حاکمیت قانون: مفاهیم، مبانی و برادشت ها

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Author: احمد مرکز مالمیری

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1. Dorsen, N and Gifford, P. (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law, (Washington: NewYork University School of Law, 2001), p. 174.

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1. Concept 2. Conception 3. Cotterrell, R. Law's Community, (London: Clarendon Press Oxford, 1994), p. 160.

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1. See Rodin, M. J. "Reconsidering the Rule of Law", BU Law Review, 69, 1989, p. 781; quoted in: Zywicki, T. J. "The Rule of Law, Freedom, and Prosperity", George Mason University School of Law and ICER, May 30, 2002; Available online at: http://www.icer.com. 2. Contested Concept

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1. Hayek, F.A. The Constitution of Liberty, (London: Roultledge, 1993), pp. 205-206.

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2. Constitutional democracy 3. Procedural democracy

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1. Constitutional order 2. See Pierson, C. The Modern State, (Routledge: London, 1996), p. 19. 3. See Reynolds, N. B. "Grounding the Rule of Law", 2 Ratio Juris, (1989), pp. 1-5; quoted in: Zywicki, op. cit., p. 5. 4. Subjective 5. See Raz, "The Rule of Law and Its Virtue", p. 203.

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.L 3L @/ & y+ "#: :S& 7r '() . ~! «@/ & *2, 3+# "Y 0 . 4y1 W# G & #( +R * "/ . :R0 / q . r 4"n 4. See Schønberg, S. J. Legitimate Expectation in Administrative Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 7.

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1. See Street, H. A. A Treatise on the Doctrine of Ultra Vires, (1930);

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Irvin, "Soverignty in Comparative Perspective: Constitutionalism in Britain and America", New York University Law Review, Vol. 76: 1, April 2001, p. 2. 2. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 3. See Ibid., p. 6;

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1. For example see Komesar, C.K. Laws Limits: The Rule of Law and the Supply and Demand of Rights, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 156. 2. See Widner, J. A. Building the Rule of Law, (Michigan: University of Michigan, 2001), p. 28.

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1. Russell, P. H. "Toward a General Theory of Judicial Independence", in Russel, H. P and ÓBrien, M. D. (eds.), Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy, (London: University Press of Virginia, 2001), p. 6.

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2. See Heywood, A. Political Theory, (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 155-156.

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1. "Free law"

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1. "Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary", Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders held at Milan from 26 August to 6 September 1985 and endored by General Assembly resolusion 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985; Available online at: http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/indjudiciary.htm. 2. See Kelly, F. B. W. "An Independent Judiciary: The Core of the Rule of Law", Available online at: http://www.icelr.law.ubc.

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1. Blackstone, W. Commentaries on the Laws of England, (London: Cadell & Davies; 15th edn, 1809, I, p. 269; quoted in: Allan,op. cit., pp. 369-370. 2. See Jackson, V. C and Tushnet, M. Comprative Constitutional Law, Part 2, (New York: New York Foundation Press, 1999), Ch. VI. 3. U. S. Supreme Court

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1. Constitutional review

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1. See Loughlin, M. "Rights, Democracy and Law", in Campell, K. D and Ewing, K. D and Tomkins, A. (eds.), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 41-60.

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1. Natural rights

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1. See Ibid., pp. 41-42. 2. Tamanaha, op. cit., p. 59.

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/) «J3» J( 6( ) '" 6( '8 .{ :() #>5 e,& > '(() x$U -, =3> 6) 'H & ) 6) '3> +I ... () =)_R E):) > =)T) 5 "& 3#/) :) )T) %d 6) > )&' ____________________________________________________________ J( 5' ./ '&F Iv ("Federalist Papers") «3 ?0)>K EF » .1 «'B B» (Jame Madison) «?> TB» (Alexander Hamilton) «J3 > ?H0)» 2. See Ibid., p. 60.

.> >5 "& n =3) 3% 3 V . >3): '(() @/ #>5 4L =3K8 3#6< =C >, )T) ) ) >U '" =)#5) (Y}}Z yO) #> EF) =u ) W.>5 :5 ( '0I ) 6) #, =)< 6) 'H '(() k EI '/>( )>K !" # =& +,) I) =I ) E 92I) 2, 6) )>K =3#/) >5 '.J$ =3F>() .> >/ ): '(() '0)>K v # ')B) \ () #>5 !)) 3#/) 08 EO 2, ( =) =3=)6< c gK )I # ea >N& F>() J) c ) bJ?& # '3 Q>Q B& .() => 5 'H i HJ ) H =a b K '() ;5 ) => 5 =3=)6< ?/ c 9)) () #>5 #5 =/6( C0L G> .>3 ) : '3) +,) f>3 y@@ # E):) IS) EG '(() 08 EO +,) CI) 6) & ) .>5 ' J& ' ,) 6) #6) \ >5 ( >5' ? ) '() m.F TB 08 =U c ,) ) ) G > >>' =)_R '? ____________________________________________________________

1. Hamilton, A and Madison, J and Jay, J. The Federalist, (New York: Arligton House, 1966), no. 78, p. 466; quoted in: Tamanaha, op. cit. =I -& =) .5 ' J( Y[~{ ( "Marbury v. Madison" =I .2

' CL& c => .() > a 70v #>5 v) =/6( c 9)) +,) ( #>5 'Jv '(() > =3#> y@@ > ,F)'JI #6) =)_R .> 6) ' & ) =/6( =) E" P( 0N? R B& + G 6) .() => 5 c 9)) '(() # EO m 6 '&> P, 3 I) EG =) '" ))>Kd 'H&)+ "& ) '&G j: '0 j: )&' () ' AB # .? ) &):) 32, 6) E> P, AB 6v& 6) a =) # ) I) =) #5 .? '? #>I ) 6) T fd' = )I 3#/) )@ (3#/) E" .i ) ( ) # EO E 9>I E # > ,) ) A& ="I) A) ': () H @/ .> =/;O& =U c ,) '(() O < E >& >@3 ) ' PO& # 'a @ .> PO& ) ' @ > )> = 96F (... 'Kd' 0)>I =)65 >N& =36) +>C& 08 PO& J( oK, j H =) '&)` '36) =3#/ AK N& E>#& =3(( `$&) JB 6) j > 5' 'J)I ./8 6) 3 '0 V.>< >>8 & a& j q: > 5' y? 'H I) IU )T '6) >?3 ,) &8 08 yO ) '(() ?.& E" .i => 5 =3=)6< c v _ a& () = () '5) w() ) 6) =? 3< =/;O& p2 @/ R

____________________________________________________________

1. See Bix, B. Jurisprudence: Theory and Context, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1999), p. 143.

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B& E" #>5 4d EH K/ G .> ) 08 yO ) 6) "& B ) '(() ,) > )&' ?.& K 9JI '!5< > ?.& =3=)6< c &) 'I a. U @3 f2: E):) IS) G 3#.()( 3Ca&( H) P&&> .>3 3 +)> ) '(() =3'/n E)T0) +0 08 /> >(' G R =( 6) : EO L: .i #>I 6) 'R?5 > )&' E$ ) >)K 6 +0 E) 6) ': 08 /> P&&> .> )) =) )> 5 =u PJB =3=)6< c '(() @/ > < = >?89)I d >@3 />3=u 6) =)>a& #> N& ) >5 => 5 B =) O ? @ )I .() y` = ' =) 5 PO& E> #& d )> 5 =O) a. N& v) =) U> ) =3=)_R(( ( B '(() A& )&' v) .>5 5) E =)_/ ( =) P( 6 '(() 9)T0) A. ) : )K />3=u 08 5) ) ) EO '" 6( Ca& )&' HJ >3 ( 6) 'T 9G E" D3 . '6) '(() =C Kd'

P( ; +)I 6) 'H T 'T =3(( 3< =)K ="I) J( '(() 'H =) EO& EO L mJ? /3 6) ) i 2 () 2, ) .5' y? # # 2 () K +0 >CJd' '3/ 'B E Ja& 'T < G (3< 'Kd' D3 E" !" .() #>5 #5 yJL 3#/) '0 ) IS) =)_/)

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) >? ' '" B +F «J3» H @ IS) # 9 b() =3 )I 3#/) () '0 a '".& E):) y@@ ) # JB 6) 'H =) E):) )I '(() 6) : (.& B& E" .> "& # a& ) 08 yO ) D3 ) . a )I ) '(() ) E /3 >< B E, '(() » P&&> >3' -B& 08 O & V

.«() ; U /> (): 9 (): 'a I )

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F>() '" .0$ F>() ('H< #5 ) '" ))>Kd .Y[~jY[z x, U8 =0 T 'I)6 :p . '" m&)Q ) ,a )H. 6) 'H #R 6) '() kC&) O$ -& >5 .2

)6 6) E. =) )6 6) ) kC&) ) M< 6) 'H «w3» .>5 >. ? kC&) >' >N& H ) ) 9/ .>' -U& C& 9/ ( 6)8' #>) ) -& 9 9/ .5' '5 «>» 9. 6) '() #:F >' _:) R 'aC 6) HJ & 6) ) : IU I ) 3 =) ) =)=$: L() > 6)8' H ) 45 9( 9/ + d 'I =K =$: %d> >' IU () #>5 "& )> 5 :p . #/> ) a0L =) >' K ) R>3 Habermas, op. cit.

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E):) IS) '3> _8 08 +,) 6) 0) 5) .() 08 6) + ? = J( < EO D3 # ) «(» =3 U> ) 6) K/ S=? )K ( +0 P&&>

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2. "Parlement"

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d 9G ) ) B W.>/ )() V«E" H» =? )K

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( #>/ & $( E" !" # U8 R «> .>5 ea& '(( ' eJ$ =39G &:)H '&, =( PC? ? )K '(( j ' 9G & & 0) .>/ eJ$ =3( U ':)H ;v8 =B '(() '(() =)5 )I = i JB 6) 'H =) =) =6( ) +HU& . (Ysz[) >5 ')d U&):) 6) < 6v& '(() 6) a =) 08 =& ')/'(() +,) 08 +,) P&&> .K/ ) '(5 ? )K ' 9G b(& T '(() 6(5 ( ;O& K/ +H5 ) & )) A) 9 & «Av =)6 EF) «?> JI =» =I G .5 :() K/ E, +` EO$U =M) ? ) 5' y? H< #>

George D. Haimbaugh, Jr. "Was It Frances Marbury v. Madison?", Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 35, 1974, p. 910; quoted in: Ibid.

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)CB 9)T0) D3 = %Ja& P0 =)) E M1 E)6v TB 3< HJI ;O& PC( )> 5 #) E?: C E?: =)5» )I W.() IS) =) !" # )T) 'aK)& '&U 0 'B& + =32, 6) ? )K «'0

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1. See Ibid., p. 92. 2. See Wade and Bradly, op. cit., p. 104.

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)6 EO& < PB W'0I #/) '&G 2, P&&> .08 + =3 6) 'H 5' 92I) CaQ I 9>I E, R =3U 6) =? > 3 ) .() '" B& =I =3#/) 2, v # EO ' '/>( ; G ) q: 'aB) b(& T =I 6) =? '/>( @/ () ) =I =3#/) EG & ; ) ) /' E, (=)) .> )

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2. High Court 3. See Philips and Jackson, op. cit., p. 34. 4. See Wade and Forsyth, op. cit., pp. 21-22.

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Hayek, op. cit., p. 169; Finnis, op. cit., p. 270; Cotterrell, op. cit., pp. 164-166; Jowell, op. cit., pp. 62-64; Raz, op. cit., 198-202; Widner, op. cit., p. 27. 3. See Barry, op. cit., p. 51.

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2. Quoted in: Reed, O. L. "Law, the Rule of Law and Property: A Foundation for the Private Market and Business Study", American Business Law Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 3, 2001, Available online at: http://www.questia.com. 3. Barro, R. J. "Rule of Law, Democracy and Economic Performance", 2000 Index of Economic Freedom, pp. 31-49; Available online at: http://www.heritage.org/ research/ features/ index/ chaper.PDF/2000- Chapter- 2.pdf.

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7X90 :7) 67#0 7X9 W7 -7 )$P, \ 1 A B +?#0 .UL .(%[( :7) 7"4 VP WbX] VP 2 : , n 6 1 W Y0 0 .U[ .(%& -0 $ 9 W :) W0Sd oB 1 - 6123 E 41 -, !# C0 .UK .(%KL W :7 ;0 7 9 )? - «E $ u 1 , >» $ .U& .(&KJ(H& FG %&U #?4 @#" CD E B @121 A

74 2 #.7"> < 7 T317* $ 7O !O T123 :#$ $ .UH .(%K% 02Z :) $1d ...!8 - E2M 0 - 7"4 )7? - .+0 W4 W -0P0 <

, j 0 84 .LI .(%&I W$ "$ :) A7G :A 7 7 0S7 T7 VP Y0 B .L .(%K& #?*11 :) Q N$ M $ X0 79 :Q1 7 7 W0S 6 W VP Y0 B .L( .(%KH #?*11 :) W 6 1 $ .(%&U 80 :) W 6 123 "4 VP Y0 B .L% 7_ \7, :) $1d ... !8 - T123 1 < 1 y .LU .(%&( 70 T7b0 7"0 -7 T123 Te$$ O $ O < 1 y .LL .(%&I $ \] :) 1=$} 56. Alexander, L. (ed.), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

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(% eZr0 c4 0 ______________________________________________

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