Ammonites: Ammon’s horns into Cephalopods

J. Soc.Biblphynat. Hist. (r968) 5 (r): 1-18.

Ammonites: Ammon's Horns into Cephalopods* By CLIFFORD M. NELSON Departmentof Palaeontology, tJniversityof Califomia,Berkeley. Ammonites, unlike the living pearly and papernautili, have yet to be gracedby the poerry of a Holmesl or a Pope2and are lesswidely known outside paleontologicalfields; however, their esthetics,abundance,widespreaddistribution, and the legendsassociatedwith these geologically useful extinct cephalopodshave captured the literary attentions of Scott, Schiller, and Goethe. Ammonites, or more recently ammonoids,3 like many other long-known fossils, although not always understoodasto their nature and origins, have been associatedwith necromancy, myths, legends,and history sinceLate Paleolithic times. SixJurassicspecimensfrom SolutreanIII at Forneaudu Diable, Bourdeilles,Francehave perforatedcenters and may have formed a necklacesomewhat like one found in a Bronze Agelocality near Gravesendin Kent, fashionedbyjoining naturally vented Cretaceoussponges.aA number of markings which appearto be glyphs of some sort follow the curve of the ourer whorl of an ammonite from the French Magdaleniansand may have been usedin magic rituals similar to those of the North American Blackfoot Indians. As ammonires seemed to resemblesleepingbison to theseindians, they were called "iniskim" or buffalo stonesand hence were the central objectsin the sacredbundles used in the sympathetic magic for coiralling bison.6 As talismans,they occur in the pouches of Navajo shamans.T Jurassic ammonoids from the Himalayas are used as amulets throughout India and as fetish symbols in Hindu temples where they are: . ._,rggardedasthe embodimentof the god Vishnu,and spouseof the basilplant. They are called"salagrams"or "salagrama"[afterthe ancientvillage].A draughtofthe waterin which oneofthe sacred ammonites hasbeensteeped is supposed to washawaysinandsecuretemporal weifare.8 " Ammonite" ,e literally " stoneof Ammon ", 'wasderived from the resemblanceof the crenulatedwhorls of thesefossilsto the ram's horns sacredto the ancient Egyptian deity Amun, or to those worn by him on his ram-headedefiigiesor rhose of Zeus (Jupiter)Ammon, his Greek and Roman amalgams.l0The ". . . ites" sufiixis aremnatrt of th. ideasconcerning the non-organic nature of fossils,added to the namesof objectswhich were thought to only resembleliving organismsor rheir parrs and were not rheir actual remains. To the ancient Egyptians, Amun1l originally representedthe dynamic force "air" or "wind", the universalbreath oflife which animatedall things. From obscurebeginnings in Thebesduring the Old Kingdom, he achievednational prominence by associationwith the successfulTheban dynasts,and by the Eighteenth Dynasty, universality, with all the attributesofthe previouscreator deities,when merged with solarRe asAmun-Re, "King of the Gods".12The bestknown ofhis many oraclesis that at OasisSiwa13in the Western Desert some 35o miles west-south-west of modern Cairo. Through contact with the Cyrenian Hellenesbeginning in the sixth century n.c., Amun was merged with Zeus,and from the Museumof Palaeontology,University of California,Berkeley. ilontribution 7

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the Oracle of Zeus-Ammon becamefamous throughout the Greek world.la After that of Apollo at Delphi, Siwa and Dodona in Epirus were the leading authoritiesin Hellenic affairs for centuries.Siwa, however, was an Egyptian oracle for Greeks-the principal native augur being at Buto in the Delta.ls Demigods and heroes,kings and princes,all visited or consultedthe oracle during its prominence.l6First among thesewas Alexander the Great,who arrived at Siwa in 33r n.c. a{ter amiraculousjourneyfrom the coast.l7As pharaohand "son of Ammon" he after wards wore the sacredram's horns tied to a {illet so that they appearedto grow from his hair. Diadochi coinageshowshim thus; he becameknown to legendas"Alexander of the Two Horns."18 In time thesehorns were associated with the divine attributesof royalty in Successorkingdoms and the Roman Empire.tn By late Hellenistic times the fame of the "Horns of Ammon" ensured their associationwith the oddly crenulated curved fossilscommon in certain parts of the Mediterranean basin. Pliny the Elder reGrs to them as: ...'Hammonis cornu' or'horn of Ammon,'which is amongthe most sacredstones of Ethiopia,hasa goldenyellow colourandis shapedlike a ram'shorn.This stoneis guaranteed to ensurewithout fail dreamsthat r,villcometrue.20 Pliny later treats precious stoneswhich derive their namesfrom animals, by color or likencss(Chapter 7z). Although he was familiar with the argonaut, and presumably by reading Aristotle with the nautilus, in view of the decline of the Ionian ideasof temporal perspectiveby this time, it is unrealisticto expect an analogy with the ammonites. These remained Cornuammonisuntil the end ofthe controversy over the organic nature offossils. Solinus, obviously referring to Pliny's description, first mentions the occurrence of ammonitesat Siwa: . . . BetweenthisTowne [Cyrene]andthe Templeof Anmton,arefourehundredmiles,harde by the Templeis a fountaincconsecrated to the Sunne,which with the moistureof his water byndeththe ground,and hardnethashesalsointo a clod, wherin (not without wonder)the placeglittrethroundeaboutnone otherwysethan if it were the greenefields.There is also thestonecalledAmmons horne.For it is sowarppedandcrookedthatit is shaped gathered like a Ramshorne.It is bright asgold.Beeinglaydeundera mannesheadwhenhe sleepeth, it is said unto him heavenlydreams.2l to represent unfortunately the geology of the oasisdoesnot support this association;all its outcrops are of Miocene or younger age.The nearestCretaceousexposures,the youngest rocks in which ammonites occur, are rio miles drstant.2zThis indicatesthat despitethe classical sourcesthe name originated in a generalcontext rather than through occurrencesof the fossilsat Siwa. No meaningful additions to the classicalknowledge of ammonites seem to have been 'Where made prior to the work of the sixteenth-centuryRenaissance naturalists. Ammonis cornu,or one of its variant names,occursin the medieval lapidariesthe entriesare paraphrasesof Pliny.23Camillo Leonardi's The Mirror of Stones,which in one senserepresents a culmination of the lapidary tradition at the beginningscf the "geological" renaissarlce, contains a description that is strikingly Plinyesque: is a Stoneof a gold Colour,andis numberedamongthe mostsacredGems.It . . . Hammonis, hasthe shapeof a Ram's Horn, andis foundtnEthiopia.Ifa man putshimselfin a Postureof Contemplation,it givesthe Mind a Representation of all divine Things.2a

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Agricola's De lt{aturaFossilium2swell illustrates the effect of the Renaissanceon the His mineralogy,basedon the physicalcharactersof "fossils",26is free geologicalsciences. of much of the magical and mythical propertiesand spuriousinformation that characterizesthe earlierlapidaries.Here Ammonisclrnufrom Marienburg is a mineral coveredwith golden armaturct,hard and striated, which imitates a horn.27 Agricola views these and other stonesas the products of a lapidifying juice, although not necessarilyorganic in nature.28 The lavish useof woodcuts (which had been supplementedby the useof etchingsafter the middle of the fifteenth century) characterizesmany of Agricola's works; there are some 3oo in De Re Metallicaalone. The use of illustrations for scientific description pervadesthe treatisesof the sixteenth-centurynatural historians.2eThus the first iliustrations (of varying quality) of many fossils,including ammonires, occur in Konrad Gesner's30 celebratedmineralogical treatise De Rerum Fossilium.Therc is a curious mixture of the organic and inorganic in his rendering of amrnonites. The Cornu serpentisof the fourteenth chapterare describedas Concheae marinae,stonesthat imitar. or r.r.rrrble marine animals, along with a fossil fish, a crab (" Pagaruslapideus"), and heart urchins (" Echini marini") that had easilyrecognizableliving analogues.Another ammonire is figured and discussedin the following chapter: stoneswhich imitate serpentsand insects.This evolute ammonite, whose coiling type would now be termed "serpenticone",without its wider body whorl and with earlier whorls of rather equal height, must have seemeda perGct petrified serpent to Gesner, and unlike the other conchs which somewhat resembled I'Jautilus.Gesner also describesand illustrates a cidaroid echinoderm as a serpenr egg (" auumanguinum"),31 although such".ggr " were correctiyidentifiedby his "orrt.-porary Palissy.32Gesnertreatsliving cephalopodsin the fourth volume of Historia Animalium,tncluding in his discussioninformation from the studiesof the FrenchmenGuillaume Rondelet and Pierre Belon, whose ecological view of "poissons" includes these l-Jnfortunatelythey did not discussfossilfish and seemto have hedged on the creatures.33 nature of the fossil invertebratesthey did consider. One of the seventreatisesbound with Gesner'sDe Rerum Fossilir,tm is the catalogueof the personalcabinet of Johann Kentmann,34who actually edited the volume. The effect of cataioguesof this type and those of the museumsthat closely followed, nearly all of which included specimensof ammonites, was to popularize the study of lithology throughout Europe during the seventeenthcentury. Fossilscould be cataloguedand preservedwith relative easeby the virtuosi, discussedand exchangedwith their fellows, and used to impresstheir friends. Later the fame of ammonoids among the naturphilosophen was suchthat Goethe mentions them in his geological discoursesand Schiller hashis hero Tell view flowers, rare birds, and ammonites on his pastoral walks (Act. III, iit. Many of the cataloguesof museumsinclude referencesto ophites3s which were equated with Cornu ammonis.These occur in the literature as early as the fourth (?) century A.D. poem of "Orpheus" on gems in which the fossilbecomesthe vocal stone,the truthful Sideritisor Ophites,containing a soul, round and black, and: . . . Around its face,in rnany ^ mazybend, Like wrinklesdeepthe gravenfurrowstrend.36 The poem relateshow the seerfasted and kept chastefor seven days, then washed the stone, clothed and setit in the shrine, giving it life through incanrarions.Hearing its first

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stirrings, he castthe ophite down and it then gave truthful answersto ali questions,after which it was againbathedand its spirit departed. " legendsand the name rx'asapplied with Ophitesalsoare mentioned in the " snakestone equal liberality in the lapidariesto marbles, serpentines,diabases,and basaltporphyries (the latter called tephrias,the modern tephrite), whose spotted surfaceswere so like the The idea that ophitesorCornuammoniswerepetrifiedserpents, mottled skinsof serpents.3T British snakestonefolklore, was beginning to be recorded in the through perpetuated ". . . Stonesfigurid like serpentes\,'ounde into circlesfound in the sixteenth century: quarreisof stoneabout CainshamfnearBristol].":8 rverenoted byJoirn Leland during his travels through Somersetshire.The legends surrounding this occurrence as related by 'William Camden, who viewed thesefossilsas: "...little miraclesof sporting Nature . . . winded round like a serpent . . . But most of them want the head."3einvolve the conversionof a wood full of venomous serpentsby St Kenya's prayers.Those of Whitby in Yorkshire have a similar expianation; snakesabounding near the cloisterin the seventh century until they were decapitatedand petrified by the efftcacyof the prayers of St 'W.alter Scott relatestn Marmion (Canto Second,XIII): Sir Hilda, the Saxonabbess.ao eachone . . . How of a thousandsnakes, Was changedinto a coil of stone, 'When holy Hilda prayed. . .

holv boun d t*;rulJ ;'JlHlT Tl:rI:";T J

To lend the story authenticity, headswere carved on sone specimenswhich were then Dactylioceras sold to the curious. One of these,a specimenof theJurassiceoderoceratacean of the British Museum (Natural History) (Sowerby),hasbeenin the possession comnnme sinceabout rBr5.a1This nefariouspracticewasnot restrictedto the English,for a similarly rotiformeSowerby was acquired by the Vienna alteredJtrrassicpsilocerataceanCoroniceras Natural History Museum in r88o.a2 Fancifui talesof the origin o{ Cornuammonisor ammonitesasthey were beginning to be referred to with equal frequency, were popular among the English countryfolk through tire nineteenthcentury.JamesParkinsonwas once shown a snakestoneby the orvner of an alehouscnear Oxford who told him it was originally one of the fairies: ". . . once the inhabitantsof theseparts, who for their crimes were changed,first into snakes,and then their petrifiednight-caps(oneof the cap-shaped Another fossilrepresented into stones."43 Parkinsorlquotesanother curious tale from Richard Carew's Cornwallin gastropods?). which: by their breathingaboutahazellwand,doemakea stonering of blew colour,in . . . tlr.esnakes, whicharestung,beinggiven theyellor,vfigureof a snake;andthatbeasts whichthereappeareth of the waterwhereinthis stonehasbeensoked;will therethroughrecover.Therewassucha onebesrowedon me, and the giver avowedto haveseenpart of the stickstickingin it; but sitfdcs.aa authorem Penes The real natllre of fossilscontinued to be under heated debate,especiallyanong that famed circle of learned and ingenious men of the Royal Society of London in the late seventeenthand early eighteenth centuries.Martin Lister commenting on the organic in a letter to the Societystates:". . . these in Steno'sProdromus view of fossilsexpressed at Cockle-like stonesever were, asthey are Present,Lapidessuigeneris,and never any part

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of an Animal."as To Robert Plot, who inclined toward the ideasofhis friend Lisrer asto the production of fossilsin place by a plastic virtue latent in the earrh, rejecting both a diluvial origin and "animal molds", Oxfordshire Cornu ammonisor Ophiomorphitswere: ". . . most probably formed by two salrsshooting fcrystallizing]dift^erentways, which by thwarting one another make a helicalfigure . . .".46 Theseinorganic views of fossils,or " formed " or " figured stones'' (lapides _figurati)asthey were most popularly known, drew the cansticcomments of the noted diluvialistJohn'W'oodward,aTProfessorof Physick at GreshamCollege, and the compelling arguments(especiallyto modern readers)of Robert Hookea8who acceptedfossilsasthe petrified remainsofpast liG and derided the ideasof a uis plastica and the like. Hooke described Portland ammonites ". . . of a prodigious bigness", discoveredthe suturesrepresentedexternal boundaries of internal partitions, and concluded: ". . . that these Shells [from Keynsham] which are thus spirallied and separated with Diaphragnres,were some kind of Nautili . . ."4s probably exrinc, although they might yet be found in the limboes of oceanicdepths or distant seas.5o In this Hooke was alluding to the uncertaintiesof Edward Lhwydsl and Ray, who John while supporting modified organic views, knew of no analoguesin European seas. Hooke's answer to this objection was detailed comparisonsof the fossilswith living externaily shelledcephalopodsbefore the Royal Society in rd89. Two platesof realistil three-dimensionalfigures of examplesof eachof the above were drawn by F{ooke himself to convince his audiencethe ammonites had once been alive: . . . Anyonethat will diligently andimpartiallyexamineboth the Sronesand Shells,andcomparethe onewith the other,rvill, I canassure him, find greaterreasonto perswade him of the ' Truth of my positionthananyI haveyet urgedor canwell producein Words; no Perswasions beingmoreprevalentthanthosewhich thesedumb'Witneises do insinuate.s2 orary continental virtuosi held at leastaswide a variety of ideason the origin _Contemp of Conm amn'tonis.Johann Reiskes3believed them to be inorganic. Karl Nicolaus Lang modified Lhwyd's spermaticideas;he describesAmmonitesas:" . . . coiled figured ,torr.q convoluted after the manner of serpents,so that their circlcs do not have any point of inception."S4Georg W'edelssand Georg Behrensembracedorganic views somewhatlike thoseof Hooke; Behrenssupposing: ". . . the CornuaAmmoni.r,were once real which are now allow'd on all hands to be Stonesof a particular Kind."56 Behrensrelateshow the Gandersheimfarmers used as r,vitchbane: ...afossiieshapedlikeaRam'sHorncall'dDrake[Dragon]-stone...forwhentheCows losetheir milk, or void Blood insteadof it, they put thesi Stonesinto the Milk-pail, and by that meansexpecta due quantityof Milk from thosecows again.sT The researchesof Behrens's contemporary Georg Rumpf on pearly nautilus, his "Nautilus Major", which he was able to observefirst-hand in EastInJianwaters, contains the earliestmodern descriptionsof its conch and internal anatomy.ssAlthough there are some inaccuraciesin the discussionof the soft parts, the work was unsurpasseduntil Richard Orven publishedhis detailedand beautifully illustrated treatiseon lqautilu5in the next century.seRumpf" " CornuAnrmonis",consideredby him a small analogueof the major natttilus, is actually the living Spirula.60Added to the comparisonsof Hooke and Antoine de Jussieu,6lRumpf's studies ensured the acceptanceof ammonites as fossil cephalopodsby the closeof the first half of the eighteenthcenrury. There were of course dissentingconservatives,Voltaire being the most illustrious of these.Vigorously assailing

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the naturalistswho denied his orderly Newtonian world system,to him merely for the sakeof a few shells,Voitairc opposed geologic and biologic change by disputing their identity: . . . As for the ammonites, known for agesasserpentstones, it wasobviousto him that they werecoiledsnakes which had beenpetrified,or stoneswhich had fonnedin sucha shape.62 Although acceptedas organic by rnost nautralists,the diluvial explanation of the occurrence of fossilsprevailed until well into the nineteenth century, when the acceptanceof biological and geological uniformity made this and other explanationsLlnrenable.The fundamentalist rcaction to Darwin produced a general ofircer's defenseof Scripturc in which it was hoped that some of the 5oo-oddspeciesof ammoniteswould prove to be: ". . . gigantic Planorbi of the primeval forests,they wouid speakvolumcs regarding the Deluge and the comparativelyrecentpresentgarment of the earth. . .".63 During the eighteenth centrlry, with the organic nature of ammonites becoming increasinglywell-established,naturalistswere giving greater attention ro systematizingthe potpourri of specieswhich had by then been accumulated.Conceptsof " species" varied considerably;estimatesof the number of valid taxa varied from tens to hundreds,which resultedin a nurnber of complaints of taxonomic over-refinernentwhich have a curiously modern aspect.Elie Bertrand, after listing the ntrmber of speciesof the various authors (Scheuchzer'stotalled r49), observesthere seemsto be almost an infinite variety. To reducethe confusion,he limits himself to three species basedon ornamentation;smooth, striated,and tubercular.64Ideasas to which taxa were valid obviously dependedupon which of the physical charactersof the conch were emphasized.Although Linnaeus placedall of the vulgar Cornnammonis in a singlespecies, Hanrmonites, of the fossilgenus Helmintholithtts,6s one which contained a myriad of other shelledmolluscs and echinoderms, some 3oo taxa existedby the late eighteenthcentury. In proposing the genus 'uvithevolute whorls, Ammonitesin 1789for Cormrammonis Jean-GuillaumeBruguidre66 was formalizing common practice which also used "nautilus" or "narltilites" for the involute forms. Parkinson later suggestedthis usageomitted the so-calledliving xr1r1onites (actually foraminifer$ discovered in Italy by Jacob Beccari and Johann Bianch. (JantrsPlancus)early in the eighteenthcentury. He thought Amnronautilus might be applied to theseto indicatethey sharedthe charactersof both genera.67 The researchesof Cuvier and Lamarck in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuriesbeganmodern cephalopodstudies,briefy consideredhere to r865, the time of the first major fractionalization of the genusAnrmonite.s. GeorgesBaron Cuvier first used the term "Cephalopodes" at the ordinal level in r798 to join the living forms, then including the foraminifers, in one higher taxon.68Ammonites and othei fossilssimilar to I'{autilusare discussedunder that genusalthough their definite placein the order remained conjecturalat that time.6eJeande Monet, Chevalierde Lamarck,consideredby somethe founder ofmodern conchology, included Bruguidre'sAmmonitesarnonqhis elevenmultiocular univalve "Mollusques Cephales" three years later.7oBy the end of the decade, Lamarck had rearrangedtheseand additional taxa into sevenfamilies of polythalamous cephalopods,one of which was "Les Ammon6es";,t h" had early disiinguishedand emphasizedthe sutural differencesbetween ammonoids and nautiioids. Btth he and Cuvier viewed ammonoids asinternal shellsanalogousto Spirtla and not to Iiautilus,an idea later contestedby von Buch.72

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Additional generawere establishedperiodically during the remainder of the first half of the nineteenthcentury. However, the next meaningful advancein the comprehension of cephalopodsystematicswas the recognition offoraminifers asseparatebiologic entities. This required the discovery of the presenceor absenceof a siphunclein the shell,or the test,noted by'Wilhelm de Haan and Alcide d'Orbigny in the rSzo's(it was the latter who first used "Foraminifdres"), the unicellular nature of the soft parts, recognized by "nd Felix Dujardin in r835.73De Haan alsocontinuedthe study of suturelinesemphasizedby Lamarck, proposing a third family, the " Goniatitae" , for forms whose septaledgeswere simply undulated and angtilar.Ta Perhapsthe greatestcontributions to the study of fossil cephalopodsin the nineteenth century were thoseof Leopold von Buch,Tspublishedduring the r83o's,which provided inspiration for generationsof later workers. In these,von Buch emphasizedthe distinction between the siphuncularpositions in nautiloids and ammonoids, estabiisheda definite sutural terminology which aided in separatingthe ammonoids into three " sections" basedon sutural configuration, and further divided into fourteen families by conch shape and ornament-a seParationhe felt was gradational. Here are the beginnings of ideas that ammonoid phylogeniesbasedon progressivecomplication of sutural patternsmight be usedin chronologies.T6 Von Buch's work along with the researches of Richard Owen, who gave the names "Dibranchiata" and "Tetrabranchiata" to the "naked" and "sheiled" orders,77and thoseof Frangois-julesPictetT8provided the basicclassificationof cephalopodsuntil the r86o's. Monographic treatmerltsof cephalopod faunas during the middle nineteenth century yielded a number of new genera, many derived from Ammonites,by then considered primarily a form genus.Yet evenwith all the systematicrevisions,Owen, writing in 186o, refers to more than 5oo speciesof the genus, a number he considersperfectly natural: ". . . The sectionsinto which, for the sakeof convenience,this extremely natural group has been broken up, are very ill-defined and have no pretension to be consideredsub'S/hen generic."Te Eduard SuessproposedArcestes, Phylloceras, and Lytocerass0 for some of thesesubgenera,retaining Anrmonitesin a stricter sense,he used conch featuressuch as body length and the nature of the aperturein addition to thosestressedby von Buch. This seemsto havc initiated a large scalerefinement, or splitting depending on one's taxonomic philosophf , that was also advocated by Suess'scontemporary Alpheus Hyam, a trend evident in the work of those they infuenced later in rhe century (it would be interesting to trace their "phylogenies"). Ar a result of these studies,the conceptsof many genera became increasingly more narrow and Arnmoniteswas no exception. Although it eventually was suppressedfor nomenclatural priority by the International Commission on Zoologrcal Nomenclature in 1954,81the original nomen remains as a prefix in severalsupragenerictaxa and is still the common name for thesefossils. This brief survey of the history of study and developmenrof ammonoid systemaricsto the beginning of the fractionalization of genusAmmonite.s in r865 containslittle material on the many nineteenth-century workers who made important contributions to the knowledge of ammonoids.szTaxonomic developmentsafter the r86o'sare so nunerous, complex, and sometimesslightly bewildering that they, with all posr-Linnaeansystematics, easily form the subject of a separatepaper. Pre- and contemporary Linnaean studiesaccomplishedthe important transition of ideason the nature of ammonites,from the classical-medievalvier,v of them as stones or minerals resembling the Horns of

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Ammon, with their supposed prophetic powers, through the dragon and snakestone legends and inorganic ideas of ammonites as lusus naturae prevalent in the seventeenth century, to their acceptance as organic remains by the middle of the eighteenth century, and finally, toward the close of that century, the adoption of the rnodern restricted usage for coiled, complex-sutured, fossil cephalopods. of the term "ammonite"

NOTES 1 Oliver'Wendell Holmes' "Ship of Pearl" is well known: This is the ship of pearl, which, poets feign, Sails the unshadowed mainThe venturous bark that flinEs On the sweet summer wind its"purpled wings In gulfs enchanted, where the siren sings, And coral reefslie bare, 'Where the cold sea-maidsrise to sun their streaminghair... chambersto the The remaining four versescomprise an allegoricalcomparison of the successive lifestagesofman,untilbothare". . . wrecked. . ."and". . . free. . ."leavingth9'^'.. . oxtgrown shell by life's unresting sea." "The Chambered Nautilus", TheAutocratof theBreakfastTable.Evcry M a n H i s O w n B o s w e l.l. . T h e C o m p l e t eW r i t i n g st f . . . H o l m e s . . . ( N e w Y o r k : H o u g h t o n Mif,in Co., rBgz),l: 97-98. 2 The "Ship of Paper" is lessfamiliar: . . . Thus then to Man the views of Nature spakeGo, from the creaturesthy instructions take . . . Learn of the little nautilus to saii, Spread the thin oar, and catch the driving gale . . . Pope.Essayon Man. Ed. by A. H. Thompson (Cambridge: at the University Press,r9r_3),p. 30: Alexinder Pope (1688-rT4+) wrote Essayas a versified phiiosophy treating uneven distribution of happinesson earth. These couplets refer to nature as the only guide of man to deity. The rowingOppian's Halieutica,written by th" zoologistsailing qualities of the argonaut were derived from'With 'W.. Mair. an English Translation by A. poet in-the late second cenrury a,.o. Oppian . . . 'William (London: Heinemann Ltd, r9z8), I: 34off ' Both Nautilus andArgonauta, the only living externally shelled cephalopods(femalesof the latter genussecretetemporary shellsas egg cases),were known to Atistorle(Historia Animalium,Book 4, Chapter r). 3 These'cephalopodscomprise the modern subclassAmmonoidea. ZrtteI, r884, as used in the Paleoitology.Part K. Mollusca3 . .. Directed urd Edited by Raymond C. Treatiseon InuerteErate Moore. (New Yolk: The Geological Society of America and the University of KansasPress,tg6!): Krz, and thus in l strict nomenclatural sensethe common name should now be "ammonoid". Flowever, the narne "ammonite" long antedates"ammonoid", which is an outgrowth of the recent tremendouselaborationof the classificationof the group. Use of "ammonoid" implies that "ammonite" is restrictedto a more limited grollp, the members of the order Ammonitidt Zittel, r884. As a collectiveterm for all ammonoids, " ammonite" certainly haspriority, and at this levelat which the term originally was used-the modern distinction between ammonoid and ammonite is often inconsequential."Dinosaur" has a somewhat cornparablehistory, with certain differences (foseph T. Gregory, written communication,Juner967). '" n K.n r.th O'akley,1965,"Folklore ofFossili part I",Antiquity.AQuarterly ReuiewofArchaeology 39: pl. IIc,d. For the collecting activities of the "paleo"-pa^leontologists,see Raymond_Furon's Ancient and MedievalScience "Th^e Dawn of Science:PrehiitoricBeginnings", History of Science. From the Beginningsto 1450.Edited by Ren6 Taton. Translated by A.J. Pomerans.(New York: BasicBooks, Inc., 1963),pp. 6-7. s As describedin A. Ragout, 1934,"La Grotte de I'Ammonite. GisementMagdal6nien", Reuue Anthropologique44: r39 (fig. z: zt). The nature of the line drawing makes interpretatio^ndifti9{1. 6Thomis-F. Kehoe, r96s, "Buffalo Stones: 'An Addendum to the Folklore of Fossils"', Antiquity. . . 39: 2rz-2r3.

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10

AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPI{ALOpODS

Many are the miraculous tales of the origin of the oracle and the nearby Fons Solisfrom such heralds as Herodotus, Solinus, Servius,and-Diodorus Siculus.The earliestrecordsfrom Siwa are from the sixth-century Twenty-sixth Dynasty, by which time the parent Theban oracle ar Karnak had declined to such a degree that it possessed neither major religious nor political significance (Breasted,op. cit., p. 478). rs Fakhry, op. cit., p. 44. 16Alist of thesereadsiike a classical"'W-ho's-'Who" including Hcrcules, Perseus,Serniranris, Croesus,Pindar, Lysander,Pausanias, and Hannibal (Parthe;r,op. iit., pp. r56fi and Fakhry, op. cit., pp. 2s-4s)17Described by Flavius Arrianus, Anabasis.III 2ff. 18For a discussionof the varied legends,including the Arabic Iskander dhulcarnein,seeHarold Lamb'shistoricalnovelAlexanderof Macedon. (New York: Bantam Books, Inc., r955),pp. 2gt -2g4. 1eH[enry] B. 'W.alters,1926,Catalogueof theEngrauedGems andCameoscreeleriri'tri,i o,td-Ro,,,o,,, in theBritishMuseum.(london: Oxford University Press),pp.J_3{,34r. SeealsoCharles'W..King, fi66,The Handbooko-f EngrauedGems.(London: Bell er-Daidy),p. 366,fig.38. Horns of tlrl, sort continued to turn up -in variotts associationsand locations. the Sassanidiavairyof Shapur II, who opposedthe armiesof the FmperorJulian in the fourth cenrury A.n., bore them on theifielms (5i"*, op. cit.,p. 16z).One tradition tracesthem from the Kushite'Twenty-fifth Dynasty, throueh the Nubian Coptic kings, to the paraphernaliaof dre sixteenth- and sevenreenrir-cenlu.r'Fuis, Empire centeredat Sennaron the glue Nile. A horn of the goat with whose milk the CreranLu-o[ Amilthea nursed Zeus,later broken by him, becamethe le"genda ry Cornu copiae,and is t..;ll'.i 6y glttt Arnaltheasde Montfort, r8o8. Thomas Bulfinch, rg;4, . . .'Mythologi. The Age o_fFable. .'. (N.ry York: RandomHouse, Inc.), p.r46. Many gcnericnamesbear the sufirx "cJrast'from the Greek root for "horn". Otlrer ammonoid.generic names also have Hellenic etymologics; Arietites'Waagen, 1869 is derived from Aries, the Ram of the Zodiac. HoplitesNeumayr, r875 honors the formldable Gieek heavy.infantry. The brazen luster of pyritizedammonoids'gives them an armored appearance, termed armaturaby the medieval miners, a name also given to fault slickensidesas reibrded by Agricola. 20 Gaius Piinius lecun{us(ca. 7T ^.o), . . . Natural History. With an Inglish translation . . . by D. E. Eichholz . .. (Cambridge,Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,{962), ro: 3or (Book 3f, Chapter 6o). It seemsPliny is having his readerson here, as the nexr sentences'refer io th" rvbiili. ability of hyena stoneswhen placedqtd.l a rnan's tongue ". . . if wc are foolish enotrsh to believe such a thing." He is more discerningthan he is sometiniesmade to appear;seehis .o-ir.nt, on the origins and properties of glossopetraein Book 37, Chrpter 59. 21Gaius Julius Solinus, The Excellentand PleasantWorke CollectanaaRerum Menorabiliutn. . . Translatde from the Latin (t557) by Arthr Colding. (Gainsville, Fiorida: Scholars' Facsimilcs & Reprints, rgjj), Chapter 39: "Of Affrick. . ." Soiinuscontinues:". . . Also there is a Tr6e called Metopsout of ylhich floweth a ciammy gumme, which of the place it commedr fro, wc call Arnmoniack" (Golding, ibid.). Pliny (Book 3r, Chapter 39) mentions sal-hammoniacum near rhe oracle,where its bulk increases yith.1,hewaxing moon. SeeHerbert Clark and Lou Henry Floover, tg5o, CeorgiusAgricola.De Re Metallica...(N.* York: Dover Publications,Inc.), p. i6o, nore 8, for theielatioln of thescto ammonium chloride. The De Natura Animalium of Polyhistor's contemporary Claudius Aelianus contains only dre living cephalopods. 22In the Bahria [Baharia] Oasis.They alsocrop out near the FarafraOasisfurther south, and jurst west of the Giza Pyramids. Rushdi Said, 1962,-The Ceologyof Egypr. (Amsterdam-Nerv york: E-lsevierPublishingCompany),ftg.?,facing p. z4.TheCarte_G6oiogiqtieInternationalede L'Afriquc (Echelle r: J.ooo.ooo,1278195) shows only Miocene rocks on the-Libyan Plateaubcrrvecn Siiva and.Cyrene (now Shahhat). There are two smallish Cretaceousexposuresshown some 5o miles southwest of Cyrene. 23 George.Slton, 196r, in his Appreciationof Ancientand MedievalScience During the Rertaissance . (tqSo: t6oo). (N.y York: A.S. Barnes & Co- Inc.),p. 78, views theNanral Histoiy as". . . one of the most influential books ever pubiished. It was tire favorite scientific of medieval "n.yclop.iia tlmes.'2a The Mirror of Stones:In Which the Nature,Ceneration,Properties, Virtuesand uariousSpecies of

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SCOdO'IVHdAS OJNI SNUOH S.NOWWV :SSIINOWIAIV

72

AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS

primarily a botanist, but is best known for his momentous zoological compilation Historia Animalium,foarvolumes ofwhich were publishedtnZirich during r55r -r558 andihefifth, posthumously, in 1587. The-encyclopedisttraditions were continued by-the indefatigable Gesner]caled Plinius germanicus,who, together with the noted Ulisse Aldrovandift5zz-fiJ) provided a polyhistor of natural history, albeit somewhat fanciful, from Aristotle to iheir time.'th"ir volurries ire partic'Willy ularly valued.for their observations outside the classicaland medieval texrs. Ley, palionto'Werk logist and rocketee_r, wrote a short biography ". . . Konrad Gesner,Leben und .' . .t' Brit ag, zur Ceschichte undLiteraturderNaturwiisenschaften und Medizin . . . Heft, ryf fi (Mtinchen, r9z9). SEe also Sarton,Appreciation, p.ro6, and Henry Morley, 196r, "Conrad Gesne{', Toward iiodcrn Science.Studiesin Renaissance Science.Edited by Robert M. Paltner (New York: The Noonday Press),II: 9o-n4 31 Conradi Gesneri, 1565,De Rerum Fossilium,Lapidum et Cemmarum maximi, fguris E similitudinibusLiber: non solumMedicis,sedomnibusrerumNahtr(rcac Philogiaestudiosis,,tiTit to iucundusfut.urus..(Tiguri:[Apud Gesnerum]),p. t6g verso.De Rerum Fossiliunrlsthelast of the eight works on mineralogy bound asDe Omni Rerui FossiliumGenere,Gemmis,Lapidibus, Metallis,etliuiusmodi . . . (Tiguri: 1565-1566). The fossil rendered on page 6r in the chapter speculatingon brontiae and *p"e" cerauniaemay alsobe a seaurchin. The ammonitesin questionare illustiated on rO4 and paec t68 verso, resPectively.The figure on page 165 may be-anautiloid or a large planisiiral gastr.p#. Nummulites from the Paris Basin are first describedhere; foraminifers weie considerJdmiirutc cephalopods until the early nineteenth century. tt.Fo.t Palissy's(r5ro?-r_5_9o) organic view of fossilsseeAurdle La Rocque's excellent amotated translation of the Adnirable Disiourses... [r58o] (Urbana: Universitybf t[itroi, Press, rgs1), especially his introduction. 33The ...Libri De PiscibusMarinis, in quibusue.rae Pisciumffigies expressae sunt... [zv. in rl (L^ugduni:Apud Matthiam Bonhomme, r5j4-r55s) of GuillaumeRondelet (r5o7-r566),'professor of anatomy at Montpellier,-includes excellent naturalistic illustrations of squids, o-topijand the argonaut, and one of the earliestfigures of a dissectedinvertebrate, ar." or.liin (Rondeiet, ibid., p. SzB):4s contemporary Pierre (Petrus)Belon [Rellonius] $5t7-r564), botanist and zooiogist, wlio worked with the noted Valerius Cordus (*hg 4ro taught Gesner),and travelled extensivJly in the serviceof FrancisI, publisheda number of"ichthyologiial" and ornithoiogical works b"t*..n r55r and r 557 -containingat times equally fine figures.' . . .-ne aquatilibus, Libri truo,cumeiconibus ad yii in ipsorumffigiem, quo/ eiusferipotuit, expreisis. (Parisiis:apud C["rolum]. Stephanum,r jJ3), p. :Br flnot seen,there is also a r55z editiol printed by Stephan]coot"ins a descripiion and itii"t."tio" of the conch of Nautilus,first illustratedby Belon tnL'histoiie naturelledesestrairyes poissons marins,auec uyie Tseinctu.re & description du Daulp,hin,E deplusieursautresdesonespece,ibtirrrcpo, PierreBelon \ du Mans... . (Paris:De f imprimerie de R. Chaudiere,r55r) [not r..o]. - Sarton (op. cit.,pp. 55-60) emphasizesthe originality of Rondelet and Belon's observations,lisrs their works, and gives.shortbiographies.Their work much advancedthe narural history of thesc though their comprehinsion of order within the groups doesnot equalAldiovandi's. 3tt1-?1t,_1yen In Italy, Hippolito Salviani(t5t4-r572) was studying MediterraneariandAdriatichsh and published Arpa.tiliumAnimaliumHistoriaein r ss4. SeeEugeneW. Godg" r, 1934," The five great natirralistsof the sixteenthcentury: Belon, Rondelet, Salviani,Gesnerand Aldrovandi: a chaptErin the historv of ichthyology", Isis22: zr-4o. For additional detailsof their contributions seePaul Deiaunay, r;62, La zoologie-ause,iziimesiicle. (Paris: Hermann) *d GeorgesPetit andJean Thiodoriddi, r9Oz, Histoirede-lazoologied,esoriginesaI innd.(Paris:Hermann), pp. z53-275. Naturalism in the illustration of iiving cephalopodshad ippeared as early as the work of pier Candido_(Petrus_C_andidus) Decembrio [Decembrius] (r399-r+zz), *hore figure of the common squid Loligo published in r47o is shown in Alistair C. Crombie, t959, Medid,al andEarly Modern Scicnce.Volume I. Scienceinthe MiddleAges:V-XIIICenturies.(NewYork: Doubleday &iompany, Inc.), pl. XUII. loJoh"tttt I(entmann (r5r8-r574), physician of Torgau, \,vasauthor of two titles in Gesner's voiume; l{omenclaturae RerumFossilium,quein MisniapraTcipue, et in aliis quoqLte regionibus inueniuntur contains.the descriptionsof some r,6oo specimensin hf cabinet(Jahn and woolf, op. cit., pp. 166-167). 3s the Greek.tog! Qghis; {ot serpentor snake,suggestsan associationwith the ancientEgyptian sacredfestival of Opet held during the Nile flood wf,en the image of Amun traveled upsrreail hom

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41It is figtrred in \Milfrid N. Edwards, r93 r, Cuide to an Exhibition lllustratingtheEarly History of Palaeontololy.SpecialGuide No. 8. (London: Printed by Order of the Trtistees of th" nrilish Museum), p. 16, fig. 4, and is also shown by Oakley (op. cit., pl. IIa). a2As illustrated in Friedrich Bachmayer, r9j8, "Ammoniten-die sonderbarstenBewohner der MuseumWien. I.{eueFolge t: 17. vorzeitlichen Meere l" Verffintlichungenl{aturhistorischen a3 JamesParkinson, t8o4, OrganicRemainsof a Former World. An Examinationof the Mineralized andAnimals oJ'the AntediluuianWorld; ,qenerallytermedExtraneousFossils. RemainsoJ'the Vegetables (London: Printed by'Whittingham and Rowland, Goswell Strect; and Published by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, Paternoster-Row . . .), r: 4. The second and third volumes of this excellenr popular work were issuedby a number of London publishersin r8o8 and r8rr, respectively.The first volume of a secondedition was publishedin r8rr, printed by "C.Wittingham" for the samc houses. aaParkinson,iltid.,3: r34. Richard Carew (r555-16zo),antiquary,High Sheriffof Cornwall and 'W.illiam Camden, dedicatedhis survey to Sir'Waiter Raleigh, then Lieutenant Generalof friend of Cornwall. See Frank E. Halliday, r9i3, Richard Carew of Antony. The Survey of Cornwall . . . (London: Andrew Melrose Ltd). 4s Martin Lister, "A Letter . . . confirming the Observation in No 74. about Musk sented Insects;adding Some Notes . . . and on that of M. StenoconcerningPetrify'd shells", Philosophical . . .VoI.VI,FortheYear1671.[No. 76],p.zz8z.Lister(r638-r7rr)wasHousePhysician Transactions to Queen Anne and publisheda number ofimportant conchologicalworks; a list of theseand details of his ideason fossilsare to be found inJahn and'Woolf (op. cit., pp. r9z-ry4). a6R[obert] P[ot], 677, The Natural History of Oxford-Shire,Being an Essaytoward the Natural (Oxford: Printed at the Theater in Oxford and are to be had there . . .), p. t"3. History oJ'England. Plot (r 64o- t696), an intimate of SamuelPepysandJohn Evelyn, was first Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, alsoProfessorof Chemistry at Oxford, Secretaryof the Royal Societyand later Mowbray HeraldExtraordinary. Plot's views are developedin detail and relatedto thoseofhis contemporaries 'Woolf (ibid., pp. r7o-r7r). by Jahn and a7SeeJahnand'Woolf's(ibid.,pp.t76-t78)commentson'Woodward's$66r-1727)ideasoffossil origin and conceptsof stratification.His ideaswere enthusiasticallysupported on the continent by 'Woodwardts rhielebratedJohannJacob Scheuchzerof Zirich$672-r73 3) who'trariiated many of works, being convertedby them from his original view of fossilsas/asasnaturae.Scheuchzerenjoys a greaterfame than Woodward, principally due to the unfortunate Homo diluuii tesrrsepisode(Jahn and'Woolf, ibid., pp. t73-176). a8 The eminent Hooke (rQ5-r7o3) was first Curator of Experiments to tlle Royal Society and sometime Professor of Geometry at Gresham College. A recent biography is Margaret 'Espinasse, :1956 RobertHooke. (Berkeley: University of California Press.) aeR[obert] Hooke, t665, Micrographia:or SomePhysiological Descriptions of Minute Bodiesmadeby and Inrpiries thereupon.,(London: Magnifying Glasses.With Obseruations Jo. Martyn and Ja. Aliestry . . .),p. rrr. A facsimile of the first edition with the index from the later editions and the preface from Robert T. Gunther's r938 reprint was publishedby Dover Publications,Inc., at New York in r96r. or spondylithos and at times had beenconThe chamber(carnera)castswere known asspondylithes fused with fossil vertebrae. s0 The PosthumousWorks of RobertHooke . . . Containing His CutlerianLectures,and other DisRead at the Meetings of the Illustrious Royal Society. . . To these Discoursesis prefxt the courses, Author'sLife ... Publish'd By Richard'W'aller. . . (London: Printed by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford .". ., r1os), pp. pZtr. The "Discourses of Earthquakes" is crammed with precocioris geological and biological ideas on climatic change, past biogeography, extinction of species,and fossilsas chronolosicai indicators. (1665) of the Hooke's views on earthquakeswere much influenced by the Mundus Subterraneu.s JesuitAthanasiusKircher (16oz-168o).Kircher's ideasseemto have had a greatereffect on the geoiogical notions of the membersof the Societythan thoseof his contemporiry Steno(Niels Stenlen, was "english'd" by Henry Oldenburg in fi7r. Cecil Schneer,r9J4, rola-roao), whose Prodromus deveiopsthis ideain "The Rise ofHistorical Geology in tlre SeventeenthCentury",Isis 45: 256-268. He argues persuasivelyand elegantly for recognition of the importance of the fusion of the antiQuarylffirlo'rian and naturalist trlditions and the fossil controversj' inEngland in the late seventeenth J.nrory, centered in the Royal Society, in forming a considerablepa.iof the background of ideas

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AMMONITES: AMMON'S

HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS

worden . . . (T'Amsterdam: Gedrukt by Frangois Halma, Boekverkoper in Konstantijn den Grooten),p.6z and pl. XV[. Georg Eberhard Rumpf [Rumph, Rumphius] ft628-t7oz), soldier, merchant, naturalist, called the Plinius indicus.was primarilv a botanist who first describedin detail the "Cocos-noo!" while employed on Amboin" (tro* Ceram) by the Dutch East India Company. A secondedition of the "Cabinet of Curiosities" was published in Amsterdam in r74rbyJ. R. deJonge. 'Willy Ley, 1959,Exotic Zoology.(New York: The Viking Press),pp. z;+ff., for the story of See 's the description of the coconut and a short sketch of Rumpf career.llis accomplishmentsin the 's faceof a tragic personallife are outlined by Sarton(tglZ),who reproducesthe title pagesof Rurnpf major works, in "Rumphius, Plinius Indicus (1628-17oz)", Iri, 27: 242-257. se Owen, t832, Memoir on the Pearlyl{autilus (Nautilus Pompilius Linn.) with Illustrationsof its ExternalForm andInternalStructure.Publishedby the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons. . . (London: Printed by Richard Taylor . . .). ' 60 Rumpf, ibid., pp. 67-68.The argonaut, "Nautilus tenuis", 'was also the subject of an earlier PaPer. 6lJussieu(1686-1758),of the noted French family of botanists,wrote "De I'Origine er de la Formation d'une sorte de Pierre figurde que I'on nomme Corne d'Ammon" . Histoirede l'Acad{nie Annde t7zz. Auec lesMdmoiresdeMathdmatique& dePhysirpe,pour la memeArutde RoyaldesSciences. (A Paris, de I'Imprimerie Royale, r7z4), pp. z3S-2$, in which the resemblanceof thesefossilsto the horns ofJupiter Ammon is noted, the notations in Pliny and Solinus are cited, and the French specimenscomparedto the living nautilus.KarlA. vonZittelin his Hrsroryof CeologyandPalaeontology to the End o-fthe NineteenthCentury.Translated by Maria M. Ogilvie-Gordon . . . (London: 'W'alter was lesssuccessful in accountingfor Scott, PaternosterSquare,rgor), p. zt, indicatesJussieu had carried them acrossthe Meditertheir occurrencein France; he thought marine transgressions raneanfrom Siwa. This idea is not included in the above paper; perhapsit was publishedelsewhere. 62FrancisC. Haber, r9j9, "Fossils and the Idea of a Processof Time in Natural History", Fore'William rilnnersof Darwin: t745-t85q. Edited by Bentley Glass,Owsei Temkin, [and] L. Straus, Jr. . . (Baltimore: TheJohns Hopkins Press),pp.227ff. 63Major GeneralGeorge Twemlow [1367], Factsand FossikAdducedto ProuetheDehge of Noah, Systenrof Darwin. . . [rr.in r] (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.), and Modify the Transmutation p. 28.His apoloey includeswhat are probably the earliestphotographic illustrations of ammonoids (Twemlow, ibid., unnumbered plate facing p. rzo). 6aBertrand, op. cit.,p. r57. 6s Caroli a (Karl von) Linn6 [Linnaeus], SystemaNaturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes,Ordines,Genera,species,cumCharacteribus,Dffirentiis,Synonymis,Locis...EditioDuodecima, Reformata[3v.in a]. (Holmiae: ImpensisDirect. Laurentii Salvii, t766-t768),ll[ t6z.Legai nomenclature datesfrom the tenth (rZS8) edition; however its third volume was not published.The MS is of the Linnean Sociery of London. now in the possession Of the living cephalopodsknown to Linn6, Sepia,including the cuttlefish, squid, and octopus, is placed in Vermes Mollusca; Argonautaand lJautilu.sin Vermes Testacea.Of the eighteenspeciesof fuautilus given in the twelfth .iitiott, only three are cephalopods, the remainder"are forr'-inifers (Linn6, op. cit.I: r16r-r165). SeeHenry Dodge, r9J3, "A Historical Review of the Mollusks of Liruraeus.Part z. The ClassCephalopoda and the Genera Conus ar.tdCypraea of the Class Gastropoda", AmericanMuseumof Narural History Bulletin ro3 (r)i g-r1, for a discussionof Linn6's cephalopod systematics. 66Bruguidre(r75o-r708), physician,naturalistand Levantinetraveler for the Directory, proposed Mdthodique.HistoireNaturelledesVers.TomePremier... (a Paris; chez this genusrnEncyclopddie Panckoueke,Imprimeur-Libraire . . . rTgz),p. 39 and pl. r. Brugut\re (ibid., pp. z8-29) disdnguishes two groups of species;nine striated and fourteen unstriated forms. BesidesAmmonites,his multithe validity of locular univalves include Nautilus, Orthocerasand Camerina.Dodge (tg+Z) discusses BruguiBreanmolluscangenerain "The Molluscan Generaof Bruguidre",Jourfial of Paleontology zt: 484-492. 67ParkinsorL, op. cit. 3: ro7-ro8. 6s TableauEldmentairedel'HistoireNaturelledesAnimaux.(A Paris:Baudouin, Imprimeur du Corps legislatif et de I'Institut national . . . An 6 [tzq8]), p. 2fi. The American Treatise$964), Part k. Mollusca3: Ktz acceptsClassCephalopodaCuvier, r7g7 asits legal form. "Gasteropodes" is also used for the first time in this classfication.

AMMONITES:

AMMON,S

HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS

17

-.6e Cuvier, op. cit., pp. 382-383. They were given definite statusin the second volume of Le RigneAnimal in r8r7. 7.0Syrt|m desAnimaux sansVertbbres,ou Tableau g.6nhal desclasses, desordreset desgenresde ces animaux. . . (A Paris: Chez L'Auteur, au Mus6um dffist. Naturelle . . . AnlX-r8or).-table facins P..tt.Lamarck-formallyproposed three of thesegenera,orbulites,Baculites,and Turriii'trt ^tiii;E a "Prodrome" of his new classification. 71It containsAmmonites,Orbulites,Ammonoceras, Turrilites, andBaculites.Nautilus and Oriltoceras ale in separatefamilies; some of the foraminifers are grouped in others.Arponautaitselfcomprises the monothalamousdivision and the remainder of the irtern"llyshelledandsfiell-lessgene."Arilit . third divisi:3_9jpl"ty. of Lamarck'sArrangement'of B,einga Frle Translationof 4f_!ti,ome .Testacea thatPart oJ His WorksDe L'Histoire NaturelledesAnimai* sansVdrtebres with lilustratiueObseruations, and Comparaliye.an!,Srytoptic fal:lg of the Systemsof Linnaeus & Lamarcle.By Chari"r O"t.ir. (London: PublishedbyLongman, Hurir, Reeq orme, Browne, and Greene, tgz'5),pp. rh. ""rn Histoirewas published in sevenvolumes during r8r5-r8zz. 72YonBuch, 1832," Uber die Ammoniten t d.n literen Gebirgs-Schichren".Abhandlurrye,der KiiniglichenderAkademieder wissenschaften.zu Berlin. Aus demJahi ta3o. , ., pp. 46-47. Dodge tracesthesedevelopmentsin "A Historicd Revielw of the Mollusis ofii""".us. part ,73 2 , Pp.r2-r3. ra Guilielmo (Wilhelm, -WiiieT) d. Haan, t82.5, Specimenphilosophicuminaugurale,exhiltens MonographiamAmmoniteorumet Goniatiteorum.. . (Leidin: Lugiuni $atavorum)-fnot seenl. De Flaan (r8or-r855), Cutator of Invertebratesin the Leiden Rijklmuseum of Nat*ai Hirtorv', b.rt known for his work on crustaceansand insects,proposesth" ,hi, [errera Cotiatites *d Crrotiti; work, o^rigirylly.his doctoral thesis.See-the biographic"l noi6 by L. B. Holthufu, tqji, ;;o",h; 'W. 'Fauna Dates of the Publication of de Haan's Volume on the Crustaiea of p. F. von Si.LLid's of Natural History 3: 4s-46. SpecimenisdisJapon19a"'- Tp J2yn,Il,?{ ,h,}oci.ety.for.the Bi.bliog.raphy cussedin von Buch's " Uber Goniatiien " . Abhani'luigi,t it, Kt;niglichen A[odiiir'du iltirrr,,rrhoftin zu Berlin. Aus demlahre tSjo . . . rU?,.pp. ri94t #h.r" de Hi'an's conceptsof the rr"o" viewed and modified on chara.t.rr of th. r.tt"."l iob.s. "r.'r.?,sCfrristial Lgopold.Freiherr von Buch (r774-r8y), renowned naturalist, traveler, geologist" 'Werner_at and,paleontologist,student of Freiburg and intimate of Aiexander von Humb'oldt.hls brilliance, wide inte_re_sts, accomplishmentshave been the subject of many biographies; see 1nd "W. Lambrecht and'W. and A. Quenstedt,r938, "Palaeonrologi.CatalogusbiolbibliSgirphi.or;i Foss,ilium Catalogus,l:Animalia.(Pars 7z) Editus a'W[erner] Qn.nrt.df ('s-Gravenhr!",'o, W. Jtrnk), p. 65, for a list of authors. 7 6V o n B u c h , " U b e r d e A m m o n i t e n . . .", pp.r37-r3g. tt op. cit.,PP. s6-sz. owen lists the synonymousraxa oflamarck, de Blainville, de Haan, 9.y:l' and d'Orbigny. 78Frangois-Jules_Pictet dc la Rive (r8o9 -t872),ProGssorof Zoology and ComparativeAnaromv at thc GenevaAcademy and National Councilor in Bern, who studiei urd.r Curr'ie.,Sr'flif."" *i de Blainville among others,published a number of paperson fossii molluscs,br".hlopJffi*r, echinoderms, and reptiles. His tw-o greatest workJ aie the seriesof researcheswhlch form t6e P.al4ontologie Suisse and the four volume Traitd Eldmentaire dePaldontologie ou Histoire Naturelledes Animaux Fossiles....,(Gendve:Imprimerie de Jules-Guilllume Fick,'r844-tg46). In the l;r." cephalopodsare divided into two orders, "Acdiabulifdres" and "Tent".odf6r.r", ,lr. t"i,.. .;;: t"P-8. five families, one of which is "Ammonitides" (Pictet, ibid.II:3o9fl). fh. hrg; of speciesinAmmonites aregrouped-into twenty subg.ner" after Cre of?on"";L;, Buch "rl"ig";"nts and d'orbigny (Pictet, ibid.ll.: 313ff ). In the second"editionof the Trlit! (?s53-ra57)th" species are,placedin twentygrougs..in six sec-tions. general discussionof the'g.tror i, to "*p"nd'ed include a brief discussionof "Ammon" and aTh. long-list of eighteenth-century"workers. iio"r includes a statement that,Belon in 1553 compaied .o.rr.ri'Ammon "fr" to ih. nautilus. Traitd de Pal{ontologie . .. Seconde r.li1i9n. . . (A Paris: ehezJ.-8. Baillidre. . . r8J4), II:664. As Belon's De aquatilibarwas not availableto me, I have not bJen able to verify thisio-parison. ^!'.Pal.aelntology_t: 4 fl:?yatic -Summaryof Extinct Animals and Their ceologicalRelations.By Richard owen, F.\,1_ (Edinburgh: Adam and charles Black, r86o), p.82. 80 Suess,1866, "Uber Ammoniten", Sitzungsb_eryhy der mathim)Usch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classeder KaiserlichenAkademieder Wissenschafjri.rU. payd I, Abtheilung. Jahrgang tsOs.-ftrfi Vi bis X, PP.7r-89. Sarton (tqtq) gives a brief personalsketch of Suesi"la Tirtt--o.-. a"i"l.J

18

AMMONITES: AMMON'S HORNS INTO CEPHALOPODS

biographiesaspart of his discussionof Das Antlitz derErde in"La SynthdseGdologique dery75 L r 9 1 8 " , I s i sz : 3 8 r f f 81 "Opioion 3oJ. Suppressionunder the Plenary Powers, of the generic name Ammonites Bruguidre, r78g . . ." OpinionsandDeclarations Rendered by theInternationalCommission on Zoological Nomenclature, rg14,S(zz):2g71rz.WilliamJ. Arkell discoveredthe lectotype on which Ammonites Bruguitre, 1789 rested,basedon a specimenfigured by Martin Lister in 1685,was unidentifiable 'W.aagen, generically from the original illustration. It had greater affinities for Arietite.s 1869 than Ammonitesas revived by Buckman in t923. 'W'illiam 82Those not mentioned include Friedrich August von Quenstedt, Carl Albert Oppel, Buckland, Alphonse Milne-Edwards, Rudolf Richter, Emil Philippi, Carl Eduard von Eichwald, and Fridolin Sandbergeramong others prior to 1865, and'Wilhelm Heinrich'Waagen, Melchior Ne-umayr, Johann Mojsisovics, Hyatt, von Zittei, and the Buckmans, James and Sydney Savory, before the end of the century. 83I sincerelythank DrsJ. 'W'yattDurham, JosephT. Gregory, Donald E. Savage,and William A. Clemens,Jr. of the Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley for their comments and criticisms.Dr D. Bryan Biake of the Department of Geology, IJniversity of Illinois, Urbana read the manuscript in an earlier version: thanks are also due his wife Martha Abel Blake for bibliographic assistance. I thank Dr Kenneth P. Oakley of the Department of Anthropology, British Museum (Natural History) for his encouragement.MelvinE.Jahn, M"ry Fellow in the Department of the History of the Health Sciencesat the San Francisco Medical Center of the University of California, provided stimulus, encouragement and criticism through the later stagesof manuscript preparation; accessto his personal library proved invaluable. 8a (Note added in proof) Willy Ley, 1968, Dawn of Zoology (Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.), p. r98 suggestsdistractions and Gesner'sill-health while writing De Rerunr Fossilium (he died a Gw months after its completion) explain its uneven quality (seenote 3r) when compared to his earlier works. Dr Ley has also recently written an introduction for the Da Capo Press's(New York, ry67) handsome facsimile of the 1658London edition of Topsell's The History of Four-FootedBeastsand Serpentsand Insects(seenote 3j) to which Thomas Mouffet's [Muffet, MouGt] (1553-16o4) The Theaterof Insects(t6t+) was appendedas the third volume. The British Museum (Natural History) published last year as No. 658 The Early History of Palaeontology, a significantly revised and expanded version of Edwards's popular Guide (seenote +r) by Dr Xrrol l. W'hite, former Keeper of the Department of Palaeontology.