Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов I курса всех факультетов. Часть 2

Методические указания предназначены для студентов I курса всех специальностей. Предлагается материал по темам: "Современные средства связи", "Компьютеризация", "Автоматизация", "Робототехника" и "Информатика". Материал организован циклами. В состав каждого цикла входят словарь активной лексики, тексты, упражнения для отработки грамматического и лексического материала, задания для работы над текстами, задания для развития навыков устной речи. Тексты и упражнения способствуют развитию навыков зрелого чтения и умения обсуждать прочитанное. Методические указания составлены на кафедре "Иностранные языки" Пензенского государственного университета.

Составители: Н.А. Богданова, Т.Л. Кондрашина, О.Л. Миханова, Г.А. Чернова, И.В. Шурупова. Рецензент: Е.У. Шадрина. кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры "Иностранные языки" Пензенского государственного педагогического университета.

UNIT VI

COMMUNICATION Грамматика Сослагательное наклонение Условные предложения Функции глаголов "should" "would" Тексты 6А Telegraph and Telephone 6В Radio Communication 6C Satellite Communication 6D Internet Словарь активной лексики 1. apparatus [æp’əreitəs] – прибор, приборы syn. device 2. advantage [ədʼva:ntidʒ] – преимущество 3. to amount to – доходить до, равняться amount – количество, сумма 4. access [ækses] – доступ to gain an access – получить доступ 5. to advance [ədʼva:ns] – продвигаться; повышать(ся) advanced – передовой; продвинутый 6. broadcasting – трансляция (радио и телевидение) syn. radio broadcasting telecasting 7. to communicate – передавать; сообщать (ся) communication – связь, общение; сообщение, передача 8. channel [tʃænl] – канал 9. to convert [kənʼvə:t] – преобразовывать, превращать syn. to transform conversion – преобразование, превращение 10. to carry – нести to carry on – продолжать; вести (дело) to carry out – выполнять, проводить (дело)

11. to call – вызывать; называть call – вызов; зов 12. to conduct – проводить (электричество, свет) conductor – проводник 13. digit – цифра digital – цифровой 14. to develop – развивать; разрабатывать development - развитие; разработка 15. to equip – оборудовать equipment - оборудование 16. to exchange – обменивать(ся) exchange – обмен 17. frequency – частота 18. to generate – порождать; производить generation - поколение; производство 19. to improve – улучшать, совершенствовать improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование 20. information – информация, данные syn. data [deit] 21. to message – сообщать message – сообщение messaging – обмен сообщениями; передача сообщений 22. means – способ, средство; способы, средства by means of – посредством 23. net – сеть syn. network 24. to operate – работать, действовать; управлять to put into operation – вводить в действие 25. to process – обрабатывать (данные) processing – обработка (данных) 26. to provide – снабжать, обеспечивать; предусматривать provider – провайдер (поставщик) 27. to receive – получать, принимать. receiver – приемник 28. to range – колебаться в известных пределах range – диапазон; предел

29. to serve – служить to service – обслуживать service – служба; обслуживание; услуга 30. to transmit – передавать transmission – передача transmitter – передатчик 31. to unify – объединять; унифицировать unified – единый; унифицированный 32. user – пользователь syn. subscriber customer 33. up-to-date – современный, новейший syn. modern 34. wave – волна 1. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на звуки: [i:] means, achievement, receiver, increase, easy, key [ai] microphone, mobile, idea, divide, widely, unified, subscribe, provide, device, line [ɔ:] call, small, for, automobile, born, born [ə:] service, per, search, concern, research, serve, work, were. 2. Запомните произношение следующих слов: message [ʼmesidʒ] communication [kə‚mju:niʼkeiʃn] advance [ədʼva:ns] process [ʼprouses] apparatus [‚æpəʼreitəs] telegraph [ʼteligra:f] telegraphy [tiʼlegrəfi]

broadcasting [ʼbrɔ:dka:stiɳ] facsimile [fækʼsimili] phototelegraphy [‚foutətiʼlegrəfi] engineering [‚endʒiʼniəriɳ] automobile [ʼɔ:tɔməbi:l] mobile [ʼmoubail] idea [aiʼdiə]

3. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов. При необходимости воспользуйтесь словарем. 1. to communicate – communication – communicative – communicable – communicator – communicant 2. to transmit – transmission – transmittance – transmitter – transmitting

3. to develop – development – developed 4. to manufacture – manufacturer – manufactory – manufacturing 5. to produce – producer – product – production – productive – productivity – productively 6. to invent – inventor – invention – inventive – inventively – inventiveness – inventory 7. to generate – generator – generation 4. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и B в логические словосочетания и переведите их A

to transmit to lay to design to invent to exchange to perform to develop

В

communication a device information the basis a system an apparatus data

Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood) Простая форма 1. Инфинитив без частицы “to” 2. Глагол в Past Indefinite 3. Глагол в Past Perfect

Примеры:

Сложная форма 4.should Инфи-нитив 5.would (Indefinite, 6.might Perfect) 7.could +

Союзы if – если бы as if – как если бы as though – как если бы provided – при условии, если бы in case – в случае, если бы but for – если бы… не unless – если бы …не so that – так, чтобы; для того, чтобы in order that – для того, чтобы lest – чтобы …не

1. It is necessary that the message be sent as quick as possible. Необходимо, чтобы сообщение послали как можно скорее. 2. I wished you used telegraph communication Мне бы хотел ось, чтобы ты воспользовался телеграфной связью. 3. He spoke as if he had got the information from the Internet. Он говорил так, как если бы он получил информацию из системы Интернет. 4. He demanded, that a mobile radio telephone should be installed in his car. Он потребовал, чтобы радиотелефон был установлен в его автомобиле. 5. Without radio and television our life would be very dull. Без радио и телевидения наша жизнь была бы очень скучной. 6. Paging communication might be used in your office. В вашем учреждении можно было бы использовать пейджинговую связь. 7. Using a computer you could have sent an electronic letter to any part of the planet. С помощью компьютера ты мог бы послать электронное письмо в любую точку планеты. 5. Переведите, следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение. 1. They suggested that the question of applying the new means of communication should be discussed at once, 2. It is important that the conference cover a wide range of questions concerning the advantages of satellite communication. 3. Fax is widely used in order that central newspapers' texts and photos could be translated. 4. We wish that the methods of transmission and reception of satellite information had been improved. 5. Without optical means of communication it would be impossible to transmit a large number of telephone calls simultaneously. 6. Ultra-short waves might be used to transmit messages from spaceships. 7. It's а high time we passed on to the system of space communication. 8. The message arrived so quickly as if the sender had used the electronic mail. 9. Without satellites and spaceships the investigation of outer space wouldn't have been carried out. 10. It is essential that modern means of communication meet the requirements of our national economy.

11. But for the radio interference we should have transmitted all the data a week ago. Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях (Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences) Ситуация Маловероятное условие, относящееся к настоящему и будущему времени Нереальное условие, относящееся к прошедшему времени

Придаточное предложение Past Indefinite Past Perfect

Главное предложение should would might could should would might could

Indefinite Infinitive

+

Perfect Infinitive

Примеры: 1. If you used telex, the customer would get the information today. + Если бы ты воспользовался телексом, заказчик получил бы информацию сегодня. 2. If you had used telex, the customer would have got the information a week ago. Если бы ты воспользовался телексом, заказчик получил бы информацию неделю назад. Примечание: Союзы могут быть опущены, если в придаточном предложении имеются глаголы: had, were, could, might, should. Пример: Had yon used telex, the customer would have got the information a week ago. 6. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите их. 1. Had the text been decoded, we could have read the telegram. 2. Unless we had received the fax, specialists wouldn't have known the results of the test. 3. If you asked for all necessary data in the Internet, we could take part in the conference.

4. Provided our research institute had the laser equipment, we could start the investigation much earlier. 5. Were you a specialist in the field of electronics, you might work with the means of electronic communication. 6. In case mobile communication systems had not been invented, we shouldn't have received satellite TV programmes. 7. Might you use your radiotelephone, you would know the latest news. 7. Откроите скобки и поставьте глагол в соответствующую форму. Предложения переводите. 1. If radio had not been invented in the 19-th century, we couldn't (to create) television in the 20-th century. 2. Unless our firm (to apply) the system of personal radio call, we shouldn't communicate with our customers so quickly. 3. Were the pager not provided with a low power transmitter, it (to be able) both to receive and to send a message. 4. Provided you had used the satellite communication system, you could (to hold) a telebridge with the USA. 5. In case you (to work) in the field of fibre optics, you might learn much about the potentials of lasers. Функции глаголов "should" u “would" (The Functions of the Verbs "should" and "would") should Долженствование

would Модальный глагол Повторность действия в прошлом. He would spend much time in the laboratory. Он обычно много времени проводил в лаборатории

You should carry out this experiment. Вам следует провести этот эксперимент Вспомогательный глагол (сослагательное наклонение).

The engineer proposed that the new Without laser it would be impossible device should be tested in our to apply optical means of laboratory. communication in space. Инженер предложил, чтобы новое Без лазера было бы невозможно устройство было испытано в нашей применение оптических средств лаборатории. связи в космосе. Вспомогательный глагол (Future-in-the-Past) We said that we should transmit this He said that he would receive this message tomorrow. message. Мы сказали, что передадим это Он сказал, что примет это сообщение завтра. сообщение. 8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глаголов "should" и "would". 1. He said that the questions dealing with communication problems would be discussed at the conference. 2. It is necessary that the filters reducing the noise level should be used in satellite communication systems. 3. Special attention should be paid to the quality of measuring instruments intended for satellites. 4. A new device has been invented in order that messages should be received and transmitted with greater speed. 5. The article reported that the number of users of mobile communication systems would increase up to 200 million by the 21-st century. 6. The history of telephone goes back to 1876, the period when an English inventor Bell would work at his laboratory which later grew Into the Bell Laboratories Research Centre. 7. Without digital methods of signal processing our engineers wouldn't create the Global System for Mobile Communication. 8. We decided that we should use the new system of cell communication. TEXT 6A 9. Прочитайте и переведите текст 6А.

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE Communication is a set of electrical and electronic means of messaging. Electrical means of communication were invented in the 19-th century. They were telegraph and telephone where information was transmitted by electrical signals through wires. The basis of telegraphy was laid by Shilling in 1832 in Russia. Shilling designed, the first complex of devices for electrical telegraph communication. In 1837 an American inventor Morse constructed an electromechanical telegraph apparatus for transmitting and receiving messages by means of a special code. The transmitter of his apparatus was a telegraph key, the receiver was an electromagnet. The first telegraph communication line equipped with Morse apparatus was put into operation in 1844 in the USA. Since that time telegraph communication has been improved. Modem means of telegraph communication are telex and fax. Telex is an international teleprinter exchange service and fax is phototelegraphy. It is based on the achievements of electronics, radio engineering, electrical engineering and optics. Fax (abbreviation of "facsimile") is the system of transmitting stationary flat images using cable radio relay and satellite communication channels. It is widely used for quick transmission of central newspapers' texts and photos, documents, schemes and drafts. But for telex and fax we shouldn't receive the latest news so fast. The history of telephone communication goes back to 1876 when an English inventor Bell designed the first telephone apparatus. The first telephone station was built in 1878 in the USA. Telephone communication is based on converting sound vibrations into electrical signals at the microphone, transmitting these signals along the cable and reconverting them into sound vibrations of speech at the receiver. Telephone communication with moving objects is performed by means of radiotelephone. Without radiotelephone we couldn't communicate with ships aircraft automobiles and other vehicles. The first generation of mobile communication systems dates back from the middle of 1940-s when the Bell Laboratories Research Centre (USA) put forward an idea of dividing an area into small parts called cells1. Every cell is served by a transmitter of a limited effective range2 and a limited number of channels. Different frequences are used in different cells. Several cells are grouped into a cluster3. A

cluster may have up to 15 cells. Such a system is called an analogue system of cell communication. The second generation of mobile communication systems was born in the late 1980-s on the basis of digital methods of signal processing. Such systems represent a fully connected network of computing devices. The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) was developed in 1982. It is a unified allEuropean standard of digital cell communication used in more that 100 countries. Digital cell communication possesses the best technical and economic characteristics. It is widely used in telephony, radio broadcasting and television. The number of users of analogue and digital mobile communication systems in the world amounts to tens of millions. It is expected to increase up to 200 million by the 2l-st century. In Russia digital cell communication is generally used in longdistance4 and international telephone service. At present more than 50 per cent of long-distance and international telephone stations in our country work on the basis of digital cell systems. 1

cell – сота effective range – радиус действия 3 cluster – кластер 4 long-distance telephone service – междугородное телефонное обслуживание 2

10. Найдите в тексте 6А английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: средства передачи сообщений, с помощью специального кода, вводить в действие, каналы спутниковой связи, выдвигать идею, единый общеевропейский стандарт, цифровая сотовая связь, технические характеристики, междугородное телефонное обслуживание, международная телефонная станция. 11. Найдите в тексте 6А синонимы для следующих слов: device, to transform, up-to-date, to send, net, technology, investigation, subscriber, territory, to construct. 12. Найдите в тексте 6А антонимы для следующих. слов: to decrease, large, unlimited, similar, less, worst, to receive, transmitter, stationary.

13. Переведите следующие предложения. обращая внимание на функции глаголов "should" a "would". 1. At first people didn't know that new telephone and teletype communications with ships via satellites would be economical and reliable. 2. Samuel Morse was experimenting with an electric telegraph so that a message should be sent along the wires. 3. But for Alexander Bell's invention we shouldn't be able to send a human voice through an electric wire. 4. In our space age communication should become a highly developed field. 5. Statistics reported that by the end of the century the number of long-distance telephone calls carried on through в satellite would achieve two billion per year. 6. Throughout history people would write letters and send telegrams but only electronic means of communication made the information exchange so fast. 7. It was decided at the conference that we should get the information through the Internet. 8. With the invention of mobile radio and cell telephones trains and cars would use them for making long-distance calls. 9. Automatic systems of communication based on electronic technology should serve for rapid transmission of all kinds of information. 10. It is desirable that paging communication should be available to every businessman. 14. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение. 1. If we had some technical means to use more channels on a TV set, we should be able to see many news programmes from all parts of the world. 2. The Atlantic Telegraph Company suggested that a cable be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean for sending business information 3. Without underwater cables transatlantic messages couldn't be sent. 4. A new kind of telephone, where subscribers can see each other on the screen, might be called a "video-phone". 5. With the help of a mirror attached to the camera it would be possible to scan documents lying on the table. 6. But for the orbital communication systems people from different parts of the world couldn't see and hear each other.

7. Unless the Russian scientist A.Popov had worked much at the problem of radio communication, modern system of radio transmission networks wouldn't have been set up throughout the world. 8. The system of communication in large countries would be unthinkable without space satellites. 9. Satellites help us to minimize all the difficulties that might appear while transmitting radio and TV programmes to distant areas. 10. If the international organisation "INMARSAT" hadn't been crested, we couldn't have kept reliable telephone, telegraph and telex communications with ships in any weather. 11. It is necessary that the latest news be transmitted to distant parts of the country by modern means of electronic communication. 12. Automatic communication systems would have been impossible provided electronic technology had not been developed. 13. It is essential that every scientist should have an access to the Internet lest the efficiency of his research be low. 15. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями, основываясь на информации текста 6А: That's right! I think so too. Of course, not... I don't think so. 1. Communication is a set of electrical and electronic means of messaging. 2. An American inventor Morse designed the first complex of devices for electrical telegraph communication. 3. Telex is widely used for quick transmission of central newspapers' texts and photos, documents, schemes and drafts. 4. GSM is a unified all-European standard of digital cell communication used in more than 10 countries. 5. Digital cell communication is widely used in telephony, radio broadcasting and television. 6. The GSM was born in the middle of 1940s. 16. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What is communication?

2. When were electrical means of communication invented? 3. Who designed the first complex of devices for electrical telegraph communication? 4. What are modem means of telegraph communication? 5. What is telephone communication based on? 6. What is the Global System for Mobile Communications? 7. Where is digital cell communication used in Russia? 17. Составьте аннотацию текста 6А на английском языке, закончив следующие предложения: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The title of the text is ... The main problem touched upon in the text is ... There are ... logically connected parts in the text ... The first (second, etc) part describes (speaks about, discuss, touches upon, etc) ... 5. The conclusion made by the author is that ... 18. Побеседуйте с иностранным студентом через переводчика об электрических средствах связи. В диалоге используйте следующие клише: Tell me, please I wonder I think I suppose As far as I know To my mind In my opinion TEXT 6B

1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 6В и выполните следующие за ним задания. RADIO COMMUNICATION The greatest achievement in the field of communication should be considered the invention of radio by A.Popov in 1895. A.Popov demonstrated the possibility

of sending messages over long distances by means of radio waves. A modern broadcasting station has an aerial1 from which sound waves combined with carrier waves2 are transmitted. These waves are received by radio sets in people's houses. Nowadays radio and television find great application in all spheres of life and especially in the systems of space communication. Two-way radio and TV communications are constantly carried on with space vehicles and cosmonauts. An up-to-date and popular means of radio communication is paging3. Paging is carried out through the Personal Radio Call Network. It applies only one channel for servicing thousands of users. The first pagers4 appeared in the late 1950s. They were one-way communication devices provided with standard receivers. Since 1994 the device has been improved. It was provided with a low-power transmitter. So at present the pager is able both to receive a message and to answer it. Modern pagers may be of tone, voice, numeric and alphabetic-numeric5 types. Today about 30 million people all over the world use pagers in cases of urgent transmission of messages. It is desirable that pagers should be widely used in private life as well. 1

aerial – антенна carrier wave – несущая 3 paging – пейджинг (передача сигнала системы поискового вызова) 4 pager – пейджер (абонентский приемник системы поискового вызова) 5 alphabetic-numerical – буквенно-цифровой 2

2. Найдите в тексте 6B английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: в настоящее время, во всем мире, на большие расстояния, посредством, система космической связи, современные средства связи, для обслуживания, пользователь. 3. Подберите русские эквиваленты к английским словам: achievement communication message constantly up-to-date carry out vehicle transmit

передавать транспортное средство современный связь выполнять достижение постоянно сообщение

4. Из слов списков А и В образуйте логические словосочетания A.

space sound two-way low power to send broadcasting to demonstrate to find radio urgent

B.

message communication vehicle station wave call transmitter application possibility channel

5. Из предложенных формулировок вопросов выберете те, которые рассматриваются в тексте 6В, а затем расположите их в порядке следования в тексте. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Modern pagers. Invention of radio. Internet and its functions. The first pagers and their characteristics. Telex and fax and their application. Satellite systems of personal communication and their advantages. Radio and television in space communication.

6. Опираясь на свой план, составьте аннотацию к тексту 6В на английском языке. 7. Пользуясь своим планом, передайте содержание текста 6В на английском языке. TEXT 6C 1. Переведите письменно текст 6С на русский язык без словаря. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

The first Russian satellite communication system was put into practice in 1965. It consisted of several ground stations of the “Orbita” type and of the “Molnia-1” retranslating satellite device, the latter making two turns round the earth during day and night. This system was designed for long-distance telecasting, for holding telebridges as well as for multichannel telephone, telegraph and phototelegraph communications The latest developments in the field of satellite data communication are satellite systems of personal communication links which have many advantages. They play a key role when the user is moving off beyond the boundary of local radio network stable communication. In many parts of the world mobile communication can be carried out only with the help of satellite systems. At present the number of INMARSAT1 system users amounts to 40 thousand. By the 21-st century it is expected to increase up to one million. 1

INMARSAT – International Maritime Satellite Telecommunications Organisation – Международная организация морской спутниковой связи.

2. Переведите письменно следующий текст на русский язык с помощью словаря и придумайте к нему заглавие. In the 20-th century the creation of quantum optical generators (lasers) gave birth to the wide application of optical means of communication in space. Because of its being highly coherent a laser beam is able to penetrate far into cosmic space without being diffused. Using optical waves it is possible to transmit information at superlong distances, up to dozens of light years. At present laser beams are widely used for optical telephone communication based on fibre optics. A quartz glass fibre strand as fine as a human hair is a light conductor. A miniature laser beam is focused on one end of a light conductor and converts voice signals in a telephone from electrical pulses to light. This light can be sent along the light conductor for miles. One such light conductor can carry thousands of simultaneous phone conversations. TEXT 6D 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 6D и выполните следующие за ним задания.

INTERNET The Internet is a unified telecommunication supernetwork covering our planet. About 30 thousand local nets have an access to the Internet. Every net is independent and is used according to its own rules. Any net can communicate with two other nets and in this way the whole Internet system functions. An access to the Internet is gained by telephone lines. The speed of information transmission ranges from 2400 to 19200 bits per second. The Internet performs a high-level computer communication. The computer connected to the Internet receives thousands of programmes simultaneously. The Internet is provided with electronic means of searching the desired data. An access to the Internet is granted by special organizations – operators of computer networks – called providers1. The Internet can also function as electronic mail. In this case every user should be assigned his own address. In case you sent an electronic letter to the remotest part of the planet, it would reach its destination within several hours. Another service is subscribing for a teleconference. Any information put into the Internet is distributed according to its contents: politics, philosophy, science, medicine, etc. Every aspect may be subdivided into more and more narrow themes. The discussion of certain problems by many subscribers through the Internet is called a teleconference. A subscriber sends his electronic letter to the teleconference and soon receives the answer. Operating on-line2 he is able to develop the speed up to 9600 bits per second and more. The teleconference gives the subscribers an opportunity of instant moving from one country to another. Nowadays the Internet is the most advanced and promising system of electronic communication for manufacturing. It makes manufacturers' contacts easier, as well as the contacts between the organization and customers. One of the most common Internet applications is an electronic catalogue. Having gained an access to the electronic catalogue a businessman gets production reports, sales information and the like. 1 2

provider – провайдер to operate on-line – работать в режиме "онлайн"

2. Приведите слова к словарной форме. Covering, nets, used, functions, provided» moving, searching, gained.

3. Составьте словосочетания и переведите их. Telephone, reports, computer, electronic, lines, advanced, information, sales, production, system, communication, catalogue. 4. Подберите термины к следующим определениям: 1. 2. 3. 4.

A unified telecommunication supernetwork. Special organizations-operators of computer networks. The discussion of certain problems by many subscribers through the Internet. One of the most common Internet applications.

Teleconference, electronic catalogue, Internet, providers, telephone lines. 5. Найдите в тексте. 6B и переведите отрывок, описывающий функционирование Интернет в качестве электронной почты. 6. Вы прослушали лекцию об Интернет. Задайте лектору несколько вопросов о работе системы Интернет. 7. Составьте план текста 6D. 8. Подготовьте сообщение системе Интернет, используя составленный вами план.

UNIT VII COMPUTERS Грамматика Формы и функции инфинитива. Модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом. Инфинитивные обороты. Тексты 7А Electronic Computer 7В Computer Serves People. 7C Computers with Intelligence. 7D Computers in Education. Словарь активной лексики 1. to add – складывать addition – сложение 2. access [ʼæksəs] – доступ; выборка accessible – доступный 3. to assemble – собирать 4. brain – мозг 5. binary [ʼbainəri] – двоичный; бинарный 6. to compute – вычислять computer – вычислительная машина, компьютер 7. complicated – сложный 8. to count – считать syn. to compute, to calculate 9. to control [kənʼtroul] – управлять; контролировать syn. to operate control – управление; контроль syn. supervisions 10. circuit [‘sə:kit] – схема; цепь; контур 11. console – пульт syn. keyboard 12. to conduct (experiments) - проводить (опыты) 13. capacity – емкость; мощность; пропускная способность

14. chip – кристалл, чип 15. data [ʼdeitə] (pl. от datum) – данные; информация 16. digit – цифра digital – цифровой 17. to display – выводить данные на дисплей display – дисплей; устройство отображения 18. equation – уравнение; равенство 19. extensive (memory) – обширный (память) 20. to feed – подавать; питать feed – подача; питание 21. general-purpose (computer) -универсальный (компьютер) 22. instruction – команда; инструкция syn. command 23. to input [ʼinput] – входить; вводить (данные) input – вход; ввод (данных) 24. listing – распечатка 25. memory – память, запоминающее устройство syn. storage 26. media [ʼmi:djə] – (pl. от medium – среда; носитель информации) 27. network – сеть syn. net 28. to output [ʼautput] – выходить; выводить (данные) output – выход; вывод (данных) 29. to perform – выполнять (операцию); производить (действие) syn. to operate, to function 30. to process [ʼprouses] – обрабатывать (данные) processing [ʼprousesiɳ] – обработка (данных) 31. to punch – перфорировать punched card – перфокарта 32. to program [ʼprougræm] – программировать program – программа programmer [ʼprougræmə] – программист, программирующее устройство 33. to print – печатать; распечатывать printer – печатающее устройство, принтер 34. to record [riʼkɔ:d] – записывать, регистрировать record [ʼrekɔ:d] – запись, регистрация

35. reliable – надежный reliability – надежность 36. report – отчет; сообщение 37. to store – запоминать; хранить syn. to keep 38. to select – выбирать 39. to switch – переключать to switch in – включать to switch on – включать to switch off — выключать 40. to screen – экранировать, показывать на экране screen – экран 41. tape – лента 42. unit – устройство; блок, элемент syn. component, device, element 1. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы чтения букв "g" и "с". [ɡ] analog, regulation, program, magnetic, integral ion, guide [dʒ] digit, digital, logical, management, general, huge, engineering [k] count, call, screen, card, automatic, computer, describe, electrical, include, basic, accurate [s] science, scientific, device, process, circuit, specific, importance, medicine. 2. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы передачи звука [tʃ] и [ʃ] [tʃ] branch, switch, which, punched, culture, watch, picture, manufacture, chess. [ʃ] specialize, differential, machine, addition, commercial, operation, equation, ocean, instruction, integration, mathematician. 3. Обратите внимание на значения следующих интернациональных слов "ложных друзей переводчика". general – общий application – применение operate – действовать instrument – прибор

process – обрабатывать control – управлять instruction – команда calculation – вычисление

complex – сложный data – данные

console - пульт

4. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов. При необходимости воспользуйтесь словарем. to compute – computation – computer science – scientific – scientist to operate – operation – operator – operand mathematics – mathematical – mathematician to differ – different – difference – differential to process – process – processing – processor electron – electronic – electronics – electricity – electrical mechanics – mechanic – mechanical automatics – automation – automatic – automatically to program – program – programming – programmer to instruct – instruction – instructor to calculate – calculation – calculator to print– printing – printer 5. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары и переведите их. A. Complicated, general, to operate, instrument, problem, to store, data, computation, to calculate, element, to feed into instruction, memory, console, B. Calculation, device, to count, information, to keep, task, to function, common, complex, keyboard, storage, command, to put into, component. 6. Подберите к словам из списка А антонимы из списка В и переведите их. A. General, different, complex, short, wide, switch on, input, B. Long, simple, similar, special, output, narrow, switch off. 7. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения подчеркнутых слов. 1. The first general-purpose computer was invented in 1949. The general application of this computer was commercial. 2. Today computers operate in instruments and machines. They are operated from the control console.

3. The first simple calculating machine was the device of Charles Babbage who created it in l8l2. Modern computer is an electronic device capable to perform complex mathematical operations. 4. The second-generation computers were developed about 1960. They could perform thousands of operations per second. 5. Present-day microcomputers are minute devices capable to do millions of computations per minute. 6. A computer may be used in any process connected with information processing. 7. There are two types of computers − analog and digital. Any data- may be typed on paper. 8. Digital computers are used to perform arithmetical and logical operations. Their operation deals with binary arithmetic. 9. A computer starts working by means of instructions fed into it. Any user must take the instruction in operating a computer. 10. The reports made at. conferences are published in scientific journals. After processing the data the report was printed on paper. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) Indefinite

Active to write

Continuous

to be writing

Perfect Perfect Continuous

to have written to have been writing

Passive to be written − to have been written −

Одновременность с действием глаголасказуемого Предшествование действию глаголасказуемого

Примечание: по функции инфинитив бывает всеми членами предложения. 8. Определите функции инфинитивов и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. 2. 3. 4.

To collect, to process and so store data is the 'work of any computer. To perform arithmetical and logical operations you need a digital computer. The program is to be printed on a special card in the form of a digital code. Computers make it possible to control machines without human supervision.

5. Analog computers produce parallels of the processes to be described. 6. A problem that takes man many years to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. Модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом (Modal Verbs with Perfect Infinitive) must may The engineer

might could ought to should

have used a computer

Должно быть возможно Инженер(у) мог бы следовало бы

воспользовался компьютером воспользоваться компьютером (но он не воспользовался)

9. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. 1. Your computer must have been too slow in operation as it belongs to the third generation. 2. This information should have been processed a month ago. 3. The programmer may have made a mistake while setting the data into the computer. 4. The program ought to have been developed on the basis of these facts. 5. The output data night have been displayed but not printed out. 6. The plant production process may have been controlled by computers. 7. The problem must have been expressed in mathematical terms. 8. You could have made all the calculations with the help of a computer if you are short of time. Инфинитивные обороты (Infinitive Constructions) существительное местоимение

инфинитив ...

+

Объектный инфинитивный оборот (Objective Infinitive Construction) существительное me, you, him, her, it, us ,them

+

инфинитив ...

We expected the report (it) to be published. Mы ожидали, что доклад (он) будет опубликован. 10. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, определив формы инфинитивов 1. We know pictures of Saturn and Jupiter to have been taken by means of the computer. 2. We suppose modern manufacturing processes to be controlled by computers. 3. Man makes computers take over money monotonous production operations. 4. The engineer watched the instructions be feeding into the Control equipment. 5. The scientist required the computer to provide a mathematical model of the situation. 6. We believe computers to have been planning much scientific and engineering activities since l970-s. 7. He thinks the computer to have forecasted today's weather Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Subjective Infinitive Construction) Существительное I, you, he, she, it, we, they

+

инфинитив, стоящий после сказуемого

The report (it) was expected to be published. Ожидали, что доклад будет опубликован. 11. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, определив формы инфинитивов. 1. 2. 3. 4.

The most important Information is known to be stored in computers. The Internet turns out to be a global network of electronic communication. The desk computer appears to be functioning as your personal adviser. She advent of minicomputers and microcomputers is found to have led to a new level of information culture. 5. Scientists are known to have been solving their problems with the help of computers since middle 70-s. 6. Programmers are supposed to have worked out computerized models of materials studied.

7. Scientific data on this problem were reported to have seen fed into the computer memory. Предложный инфинитивный оборот Prepositional Infinitive Construction) for +

существительное me, you, him, her, it, us, them

+ инфинитив………… …

1. The students waited for the conference to begin. a. Студенты ждали, что конференция начнется. b. Студенты ждали, чтобы конференция началась. c. Студенты ждали начала конференции. 2. It was important for us to publish the report. a. Для нас было важно опубликовать доклад. b. Для нас была важна публикация доклада. c. Для нас было важно, чтобы доклад опубликовали. 12. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Предложите разные варианты перевода. 1. A few seconds are necessary for the data to he processed and put out on a magnetic tape or a disk. 2. School computers are used for pupils to study information science. 3. The students waited for the results of the experiment to be printed out. 4. It was desirable for us to buy personal computers for our Computer Centre. 5. It was essential for our laboratory staff to work both with analog and digital computers. 6. A great skill is required for an engineer to operate a supercomputer. 7. This is a good possibility for us to utilize the electronic equipment for speeding up the process of calculation. 8. For the information to be accepted by a computer it must be coded in a special way. 9. It is very good for us to have taken the course in computer science before starting the practical work. TEXT 7A

13. Прочтите и переведите текст 7A. ELECTRONIC COMPUTER The first general-purpose computer for commercial and scientific applications was invented in 1949. Today we find computers to have become quite common. Present-day computers include supercomputer and microdevices which operate in instruments and machines. They help us solve different problems in many branches of industry, science, culture, management and at home. An electronic computer is a device which can perform highly complex mathematical operations. It can store and select data put into it. It can do a great amount of complicated work in a short period of time, A supercomputer does millions of computations per second. A problem that might take the human brain two hundred years to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute. Computers are known to be of two kinds – digital and analog. They perform different operations and solve different tasks. Digital computers count numbers (digits) and they have a wider application. They can be used in any process connected with counting or what is known as "logical analysis". To perform arithmetical and logical operations a digital computer has three basic elements: a calculator, a control unit and a memory unit. Magnetic tapes, disks or drums are among the types of media for data to be stored. A digital computer is made up of thousands of electrical circuits that can be switched on or off. The computer deals with binary arithmetic which is known to use only two digits – one and zero. Analog computers are specialized in solving particular problems, for example differential equations. The elements of analog computers are electronic circuits called blocks. Some of these blocks do the addition, others - the integration. During the operation the blocks are connected so as to form a closed system» Analog computers solve the problems by means of physical modelling. They produce analogs or parallels of the processes to be described or the problems to be solved. Analog computers are widely used for the study of mechanical processes in automatic regulation systems. A computer works by means of a program, that is instructions fed into it. First the instructions go into the input unit. The computer stores the program in its

memory unit. The result of the data processing goes to the output unit and appears either on a magnetic tape or a disk. During the process of calculations the computer "asks" the memory unit for the instructions or for the results of the calculations that must have already been made. The printer then prints the report, on paper, or the information appears on a television-like screen called computer display. The operator sits at the control console and services the whole system. 14. Найдите в тексте 7A слова, однокоренные данным, и переведите их. To apply, digit, logic, magnet, special, to add, to integrate, physics, model, to regulate, to inform, to serve. 15. Найдите в тексте 7A английские эквиваленты следующих выражений: универсальный компьютер, решать задачи, производить операции, хранить данные, делать вычисления. человеческий мозг, логический анализ, электрическая схема, двоичная арифметика, дифференциальные уравнения, электронная схема, закрытая система, физическое моделирование, механические процессы, автоматическое регулирование. обработка данных, обслуживать систему. 16. Иcпользуя подстановочную таблицу, составьте как можно больше предложений и переведите их: Digital computer Analog computer

performs stores solves counts produces does

problems computations data operations modelling analogs integration

addition equations analysis numbers

17. Прочитайте, определите функции инфинитивов и переведите предложения на русский язык 1. To design a computer means to fabricate tens of integrate circuits. To design a computer we must fabricate tens of integrated circuits.

2. To make a few thousands of calculations is a matter of a few seconds for a modem computer. To make a few thousands of calculations a modern computer needs a few seconds. 3. To do all the operation simultaneously is possible by means of a supercomputer. To do all the operations simultaneously we need a supercomputer. 4. To program a computer means to learn its language. To program a computer the user is to learn its language. 5. The task was to produce transistors of high quality. The plant was to produce transistors to replace vacuum tubes. 6. The problem was to translate the data into the binary code. The programmer was to translate the data into the binary code. 7. Stanford University has offered courses to be taught entirely by computers. The students wanted to be taught by computers. 8. There are robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. to be controlled by computers. The whole production process requires to be controlled by computers. 9. Any information to be input into the computer must have the form of instructions. Any information needs to be input in the form of instructions. 18. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода модальных глаголов с перфектными инфинитивами. 1. These data may have been stored in the memory unit. 2. The information ought to have been recorded on a disk but not on a magnetic tape. 3. The information must have been lost from the semiconductor memory as the power was switched off. 4. The user should have used PASCAL as a programming language for his computer. 5. You might have incorporated your personal computer into your work-site, your work would be more effective now. 6. Our Computer Centre must have bought a large library of programs for our personal computers. 7. This personal computer may have been programmed only for medical purposes. 8. The University could have used computers both for teaching and for examination purposes.

19. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты. We know computers to be widely used in the modern world. A computer memory is considered to be more extensive than that of a human. Computers happen to store a great amount of information. They are said to do calculations in a fraction of the Time taken by a human mathematician. Only one second is required for a modern computer to do 500.000 sums1. We find them to control machines at factories, to make up lists of information for libraries and even to translate articles from foreign press. It is now possible for a scientist to find a book or an article he needs very quickly. The time is likely to come when libraries will be run by computers without human beings at all. Computers appear to play chess, to write poetry and to compose music. We see them help specialists in history, literature, mathematics and so on. So, computers are necessary for us to deal with the information explosion of the 20-th century. 1

to do sums - решать арифметические задачи

20. Переведите следующий текст на английский язык, используя инфинитивные обороты. Полагают, что создателем первой вычислительной машины является Чарльз Бэббидж. Известно, что он изобрел её в 1812 году. Датой же изобретения первого компьютера считают 1949 год. Сегодня мы видим, что компьютеры стали обычной вещью. Мы знаем, что они успешно используются в науке и технике. Ожидается, что в будущем компьютеры найдут более широкое применение для работы дома. Оказывается, современные суперкомпьютеры и микрокомпьютеры помещают внутрь приборов и машин, и мы можем наблюдать, как они управляют их работой. Электроника двадцатого века позволила значительно ускорить научнотехнический прогресс. 21. Выпишите из текста 7А названия основных компонентов компьютера. Назовите по-английски функцию каждого из них. 22. Подберите термины к следующим определениям. 1. Electronic device which stores and produces information. 2. Machine that calculates automatically.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Apparatus used in performing an action. Surroundings in which something exists or moves. Information prepared for and operated on a computer program. Coded collection of information fed into a computer. Question to be solved.

Program, instrument, computer, problem, calculator, data, medium. 23. Дайте развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста 7А. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What changes have taken place in the development of computers since 1949? What operations can present-day electronic computers perform? What is the difference between digital and analog computers? Where are digital and analog computers used? How does a computers work?

24. Дополните следующее утверждение несколькими фразами, завершив высказывание. The most perfect type of computers is a supercomputer. 25. Выскажитесь по следующей ситуации. Вы преподаватель. Задайте студентам несколько вопросов о характеристиках цифровых и аналоговых компьютеров и сферах их применения. TEXT 7B 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 7В. 2. Переведите заглавие текста 7В. Предложите свой вариант заглавия. COMPUTER SERVES PEOPLE The first major use of Computers is in processing huge information flows. A computer can collect and record data twenty-four hours a day. It is able to analyse the results of experiments and observations which are too many for a scientist to do by himself. A computers is more reliable than a person doing the same thing.

Computers make it possible to conduct experiments and take measurements in places that cannot be reached or visited by man. For example, computers are very good at watching what is happening inside a nuclear reactor or what the conditions are below the surface of the ocean. Computers are known to have been placed on the moon and deep into the earth, into caves and mines1. They sent back pictures of Saturn and Jupiter and maps of the earth taken from satellites. Computers play a great role in industrial automation. They take over many monotonous operations so that people could perform more interesting and creative jobs. At a factory computers keep track2 of the manufacturing processes and feed instructions into the control equipment. Computers make it possible to control machines without human supervision. Computerisation happened to have become an essential element in full automation of industrial processes. The third major use of computers is to provide mathematical models of situations as the basis for research and economic planning. A lot of scientific and engineering problems which might occupy mathematicians for weeks are solved by a computer in a few minutes. Computers can be designed for specific purposes, such as guiding aircraft flights, keeping bank accounts, playing chess. They make weather forecast more accurate by quick analysis of complex starting data. Computers are of great importance in modern medicine. They sort and store medical information that has been acquired for the last 50 years. A doctor may consult the computer while making a diagnosis and prescribing a treatment3. Computers continue to penetrate various spheres of human life and activities. 1

caves and mines – пещеры и шахты to keep track – следить 3 to prescribe a treatment – предписывать лечение 2

3. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетания "th". [D] this, that, than, they, another, weather, without [Ɵ] thing, third, earth, think, mathematics, arithmetic 4. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на то, что некоторые буквы в них не произносятся. Проверьте себя по словарю. hour, which, what, while, could, guide, flight, design, modern.

5. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык. Information flow, ocean surface, manufacturing process, control equipment, human supervision, human life, human activities, research planning, engineering problem, aircraft flight, bank account, weather forecast. 6. Найдите в тексте 7В синонимы следующих слов и переведите их. Application, data, to assemble, researcher, man, to observe, to make, plant, production, to input, important, foundation, investigation, to decide, special, aim, to construct, exact, up-to-date, to keep, different. 7. Завершите следующие предложения, опираясь на информацию текста 7В, и переведите их.

Computers

process ... help ... watch ... solve ... perform ...

provide ... guide ... keep ... analyse ...

8. Подтвердите или опровергните фактами из текста 7В следующие утверждения, воспользуйтесь выражениями: Quite so: I think so too. I can't agree to this. It is not true to the fact. 1. Processing information by means of a computer is more expensive than doing it by a person. 2. Computers replace men in inaccessible and dangerous places. 3. Unfortunately, computers can't be used in cosmonautics. 4. Present-day computers find a great application in industry. 5. Mathematics and computer science are closely related fields. 9. Дайте развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы по содержанию текста 7В. 1. In what fields are computers successfully used? 2. In what fields do you consider a computer to have an advantage over a human expert? Why?

3. In what field do you suppose a human expert to have an advantage over a computer? Why? 10. Выразите содержание каждого абзаца текста 7В одним предложением. Напишите полученные предложения в виде пунктов плана. 11. Опираясь на свой план, составьте аннотацию текста 7В по следующей схеме: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The text is entitled ... The main idea of the text is ... The text may be divided into ... logical parts. The first (second, etc.) part speaks about (discusses, describes, enumerates, mentions, etc.)... 5. The conclusion of the text is ... TEXT 7C 1. Переведите письменно текст 7C на русский язык с помощью словаря. COMPUTERS WITH INTELLIGENCE

A Japanese electronics firm claims to have made a big advance in the world race to develop a fifth-generation computer. Fifth-generation computers will be able to think and the company has developed the first artificial intelligence in a computer with practical applications. The company states its computer to be capable of designing its own superlarge-scale integrated circuits. Such circuits could have been designed in the past with the help of minicomputer, but no computer had been able to do the work on its own. The new artificial intelligence computer is supposed to be able to learn sciences, see and recognize objects and generate its own statements. This system, for which a new computer language has been developed, can also be employed in many areas of computer-aided design. The project is calculated for a ten-year period.

2. Переведите письменно следующий текст на русский язык и придумайте к нему заглавие. Here is one of the latest achievements in portable personal computers. A Japanese company is reported to have begun marketing a wristwatch computer system. The modular system is based on a fairly typical-looking electronic wristwatch that snaps into a key-pad terminal about the size of a check-book The wristwatch itself contains a memory chip with a capacity to store some 2000 characters. The key-pad terminal contains the system's circuitry as well as the data entry controls. Designed as an electronic note pad for travelling people, the system can be used to keep track of airline and hotel reservations, appointments and phone numbers. The user simply snaps the watch into place in the key-pad, terminal and enters the data, transmitted by wireless electromagnetic induction, using the miniature keyboard. The system must have been on the market after being exposed at the international industrial exhibition. TEXT 7D 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 7D и выполните следующие за ним задания. COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION The development of computer science1 has lead to the situation in which the most important information accumulated by mankind is stored in computers and made accessible to anyone with a home computer through a global network called the Internet. The desk computer is able to function as your personal librarian and adviser. The advent of minicomputers and microcomputers with their extensive memories and capacities is found to have led to a new higher level in information culture. The creation of the domestic2 computer industry allows a lot of problems in culture and education to be solved. Nowadays the educational process in schools, colleges, institutes and universities is organized on the basis of computer science. Working out computerized models of materials studied by learners programmers feed the contents of books, journals and articles into the computer memory. This information is analysed, arranged in a certain order and stored by the computer. All the data processed may be displayed or output in the form of a listing.

To train the young people to operate computers the new subject "Basic Information Science and Computing Machines" is introduced at Russian schools. This training arouses the pupil's interest in studies and develops their intelligence. Working with the computer the pupils prepare training programs for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology classes. They are taught to compute on the machines and assemble chips. School computers are used not only for pupils to study science, but also for examination purposes. The, use of computers in teaching appears to be very popular with US universities. Several American universities offer computer-taught courses, primarily in mathematical and scientific subjects. Stanford University has for years offered courses in logic and probability theory3, some of which are taught entirely by computers. By now computers have been created that synthesize speech. That has given them great flexibility. The computerised course in language training requires no previous experience. The student follows written instructions on how to begin operating the keyboard. Then the computer speaks to the student through the headphones4. The computer congratulates the student if the response is correct, but requires him to repeat the exercise if it is wrong. The student can also ask the computer to return to the background material. Contact with the machine increases the students' interest in learning makes them more serious about studying new subjects. 1

computer science – вычислительная техника (область знаний) domestic – зд.: отечественный 3 probability theory – теория вероятности 4 headphone – головной телефон 2

2. Образуйте слова, однокоренные данным, и переведите их. Science, person, to list, probable, to inform, to create, to assemble. 3. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары и переведите их. A. Mankind, network, global, to operate, chip, to assemble, adviser, home, basis, pattern, contact, to train; subject, to compute, response, correct. B. To collect, net, humanity, consultant, to control, world-wide, integrated circuit, domestic, to instruct, foundation, discipline, link, right, answer, model, to calculate.

4. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова как глаголы и как существительные. Process, order, store, display, output, input, form, interest, study, work, program, use, exercise, return, contact. 5. Выпишите из словаря все возможные значения следующих слов. Определите, в каком значении они встречаются в тексте 7D. To store, to operate, training, to develop, class, examination, instruction. 6. Выберите из текста 7D глаголы, которые можно сочетать со словом "information" и переведите полученные словосочетания. 7. Соедините слова из списков А и В в логические словосочетания и переведите их. A. Important, personal, global, extensive, scientific, background, accessible, domestic, high, educational. B. Memory, network, computer, information, process, level, adviser, data, material, subject, 8. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания, состоящие из двух существительных. Home computer, information culture, computer industry, computer memory, training program, mathematics class, school computer, examination purpose, probability theory, language training, background material, teaching process, computer science, information science. 9. Найдите в тексте 7D предложения, содержащие инфинитивные обороты, и переведите их. 10. Переведите текст 7D на русский язык. 11. Исходя из содержания текста 7D, заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами и переведите текст русский язык. The most important information is stored in ... . The user may get this information through the ... . Modem computers have extensive ... and can keep a great amount of ... . Computers are widely used in the ... process. Young people are

trained to ... computers at school.. The pupils can prepare training ... for various subjects. They are also taught to assemble ... . School computers are used both for teaching and ... purposes. At present there are computers that ... speech. Such a computer speaks to the user through the ... . This characteristic gives the computer great ... . examination, chips, Internet, information, computers, memories, educational, programs, operate, synthesize, flexibility, headphones. 12. Переведите следующий текст на английский язык в письменной форме. Два предмета играют важную роль в современных учебных заведениях - информатика и вычислительная техника. Учащиеся учатся работать на компьютерах, составлять программы и собирать интегральные схемы. Американские университеты предлагают компьютеризированные курсы по многим предметам. Работа с компьютером повышает интерес студентов к учебе. Содержание книг, журналов и научных статей закладывается в память компьютера. Настольный компьютер может служить учащимся и библиотекарем, и консультантом. Всю информацию можно получить в виде распечатки. Развитие вычислительной техники способствовало повышению уровня информационной культуры. 13. Дополните каждое из следующих утверждений несколькими фразами, завершив высказывание. 1. The creation of the domestic computer industry allows a lot of problems in culture and education to be solved. 2. School computers are used both for studying and examination purposes. 3. The use of computers in teaching is very popular with American universities. 4. Contact with the machine increases the students' interest in learning. 14. Побеседуйте с американским студентом об использовании компьютеров в учебном процессе в ваших университетах.

UNIT VIII

AUTOMATION Грамматика Сложные формы причастия. Независимый причастный оборот. Тексты 6A. Automation as it is. 6B. Construction of Automated System. 8C. Automation and Society. 8D. Automation in Use. Словарь активной лексики 1. automation – автоматизация 2. to adjust – регулировать, настраивать 3. artificial – искусственный 4. advanced – передовой 5. to accept – принимать; допускать 6. to accomplish – совершать, выполнять, осуществлять 7. to control – управлять; контролировать 8. current – ток; современный 9. to distinguish - различать; отличать 10. to develop – развиваться); разрабатывать; совершенствовать development – развитие; усовершенствование 11. to decide – решать decision – решение decision element – решающий элемент 12.to execute – выполнять, осуществлять 13. to exhibit [iɡʼzibit] – показывать; проявлять; выставлять, экспонировать 14. feedback – обратная связь to feed back – отводить назад 15. flexible – гибкий 16. to govern – управлять; регулировать self-governing – саморегулирующийся 17. to handle – управлять; манипулировать; грузить, погружать, выгружать

handling – управление; манипулирование; погрузочно-разгрузочные операции 18. intelligence – интеллект 19. instrument – прибор; аппарат: инструмент 20. labour – труд 21. to monitor – контролировать; управлять 22. mental – умственный 23. machine tool – станок 24. meter – измерительный прибор; счетчик 25. output – выход, выходные данные; выпускаемая продукция 26. to operate – действовать; работать; управлять operation – действие; работа; управление 27. to perform – выполнять; производить performance – выполнение; производительность; рабочая характеристика 20, to refer (to) – относиться, ссыпаться; направлять 29. to reason – рассуждать; резюмировать reasoning – рассуждение; аргументация 30. to recognize – узнавать, признавать recognition – узнавание, признание 31. to replace – заменять, замещать 32. sophisticated – сложный, усложненный 33. sensing – считывание; опознавание sensor – чувствительный элемент, датчик 34. to switch – переключать switch – переключатель 35. safe – безопасный; надежный safety – безопасность; надежность 36. skill – квалификация, мастерство skilled – квалифицированный unskilled – неквалифицированный semi-skilled – полу квалифицированный 1. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на разные способы чтения буквосочетания "ch". [tʃ] achieve; much; branch. [ʃ] machine [k] mechanized; mechanization; mechanical; technology; characteristics.

2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов: automation [‚ɔtəʼmeiʃn] intervention [‚intəʼvenʃən] automobile [ʼɔ:tɔməbi:l] sequence [ʼsi:kwəns] artificial [‚a:tiʼfiʃəl]

through [ʼƟru] intelligence [inʼtelidʒəns] digital [ʼdidʒitəl] possess [pəʼzes]

3. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов: automation – automatic – automated to develop – developed – development mechanics – mechanical - mechanized – mechanization electron – electronic – electronics to power – powered – powerful to use – usage – used – useful 4. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары и переведите их. A. To use, by means of, to be capable of, branch, ability, usage, to possess. B. To be able to, to have, application, to apply, field, with the help of, capability. 5. Переведите следующие выражения: self-governing system, to adjust its performance, computer-related technology, much more sophisticated, much faster, advanced field of computer science, to possess human-like characteristics, a status of their own, high-level instruction Причастие (the Participle) Формы Active

Функции Passive

Indefinite

using

being used

Perfect

having used

having been

1) определение 2) обстоятельство 3) часть сказуемого 1) обстоятельство

одновременность с действием глагола сказуемого предшествование действию глагола

used

сказуемого

1. The system being used in our plant is automated. Система, используемая на нашем заводе, автоматизирована. 2. Being widely used in our plant the system saves time and money. Так как система широко применяется на нашем заводе, она экономит время и деньги. 3. The system which is being used in our plant is automated. Система, которая используется на нашем заводе, автоматизирована. 4. Having used a new automated system, our plant saved time and money. Применив новую автоматизированную систему, наш завод сэкономил время и деньги. 5. Having been used, the new system saved time and money for the whole plant. После того, как применили новую систему, она сэкономила время и деньги для всего предприятия. 6. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обратив внимание на формы и функции причастий. 1. The computer being programmed is used in this automated system. 2. Being carried out by a computer this operation takes less time. 3. Automation being introduced into production also covers all the spheres of everyday life. 4. Having replaced humans in factory operations robots opened a new era in manufacturing. 5. Having been replaced in factory operations humans became free of routine work. 6. Automation which is being widely used at present leads to greater productivity. 7. Having replaced humans in hazardous situations automation contributed to workers' safety. 8. Having been introduced in some kinds of jobs automation revolutionized many branches of industry. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction) существительное местоимение

+ причастие

+ ...

7. Переведите следующие предложения, определив тип причастного оборота.

1. Modern automobile is equipped with several microprocessors operating a variety of its functions. 2. Modern automobile is equipped with several microprocessors, the latter operating a variety of its functions. 3. Automated systems removing workers from their workplaces safeguard them against the hazards of the factory environment. 4. The term "automation" is widely used in manufacturing being also applied outside production. 5. The automated system operating without human intervention, computers became very important part of this system. 6. Every year the National Industrial Automation Show takes place in Chicago, automation and control specialists from all over the world gathering at this show. 7. Having visited the exhibition of industrial robots in Paris our specialists bought eight robots presented by the Renault Automation Company. 8. The plant equipment having been modernized, the plant started to produce laser cutting machines. TEXT 8A 8. Прочитайте и переведите текст 8А. AUTOMATION AS IT IS The term "automation" was coined in the automobile industry about 1946. It means the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings. Although the term "mechanization" is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labour by machines, automation generally implies the integration of machines into a self-governing system. True automation, as distinct from mechanization, started with the development of feedback system. It is the presence of these systems that serves to distinguish between automaton and mechanization. Feedback refers to the ability of a machine to regulate itself. Trough a feedback a machine monitors its own output and adjusts its performance in accordance with a set of standards stored along with instructions, in computer memory. The system is capable of operating without human intervention.

The development of automation technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. The development of the electronic digital computer in 1946 has permitted the control function in automation to become much more sophisticated and the associated calculations to be executed much faster than previously possible. Artificial intelligence is an advanced field of computer science, the computer being programmed to exhibit the characteristics associated with human intelligence. They include the capacity for learning, understanding language, reasoning, solving problems, rendering expert diagnoses1, and similar mental capabilities. Developments in artificial intelligence are expected to provide robots with the ability to communicate with humans and to accept very high-level instructions. Having developed from automation, a number of other technologies achieved a recognition and a status of their own. Robotics is one of them. It is a specialised branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain humanlike characteristics, its powered mechanical arm being the most typical. It can be programmed to move through a sequence of motions to perform useful tasks – loading and unloading parts, making a sequence of spot welds, etc. So industrial robots are typically used to replace human workers in factory operations. All these developments have contributed to the progress in automation technology. 1

to render expert diagnosis – представить заключение специалиста

9. Найдите в тексте 8А английские эквиваленты для следующие выражений: замена человеческого труда, система обратной связи, способность машины к саморегулированию, в соответствии с рядом технических условий (требований), без вмешательства человека, искусственный интеллект, способность к логическому мышлению, представление заключения специалиста, способность общаться с людьми, делать ряд последовательных движений. 10. Найдите в тексте 8А существительные, которые образованы от следующих глаголов, и переведите предложения, их заключающие.

To apply, to integrate, to move, to develop, to intervene. 11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы и функции причастий. 1. Having brought great changes into industry automation opened a new era in the development of civilization. 2. Being a self-regulating process automation requires minimum of human effort. 3. Feedback which is being used in automated production lines distinguishes automation and mechanization. 4. Having been developed in 1940s digital computer permitted to perform calculations much faster. 5. The system being supplied with the elements of artificial intelligence provides the robot with human-like characteristics. 6. Being programmed to exhibit the characteristics of human intelligence the robot has the capacity for understanding the language of a human. 12. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот. 1. Industrial robotics is an automation technology, the latter receiving considerable attention since I960. 2. Automatic machines relieved men of many monotonous or hazardous operations, their functions being beyond the physical abilities of men. 3. The capacity for learning, understanding language, solving problems and similar mental capabilities being the main characteristics of modern robots, up-to-date "intelligent" machines are able to communicate with humans. 4. Robots can be programmed to perform useful tasks, loading and unloading parts being the most typical. 5. Advanced automatic systems having been introduced, the number of working places at the plaint was reduced. 13. Объясните по-английски смысл следующих фраз: a self-governing system, a feedback system, without human intervention, computerrelated technology, a status of their own, human-like characteristics. 14. Подберите соответствующие понятия из колонки В к определениям из колонки А.

A. 1. Integration of machines into a self-governing system. 2. The system capable of regulating itself and operating without human intervention. 3. An advanced field of computer science in which machines can reason, solve problems and even communicate with humans. 4. A branch of automation in which machines possess human-like characteristics.

B. a) feedback system b) automation c) robotics d) d) artificial intelligence

15. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 8А. 1. What is the difference between automation and mechanization? 2. What is feedback? 3. How did the development of computers influence automation? 4. How did robotics contribute to the progress in automation? 5. Why is artificial intelligence considered to be an advanced field of computer science? 16. Подтвердите фактами из текста 8А справедливость следующих утверждений. 1. True automation started with the development of feedback systems. 2. The development of automation technology is dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. 3. Robotics and artificial intelligence have contributed to the progress in automation technology. 17. Составьте план к тексту 8А. Опираясь на него, сделайте сообщение по теме "Automation as it is". TEXT 8B 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 8B и выполните следующие за ним задания. CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATED SYSTEM

Every automated machine or system requires four basic components: l) power source, 2) sensing mechanisms or feedback, 3) decision element and 4) control element. The power source (e.g. batteries or electric generator) provides an automated system with the energy needed to achieve its desired task. The sensing mechanism enables the system to measure some property of the output; photoelectric cells, thermocouples, X-ray machines, and electrical meters being typical sensing mechanisms. The properties they may measure include dimensions, weight, temperature, pressure, colour, or electrical resistance. This element is called feedback because the instruments return or feed back this information to the central system control. The decision element compares the data supplied by the sensing element with standards stored in the program, this step being often carried out by a computer. If some action is necessary, the decision element gives the instructions to the system. The control element carries out the commands of the decision element and keeps the system in conformity with1 its program. The control element may consist of switches that control the flow of electricity, valves, or other mechanisms. The power source and the sensing mechanism or feedback, decision and control elements operating properly, an automated system is able to regulate its behaviour. A modern automated factory may have hundreds or even thousands of interconnected feedback loops2. 1 2

in conformity with – в соответствии с feedback loop – контур обратной связи

2. Запомните произношение следующих слов: require [riʼkwaiə] measure [ʼmeʒə] valve [ʼvælv] source [ʼsɔ:s]

decision [diʼsiʒən] property [ʼprɔpəti] weight [ʼweit] mechanism [ʼmekənizəm]

3. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов. Помните о значении суффиксов.

To decide – decision; to generate – generator; electricity – electrical; type – typical; to press – pressure; to perform – performance; proper – properly – property; to vary – variety. 4. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары. Переводите их. A. To require; to provide; to enable; to return; to consist; to operate; to possess; component. В. To have; element; to work; to make possible; to supply; to be made up of; to feed back; to need. 5. Найдите в тексте 8В английские эквиваленты следующих слов выражений: автоматическая система, источник питания, Automated Systemмеханизм считывания, свойство, выходные данные, решающий элемент, управляющий элемент, обратная связь, контур обратной связи, переключатель. power source 6. Составьте аннотацию текста 8В. to measure 7. Закончите следующие предложения и переведите их. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Every automated system requires……………………… The power source provides The sensing mechanism usually measures It is called feedback because Typical sensing mechanisms are ... The decision element is usually ... and it ... Control element, carries out ... It consists of ... A modern automated plant has ...

8. Дополните схему недостающей информацией.

9. Используя схему упражнения 8, расскажите о строении автоматической системы. TEXT 8C 1. Переведите письменно следующий текст со словарем. AUTOMATION AND SOCIETY Over the years, the social merits of automation have been argued about by labour leaders, business executives, government officials, and college professors. The biggest controversy has focused on how automation affects employment. The long-term effects of automation on employment and unemployment rates being debatable, most studies in this area have been controversial, inconclusive, workers have indeed lost jobs through automation, but population increases and consumer demand for the products of automation has compensated for these losses. Of particular concern for many labour specialists is the impact of industrial robots on the work force, since robots involve a direct substitution of machines for humans, at a ratio of two to three humans per robot. 2. Переведите следующий текст письменно со словарем и придумайте к нему заглавие. Advantages commonly attributed to automation include her production rates and increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality. Being two the biggest reasons higher output and increased productivity justify the use of automation. Also, increased process centre makes more efficient use of materials, resulting in less scrap. Worker safety is an important reason for automating an industrial operation. Automated systems often remove workers from the workplaces thus safeguarding them against the hazards of the factory environment. Another benefit of automation is the reduction in the number of hours worked

on average per week by factory worker. 3. Опираясь на содержание текста 8C и текста-упражнения 2, скажите, что же несет человеку автоматизация – благо или зло. TEXT 8D 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 8D и выполните следующие за ним задания. AUTOMATION IN USE For many people the word "automation" is mostly associated with manufacturing. A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is the current level of automation in the field of manufacturing. The application of FMS requires advanced technical know-how. FMS is a form of flexible automation in which several machine tools are linked together by a material handling1 system, all aspects of the system being controlled by a central computer. An FMS is distinguished from an automated production line by its ability to process more than one product style simultaneously. One of the most significant developments in automation is computer-aided design2/computer-sided manufacturing3 (CAD/CAM). This technology makes use of computer systems to assist in the creation and optimisation of a design as well as to control and monitor the processes that are involved in manufacturing a product from that design. The increased use of automation in factories has led to greater productivity in many sectors of industry. Equally important, it has contributed to worker safety. Complex tasks in situations hazardous for human beings, such as handling radioactive materials or toxic chemicals, can be accomplished by automated machinery at no risk of harm. Having replaced many unskilled jobs with skilled or semi-skilled ones, automation has introduced large changes in the nature and kinds of jobs offered by society. In addition to manufacturing applications of automation, there are significant achievements in other areas. Applications in communications systems include local area networks,

communications satellites, and automated mail-sorting machines. Examples of automation in transportation include airline reservation systems, automatic pilots in aircraft and locomotives and urban mass-transit systems. Automation of service industries covers an assortment of applications as diverse as the services themselves which include health care, banking and other financial services, government, and retail trade. Consumer products ranging from automobiles to small appliances have been automated for the benefit of the user. Microwave ovens, washing machines, dryers, refrigerators, video recorders, and other modern household appliances typically contain a microprocessor that works as the computer controller for the device. Automation has revolutionized those areas in which it has been introduced, there being scarcely an aspect of modem life that has been unaffected by it. But there is an opportunity for future automation technologies to provide a growing social end economic environment in which humans can enjoy a higher standard of living and a better way of life. 1

material handling – загрузка-разгрузка материалов computer-aided design (CAD) – автоматизированное проектирование 3 computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) – автоматизированное производство 2

2.Запомните произношение следующих слов. Переведите их. manufacturing [‚mænjuʼfæktʃəriɳ] chemical [ʼkemikəl] service [ʼsə:vis] automobile [ʼɔ:tɔməbi:l] simultaneously [‚siməlʼteinjəsli] hazardous [ʼhæzədəs]

satellite [ʼsætəlait] urban [ʼə:bən] health [helƟ] consumer [kənʼsju:mə] oven [ʼʌvn] microwave [ʼmaikrəweiv]

3. Найдите в тексте 8D английские эквиваленты следующих выражений гибкая автоматизированная система, передовая технология автоматизированное проектирование, автоматизированное производство, создание и оптимизация проекта, безопасность рабочих, неквалифицированный, спутники связи, городской общественный транспорт, сфера обслуживания, розничная торговля, потребительские товары, уровень жизни.

4. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык. Current level; material handling, system; to process more than one product style simultaneously; to monitor the processes hazardous for human beings; the nature and kinds of jobs; local area networks; airline, reservation systems; health, care; financial services; for the benefit of the user; to enjoy a higher standard of living. 5. Найдите в тексте 8D синонимы для следующих слов и выражении. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. Branch; use; to connect; at the same time; important; to help; dangerous; production; various; profit. 6. Найдите в тексте 8D слова: current; field; process; nature; environment; way. Дайте все возможные варианты их перевода. Определите, в каком: значении они употреблены в данном тексте. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. 7. Соедините слова и выражения из списков A и В в логические сочетания. Переведите их. Составьте с ними предложения. A. To process; to make use of; to control; to lead to; to contribute to; to replaces to revolutionize; to provide. B. All spheres of life; a higher standard of living; worker safety; unskilled and semi-skilled jobs; computer-systems simultaneously; the processes of manufacturing; greater productivity 8. Найдите в тексте 8D предложения, содержащие причастные обороты. Переведите их. 9. Опираясь на информацию текста 8D, обоснуйте справедливость следующих утверждений: 1. Automation is widely used in communications systems. 2. Automation has been applied in transportation. 3. Automation applications in service industries are as diverse as the services themselves.

4. Nowadays housework takes much less time, doesn't it? 10. Обобщив информацию по циклу "Автоматизация", составьте сообщения по темам. 1. Society and automation. 2. Automation and its application. 3. The 21-st century is the century of full automation.

UNIT IX

ROBOTS AND ROBOTICS Грамматика Герундий. Сложный герундиальный оборот. Тексты 9A Robots 9B Robots in our life 9C 9D Robot Olympics. Словарь активной лексики 1. accurate – точный 2. advanced – передовой, новейший 3. artificial [‚a:tiʼfiʃəl] – искусственный 4. to avoid – избегать 5. capable – способный 6. common – общий 7. to compete – соревноваться, участвовать в соревновании 8. competitor – соперник 9. contestant – соперник, участник соревнования 10. to deal with (dealt, dealt) – иметь дело с; рассматривать вопрос 11. drawback – недостаток 12. entire [inʼtaiə] – весь, целый 13. to expect – ожидать 14. to fail – потерпеть неудачу, не сделать; не суметь 15. to follow – следовать за 16. to guide [ʼgaid] – вести; руководить, направлять 17. job – работа 18. to make – делать, заставлять 19. obstacle – препятствие, помеха 20. to reject – отвергать, отказывать 21. to repair – ремонтировать 22. to resemble – иметь сходство, быть похожим

23. to run – управлять 24. to set up – устанавливать 25. sequence [ʼsi:kwəns] – последовательность 26. solution – решение 27. to supply [səʼplai] – снабжать 28. unit – блок; узел; элемент 1. Из списка слов выберите и прочитайте те, в которых буква "С": 1) передает звук [s], 2) передает звук [k] a) surface, expect, exclusive, fiction, predecessor science, crash, competitor, production, certain, climb, obstacle, endurance, creature, twice, contestant, ceremony, actually, avoidance, crystal, balancing, include, advanced, distraction, decision. b) accuracy, confidence, specifically. 2. Из списка слов выберите и прочитайте те, в которых буква "g": 1) передает звук [dʒ] 2) передает звук [g] guide, regulate, dangerous, grasp, rigid, gather, leg, fatigue, intelligent, designate, origin, generation, category, against. 3. Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетаний "ph" и "qu": a) physical, microphone, sphere, trophy. b) question, quickly, require, quite. 4. Переведите слова, руководствуясь словообразовательными моделями: a) существительное + ous = прилагательное hazard – hazardous monotony – monotonous danger – dangerous autonomy - autonomous b) глагол + ive = прилагательное repeat – repetitive

adapt – adaptive select – selective create – creative с) глагол+ er (or) = существительное (производитель действия) generate – generator explore – explorer innovate – innovator win – winner compete – competitor d) глагол + tion/sion = существительное generate – generation explore – exploration innovate – innovation compete – competition identify – identification move – motion reject – rejection solve – solution produce – production decide – decision 5.Прочитайте и переведите следующие интернациональные слова: a) mechanical, emotion, identify, regulate, regulation, distance, manipulator, adaptive, microphone, assemble, assembly, intelligent, selective, perspective (n), version, analyse, technician, exclusive, sphere, line, autonomous (ly). b) elevator, accurate, application, generation. 6. Запомните следующие глаголы, которые могут переводиться как "управлять". Дайте другие варианты их перевода. Regulate, control, supervise, guide, run, operate, handle, manipulate. 7. Подберите из списка русские эквиваленты к английским словам из списка А. А. Accurate, the only, advanced, yet, once, whether, to place, to make. Б. Ставить, однако, заставлять, точный, ли, как только, единственный, передовой.

8. Подберите к словам из списка А синонимы из списка Б. А. To do, dangerous, to look like, whole, to put, however, to manipulate, to provide, quick, to photograph, to have. Б. To handle, yet, to possess, fast, to supply, to resemble, to take pictures, hazardous, to perform, entire, to place. 9. Пользуясь подстановочной таблицей, составьте как можно больше предложений и переводите их. People Computers Robots

require make repair explore take perform supervise deal with

jobs machines tasks pictures operations spaceships processes computers

outer space decisions some area

Герундий (The Gerund) основа глагола + ing Forms

Active

Passive

Indefinite

solving

being solved

Perfect

having solved

having been solved

Одновременность с действием глаголасказуемого Предшествование действию глаголасказуемого

10. а). Прочитайте предложения и определите функцию герундия. b) Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на то, какими частями речи может переводиться герундий. с) Напишите в тетрадь различные варианты перевода герундия. 1. Solving problem was a difficult task. 2. His having solved this problem was very important for our experiment.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Our task is solving this problem as fast as we can. I remember having solved this problem. The way of a solving this problem is not so simple. In solving this problem he made a mistake On (upon) solving a number of problems he started making experiments. By solving the problem the designer could improve his device. You cannot do this job without solving this problem.

11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму герундия. a) doing – being done 1. He likes asking questions. He likes being asked. 2. They like inviting people to their house. They like being invited to the theatre. 3. I am against helping you in this case. I am against being helped in performing this job. b) doing – having done 1. They are proud of doing this job. They are proud of having done this job. 2. The engineer insisted (настаивать) on replacing these parts. The engineer remembers having replaced these parts. 3. We decided (решать) against moving to Moscow. We thanked them for having helped us. c) having done – having been done 1. I remember having asked you about that. I remember having been asked about that. 2. We remember having invited these people. We remember having been invited there. 3. They remember having helped us. They remember having been helped at that time. 12. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на форму и функцию герундия. 1. Using a robot in the form of a TV camera helps scientists see the inside of the reactor. 2. They succeeded in constructing an absolutely unique system.

3. In planning experiments the scientists must know the general nature of the problem under investigation. 4. On inventing new kinds of machinery men changed the way of making things. 5. Besides being complicated these methods are very costly. 6. The problem is at present far from being solved. 7. Instead of passively storing data computers have been taught to perform some thinking operations. 8. On receiving the necessary information the scientists could find the solution of the problem. 9. Manufacturing techniques will be decided upon by the computer. 10. Preparing a program takes time, usually much longer than the calculation itself. 11. The instruments were taken to the warehouse (склад) instead of being sent to the factory. 12. We discussed the advantages of the system without mentioning (упоминать) its drawbacks. 13. This device is used in determining the position of the object. 13. Переведите следующие предложения, отличив герундий от причастия I. 1. Measuring instruments report the temperature and the pressure. The instruments measuring the temperature of water are not very expensive. Measuring the temperature and the pressure is the main function of this instrument. Measuring the temperature and the pressure you must be very careful. 2. Developing new methods of program organization requires imagination (воображение). Developing new methods of program organization a programmer must use his imagination. 3. Counting the objects the robot also determines their sizes. Counting the objects is carried out by robots. 4. This group is developing a machine vision (зрение) system. The aim of this group is developing a "machine vision system. 5. Problems in AI are concerned more with developing suitable programs than with building suitable robots. They have a lot of programmers developing suitable programs. 14. Замените слова в скобках герундием. Поставьте предлог, где необходимо. Предложения переведите. a) train, use, assemble, design, repair, solve, explore, press.

b) by, without:, in, for, on. 1. 2. 3. 4.

(Ремонт) or even (сборка) a space station in orbit can be done by robots. (Исследовав) the situation the scientists could adopt a decision. This type of programs is used (при проектировании) bridges. A computer designer requires (подготовки) in both mathematics and electronics. 5. (Нажимая) a few buttons an engineer can get a drawing he needs in a matter of seconds. 6. This technique has also found en application (для решения) a number of problems. 7. You cannot build this machine (не используя) new materials. 15. Переведите текст со словарем и озаглавьте его. Today practically all sectors of the economy are looking forward1 to introducing industrial robots. But robot building is not simple and certainly not cheap. That's why in designing robots all efforts must be concentrated in a powerful inter-sectoral scientific and technical organization. The reason is clear. If every sector starts building its own robots without using the achievements of the others, large sums will be wasted. There are two rational ways in robotics. Building standardized modules is one of them. By producing unified2 elements engineers can easily assemble different types of robot. The other rational idea creating an inter-sectoral exchange fund of robots. Upon creating such a fund all interested enterprises might have an access to all the latest developments in robotics. 1

look forward – ожидать unified – унифицированный

2

Сложный герундиальный оборот (Gerundial Construction) существительное

(-,)

Притяжательное местоимение (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) Переводится придаточным предложением.

+

герундий… ...

1. 1.I was told of his having done this work. Мне сказали, что он сделал эту работу. 2. Their making the same experiments is very important for us. То, что они делают те же эксперименты, очень важно для нас. 16. Найдите предложения, содержащие сложный герундиальный оборот. Предложения переведите. 1. He was surprised of coming here so early. He was surprised of their coming here so early. 2. The teacher insisted on the students' repeating the experiment. The teacher insisted on repeating the experiment. 3. I am against repairing this equipment. I am against his repairing this equipment. 17. Переведите предложения, содержащие сложный герундиальный оборот. Обратите внимание на форму герундия. a) doing – being done 1. I heard of his helping other people. I heard of his being helped by his parents. 2. I am surprised at her asking so many questions. I am surprised at her being asked at the lessons every day. 3. I object (возражать) to their giving us so much work. I object to their being given so much work. b) doing – having done 1. Your finding the same solution to this problem is a great surprise for me. Your having found the same solution to the problem is a great surprise for me. 2. His designing a new device is known to all of us. His having designed a new device is known to all of us. c) having done – having been done 1. I heard of his having sent the report to the scientific journal. I heard of his having been sent to the conference. 2. I know of your having won the first prize, I know of your student's having been awarded a gold medal. 18. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, отличив сложный герундиальный оборот от независимого причастного оборота.

Обратите внимание на их формальные признаки, функции в предложении и различия в переводе. 1. All the necessary preparations having been done, the workers began assembling the unit. All the necessary preparations having been done enabled us to finish the work on time. 2. The temperature raising very quickly, we stopped the experiment. The temperature raising so quickly was the greatest drawback of the system. 3. The new method having been studied in detail, it was decided to introduce it at the plant. The new method having been studied in detail helped us to introduce it at the plant very quickly. TEXT 9A 19. Прочитайте и переведите текст 9A. ROBOTS The word "robot" has its origin in a science fiction written in 1920 by the Czeck playwright Karel Čapek and simply means "work". He used this word to designate a mechanical worker looking like а man, possessing unusual physical strength infinite capacity for work and totally devoid of such drawbacks as fatigue, distraction and emotions. The robots of our time resemble humans very little. Modern robots come in all shapes and sizes. Yet it is not easy to identify a robot by its size or shape. The only way to tell whether a device is a robot or not is to see how it works and what it does. If it- can do things without being controlled directly by в human being then it is. a robot. The basic principle of all robots is that of funding solution, trying it, rejecting it if it does not work and trying another one. This is called the principle of "feedback"1. Feedback enables the robot to regulate itself self-regulation is the key to what is robot and what is not. Modem predecessors of robots were different kinds of apparatus for handling objects at a distance, because human contact with such objects was hazardous or impossible. The first such manipulators were developed between 1940-1950 using

in atomic industry. The first robots for industrial application appeared on the USA market in l962. The first-generation robots, called programmed robot were good at performing simple repetitive jobs such as lifting objects and placing them elsewhere. Each of them replaced several workers. However they could pick up objects only from definite position determined by a rigid program. Modern industry still has a great need for such machines, especially during loading-unloading operations. Once set up to do a job, they perform it repeatedly. Performing a different sequence of movements requires re-programming. They have good memory end learn their work quickly by being led through the motions of their new job by a human programmer. The second-generation robots are called adaptive robots. They are supplied with vision (TV camera) and hearing (microphone) and ere capable of performing more complex production, operation – painting, welding, assembling and testing finished products. The third-generation robots are called intelligent or smart robots. They ere supplied with Artificial Intelligence and are able to perform intricate selective operations without being specifically instructed by a human operator. Robots with AI can identify objects, select necessary objects and assemble then in a unit and do it quite autonomously not depending on the operator. They possess fur richer means for sensing for appraising the situation and for processing the information with a view to adopting the decision and carrying it out. A single robot by itself is hardly of any use in production, and today robots of several generations operate together within a single team. 1 2

feedback – обратная связь to sense – опознавать, воспринимать

20. Найдите в тексте 9А слова, однокоренные данным. Расположите их в таблице в зависимости от того, какой частью речи они являются. Цифры в скобках – номер абзаца. Base (З), predecease (4), differ (4), hazard (4), apply (4), generate (5), repeat (5), move (5), adapt; (6), specific (7), decide (7), hard (8). Все слова переведите

Существительное

Прилагательное

Наречие

21. Выпишите в словарь все варианты перевода слов: to handle (4), once (5), unit (7).Определите, в каком значении они используются в предложениях текста 9А. 22. Найдите в тексте 9А английские эквиваленты следующим русским словам и выражениям: научная фантастика, полностью лишенный, недостатки, единственный способ, жесткая программа, как только, последовательность движений, искусственный интеллект, обработка информации, с целью, едва ли. 23. Найдите в тексте 9А подчеркнутые слова и определите какие существительные под ними подразумеваются: 1. ...has its origin (1), 2.....how it works and what it does 3....is that of finding a solution (3). 4.... if it does not work...(3). 5....trying another one (3). 24. Найдите во втором абзаце текста 9А предложение, содержащее союз "whether ". Проанализируйте это предложение; найдите главное и придаточные. Предложение переведите. 25. Выпишите из текста 9А а) слова и выражения, которые можно использовать при описании роботов и принципа их действия; б) все глаголы, которые указывают на то, что могут делать роботы. 26. Составьте как можно больше предложений, используя подстановочную таблицу. и переведите их.

Robots

perform lift/place load/unload test handle appraise adopt carry out point weld

selective different finished

situation decisions movements jobs operations products objects

27. Вставьте пропущенные слова и переведите предложения. 1. The word "robot"..."work". 2. Modern robots ...people very little. 3. Robots are of different shapes and ... 4. The basic principle of all robots is the principle of ... 5. Feedback …... the robot to regulate, itself. 6. The first robot-manipulators were ... in 1940s. 7. They were ... in atomic industry 8. All robots have ... and are programmed. 9. The motions of a robot are ... by a program. 10. There are three ... of robots. 11. Programmed robots ...simple repetitive jobs. 12. ... robots perform more complex operations. 13. Intelligent robots are ... with AI. types, used, adaptive, means, supplied, resemble, perform, sizes, determined, memory, developed, feedback, enables. 28. Прочитайте и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы и функции герундия. a) 1. Loading and unloading operations are the most common operations performed by robots. 2. Computers direct any actions necessary, such as closing valves (клапаны), turning heat up or down, increasing or decreasing pressure and so on. 3. They have been working for three years with a view to improving the quality of the end product. 4. The scientists decided against exploring that part of the moon. 5. After having checked the temperature they began experimenting. 6. Telemetry

means measuring from far off. 7. The measuring devices inside the cabin tell the designer whether or not it could prevent the pressure frost injuring or killing a pilot. 8. Comparing the actual temperature with what it should be helps to maintain the required conditions. 9. He was sorry for not having repaired the machine on time. 10. A robot keeps you from getting caught in the lift doors and still another keeps the lift from starting up before the doors are completely closed. 11. Any student attempting to perform an experiment without having done the pretest (предварительный тест) receives a grade of zero for the experiment. b) 1.The machine having been repaired so quickly was a good news. 2. I object to this question being discussed now. 3. They got poor results because of the designers' having made mistakes in their calculations. 4. You cannot rely upon his doing the job properly. 5. We were surprised at his having been shown the results of the experiment. 6. The researchers' having obtained more accurate data was a great success. 7. We know of robots being divided into three types. 8. These systems have found a wide application in industry because of their being supplied with AI. 9. Robots can be sent to any place without anyone worrying whether it would come back or not. 29. Подберите термины, соответствующие следующим описаниям. 1. Process whereby a machine gives information to the device controlling it. 2. Machine intelligence or the program for solving some practical creative problems. 3. The ability of a robot to regulate its work. 4. A reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move objects through programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. 5. The sequence of instructions which a computer carries out 6. A robot supplied with a TV camera and a microphone. 7. A robot supplied with Artificial Intelligence. a) adaptive robot, b) Artificial Intelligence, c) intelligent robot, d) feedback, e) industrial robot, f) self-regulation, g) program. 30. Прочитайте и переведите следующие описания. Скажите, о каком принципе и каком процессе идет речь. a) This principle means that each time the control mechanism tells the robot to do something, the robot sends back the information on what is happening to the

controller. This is a continuous process which enables the operator to make changes and corrections in the operation of the robot: b) A robot has to be taught what to do. So first an operator holds the robot's arm and moves it through the sequence of motions necessary for performing some job. The robot remembers all the movements and reproduces them time and again. In this way the robot just copies what a person has done. 31. Прочитайте следующие утверждения. Вспомните все, что вы знаете о роботах, и скажите, правильны данные утверждения или нет. Дайте правильный вариант, в случае необходимости. 1. Modern robots look like humans. 2. There is no difference between a robot and a mechanical device. 3. The principle of feedback means necessary information is led into the robot's memory. 4. The first robots-manipulators were used in metal working industry for welding and assembling parts. 5. The first-generation robots are no longer used in modern industry. 6. Intelligent robots have the same intelligence as people have. 32. Дайте развернутые ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста 9А. 1. How and when did the word "robot" appear? 2. How do modern robots look like? 3. What is the basic principle of all robots? 4. How can you explain it? 5. What operations did the first robots do? 6. Why were they used in atomic industry? 7. What drawback do the first-generation robots possess? 8. What is the difference between the first-and the second-generation robots? 9. Why are the third-generation robots called intelligent robots? 10. What are their characteristic features? 33.Вам нужно подготовить доклад по теме "Роботы". Расскажите о: а) первых роботах и их применении; б) принципе действия и особенностях современных роботов; в) 3-х типах роботов и их возможностях.

TEXT 9В 1. а) Просмотрите текст 9В и перечислите упомянутые в нем сферы применения роботов. б) Прочитайте текст еще раз и выполните следующие за ним задания. ROBOTS IN OUR LIFE The use of robots is spreading in all countries. Robots can perform an almost infinite variety of tasks. Being faster and more accurate than the man when working robots replace him in carrying out monotonous and dangerous work. Space research opens up vast perspectives for robots. They could be left in orbit forever or sent off to explore some remote area without anyone worrying about whether it would come back or not. They are also very useful for repairing the outside of a spaceship or for assembling а space station in orbit. The Russian and American scientists have different versions of robot space explorers. After landing on the planet the scientists send them radio commands to take samples of the soil, analyse them, perform some experiments and take pictures of the planet surface. Robots' playing an important part in industry is well-known. There are plants consisting of advanced industrial robots where the entire production process is run by a computer with only some technicians supervising their work. And even more intelligent industrial robots appear every year. Robots that have a little independence of their own are becoming more and more common in offices and hospitals. There is a robot-cart which can work as a mechanical errand-boy1. The cart can call its own elevator, get off at the appropriate floor and go where it is needed. It is guided by a wire track2 in the floor or by using specialized "eyes" to follow a white line on the floor. Yet scientists point out that there is a limit to robots' capabilities. Anything requiring creative thinking or emotions cannot be expected of robots. These will remain the exclusive spheres of humans. 1 2

errand-boy – мальчик на посылках, курьер wire track – трассировочная дорожка

2. Прочитайте следующие предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли

они содержанию текста 9B или такая проблема в тексте не обсуждалась. Используйте следующие выражения: That's right. That's wrong. Not discussed. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

There are some jobs which robots cannot do. Robots work faster and more accurately than people. Intelligent, robots are used only for scientific research. Robots can repair spaceships or assemble a space station. Computers at a plant are run by industrial robots. Robots are used in business for decision-making. Robot's capabilities are limitless.

3. Подтвердите или опровергните следующие высказывания фактами из текста 9В. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Robots have certain advantages over men. Intelligent robots can do everything that people can. Robots do a very important jot in space. Only robot-manipulators are widely used in industry.

4. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста 9В. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Robots can perform ... They are faster and more ... Robots replace people in carrying out ... Robots are widely used in ... Space robots explore ... An automated plant consists of ... The entire production process is run ... A robot-cart can go where ... Robots can't do anything which requires ...

5. Прочитайте IV абзац текста 9J. Скажите, какие функции выполняет робот-тележка и как он это делает. Используйте следующие глаголы: ... works as ... ... calls .... ... gets off at ... ... goes ...

... is guided by ... ... follows ... 6. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 9В. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What are the main advantages of robots? What kind of work do they often do? What spheres are robots widely used in? What can space explorer robot do? What plant can be considered fully automated? What is the function of technicians at such a plant? What are robots' limitations?

7. Составьте аннотацию к тексту 9В, используя следующие фразы: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The title of the article is ... The article deals with ... It also touches upon ... The author of the article points out ...

8. Сделайте краткое сообщение по теме об использовании роботов. Дополните его своими примерами TEXT 9C 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение. 1. Robots can remember the instructions the man gives them. 2. Computers can do only the things the man has taught them, but they can do them much faster. 3. Like most of the things we have today robots are the result the work done by hundreds of men throughout history. 4. From the moment raw materials' are brought into the factory yard to the time finished products get off the assembly line, robots are at work. 5. Depending on the task it is to perform a robot can have different capabilities. 6. There are some robots which look and react like men. These, are the robots researchers use to find out what will happen to a human body under a variety of situations.

2. Переведите письменно текст 9C с помощью словаря, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение и придумайте к нему заглавие. Advances in robotics depend upon advances in computer science. Almost from the moment computers appeared in the world their designers have been dreaming of creating a different kind of computer, one that would be able to think like a human being rather than merely calculate numbers. Such a computer would radically change the way people do their work. Today communicating with a computer one has to use a keyboard. In the future you will be able to communicate your thoughts to the computer without touching the keyboard. It able to understand what you want without being giver: special instructions. Tomorrow's computers are certain to be easier to use and more responsive to the user's needs for example, instead1 passively storing data for you, an intelligent computer will be able to extract information it thinks relevant to a situation – just as a human consultant would do, even if you don't know enough to ask the right question. 1

responsive – готовый откликнуться, реагирующий

TEXT 9D 1. Прочитайте текст 9D и выполните следующие за ним задания. ROBOT OLYMPICS1 A Japanese robot resembling a Hollywood space fantasy dominated the world's first Robot Olympics. It won a gold medal and said "Thank you" in a synthesized voice to cheering human fans. About 50 smart machines from 11 countries gathered to show the world that robots can do more than shoot rivets2 into metal on factory assembly lines. Among them were wall-climbing robots, walking robots and grasping robots. Individual events included obstacle avoidance, walking, wall climbing, pole balancing and talking. As in the human Olympics gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded, though it was often difficult to drape the medals over the winners, since none had necks or heads for that matter. A robotic hand from Yugoslavia was at least able to hold its gold medal and

all stood to attention3 while the winners national anthems were played. The top robot was judged to be Japan's robot Yamabico. As best of the show. Yam won a crystal trophy in the shape of a two-legged robot. Yamabico has been under development for seven years and is meant to watch out for obstacles4 and follow a wall. In a first trial it crashed into as many obstacles as it avoided, but by the end it was in fighting form and took the gold – in the wallfollowings event. Looking like a mini-combination of air-conditioner and shopping trolley Yam, 30 cm long and 60 cm high, had to make its own way round walls with comers, competing against others in speed and accuracy. The crowd's favourite was Britain's Robug II a buglike creature which used four legs to climb up a wall, leaving its Russian competitor RVP2 far behind. But the Russian robot won points5 for endurance when Robug fell off twice. A small but very popular robot was from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This six-legged creature climbed easily over telephone books twice its height. It took the gold in this category and won a 200-pound prize as the best example commercial possibilities. The Robot Olympics officially started with lighting the Olympic flame. But the opening ceremony was disrupted when the Scottish robot chosen to carry the flame failed to get past the door6. We never actually expect it to make it", said its designer, showing a certain lack of confidence in his own contestant. "It just doesn't have the battery power". The judges said they made allowances for7 the problems of dealing with advanced technology and gave points for elegance of idea" and innovation as well ell as speed. 1

the Olympics = the Olympic Games to shoot rivets – забивать заклепки 3 to stand to attention – стоять по стойке "смирно" 4 to watch out for obstacles – зд: обходить препятствия 5 to win points – завоевывать очки 6 to get past the door – пройти через дверь 7 to make allowance for – принимать но внимание, в расчет 2

2. Найдите в 1, 2, 3 абзацах текста 9D интернациональные слова. Прочитайте и переведите их на русский язык.

3. Найдите в тексте 9D слова, однокоренные данным ниже. Напишите и переведите их. Цифры в скобках указывают на номер абзаца. To avoid (3) – избегать To win (3) – побеждать To compete (7) – соревноваться, конкурировать To endure (7) – выносить, терпеть To contest (9) – бороться, участвовать To confide (9) – доверять To innovate (10) – вводить новшества 4. Выпишите из словаря все значения следующих слов. Определите, в каком значении они используются в тексте 9D. Matter, point, judge, voice, line, pole, hand. 5. Найдите в тексте 9D английские эквиваленты для следующих русских выражений: умные машины, по крайней мере, двигаться вдоль стены, любимец публики, оставить конкурента далеко позади, а также. 6. Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары: a) intelligent, competitor, two times, because, shape, look like; b) since, contestant, smart, resemble, form, twice. 7. Прочитайте 2-ое предложение 3-го абзаца текста 9D. Найдите в нем главное предложение и придаточные и переведите. 8. Переведите текст 3D на русский язык. Выпишите незнакомые слова в словарь. 9. Обратите внимание на цифры: 50, 11, 30, 60 в тексте 9D. Скажите, что они означают. 10. Дайте характеристики семи роботам, упомянутым в тексте 9D. Какие страны они представляют, какие действия выполняют, в

каких соревнованиях участвуют? Назовите роботов-победителей соревнований. При описании воспользуйтесь следующими глаголами: to be, to resemble, to look like, to walk, to talk, to grasp, to climb, to follow, to avoid, to hold, to carry. 11. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 9D. 1. How many countries took part in the world's first Robot Olympics? 2. What was the number of contestants? 3. What was the aim of the Robot Olympics? 4. What kinds of robots were demonstrated? 5. What could they do? 6. What can you say about their appearances? 7. What did the Robot Olympics have in common with the human Olympics? 8. What did the robots compete in? 9. What did the judges give points for? 10. What kinds of prizes did the robots win? 11. Why was the opening ceremony disrupted? 12. Выскажите и обоснуйте свое мнение по следующим вопросам: 1. Нужны ли подобные олимпиады? Почему? 2. Какое практическое применение могут найти вышеупомянутые роботы? 3. Почему современные роботы совсем не похожи на человека? 13. Выскажитесь по следующим ситуациям: 1. Вы – журналист. Вы присутствовали на первой в мире олимпиаде роботов и должны написать об этом статью. Возьмите интервью у устроителей олимпиады. 2. Вы – тележурналист. Ваша задача – сжато осветить это событие в сводке новостей. Изложите свой текст за кадром.

UNIT X

INFORMATION PROCESSING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM Тексты 10A Information 10B Elements of Information Processing. 10C Electromagnetic Media for Capturing Information. 10D Development of Neurocomputers. Словарь активной лексики 1. access [ʼækses] – доступ 2. to acquire [əʼkwaiə] – приобретать; достигать, овладевать 3. to be concerned [kənʼsə:nd] – быть связанным с чем-либо, иметь отношение к чему-либо 4. to endow [inʼdau] – наделять, одарять 5. to estimate [ʼestimeit] – зд.: подсчитывать приблизительно 6. expertise [‚ekspeʼti:z] – опыт, компетентность 7. environment [inʼvaiərənmənt] – окружение, среда 8. to generate [ʼdʒenəreit] – производить, вырабатывать 9. to handle – обрабатывать; управлять 10. to interpret [inʼtə:prit]- объяснять, толковать 11. to increase [inʼkri:s] – возрастать, увеличивать (ся) 12. media [ʼmi:djə] pl. от medium – среда; средство mass media [ʼmæsʼmi:djə] – средства массовой информации 13. to obtain – получать 14. to print – печатать 15. to record [riʼkɔ:d] - записывать 16. to restrict – ограничивать 17. stimuli [ʼstimjulai] pl. от stimulus – воздействие; раздражитель 18. to store – хранить (информацию; записывать в память) 19. via [ʼvaiə] – через

20. versatility [‚və:səʼtiliti] – гибкость 21. volume – объем, масса 1. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих интернациональных слов. Догадайтесь об их значении. to organize [ʼɔgənaiz] document [ʼdɔkjumənt] systematic [sistiʼmætik] service [ʼsə:vis] to register [ʼredʒistə] gesture [ʼdʒestʃə] genetic [dʒiʼnetik]

object [ʼɔbdʒikt] discipline [ʼdisiplin] global [ʼgloubəl] linguistic [liɳʼgwistik] biology [baiʼolədʒi] physics [ʼfiziks] philosophy [fiʼlɔsəfi] efficiency [iʼfiʃənsi]

2. Обратите внимание на значения следующих интернациональных слов – "ложных друзей переводчика": application – применение expertise – опыт, мастерство, компетентность communication – связь; передача natural – естественный to calculate – вычислять, подсчитывать person – человек to generate – производить instruction – обучение dramatically – живо; наглядно engineering – техника manufacture – производство concept – понятие; идея to collect – собирать to manipulate – управлять to double – удваивать 3. Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов: a) to handle - handling to inform – information – informatics – informative – informed to observe – observer – observable – observation

to attain – attainable – unattainable efficient – efficiency – efficiently versatile – versatility b) существительное + al = прилагательное commerce – commercial organization – organizational society – societal nature – natural history – historical analysis – analytical 4. Обратите внимание на образование множественного числа следующих существительных. Переведите их с помощью словаря. Datum – data; medium – media; phenomenon – phenomena; stimulus – stimuli; corpus – corpora; 5. Прочитайте и переведите словосочетания на русский язык. Electronic data banks, information phenomena, information and computer science, electronic and communication engineering, management science, information service industry, growth rate, business documents, information resource, modern information systems. 6. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова. Переведите их на русский язык. Directly, exclusively, dramatically, increasingly, approximately, interestingly reasonably, automatically. TEXT 10A 7. Прочитайте и переведите текст 10А. INFORMATION In popular usage, the term "information" refers to facts and opinions provided and received during the course of daily life: one obtains information

directly from other living beings, from mass media, from electronic data banks and from all sorts of observable phenomena in the surrounding environment. A person using such facts and opinions generates more information, some of which is communicated to others during discourse1, by instructions, in letters and documents, end through other media. Information organized according to some logical relationships is referred to as a body of knowledge2 to be acquired by systematic exposure or study. Application of knowledge (or skills) yields expertise, and additional analytical or experiential insights are said to constitute instances of wisdom. Use of the term "information" is not restricted exclusively to its communication via Natural language. Information is also registered and communicated through art and by facial expressions and gestures. Moreover, every living entity is endowed with information in the form of a genetic code. These information phenomena permeate the physical and mental world. Interest in information phenomena has increased dramatically in the 20-th century, and today they are the objects of study in number of disciplines, including philosophy, physics, biology, linguistics, information and computer science, electronic and communication engineering, management science, and the social sciences. On the commercial side, the information service industry has become one of the newer industries worldwide. Almost all other industries - manufacturing and service- are increasingly concerned with information and its handling. The different, though often overlapping, viewpoints and phenomena of these fields lead to different (and sometimes conflicting), concepts and "definitions" of information. Preoccupation3 with information and knowledge as an individual organizational, and societal resource is stronger today than at any other time in history. The volume of books printed in l6-th century Europe is estimated to have doubled approximately every seven years. Interestingly, the same growth rate has been calculated for global scientific and technical literature in the 20-th century and for business documents in the United States in the 1980-s. If these estimates ore reasonably correct, the growth of recorded information is a historical phenomenon, not peculiar to modern times. The present, however, has several new dimensions4 relative to the information resource: modern information systems collect and generate information automatically, they provide rapid access to the corpora of information, and they manipulate information with previously unattainable versatility and efficiency. 1 2

discourse – беседа; лекция; доклад a body of knowledge – совокупность знаний

3 4

preoccupation – озабоченность dimension – размах; важность

8. Подберите пары синонимов, переведите их. A 1) to receive 2) environment 3) to produce 4) usage 5) living being 6) to estimate

B 1) application 2) to generate 3) living entity 4) to calculate 5) medium 6) to obtain

9.Переведите следующие сочетания глаголов со словом "information”. Дополните список другими примерами из текста 10A. 1. To obtain 2. To generate 3. To communicate 4. To organize 5. To register 6. To be endowed with 7. …... 8…. ... 9. ... 10. ... 11. ...

information

10. Заполните пропуски необходимыми по смыслу словами, данными под чертой. Полученные предложения переведите. 1. People ... information from other living beings from mass media, from electronic data banks, etc. 2. People communicate information to others during ..., by instructions, in letters and documents, and through other... 3. Every ... ... is endowed with information in the form of a ... ... 4. Modern information systems ... and ... information automatically. 5. Now it is possible ... information with previously ... versatility and efficiency. genetic code, living being, media, generate, manipulate unattainable, obtain,

discourse, collect. 11. Сделайте грамматический анализ текста 10A. 1. Найдите в первом абзаце предложения, стоящие в страдательном залоге. Скажите, на какие признаки вы опирались. Предложения переведите. 2. Найдите в тексте, в третьем абзаце, инфинитивный оборот. Как он называется? Каковы его формальные признаки? Предложение переведите. 3. Найдите в первом абзаце предложение, содержащее слово. Какова его функция? Предложение переведите. 4. Найдите во втором абзаце предложения, стоящие в одном из времен группы Perfect.Определите время и переведите предложения. 5. Найдите в тексте причастия I и II. Определите их функции в предложениях. Предложения переведите. 12. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 10А. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What are the possible ways of obtaining information? What is a body of knowledge? What is information communicated through? By what disciplines are information phenomena studied? What industry has become one of the newer industries worldwide? What can you say about the growth rate of information? What are the new dimensions of the information resource?

13. Исходя из содержания текста 10А, докажите верность или ошибочность следующих высказываний, используя фразы: "That's right!" "That's wrong!” 1. Use of the term "information" is restricted to its communication via natural language. 2. The volume of information grows rapidly. 3. There is a unified definition of information. 4. There is no need to study information phenomena. 5. Almost all industries are concerned with information and its handling. 14. Вы только что прослушали лекцию по информатике. Задайте лектору вопросы о возможных путях получения информации, о возрастании интереса к новой информации в разных областях, о

темпах роста информационного потока и об основных достоинствах современных информационных систем. TEXT 10B 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 108 и выполните следующие за ним задания. ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING Humans receive information with their senses: sounds through hearing; images and text through sight; shape and temperature through touch; and odours through smell. To interpret the signals received from the senses, humans have developed and learned complex systems of languages consisting of "alphabets" of symbols and stimuli and the associated rules of usage. This has enabled them to recognize the objects they see, understand the messages they read or hear, and comprehend the signs received through the tactile and olfactory senses1 The carriers of information – conveying signs received by the senses are energy phenomena – audio waves, light waves, and chemical and electrochemical stimuli. In engineering parlance2 humans are receptors of analog signals; and the messages conveyed via these carriers are called analog-form information or simply analog information. Until the development of the digital computer, cognitive3 information was stored and processed only in analog form, basically through the technologies of printing photography, and telephony. Although humans are adept4 at processing information stored in their memories, analog information stored external to the mind is not processed easily. Modem information technology greatly facilitates the manipulation of externally stored information as a result of its representation as digital signals – i. e., as the presence or absence of energy (electricity light or magnetism). Information represented digitally in two-state or binary, form is often referred to as digital information. Modern information systems are characterized by extensive metamorphoses of analog and digital information. With respect to information storage and communication, the transition from analog information to digital is so pervasive that the and of the 20-th century will likely witness a historic transformation of the manner in which humans create, access and use information. 1

tactile and olfactory senses – чувства осязания и обоняния

2

parlance – язык, манера выражения cognitive – познавательной 4 adept – знаток, эксперт; сведущий 5 pervasive – проникающий, распространяющийся повсюду 3

2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся. Назовите глаголы, от которых они образованы. information, manipulation, representation, communication, transition, transformation. 3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания: audio waves, light waves, energy phenomena, analog-form information, modem information technology, information-conveying signs, digital computers, digital signals, digital information, information storage. 4. Просмотрите текст 10B и расположите следующие пункты плана в порядке их следования. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The ways of receiving information. Analog and digital forma of information. The carriers of information-conveying signs. Modem information systems and their future. Complex systems of languages consisting of "alphabets" of symbols.

5. Соедините части А и B в предложения. А

B

1. The carriers of information-conveying signs are ... 2. Until the development of the digital computer information was stored and processed through... 3. Digital information is ...

a) ...the technologies of printing, photography and telephony. b) ... information received via the energy phenomena.

4. Analog information is ...

c) ...energy phenomena-audio waves, light waves, chemical and electrochemical stimuli. d) ...information represented digitally in two-state, or binary, form.

6. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста 10B. 1. What ways of receiving information are mentioned in the text? 2. Why have humans developed and learned complex systems of languages consisting of "alphabets" of symbols? 3. That are the carriers of information-conveying signs received by the sense a? 4. What forma of information are described in the text? 7. Используя упражнения 3 и 6, составьте краткую аннотацию текста 10В на английском языке. TEXT 10C 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст 10C со словарем. ELECTROMAGNETIC MEDIA FOR CAPTURING INFORMATION The principal categories of information sources useful in modern information systems are text, video, and voice. During the 20-th century, versatile electromagnetic media have opened up new possibilities for capturing original analog information. Magnetic audio tape is used to capture speech and music, and magnetic videotape provides a low-cost medium for recording analog voice and video signals directly, and simultaneously. Magnetic technology has other uses in the direct recording of analog information. Magnetic characters, bar codes, and special marks are printed on checks, labels, and forma for subsequent sensing by magnetic or optical readers and conversion to digital form. Banks, educational institutions and the retail industry rely heavily on this technology. Nonetheless, paper and film continue to be the dominant media for direct storage of textual and visual information in analog form. 2. Переведите письменно следующий текст на русский язык и придумайте к нему заглавие. Viewdata1 is an exciting new development in the field of telecommunications. A Viewdata service offered by the British Post Office enables people to call up information over their television sets. The information comes from a computer which stores information provided by various organizations. Stock market prices, sport results, news, weather reports, traffic information, house and car prices, travel

time-tables, games and puzzles are just some of the subjects currently on offer. Everything is done automatically. Called "Prestel", the system works by linking a Post Office computer to a special type of television receiver using the subscriber's own telephone line. "Prestel" currently off era nearly two hundred thousand pages of detailed information on subjects ranging from "amusements" to "employment statistics". 1

viewdata – данные изображении; зд название информационной системы связи

TEXT 10D 1. Познакомьтесь с содержанием текста 10D и выполните следующие за ним задания мания. DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROCOMPUTERS Information processes are executed by information processors. For a given information processor, whether physical or biological, a token is an object, devoid of meaning that the processor recognizes as being totally different from other tokens. A group of such unique tokens recognized by a processor constitutes its basic "alphabet"; e.g. the dot, dash, and space constitute the basic token alphabet of a Morse-code processor. Objects that carry meaning are represented by patterns of tokens called symbols. The latter combine to form symbolic expressions that constitute inputs or outputs from information processors and are stored in the processor memory. Because it has been recognized that in nature information processes are not strictly sequential, increasing attention has been focused since 1980 on the study of the human brain as en information processor of the parallel type. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated then they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to. For example, how do we learn language? Man differs most from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language, but we still do not know exactly how this is done. Earlier scientists thought that during

a man's lifetime the power of his brain decreases. But it is now thought that this is not so. As long as the brain is given plenty of exercises it keeps its power. It is now thought that the more work we give to our brains, the more work they are able to do. The cognitive sciences, the interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the human mind, have contributed to the development of microcomputers, a new class of parallel, distributed-information processors that mimic the functioning of the human brain, including its capabilities for self-organizations and learning. Socalled neural networks, which are mathematical models inspired by the neural circuit network of the human brain, are increasingly finding applications in areas such as pattern recognition, control of industrial processes, and finance, as well as in many research disciplines. 1

neurocomputer [‚njuərəkəmʼpju:tə] – нейрокомпьютер token – обозначение; опознавательный знак 3 Morse [ʼmɔ:s] code – код Морзе 2

2. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на их транскрипцию: token [ʼtoukən] unique [ju:ʼni:k] to constitute [ʼkɔnstitju:t] sequential [siʼkwenʃəl] to focus [ʼfoukəs]

to distribute[disʼtribju:t] interdisciplinary [‚intəʼdisiplinəri] neural [ʼnjuərəl] pattern [ʼpætən] to contribute [kənʼtribju:t]

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания: a Morse-code processor, processor memory, distributed-information processor, pattern recognition, neural circuit network. 4. Найдите в тексте 10D синонимы следующих слов и переведите их: sphere, data, to concentrate, investigation, man, main, symbol, complex, really, to begin, for example, many, ability, net, model, to direct, subject, to imitate. 5. Найдите в тексте 10 D предложения со следующими словами. Предложения переведите. whether, because, in fact, for instance, for example, as long as, as well as.

6. Найдите в тексте 10D следующие однокоренные слова. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. increase – increasing – increasingly – decrease 7. Найдите во втором абзаце текста 10D модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. 8. Найдите в тексте 10D причастия I и II. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. 9. Найдите во втором абзаце текста 10D прилагательные и наречия в различных степенях сравнения. Переведите предложения, их заключающие. 10. Опровергните следующие высказывания, не соответствующие содержанию текста 10D, используя фразы: “That’s wrong!” “I don’t think so! ” "On the contrary!": 1. In nature information processes are strictly sequential. 2. Scientists have found that the work of human brain is not so complicated as they had thought. 3. At present scientists know everything about the human brain. 4. During a man's lifetime the power of his brain decreases. 5. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are able to answer. 6. It is now thought that the less work we give to cur brains, the more work they are able to do. 7. At present we know exactly how man learns and uses language. 11. Прочитайте текст 10D еще раз и разделите его на логические части. Сформулируйте основную мысль каждой части. 12. На основе упражнения 11 составьте аннотацию к тексту 10D: а) на русском языке; б) на английском языке. 12.Подготовьте сообщения по следующим ситуациям:

1. Вы - участник научной конференции, Вы занимаетесь вопросами, связанными с обработкой информации. Расскажите, с какими трудностями вы сталкиваетесь, над чем работаете и каковы достижения в этой области. 2. Тема вашего доклада на конференции: "Мозг человека. Его тайны и непознанные возможности".

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Unit VI Communication Text 6A Telegraph and Telephone Text 6B Radio Communication Text 6C Satellite Communication Text 6D Internet Unit VII. Text 7A Text 7B Text 7C Text 7D

Computers. Electronic Computer Computer Serves People. Computers with Intelligence Computers in Education

Unit VIII Text 8A Text 8B Text 8C Text 8D

Automation Automation as it is Construction of Automated System Automation and Society Automation in Use

Unit IX Robots and Robotics. Text 9A Robots Text 9B Robots in our Life Text 9C Text 9D Robot Olympics Unit 10 Information Processing and Information Systems Text 10A Information Text 10B Elements of Information Processing Text 10C Electromagnetic Media for Capturing Information Text 10D Development of Neurocomputers