Английский язык: Учебное пособие для слушателей подготовительного отделения. Часть II

М И Н И СТ Е РСТ В О О БРА ЗО В А Н И Я РО ССИ Й СК О Й Ф Е Д Е РА Ц И И В О РО Н Е Ж СК И Й ГО СУ Д А РСТ В Е Н Н Ы Й У Н И В Е РСИ Т Е Т

А Н ГЛИ Й СК И Й Я ЗЫ К У ЧЕ БН О Е ПО СО БИ Е Д ЛЯ СЛУ Ш А Т Е ЛЕ Й ПО Д ГО Т О В И Т Е ЛЬН О ГО О Т Д Е ЛЕ Н И Я ЧА СТ Ь II

В О РО Н Е Ж 2004

2

Реко мендо вано научно -мето дическим со вето м факультетаРГФ , п р о то ко л№ 1 о т 15 январ я 2004г.

Со ставители: Бабуш кин А .П., К о ны гинаГ.И .

По со б ие п о дго то влено накафедр е анг лийско го язы кафакультетаРГФ В о р о неж ско го го судар ственно го универ ситета. Я вляется 2 частью учебно го п о со бия, п р едназначенно г о для слуш ателей п о дго то вительно го о тделения универ ситета. Со дер ж ит 5 экзаменац ио нны х заданий, вклю чаю щих но вы е тип ы тесто вп о анг лийско муязы ку, п р едлаг авш ихся абитур иентам п р и п о ступ лении нагуманитар ны е факультеты . М о ж ет бы ть р еко мендо вано для стар ш екласснико в, само сто ятельно го то вящихся ксдаче вступ ительно го экзаменап о английско муязы ку.

3

Test 1 1. Read the texts and do the tests. They Speak with Their Hands For many years, no one could communicate with people who had been born without hearing. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language. But, beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using this language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language. How did this sign language work? The deaf were taught to make certain movements using their hands, faces, and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. People might move their forefingers across their lips. This meant, "You are not telling the truth." They might tap their chins with three fingers. This meant "my uncle." The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet. They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute. Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much as they once were. Today, the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are also taught how to speak. Are these statements true or false? 1. The deaf are people who are unable to see. 2. Sign language of the deaf is a way of expressing meaning through hand movements instead of spoken words. 3. Sign language and finger alphabet are no longer used by the deaf. 4. One of the ways of teaching the deaf to understand others is by watching their hands. 5. Nowadays special teachers train the deaf to speak. A Very Hot Air-Bath In Finland, most houses have a sauna. (1) ___. Stones piled over the furnace are heated red-hot. After the stones are heated, the sauna is used for taking a sauna bath. (2) ___. People taking a sauna bath sit or lie on a wood platform in the hot, dry air. The hot air makes them perspire. From time to time, they pour water on the hot stones to make clouds of steam. People in the sauna sometimes beat themselves with branches from a birch tree. They do this to make themselves perspire more. Then they wash with soap and water. (3) ___. The sauna is often built near a lake so people can go from the hot sauna into the cold water. (4) ___. After cooling off, they rest. In Finland, most families take a sauna bath at least once a week. (5) ___. It is a healthful way to relax and enjoy themselves. Put in the missing sentences. A. After washing, they cool off in cold water. B. For Finns, this bath is more than a way to get clean.

4

C. The sauna is a small wood hut or a room with a furnace inside. D. If it is winter, they may roll in the snow. E. The temperature in the sauna is sometimes over 190 degrees. 2. Do the following test. Choose the correct answer (A, B, or C). Only one answer is correct. 1. The photograph was very good, so I had it __________. a) enlarge b) enlarging c) enlarged 2. If I __________ in love with Gloria, I wouldn’t have asked her to marry me. a) hadn’t been b) wouldn’t have been c) were not 3. I always wear __________ shoes. a) soft leather training b) leather training soft c) soft training leather 4. He __________ play computer games when he was a teenager but now he doesn’t. a) used to b) used c) didn’t use to 5. I’m afraid we haven’t got __________ to eat. a) anything b) something c) some 6. I haven’t been to the theatre __________ last Christmas. a) for b) at c) since 7. You shouldn’t have __________ him all that money. a) given b) give c) giving 8. If you didn’t come, we __________ very disappointed. a) will be b) would be c) be 9. It’s not worth __________ any more time on this. a) spending b) spend c) to spend 10. The police officers __________ sign the confession. a) made him b) made him to c) made to him 11. Don’t interrupt me __________ I am talking. a) while b) by the time c) until 12. She is learning to drive, __________? a) isn’t she b) is she c) she is 13. She works __________ an accountant in a local bank. a) like b) as c) same 14. They hardly ever go to the theatre, __________? a) they don’t b) don’t they c) do they 15. Sophie is very clever. She __________ seven different languages. a) is speaking b) speak c) speaks 16. Sandra __________ to using a computer, but now she enjoys it. a) isn’t used b) will get used c) wasn’t used 17. I wish I was brilliant __________ English. a) in b) at c) about 18. The wind blew all the important __________ off my desk. a) paper b) a paper c) papers 19. He smiled __________. a) friendly b) friend c) in a friendly way 20. There isn’t any food in the fridge, ___________? a) is there b) isn’t it c) is it

5

21. Call me if you need __________ information. a) farther b) further c) far 22. __________ we go for a picnic tomorrow? a) Shall b) Should c) Would 23. Mark and Louise __________ for five hours when they stopped to have a rest. a) have been travelling b) travelled c) had been travelling 24. I don’t think there are __________ in the fridge to make an omelette. a) much eggs b) eggs enough c) enough eggs 25. We heard them __________ all night. a) arguing b) argue c) to argue 26. He went to Italy __________ architecture. a) for study b) study c) to study 27. Tim is nearly 70 years old. He is __________ to join the basketball team. a) too old b) old enough c) such old 28. She was upset because she __________ her purse. a) had lost b) has lost c) lost 29. That is the funniest film I __________. a) have ever seen b) have never seen c) saw 30. There are always __________ people on the train at rush hour. a) too much b) too many c) many enough 3. Read and retell the text. Answer the questions. How would you define middle age? Do you think middle age is a more or less stressful time than youth? Why? It is not so Bad to be Middle Aged Once middle age was thought of as something to fear. Many thought of middle age as simply the time between youth and old age. Now, though, researchers claim that middle age can be the more fruitful time of life, full of new growth and development. New studies show, for example, a sharp rise in people’s altruism – their willingness to give to others – during middle age. Several studies show that as people approach their midlife, they tend to experience fewer stressful events, such as losing a job. When they do go through such a major change, the studies found that middleaged people see it as much less upsetting than do younger people. In fact, many of the middle-agers remember their youth as a particularly difficult time. Middle age for them is more peaceful. In middle age, many people no longer focus on themselves but on the people around them. Not all researchers agree on what constitutes middle age; most of them think it is the years between 45 and 65, but others claim it covers the years between 35 and 70. 87 per cent said that middle age is a time of becoming closer to family and friends, a time to be generous, a time to think more of others than of oneself. “When you are older,” one woman says, “your career is settled and you have more time to give. Plus, you have more to give.” So, if you are reading this while you are still young, do not fear. Middle age can be an exciting and rewarding time. If you are already in middle age, take a deep breath, then turn to those around you. And if you are past middle age, look back and count the good things you have done. 4. Speak on the problem. Where and how do you spend your spare time?

6

Test 2 Read the texts and do the tests. The Town That Woke Up In 1699 the governor of Virginia made plans for a new capital for his colony. The new capital city was called Williamsburg. It was built with wide streets and beautiful houses. The buildings and governor's home were the finest in the colony. Williamsburg was a busy place until 1780. Then the capital was moved to Richmond, and Williamsburg went to sleep. When the capital moved, the people moved away, too. The old houses began to need paint, roofs caved in, and gardens became thick with weeds. Almost 150 years later, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., became interested in the town. He gave money to rebuild Williamsburg just as it had been. In 1926 work began. Rockefeller's wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, liked American folk art. When the town was rebuilt, Mrs. Rockefeller gave her collection of early American paintings and dolls to a museum there. Today, the homes and gardens look as they did when the town was new. Many people dress as people dressed long ago. They make shoes and candles, as people did in the past. Thousands of people visit Williamsburg each year. They see a beautiful American town of two centuries ago. It is the town that woke up. Choose the correct answer. 1. Williamsburg is in the state of a. New York. b. Richmond. c. Virginia. d. America. 2. The story does not say so, but it makes you think that a. much money is needed to rebuild a town. b. Williamsburg is now the capital of the USA. c. few people visit Williamsburg. 3. On the whole, this story is about a. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. b. people moving away. c. Williamsburg, Virginia. 4. Why did the people leave Williamsburg after 1780? a. They ran out of food. b. The town was burned to the ground. c. The capital was moved to Richmond. 5. Which of these sentences do you think is right? a. Williamsburg helps visitors learn about early America. b. The capital of Virginia is Williamsburg. c. Thousands of people live in Williamsburg. Craft Guilds Today, many people who are skilled at a trade belong to labour unions. As long ago as the Middle Ages, people in western Europe also belonged to a kind of union. These early unions were called guilds. From the 1300s to the 1700s, people who knew a trade joined a craft guild. Guilds were made up of groups of people who did the same kind of work. Shoe -

7

makers belonged to the shoemakers' guild. Nail makers belonged to a guild of nail makers. Craft guilds were important in those days. If people were not members of a guild, they could not find work. To become a guild member, a person first had to be an apprentice, or learner. A learner received no pay. Next the person became a journeyman and received pay. At last a person became a master and could open a shop. In the 1800s Candace Wheeler, an artist and maker of American cloth, became interested in women's problems. Many women had good educations but could not earn enough money to live. Candace opened the Women's Exchange, a kind of guild, in New York. At the Exchange women could sell their beautiful handmade dresses and tablecloths. It helped them earn enough to live. Are these statements true or false? 1. In former times craft guilds were associations of skilled workers who joined together in order to find agreement in industrial disputes. 2. It was hard for people who were guild members to find work. 3. Apprentices worked for a person skilled in a trade in order to learn that person’s skill. 4. A master craftsman is a man who has great skill in working with his hands. 5. The Women’s Exchange was aimed at improving political position of women in society. 2. Do the following test. Choose the correct answer (A, B, or C). Only one answer is correct. 1. My shirts were dirty, so I had them __________. a) washed b) washing c) wash 2. If I had seen the advertisement, I __________ for the job. a) would have applied b) would apply c) had applied 3. She was wearing a __________ skirt. a) pretty yellow cotton b) cotton yellow pretty c) yellow cotton pretty 4. We __________ quarrel with my sister when we were younger but now we don’t any more. a) didn’t use to b) used c) used to 5. I’m sorry, there are __________ tickets left for that performance. a) no b) nothing c) any 6. I haven’t heard from her __________ a fortnight. a) for b) since c) by 7. Someone __________ stolen my watch. a) must b) have must c) must have 8. If I __________ you, I’d make a number of changes. a) were b) had been c) am 9. They made him __________ to another flat. a) move b) to move c) moving 10.Bad news __________ make people happy a) don’t b) doesn’t c) isn’t

8

11. The car is nice to drive, but I don’t like __________ colour. a) it’s b) it c) its 12. You don’t like tennis, __________? a) do you b) don’t you c) you do 13. You __________ make a mistake unless you follow the instructions carefully. a) may b) should c) ought to 14. We rarely meet John, __________? a) do we b) don’t we c) we do 15. I can’t go to the party on Saturday. I __________ for Spain on Friday night. a) am leaving b) have been leaving c) left 16. “I don’t like wearing a suit every day.” “Don’t worry, you __________ to it very soon.” a) are used b) will get used c) were used 17. The last time Jack __________ abroad was years ago. a) travelled b) has travelled c) have travelled 18. I’m afraid __________ spiders and snakes. a) from b) at c) of 19. __________ is going to address the nation this evening. a) The Queen b) Queen c) Queens 20. There’s a book on the table, __________? a) there isn’t b) there is c) isn’t there 21. “Helen doesn’t like rock music.” “__________.” a) Neither I don’t b) Nor I don’t c) Neither do I. 22. Could you tell me __________? a) where is the bank b) where the bank is c) is where the bank 23. They __________ for weeks and were extremely fit. a) were training b) have been training c) had been training 24. The station is not __________ for us to go on foot. a) near enough b) enough near c) much near 25. __________ and put your feet up. a) Relax yourself b) Relax c) Relaxation 26. He got a loan from the bank __________ his business. a) to expand b) expand c) for expand 27. We are __________ to take part in the elections. a) too old b) old enough c) enough old 28. They __________ their room by the time their parents arrived. a) had tidied b) have tidied c) tidied 29. It’s the first time I __________ by plane. a) have ever travelled b) have never travelled c) travelled 30. The curry was __________ for me to eat. a) too spicy b) more spicy c) the most spicy 3. Read and retell the text. Answer the questions. What do you and your family think of your neighbours? Are they friendly / unfriendly? Helpful / Unhelpful? Considerate / Inconsiderate? Love Thy Neighbour Twice a week, more than sixteen million Britons watch Neighbours. The

9

soap opera offers a fantasy of everyday life based on warm relationships and communication on many levels. However, the real world is quite different. A survey has just been published which shows that Britons hate their neighbours. The results are alarming. 80% of the people who took part in the survey feel that their neighbours are inconsiderate. 25% don’t talk to the people who live next door and 10% don’t even know their names. In fact, one million householders in Britain would like to move because of the people that live next door. The biggest cause of friction is noise. Many of the complaints about noise came from people who live in flats and divided houses which have thin walls. The other major problems are arguments about car parking spaces, and old people complaining about the young. Some of the worst disagreements can last for years. In one case, people who live in the same house haven’t talked to each other for fifteen years. Sometimes the disagreements end in violence. In one of the worst cases, a man who was a policeman in London shot a neighbour because he kept parking in "his space". When neighbours become friends they often help each other, but the survey showed that 90% of neighbours never shared a meal, 80% had never had a drink together and 20% had never even offered each other a cup of tea or coffee. One solution to long-running disputes is to get the neighbours into a room with mediators who talk the problem through, and if necessary, negotiate a formal agreement which they both agree to. 4. Speak on the problem. What place in your native city /village do you like most? Why? Test 3 1. Read the texts and do the tests. Invisible Messages It would be difficult to imagine a world without radio. Some of us even carry small radios in our pockets. Before radio, the best way to send messages a long way was by wire. By 1838, Samuel F. B. Morse had invented a working telegraph. He had also invented a new alphabet made up of dots and dashes. This alphabet was called Morse Code. The telegraph uses electricity and wire. Messages in Morse Code could go only where there were telegraph wires. Scientists knew that radio waves moved through the air. They believed that radio messages could be sent without wires. No one knew how to do it. The man who found a way to send wireless messages was Guglielmo Marconi of Italy. His first signals went only a few miles, but he wanted to send messages across the Atlantic Ocean. Marconi went to Newfoundland to try to receive signals from England. Late in 1901, the letter "S" was sent out in Morse code from England. "Dot, dot, dot" came the signal. Marconi picked it up on his set. In a short time, wireless was in use everywhere. Americans call it radio. It can send invisible messages around the world.

10

Are these statements true or false? 1. Radio is a piece of equipment which is rarely used by people in their everyday life. 2. Morse Code is a system of sending messages in which the alphabet is represented by signals made of dots and dashes. 3. The drawback of the telegraph is that it needs electricity and wires. 4. Radio signals can move through air and space. 5. A Hungarian G. Marconi was the first to send wireless messages. The Face Is Familiar At one time, most people lived in small towns where everybody knew everybody else. When people went to the bank, the tellers recognized them. Therefore, the tellers didn't need to ask for identification. As towns grew larger and many people moved to cities, things changed. Tellers didn't know their customers so they checked customers' signatures against signatures they kept on file. To make life easier, banks started giving customers identification cards. People got used to handing their bank cards to the tellers. Then banks put in automatic teller machines, or ATMs. People didn't have to wait for a teller any more and they could do their banking at any time. Customers still used bank cards to identify themselves, however. To do this, they fed their card into the ATM. But if the card was stolen, a thief could use it to empty the customer's bank account. Banks found a way to protect their customers by giving them "Personal Identification Numbers," or PINs. They could identify themselves by entering their PINs on the keypad. New technology makes it possible for computers to recognize people's faces. Someday we may be identifying ourselves to ATMs by simply smiling at built-in TV cameras. Choose the correct answer. 1. The story does not say so, but it makes you think that a. automatic teller machines are not very convenient. b. people change their habits as the world they live in changes. c. banks don't need tellers anymore. 2. Bank cards are used for a. writing checks. c. entering PINs. b. identification. d. taking pictures. 3. On the whole, this story is about a. changes in how banks identify customers. b. how to use automatic teller machines safely. c. the job of a bank teller. 4. How did small town tellers identify their customers? a. They asked for their bank cards. b. They checked their signatures. c. They recognized them. 5. Which of these sentences do you think is right? a. Someday people won't need PINs to use ATMs. b. Tellers should make an effort to know all their customers. c. You can take money out of your bank account at an ATM, but you can't put money in it.

11

2. Do the following test. Choose the correct answer (A, B, or C). Only one answer is correct. 1. The car wasn’t going well, so they had it __________. a) service b) serviced c) servicing 2. If I __________ to the disco that night, I wouldn’t have met Fred. a) didn’t go b) hadn’t gone c) wouldn’t go 3. There was a __________ table in the middle of the kitchen. a) huge square wooden b) wooden square huge c) huge wooden square 4. When I was a teenager, I __________ go to a lot of dances. a) used b) used to c) use 5. There was __________ more I could do, so I left. a) anything b) nothing c) anywhere 6. That church has been standing there __________ the Normans came to Britain. a) for b) yet c) since 7. George __________ told me about the problem. a) should have b) have should c) should 8. If I __________ you, I’d congratulate them on their engagement. a) were b) am c) had been 9. I would like __________ a comedy on TV. a) to watch b) watch c) watching 10. I hated doing National Service. The officers __________ clean the toilets every morning. a) made me b) made me to c) didn’t make me 11. I wish I __________ some money last month. a) saved b) had saved c) have saved 12. He always drives to work, __________? a) doesn’t he b) does he c) he doesn’t 13. This cake __________ awful. I think I forgot to put the sugar in it. a) tastes b) to taste c) is tasting 14. He seldom goes to work by taxi, __________? a) doesn’t he b) does he c) he doesn’t 15. “Where is John?” “He is upstairs. He __________ his homework.” a) does b) is doing c) do 16. They will soon __________ to cooking their own meals. a) get used b) are used c) used 17. It’s a long time since I __________ out. a) ate b) have eaten c) eat 18. She takes care __________ our children. a) of b) about c) for 19. He is said __________ some money. a) he has stolen b) to have stolen c) steal 20. Sit down, __________? a) will you b) don’t you c) do you 21. She __________ me that she was late. a) told to b) told c) said

12

22. She asked me where __________ the ring. a) had I found b) I had found c) I have found 23. He __________ all night and was exhausted. a) was studying b) had been studying c) has been studying 24. I’ll call the babysitter. You’re not __________ to stay at home alone. a) enough old b) old enough c) too old 25. __________ her wealth, she is still unhappy. a) Despite of b) Despite c) In case 26. They built a reservation park __________ the animals. a) to protect b) for protect c) protect 27. There is somebody on the phone. __________ must be Sam. a) He b) It c) They 28. She __________ dinner by 6 o’clock. a) has cooked b) cooked c) had cooked 29. She is __________ person I have ever met. a) the most helpful b) most helpful c) helpful most 30. We are __________ to go skiing this weekend. a) tired enough b) enough tired c) too tired 3. Read and retell the text. Answer the question. What in your opinion makes people go on exploratory expeditions? The Race to the Pole On 1 June, 1910, Captain Scott left London to begin his Antarctic expedition. On his way, he received a telegram from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen: “I’m going South.” So the race to the South Pole was on! Amundsen was the first to leave, on 15 October, 1911. He had teams of dogs pulling the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this, he made rapid progress. Scott left on 1 November and soon had problems. First, his 2 motor sledges broke down and then the ponies began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. After a while Scott and his men had to push the sledges themselves. Amundsen reached the Pole on 14 December and put a Norwegian flag there. Then he prepared for the return journey. Scott finally arrived at the Pole with four companions on 17 January. They were devastated when they saw the Norwegian flag. The return journey was one of the worst in the history of exploration. The men were soon exhausted and were running out of food. The weather conditions were terrible. Despite this, on their way back they found time to look for rocks and fossils. They carried 20 kilos of rocks all the way with them. Later, these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past Antarctica was covered by plants. However, disaster soon struck. Edgar Evans had terrible frostbite and died after a bad fall. The next to go was Captain Oates, who was having a great difficulty walking. Scott and 2 companions carried on and got within eleven miles of one of their food depots. But then a terrible storm started and they couldn’t leave their tent. The news of Scott’s death shocked the world. He had failed to win race to the Pole, but the remarkable courage shown by Captain Scott and his men made them into heroes. 4. Speak on the problem. What place in our country would you like to visit? Why?

13

Test 4 1. Read the texts and do the tests. Buildings from the Past Many people visiting the Southwest stop at Santa Fe, New Mexico. There, they see long, low buildings that have flat roofs. Most houses are only one story high. They have beautiful small gardens with walls around them. The buildings are tan and brown like the earth because they are made of adobe. Adobe is a Spanish word that means "sun-dried brick." It is made by mixing clay soil, straw, and water. Its cost is low. Houses built of adobe stay cool in the summer heat and warm in winter. Santa Fe is one of the oldest cities in North America. About 1610, Spanish settlers gave Santa Fe its name. Centuries before the Spanish came, the Pueblo Indians lived there. The city's adobe buildings are much like those the Indians lived in long ago. The gardens are like those built by the early Spanish settlers. The people of Santa Fe liked their early Spanish-American buildings. So they passed a law in 1953. It said that all new buildings in the older part of town had to look like the adobe buildings. Now a part of Santa Fe will remind people of the city's long history. Choose the correct answer. 1. In Santa Fe, New Mexico, there are many a. Japanese buildings. b. adobe buildings. c. English gardens. d. pointed roofs. 2. The story does not say so, but it makes you think that a. Santa Fe has never changed its name. b. adobe is a new kind of brick. c. the Indians built many gardens. 3. On the whole, this story is about a. North American gardens. b. Spanish-American laws. c. adobe buildings in Santa Fe. 4. Why did the people of Santa Fe pass a law about adobe buildings? a. There were too many people living in new buildings. b. They wanted to make the city modern. c. They wanted one part of town to stay the same. 5. Which of these sentences do you think is right? a. The people in Santa Fe are proud of their city's history. b. The people in Santa Fe like modern buildings. c. Pueblo Indians are the only people who live in Santa Fe. They Read Dots To read this page, you must use your eyes. (1) ___. Over 100 years ago in France, a young boy was playing in his father's workshop. (2) ___. All at once, the tool flew from his hands and struck his face. This child, Louis Braille, had injured his eyes. Soon he was blind. In those days, few blind people could read. Then, years later, Louis Braille had an idea. He remembered the holes he had once made in leather. If he pushed the tool

14

only part way through the leather, he could feel raised dots on the other side. (3) ___. Although only fifteen, Louis Braille had found a way for the blind to read. (4) ___. Named after its inventor, this new way to read was called Braille. (5) ___. Many blind people can learn it. Braille gives them a way to read. Do you think your fingers could learn Braille? Put in the missing sentences. A. Today, many books are printed in Braille. B. Using from one to five raised dots, he made up an alphabet. C. He was making holes in a piece of leather with a pointed tool. D. The blind can read too, but they must use their fingers. E. He had invented a kind of code that the fingers and the mind could learn. 2. Do the following test. Choose the correct answer (A, B, or C). Only one answer is correct. 1. The carpet was dirty, so I had it __________. a) clean b) cleaning c) cleaned 2. If he hadn’t been driving too fast, the policeman __________ him. a) wouldn’t have stopped b) wouldn’t stop c) hadn’t stopped 3. There was a __________ dress in the shop window. a) lovely blue Japanese silk b) Japanese lovely silk blue c) blue lovely Japanese silk 4. I __________ live in London once, but I don’t any more. a) used to b) used c) didn’t use 5. There is __________ I forgot to tell you. a) something b) anything c) anybody 6. She hasn’t written __________ nearly three months. a) since b) for c) yet 7. He __________ said what he did to his boss. a) shouldn’t b) shouldn’t have c) haven’t should 8. If I had a headache, I __________ an aspirin. a) would take b) take c) will take 9. I’d prefer __________ in and watch TV this evening. a) to stay b) staying c) stay 10. The customs officer __________ open the suitcases. a) made her to b) made her c) to made her 11. His ambition is to swim across __________. a) the English Channel b) English Channel c) an English Channel 12. You’ll have time for a cup of tea, __________? a) will you b) won’t you c) you will 13. __________ you do me a favour, please? a) Should b) Could c) Need 14. She has never been to London, __________? a) has she b) hasn’t she c) she has 15. “Is he reading a newspaper?” “No. He __________ dinner at the moment.” a) has been making b) makes c) is making 16. She wasn’t used __________ at night. a) to work b) work c) to working

15

7. The last time we __________ Carol was two weeks ago. a) see b) have seen c) saw 18. We’ll arrive __________ New York at about two o’clock. a) at b) in c) to 19. She says she would do __________ for her children. a) nothing b) something c) anything 20. I am really helpful, __________? a) am I b) aren’t I c) I am not 21. Everyone __________ that the sun rises in the east. a) knows b) know c) have known 22. She has been to nearly __________ European capital. a) each b) every one c) every 23. She __________ in the fields for three hours before she stopped for lunch. a) has been working b) had been working c) was working 24. I didn’t have __________ to do the washing. a) enough washing powder b) washing powder enough c) many washing powder 25. There’s very __________ time left. We need to hurry up. a) a little b) few c) little 26. We should stop using cars __________ air pollution. a) to reduce b) for reduce c) reduce 27. You can find __________ you want in this shop. a) anything b) something c) any 28. Frank __________ the car, so the ground around it was wet. a) had washed b) has washed c) washed 29. This is __________ production of this play I have ever seen. a) worse b) worst c) the worst 30. The weather was __________ to go for a drive. a) stormy enough b) too stormy c) more stormy 3. Read and retell the text. Answer the questions. Some people say that the computer is a curse of the 20th century, some say it is the greatest invention. What do you think of it? Computer Crime Criminals in the past used to have guns, masks and escape cars. Now they have a computer, a telephone and a piece of computer equipment called a 'modem'. They simply dial a telephone number to link their own computer with the others, and then, using a password (a secrete word or phrase), enter a company's computer system (for example, in a bank or a government office). In 1999 two American teenagers broke into a computer system and added rude messages to some information and made other important data disappear. The damage cost over two million dollars to correct. A 12-year-old boy in Detroit used his own computer to enter the computer system of a large company and caused financial chaos. In Britain, computer crime costs companies about 400 million pounds a year. Often, the computer criminals do not want to make money; they just want to show the world how clever they are. They also like creating computer viruses. They programme a computer disc

16

with a special fault in it. When a computer copies the disc, the fault enters the computer's memory. That means it gets onto any other disc each time you put a new disc into your computer. Some viruses are just silly messages. For example, one puts the message ' peace and love ' on your computer screen while you are working. Other viruses use all the 'memory' on the computer, and the computer is 'sick' and unable to work. A hospital in Britain recently lost all of its records about sick patients because of a computer virus. 4. Speak on the problem. If you were to travel somewhere far, what means of transport would you choose? Why? Test 5 1. Read the texts and do the tests. From Pony Express to E-Mail In the mid-nineteenth century, it took about two weeks for a letter to get from the East to the West. First, the letter went to Saint Joseph, Missouri. Then Pony Express riders carried it west in relays, each rider taking the mail for a part of the journey. At designated points, new riders would take over. Riders changed horses every 10 to 15 miles. It took eight days for the riders to cover 2,000 miles. Settlers had to wait all that time for letters and newspapers from home. The news would be two weeks old when it reached the West. Businesses ran at a slower pace, too. Storekeepers waited weeks for the goods they sold to arrive. And the companies they bought from waited as long to be paid. Today, satellite TV carries news around the world instantly. We contact friends and family by fax and E-mail almost as quickly. Businesses place orders the same way, and thanks to airplanes and computers, they can receive goods the next day. Payment can also be immediate, because banks can send money around the world electronically. Now that we are used to speed, we want it all the time! That's why we call letters sent by post "snail mail." Are these statements true or false? 1. Pony Express is an American postal service of the 19th century which used horses and riders to take the post from Missouri to California. 2. Early settlers in the American West received their post very quickly. 3. Western businesses could function successfully owing to the reliable system of overnight delivery of goods. 4. Nowadays electronic devices help to make bank payments almost immediately. 5. Satellite television, fax machines and e-mail are efficient ways of sending and receiving information. A Headful of Beauty People have always wanted to look beautiful. (1) ___. During the Roman Empire, upper-class men put coloured powder or gold dust on their hair. (2) ___. During the early Middle Ages, noblemen wore their hair short. Later on, they wore it in what we call a pageboy style. Women often kept their hair hidden inside a net called a caul, or a hood called a wimple.

17

After the Middle Ages, there was more variety in hair styles, with different countries featuring their own favourites. For example, Queen Elizabeth of England had red hair. (3) ___. Perhaps the high point, literally, in hair design came in the late 17th century. During that time, men and women spent many hours arranging hairdos as high as three feet tall. (4) ___. Today, many different hair styles are in fashion at the same time. (5) ___. Put in the missing sentences. A. Their wives dyed their hair blond and wore elaborate hairdos of braids and curls. B. People choose the ones they favour for the same reason as always: they want to look beautiful. C. These creations were built on wire frames. D. One way people try to look beautiful is by how they wear their hair. E. That is why many people in her country dyed their hair red. 2. Do the following test. Choose the correct answer (A, B, or C). Only one answer is correct. 1. The brakes weren’t working properly, so I had them __________. a) repairing b) repaired c) repair 2. If the engine had been losing a lot of oil, I __________. a) would have noticed b) would notice c) had noticed 3. Mary bought a __________ jacket in the department store. a) beautiful green leather b) leather green beautiful c) green beautiful leather 4. We __________ have lots of friends when we lived in the country. a) used to b) used c) use 5. Doris told __________ about it, but we don’t know who. a) somebody b) anybody c) anything 6. Our team haven’t won a match __________ the beginning of the season. a) for b) since c) yet 7. Tom __________ lost his way. a) must have b) must c) have must 8. If I __________ her new number, I would telephone her. a) had b) have c) would have 9. He didn’t succeed in __________ his exams. a) passing b) pass c) to pass 10. Anna wanted to stay, but her boss __________ resign. a) made her to b) made her c) to made her 11. __________ were lots of people at the opening ceremony last night. a) It b) One c) There 12. She’s finished the course, __________? a) isn’t she b) hasn’t she c) has she 13. Maths __________ his least favourite subject when he was at school. a) was b) is c) were 14. She seldom works on Saturday, __________? a) does she b) doesn’t she c) she doesn’t 15. “What time does the play start?” “I think it __________ at 8 o’clock.” a) has been starting b) starts c) has started

18

16. I can’t concentrate. I’m not used __________ in such a noisy office. a) to working b) work c) to work 17. How long is it since they __________ their tickets? a) bought b) have bought c) has bought 18. The streets were full __________ people watching the parade. a) with b) in c) of 19. Mount Everest is the highest __________. a) in the world b) of the world c) on the world 20. Let’s go out, __________? a) do we b) shall us c) shall we 21. This omelette __________ eggs and cheese. a) was made by b) was made on c) was made with 22. I __________ very hard last week. a) must study b) must to study c) had to study 23. What __________ the latest news? a) are b) is c) do 24. Diana didn’t do __________ in the final exam to pass the course. a) well enough b) enough well c) such well 25. I have rarely met __________ as polite as Steve. a) someone b) somebody c) anyone 26. He went to Harvard __________ a degree in economics. a) to obtain b) for obtain c) obtain 27. Don’t sit on that chair. One of __________ legs is broken. a) it’s b) its c) it 28. He __________ the report by the time his boss returned. a) had finished b) has finished c) finished 29. We spent __________ lying on the beach. a) the all week b) all week c) the whole week 30. He was __________ to enter the competition. a) too young b) young enough c) much younger 4. Read and retell the text. Answer the questions. Do you believe that there are civilizations in the Universe? Why? Why not? Horowitz and META High on a hilltop, in the heart of suburban Boston, the dish of a radio telescope moves slowly in the warm night air. There is almost no noise as the signals it receives are fed into 128 different computers and analyzed. Paul Horowitz, a 42-year-old electronics professor, sits in the observatory with his team and waits. Suddenly an alarm sounds, and the computer screen flashes “Possible Extraterrestrial Signal.” The team jumps into action. Have they finally made contact with life on another planet? Paul Horowitz built MEGA (the Megachannel Extraterrestrial Assay), a machine specially designed to listen out for signals from other worlds. The machine is just the latest system to search for life in space. The first one was Project Ozma, started in 1959. Ozma had just one antenna listening to one frequency at a time. Horowitz built META so that it could listen to 8.4 million channels simultaneously. Things have certainly changed.

19

“We surely are the most primitive of communicative civilizations in the galaxy,” Horowitz said at a conference recently, “and at this stage all we should do is listen.” And because he believes that there are civilisations different from our own he took over an obsolete radio telescope at Harvard’s Oak Ridge and together with graduate students built a machine capable of hearing what “they” have to say to “us”. So far there have been 2 alarms and “Possible Extraterrestrial Signals” which turned out to be false alarms. But Horowitz says, “You know if we got something real we’d probably convince ourselves it was false.” And so day after day and night after night the men and women on Oak Ridge switch on their computers and programme their radio dish. Is anybody out there? Speak on the problem. What qualities do you need to succeed in your profession?

Со ставители: А нато лий Павло вич Бабуш кин ГалинаИ вано внаК о ны г ина Редакто р : О .А . Т ихо мир о ва