.Wecaneventakeathread soakitinglue andcoveritwith powderThethreadisplacedon athin irksulatedplate,and eontrolledbyastm ngmagneticfieldfrom underneaththeplate. Problem #26isahmtthesettingofdiamond ' ,andismorecomplexthanthepreviotlsproblem.lronw wdermustbesprayedoverthediamontks Withthecontmlofamagneticseld,alldiamondswillaligntopup. TheseproblemsaresimilartoProblem #57 aboutthehunterand the dog.In orderforafield toacton asubstance anothersubstanceshouldbe addedwhichcanrespondtothatseld.Anotherxtsubstance'respondingtothe soundfieldshouldbeaddedtothehunter. x..- i Problem #27isalmutpackap '7qj.

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A third substance,also fruit-like, shouldbeplacedbetweentwocollidingfruits.Letisplacetwodozenping-

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taketheabuseawayfrom thefalling .' ''.'.'.''''' ' ' '' '.''. . . . . apples. 'l''hequestionarises:''Whatshouldwedowiththeballsafterthecartonis filledwithapplesr ltisridiculoustopickthem outbyhandandputthem intoanothercarton.

'Pheproblem ofhowtomoveobjed, sisalreadyknowntoyou.Asteelplateis installedintothebodyoftheballs.Anelectromagnetisplacedabovethecarton.Alterthecartonisfilled theelectrom agnetisturnedon,andalltheballs

jumpoutofthecarton.'rheconveyorremovesthefullcartonandpositionsan

emptyone.'rheelectromagnetisturnedoffandal1theballsfallintotheempty carton- andthecyclestar'tsoveragain. Problem #38isaboutiron powderm ixedw itb apolm er.Thisproblem issimilartotheoneinthethirdchapteraboutoil./l'heansweristhesame. Anironcompoundisusedthatbreaks-upin hotpolymer Problem #44,aboutthe oilpipeline,ismorecomplicated.Thereare liquidsinthepipelinenexttoeachotherandtheyareseparatedonlybyabig rubberball.LretususeOperatorSTC.Inourmind,letusdecreasethesizeof the ball.Instead ofonebigball.wewillusemany tennisballs,orfloating pelletsqA patentonthistypeofplugwasissued.Thissolutionisvenrlogicalarigidsystem becomesmoredynamic,Thiscorresmndswiththenaturalten-

dencyofthedevelopmentoftechnicalsystems. Ifwecontinuetheexperimentwewillhavetomakeatransitionfrom pellets toevensmallerparticles- molecules.A new jdeanow emerges:Makeaplug outofliquidf)rgas.A gasuplug''cannotseparatetheoilbecauseoilcanpass throughgas.ButaliquidRplugnispossible.Forexample oneoftheproductsis

kerosene,then aNvaterpluglandthentheotherpmdud isgasoline.

Thiswaterseparatorhasalotofadvantages.Itneversticltsinsidethepipelineorthepum pingstation.Thereisadisadvantagetousingawaterseparator.

Thepetroleum productbeforeandaftertheuplu/'willimpregnatetheinsideof theltplug''and slowlymixwithit.ltwillbe dimculttoseparatethepetroleum from thewateratthefinalstation,andthismixediplugemustbethrownaway LetustrytoformulatetheIFR.Theliquidsubstanceoftheseparatoratthe finalstation hmsf.oseparatefrom thepetroleum by itselfln ereareonly two possibilities.Eithertheliquidbecomessolidand settlesdown,oritbecomes gaseousandevaporates. RemembertheoId principle:Mattercan bedissolved only within similar m attenPetroleum isan orgnnicsubstance.Weneeda separatorthatwillnot dissolveinpetroleum.n ereforetheseparatorshouldbemadeofanon-organic liquid.Itshouldbeinexpensive safe and inez.ttopetroleum.Havingsomany

precisecharacteristicswecaneasilyfindtheneededsubstanceinahandbook.A Gseparatoe'madeoutofAquaAmm oniawillsecuretheseparationofpetr' o-

Ieum productsandgothroughthepipelinewithoutaproblem.Duringtransportation.thisseparatorwillpartiallymixwiththepetroleum.'rhisisnorealdangenAtthefinalstation,theam moniawillturnintoagasandevaporate,andthe petroleum willstayinthereservoir. Aftersolvingtheuplug''problem,wecan now attackProblem #48- the lxydy oftbe sbip.Undertheconditionsofthisproblem thebodyoftheship shouldl)eflexibleandmoveable.Well,letusimaginethatthebodyoftheshipis madeofliquid.n isseemsacrazyidea.Butwealreadyhavesomeexpertisein thetransform ation ofsolidmatter into liquid.Atthesame time,the modelmadeofminiaturedwames Y. e- * N' ' '. can leadtothisidea. .............-.-x.. So,instead ol'a steelsheet we

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' willuseaqiquir one.n efirstcon.-.--.................w ..-.- -cer.n isto protecttheliquid from spilling.A flexiblelining hastobe installed - maybe one made of '-- 'x strong rubber- and mustcon- -Af x f #---'--- v--* nectedwithpaztitions.'lhiswaythe XXO wallwilllook likehotwaterheat,h 4 ... -.: .> *. b) ' . ..'.... . ingpads.Itisfunny butsomein.. 1.ave;z3?q'w #? ç'z. ( .*. . .'' ventorsthink thattheskin ofdol. . w =..a-...---.. - .s. .-'-phinslookslikethis. -' =

M odelsbuiltwiththisdesigncreatelessfrictionduringtowingbecausethey havelessturbulence.Howeverktheseflexibleskinsarenotmsefricientasthatof

dolphins.Dolphinscanchangetheshapeoftheirskinbyadjustingtodiffbrent

environmenf-s.Theman-madeskin isGdeadOlackingmovement.Anotherprob1em now appems:How canwecontroleverypaltofthisflexibleskin? Noticethat veryoften oneproblem createsanother.W em ustconstantly movefomvard. Theproblem aboutcreatingflexibleskincanbeeasilysolvedbecauseitis a problem concerning'urelocation.MYouneedtocontrolthemovementofthe

liquidundertheskin.LetusbuildanS-inield:Ferromagneticparticlesadded tothe liquid allow controlwith electromagnets.Thispatent,#457529 was issuednottoshipbuilders,buttoscientists. Onequestion remains:Can shipsexistwithouta body?Such shipsalreadyexistand you know aboutthem - ralts.They havenobodybecause woodenlogsarethecargo and duringtransittheybecomethebody.British Patent#1403191describesashipwith alongsnakelikebody madeofsteel boxesused ascontainers.ThesmalluheadMisthetugboattowing thelong Gbodyrofcontainers.

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